text:
Management of minor acute cutaneous wounds: importance of wound healing in a moist environment.
ABSTRACT Moist wound care has been established as standard therapy for chronic wounds with impaired healing. Healing in acute wounds, in particular in minor superficial acute wounds - which indeed are much more numerous than chronic wounds - is often taken for granted because it is assumed that in those wounds normal phases of wound healing should run per se without any problems. But minor wounds such as small cuts, scraps or abrasions also need proper care to prevent complications, in particular infections. Local wound care with minor wounds consists of thorough cleansing with potable tap water or normal saline followed by the application of an appropriate dressing corresponding to the principles of moist wound treatment. In the treatment of smaller superficial wounds, it appears advisable to limit the choice of dressing to just a few products that fulfil the principles of moist wound management and are easy to use. Hydroactive colloid gels combining the attributes of hydrocolloids and hydrogels thus being appropriate for dry and exuding wounds appear especially suitable for this purpose - although there is still a lack of data from systematic studies on the effectiveness of these preparations.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A series of designed drug-release systems were prepared and established for clear moisture healing. These systems were designed to have an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure, which contained a breathable polyurethane film, hydrocolloidlayer, and polyacrylate adhesive layer. Breathable polyurethane film (2000 g/m2/24 hr) with high moisture permeability was employed as a base for new drug-release systems or wound dressings. All drug-release systems having a polyurethane film-backed hydrocolloid acrylated adhesive layer showed an increase of water uptakes with increasing time. After 114 hours, high water uptakes of drug-release systems with 20% hydrocolloid components were observed in the values of 160, 1100, and 1870% for different additional hydrocolloid components of carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, and carbomer U10, respectively. New drug-release systems of polyurethane film-backed hydrocolloid/adhesive layers could be designed and established for wound care managements.Bio-medical materials and engineering 01/2014; 24(6):2081-8. · 0.85 Impact Factor - [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Dermatitis is a very frequent and distressing side effect of radiation therapy that may necessitate a treatment interruption when evolving towards more severe forms such as moist desquamation (MD). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two topical agents, a dexpanthenol cream vs a hydroactive colloid gel combining absorbing and moisturising properties, in preventing MD in breast cancer patients.European journal of oncology nursing: the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society 05/2014; · 1.13 Impact Factor - [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this review, we describe current and future potential wound healing treatments for acute and chronic wounds. The current wound healing approaches are based on autografts, allografts, and cultured epithelial autografts, and wound dressings based on biocompatible and biodegradable polymers. The Food and Drug Administration approved wound healing dressings based on several polymers including collagen, silicon, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid. The new potential therapeutic intervention for wound healing includes sustained delivery of growth factors, and siRNA delivery, targeting microRNA, and stem cell therapy. In addition, environment sensors can also potentially utilize to monitor and manage microenvironment at wound site. Sensors use optical, odor, pH, and hydration sensors to detect such characteristics as uric acid level, pH, protease level, and infection — all in the hopes of early detection of complications.Materials Science and Engineering C 03/2015; 48. · 2.74 Impact Factor
Page 1
Management of minor acute cutaneous wounds:
importance of wound healing in a moist environment
HC Korting,†,* C Scho ¨llmann,†RJ White‡
†Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita ¨t, Munich, Germany
‡Department of Tissue Viability, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
*Correspondence: HC Korting. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Moist wound care has been established as standard therapy for chronic wounds with impaired healing. Healing in
acute wounds, in particular in minor superficial acute wounds – which indeed are much more numerous than chronic
wounds – is often taken for granted because it is assumed that in those wounds normal phases of wound healing
should run per se without any problems. But minor wounds such as small cuts, scraps or abrasions also need
proper care to prevent complications, in particular infections. Local wound care with minor wounds consists of
thorough cleansing with potable tap water or normal saline followed by the application of an appropriate dressing
corresponding to the principles of moist wound treatment. In the treatment of smaller superficial wounds, it appears
advisable to limit the choice of dressing to just a few products that fulfil the principles of moist wound management
and are easy to use. Hydroactive colloid gels combining the attributes of hydrocolloids and hydrogels thus being
appropriate for dry and exuding wounds appear especially suitable for this purpose – although there is still a lack of
data from systematic studies on the effectiveness of these preparations.
Received: 28 December 2009; Accepted: 31 May 2010
acute wounds, dressings, hydroactive substances, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, moist wound healing
Conflict of interest
The preparation of this manuscript was supported by an educational grant from Novartis Consumer Health GmbH,
Munich, to Dr C. Scho ¨llmann.
Up to the late 1950s, it was generally accepted that wounds should
be kept as dry as possible to prevent bacterial infection. Dressing
materials were therefore designed to absorb and remove exudate
as efficaciously as possible, e.g. gamgee. In the early 1960s, however,
Winter (1962) challenged this approach and opened up a new
era of wound management.1Using an animal model (young
domestic pigs), Winter showed that epidermal healing was
enhanced in a moist wound environment compared with
wounds simply exposed to air.1One year later, Hinman and
Maibach (1963) confirmed the new approach of moist wound
therapy using experimental human skin wounds.2Without a
doubt, this was a paradigm shift in wound care and led to the
paradigm of moist wound healing despite the fact that there was
a lack of data at the outset and the principles of evidence-based
medicine were not yet fulfilled.3The advantages of moist wound
healing are now well documented.4–8But though first investiga-
tions concerning moist wound healing mainly focused on acute
rather superficial wounds1,2moist wound care has become estab-
lished as standard therapy for chronic wounds with impaired
healing.9This 'narrative review' based on an electronic literature
search (PubMed database) supplemented by a hand search of lit-
erature summarizes modern approaches to moist wound healing
with regard to minor acute cutaneous wounds such as abrasions,
superficial lacerations and incisions.
Classification of wounds
Wounds are disruptions of normal anatomic structure and func-
tion resulting from pathological processes;10in other words,
wounds in our context are breaks in the epithelial integrity of the
skin.11Wounds can be classified in many ways, primarily depend-
ing on their duration and their depth. Acute wounds usually heal
within 3 weeks whereas in the case of chronic wounds the time
since injury typically is more than 3 months. Furthermore,
wounds may be classified as those that can repair themselves or
can be repaired in an orderly and timely process (usually acute
ª 2010 The Authors
JEADV 2011, 25, 130–137Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology ª 2010 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03775.x
Page 2
wounds) and those that cannot (usually chronic wounds).12In
superficial-thickness wounds of the skin, damage extends over the
epidermis and superficial parts of the dermis, whereas partial-
thickness wounds involve greater parts of the dermis and full-
thickness wounds even the subcutaneous tissue layer. Typical
superficial-thickness cutaneous wounds are – classified by their
appearance – abrasions, lacerations and incisions as well as super-
ficial thermal wounds. They all share the characteristic of healing
well associated with an effective reorganization of barrier function
and normal anatomic structure of the skin,10,11although scar for-
mation is possible.
Physiology of acute wound healing
Acute wound healing is a complex dynamic process involving
the coordinated interaction of resident and migratory cell popu-
lations with the extracellular matrix environment and finally
leading to morphological and functional repair of injured tis-
sue.11Healing in acute wounds occurs as a cascade of three over-
lapping phases, namely inflammatory reaction, proliferation and
remodelling (Fig. 1).13These processes are regulated by cytokines
and growth factors that are released by cells near the wound or
by the wound itself.14Tissue injury is accompanied by microvas-
cular injury and therefore extravasation of blood into the wound
followed by rapid constriction of the injured blood vessels.11The
blood-filled wound is first closed by a fibrin coagulum that is
mainly composed of fibrin, fibronectin, vitronectin and thrombo-
spondin.15If the surface dries out, a stiff scab forms that bonds
and protects the wound.16Now the actual first phase of wound
healing can begin the inflammatory process. First (24 to 48 h
after wounding) neutrophil granulocytes and later (48 to 72 h
after wounding) monocytes⁄macrophages move into the wound
area, attracted by cytokines and growth factors, and eliminate
germs and debris.14Macrophages seem to be the key regulatory
cells for repair in the wound region,15as they do not only release
further cytokines and growth factors but also recruit fibroblasts,
keratinocytes and endothelial cells to repair the damaged blood
vessel and release proteolytic enzymes such as collagenases.11
Lymphocytes are the last cell types to enter the wound during
the late inflammatory phase, i.e. more than 72 h after wounding.
They seem to play a key role in the remodelling of collagen and
extracellular matrix, although their final role in wound healing
has not yet been elucidated.11It is important to mention that the
wound area becomes hypoxic following the injury because of the
vessel damage. This actually undesirable situation, which gener-
ally inhibits the wound healing process,17has a favourable effect
on wound healing at this special stage: it stimulates the migration
of keratinocytes, angiogenesis and the proliferation of fibroblasts
as well as increases the synthesis of cytokines, growth factors and
angiogenetic factors.14During the so-called proliferative phase,
which starts 4 to 5 days after wounding, the epithelium forms to
cover the wound surface with concomitant growth of granulation
tissue and filling the wound space13supported by wound con-
traction. Eventually the tissue defect is filled with fresh connec-
tive tissue made of endothelial vessels, proliferating fibroblasts
and a newly formed extracellular matrix. Furthermore, new
blood vessels are formed. As soon as the new tissue within the
wound is formed, the remodelling phase starts to reorganize
structural integrity and functional competence of the tissue.13
PlateletsFibrin clot formation
Vasoactive mediator release
Cyokine and growth factor release
Master cellsPlatelet-activating mediator release
Vasoactive and chemotacticmediator release
Neutrophils and
Chemotaxis, inflammation
Killing and phagocytosing, wound debridement
MacrophagesChemotaxis, inflammation
Killing and phagocytosing, wound debridement
Cytokines and growth factor release
Skin resurfacing
Dermal restoration
Endothelial cells
Epidermis maturation
Wound contraction
Apoptosis and scar maturation
Apoptosis and scar maturationEndothelials cells
Figure 1 Major cells and their effects on nor-
mal wound healing (Reprinted from Li et al.13
copyright 2007, with permission from Elsevier).
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JEADV 2011, 25, 130–137Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology ª 2010 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
Acute wounds and healing
Page 3
Finally, a new epithelial layer restores the ultimate integrity of
the skin.16,18
Pathological alterations of the wound healing
The wound healing process can be impaired by various local dis-
turbances as well as by underlying systemic diseases. Two major
problems are of particular significance: first, the healing process
can come to a standstill in the inflammatory phase and, secondly,
disturbances in proliferative and⁄or remodelling processes can
occur.13,14Most of the symptoms associated with acute inflamma-
tory processes during the wound healing response last for about
2 weeks.13However, if inflammation persists for months or even
years, this disorder results in a chronic wound i.e. one that fails to
heal in a timely and orderly manner. The healing dysfunction can
be accompanied by:
dincreased protease activity,11
dan altered cytokine profile and enhanced inflammatory
da different morphology and proliferation of wound fibro-
da changed composition and reorganization of extracellular
dthe presence of free radicals and possibly nitric oxide,25,26
dthe accumulation of necrotic tissue,27
dthe presence of micro-organisms,11
dand some pathological changes dependent on the respec-
tive underlying disease, i.e. diabetes mellitus.
Pathological alterations of proliferative and⁄or remodelling
processes often contribute to delayed healing and excessive
fibrosis with an unbalanced expression of matrix metallopro-
teinases and their respective tissue inhibitors being of special
interest.13In some individuals, an abnormal healing process
results in scar and⁄or keloid formation that may extend beyond
the original boundaries of the wound resulting in a significant
cosmetic defect.28
Principles of moist wound healing in acute
Modern approaches for managing acute wounds – more superfi-
cial wounds – should be targeted at restoring the anatomic and
functional integrity of the skin as quickly as possible and at the
same time achieving adequate aesthetic quality.8It is meanwhile
accepted in the literature that this is best achieved through healing
processes in a moist environment.4–8
During the past two to three decades, knowledge about wound
healing mechanisms has increased dramatically, although by far
not all details are fully understood and in particular the exact
action mechanisms of many wound healing interventions are often
unknown. Nevertheless, there is recent evidence in the literature
that good hydration is the single most important external factor
responsible for optimal wound healing.4Healing under most
favourable moist conditions has been clearly demonstrated not
only to accelerate the healing process5,6and to reduce pain but
possibly also to have a significant favourable effect on residual
scarring.29Possible mechanisms involved in improved wound
healing in a moist environment include easier migration of epider-
mal cells over the moist wound surface instead of under a dry
scab,5,30the accelerated restoration of the cutaneous barrier by
promoting earlier differentiation of keratinocytes inducing signifi-
cantly faster epithelialization,31an appropriate partial pressure of
oxygen,32the stimulation of angiogenesis (Fig. 2)33–39as well as the
preservation and availability of growth factors and proteinases
essential for the healing process.40,41In fact, it has been shown in a
clinical study that wound fluid obtained from wounds in a moist
environment stimulates keratinocyte proliferation31as well as
fibroblast and endothelial cell growth,42indicating an increased
availability of growth factors necessary for repair.32,41
Influence of moist environment on the rapidness
of wound healing
The work of G.F. Odland showed that wound healing proceeded
faster under the intact cover of a blister.43In 1962, Winter showed
that the healing rate of wounds significantly improved if the
wounds were kept moist.1Using an animal model, based on
young domestic pigs, Winter's data showed that experimental
wounds of 2.5 cm2being 0.01 to 0.03 cm deep undergo two times
faster epithelialization in a moist environment that prevents the
formation of a dry scab than identical wounds openly exposed to
the air.1During the following two decades, this finding was con-
firmed by other investigators who used various dressings with a
wide range of water and gas permeability, absorbency and adhe-
siveness using porcine models44–46and other animal models such
as guinea pig models.47,48In general, wound healing under both
moist and wet (saline solution) environments was significantly fas-
ter than under dry conditions.5,49Although a wet (saline solution)
Figure 2 Bar chart showing average vessel number (±standard
deviation) per wound against days post-operation. Vessel counts
carried out in a zone adjacent to the superficial surface of the
wound bed. *P < 0.05 (Reprinted from Dyson et al.,33copyright
(1992), with permission from Nature Publishing Group).
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Korting et al.
Page 4
environment is claimed to be the most favourable for fast healing
of full-thickness wounds in a porcine wound healing model,40a
favourable environment for wound healing in general seems to be
a gelatinous environment intermediate between moist and dry
such as may be provided by highly vapour permeable dressings.49
In the meantime, the acceleration of healing of cutaneous wounds
in animal models under moist conditions has been confirmed by
several investigators.4,5,8,47,50For example, it has been shown that
the relative rates of epithelialization in swine partial-thickness
wounds were increased by about 40% in a moist environment.50
A faster healing rate of partial-thickness wounds (in that case
abrasions) has also been demonstrated in human models.51,52A
meta-analysis of Wiechula using split-thickness skin graft donor
sites representing superficial- to partial-thickness wounds clearly
favoured moist wound healing products compared with non-
moist wound healing products in terms of healing rates [using the
parameter 'days to complete healing' (Fig. 3)],7and infection
(using the parameter clinical infection present). Most wound heal-
ing products turned out to have distinct clinical advantages over
non-moist products in the management of superficial- to partial-
thickness wounds.7In general, there is growing evidence that good
hydration is the most important and, based on today's knowledge,
the only external factor responsible for fast and optimal wound
Influence of moist environment on scar
Wound healing of human skin invariably results in varying degrees
of scar formation which range clinically from fine asymptomatic
scars to problematic hypertrophic and keloid scars representing
both functional and cosmetic defects.56,57Wound healing of
superficial acute wounds normally develops flat and flexible scar
tissue, but there are individuals susceptible to the formation of
more pronounced scars. Meanwhile, there are various references
in the literature that point out that wound healing in a moist envi-
ronment may prevent unfavourable scars and may improve cos-
metic results.56–58Under moist conditions, the inflammatory and
proliferative phases of dermal repair in wound healing are known
to be accelerated.45Accelerated healing may produce better scars
as perpetuation of the inflammatory phase is known to be associ-
ated with the development of more pronounced scars.59A pro-
spective clinical study by Atiyeh et al. showed that application of a
so-called Moist Exposed Burn Ointment (MEBO, Julphar Gulf
Pharmaceutical Industries, Ras Khaimah, UAE), a special kind of
ointment allowing moist wound healing, on split-thickness skin
graft donor sites leads to an increase in tissue moisture and pro-
moted faster healing associated with better scar quality. MEBO
turned out to be superior to topical antibiotic ointment or to cov-
ering wounds by adhesive tape.58In addition, healing after
MEBO-treatment was associated with a fast restoration of physio-
logical barrier function measured by transepidermal water loss in
partial-thickness skin graft donor sites.56Significantly better scar
quality was found both for primarily and secondarily healed par-
tial-thickness skin graft donor sites.57Furthermore, an increase in
tissue moisture has been described to prevent unfavourable scar
formation by decreasing capillary activity, reducing hyperaemia,
and reducing collagen deposition.58A correlation between moist
wound healing and better cosmetic results in fact has also been
described by other authors.34,60,61Although the number of avail-
able studies in this regard is still sparse, it can be assumed based
on the available results that wound healing in a moist environ-
ment contributes to improved scar quality and thus to cosmetic
Influence of moist environment on infection rate
A meta-analysis of Wiechula (2003) on the basis of four clinical
studies shows that moist wound healing (using hydrocolloid
dressings) in split-thickness skin graft donor sites is superior to
non-moist wound healing concerning the parameter infection.7
Although three of the four studies included failed to achieve a
significant result, the combined result favoured the hydrocolloids
significantly with a considerable degree of homogeneity, although
it should be noted that not all studies uniformly used the same
signs for clinical infection and some studies were not specific
about those criteria.7From these data, it can be concluded that
intervention based on moist wound healing is not inferior to
traditional non-moist treatments with regard to the rate of infec-
tion62and that the rate of wound infection does not increase
with the use of modern dressings compared with traditional
dressings.63In this context, one also has to keep in mind that
Figure 3 Comparison of moist vs. non-moist wound-healing dressings, shown as meta-view graph.34–39Outcome: days to complete
healing. CI, confidence interval; WMD, weighted mean difference (From Wiechula7with permission).
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JEADV 2011, 25, 130–137Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology ª 2010 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
Acute wounds and healing
Page 5
occlusive dressings might support the homeostasis of the epider-
mal barrier layer64and might work as an effective microbial
Influence of a moist environment on pain
Several studies have been conducted on the influence of a moist
environment on pain, but they varied in the outcome measure of
pain or did not report sufficient data so that a meta-analysis was
not possible.7,62Nevertheless, the view of other authors provides a
basis for the assumption that moist wound management is associ-
ated with a reduction of wound pain66which, for example, has
been shown for certain foam dressings.67Pain may be reduced by
covering free nerve endings in the wound by application of an
appropriate dressing.32
Furthermore, hydrogel dressings are
known to promote analgesia by cooling the skin. It should also
not be forgotten in this context that non-adherent dressings will
result in less harmful removal during epithelialization.68In sum-
mary, currently the question cannot be definitely answered
whether moist wound healing also offers advantages over non-
moist wound healing with regard to the parameter pain. Further
studies are necessary to provide clarity.
Optimal wound care for minor wounds
Recent investigations in wound care have mainly focused on the
chronic wound environment. Meanwhile, moist wound therapy of
chronic wounds has been established as it clearly promotes the
healing of chronic wounds.9For example, according to a study
with patients suffering from leg ulcers moist wound treatment was
linked to complete healing in about 50% of the patients within
3 months and in over 70% within 1 year.69Nevertheless, accord-
ing to estimates only 10% to 20% of patients with chronic wounds
currently receive a modern, moist wound therapy.70
As chronic wounds like venous, diabetic, arterial or pressure
ulcers show impaired healing, evidence-based guidelines were pub-
lished with the objective of optimizing and accelerating healing
processes where possible.59Accordingly, guidelines for the treat-
ment of acute wounds should allow improved outcomes through
the rational removal of impediments to acute tissue repair.12,17
This approach should include – among other things – the manage-
ment of comorbidities that impair acute wound healing and the
application of moist dressing.17
As opposed to chronic wounds, healing in acute wounds is
often taken for granted because it is assumed that in those wounds
normal phases of wound healing should run per se without any
problems. For this reason, investigations concerning moist wound
treatment of acute wounds – especially in the most frequently
occurring minor acute wounds – are rare. Minor wounds such as
small cuts, scraps, abrasions or superficial burns are usually not
presented at emergency rooms. Nevertheless, they need proper
care to prevent complications, in particular infections.
The basis of local wound care in minor wounds consists of
thorough cleansing with potable tap water or normal saline8(if
necessary, associated with debridement methods such as scrub-
bing⁄swabbing) followed by the application of an appropriate
dressing.52,71In minor superficial non-bite injuries, prophylactic
antimicrobial substances are abdicable, but if wounds are consid-
ered at risk for having a significant bacterial bioburden, prophylac-
tic antibiotics are indicated.12If necessary, the wound should be
covered for further protection after application of a dressing.72
Choice of the appropriate dressing
The choice of dressing depends on the objective of dressing on its
part being contingent on the condition of the wound (i.e. cause,
size, depth, location, degree of exudation and level of contamina-
tion)8as well as on the activity level and needs of patients⁄individ-
uals. Hydroactive dressings support the principle of moist wound
healing and can be classified into films, foams, hydrogels, hydro-
colloids and alginates.3An optimal dressing should provide pro-
tection of the wound from further trauma, ensure a moist
dressing⁄wound interface, absorb or remove excess exudate, pre-
vent contamination and provide an environment conducive to the
body's natural defence mechanisms.73On the one hand, a wound
that is too dry hinders migration of epidermal cells under a dry
scab,5,30and on the other hand, excessive wound exudate has to
be avoided to prevent maceration or water logging of the tissue.74
There is good evidence that moist dressings are particularly suit-
able for the management of superficial- to partial-thickness
wounds as they are known to increase healing rates and lower pain
scores without increasing infection rates.62However, the extent to
which such dressings – provided they are occlusive – restrict the
evaporation of water from the wound surface constitutes a critical
feature.4Although some dressing materials that do not follow the
principles of moist wound healing are very popular and successful
commercially, their continued usage does not seem to be justified
anymore.4Currently, there are hundreds of products, devices and
dressing materials on the market to aid in wound management
but except the concept of moist wound healing most of the new
concepts in dressings do not seem to represent real improvement
based on solid and objective scientific data.4,5In particular,
described advantages of one type of moist dressing over the other
are mostly anecdotal.4Although a single dressing cannot fulfil all
requirements for every single wound, it still appears advisable to
restrict the choices to a few products suitable for the majority of
situations – respecting the fundamental principle of moist wound
healing and the ease of application.4,66Reasons for such an
approach comprise possible economy of scale as well as optimized
application based on specific experience. This approach in particu-
lar applies to minor superficial wounds.
Hydrocolloids are dressings in which a hydrophilic gelable mass
is applied in a semisolid form to a flexible semipermeable carrier.66
Those dressings 'melt' over the wound to form a mobile gel. They
limit or prevent water loss and are capable of maintaining the
hydration status in a wound without too much absorption that
could dry up the wound. By trapping wound exudates, they create
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JEADV 2011, 25, 130–137 Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology ª 2010 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
Korting et al.
Page 6
a moist environment that softens and lifts dry eschars, favours
granulation tissue formation and reepithelialization, promotes
angiogenesis and stimulates macrophages.4,75Hydrocolloid dress-
ings can be used with good effect for the treatment of a variety of
acute wounds: Although they are most commonly linked to the
treatment of chronic wounds,3these dressings have been shown to
improve healing rates in partial-thickness wounds such as burns,
donor sites and superficial traumatic injuries.66Furthermore, there
is a body of evidence that the application of hydrocolloid dressings
is associated with a reduction in wound pain, enhanced quality of
life and improvement in the quality of the healed wound.66
Beyond that, they can be used relatively easily.3Hydrocolloids are
primarily used for lightly to moderately exudating wounds.4
If tissue moisture levels are already depleted, the application of
hydrogels, i.e. mixtures of polymers with water representing up to
90% of their weight,3might be the better choice. The particular
benefit of these colloidal dispersions is their ability to donate
liquid to the wound, restore optimal tissue hydration and thus
create an optimal moist environment for wound healing.4How-
ever, hydrogels have the handicap of a low absorbency potential
with a limited debriding capacity.1
To achieve the broadest applicability possible for different kinds
of minor cutaneous everyday wounds without the need of exact
classification of the individual status and degree of moisture of the
wound, it would be ideal if a topical treatment option were avail-
able that is able to absorb or donate liquid depending on the state
of the tissue to which it is applied. Hydroactive colloid gels, i.e. a
new generation of dressings, combine the attributes of hydrocol-
loids and hydrogels. Although additional studies are needed to
shed additional light on the effectiveness of hydrocolloid gels, the
topical application of these formulations may be favourable both
on dry and exuding superficial wounds based on fundamental
considerations. It can be expected – with certain restrictions
because of limited documentation – that such a treatment is con-
ducive to improved healing rates and the reduced risk of scarring
in everyday wounds such as abrasions or superficial lacerations
and incisions.
The basis of local wound care in minor wounds consists of thor-
ough cleansing with potable tap water or normal saline followed
by the application of an appropriate dressing and by covering
the wound for further protection. With regard to dressing selec-
tion, the belief is widely shared that acute wounds also benefit
from moist dressings even though moist wound management is
mainly established in the treatment of chronic wounds. In the
treatment of smaller superficial wounds, it appears advisable to
limit the choice of dressings to just a few products that fulfil the
principles of moist wound management and at the same time
are easy to use. Hydroactive colloid gels, which combine the
attributes of hydrocolloids and hydrogels being used both
with dry and exuding wounds, appear especially suitable for this
purpose for fundamental reasons – although there is still a lack
of data from systematic studies on the effectiveness of these
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2 Hinman CD, Maibach H. Effect of air exposure and occlusion on
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6 Bolton LA. Operational definition of moist wound healing. J Wound
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14 Aubo ¨ck J. Biologie der Wundheilung. In Wild T, Aubo ¨ck J, eds.
Manual der Wundheilung. Chirurgisch-Dermatologischer Leitfaden der
Modernen Wundbehandlung. Springer, Wien New York, 2007: 1–9.
15 Mauro T. Natural course of wound repair versus impaired healing in
chronic cutaneous ulcers. In Shai A, Maibach HI, eds. Wound Healing
and Ulcers of the Skin. Diagnosis and Therapy – The Practical Approach.
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16 Singer AJ, Clark RAF. Cutaneous wound healing. NEJM 1999; 341:
17 Franz MG, Steed DL, Robson MC. Optimizing healing of acute wounds
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18 Baum CL, Arpey C. Normal cutaneous wound healing: clinical correla-
tion with cellular and molecular events. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 674–
19 Harris IR, Yee KC, Walters CE et al. Cytokine and protease levels in
healing and non-healing chronic venous leg ulcers. Exp Dermatol 1995;
4: 342–349.
20 Trengrove NJ, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Stacey MC. Mitogenic activity and
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21 Stanley AC, Park HY, Phillips TJ, Russakovsky V, Menzoian JO.
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eration and mitogenic response to PDGF-BB of fibroblasts isolated from
ª 2010 The Authors
JEADV 2011, 25, 130–137Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology ª 2010 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
Acute wounds and healing
Page 7
chronic venous leg ulcers is ulcer-age dependent. J Invest Dermatol
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23 Herrick SE, Sloan P, McGurk M, Freak L, McCollum CN, Ferguson
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24 Herrick SE, Ireland GW, Simon D, McCollum CN, Ferguson MW.
Venous ulcer fibroblasts compared with normal fibroblasts show differ-
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25 Salim AS. The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the management
of venous (varicose) ulceration: a new approach. World J Surg 1991; 15:
26 Howlander MH, Smith PD. Increased plasma total nitric oxide among
patients with severe chronic venous disease. Int Angiol 2002; 21: 180–186.
27 Falabella AF, Carson P, Eaglstein WH, Falanga V. The safety and effi-
cacy of a proteolytic ointment in the treatment of chronic ulcers in the
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28 Robles DT, Berg D. Abnormal wound healing: keloids. Clin Dermatol
2007; 25: 26–32.
29 Robson MC. Discussion: dry, moist, and wet skin wound repair. Ann
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30 Eaglstein WE. Moist wound healing with occlusive dressings: a clinical
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31 Madden MR, Nolan E, Finkelstein JL et al. Comparison of an occlusive
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32 Field CK, Kerstein MD. Overview of wound healing in a moist environ-
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33 Dyson M, Young SR, Hart J, Lynch JA, Lang S. Comparison of the
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34 Barnett A, Berkowitz RL, Mills R, Vistnes LM. Comparison of synthetic
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35 Bilwani PK, Sheth H. The use of Lyofoam as a dressing for split skin
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36 Iregbulem LM. Use of a semi-permeable membrane dressing in donor
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38 Steenfoss HH, Partoft S. Comparioson of Sure Skin, Duoderm, and
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41 Kerstein MD. Moist wound healing: the clinical perspective. Ostomy
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43 Odland GF. The fine structure of the interrelationship of cells in the
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44 Alvarez OM, Mertz PM, Eaglstein WH. The effect of occlusive dressings
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48 Stenn KS, Yan SP. Liquid covering for superficial skin wounds and its
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56 Atiyeh BS, El-Mus KA, Dham R. Scar Quality and physiologic barrier
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57 Atiyeh BS, Ioannovich J, Amm CA, El Musa KA. Improving scar quality
following primary and secondary healing of cutaneous wounds. Asth
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63 Slater M. Does moist wound healing influence the rate of infection?
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JEADV 2011, 25, 130–137Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology ª 2010 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
Korting et al.
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74 Ovington L. Advances in wound dressings. Clinics Dermatol 2007; 25:
75 Cohen KI, Diegelmann RF, Yager DR, Wornum IL III, Graham MF,
Crossland MC. Wound care and wound healing. In Spencer S, Galloway
DF, eds. Principles of Surgery Schwartz. McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 1999: 269–290.
ª 2010 The Authors
JEADV 2011, 25, 130–137 Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology ª 2010 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
Acute wounds and healing


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CRIPPLING heat and a buckling track has again forced the suspension of rail services from Rockhampton to Longreach.
The Rockhampton to Emerald line was temporarily opened for Tuesday's Spirit of the Outback passenger service, but will close again due to the extreme temperatures in the region.
"On Thursday, January 17, customers travelling from Longreach will start their journey on a replacement coach service before boarding the Spirit of the Outback service in Rockhampton," a Queensland Rail spokeswoman said.
"Track buckles caused by heat are an issue for rail providers around the world.
"QR has a series of procedures to monitor, detect and rectify any of these issues on our network."
Less clear are the reasons behind the closure of the historic Emerald ticket sales office which will cease operating on January 31.
Queensland Rail customers are directed to instead purchase tickets from a local travel agency, online or by phone.
A Queensland Rail spokesman said the decision was in line with the closure of a number of outlets across the state.
"It's my understanding similar moves are happening in other towns as well," he said.
The Emerald station has been staffed by Aurizon employees (formerly QR National) since July 2010, but a company spokesman said the move to permanently close the office was not their call.
"Aurizon continues to operate from the Emerald rail station for its freight operations," the spokesman said.
"It was not Aurizon's decision to cease ticket selling from the station."
Aurizon employees were not expected to be affected by the closure of the station's sales office.
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Get Instant Pricing with Edmunds Price Promise℠
1Look for "Special Offers" on a specific car
2Get your upfront, locked-in price from the dealer
3Go to the dealership to buy your car with no haggle
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl 8A)
I drove my past car for 12 years because I never like anything else enough to buy it.
I waited for this X3 to be available hoping that I would like it.
I am so happy I waited.
I Love It!
I got it loaded with sport package, tech package, convenience package, cold package.
I have 6000 miles on it and I haven't had any problems.
I do have a broken spring in a cup holder as someone else mentioned, but that is minor.
I love all the technology and the comfort.
I had a difficult time deciding what color to get; I thought they could have had better colors to choose from.
I got Mineral Silver with Beige Leather and I am happy with it.
the full review
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl 8A)
The vehcile is great when it works.
I have had major problems with the 2011 X3, vehicle is less than 6 months old:
1-Engine coolant leak, cracked reservoir. BMW said it's normal at first, then repaired upon insistance.
2-Driver's door does not open, broken cable.
3-Excessive brake noise and squealing, BMW says it's normal.
4-Excessive wind noise from poor outside door seals, BMW says it's normal.
5-Grinding window noise when closing/opening window.
6-Windshield wipers do not rest in their low position, they sit up.
7-Passenger's side door was misaligned and sticked out, BMW said it's normal, then attempted to fix upon insistance.
All parts take 2-weeks to come !!!
the full review
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive35i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
Best SUV period.
Drove the Mercedes GLK (nice SUV, styling inside and out a little old fashion), The Audi Q5 (excellent exterior looks, interior is very nice, steering felt odd within an unusual firming up - 2nd place choice) and the Acura RDX (very agile, nice steering feel but needs to be quieter on the highway).
The turbo X3 was the clear winner for me.
Smooth, yet sporty ride, very quiet, nice engine note, business like interior, excellent cargo space, the engine and transmission work flawlessly together (except for initial acceleration from a stop which takes some getting used to) and acceleration is unmatched by any in the class.
the full review
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl 8A)
I've owned 4 BMW's and this will be my last.
There is a problem with the transmission that BMW knew about and didn't fix.
They continued to make cars with this problem.
When the car is not on, you cannot put it on neutral.
Which means you cannot tow your car.
I have only had this car for 7 months and I've had to tow it 2 times.
They do not provide you with a spare tire.
I got a flat and had the tow the car to the dealership.
The run flat tire feature did not work.
Why pay more if you get less?
I would not recommend this car to anyone.
the full review
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive35i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
I would like to know why I could go purchase a $14K Hyundai w/ less problems than I have in my $55K X3....
1.Cup holder � Has a broken spring mechanism
2.Heater button � When pushed, it went into the bottom of the center counsel.
3.Gas cap � It states �diesel� but the car uses gasoline.
4.Alignment � The vehicle consistently pulls slightly to the right.
5.Owners manual states there is supposed to be a first aid kit, pg 232. None.
6. Squeak - Sounds like styrofoam rubbing together.
Jerky start - seems like the fuel pump/injector issue BMW has been having.
Utterly disappointed with this vehicle....
the full review
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl 8A)
We selected the X3 i2.8 at the end of our 2008 335 Convertible lease.
You might think that after driving at 335 the X3 would be a disappointment; on the contrary, it's a much nicer car to live with.
The 335 was fun, but somewhat impractical and had a very rigid ride; the X3 is surprisingly smooth and agile.
We chose the 2.8 because, frankly, we had problems with the 335 engine... had to tow it back to the dealer with less than 20K miles.
The 2.8 has plenty of power for "real-world" driving.
It is smooth and sporty.
The interior is quite large considering the external size of the the vehicle... especially the rear seat (compare it to the Mercedes GLK350).
the full review
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive35i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
I have owned my X3 for about 6 weeks and have 3000+ miles.
It is comfortable, quite and a hoot to drive.
The gas milage is great and big step up from my previous V8 SUV.
the full review
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive35i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
I just bought the car a week ago. I notice this car is having problem during low speed, stop and go condition, you can feel the transmission is shifting hard from 1st to 2nd gear under slight acceleration and this is really annoying during traffic jam.
the full review
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive28i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl 8A)
We have owned this vehicle just over six weeks and
absolutely love it. The style, RIDE, performance and MPG is as advertised. We test drove several other models and kept going back to the X3. Plus it's built in the USA and even my last Chevy was not. A little expensive but with their warranty and my lower mileage, it just made sense.
the full review
2011 BMW X3 SUV xDrive35i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
I wanted something different in my next car. Have been driving BMW's for 15+ years - mostly 3 series an M's. Test drove the new X3 35i and was smitten. Wanted to buy it there on the spot but the dealership didn't want to sell it to me so I went looking. Found one at another dealership. Had 1 option I really wanted (HiFi Stereo) but soon realized I could live w/o it. This is my first SUV (SAV) and I'm enjoying it very much. Not agile as a 335i - but darn close to it, especially with adjustable chassis and throttle settings. Getting 26.6mpg average. VERY impressive. Got that with my last 335i. Comfortable; Quite and Fun!!
Get one!!
the full review
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Recommended Just For You
Customer Raves & Reviews
Good quality
Floral Valentine Birth Announcement Magnets Very pretty magnet. But only down side is that it is a very small magnet. It looks bigger online.
Great quality
Baby Rookie Birth Announcement Magnets This was just the theme I needed to introduce my little rookie to the world. They made all the changes I requested with no issues.
Great quality
Wrapped in Love Birth Announcement Magnets This is exactly what we were looking for when ordering magnets for our birth announcement. The size was great, price was reasonable and they were here 8 days later. The envelopes provided were high quality. We are so excited to send these out. Quality was great. My only suggestion is to get a darker print. We went with a red and it is a little harder to read from distance but they still look amazing.
Fun and chraming birth announcement
Candy Christmas Birth Announcement Magnets I had told my daughter I would take care of her birth announcements, since she'd be so busy with her newborn and the holidays were approaching. I searched for something unique online and found Magnet Street, and decided on this small card that is actually magnetic. It was easy to upload a photo (we chose one with the newborn in a Santa hat) and then play around with the all of the colors and fonts, until we landed on a combination that "popped". The product was in my hands 5 days after I ordered them! The magnet is substantial - a good thickness, not flimsy at all. The cost was reasonable, especially in the larger quantities we needed. They are darling and I know my granddaughter's likeness will be stuck on lots of refrigerator doors and bring joy to family this Christmas!
Perfect size
Wrapped in Love Birth Announcement Magnets I used this magnet to announce my very first pregnancy. It was very good quality and I was very pleased with the color and clarity of the product. I will definitely be using magnet street again when the little one arrives ;)


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Sanctum Garden Studios share with us the details of a recent build, accompanied by the photos the client took at each stage of the build.
Archive | foundations
Guide to the types of garden room foundations
Garden room on a challenging plot
Executive Garden Rooms recently completed this modern garden room for a client who's garden wasn't without its challenges.
Should I Install a Concrete Base or Slab Base for My Garden Building?
Crane Garden Buildings explain the benefits of choosing a concrete as the foundation for your garden room
Garden room on a sloping site
We don't all have flat gardens, and a sloping site can make people think that a garden room is not an option for them, but garden room suppliers have a number of solutions to this problem in their toolbox
Easy Pads the adaptable foundation system
The EasyPad by Quick Base Solutions has been widely adopted by the garden room suppliers and many self builders, it can be used in a variety of situations.
Quick Base, the new garden room foundation system
A new pad foundation for garden rooms has launched. Different from other designs because it sits within the floor frame
Garden Room On A Difficult Site
Booths Garden Studios have recently completed this garden room build on what could be considered a difficult site.
Installing a Studio on a sloping site
A sloping garden can make you think a garden studio is not an option, but garden studio suppliers have ways around sloping sites as Sanctum Garden Studios show in this latest build.
Garden Room Foundations
Most garden rooms come complete with the foundation system included in the package, but a few dont and you will need to organise a concrete slab
Garden Office Guide: Insitu Garden Offices
Rounding up our Garden Office Guide we chat with Insitu Garden Offices about planning permission, foundations, insualtion and much more…
Garden Office Guide: eDen Garden Rooms
We chat with eDen Garden Rooms about using their unique buildings as home garden offices: Which is your most popular office design? We recommend our 3.6m x 3.6m design which is compact and perfect for a small office in the garden. All of our designs are fully insulated and heated and have electric and data […]
Garden Office Guide: Atelier
We chat to Atelier about their range of contemporary garden offices: What is your most popular garden office design? Atelier manufactures two ranges of garden studio; the C-range and the S-range. In addition, we produce bespoke designs and home extensions that incorporate the Atelier style. Of these, our most popular design is probably the C-range […]
Garden Office Guide: Contemporary Garden Rooms
We chat with Contemporary Garden Rooms about their range of garden offices: What is your most popular garden office design? The myPod Garden Room Why does your design make the perfect garden office, how have you made it user friendly? It is installed in 1 day and can be re-sited in the same time period […]
Garden Office Guide: Sanctum Garden Studios
We chat with Sanctum Garden Studios about using their buildings as garden offices: What is your most popular garden office design? All our Studios are popular for use as offices. The most common sizes seem to be between 3m x 2.4m and 4.8m x 3m. Why does your design make the perfect garden office, how […]
Garden Office Guide: Oazis
We chat with Oazis about their range of modular garden offices: What is your most popular garden office design? Oazis – 4 x 3.5 m and Oazis 3.75 x 3m Why does your design make the perfect garden office, how have you made it user friendly? The Oazis provides a stylish, comfortable garden office environment […]
Garden Office Guide: Those Garden Rooms
We chat with Those Garden Rooms about buying a garden office: What is your most popular garden office design? Every office we deliver is unique, all builds are designed to the requirements of our customers. Why give them something off the shelf, if they are spending hard earned money it should be something they really […]


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Whether you load your iPod with Bach or Bono, music has a significant role in your life-even if you never realized it. Why does music evoke such powerful moods? The answers are at last becoming clear, thanks to revolutionary neuroscience and the emerging field of evolutionary psychology. Both a cutting-edge study and a tribute to the beauty of music itself, This...
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Whether you load your iPod with Bach or Bono, music has a significant role in your life-even if you never realized it. Why does music evoke such powerful moods? The answers are at last becoming clear, thanks to revolutionary neuroscience and the emerging field of evolutionary psychology. Both a cutting-edge study and a tribute to the beauty of music itself, This Is Your Brain on Music unravels a host of mysteries that affect everything from pop culture to our understanding of human nature, including:
* Are our musical preferences shaped in utero?
* Is there a cutoff point for acquiring new tastes in music?
* What do PET scans and MRIs reveal about the brain's response to music?
* Is musical pleasure different from other kinds of pleasure?
This Is Your Brain on Music explores cultures in which singing is considered an essential human function, patients who have a rare disorder that prevents them from making sense of music, and scientists studying why two people may not have the same definition of pitch. At every turn, this provocative work unlocks deep secrets about how nature and nurture forge a uniquely human obsession.
"I loved reading that listening to music coordinates more disparate parts of the brain than almost anything else - and playing music uses even more! Despite illuminating a lot of what goes on, this book doesn't 'spoil' enjoyment - it only deepens the beautiful mystery that is music."
-David Byrne, founder of Talking Heads and author of How Music Works
"Levitin is a deft and patient explainer of the basics for the non-scientist as well as the non-musician. . . . By tracing music's deep ties to memory, Levitin helps quantify some of music's magic without breaking its spell."
-Los Angeles Times Book Review
This Is Your Brain On MusicIntroduction
I Love Music and I Love Science—Why Would I Want to Mix the Two?
1. What Is Music?
From Pitch to Timbre
2. Foot Tapping
Discerning Rhythm, Loudness, and Harmony
3. Behind the Curtain
Music and the Mind Machine
4. Anticipation
What We Expect from Liszt (and Ludacris)
5. You Know My Name, Look Up the Number
How We Categorize Music
6. After Dessert, Crick Was Still Four Seats Away from Me
Music, Emotion, and the Reptilian Brain
7. What Makes a Musician?
Expertise Dissected
8. My Favorite Things
Why Do We Like the Music We Like?
9. The Music Instinct
Evolution's #1 Hit
Bibliographic Notes
Posted June 29, 2009
This book is a pure joy to read. It's amazing that a musician decided to become a cognitive psychologist and has revealed the secrets of how music and our brains function. It's written in easy to understand prose that is accessible to musicians and non musicians alike. Well trained musicians will have an easier time reading because they already understand the nuances between musical terms, however it's all explained so that a non musician can understand it. It reminds me of the books that Albert Einstein wrote explaining his theory of relativity for non physicists. Clear, concise information is well presented so the average reader can fully comprehend how music and the brain function. It's a revelation worth discovering if you have any serious interest in music of whatever genre! Enjoy!!!
8 out of 8 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.bahr41
Posted October 28, 2009
It is very rare to find an individual with the experience in music, psychology, and neuroscience like Daniel Levitin; rocker turned music producer turned neuroscientist. When he was working as a music producer, he became interested in why and how music operates on the human brain. He became so interested that he went back to school to study just that. He studied how the brain turns sounds into patterns that we think of as songs, how we remember those patterns, and how they are stored and bring up many different emotions. Levetin was a part of the discovery of important neural processes that explain why music can touch you so deeply, and believes that our brains seem to have evolved to maximize musical ability.
It is great that a person with the credentials and musical background that he has wrote a book to explain why music affects us the way it does in a way that is easy to follow. This is not written just for the study of neuroscience nor only for the study of music, but it is written for the average, everyday music lover.
For the reader that may not completely understand the linguistics involved in music, the first chapter goes into detail of some terms that may not be familiar. Terms such as: pitch, reverberation, or timbre. Although this chapter is very helpful as a refresher from junior high music class, it is very long and repetitive. I found myself losing focus and keeping a countdown of pages till it was over which is never a good sign when reading a book.
Once past the 50 pages that seem like they were torn from a music textbook, things start to get interesting. He begins by explaining the distinction of the mind, "the part of each of us that embodies our thoughts, hopes, desires, memories, beliefs, and experiences," and the brain, "an organ of the body, a collection of cells and water, chemicals and blood vessels, that resides in the skull. Activity in the brain gives rise to the contents of the mind." He then explains how music reaches the brain and the reactions it causes on different neural regions followed by how the reactions of the brain affect the mind.
The book answers many questions that most people have, but do not bother finding the answers to. He describes why songs from our teenage years have a greater impact on us than music from later, why songs get stuck in our heads, he describes them as "ear worms", and why we like the music that we like. This is written very clearly for the non-specialist and certain topics have been simplified to easily understand, but was done in a way where it wasn't overly-simplified. This is a great book for anyone who as ever said, "I like this song." Then followed it up by asking themselves the question, "but why do I like this song?"
5 out of 6 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.I loved this book! I'm a fan of brain and cognitive science, having been a psyc. major many years ago. Books such as 'Brain on Music' rely on the science of today to prove what we were only beginning to suspect many years ago.
Daniel Levitan must be one of those wonders. With an early background in music, a career as a music business professional and then a return to school to complete a doctorate in music, and then -- of course, this book.
He trumps all the other researcher-writers, such as Goleman and Pinker. I just love how these academics slip in little pot-shots at one another -- Levitan pointing out that music is not just a linguistic after-thought and slipping in a little tweak at Pinker.
The book explains just enough music theory for the average reader and then really digs into the science of brain structure and physiology that enable us to perceive and understand music.
My daughter who is a senior in high school and participating in music classes is now reading the book. The music theory sections are reinforcing and supplementing what she is learning in school.
If you are into either music appreciation or brain science then this book is a MUST.
Read it - you won't be disappointed.
3 out of 3 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Daniel Levitin has an eclectic background giving validity to his research. In addition his writing style is entertaining especially generously sprinkled with his own experiences with others well-known in psychology of the brain.
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Anonymous
Posted June 21, 2008
A truely technical book about music and how it affects us, not on a superficial level but physically and in every other way. While written for the music professional it also defines it's terminology quite thoroughly so the average person can also understand it. I found it quite interesting but not a casual read. Deep and complicated in parts of it. The only thing I didn't care for were the occasional refernces to evolution which weren't really relevant to the topic at hand. Other than that, an excellent book for the person who wants to delve a little deeper into how our minds work, why and how we formulate music, why music in other places is so different and even why music is so important to the human race.
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.westermantyler1
Posted November 2, 2011
Daniel J. Levitin's first New York Times bestseller is quite an intriguing introduction into the vast fields of musical science and neuroscience. I avidly research both of these studies and some of my curiosity is due to this book. Being a musician the premise of this book caught my eye. After getting past the preliminary chapters about the basics of sound and harmony, Levitin delves into fascinating topics of cognitive musical expectations, the neuroscience of rhythm, musical memory, and music's influence on evolution. He speaks in layperson's terms to reach a broader audience and I fully appreciate his efforts. I'm sure he could easily get caught in academia, but he controls his diction and uses thorough analogies to explain complicated scientific complexes. It is a very approachable and inviting way of presenting the complex information he is trying to present to the average reader. Though, in my case, the topic is sure to inspire further readings into the subject. I enjoyed his references to pop culture examples over several decades and they provided perfect examples to the ideas he was referring to. This book and its writing style has encouraged my pursuits into the exciting arena of neuroscience. It has also reinforced my interest in the science of music and how it affects the people of all cultures.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Much is covered in "This is Your Brain on Music," but there is no CD or many diagrams with it, and the subject matter would be more interactive if there were more diagrams and CD examples of music that he writes about. There is no web link either for more interactive participation. Basically, it is like a borish textbook of importance written for the mass market. Although many styles of music are mentioned, there are not that many. The chapters range from 3 star to 5 star. Once one passes page 79, the book rolls along much better. I play several sizes of a wind instrument as a hobby that I formal study in some areas for the past five years, and I found that this book did cover why I like some of Leopold Mozart's (A. Mozart's dad) music, as well as J.S. Bach's music. I even found out why I love Wagner, although the author does not write well of Wagner's disposition. Basically, I find a few of Wagner's music such as Tannheuser beyond reality, but Wagner's music does not fit with the legends (I do not like the legends he uses at all), as some of Wagner's music easily surpasses the legends he used in his operas. What Wagner's music fits with is with a later poet who had similar creepy issues--Ezra Pound, Ezra Pound's poem "The Return," fits with much of the great Wagnerian music. Perhaps, these pieces are psychic powerful manifestations of advanced life forms on another planet that caused some sort of faculty breakdown of torment of Wagner and Pound causing these two to have strange similar issues in some areas. Regarding "Old Man" by Neil Young, for example, "Old Man" is also the name of a famous old elephant in Africa that had a long life span (I do not know if "Old Man" still is alive), and the fantastic banjo in a short part of that song (the banjo originating in Africa) encouraged me to try to learn to play my banjo--though I have not had the time yet. I do not know if Neil Young knew about the "Old Man" elephant in Africa... This book is definitely worth reading. Even if one does not agree with the author's assessments in many areas, or with his research, he wrote quite a bit on the subject, and most of it is interesting in some way. For example, I found that the typical "musicians headache" (I usually never get a headache) that occurred with me a few years back when I was starting to study/play J.S. Bach's "Italienisches Konzert" (BWV 971) on my winds (I started with a newer version that was more difficult than previous versions) was similar to what I experienced when reading Hayek recently. Hayek wrote on issues that pertained to some of the Wagnerian and Pound problems. "This is Your Brain on Music" caused me to find the areas in my brain that I use(d) to study these difficult works.
1 out of 4 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Anonymous
Posted March 9, 2010
This is Your Brain on Music was a solid read. It takes you through the science behind an art. You look at what makes noise into music, the psychology behind listening to music, and even how the brain of people who play music works. All in all it is a good book. But if you are going to read it, plan to learn a lot, because the book has quite a lot of information. Unless you have a musical background, there is a very good chance of getting lost in the language. That's why the first chapter attempts to take you through a brief summary of music terminology. The key word of that sentence was brief, because that's what it was. The definitions of the terms didn't manage to cover the topic well enough for any novice to understand thoroughly. So I recommend, if you want to enjoy this book, have some kind of musical background, where terms like triads, pitch, melody, and timber, are not foreign. But if you do have a musical knowledge, you will enjoy this work. It does a good job of connecting the artistic side of music, with the scientific. It very well examines the scientific reasons we all enjoy music; one form or another. But my biggest complaint was the authors writing style. Daniel Levitin has a great knowledge and understanding of the topic, but not how to convey those ideas. I found his writing style to be bland, and very similar to a text book. There was little to no emotion in his writing style. Or at least that is what it felt like. The saving grace for this novel is that it has such amazing information to give and that as you read about specific bands, like the Beatles, you can imagine their music playing. If it wasn't for the great information and my love for the topic of music, I wouldn't have enjoyed this novel. So if you have a musical knowledge, enjoy science, and don't mind a semi-bland writing style, then you will enjoy This is Your Brain on Music. 3.5 out of 5.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.More like a well-written textbook, this book presents some insight into more theoretical and applicable model of music. Levitin certainly exploits my curiosity of music, but the book has limited merit beyond an informative piece. I applaud his ability to embellish music as a more useful and complex art in a practical way, but there was little risk taken by the author to extend music beyond its aesthetic realm.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Anonymous
Posted December 1, 2008
I really couldn't figure out the point of the book. I had read that it was "technical." Being a musician myself, while I fully understood the "technical" part, the author's use of musical terminology is confusing and frankly - boring. I don't see how a non-musician could enjoy or learn anything about MUSIC from this book.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Anonymous
Posted March 2, 2015
This book is about connections between music and the human brain. The author reveals topics like why we like the music we do, why we like music, and what does music have that intrigues us. In this book, I liked all the facts and research it had to have specific points and back them up. I also like how every chapter is different so you can learn a lot of different things in one book. The things I don't like about this book was the authors writing style. He jumped around a lot and he also got off subject a lot. I also didn't like how he had certain topics on the back cover that he said he would cover and I never found them to read them. I would recommend this book to anyone. This book is a great book for musicians and non-musicians. This book would be great for non-musicians because it teaches you a lot about music along the way. It would also be great for musicians because it will teach you things about music that you already didn't know, so it will expand your knowledge. I don't think this book would be a good idea to make into a movie. His book is a pretty good book, but I don't know if I would read it again. I don't think I would read this book again because I was so disappointed in not being able to read the interesting topics that I wanted to. I was expecting to read all of the topics on the back cover that the author said he would cover, but he never did.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Part-timefolkmusician
Posted September 5, 2012
This book was recommended to me by a fellow musician. It's slow going at first because it's not the usual escapist bedtime reading I'm used to. However, that said, I would recommend it to anyone who really loves music and wants to learn more about it in depth.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Nelaine
Posted June 2, 2012
For non-music theorists, the first chapter of THIS IS YOUR BRAIN ON MUSIC is not always easy to read, as it "simplifies" music theory in the language of theorists; however, it also details elements that are more easily comprehended, and Levitin uses examples from popular music, as well as from other forms, to illustrate his concepts. After that opening, it becomes engrossing, as he examines what music does inside of our minds, how it changes and influences cognitive processes. He uses his own research and that of others to explain that emotion is central to the ability to retain information, and that music lives in us forever when and because it reaches us emotionally. He then applies that to other types of learning and retention, as he explores how music works in the brain, even to retrain the thinking process.
This is a wonderful book, especially for those who have read and are interested in books such as THINKING FAST AND SLOW, INCOGNITO, THE INVISIBLE GORILLA, THE SHALLOWS, and other works on cognition. It is one more in an emerging literature of the brain, and I highly recommend it.
Posted February 8, 2010
Music is an amazing thing that changes how we feel life and Daniel J Levitin superbly explains how music effects us. In "This Is Your Brain on Music- The Science of a Human Obsession" Levitin unravels the mystery of music and the human mind. This book helps the average person expand their knowledge on the trends and peculiarities of music. Levitin broadly covers the subject of music and where it touches on the human life, and does so fully and entertainingly. He interestingly engages readers with tiny snippets and stories of his life in the music-producing world. The only dislike I had for this book was some of Levitin's rambling and pseudo-ADHD writing style when he is trying to link one subject to another, but all in all it is a fantastic read: educational, thorough, and highly engaging. I would highly recommend this book to anyone who has even the slightest interest in music.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Anonymous
Posted January 10, 2010
This Is Your Brain On Music by Daniel Levitin offers an open door into the depths of the music world by examining how the brain functions when listening to music. The first chapter "What Is Music?" gives thorough definitions of common musical terms while referencing well known musicians and songs for "non musicians" to comprehend better. As a musician I found the first chapter an easy read seeing because it felt like "Music Theory 101;" I found myself eager to turn the page so I could refresh my memory of the terms which I studied previously.
However, as the book progresses Levitin discusses the neurological workings of the brain and how we listen to music, which I often questioned myself if I knew what I had just read. He goes into depth discussing the different parts of the brain and how we come to hear music which I would have genuinely enjoyed had I understood his explanations. I believe his explanations were too intelligent for a book to be written for people who haven't any musical background, which he mentions quite a few times. Also, Levitin uses countless references to famous rock bands and songs to help the reader understand the foreign terms he was discussing; however, at times I found myself not recognizing the musician or song he was referencing which only added to my confusion and distaste for the book. For the most part I found myself not wanting to turn the page because I didn't understand what he was talking about. However, the last chapter was the most interesting in which he argues the evolutionary origins of music, against scientist who believe music was an accident. He discusses music, and not the depth of the brain, which I found highly enjoyable and surprisingly not boring.
It is clearly established throughout the book the immense passion Daniel Levitin has for music, which I highly respect. Although some parts of the book were dull and dry, I found myself appreciating music more than I had before with hopes of becoming a Music Major to further my education in music theory.
Posted September 5, 2009
This book did more than stimulate new thoughts about music and brain function. This book deepened my love for live.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.My daughter loved this book. She is an advanced reader (14) and studies piano, ballet and lots of other things independently. She found this book interesting enough to quote to her parents.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Poppabeakman
Posted April 21, 2009
For most of my nearly seventy years I have been interested in both music and science, as has the author of this book, although my drift was toward the physical, rather than biological, sciences. I have also played the violin since childhood, so I understand the author's desire to combine the two interests. The book is an attempt to answer several questions: Why is music so universal among humans? What is it about a certain piece of music that holds our attention? Why do we like the music we like? What is musical talent? How did the ability to make music evolve and what, if anything, was its survival value?
Many of these questions are still up in the air among researchers, but they are answered in this book to the extent that current knowledge allows them to be. Levitin is a neuroscientist at McGill University, so the information he presents is extensively documented in a list of references. However, he has also been a session musician and a record producer, which gives him experience and familiarity with, and understanding of, a very wide range of musical genres.
His discussion of these musical styles, in fact, opened my eyes to some things I didn't know or hadn't thought about. Being a classically trained (well, partly trained-I'm still working on that) musician, I lean toward Bach, Beethoven, and the like. I don't know much about popular music. So at the risk of sounding a bit patronizing, I was surprised to learn that as much creative thought and art goes into it as into the kind of music I know and love.
In spite of the extensive reliance on academic research, this book is definitely written for a general readership, even one with little technical knowledge of music (chords, cadences, keys, etc.). An early chapter deals with such things and can be skipped by readers already familiar with these concepts. The neurological basis of things like rhythm, timbre, and melody are well presented. I thought the section on the evolution of music was speculative, but I guess that applies to many of the characteristics of both humans and other animals. One theory on the evolutionary origins of music is that musical ability helped in attracting a mate. This makes sense to me; it appears to work among birds, and a certain middle-aged saxophone player I know claims it works for him, too. It must, because it's beyond me to figure out why else so many young women would be attracted to him. Doesn't seem to work for sixty-six year old classical violinists, though.
0 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Anonymous
Posted February 9, 2009
An extreme source of knowledge, for just music and science. It's highly recommended to buy.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Melody_Gardner
Posted December 10, 2008
"This is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession¿ by Daniel J. Levitin is a very gripping book that goes into detail on the scientific mechanisms of music. It includes answers to many seemingly unanswerable questions, such as why we like the music we like, what truly makes a great musician, to even more technical aspects such as how the brain responds to music. The book would be interesting to most musical people, but I don¿t see an average reader picking this up. Having a musical background is almost vital in comprehending some of the things said in this book. While at points it was extremely scientific and hard to follow, it was still interesting enough to keep turning the pages. At some of the most excruciating parts of the book, Levitin used much simpler analogies to help the average reader get their mind around these highly scientific concepts. Music lovers will find some of the facts in this book very amusing, and should have no trouble connecting to the more personal parts of the work. This book helped me, personally, put some reason behind why I love music the way I do. Recommended for all music and science fans!
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text:
The city is likely to scrap the year-old program of boarding vacant houses designed to keep firefighters on payroll.
A year-old effort to have Minneapolis firefighters board up vacant buildings to save two jobs in the department has instead lost more than $300,000.
Now the program is likely to get scrapped.
In its first 11 months, the program has cost almost $400,000, including administrative costs, but been able to bill only about $89,000. And $10,000 of that is still uncollected.
Meanwhile, boarding tasks have taken three firefighters off their rigs, according to Fire Chief Alex Jackson.
The program originated with former Council Member Paul Ostrow, who chaired the council's budget committee. He was trying to keep as many firefighters on duty as possible, and adding vacant property boarding was seen as a way for the department to collect fees that the Department of Regulatory Services had paid to private contractors.
The department hoped to generate enough income to pay for the cost of materials and the firefighters who otherwise would be laid off.
The firefighters were responsible for both emergency boardings ordered by inspectors, police and firefighters, and less urgent boardings ordered by inspectors.
But according to Thomas Deegan, the city's director of housing inspections, the city ended up paying less for property boarding because of fewer foreclosures and the renovation or razing of empty buildings. Now the fire department is spending more than $34,000 monthly on the program.
"They've got to shut it down," said Mark Lakosky, president of Minneapolis Firefighters Local 82. "If it's costing the city money, then we can't do it because with our staffing levels, they need to staff for the rigs. So I would hope they'd dispose of this program today and put it out for bid."
Ostrow said Wednesday that firefighters need to be willing to take on more duties that generate income for their department if they want to maintain their staffing. The department is laying off six firefighters for lack of funding.
The disappointing results were discussed by a council committee Wednesday, but now go to the budget committee, which may defer a decision until it takes up the 2012 budget.
Steve Brandt • 612-673-4438


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text:
APSRTC is operating special buses from Vijayawada to Guntur for students
The stage is set for JEE Mains examination to be held in 55 centres here on April 7for admission to National Institutes of Technology, IIIT and other technical institutions funded by the Central Government.
Nearly 43,000 students are appearing in the examination for which tight security is provided by the police while various educational institutions offered free boarding and lodging facilities. Guntur, Khammam, Tirupati and Warangal are the cities where the prestigious examination is being conducted by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). The APSRTC is operating special buses from Vijayawada to Guntur from early morning (4 a.m.) of Sunday for the convenience of students. Besides, buses have been arranged from RTC bus station in Guntur for transporting students to the examination centres. Some private institutions have also come forward for providing free transport facility from the railway station and important junctions. Transportation will also be available after the examinations are over. Drinking water is being made available for students and medical teams will be on the standby to attend to any emergency as temperatures have gone up steeply in the last few days. Hotels, lodges and private guest houses have already been booked well in advance. The police have set up special counters at the railway station and at bus stations. Two control rooms with phone numbers 0863-2233351 and 2233352 are also set up to deal with any eventuality. Help desks are set up by the district administration at all major junctions. A central control room with phone number 0863-2234990 has been opened in the Collector's office.
Prohibitory orders
The police will impose Section.144 at the examination centre, V.P. Siddhartha Public School, Moghalrajpuram. People should not move in groups and carrying of sticks and lethal weapons is banned at the examination centre, said the police.


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EnclosuresEnermax Chakra ATXWhile Enermax has been manufacturing PC peripherals for years now, they have not had many home runs when it comes to designing ATX cases that have been immensely popular with enthusiasts and gamers. Enermax's latest attempt at creating a unique ATX chassis comes in form of the Chakra. One of the most noticeable features about the Enermax Chakra is its 25cm side intake fan. Also offered is a front eSATA port.
2 September 2006 Cooler Master Mystique 631Over the years, Cooler Master has become well regarded by computer enthusiasts for their exceptionally well-designed products, but is the Mystique 631 another one of these marvelous creations, or has Cooler Master bit the dust this time around? The Mystique 631 was almost tagged the WaveMaster 2.
24 July 2006 SilverStone Lascala LC20MOur latest adventure with SilverStone Technology places us in front of their most recent Lascala chassis, the LC20M. The SilverStone Lascala LC20M boasts an integrated VFD display with IR remote, aluminum construction, superb multimedia capabilities, and more.
13 July 2006 NZXT Lexa Mid-TowerTaking a break from our usual hardware roundabout during Computex Taipei 2006, we took this opportunity to look at one of NZXT's latest creations. The NZXT product up on the review block this afternoon is the Lexa, which coincidently we had privately previewed during Computex last year.
8 June 2006 Antec Studio Take 4The Antec Take 4 is a 4U rackmount chassis that is designed to be incredibly quiet, offer effective airflow, and ultimately lower the operating temperature of the system. However, will such a chassis be worth its $339.00 USD price tag? We have the Antec Studio Take 4 in our hands today as we try it out for ourselves.
4 April 2006 Antec Performance TX640BComing out of the Antec review, we were quite pleased with what was offered by the Performance TX640B MiniTower. This ATX chassis offered a great deal of functional features such as removable drive cages and a front fan filter, while sticking to the phenomenal build quality we've been accustom to seeing from Antec products.
6 November 2005 Sansun SN-C001 BATThe fictional superhero Batman was originally conceived in 1939 when appearing in an issue of Detective Comics, and since that point Batman's popularity has increased tremendously and is still popular with its Batman Begins movie, and video game, out this year as well as other merchandise. Attempting to capture onto the popularity of Batman, the relatively unheard of Sansun Group Company has created the SN-C001 BAT Case and we have this themed ATX chassis with us today for testing.
23 October 2005 KickButtComputers Signature CombatIn early August, we presented a short preview of the KickButtComputers Signature series chassis to our readers, but today, the Signature Combat Phoronix chassis is finally complete and in our hands. In this article, we have a horde of our own exclusive images on these fabulous looking pre-modded cases; for any computer enthusiast or hobbyist, this is definitely a necessary read.
16 September 2005 HighSpeedPC Standard HSPC Tech Station v2.0Late last year we had the opportunity to try out the Tech Station computer test bench, which is manufactured by the people at HighSpeedPC. Today, we have our hands on the latest revision of their tech station kit with the Standard HSPC Tech Station v2.0. Will these alterations in the revision warrant an upgrade for current users or better yet recruit new HighSpeedPC customers? Today we'll be sharing our opinions on this open-air workstation.
1 September 2005 ThermalRock Eclipse ATXThermalRock, a division of Thermaltake, has diverted away from the design of traditional ATX cases in favor of offering a new level of innovation with such things as CD storage on the front bezel. However, will their latest creation, the Eclipse ATX chassis, be anything more than a re-designed Thermaltake Soprano?
13 August 2005
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Hardware news tagged 32nm
Wednesday, August 20, 2014
AMD to Cut Prices on FX-9000, Other FX Processors: New Prices Revealed.
[10:53 am]
AMD to Make FX Chips More Affordable, Discontinue Low-End Models
Wednesday, July 9, 2014
Intel Readies New Quark "Dublin Bay" Microprocessors.
[4:04 pm]
Intel's "Dublin Bay" Chips Due in 2015
Saturday, June 21, 2014
AMD Preps a New FX-Series Microprocessor with Bundled Liquid Cooling.
[8:06 pm]
AMD Readies a Response to Intel's Devil's Canyon
Tuesday, February 18, 2014
IBM Develops 200Gb/s – 400Gb/s Low-Power Interconnection Technology.
[6:09 am]
IBM Designs Next-Gen Technology That Will Advance Internet Speed
Wednesday, January 22, 2014
AMD Launches First Two Opteron "Warsaw" Processors.
[10:59 pm]
AMD Introduces New Energy-Efficient Server Chips
Thursday, January 16, 2014
AMD Sued for Overestimating Demand for "Llano" APUs.
[10:53 pm]
Class-Action Filed Against AMD for Overestimated Adoption of Llano