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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Measuring Reliability Growth of Open Source Software by Applying Stochastic Differential Equations
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
This, paper presents (i) several software reliability, growth models SRGM) which tries to predict, quantitatively the failure, phenomena, in, an, Open, Source, Software, project over a period of time. Here, it is assumed that the number of failures during ...
V. B. Singh; P. K. Kapur; Abhishek Tandon
Reconsideration of Software Reliability Measurements
In this paper, we discuss the major weaknesses of the software reliability measurements currently used and propose a new model of software reliability estimation. For the time being, the software reliability models are employed far from ubiquitous. As ...
Shiyi Xu
Operating standby redundant controller to improve voltage source inverter reliability .
E-Print Network (OSTI)
??This thesis presents a control architecture that achieves operating standby redundancy for a voltage source inverter controller. The system was designed to increase reliability by� (more)
Blevins, Stephen T.
Measurement Practices for Reliability and Power Quality
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
This report provides a distribution reliability measurement ''toolkit'' that is intended to be an asset to regulators, utilities and power users. The metrics and standards discussed range from simple reliability, to power quality, to the new blend of reliability and power quality analysis that is now developing. This report was sponsored by the Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Inconsistencies presently exist in commonly agreed-upon practices for measuring the reliability of the distribution systems. However, efforts are being made by a number of organizations to develop solutions. In addition, there is growing interest in methods or standards for measuring power quality, and in defining power quality levels that are acceptable to various industries or user groups. The problems and solutions vary widely among geographic areas and among large investor-owned utilities, rural cooperatives, and municipal utilities; but there is still a great degree of commonality. Industry organizations such as the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the American Public Power Association (APPA), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have made tremendous strides in preparing self-assessment templates, optimization guides, diagnostic techniques, and better definitions of reliability and power quality measures. In addition, public utility commissions have developed codes and methods for assessing performance that consider local needs. There is considerable overlap among these various organizations, and we see real opportunity and value in sharing these methods, guides, and standards in this report. This report provides a ''toolkit'' containing synopses of noteworthy reliability measurement practices. The toolkit has been developed to address the interests of three groups: electric power users, utilities, and regulators. The report will also serve to support activities to develop and share information among industry and regulatory participants about critical resources and practices. The toolkit has been developed by investigating the status of indices and definitions, surveying utility organizations on information sharing, and preparing summaries of reliability standards and monitoring requirements--the issues, needs, work under way, existing standards, practices and guidelines--for the following three classifications: (1) terms and definitions of reliability; (2) power quality standards, guidelines, and measurements; and (3) activities and organizations developing and sharing information on distribution reliability. As these synopses of reliability measurement practices are provided, it must be noted that an economic penalty may be associated with requiring too high a reliability level from the distribution system for all customers. It may be appropriate for the distribution system to supply only some base, generally accepted level of reliability. This base level would be adequate for the majority of customers. Users who need a higher level may find it economical to supply using distributed energy resources (DER) and other local solutions to reliability and power quality needs. Local solutions implemented by the customer may be the most cost-effective method for addressing the more stringent needs of a digital economy. These local solutions include energy storage, small distributed generators, and microgrids. This report also considers the market's role in addressing reliability issues and requirements. The customer's needs are discussed in view of issues such as power quality requirements of digital electronic equipment, the cost of outages, the cost of storage and new infrastructure, and natural gas prices. The market role in addressing these issues and requirements is explored. The economic considerations associated with the reliability issues are discussed, as well as the levels at which these economic decisions could be made. Finally, a discussion is provided of the role DER could play in addressing
Kueck, JD
SciTech Connect
This report provides a distribution reliability measurement ''toolkit'' that is intended to be an asset to regulators, utilities and power users. The metrics and standards discussed range from simple reliability, to power quality, to the new blend of reliability and power quality analysis that is now developing. This report was sponsored by the Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Inconsistencies presently exist in commonly agreed-upon practices for measuring the reliability of the distribution systems. However, efforts are being made by a number of organizations to develop solutions. In addition, there is growing interest in methods or standards for measuring power quality, and in defining power quality levels that are acceptable to various industries or user groups. The problems and solutions vary widely among geographic areas and among large investor-owned utilities, rural cooperatives, and municipal utilities; but there is still a great degree of commonality. Industry organizations such as the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the American Public Power Association (APPA), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have made tremendous strides in preparing self-assessment templates, optimization guides, diagnostic techniques, and better definitions of reliability and power quality measures. In addition, public utility commissions have developed codes and methods for assessing performance that consider local needs. There is considerable overlap among these various organizations, and we see real opportunity and value in sharing these methods, guides, and standards in this report. This report provides a ''toolkit'' containing synopses of noteworthy reliability measurement practices. The toolkit has been developed to address the interests of three groups: electric power users, utilities, and regulators. The report will also serve to support activities to develop and share information among industry and regulatory participants about critical resources and practices. The toolkit has been developed by investigating the status of indices and definitions, surveying utility organizations on information sharing, and preparing summaries of reliability standards and monitoring requirements--the issues, needs, work under way, existing standards, practices and guidelines--for the following three classifications: (1) terms and definitions of reliability; (2) power quality standards, guidelines, and measurements; and (3) activities and organizations developing and sharing information on distribution reliability. As these synopses of reliability measurement practices are provided, it must be noted that an economic penalty may be associated with requiring too high a reliability level from the distribution system for all customers. It may be appropriate for the distribution system to supply only some base, generally accepted level of reliability. This base level would be adequate for the majority of customers. Users who need a higher level may find it economical to supply using distributed energy resources (DER) and other local solutions to reliability and power quality needs. Local solutions implemented by the customer may be the most cost-effective method for addressing the more stringent needs of a digital economy. These local solutions include energy storage, small distributed generators, and microgrids. This report also considers the market's role in addressing reliability issues and requirements. The customer's needs are discussed in view of issues such as power quality requirements of digital electronic equipment, the cost of outages, the cost of storage and new infrastructure, and natural gas prices. The market role in addressing these issues and requirements is explored. The economic considerations associated with the reliability issues are discussed, as well as the levels at which these economic decisions could be made. Finally, a discussion is
Load Control for System Reliability and Measurement-Based Stability...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Load Control for System Reliability and Measurement-Based Stability Assessment Load Control for System Reliability and Measurement-Based Stability Assessment Research and develop...
Electric-Drive Vehicles: A Source of Power and Reliability to...
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Electric-Drive Vehicles: A Source of Power and Reliability to the California Electric Grid Speaker(s): Willett M. Kempton Date: April 30, 2001 - 3:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 Seminar...
Understanding Bulk Power Reliability: The Importance of Good Data and A Critical Review of Existing Sources
Bulk power system reliability is of critical importance to the electricity sector. Complete and accurate information on events affecting the bulk power system is essential for assessing trends and efforts to maintain or improve reliability. Yet, current sources of this information were not designed with these uses in mind. They were designed, instead, to support real-time emergency notification to industry and government first-responders. This paper reviews information currently collected by both industry and government sources for this purpose and assesses factors that might affect their usefulness in supporting the academic literature that has relied upon them to draw conclusions about the reliability of the US electric power system.
Fisher, Emily; Eto, Joseph H.; LaCommare, Kristina Hamachi
Integration of renewable energy sources: reliability-constrained power system planning and operations using computational intelligence
Renewable sources of energy such as wind turbine generators and solar panels have attracted much attention because they are environmentally friendly, do not consume fossil fuels, and can enhance a nation�s energy security. As a result, recently more significant amounts of renewable energy are being integrated into conventional power grids. The research reported in this dissertation primarily investigates the reliability-constrained planning and operations of electric power systems including renewable sources of energy by accounting for uncertainty. The major sources of uncertainty in these systems include equipment failures and stochastic variations in time-dependent power sources. Different energy sources have different characteristics in terms of cost, power dispatchability, and environmental impact. For instance, the intermittency of some renewable energy sources may compromise the system reliability when they are integrated into the traditional power grids. Thus, multiple issues should be considered in grid interconnection, including system cost, reliability, and pollutant emissions. Furthermore, due to the high complexity and high nonlinearity of such non-traditional power systems with multiple energy sources, computational intelligence based optimization methods are used to resolve several important and challenging problems in their operations and planning. Meanwhile, probabilistic methods are used for reliability evaluation in these reliability-constrained planning and design. The major problems studied in the dissertation include reliability evaluation of power systems with time-dependent energy sources, multi-objective design of hybrid generation systems, risk and cost tradeoff in economic dispatch with wind power penetration, optimal placement of distributed generators and protective devices in power distribution systems, and reliability-based estimation of wind power capacity credit. These case studies have demonstrated the viability and effectiveness of computational intelligence based methods in dealing with a set of important problems in this research arena.
Wang, Lingfeng
Understanding Bulk Power Reliability: Understanding Bulk Power Reliability: The Importance of Good Data and A Critical Review of Existing Sources Emily Fisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory email@example.com Joseph H. Eto Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory email@example.com Kristina Hamachi LaCommare Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract Bulk power system reliability is of critical importance to the electricity sector. Complete and accurate information on events affecting the bulk power system is essential for assessing trends and efforts to maintain or improve reliability. Yet, current sources of this information were not designed with these uses in mind. They were designed, instead, to support real-time emergency notification to industry and government first-responders. This
A fast parallel algorithm for finding a most reliable source on a general ring-tree graph with unreliable edges
Given an unreliable communication network, we aim to find a most reliable source (MRS) on the network, which maximizes the expected number of nodes that are reachable from it. Although the problem of finding an MRS on general graphs is #P-hard, it is ... Keywords: complementary dynamic programming, general ring-tree graph, most reliable source, parallel algorithm
Wei Ding; Guoliang Xue
A divide-and-conquer algorithm for computing a most reliable source on an unreliable ring-embedded tree
Given an unreliable communication network, we seek a most reliable source (MRS) of the network, which maximizes the expected number of nodes that are reachable from it. The problem of computing an MRS in general graphs is #P-hard. However, this problem ... Keywords: divide-and-conquer algorithm, most reliable source, ring-tree, underlying topology
requirements of digital electronic equipment, the cost of outages, the cost of storage and new infrastructure an extended outage. Ten years ago, the recloser operation was regarded as an outage, as it interrupted the reliability of the transmission and distribution system where most outages occur. Consider the historical use
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Remote measurement of ground source emissivity
The remote measurement of the emissivity of ground materials is of tremendous value in their identification and mapping. Traditional techniques use reflected solar radiation for this measurement for wavelengths shorter than 5 {mu}m. With the development of new techniques, the 10 Jim atmospheric transmission window might also be used for this purpose. Previous work using the multi-angle data acquisition technique demonstrated its utility to determine source thermal emission. Here we find the multi-angle technique can be used to determine the source specular reflectivity to {approximately}0.05 if there is very good system performance (NETD {approx} 0.01 K).
Henderson, J.R.
Microworlds, Simulators, and Simulation: Framework for a Benchmark of Human Reliability Data Sources
In this paper, we propose a method to improve the data basis of human reliability analysis (HRA) by extending the data sources used to inform HRA methods. Currently, most HRA methods are based on limited empirical data, and efforts to enhance the empirical basis behind HRA methods have not yet yielded significant new data. Part of the reason behind this shortage of quality data is attributable to the data sources used. Data have been derived from unrelated industries, from infrequent risk-significant events, or from costly control room simulator studies. We propose a benchmark of four data sources: a simplified microworld simulator using unskilled student operators, a full-scope control room simulator using skilled student operators, a full-scope control room simulator using licensed commercial operators, and a human performance modeling and simulation system using virtual operators. The goal of this research is to compare findings across the data sources to determine to what extent data may be used and generalized from cost effective sources.
Ronald Boring; Dana Kelly; Carol Smidts; Ali Mosleh; Brian Dyre
On the reliability of negative heat capacity measurements
A global protocol for the thermostatistical analysis of hot nuclear sources is discussed. Within our method of minimization of variances we show that the abnormal kinetic energy fluctuation signal recently reported in different experimental data (M.D'Agostino et al.-Phys. Lett. B 473 (2000) 219, N. Le Neindre et al.- contr. to the XXXVIII Bormio Winter Meeting on Nucl. Phys. (2001) 404) is a genuine signal of a first order phase transition in a finite system.
M. D'Agostino; R. Bougault; F. Gulminelli; M. Bruno; F. Cannata; Ph. Chomaz; F. Gramegna; I. Iori; N. Le Neindre; G. V. Margagliotti; A. Moroni; G. Vannini
reporting requirements for the DOE and NERC reliabilityDOE must also be submitted to NERC, under the NERC Disturbance Reporting reliability requirement,
Fisher, Emily
The impact of next and back buttons on time to complete and measurement reliability in computer-based surveys
Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 29, 274�279. 3.and measurement reliability in computer-based surveys Ron D.measurement reliability of computer-based surveys. Methods A
Hays, Ron D.; Bode, Rita; Rothrock, Nan; Riley, William; Cella, David; Gershon, Richard
A Control Scheme of Enhanced Reliability for Multiple Chiller Plants Using Mergerd Building Cooling Load Measurements
This paper presents a control scheme which utilizes the enhanced instantaneous cooling load measurements to improve the reliability of chiller sequencing control. The enhanced measurement is obtained by merging two different measurements of building cooling load using data fusion technique. One is the direct cooling load measurement, which is obtained directly using the differential water temperature and water flow rate measurements. The other is the indirect cooling load measurement, which estimates the cooling load using chiller models based on the instantaneous chiller electrical power input and condition measured variables. The control performance of the proposed scheme is validated in this paper.
Wang, S.; Sun, Y.; Huang, G.; Zhu, N.
Using Travel Time Reliability Measures to Improve Regional Transportation Planning and URS Corporation
, connectivity, and safety to evaluate the transportation system's health and determine where future investmentsUsing Travel Time Reliability Measures to Improve Regional Transportation Planning and Operations of the Transportation Research Board January 1317, 2008 Revised November 3, 2007 TRB 2008 Annual Meeting CD-ROM Paper
Bertini, Robert L.
A Human Reliability Analysis Approach Using Measurements for Individual Plant Examination
A simplified approach has been developed for human reliability analysis (HRA) that will quantify the success/failure probabilities of control-room operator actions. Based on plant simulator measurements, the approach provides a state-of-the-art method to evaluate and thereby reduce plant risk as part of NRC's required individual plant examination (IPE).
Reliability measures for indexed semi-Markov chains applied to wind energy production
The computation of the dependability measures is a crucial point in the planning and development of a wind farm. In this paper we address the issue of energy production by wind turbine by using an indexed semi-Markov chain as a model of wind speed. We present the mathematical model, we describe the data and technical characteristics of a commercial wind turbine (Aircon HAWT-10kW). We show how to compute some of the main dependability measures such as reliability, availability and maintainability functions. We compare the results of the model with real energy production obtained from data available in the Lastem station (Italy) and sampled every 10 minutes.
D'Amico, Guglielmo; Prattico, Flavio
Reliability in future electricity mixes: the question of distributed and renewables sources
systems, with the development of distributed energy sources and the emergence of the smartgrid, thus encouraging the development of microgrids and smartgrids. With the development of distributed
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Source geometric considerations for OMEGA Dante measurements
The Dante is a 15 channel filtered diode array which is installed on the OMEGA laser facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester. The system yields the spectrally and temporally resolved radiation flux from 50 eV to 10 keV from various targets (i.e., Hohlraum, gas pipes, etc.). The absolute flux is determined from the radiometric calibration of the x-ray diodes, filters, and mirrors and an unfold algorithm applied to the recorded voltages from each channel. The unfold algorithm assumes an emitting source that is spatially uniform and has a constant area as a function of photon energy. The emitting x-ray source is usually considered to be the laser entrance hole (LEH) of a given diameter for Hohlraum type targets or the effective wall area of high conversion efficiency K-shell type targets. This assumption can be problematic for several reasons. High intensity regions or 'hot spots' in the x-ray are observed where the drive laser beams strike the target. The 'hot spots' create non-uniform emission seen by the Dante. Additionally, thinned walled (50 {mu}m) low-Z targets (C{sub 22}H{sub 10}N{sub 2}O{sub 5}) have an energy dependent source size since the target's walls will be fully opaque for low energies (E < 2-3 keV) yet fully transmissive at higher energies. Determining accurate yields can be challenging for these types of targets. Discussion and some analysis will be presented.
May, M. J.; Patterson, J. R.; Widmann, K.; Fournier, K. B.; Perez, F. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551 (United States); Sorce, C. [Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623 (United States)
Review of nuclear power plant offsite power source reliability and related recommended changes to the NRC rules and regulations
The NRC has stated its concern about the reliability of the offsite power system as the preferred emergency source and about the possible damage to a pressurized water reactor (PWR) that could result from a rapid decay of power grid frequency. ORNL contracted with NRC to provide technical assistance to establish criteria that can be used to evaluate the offsite power system for the licensing of a nuclear power plant. The results of many of the studies for this contract are recommendations to assess and control the power grid during operation. This is because most of the NRC regulations pertaining to the offsite power system are related to the design of the power grid, and we believe that additional emphasis on monitoring the power grid operation will improve the reliability of the nuclear plant offsite power supply. 46 refs., 10 figs.
Battle, R.E.; Clark, F.H.; Reddoch, T.W.
Improving accuracy and reliability of 186-keV measurements for unattended enrichment monitoring
Improving the quality of safeguards measurements at Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plants (GCEPs), whilst reducing the inspection effort, is an important objective given the number of existing and new plants that need to be safeguarded. A useful tool in many safeguards approaches is the on-line monitoring of enrichment in process pipes. One aspect of this measurement is a simple, reliable and precise passive measurement of the 186-keV line from {sup 235}U. (The other information required is the amount of gas in the pipe. This can be obtained by transmission measurements or pressure measurements). In this paper we describe our research efforts towards such a passive measurement system. The system includes redundant measurements of the 186-keV line from the gas and separately from the wall deposits. The design also includes measures to reduce the effect of the potentially important background. Such an approach would practically eliminate false alarms and can maintain the operation of the system even with a hardware malfunction in one of the channels. The work involves Monte Carlo modeling and the construction of a proof-of-principle prototype. We will carry out experimental tests with UF{sub 6} gas in pipes with and without deposits in order to demonstrate the deposit correction.
Ianakiev, Kiril D [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Boyer, Brian D [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Swinhoe, Martyn T [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Moss, Cal E [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Goda, Joetta M [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Favalli, Andrea [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lombardi, Marcie [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Paffet, Mark T [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Hill, Thomas R [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mac Arthur, Duncan W [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Smith, Morag K [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Residual stress measurement using the pulsed neutron source at LANSCE
The presence of residual stress in engineering components can effect their mechanical properties and structural integrity. Neutron diffraction is the only measuring technique which can make spatially resolved non-destructive strain measurements in the interior of components. By recording the change in the crystalline interplanar spacing, elastic strains can be measured for individual lattice reflections. Using a pulsed neutron source, all the lattice reflections are recorded in each measurement which allows anisotropic effects to be studied. Measurements made at the Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Centre (LANSCE) demonstrate the potential for stress measurements on a pulsed source and indicate the advantages and disadvantages over measurements made on a reactor. 15 refs., 7 figs.
Bourke, M.A.M.; Goldstone, J.A. (Los Alamos National Lab., NM (USA)); Holden, T.M. (Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Chalk River, ON (Canada))
Characterization and estimation of circuit reliability degradation under NBTI using on-line IDDQ measurement
Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) in MOSFETs is one of the major reliability challenges in nano-scale technology. This paper presents an efficient technique to characterize and estimate the lifetime circuit reliability under NBTI degradation. ... Keywords: IDDQ, NBTI, reliability characterization
Kunhyuk Kang; Keejong Kim; Ahmad E. Islam; Muhammad A. Alam; Kaushik Roy
Improving the reliability and accuracy of a multipyranometer array measuring solar radiation
The measurement of solar radiation is crucial for the use of solar energy in fields including power generation, agriculture and meteorology. In the building sciences, It is essential for daylighting studies, energy use calculations, and thermal simulation. These uses require knowing the amount of solar radiation irradiating variously oriented walls and tilted roofs, which can be calculated from beam and diffuse radiation measured on a horizontal surface. It is possible to obtain such data using a multipyranometer array (MPA). However, the MPA is not as accurate as some other sensors and suffers from poor data reliability. This work improves the accuracy of the MPA and solves the problem of invalid data. Several schemes the removal of invalid data are tested. The location of the test equipment is changed to one with fewer obstructions. A Class A sensor is substituted for one of the photovoltaic sensors. Corrections are applied to the photovoltaic sensors. The need for changing sensor alignment is tested. As a result, accuracy has been significantly improved over previous work.
Klima, Peter Miloslaw
Application of measured loads to wind turbine fatigue and reliability analysis
Cyclic loadings produce progressive damage that can ultimately result in wind turbine structural failure. There are many issues that must be dealt with in turning load measurements into estimates of component fatigue life. This paper deals with how the measured loads can be analyzed and processed to meet the needs of both fatigue life calculations and reliability estimates. It is recommended that moments of the distribution of rainflow-range load amplitudes be calculated and used to characterize the fatigue loading. These moments reflect successively more detailed physical characteristics of the loading (mean, spread, tail behavior). Moments can be calculated from data samples and functional forms can be fitted to wind conditions, such as wind speed and turbulence intensity, with standard recession techniques. Distributions of load amplitudes that accurately reflect the damaging potential of the loadings can be estimated from the moments at any, wind condition of interest. Fatigue life can then be calculated from the estimated load distributions, and the overall, long-term, or design spectrum can be generated for any particular wind-speed distribution. Characterizing the uncertainty in the distribution of cyclic loads is facilitated by using a small set of descriptive statistics for which uncertainties can be estimated. The effects of loading parameter uncertainty can then be transferred to the fatigue life estimate and compared with other uncertainties, such as material durability.
Veers, P.S. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Winterstein, S.R. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Service Reliability Measurement Using Automated Fare Card Data Application to the London Underground
This paper explores the potential of using automated fare card data to quantify the reliability of service as experienced by passengers of rail transit systems. The distribution of individual passenger journey times can ...
Uniman, David L.
Determining the temperature distribution of coronal plasmas can provide stringent constraints on coronal heating. Current observations with the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (EIS) on board Hinode and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory provide diagnostics of the emission measure distribution (EMD) of the coronal plasma. Here we test the reliability of temperature diagnostics using three-dimensional radiative MHD simulations. We produce synthetic observables from the models and apply the Monte Carlo Markov chain EMD diagnostic. By comparing the derived EMDs with the 'true' distributions from the model, we assess the limitations of the diagnostics as a function of the plasma parameters and the signal-to-noise ratio of the data. We find that EMDs derived from EIS synthetic data reproduce some general characteristics of the true distributions, but usually show differences from the true EMDs that are much larger than the estimated uncertainties suggest, especially when structures with significantly different density overlap along the line of sight. When using AIA synthetic data the derived EMDs reproduce the true EMDs much less accurately, especially for broad EMDs. The differences between the two instruments are due to the: (1) smaller number of constraints provided by AIA data and (2) broad temperature response function of the AIA channels which provide looser constraints to the temperature distribution. Our results suggest that EMDs derived from current observatories may often show significant discrepancies from the true EMDs, rendering their interpretation fraught with uncertainty. These inherent limitations to the method should be carefully considered when using these distributions to constrain coronal heating.
Testa, Paola [Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, MS 58, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); De Pontieu, Bart; Martinez-Sykora, Juan [Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, Org. A021S, Building 252, 3251 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (United States); Hansteen, Viggo; Carlsson, Mats, E-mail: email@example.com [Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo (Norway)
Neutron source capability assessment for cumulative fission yields measurements
A recent analysis of high-quality cumulative fission yields data for Pu-239 published in the peer-reviewed literature showed that the quoted experimental uncertainties do not allow a clear statement on how the fission yields vary as a function of energy. [Prussin2009] To make such a statement requires a set of experiments with well 'controlled' and understood sources of experimental errors to reduce uncertainties as low as possible, ideally in the 1 to 2% range. The Inter Laboratory Working Group (ILWOG) determined that Directed Stockpile Work (DSW) would benefit from an experimental program with the stated goal to reduce the measurement uncertainties significantly in order to make a definitive statement of the relationship of energy dependence to the cumulative fission yields. Following recent discussions between Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), there is a renewed interest in developing a concerted experimental program to measure fission yields in a neutron energy range from thermal energy (0.025 eV) to 14 MeV with an emphasis on discrete energies from 0.5 to 4 MeV. Ideally, fission yields would be measured at single energies, however, in practice there are only 'quasi-monoenergetic' neutrons sources of finite width. This report outlines a capability assessment as of June 2011 of available neutron sources that could be used as part of a concerted experimental program to measure cumulative fission yields. In a framework of international collaborations, capabilities available in the United States, at the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) in the United Kingdom and at the Commissariat Energie Atomique (CEA) in France are listed. There is a need to develop an experimental program that will reduce the measurement uncertainties significantly in order to make a definitive statement of the relationship of energy dependence to the cumulative fission yields. Fission and monoenergetic neutron sources are available that could support these fission yield experiments in the US, as well as at AWE and CEA. Considerations that will impact the final choice of experimental venues are: (1) Availability during the timeframe of interest; (2) Ability to accommodate special nuclear materials; (3) Cost; (4) Availability of counting facilities; and (5) Expected experimental uncertainties.
Descalle, M A; Dekin, W; Kenneally, J
Emittance measurements on a volume H sup minus ion source
A current of 30 mA has been extracted from a volume production H{sup {minus}} source having a toroidal discharge chamber and rotational symmetry. This is a current density of 30 mA/cm{sup 2}. The emittance measurement gave a normalized, 90% value of {epsilon} {sub N}(90%) = 0.32 {pi} mm-mrad for a 13 mA beam. The ion temperature is estimated to be 0.57 eV for this case. For 25.5 mA, {epsilon} {sub N}(90%) = 1.11 {pi} mm-mrad was measured, but the true value is most likely smaller due to a limitation in the emittance resolution. 6 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Alessi, J.G.
Measuring reliability growth of software by considering fault dependency, debugging time Lag functions and irregular fluctuation
The progress of software testing is influenced by various uncertainty factors like effort expenditure, skill of test personal, testing tool, defect density, irregular state of open source project, and irregular state of software fault-report phenomena ... Keywords: defect density, fault dependency, open source software (OSS), stochastic differential equations (SDE)
Neutron Cross Section Measurements at the Spallation Neutron Source
With the prospect of construction of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at ORNL, and the fantastic high neutron flux, new, up to now impossible, experiments seem to be feasible in the fields of applied nuclear physics and astrophysics. These experiments will supply crucial neutron-induced cross section data for radionuclides, which are badly needed by many applied physics programs. The SNS will be uniquely suited for measuring the cross sections of interest to nuclear criticality safety, accelerator transmutation of nuclear waste (ATW), and heavy element nucleosynthesis for astrophysics. Because the sample sizes required at current facilities are usually too large for practical measurements, scarce information of these cross sections is available. Using the high neutron flux at the SNS will allow these measurements to be made with samples about 40 times smaller than at the next best facility. The large reduction in sample size at the SNS will result in orders of magnitude reduction in background from the radioactive samples and make them much easier to produce; hence, a much wider range of samples will be accessible for measurement at the SNS than at any other facility.
Guber, K.H.
Materials Reliability Program: Weld Residual Stress Measurement and Implications for Stress Corrosion Testing (MRP-282)
Primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) data for heat-affected zones (HAZs) in thick-walled components of both Alloy 600 and Alloy 690TT are needed to support the Materials Reliability Program (MRP) crack growth rate (CGR) disposition relationship for Alloy 600 (EPRI report 1006695, MRP-55 Revision 1). Such data are also needed to ensure that welding of Alloy 690TT does not deleteriously affect its inherent resistance to PWSCC. Various welded plates of both Alloy 600 and Alloy 690TT were produced...
Fatigue reliability of wind turbine components
Fatigue life estimates for wind turbine components can be extremely variable due to both inherently random and uncertain parameters. A structural reliability analysis is used to qualify the probability that the fatigue life will fall short of a selected target. Reliability analysis also produces measures of the relative importance of the various sources of uncertainty and the sensitivity of the reliability to each input parameter. The process of obtaining reliability estimates is briefly outlined. An example fatigue reliability calculation for a blade joint is formulated; reliability estimates, importance factors, and sensitivities are produced. Guidance in selecting distribution functions for the random variables used to model the random and uncertain parameters is also provided. 5 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
Veers, P.S.
Reliability measures of second order semi-Markov chain in state and duration with application to wind energy production
In this paper we consider the problem of wind energy production using a second order semi-Markov chain in state and duration as a model of wind speed. We present the mathematical model, we describe the data and technical characteristics of a commercial wind turbine (Aircon HAWT-10kW). We show how to compute some of the main dependability measures such as reliability, availability and maintainability functions. We compare the results of the model with real energy production obtained from data available in the Lastem station (Italy) and sampled every 10 minutes. The computation of the dependability measures is a crucial point in the planning and development of a wind farm.
Helicon Plasma Source Configuration Analysis by Means of Density Measurements
Initial results have been obtained from operation of a helicon plasma source built to conduct optimization studies for space propulsion applications. The source features an easily reconfigurable antenna to test different geometries. Operating with He as the source gas, peak densities >= 1.6X10{sup 19} m{sup -3} have been achieved. Radial and axial plasma profiles have been obtained using a microwave interferometer that can be scanned axially and a Langmuir probe. The source will be used to investigate operation at high magnetic field, frequency, and input power.
Angrilli, F.; Barber, G.C.; Carter, M.D.; Goulding, R.H.; Maggiora, R.; Pavarin, D.; Sparks, D.O.
NIST Ultraviolet Source Helps NASA Spacecraft Measure the ...
... space weather can originate. NIST's unique 'sliding spark source' (inside the glass tubing) feeds ultraviolet (UV) light into NASA's Solar Ultraviolet ...
Electricity Reliability
lines and bar graph Electricity Reliability The Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) conducts research, develops, and disseminates new methods, tools,...
Efficient and reliable 3D dose quality assurance for IMRT by combining independent dose calculations with measurements
Purpose: Advanced radiotherapy treatments require appropriate quality assurance (QA) to verify 3D dose distributions. Moreover, increase in patient numbers demand efficient QA-methods. In this study, a time efficient method that combines model-based QA and measurement-based QA was developed; i.e., the hybrid-QA. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the model-based QA and to evaluate time efficiency of the hybrid-QA method. Methods: Accuracy of the model-based QA was determined by comparison of COMPASS calculated dose with Monte Carlo calculations for heterogeneous media. In total, 330 intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plans were evaluated based on the mean gamma index (GI) with criteria of 3%/3mm and classification of PASS (GI {<=} 0.4), EVAL (0.4 < GI > 0.6), and FAIL (GI {>=} 0.6). Agreement between model-based QA and measurement-based QA was determined for 48 treatment plans, and linac stability was verified for 15 months. Finally, time efficiency improvement of the hybrid-QA was quantified for four representative treatment plans. Results: COMPASS calculated dose was in agreement with Monte Carlo dose, with a maximum error of 3.2% in heterogeneous media with high density (2.4 g/cm{sup 3}). Hybrid-QA results for IMRT treatment plans showed an excellent PASS rate of 98% for all cases. Model-based QA was in agreement with measurement-based QA, as shown by a minimal difference in GI of 0.03 {+-} 0.08. Linac stability was high with an average GI of 0.28 {+-} 0.04. The hybrid-QA method resulted in a time efficiency improvement of 15 min per treatment plan QA compared to measurement-based QA. Conclusions: The hybrid-QA method is adequate for efficient and accurate 3D dose verification. It combines time efficiency of model-based QA with reliability of measurement-based QA and is suitable for implementation within any radiotherapy department.
Visser, R. [Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB (Netherlands); Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen 9714 CE (Netherlands); Wauben, D. J. L.; Godart, J.; Langendijk, J. A.; Veld, A. A. van't; Korevaar, E. W. [Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB (Netherlands); Groot, M. de [Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen 9714 CE (Netherlands)
Measurement of total ion current from vacuum arc plasma sources
field is not to just change the plasma flux distribution but rather to increase the measured (electrical) ion current
Oks, Efim M.; Savkin, Konstantin P.; Yushkov, Georgiu Yu.; Nikolaev, Alexey G.; Anders, A.; Brown, Ian G.
Evaluate error sources and uncertainty in large scale measurement systems
Modern manufacturing technologies place increasingly higher demands on industrial measurement systems. Over the last decade there have been rapid developments in 3D measurement systems, with the primary requirement coming from industries such as automotives, ... Keywords: Best fit methods, Laser scanner, Measurement errors, Uncertainty
Qing Wang; Nick Zissler; Roger Holden
Gas Supply: Outlook for Critical New Sources to Meet Growing Gas Requirements: Report Series on Natural Gas and Power Reliability
The outlook for natural gas supplies is pivotal to long-term changes in the U.S. generation mix and to immediate costs of electricity. The price shock of 2000-01 was followed by another in 2002-03, and prices remain anomalously high. A sea change in expectations for natural gas is taking place, driven primarily by persistent difficulties expanding supplies in the face of accelerating depletion. This report assesses the lackluster recent gas supply response and the outlook for two major emerging sources, ...
Solar Resource Assessment: Databases, Measurements, Models, and Information Sources (Fact Sheet)
Fact sheet for Solar Resource Assessment Workshop, Denver CO, Oct 29, 2008: ?Solar Resource Assessment Databases, Measurements, Models, and Information Sources
Not Available
Phase estimation with weak measurement using a white light source
We report results of a high precision phase estimation based on a weak measurements scheme using commercial light-emitting diode. The method is based on a measurement of the imaginary part of the weak value of a polarization operator. The imaginary part of the weak value appeared due to the measurement interaction itself. The sensitivity of our method is equivalent to resolving light pulses of order of attosecond and it is robust against chromatic dispersion.
Xiao-Ye Xu; Yaron Kedem; Kai Sun; Lev Vaidman; Chuan-Feng Li; Guang-Can Guo
Multi-angle technique for measurement of ground source emission
TAISIR, the Temperature and Imaging System Infrared, is a nominally satellite based platform for remote sensing of the earth. One of its design features is to acquire atmospheric data simultaneous with ground data, resulting in minimal dependence on external atmospheric models for data correction. One technique we employ to acquire atmospheric data is a true multi-angle data acquisition technique. Previous techniques have used only two angles. Here we demonstrate the advantage of using a large number of viewing angles to overconstrain the inversion problem for critical atmospheric and source parameters. For reasonable data acquisition scenarios, simulations show source temperature errors of less than 1K should be possible. Tradeoffs between flight geometry, number of look angles,, and system signal-to-noise are given for typical parameter ranges.
The new magnetic measurement system at the Advanced Photon Source.
A new system for precise measurements of the field integrals and multipole components of the APS magnetic insertion devices is described. A stretched coil is used to measure magnetic field characteristics. The hardware includes a number of servomotors to move (translate or rotate) the coil and a fast data acquisition board to measure the coil signal. A PC under Linux is used as a control workstation. The user interface is written as a Tcl/tk script; the hardware is accessed from the script through a shared C-library. A description of the hardware system and the control program is given.
Eidelman, Y.; Deriy, B.; Makarov, O.; Vasserman, I.
The new Magnetic Measurement System at the Advanced Photon Source
A new system for precise measurements of the field integrals and multipole components of the APS magnetic insertion devices is described. A stretched coil is used to measure magnetic field characteristics. The hardware includes a number of servomotors to move (translate or rotate) the coil and a fast data acquisition board to measure the coil signal. A PC under Linux is used as a control workstation. The user interface is written as a Tcl/tk script. The hardware is accessed from the script through a shared C-library. A description of the hardware system and the control program is given.
Eidelman, Y; Makarov, O P; Vasserman, I B; Eidelman, Yu.
Current Status of Mercury Measurement at Coal-Fired Sources
The past five years have seen the emergence of federal regulation of mercury (Hg) emissions from coal-fired utility plants. This report provides a synopsis of the state of the science for measuring vapor phase Hg emissions at these plants. It provides a description of the systems currently in use, including information on their vendors and a discussion of lessons learned from recent demonstration projects.
2010 Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review | Department of Energy
Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review 2010 Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review The Transmission Reliability research area focuses on two key areas: 1) Real-Time Grid Reliability Management and 2) Reliability and Markets. The first area develops monitoring and analysis tools that process synchrophasor data to enable real-time assessment of grid status and stability margins, with the goal of improving power system reliability and visibility through wide-area measurement and control. It is developing advanced technologies and tools to help create a resilient electric transmission system that can better detect disturbances, accommodate a variety of generation sources, and automatically reconfigure the grid to prevent widespread outages and/or rebalance the system. The second area
Water flow calorimetry measurements of heat loads for a volume production H/sup -/ source
The design of volume-production H/sup -/ sources requires the knowledge of heat loads on the source components. The arc and filament heater power input to a 20 cm diameter x 23 cm long source can be 50 kW or higher, practically all of which is absorbed in the cooling water. Water flow calorimetry measurements were made to determine the heat loads on the bucket walls, grid no. 1, and magnetic filter rods. The measurements are presented for two different filament locations, for three different values of arc power, and for three values of source gas pressure. 1 ref., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Purgalis, P.; Ackerman, G.; Kwan, J.; Wells, R.P.
Distribution Reliability Trends and Correlations
Distribution reliability statistics, which measure sustained interruptions, are the primary benchmark used by utilities and regulators to identify service quality and to measure performance.
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): Reliability...
American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): Reliability Considerations from the Integration of Smart Grid. NERC develops and enforces Reliability Standards; assesses...
Electrical signal measurement in plants using blind source separation with independent component analysis
Electrical signals of a plant leaf measured using surface recording are mixed signals which involve the electrical activities of the epidermis cells, guard cells, and mesophyll cells. Blind source separation (BSS) is a general signal processing approach, ... Keywords: Blind source separation, Electrical signal in plant, Independent component analysis
Lan Huang; Zhong-Yi Wang; Long-Lian Zhao; Dong-jie Zhao; Cheng Wang; Zhi-Long Xu; Rui-Feng Hou; Xiao-Jun Qiao
Lidar Measurement of Ammonia Concentrations and Fluxes in a Plume from a Point Source
A field experiment was performed that demonstrated the ability of a scanning carbon dioxide (CO2) coherent lidar system to measure the concentration distribution of ammonia in a plume from a point source. This application of the differential ...
Yanzeng Zhao; W. Alan Brewer; Wynn L. Eberhard; Raul J. Alvarez
Pressure Measurements Using an Airborne Differential Absorption Lidar. Part I: Analysis of the Systematic Error Sources
Systematic error sources that require correction when making remote airborne measurements of the atmospheric pressure field in the lower troposphere, using an oxygen differential absorption lidar, are analyzed. A detailed analysis of this ...
Cyrille N. Flamant; Geary K. Schwemmer; C. Laurence Korb; Keith D. Evans; Stephen P. Palm
and reliability of the energy infrastructure, and facilitating recovery from disruptions to energy supply. MajorElectricity Delivery and Energy Reliability High Temperature Superconductivity (HTS) Visualization on the nation's energy delivery system Superconductors are important to meeting the nation's energy needs
Texas Uses Phasors to Increase Electricity Reliability | Department of
Uses Phasors to Increase Electricity Reliability Uses Phasors to Increase Electricity Reliability Texas Uses Phasors to Increase Electricity Reliability March 31, 2011 - 12:57pm Addthis Merrill Smith Program Manager, Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability What does this mean for me? Phasor measurement units are part of a comprehensive approach to managing the variability from renewable sources, particularly wind. This project will enable more effective use of renewable energy sources by helping to illustrate solutions for managing unpredictability and promote reliability on the grid. As any businessperson will tell you, a key to long-term success is the ability to foresee potential problems and limit risk. In the electricity industry this ability can prevent grid events, like unexpected
Hanbury Brown-Ttiss Correlation Functions from Event Generators: A Reliable Approach to Determine the Size of the Emitting Source in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions?
Employing NEXUS, one of the most recent simulation programs for heavy ions collisions, we investigate in detail the Hanbury-Twiss correlation function for charged pions for reactions 158 GeV Pb+Pb. For this study we supplement the standard simulation program by electromagnetic interactions. We find that the string fragmentation introduces strong space-momentum correlations and the freeze out times of the correlated pairs have a wide distribution. Both has a strong influence on the apparent source radius determined from the measured correlation correlation function.An equally strong influence is observed for the final state electromagnetic interaction.
F. Gastineau; J. Aichelin
Magnetic field characterization of electrical appliances as point sources through in situ measurements
It is shown that magnetic field exposure from a point source can be studied by characterizing the source with a magnetic dipole. A technique based on in situ measurements of amplitude and phase angle of three orthogonal components of the magnetic field at three points at different distances from the source was developed. The method to determine the center and the real and imaginary components of the dipole moment along the three aces is described. The characterization of the source allows the prediction of the field at any distance and along any direction from the source. The effects of background fields and of the source dimensions and complexity on the accuracy of the results are discussed.
Zaffanella, L.E.; Sullivan, T.P. [Enertech Consultants, Lee, MA (United States); Visintainer, I. [CESI, Milan (Italy)
SOURCES Microsoft Corporation. "Gasohol," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001, http:encarta.msn.com. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, A...
Hawaii electric system reliability.
This report addresses Hawaii electric system reliability issues; greater emphasis is placed on short-term reliability but resource adequacy is reviewed in reference to electric consumers' views of reliability "worth" and the reserve capacity required to deliver that value. The report begins with a description of the Hawaii electric system to the extent permitted by publicly available data. Electrical engineering literature in the area of electric reliability is researched and briefly reviewed. North American Electric Reliability Corporation standards and measures for generation and transmission are reviewed and identified as to their appropriateness for various portions of the electric grid and for application in Hawaii. Analysis of frequency data supplied by the State of Hawaii Public Utilities Commission is presented together with comparison and contrast of performance of each of the systems for two years, 2010 and 2011. Literature tracing the development of reliability economics is reviewed and referenced. A method is explained for integrating system cost with outage cost to determine the optimal resource adequacy given customers' views of the value contributed by reliable electric supply. The report concludes with findings and recommendations for reliability in the State of Hawaii.
Silva Monroy, Cesar Augusto; Loose, Verne William
Measuring Active-Sterile Neutrino Oscillations with a Stopped Pion Neutrino Source
The question of the existence of light sterile neutrinos is of great interest in many areas of particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. Furthermore, should the MiniBooNE experiment at Fermilab confirm the LSND oscillation signal, then new measurements are required to identify the mechanism responsible for these oscillations. Possibilities include sterile neutrinos, CP or CPT violation, variable mass neutrinos, Lorentz violation, and extra dimensions. In this paper, we consider an experiment at a stopped pion neutrino source to determine if active-sterile neutrino oscillations with delta-m greater than 0.1 eV2 can account for the signal. By exploiting stopped pi+ decay to produce a monoenergetic nu_mu source, and measuring the rate of the neutral current reaction nu_x + 12C -> nu_x +12C* as a function of distance from the source, we show that a convincing test for active-sterile neutrino oscillations can be performed.
G. T. Garvey; A. Green; C. Green; W. C. Louis; G. B. Mills; G. McGregor; H. Ray; R. Schirato; R. G. Van de Water; D. H. White
Effect of Correlated Noise on Source Shape Parameters and Weak Lensing Measurements
The measurement of shape parameters of sources in astronomical images is usually performed by assuming that the underlying noise is uncorrelated. Spatial noise correlation is however present in practice due to various observational effects and can affect source shape parameters. This effect is particularly important for measurements of weak gravitational lensing, for which the sought image distortions are typically of the order of only 1%. We compute the effect of correlated noise on two-dimensional gaussian fits in full generality. The noise properties are naturally quantified by the noise autocorrelation function (ACF), which is easily measured in practice. We compute the resulting bias on the mean, variance and covariance of the source parameters, and the induced correlation between the shapes of neighboring sources. We show that these biases are of second order in the inverse signal-to-noise ratio of the source, and could thus be overlooked if bright stars are used to monitor systematic distortions. Radio interferometric surveys are particularly prone to this effect because of the long-range pixel correlations produced by the Fourier inversion involved in their image construction. As a concrete application, we consider the search for weak lensing by large-scale structure with the FIRST radio survey. We measure the noise ACF for a FIRST coadded field, and compute the resulting ellipticity correlation function induced by the noise. In comparison with the weak-lensing signal expected in CDM models, the noise correlation effect is important on small angular scales, but is negligible for source separations greater than about 1 arcmin. We also discuss how noise correlation can affect weak-lensing studies with optical surveys.
A. Refregier; S. T. Brown
Achieving Energy Reliability TOGETHER. Achieving Energy Reliability...
Achieving Energy Reliability TOGETHER. Achieving Energy Reliability TOGETHER. 2010 STRATEGIC PLAN June 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS OE's Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
In situ density and temperature measurements of vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules in ion source plasmas
The role of highly vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules has been postulated to be of great importance in H{sup {minus}} ion sources. However the the difficulty of making {ital in} {ital situ} measurements has led to a paucity of direct determinations of these species within the plasmas of these sources. Recently, vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) laser absorption spectroscopy has been used to measure the H{sub 2} rovibrational populations up to {ital v}{double prime}=5 and {ital J}{double prime}=8 in a medium-power hydrogen plasma. This work extends those measurements to {ital v}{double prime}=8 and to {ital J}{double prime}=13. The populations of the vibrational levels still appear to be almost Boltzmann. The theoretically predicted plateau is not observed up to the detection limit. The dependence of several vibrational levels on discharge current and filling pressure is shown.
Stutzin, G.C.; Young, A.T.; Doebele, H.F.; Schlachter, A.S.; Leung, K.N.; Kunkel, W.B. (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (US))
Atomic hydrogen density measurements in an ion source plasma using a vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrometer
A system to determine the density and temperature of ground state hydrogen atoms in a plasma by vacuum ultraviolet laser absorption spectroscopy is described. The continuous tunability of the spectrometer allows for analysis at any of the Lyman transitions. The narrow bandwidth of the laser system allows for the accurate determination of the absorption lineshape and hence the translational temperature. The utility of the system is exemplified by data obtained on an ion-source plasma. The measurements demonstrate the quality of the data as well as illustrating the behavior of this ion source under varying discharge conditions. 9 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
Stutzin, G.C.; Young, A.T.; Schlachter, A.S.; Stearns, J.W.; Leung, K.N.; Kunkel, W.B.; Worth, G.T.; Stevens, R.R.
The Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley was the first of the soft x-ray third generation light source ever built, and since 1993 has been in continuous and successful operation serving a large community of users in the VUV and soft x-ray community. During these years the storage ring underwent through several important upgrades that allowed maintaining the performance of this veteran facility at the forefront. The ALS beam diagnostics and instrumentation have followed a similar path of innovation and upgrade and nowadays include most of the modem and last generation devices and technologies that are commercially available and used in the recently constructed third generation light sources. In this paper we will not focus on such already widely known systems, but we will concentrate our effort in the description of some measurements techniques, instrumentation and diagnostic systems specifically developed at the ALS and used during the last few years.
Sannibale, Fernando; Baptiste, Kenneth; Barry, Walter; Chin, Michael; Filippetto, Daniele; Jaegerhofer, Lukas; Julian, James; Kwiatkowski, Slawomir; Low, Raymond; Plate, David; Portmann, Gregory; Robin, David; Scarvie, Tomas; Stupakov, Gennady; Weber, Jonah; Zolotorev, Max
Recent Beam Measurements and New Instrumentation at the Advanced Light Source
Sannibale, F.; Baptiste, K.; Barry, W.; Chin, M.; /LBL, Berkeley; Filippetto, D.; /Frascati; Jaegerhofer, L.; /Vienna, Tech. U.; Julian, J.; Kwiatkowski, S.; Low, R.; Plate, D.; Portmann, G.; Robin, D.; Scarvie, T.; /LBL, Berkeley; Stupakov, G.; /SLAC; Weber, J.; Zolotorev, M.; /LBL, Berkeley
NEW 145 MHz SOURCE MEASUREMENTS BY PAPER IN THE SOUTHERN SKY
We present observations from the Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization (PAPER) in South Africa, observed in 2010 May and September. Using two nights of drift scanning with PAPER's 60{sup 0} FWHM beam we have made a map covering the entire sky below +10{sup 0} declination with an effective center frequency of 145 MHz, a 70 MHz bandwidth, and a resolution of 26'. A 4800 deg{sup 2} region of this large map with the lowest Galactic emission reaches an rms of 0.7 Jy. We establish an absolute flux scale using sources from the 160 MHz Culgoora catalog. Using the 408 MHz Molonglo Reference Catalog (MRC) as a finding survey, we identify counterparts to 480 sources in our maps and compare our fluxes to the MRC and to 332 sources in the Culgoora catalog. For both catalogs, the ratio of PAPER to catalog flux averages to 1, with a standard deviation of 50%. This measured variation is consistent with comparisons between independent catalogs observed at different bands. The PAPER data represent new 145 MHz flux measurements for a large number of sources in the band expected to encompass cosmic reionization and represents a significant step toward establishing a model for removing foregrounds to the reionization signal.
Jacobs, Daniel C.; Aguirre, James E.; Moore, David F. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (United States); Parsons, Aaron R.; Pober, Jonathan C. [Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United Kingdom); Bradley, Richard F.; Parashare, Chaitali R. [Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (United States); Carilli, Chris L. [National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM (United States); Gugliucci, Nicole E. [Astronomy Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (United States); Manley, Jason R.; Van der Merwe, Carel, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Karoo Array Telescope, Capetown (South Africa)
Measuring the Plasma Density of a Ferroelectric Plasma Source in an Expanding Plasma
The initial density and electron temperature at the surface of a ferroelectric plasma source were deduced from floating probe measurements in an expanding plasma. The method exploits negative charging of the floating probe capacitance by fast flows before the expanding plasma reaches the probe. The temporal profiles of the plasma density can be obtained from the voltage traces of the discharge of the charged probe capacitance by the ion current from the expanding plasma. The temporal profiles of the plasma density, at two different distances from the surface of the ferroelectric plasma source, could be further fitted by using the density profiles for the expanding plasma. This gives the initial values of the plasma density and electron temperature at the surface. The method could be useful for any pulsed discharge, which is accompanied by considerable electromagnetic noise, if the initial plasma parameters might be deduced from measurements in expanding plasma.
A. Dunaevsky; N.J. Fisch
Transmission Reliability | Department of Energy
Transmission Reliability Transmission Reliability Transmission Reliability Modernizing America's electricity infrastructure is one of the U.S. Department of Energy's top priorities. The DOE Strategic Plan states that today's electric grid needs to be more efficient, reliable, and secure. A modern, smarter electric grid may save consumers money, help our economy run more efficiently, allow rapid growth in renewable energy sources, and enhance energy reliability. The Department's research into a variety of tools that will improve advanced system monitoring, visualization, control, operations, and market structure will ultimately modernize the electricity transmission infrastructure to ease congestion, allow for increases in demand, and provide a greater degree of security. The Transmission Reliability Program is aligned with this strategic plan
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): Reliability
Corporation (NERC): Reliability Corporation (NERC): Reliability Considerations from the Integration of Smart Grid North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): Reliability Considerations from the Integration of Smart Grid North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): Reliability Considerations from the Integration of Smart Grid. NERC develops and enforces Reliability Standards; assesses adequacy annually via a ten-year forcast and winter and summer forecasts; monitors the bulk power systems; and educates, trains, and certifies industry personnel. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): Reliability Considerations from the Integration of Smart Grid More Documents & Publications Re: DOE Request for Information - Implementing the National Broadband Plan by Studying the Communications Requirements of Electric Utilities to
Achieving Energy Reliability TOGETHER. Achieving Energy Reliability TOGETHER. 2010 STRATEGIC PLAN June 2010 This plan reflects OE's ongoing development of a strategy to achieve the...
NREL: Gearbox Reliability Collaborative - Gearbox Reliability Collaborative
Publications Publications Screenshot of the cover of an NREL report, titled Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Project Report: Findings from Phase 1 and Phase 2 testing. The NREL wind research program's Gearbox Reliability Collaborative publishes reports and presentations of its activities. General Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Phase 3 Gearbox 2 Test Plan 2013 DOE/NREL Gearbox Reliability Collaborative: All Members Meeting Agenda 2012 Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Phase 1 and 2: Testing and Modeling Results 2012 Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Update: A Brief (Presentation) Jan 2012 Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Update (Presentation) April 2012 NREL Collaborates to Improve Wind Turbine Technology (Fact Sheet) 2012 Gearbox Reliability Collaborative - Phase 1 and 2 Overview
Commissioning of the Electron Line of the Linac Coherent Light Source. Dose Rate Measurements and Simulations
The Linac Coherent Light Source at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (operated by Stanford University for the US Department of Energy) is the world's first hard X-ray Free Electron Laser machine. It uses high energy electrons delivered by a linac to create ultrafast and brilliant X-ray pulses that can be used as a 'high-speed' camera to obtain images of atoms and molecules. LCLS is a pioneer machine and, as such, its design has encountered unprecedented challenges, the solutions to which will benefit future facilities of its kind across the globe. This article describes the radiation protection aspects of LCLS electron beamlines. Special emphasis is put on the successful commissioning of the LCLS electron line, where, for all examined loss sources, the measured prompt and residual dose rates are in agreement with or below the values predicted through detailed Monte Carlo simulations, used earlier to design the shielding.
Santana Leitner, M; Bauer, J.M.; Fasso, A.; Liu, J.C.; Mao, X.S.; Prinz, A.; Rokni, H.; /SLAC; Sanami, T.; /SLAC /KEK, Tsukuba; Vollaire, J.; /SLAC
30 GHz flux density measurements of the Caltech-Jodrell flat-spectrum sources with OCRA-p
To measure the 30-GHz flux densities of the 293 sources in the Caltech-Jodrell Bank flat-spectrum (CJF) sample. The measurements are part of an ongoing programme to measure the spectral energy distributions of flat spectrum radio sources and to correlate them with the milliarcsecond structures from VLBI and other measured astrophysical properties. The 30-GHz data were obtained with a twin-beam differencing radiometer system mounted on the Torun 32-m telescope. The system has an angular resolution of 1.2 arcmin. Together with radio spectral data obtained from the literature, the 30-GHz data have enabled us to identify 42 of the CJF sources as Giga-hertz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) sources. Seventeen percent of the sources have rising spectra (alpha > 0) between 5 and 30 GHz.
S. R. Lowe; M. P. Gawro?ski; P. N. Wilkinson; A. J. Kus; I. W. A. Browne; E. Pazderski; R. Feiler; D. Kettle
Lowe, S R; Wilkinson, P N; Kus, A J; Browne, I W A; Pazderski, E; Feiler, R; Kettle, D
Subcritical measurements using the /sup 252/Cf source-driven neutron noise analysis method
This paper describes recent measurements of the subcritical neutron multiplication factor using the /sup 252/Cf source-driven neutron noise analysis method. This work was supported by a program of collaboration between the United States Department of Energy and the Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation of Japan related to the development of fast breeder technology. The experiment reported consists of a configuration of two interacting tanks of uranyl nitrate aqueous solution with different uranium concentrations in each tank. The /sup 252/Cf-source-driven neutron noise analysis method obtains the subcriticality from the signals of three detectors: the first, a parallel plate ionization chamber with /sup 252/Cf electroplated on one of its plates that is located in or near the system containing the fissile material, and produces an electrical pulse for every spontaneous fission that occurs and thereby serves as a timed source of fission neutrons; and the second and third detectors that are placed in or near the system containing fissile material and serve to detect particles from the fission chain multiplication process. 9 refs.
Mihalczo, J.T.; Blakeman, E.D.; Ragan, G.E.; Kryter, R.C.
Errors associated with particulate matter measurements on rural sources: appropriate basis for regulating cotton gins
Agricultural operations across the United States are encountering difficulties complying with current air pollution regulations for particulate matter (PM). PM is currently regulated in terms of particle diameters less than or equal to a nominal 10 ?m (PM10); however, current legislation is underway to regulate PM with diameters less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 ?m (PM2.5). The goals of this research were to determine the biases and uncertainties associated with current PM10 and PM2.5 sampling methods and to determine the extent to which these errors may impact the determination of cotton gin emission factors. Ideally, PM samplers would produce an accurate measure of the pollutant indicator; for instance, a PM10 sampler would produce an accurate measure of PM less than or equal to 10 ?m. However, samplers are not perfect and errors are introduced because of the established tolerances associated with sampler performance characteristics and the interaction of particle size and sampler performance characteristics. Results of this research indicated that a source emitting PM characterized by a mass median diameter (MMD) of 20 ?m and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.5 could be forced to comply with a 3.2 and 14 times more stringent regulation of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, than a source emitting PM characterized by a MMD of 10 ?m and a GSD of 1.5. These estimates are based on both sources emitting the same concentrations of true PM or concentrations corresponding to the particle diameters less than the size of interest. Various methods were used to estimate the true PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors associated with cotton gin exhausts and the extent to which the sampler errors impacted the PM regulation. Results from this research indicated that current cotton gin emission factors could be over-estimated by about 40%. This over-estimation is a consequence of the relatively large PM associated with cotton gin exhausts. These PM sampling errors are contributing to the misappropriation of source emissions in State Implementation Plans, essentially forcing Air Pollution Regulatory Agencies to require additional controls on sources that may be incorrectly classified has high emitters.
Buser, Michael Dean
In-plant source term measurements at Rancho Seco station. Topical report
This report presents data obtained at Rancho Seco as a part of the In-Plant Source Term Measurement Program in operating pressurized water reactors (PWR's). The work was conducted for the Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research in support of the Effluent Treatment Systems Branch of the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation. The primary objective of this program is to provide the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) with operational data that can be used in evaluation of plant designs for liquid and gaseous waste treatment systems. Data presented were obtained at the Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station, operated by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), located near Clay Station, California, 35 miles southeast of Sacramento, California. In-plant measurements were conducted during the time period from September, 1978 to March, 1979. This plant is the fourth in a planned series of six operating PWR's to be studied, two from each of the major PWR vendors. Data from all plants will be combined and interpreted to provide a data base for radioisotope inventory in plant systems, radioactive waste treatment system performance, and source terms for both liquid and gaseous systems.
Mandler, J.W.; Stalker, A.C.; Croney, S.T.; Hartwell, J.K.; McIsaac, C.V.
Photon stimulated desorption measurement of an extruded aluminum beam chamber for the Advanced Photon Source
The Advanced Photon Source (APS), presently being commisioned, will produce X-ray s of unprecedented brightness. The high energy ring of the APS is a 7 GeV positron storage ring, 1104 meters in circumference designed to operate at less than 10{sup {minus}9} Torr with 300 ma of beam and a greater than 10 hour lifetime. The storage ring vacuum chamber is constructed from an extruded 6063 aluminum alloy. During the construction phase, a 2.34 m long section of the APS extruded aluminum chamber was set up on National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) X-ray Beamlline X28A and Photon Stimulated Desorption (PSD) was measured. Cleaning and preparation of the chamber was identical to that of the APS construction. In addition to the chamber, small samples of M, Be, and Cu were also exposed to white light having a critical energy of 5 keV. In addition to PSD, measurements were made of specular and diffuse scattering of photons. The chamber and samples were each exposed to a dose greater than 10{sup 23} photons per meter. Desorption yields for H{sub 2}, CO, CO{sub 2}, CH{sub 4} and H{sub 2}0 are reported as a function of accumulated flux, critical energy, incidence angle, and preparation. These results are compared with previous results for aluminum on NSLS Beamlline U1OB and PSD results of other laboratories published for aluminum.
Foerster, C.L.; Lanni, C. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States); Noonan, J.R.; Rosenberg, R.A. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)
Recent Measurements And Plans for the SLAC Compton X-Ray Source
A compact source of monoenergetic X-rays, generated via Compton backscattering, has been developed in a collaboration between U.C Davis and SLAC. The source consists of a 5.5 cell X-band photoinjector, a 1.05 m long high gradient accelerator structure and an interaction chamber where a high power (TW), short pulse (sub-ps) infrared laser beam is brought into a nearly head-on collision with a high quality focused electron beam. Successful completion of this project will result in the capability of generating a monoenergetic X-ray beam, continuously tunable from 20 - 85 keV. We have completed a series of measurements leading up to the generation of monoenergetic X-rays. Measurements of essential electron beam parameters and the techniques used in establishing electron/photon collisions will be presented. We discuss the design of an improved interaction chamber, future electro-optic experiments using this chamber and plans for expanding the overall program to the generation of Terahertz radiation.
Vlieks, A.E.; Akre, R.; Caryotakis, G.; DeStefano, C.; Frederick, W.J.; Heritage, J.P.; Luhmann, N.C.; Martin, D.; Pellegrini, C.; /SLAC /UC, Davis /UCLA
Measurement and apportionment of radon source terms for modeling indoor environments
During the present 2 1/2 year contract period, we have made significant Progress in modeling the source apportionment of indoor [sup 222]Rn and in [sup 222]Rn decay product dosimetry. Two additional areas were worked on which we believe are useful for the DOE Radon research Program. One involved an analysis of the research house data, grouping the hourly house [sup 222]Rn measurements into 2 day, 7 day and 90 day intervals to simulate the response of passive monitors. Another area requiring some attention resulted in a publication of 3 years of our indoor/outdoor measurements in a high-rise apartment. Little interest has been evinced in apartment measurements yet 20% of the US population lives in multiple-family dwellings, not in contact with the ground. These data together with a summary of all other published data on apartments showed that apartments have only about 50% greater [sup 222]Rn concentration than the measured outdoor [sup 222]Rn. Apartment dwellers generally represent a low risk group regarding [sup 222]Rn exposure. The following sections describe the main projects in some detail.
Harley, N.H.
Grid reliability management tools
To summarize, Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) is engaged in a multi-year program of public interest R&D to develop and prototype software tools that will enhance system reliability during the transition to competitive markets. The core philosophy embedded in the design of these tools is the recognition that in the future reliability will be provided through market operations, not the decisions of central planners. Embracing this philosophy calls for tools that: (1) Recognize that the game has moved from modeling machine and engineering analysis to simulating markets to understand the impacts on reliability (and vice versa); (2) Provide real-time data and support information transparency toward enhancing the ability of operators and market participants to quickly grasp, analyze, and act effectively on information; (3) Allow operators, in particular, to measure, monitor, assess, and predict both system performance as well as the performance of market participants; and (4) Allow rapid incorporation of the latest sensing, data communication, computing, visualization, and algorithmic techniques and technologies.
Eto, J.; Martinez, C.; Dyer, J.; Budhraja, V.
The High Flux Isotope Reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory was upgraded to install a cold source in horizontal beam tube number 4. Calculations were performed and measurements were made to determine heating within the cold source and dose rates within and outside a shield tunnel surrounding the beam tube. This report briefly describes the calculations and presents comparisons of the measured and calculated results. Some calculated dose rates are in fair to good agreement with the measured results while others, particularly those at the shield interfaces, differ greatly from the measured results. Calculated neutron exposure to the Teflon seals in the hydrogen transfer line is about one fourth of the measured value, underpredicting the lifetime by a factor of four. The calculated cold source heating is in good agreement with the measured heating.
Slater, Charles O [ORNL; Primm, Trent [ORNL; Pinkston, Daniel [ORNL; Cook, David Howard [ORNL; Selby, Douglas L [ORNL; Ferguson, Phillip D [ORNL; Bucholz, James A [ORNL; Popov, Emilian L [ORNL
A L S many other 3rd generation sources have been and arcthe soft x-ray third generation light source ever built, andconstructed third generation light sources. In this paper we
Sannibale, Fernando
Error Sources and Accuracy of Vertical Velocities Computed from Multiple-Doppler Radar Measurements in Deep Convective Storms
Actual data are used in one case to investigate the nature and source of vertical velocity errors resulting from analyses of multiple-Doppler radar measurements. Consistent with earlier analytical works, larger errors are found than would be ...
Stephan P. Nelson; Rodger A. Brown
In situ measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury and the identification of source regions in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area
In order to expand the currently limited understanding of atmospheric mercury source-receptor relationships in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, real time measurements of atmospheric mercury were made at a downtown urban ...
Rutter, A. P.
The "Z" Pulsed Radiation Source: Recent Developments in Equation of State Measurement Capabilities
The Sandia Z machine is a source of intense radiation which can be used to drive ablative shocks for equation of state studies. In developing the capability to diagnose these types of studies on Z, techniques commonly used in conventional impact generated experiments were leveraged. The primary diagnostic transferred was velocity interferome~, VLSAR, [1] which not only provides Hugoniot particle velocity measurements, but also indications of shock stability and wave attenuation. In addition to a VISAR capability on the Z machine, methods for measuring shock velocity have been developed. When these measured parameters are used in conjunction with the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions, [2] material response at high temperatures and pressures can be inferred. With sample sizes used on Z being much smaller than those fielded in typical impact experiments, temporal resolution and methods of interfacing the diagnostics with the targets had to be improved. In this paper, a "standard" equation of state experiment, associated diagnostics, and some recent results in aluminum and beryllium will be discussed.
Asay, J.R.; Chandler, G.; Clark, B.; Fleming, K.; Hall, C.A.; Holland, K.; Trott, W.M.
Technique for measuring cooling patterns in ion source grids by infrared scanning
Many plasma sources designed for neutral beam injection heating of plasmas now employ copper beam acceleration grids which are water-cooled by small capillary tubes fed from one or more headers. To prevent thermally-induced warpage of these grids it is essential that one be able to detect inhomogeneities in the cooling. Due to the very strong thermal coupling between adjacent cooling lines and the concomitant rapid equilibration times, it is not practical to make such measurements in a direct manner with a contact thermometer. We have developed a technique whereby we send a burst of hot water through an initially cool grid, followed by a burst of cool water, and record the transient thermal behavior usng an infrared television camera. This technique, which would be useful for any system with cooling paths that are strongly coupled thermally, has been applied to a number of sources built for the PLT and PDX tokamaks, and has proven highly effective in locating cooling deficiencies and blocked capillary tubes.
Grisham, L.R.; Eubank, H.P.; Kugel, H.W.
Electricity & Energy Reliability
ENERGY RELIABILITY Human Capital Management Strategic Plan FY2007 Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Human Capital Management Strategic Plan September 2006...
Subcritical Neutron Multiplication Measurements of HEU Using Delayed Neutrons as the Driving Source
A new method for the determination of the multiplication of highly enriched uranium systems is presented. The method uses delayed neutrons to drive the HEU system. These delayed neutrons are from fission events induced by a pulsed 14-MeV neutron source. Between pulses, neutrons are detected within a medium efficiency neutron detector using {sup 3}He ionization tubes within polyethylene enclosures. The neutron detection times are recorded relative to the initiation of the 14-MeV neutron pulse, and subsequently analyzed with the Feynman reduced variance method to extract singles, doubles and triples neutron counting rates. Measurements have been made on a set of nested hollow spheres of 93% enriched uranium, with mass values from 3.86 kg to 21.48 kg. The singles, doubles and triples counting rates for each uranium system are compared to calculations from point kinetics models of neutron multiplicity to assign multiplication values. These multiplication values are compared to those from MC NP K-Code calculations.
Hollas, C.L.; Goulding, C.A.; Myers, W.L.
An assessment of the measurement equivalence of rating sources in a multisource feedback system
The present study used confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate a series of models representing the relations among performance ratings from multiple sources across multiple performance dimensions. The results suggest that the variance in performance ratings can be attributed to three distinct sources. First, there is common variance attributable to performance dimensions or factor loadings. Second, there is variance that can be attributed to the rating source (peer, self, or supervisor). Third, there is unique variance beyond that explained by the performance dimensions and source effects. Further, these results suggest that the rating sources appear to be rating the same performance dimensions, and even tapping the performance constructs to the same extent in some cases. The source effects do account for some variance, but these effects are smaller than the performance dimensions. Additionally, the unique variance accounted for a large component of the variance associated with the performance ratings in the present study.
Sheehan, Mary Kathleen
Comparison of Energy Source Estimates Derived from Atmospheric Circulation Data with Satellite Measurements of Net Radiation
The distributions of the net sources of atmospheric dry and latent energy are evaluated by the residual technique using the reanalyzed ECMWF FGGE level IIIb data for February and July 1979. Their sum (i.e., the residual estimate of the source of ...
Carl Fortelius; Eero Holopainen
H/sup -/ beam emittance measurements for the Penning and the asymmetric, grooved magnetron surface-plasma sources
Beam intensity and emittance measurements show that the H/sup -/ beam from our Penning surface-plasma source (SPS) has twice the intensity and ten times the brightness of the H/sup -/ beam from an asymmetric, grooved magnetron SPS. H/sup -/ ion temperatures of 5 eV for the Penning SPS and 22 eV for the asymmetric, grooved magnetron are deduced by using a simple emittance theory and the present emittance measurements.
Smith, H.V. Jr.; Allison, P.
A hybrid source apportionment model integrating measured data and air quality model results - article no. D07301
The Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility (BRAVO) study was an intensive air quality study designed to understand the causes of haze in Big Bend National Park. Daily speciated fine aerosols were measured from July through October 1999 at 37 sites located mostly in Texas. In support of BRAVO, two chemical transport models (CTMs) were used to apportion particulate sulfate at Big Bend and other sites in Texas to sources in the eastern and western United States, Texas, Mexico, and the Carbon I and II coal-fired power plants, located 225 km southeast of Big Bend in Mexico. Analysis of the CTM source attribution results and comparison to results from receptor models revealed systematic biases. To reduce the multiplicative biases, a hybrid source apportionment model, based on inverse modeling, was developed that adjusted the initial CTM source contributions so the modeled sulfate concentrations optimally fit the measured data, resulting in refined daily source contributions. The method was tested using synthetic data and successfully reduced source attribution biases. The refined sulfate source attribution results reduced the initial eastern U.S. contribution to Big Bend, averaged over the BRAVO study period, from about 40% to about 30%, while Mexico's contribution increased from 24 - 32% about 40%. The contribution from the Carbon facility increased from similar to 14% to over 20%. The increase in Mexico's contribution is consistent with more recent SO{sub 2} emissions estimates that indicate that the BRAVO Mexican SO{sub 2} emissions were underestimated. Source attribution results for other monitoring sites in west Texas were similar to results at Big Bend.
Schichtel, B.A.; Malm, W.C.; Gebhart, K.A.; Barna, M.G.; Knipping, E.M. [Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO (United States)
Power electronics reliability analysis.
This report provides the DOE and industry with a general process for analyzing power electronics reliability. The analysis can help with understanding the main causes of failures, downtime, and cost and how to reduce them. One approach is to collect field maintenance data and use it directly to calculate reliability metrics related to each cause. Another approach is to model the functional structure of the equipment using a fault tree to derive system reliability from component reliability. Analysis of a fictitious device demonstrates the latter process. Optimization can use the resulting baseline model to decide how to improve reliability and/or lower costs. It is recommended that both electric utilities and equipment manufacturers make provisions to collect and share data in order to lay the groundwork for improving reliability into the future. Reliability analysis helps guide reliability improvements in hardware and software technology including condition monitoring and prognostics and health management.
Smith, Mark A.; Atcitty, Stanley
Auto reliability project
Reliability is defined as the probability that an item (system, subsystem, or component) performs according to specifications. When test data are sparse (such as with a new concept design), expert judgment can be used to estimate reliability. Using expert ...
Jane M. Booker; Thomas R. Bement
Residual stress measurement with high energy x-rays at the Advanced Photon Source.
Preliminary measurements with high energy x-rays from the SRI CAT 1-ID beam line at the Advanced Photon show great promise for the measurement of stress and strain using diffraction. Comparisons are made with neutron measurements. Measurements of strains in a 2 mm thick 304 stainless steel weld show that excellent strain and spatial resolutions are possible. With 200 {micro}m slits, strain resolutions of 1 x 10{sup {minus}5} were achieved.
Winholtz, R. A.; Haeffner, D. R.; Green, R.E.L.; Varma, R.; Hammond, D.
Increasing the Reliability of Reliability Diagrams
The reliability diagram is a common diagnostic graph used to summarize and evaluate probabilistic forecasts. Its strengths lie in the ease with which it is produced and the transparency of its definition. While visually appealing, major long-...
Jochen Br�cker; Leonard A. Smith
All Members Meeting All Members Meeting The Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) All Members Meeting was held on February 4-5, 2013. The meeting covered advancements made across the NREL GRC project and the latest industry updates on gearbox reliability and operations and maintenance practices. The presentations covered gearbox design updates, gearbox testing updates, experimental data analysis, and operations and maintenance research. Presentations Monday, February 4 Time Presenter Organization Presentation 8:30 a.m. Paul Veers NREL Welcome 8:45 a.m. Mike Derby DOE Overview 9:05 a.m. Jon Keller NREL Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Status and Plans 9:20 a.m. Hal Link NREL New Gearbox #2 Test Plan 9:40 a.m. Hal Link NREL NWTC Dynos and Grid Simulator 10:00 a.m. Jon Keller/Brian McNiff NREL/MLI Gearbox Reliability Collaborative, Phase 3: High Speed Shaft Bearing Loads
Architectural design for reliability
Design-for-reliability concepts can be applied to the products of the construction industry, which includes buildings, bridges, transportation systems, dams, and other structures. The application of a systems approach to designing in reliability emphasizes the importance of incorporating uncertainty in the analyses, the benefits of optimization analyses, and the importance of integrating reliability, safety, and security. 4 refs., 3 figs.
Cranwell, R.M.; Hunter, R.L.
A M MEASUREMENTS AND NEW INSTRUMENTATION A T T H E ADVANCEDbeamlines and o f the instrumentation and beam diagnosticbeam diagnostics and instrumentation have followed a similar
H sup 0 temperature and density measurements in a Penning surface-plasma H sup minus ion source. I
Using vacuum ultraviolet laser-absorption spectroscopy, the H{sup 0} density and temperature are measured as a function of discharge current and H{sub 2}-gas flow in both the plasma column and the drift region between the plasma column and the emitter in the 4X source. For typical source operating parameters, the atom temperature is 1.5 eV in the plasma column and 0.6 eV in the drift region; the atom density 7{times}10{sup 14} cm{sup {minus}3} in the plasma column and 4{times}10{sup 14} cm{sup {minus}3} in the drift region. Separate measurements give 2% for the ratio of H{sub 2} molecules in the first vibrational level to the total H{sub 2} density.
Smith, H.V. Jr.; Allison, P.; Pitcher, E.J.; Stevens, R.R. Jr.; Worth, G.T. (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 (US)); Stutzin, G.C.; Young, A.T.; Schlachter, A.S.; Leung, K.N.; Kunkel, W.B. (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (USA))
Differential spectral responsivity measurement of photovoltaic detectors with a light-emitting-diode-based integrating sphere source
We present an experimental realization of differential spectral responsivity measurement by using a light-emitting diode (LED)-based integrating sphere source. The spectral irradiance responsivity is measured by a Lambertian-like radiation field with a diameter of 40mm at the peak wavelengths of the 35 selectable LEDs covering a range from 280 to 1550nm. The systematic errors and uncertainties due to lock-in detection, spatial irradiance distribution, and reflection from the test detector are experimentally corrected or considered. In addition, we implemented a numerical procedure to correct the error due to the broad spectral bandwidth of the LEDs. The overall uncertainty of the DSR measurement is evaluated to be 2.2% (k=2) for Si detectors. To demonstrate its application, we present the measurement results of two Si photovoltaic detectors at different bias irradiance levels up to 120mW/cm{sup 2}.
Zaid, Ghufron; Park, Seung-Nam; Park, Seongchong; Lee, Dong-Hoon
Determination of mobile source emission fraction using ambient field measurements. Final report
The Desert Research Institute (DRI) conducted a series of experiments in 1995 to quantify emission rates of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and speciated nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) from in-use vehicles in several highway tunnels. This report describes a parallel effort in which ambient hydrocarbon samples were collected by DRI at several sites in the Boston and Los Angeles areas to determine the mobile source emissions contributed to total ambient NMHC using receptor modeling.
Fujita, E.M.; Lu, Z.; Sheetz, L.; Harshfield, G.; Zielinska, B.
Reliability and Markets Program Information
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Summary of the Tranmission Reliability program's Reliability and Markets activity area. The program helps to increase grid reliability and reduce costs for customers using integrated market and...
On Optimization of Reliability of Distributed Generation-Enhanced Feeders
Placement of protection devices in a conventionalfeeder (without distributed generation) is often performedso as to minimize traditional reliability indices (SAIDI,SAIFI, MAIFIe...), assuming the sole source(s) of energyat substation(s). Distributed ...
A. Pregelj; M. Begovic; A. Rohatgi; D. Novosel
Reliability and maintainability program
The program's goals are to accelerate the adoption of active solar energy systems in building applications by improving the reliability and maintainability of installed systems. The project is designed to accomplish this by providing the latest information; by assisting the industry in improving reliability and maintainability; by assisting in design, manufacture, installation and maintenance of reliable and durable systems; and by assisting in the development of codes and standards. Work and accomplishments in these areas are enumerated. (LEW)
Eden, A.
Human Reliability Program (HRP)
Office of SecurityHRP Training Certification- HTML- Flash10 CFR 712, Human Reliability ProgramHRP HandbookTools for Clinicians- Medication List- Medical Records Checklist
Materials Reliability Employment Opportunities
... from an in-house microfabrication facility that has ... well as access to other world-class NIST facilities. ... of membrane reliability is essential for ensuring ...
rf power system for thrust measurements of a helicon plasma source
A rf power system has been developed, which allows the use of rf plasma devices in an electric propulsion test facility without excessive noise pollution in thruster diagnostics. Of particular importance are thrust stand measurements, which were previously impossible due to noise. Three major changes were made to the rf power system: first, the cable connection was changed from a balanced transmission line to an unbalanced coaxial line. Second, the rf power cabinet was placed remotely in order to reduce vibration-induced noise in the thrust stand. Finally, a relationship between transmission line length and rf was developed, which allows good transmission of rf power from the matching network to the helicon antenna. The modified system was tested on a thrust measurement stand and showed that rf power has no statistically significant contribution to the thrust stand measurement.
Kieckhafer, Alexander W.; Walker, Mitchell L. R. [Department of Aerospace Engineering, High-Power Electric Propulsion Laboratory, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 (United States)
Characterization of a Be(p,xn) neutron source for fission yields measurements
We report on measurements performed at The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) to characterize a proton-neutron converter for independent fission yield studies at the IGISOL-JYFLTRAP facility (Jyv\\"askyl\\"a, Finland). A 30 MeV proton beam impinged on a 5 mm water-cooled Beryllium target. Two independent experimental techniques have been used to measure the neutron spectrum: a Time of Flight (TOF) system used to estimate the high-energy contribution, and a Bonner Sphere Spectrometer able to provide precise results from thermal energies up to 20 MeV. An overlap between the energy regions covered by the two systems will permit a cross-check of the results from the different techniques. In this paper, the measurement and analysis techniques will be presented together with some preliminary results.
A. Mattera; P. Andersson; A. Hjalmarsson; M. Lantz; S. Pomp; V. Rakopoulos; A. Solders; J. Valldor-Bl�cher; D. Gorelov; H. Penttil�; S. Rinta-Antila; A. V. Prokofiev; E. Passoth; R. Bedogni; A. Gentile; D. Bortot; A. Esposito; M. V. Introini; A. Pola
Reliability First Corporation | OpenEI
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Reliability First Corporation Reliability First Corporation Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 110, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Gateway Reliability First Corporation SERC Reliability Corporation Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011:Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - SERC Reliability Corporation / Gateway- Reference Case (xls, 118.9 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed
General Aviation Aircraft Reliability Study
This reliability study estimates Complex General Aviation (GA) Aircraft System reliability. As part of an effort to successfully improve the safety and reliability of the next generation of GA aircraft, a benchmarking of the current reliability of GA ...
Pettit Duane; Turnbull Andrew
Energy performance implies measures from consumers to the energy supply sources
All the efforts made in Romania concerning thermal rehabilitation were concentrated mainly towards the energy consumers. The results obtained are encouraging, plausible and sometimes even spectacular. Though looking at the whole system that these consumers ... Keywords: district heating systems, efficient measures for energy saving, energy performance certificate, thermal rehabilitation
Rodica Frunzulic?; Mirela Sanda ?oropoc
Effects of an RTG power source on neutron spectroscopy measurements on the martian surface.
A continuing goal of Mars science is to identify the exact locations of near-surface water and/or hydrated minerals using in situ measurements. Recent data from the Mars Odyssey mission has used both neutron and gamma-ray spectroscopy to measure large amounts of water ice near both polar regions . Furthermore, these data have also determined that in the mid-latitude regions, there likely exist relatively large amounts of hydrogen (-4-7 equivalent H2O wt.%), although it is not certain in which form this hydrogen exists . While these are exciting results, one drawback of these measurements is that they are averaged over a large (-400 km) footp ri nt and do not reflect any small (<1 km) inhomogenieties in hydrogen abundance that likely exist on the Martian surface. For any future in situ mission (e g, Mars Smart Lander (MSL)) that seeks to measure and characterize nearsurface H 2O, especially in the mid-latitude regions, is will be necessary to know th e locati ons of the H20.
Lawrence, David J. (David Jeffery),; Elphic, R. C. (Richard C.); Wiens, R. C. (Roger C.)
Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the City Center of Firenze, Italy: Measurement, Evaluation, and Source Partitioning
An eddy covariance station was installed in the city center of Firenze, Italy, to measure carbon fluxes at half-hourly intervals over a mostly homogeneous urban area. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission observations made over an initial period of 3.5 ...
A. Matese; B. Gioli; F. P. Vaccari; A. Zaldei; F. Miglietta
New event-driven sampling techniques for network reliability estimation
Exactly computing network reliability measures is an NP-hard problem. Therefore, Monte Carlo simulation has been frequently used by network designers to obtain accurate estimates. This paper focuses on simulation estimation of network reliability. Using ...
Abdullah Konak; Alice E. Smith; Sadan Kulturel-Konak
to be worse for 4 th generation sources using microwaveof next generation superconducting ECR ion sources using
Source modulation-correlation measurement for fissile mass flow in gas or liquid fissile streams
The method of monitoring fissile mass flow on all three legs of a blending point, where the input is high-enriched uranium (HEU) and low-enriched uranium (LEU) and the product is PEU, can yield the fissile stream velocity and, with calibration, the [sup235]U content. The product of velocity and content integrated over the pipe gives the fissile mass flow in each leg. Also, the ratio of fissile contents in each pipe: HEU/LEU, HEU/PEU, and PEU/LEU, are obtained. By modulating the source on the input HEU pipe differently from that on the output pipe, the HEU gas can be tracked through the blend point. This method can be useful for monitoring flow velocity, fissile content, and fissile mass flow in HEU blenddown of UF[sub 6] if the pressures are high enough to contain some of the induced fission products. This method can also be used to monitor transfer of fissile liquids and other gases and liquids that emit radiation delayed from particle capture. These preliminary experiments with the Oak Ridge apparatus show that the method will work and the modeling is adequate.
Mihalczo, J.T.; March-Leuba, J.A.; Valentine, T.E.; Abston, R.A.; Mattingly, J.K.; Mullens, J.A.
Usefulness of specific calibration coefficients for gamma-emitting sources measured by radionuclide calibrators in nuclear medicine
Purpose: In nuclear medicine, the activity of a radionuclide is measured with a radionuclide calibrator that often has a calibration coefficient independent of the container type and filling. Methods: To determine the effect of the container on the accuracy of measuring the activity injected into a patient, The authors simulated a commercial radionuclide calibrator and 18 container types most typically used in clinical practice. The instrument sensitivity was computed for various container thicknesses and filling levels. Monoenergetic photons and electrons as well as seven common radionuclides were considered. Results: The quality of the simulation with gamma-emitting sources was validated by an agreement with measurements better than 4% in five selected radionuclides. The results show that the measured activity can vary by more than a factor of 2 depending on the type of container. The filling level and the thickness of the container wall only have a marginal effect for radionuclides of high energy but could induce differences up to 4%. Conclusions: The authors conclude that radionuclide calibrators should be tailored to the uncertainty required by clinical applications. For most clinical cases, and at least for the low-energy gamma and x-ray emitters, measurements should be performed with calibration coefficients specific to the container type.
Bochud, Francois O.; Laedermann, Jean-Pascal; Baechler, Sebastien; Kosinski, Marek; Bailat, Claude J. [Institute of Radiation Physics, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Grand-Pre 1, CH-1007 Lausanne (Switzerland)
Emittance measurements of high charge state argon beams from a pig source
The emittances of beams of Ar$sup 4+$ to Ar$sup 8+$ were measured in the axial and radial planes. The extraction voltage was 10 kV and the magnetic field was varied from about 0.5 to 0.6 Tesla. The anode slit was varied in distance from the arc, which was run both dc and pulsed. The emittance was nearly independent of charge state, but increased with total beam current. A small bowing of the arc column, which made evaluation of mirror field effects difficult, was discovered. (auth)
Bex, L.; Clark, D.J.; Ellsworth, C.E.; Estrella, R.M.; Gough, R.A.; Holley, W.R.
Measurements of volatile organic compounds at a suburban ground site (T1) in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign: Measurement comparison, emission ratios, and source attribution
Volatile organic compound (VOC) mixing ratios were measured with two different instruments at the T1 ground site in Mexico City during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) campaign in March of 2006. A gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) quantified 18 light alkanes, alkenes and acetylene while a proton-transfer-reaction ion-trap mass spectrometer (PIT-MS) quantified 12 VOC species including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and aromatics. A GC separation system was used in conjunction with the PIT-MS (GC-PIT-MS) to evaluate PIT-MS measurements and to aid in the identification of unknown VOCs. The VOC measurements are also compared to simultaneous canister samples and to two independent proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometers (PTR-MS) deployed on a mobile and an airborne platform during MILAGRO. VOC diurnal cycles demonstrate the large influence of vehicle traffic and liquid propane gas (LPG) emissions during the night and photochemical processing during the afternoon. Emission ratios for VOCs and OVOCs relative to CO are derived from early-morning measurements. Average emission ratios for non-oxygenated species relative to CO are on average a factor of {approx}2 higher than measured for US cities. Emission ratios for OVOCs are estimated and compared to literature values the northeastern US and to tunnel studies in California. Positive matrix factorization analysis (PMF) is used to provide insight into VOC sources and processing. Three PMF factors were distinguished by the analysis including the emissions from vehicles, the use of liquid propane gas and the production of secondary VOCs + long-lived species. Emission ratios to CO calculated from the results of PMF analysis are compared to emission ratios calculated directly from measurements. The total PIT-MS signal is summed to estimate the fraction of identified versus unidentified VOC species.
Bon, D.M.; Springston, S.; M.Ulbrich, I.; de Gouw, J. A.; Warneke, C.; Kuster, W. C.; Alexander, M. L.; Baker, A.; Beyersdorf, A. J.; Blake, D.; Fall, R.; Jimenez, J. L., Herndon, S. C.; Huey, L. G.; Knighton, W. B.; Ortega, J.; Vargas, O.
Work function measurements during plasma exposition at conditions relevant in negative ion sources for the ITER neutral beam injection
Cesium seeded sources for surface generated negative hydrogen ions are major components of neutral beam injection systems in future large-scale fusion experiments such as ITER. The stability and delivered current density depend highly on the work function during vacuum and plasma phases of the ion source. One of the most important quantities that affect the source performance is the work function. A modified photocurrent method was developed to measure the temporal behavior of the work function during and after cesium evaporation. The investigation of cesium exposed Mo and MoLa samples under ITER negative hydrogen ion based neutral beam injection relevant surface and plasma conditions showed the influence of impurities which result in a fast degradation when the plasma exposure or the cesium flux onto the sample is stopped. A minimum work function close to that of bulk cesium was obtained under the influence of the plasma exposition, while a significantly higher work function was observed under ITER-like vacuum conditions.
Gutser, R. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching (Germany); Wimmer, C. [Lst. f. Experimentelle Plasmaphysik, Universitaet Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg (Germany); Fantz, U. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, 85748 Garching (Germany); Lst. f. Experimentelle Plasmaphysik, Universitaet Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg (Germany)
Phase-encoded measurement device independent quantum key distribution with practical spontaneous parametric-down-conversion sources
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) with weak coherent sources has been widely and meticulously analyzed. However, the analysis for MDI-QKD with spontaneous parametric-down-conversion sources (SPDCS) is incomplete. In this paper, by accounting for practical parameters of SPDCS with thermal distribution, we presents an investigation on the performances of MDI-QKD under the active three-intensity decoy protocol and the passive one-intensity decoy protocol respectively. Phase randomization, inherently prerequisite for decoy protocol, is taken into consideration for evaluating the overall quantum bit gain and quantum bit error rate. The numerical simulations show that MDI-QKD using SPDCS with practical decoy protocols can be demonstrated comparable to the asymptotical case with infinite decoy states and has apparent superiority both in transmission distance and key generation rate compared to the MDI-QKD using weak coherent sources. Our results also indicate that MDI-QKD using thermal distributed SPDCS with active three-intensity decoy protocol performs better than the one with passive one-intensity decoy protocol.
Chun Zhou; Wan-Su Bao; Wei Chen; Hong-Wei Li; Zhen-Qiang Yin; Yang Wang; Zheng-Fu Han
Assessment of Contribution of Contemporary Carbon Sources to Size-Fractionated Particulate Matter and Time-Resolved Bulk Particulate Matter Using the Measurement of Radiocarbon
This study was motivated by a desire to improve understanding of the sources contributing to the carbon that is an important component of airborne particulate matter (PM). The ultimate goal of this project was to lay a ground work for future tools that might be easily implemented with archived or routinely collected samples. A key feature of this study was application of radiocarbon measurement that can be interpreted to indicate the relative contributions from fossil and non-fossil carbon sources of atmospheric PM. Size-resolved PM and time-resolved PM{sub 10} collected from a site in Sacramento, CA in November 2007 (Phase I) and March 2008 (Phase II) were analyzed for radiocarbon and source markers such as levoglucosan, cholesterol, and elemental carbon. Radiocarbon data indicates that the contributions of non-fossil carbon sources were much greater than that from fossil carbon sources in all samples. Radiocarbon and source marker measurements confirm that a greater contribution of non-fossil carbon sources in Phase I samples was highly likely due to residential wood combustion. The present study proves that measurement of radiocarbon and source markers can be readily applied to archived or routinely collected samples for better characterization of PM sources. More accurate source apportionment will support ARB in developing more efficient control strategies.
Hwang, H M; Young, T M; Buchholz, B A
Photovoltaic system reliability
This paper discusses the reliability of several photovoltaic projects including SMUD`s PV Pioneer project, various projects monitored by Ascension Technology, and the Colorado Parks project. System times-to-failure range from 1 to 16 years, and maintenance costs range from 1 to 16 cents per kilowatt-hour. Factors contributing to the reliability of these systems are discussed, and practices are recommended that can be applied to future projects. This paper also discusses the methodology used to collect and analyze PV system reliability data.
Maish, A.B.; Atcitty, C. [Sandia National Labs., NM (United States); Greenberg, D. [Ascension Technology, Inc., Lincoln Center, MA (United States)] [and others
Measurement and apportionment of radon source terms for modeling indoor environments. Final progress report, March 1990--August 1992
During the present 2 1/2 year contract period, we have made significant Progress in modeling the source apportionment of indoor {sup 222}Rn and in {sup 222}Rn decay product dosimetry. Two additional areas were worked on which we believe are useful for the DOE Radon research Program. One involved an analysis of the research house data, grouping the hourly house {sup 222}Rn measurements into 2 day, 7 day and 90 day intervals to simulate the response of passive monitors. Another area requiring some attention resulted in a publication of 3 years of our indoor/outdoor measurements in a high-rise apartment. Little interest has been evinced in apartment measurements yet 20% of the US population lives in multiple-family dwellings, not in contact with the ground. These data together with a summary of all other published data on apartments showed that apartments have only about 50% greater {sup 222}Rn concentration than the measured outdoor {sup 222}Rn. Apartment dwellers generally represent a low risk group regarding {sup 222}Rn exposure. The following sections describe the main projects in some detail.
Source-intrinsic near-infrared properties of Sgr A*: Total intensity measurements
We present a comprehensive data description for Ks-band measurements of Sgr A*. We characterize the statistical properties of the variability of Sgr A* in the near-infrared, which we find to be consistent with a single-state process forming a power-law distribution of the flux density. We discover a linear rms-flux relation for the flux-density range up to 12 mJy on a timescale of 24 minutes. This and the power-law flux density distribution implies a phenomenological, formally non-linear statistical variability model with which we can simulate the observed variability and extrapolate its behavior to higher flux levels and longer timescales. We present reasons why data with our cadence cannot be used to decide on the question whether the power spectral density of the underlying random process shows more structure at timescales between 25 min and 100 min compared to what is expected from a red noise random process.
Witzel, G; Bremer, M; Zamaninasab, M; Shahzamanian, B; Valencia-S., M; Sch�del, R; Karas, V; Lenzen, R; Marchili, N; Sabha, N; Garcia-Marin, M; Buchholz, R M; Kunneriath, D; Straubmeier, C
Hydropower Reliability Study
Though hydroelectric plants are highly reliable, even a 1% improvement in their availability could save the U.S. utility industry $125 million per year. This comprehensive review of hydropower data and practices recommends ways to achieve such improvement.
Projects Projects Gearbox deficiencies are the result of many factors. Through gearbox modeling and testing, condition monitoring, and the failure database, the collaborative is expanding the industry's knowledge base, recommending efficient and cost-effective improvements, and facilitating immediate improvements in the gearbox life cycle. Gearbox Modeling and Testing Illustration of representative gearbox including the hub, main bearing, main shaft, gearbox, brake, high speed shaft, generator, and bed plate. A complete gearbox redesign has been completed in a collaborative effort between NREL and industry partners. This process documented and analyzed the design process and produced a new gearbox design that integrates knowledge from previous Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) activities.
Flat Field Anomalies in an X-ray CCD Camera Measured Using a Manson X-ray Source
The Static X-ray Imager (SXI) is a diagnostic used at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to measure the position of the X-rays produced by lasers hitting a gold foil target. The intensity distribution taken by the SXI camera during a NIF shot is used to determine how accurately NIF can aim laser beams. This is critical to proper NIF operation. Imagers are located at the top and the bottom of the NIF target chamber. The CCD chip is an X-ray sensitive silicon sensor, with a large format array (2k x 2k), 24 ?m square pixels, and 15 ?m thick. A multi-anode Manson X-ray source, operating up to 10kV and 10W, was used to characterize and calibrate the imagers. The output beam is heavily filtered to narrow the spectral beam width, giving a typical resolution E/?E?10. The X-ray beam intensity was measured using an absolute photodiode that has accuracy better than 1% up to the Si K edge and better than 5% at higher energies. The X-ray beam provides full CCD illumination and is flat, within �1% maximum to minimum. The spectral efficiency was measured at 10 energy bands ranging from 930 eV to 8470 eV. We observed an energy dependent pixel sensitivity variation that showed continuous change over a large portion of the CCD. The maximum sensitivity variation occurred at 8470 eV. The geometric pattern did not change at lower energies, but the maximum contrast decreased and was not observable below 4 keV. We were also able to observe debris, damage, and surface defects on the CCD chip. The Manson source is a powerful tool for characterizing the imaging errors of an X-ray CCD imager. These errors are quite different from those found in a visible CCD imager.
M. J. Haugh and M. B. Schneider
SERC Reliability Corporation | OpenEI
SERC Reliability Corporation SERC Reliability Corporation Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 113, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO Carolina EIA Renewable Energy Generation SERC Reliability Corporation Virginia Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - SERC Reliability Corporation / Virginia-Carolina- Reference Case (xls, 118.9 KiB) Quality Metrics
Optical Design of a Broadband Infrared Spectrometer for Bunch Length Measurement at the Linac Coherent Light Source
The electron pulses generated by the Linac Coherent Light Source at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory occur on the order of tens of femtoseconds and cannot be directly measured by conventional means. The length of the pulses can instead be reconstructed by measuring the spectrum of optical transition radiation emitted by the electrons as they move toward a conducting foil. Because the emitted radiation occurs in the mid-infrared from 0.6 to 30 microns a novel optical layout is required. Using a helium-neon laser with wavelength 633 nm, a series of gold-coated off-axis parabolic mirrors were positioned to direct a beam through a zinc selenide prism and to a focus at a CCD camera for imaging. Constructing this layout revealed a number of novel techniques for reducing the aberrations introduced into the system by the off-axis parabolic mirrors. The beam had a recorded radius of less than a millimeter at its final focus on the CCD imager. This preliminary setup serves as a model for the spectrometer that will ultimately measure the LCLS electron pulse duration.
Williams, Kiel; /SLAC
Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Update (Presentation)
This presentation was given at the Sandia Reliability Workshop in August 2013 and provides information on current statistics, a status update, next steps, and other reliability research and development activities related to the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative.
Sheng, S.
A 4p BaF2 detector for (n,g) cross section measurements at a spallation neutron source
The quest for improved neutron capture cross sections for advanced reactor concepts, transmutation of radioactive wastes as well as for astrophysical scenarios of neutron capture nucleosynthesis has motivated new experimental efforts based on modern techniques. Recent measurements in the keV region have shown that a 4p BaF2 detector represents an accurate and versatile instrument for such studies. The present work deals with the potential of such a 4p BaF2 detector in combination with spallation neutron sources, which offer large neutron fluxes over a wide energy range. Detailed Monte Carlo simulations with the GEANT package have been performed to investigate the critical backgrounds at a spallation facility, to optimize the detector design, and to discuss alternative solutions.
M. Heil; R. Reifarth; M. M. Fowler; R. C. Haight; F. K�ppeler; R. S. Rundberg; E. H. Seabury; J. L. Ullmann; J. B. Wilhelmy; K. Wisshak
Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability FY 2012 Budget Request
Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability FY 2012 Budget Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability FY 2012 Budget Request Presentation Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability FY 2012 Budget Request Presentation Presentation by Patricia Hoffman of the Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability FY 2012 Budget Request. OE's FY 2012 budget request represents a strong commitment to modernizing the grid and providing the reliable, affordable, and secure electric power needed to expand economic recovery enable sources Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability recovery, the transition to renewable energy sources, and achieve the President's clean energy goals. Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability FY 2012 Budget Request Presentation More Documents & Publications
Reliability and Functional Availability of HVAC Systems
This paper presents a model to calculate the reliability and availability of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. The reliability is expressed in the terms of reliability, maintainability and decision capability. These terms are a function of the mean time between failure, mean time to repair and decision time. The availability is expressed as an operational and functional availability of the systems. These terms are a function of both the technical and human characteristics to maintain the systems in correct operational state. The result is based on a large amount data from operational organisations, the compulsory inspection of ventilation systems and momentary and continuous measurements made in HVAC-systems.
Myrefelt, S.
Photovoltaic module reliability workshop
The paper and presentations compiled in this volume form the Proceedings of the fourth in a series of Workshops sponsored by Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI/DOE) under the general theme of photovoltaic module reliability during the period 1986--1990. The reliability Photo Voltaic (PV) modules/systems is exceedingly important along with the initial cost and efficiency of modules if the PV technology has to make a major impact in the power generation market, and for it to compete with the conventional electricity producing technologies. The reliability of photovoltaic modules has progressed significantly in the last few years as evidenced by warranties available on commercial modules of as long as 12 years. However, there is still need for substantial research and testing required to improve module field reliability to levels of 30 years or more. Several small groups of researchers are involved in this research, development, and monitoring activity around the world. In the US, PV manufacturers, DOE laboratories, electric utilities and others are engaged in the photovoltaic reliability research and testing. This group of researchers and others interested in this field were brought together under SERI/DOE sponsorship to exchange the technical knowledge and field experience as related to current information in this important field. The papers presented here reflect this effort.
Mrig, L. (ed.)
Robustness and Reliability of Grid Systems Under Volatile ...
... impact reliability and robustness in large-scale, standards-based grid computing systems. These methods measure the ability of grids to provide ...
Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review. October 19-20,...
power system reliability and visibility through wide-area measurement and control. It is developing advanced technologies and tools to help create a resilient electric...
Reliability of underwater hearing thresholds in pinnipeds
Reliability of underwater hearing thresholds in pinnipeds Brandon L. Southall Long firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract: Repeated measures of low-frequency underwater hearing sensi- tivity in individuals of three and certain testing parameters (e.g., equipment and research personnel), measured underwater hearing
Reichmuth, Colleen
Sources of Errors in Rainfall Measurements by Polarimetric Radar: Variability of Drop Size Distributions, Observational Noise, and Variation of Relationships between R and Polarimetric Parameters
Using a set of long-term disdrometric data and of actual radar measurements from the McGill S-band operational polarimetric radar, several sources of errors in rain measurement with polarimetric radar are explored in order to investigate their ...
Gyu Won Lee
Reliability and Risk Significance: For Maintenance and Reliability Professionals at Nuclear Power Plants (Japanese Version)
This Japanese version of Report 1007079 explains the connections between the reliability and availability of commercial nuclear power plant components and their risk significance as measured by a probabilistic safety assessment (PSA). The scope covers the two most common measures of risk significance and how they can be used to inform plant decision makers about risk. It also provides guidance on achieving balance between reliability and availability when performing preventive maintenance (PM) and on est...
This article will compare the natural gas transmission systems in the U.S. and Russia and review experience with methane mitigation technologies in the two countries. Russia and the United States (U.S.) are the world's largest consumers and producers of natural gas, and consequently, have some of the largest natural gas infrastructure. This paper compares the natural gas transmission systems in Russia and the U.S., their methane emissions and experiences in implementing methane mitigation technologies. Given the scale of the two systems, many international oil and natural gas companies have expressed interest in better understanding the methane emission volumes and trends as well as the methane mitigation options. This paper compares the two transmission systems and documents experiences in Russia and the U.S. in implementing technologies and programs for methane mitigation. The systems are inherently different. For instance, while the U.S. natural gas transmission system is represented by many companies, which operate pipelines with various characteristics, in Russia predominately one company, Gazprom, operates the gas transmission system. However, companies in both countries found that reducing methane emissions can be feasible and profitable. Examples of technologies in use include replacing wet seals with dry seals, implementing Directed Inspection and Maintenance (DI&M) programs, performing pipeline pump-down, applying composite wrap for non-leaking pipeline defects and installing low-bleed pneumatics. The research methodology for this paper involved a review of information on methane emissions trends and mitigation measures, analytical and statistical data collection; accumulation and analysis of operational data on compressor seals and other emission sources; and analysis of technologies used in both countries to mitigate methane emissions in the transmission sector. Operators of natural gas transmission systems have many options to reduce natural gas losses. Depending on the value of gas, simple, low-cost measures, such as adjusting leaking equipment components, or larger-scale measures, such as installing dry seals on compressors, can be applied.
Ishkov, A.; Akopova, Gretta; Evans, Meredydd; Yulkin, Grigory; Roshchanka, Volha; Waltzer, Suzie; Romanov, K.; Picard, David; Stepanenko, O.; Neretin, D.
Measurements of the cold neutron spectrum from the super critical hydrogen cold source at the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory were made using time-of-flight spectroscopy. Data were collected at reactor power levels of 8.5MW, 42.5MW and 85MW. The moderator temperature was also varied. Data were collected at 17K and 25K while the reactor power was at 8.5MW, 17K and 25K while at 42.5MW and 18K and 22K while at 85MW. The purpose of these measurements was to characterize the brightness of the cold source and to better understand the relationship between reactor power, moderator temperature, and cold neutron production. The authors will discuss the details of the measurement, the changes observed in the neutron spectrum, and the process for determining the source brightness from the measured neutron intensity.
Robertson, Lee [ORNL; Iverson, Erik B [ORNL
Amplitude and frequency experimental field measurements of a rotating?imbalance seismic source associated with changes in lithology surrounding a borehole
Field measurements of the vibration amplitude of a rotating?imbalance seismic source in a liquid?filled borehole are described. The borehole was a cased oil well that had been characterized by gamma?ray cement bond and compensated neutron litho?density/gamma?ray logs. The well logs indicated an abrupt transition from shale to limestone at a depth of 2638 ft. The vibration amplitude and frequency of a rotating?imbalance seismic source was measured versus applied voltage as the source was raised from 2654 to 2618 ft through the shale�limestone transition. It was observed that the vibration amplitude changed by approximately 10% in magnitude and the frequency changed approximately 15% as the source passed the shale�limestone transition. The measurements were compared to predictions provided by a two?dimensional analytical model of a rotating?imbalance source located in a liquid?filled bore hole. It was observed that the sensitivity of the experimentally measured vibration amplitude of the seismic source to the properties of the surrounding geologic media was an order of magnitude greater than that predicted by the two?dimensional analytical model.
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): Ensuring...
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): Ensuring a Reliable Bulk Electric System North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): Ensuring a Reliable Bulk...
Improved Measurements Could Mean Safer, More Reliable ...
... a person by delivering a high-voltage, low-current electric shock - have ... a standard method for accurately assessing the electrical output of ...
Power electronics reliability.
The project's goals are: (1) use experiments and modeling to investigate and characterize stress-related failure modes of post-silicon power electronic (PE) devices such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) switches; and (2) seek opportunities for condition monitoring (CM) and prognostics and health management (PHM) to further enhance the reliability of power electronics devices and equipment. CM - detect anomalies and diagnose problems that require maintenance. PHM - track damage growth, predict time to failure, and manage subsequent maintenance and operations in such a way to optimize overall system utility against cost. The benefits of CM/PHM are: (1) operate power conversion systems in ways that will preclude predicted failures; (2) reduce unscheduled downtime and thereby reduce costs; and (3) pioneering reliability in SiC and GaN.
Kaplar, Robert James; Brock, Reinhard C.; Marinella, Matthew; King, Michael Patrick; Stanley, James K.; Smith, Mark A.; Atcitty, Stanley
Test theory for evaluating reliability of IR test collections
Classical test theory offers theoretically derived reliability measures such as Cronbach's alpha, which can be applied to measure the reliability of a set of Information Retrieval test results. The theory also supports item analysis, which identifies ... Keywords: Evaluation, Generalizabilty theory, Test collections, Test theory
David Bodoff
A study of energy consumption and reliability in a multi-hop sensor network
For a moderate-size, multi-hop, sensor network, we present experimental measurements of radio energy consumption and packet reliability. We categorize the energy measurements by energy consumed in each radio state and for each traffic type. Packet reliability ...
Jonathan M. Reason; Jan M. Rabaey
Substation Reliability Centered Maintenance
Substation Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a technique that is used to develop maintenance plans and criteria so the operational capability of substation equipment is achieved, restored, or maintained. The objective of the RCM process is to focus attention on system equipment in a manner that leads to the formulation of an optimal maintenance plan. The RCM concept originated in the airline industry in the 1970s and has been used since 1985 to establish maintenance requirements for nuclear power plants. The RCM process is initially applied during the design and development phase of equipment or systems on the premise that reliability is a design characteristic. It is then reapplied, as necessary, during the operational phase to sustain a more optimal maintenance program based on actual field experiences. The purpose of the RCM process is to develop a maintenance program that provides desired or specified levels of operational safety and reliability at the lowest possible overall cost. The objectives are to predict or detect and correct incipient failures before they occur or before they develop into major defects, reduce the probability of failure, detect hidden problems, and improve the cost-effectiveness of the maintenance program. RCM accomplishes two basic purposes: (1) It identifies in real-time incipient equipment problems, averting potentially expensive catastrophic failures by communicating potential problems to appropriate system operators and maintenance personnel. (2) It provides decision support by recommending, identifying, and scheduling preventive maintenance. Recommendations are based on maintenance criteria, maintenance history, experience with similar equipment, real-time field data, and resource constraints. Hardware and software are used to accomplish these two purposes. The RCM system includes instrumentation that monitors critical substation equipment as well as computer software that helps analyze equipment data.
Purucker, S.L.
Component reliability testing
Component and system reliability of active solare energy systems continues to be a major concern of designers, manufacturers, installers, and consumers. Six test loops were constructed at the Solar Energy Research Institute in Golden, Colorado, to thermally cycle active solar energy system components. Drain valves, check valves, air vents, vacuum breakers, tempering valves, and polybutylene pipe were included in the testing. Test results show poor reliabiity of some of the components and limited performance from others. The results lead to a better understanding of certain failures in the field and present designers with realistic expectations for these components.
Farrington, R.B.
Development of vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy system for wide measurement range of number density using a dual-tube inductively coupled plasma light source
A vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy system for a wide measurement range of atomic number densities is developed. Dual-tube inductively coupled plasma was used as a light source. The probe beam profile was optimized for the target number density range by changing the mass flow rate of the inner and outer tubes. This system was verified using cold xenon gas. As a result, the measurement number density range was extended from the conventional two orders to five orders of magnitude.
Kuwahara, Akira; Matsui, Makoto; Yamagiwa, Yoshiki [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-4 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka (Japan)
Improving the reliability of wind power through spatially distributed wind generation.
??Wind power is a fast-growing, sustainable energy source. However, the problem of wind variability as it relates to wind power reliability is an obstacle to� (more)
Fisher, Samuel Martin
Consider insulation reliability
This paper reports that when calcium silicate and two brands of mineral wool were compared in a series of laboratory tests, calcium silicate was more reliable. And in-service experience with mineral wool at a Canadian heavy crude refinery provided examples of many of the lab's findings. Lab tests, conducted under controlled conditions following industry accepted practices, showed calcium silicate insulation was stronger, tougher and more durable than the mineral wools to which it was compared. For instance, the calcium silicate insulation exhibited only some minor surface cracking when heated to 1,200[degrees]F (649[degrees]C), while the mineral wools suffered binder burnout resulting in sagging, delamination and a general loss of dimensional stability.
Gamboa (Manville Mechanical Insulations, a Div. of Schuller International Inc., Denver, CO (United States))
Nuclear Power - Control, Reliability and Human Factors
Advances in reactor designs, materials and human-machine interfaces guarantee safety and reliability of emerging reactor technologies, eliminating possibilities for high-consequence human errors as those which have occurred in the past. New instrumentation and control technologies based in digital systems, novel sensors and measurement approaches facilitate safety, reliability and economic competitiveness of nuclear power options. Autonomous operation scenarios are becoming increasingly popular to consider for small modular systems. This book belongs to a series of books on nuclear power published by InTech. It consists of four major sections and contains twenty-one chapters on topics from key subject areas pertinent to instrumentation and control, operation reliability, system aging and human-machine interfaces. The book targets a broad potential readership group - students, researchers and specialists in the field - who are interested in learning about nuclear power.
Tsvetkov, Pavel
MCNP-DSP calculations of the {sup 252}Cf-source-driven noise analysis measurements of highly enriched uranium metal cylinders
This paper presents calculations of the {sup 252}Cf-source-driven noise analysis measurements for subcritical highly enriched uranium metal cylinders using the Monte Carlo code MCNP-DSP. This code directly calculates the noise analysis data from the {sup 252}Cf- source-driven noise analysis method for both neutron and gamma ray detectors. Direct calculation of experimental observables by the Monte Carlo method allows for the benchmarking of the calculational model and the cross sections and for determining the bias in the calculation.
Valentine, T.E.; Mihalczo, J.T.
Gearbox Reliability Collaborative High Speed Shaft Tapered Roller Bearing Calibration
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) is a project investigating gearbox reliability primarily through testing and modeling. Previous dynamometer testing focused upon acquiring measurements in the planetary section of the test gearbox. Prior to these tests, the strain gages installed on the planetary bearings were calibrated in a load frame.
Keller, J.; Guo, Y.; McNiff, B.
Methods and apparatus for measurement of the resistivity of geological formations from within cased wells in presence of acoustic and magnetic energy sources
DOE Patents (OSTI)
Methods and apparatus are provided for measuring the acoustically modulated electronic properties of geological formations and cement layers adjacent to cased boreholes. Current is passed from an electrode in electrical contact with the interior of the borehole casing to an electrode on the surface of the earth. Voltage measuring electrodes in electrical contact with the interior of the casing measure the voltage at various points thereon. The voltage differences between discrete pairs of the voltage measuring electrodes provide a measurement of the leakage current conducted into formation in the vicinity of those electrodes. Simultaneously subjecting the casing and formation to an acoustic source acoustically modulates the leakage current measured thereby providing a measure of the acoustically modulated electronic properties of the adjacent formation. Similarly, methods and apparatus are also described which measure the leakage current into formation while simultaneously subjecting the casing to an applied magnetic field which therefore allows measurement of the magnetically modulated electronic properties of the casing and the adjacent formation. 9 figures.
Vail, W.B. III.
Methods and apparatus are provided for measuring the acoustically modulated electronic properties of geological formations and cement layers adjacent to cased boreholes. Current is passed from an electrode in electrical contact with the interior of the borehole casing to an electrode on the surface of the earth. Voltage measuring electrodes in electrical contact with the interior of the casing measure the voltage at various points thereon. The voltage differences between discrete pairs of the voltage measuring electrodes provide a measurement of the leakage current conducted into formation in the vicinity of those electrodes. Simultaneously subjecting the casing and formation to an acoustic source acoustically modulates the leakage current measured thereby providing a measure of the acoustically modulated electronic properties of the adjacent formation. Similarly, methods and apparatus are also described which measure the leakage current into formation while simultaneously subjecting the casing to an applied magnetic field which therefore allows measurement of the magnetically modulated electronic properties of the casing and the adjacent formation.
Vail, III, William B. (Bothell, WA)
Definition: Controlled Source Audio MT | Open Energy Information
Definition Definition Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon » Definition: Controlled Source Audio MT Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Controlled Source Audio MT Controlled Source Audio-Magnetotellurics (CSAMT) is an active source application of a magnetotelluric survey aimed at providing a more reliable signal and rapid acquisition time relative to a natural source MT measurement.[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition Magnetotellurics (MT) is an electromagnetic geophysical method of imaging the earth's subsurface by measuring natural variations of electrical and magnetic fields at the Earth's surface. Investigation depth ranges from 300m below ground by recording higher frequencies down to 10,000m or deeper with long-period soundings. Developed in Russia and
Lithium battery safety and reliability
Lithium batteries have been used in a variety of applications for a number of years. As their use continues to grow, particularly in the consumer market, a greater emphasis needs to be placed on safety and reliability. There is a useful technique which can help to design cells and batteries having a greater degree of safety and higher reliability. This technique, known as fault tree analysis, can also be useful in determining the cause of unsafe behavior and poor reliability in existing designs.
Levy, S.C.
Reliability Results of NERSC Systems
of various systems at NERSC. They graciously provided meReliability Results of NERSC Systems Akbar Mokhtarani,William Kramer, Jason Hick NERSC - LBNL Abstract In order to
Mokhtarani, Akbar; Petascale Data Storage Institute (PDSI)
Kaipeng Liu, Xiaohong Gu. In practical applications of PV solar cells, long-term weathering durability and reliable performance are essential. ...
Substation Configuration Reliability 1 Reliability of Substation Configurations
-Repairable Components," Power Learn Electric Power Engineering Education, Module PE.PAS.U15.5, 2005. #12;SubstationSubstation Configuration Reliability 1 Reliability of Substation Configurations Daniel Nack, Iowa substation, it still contains what could be described as weak points or points of failure that would lead
McCalley, James D.
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
Subtopic c. References: Subtopic c. References: 1. Thomas B. Johansson, Henry Kelly, Amulya K.N. Reddy, and Robert H. Williams, "Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity", Island Press, 1993 2. Patrick Takahashi and Andrew Trenka, "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion", John Wiley & sons, 1996. *All references can be accessed at: http://archive.epri.com/oceanenergy/streamenergy.html#reports OFFICE OF ELECTRICITY DELIVERY AND ENERGY RELIABILITY 28. NATURAL DISASTER REDUCTION THROUGH TECHNOLOGY The U.S. electric power sector is a critical part of our society. Virtually all aspects of residential, industrial, and commercial activities depend on safe, reliable, and affordable electricity. Electricity is among the most infrastructure-intensive segments of the energy sector - the electricity grid includes a network of 5,000 power
Nocturnal Aerosol Optical Depth Measurements with a Small-Aperture Automated Photometer Using the Moon as a Light Source
A method is described that enables the use of lunar irradiance to obtain nighttime aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements using a small-aperture photometer. In this approach, the U.S. Geological Survey lunar calibration system was utilized to ...
Timothy A. Berkoff; Mikail Sorokin; Tom Stone; Thomas F. Eck; Raymond Hoff; Ellsworth Welton; Brent Holben
Identifying the sources of subsurface contamination at the Hanford site in Washington using high-precision uranium isotopic measurements
J.K. and Cowart, J.B. in Uranium Series Disequilibrium:using High-Precision Uranium Isotopic Measurements John N.groundwater plume of uranium (U) was detected in monitoring
Christensen, John N.; Dresel, P. Evan; Conrad, Mark E.; Maher, Kate; DePaolo, Donald J.
Weather Normalization of Reliability Indices
Weather significantly increases variability of reliability indices. This project focuses on exploring statistical correlations between weather parameters and system performance indices using historical utility reliability data and weather data. Using this information, various approaches for normalizing utility performance indices for variability in weather can be developed.
2004 Equipment Reliability Forum Proceedings
This report describes the proceedings of the EPRI 2004 Equipment Reliability Forum that was held September 13�14, 2004, in Kansas City, Missouri. This annual forum provides an opportunity for industry personnel involved in equipment reliability and related issues to exchange information and share experiences. It is structured to incorporate both formal presentations and open discussion.
Boiler Reliability Optimization: Interim Guideline
Competitive pressures to drive costs down in the new business environment sometimes conflict with the demands of increased reliability and quality of supply. The Boiler Reliability Optimization program, which makes use of a number of applicable EPRI technologies, was developed to assess, create, and implement an effective boiler maintenance strategy for the changing business environment.
North American Electric Reliability Corporation
Compliance filing regarding consistency of Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) regional reliability Standard WECC-TOP-STD-007-0 with NERC reliability standard Dear Ms. Michael: On July 9, 2007, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) filed an explanation regarding the consistency of WECC�s regional reliability standard WECC-TOP-STD-007-0 with respect to NERC Reliability Standard IRO-005-1. Notice of this filing was issued on July 12, 2007 with comments, protests or motions to intervene due on or before August 8, 2007. Notices of intervention and unopposed timely filed motions to intervene are granted pursuant to the operation of Rule 214 of the Commission�s Rules of Practice and Procedure (18 C.F.R. � 385.214). Any opposed or untimely filed motion to intervene is governed by the provisions of Rule 214. No protests or adverse comments were filed.
Docket No. Rr
Photovoltaic performance and reliability workshop
This workshop was the sixth in a series of workshops sponsored by NREL/DOE under the general subject of photovoltaic testing and reliability during the period 1986--1993. PV performance and PV reliability are at least as important as PV cost, if not more. In the US, PV manufacturers, DOE laboratories, electric utilities, and others are engaged in the photovoltaic reliability research and testing. This group of researchers and others interested in the field were brought together to exchange the technical knowledge and field experience as related to current information in this evolving field of PV reliability. The papers presented here reflect this effort since the last workshop held in September, 1992. The topics covered include: cell and module characterization, module and system testing, durability and reliability, system field experience, and standards and codes.
Mrig, L. [ed.
Reliability-based design optimization using efficient global reliability analysis.
Finding the optimal (lightest, least expensive, etc.) design for an engineered component that meets or exceeds a specified level of reliability is a problem of obvious interest across a wide spectrum of engineering fields. Various methods for this reliability-based design optimization problem have been proposed. Unfortunately, this problem is rarely solved in practice because, regardless of the method used, solving the problem is too expensive or the final solution is too inaccurate to ensure that the reliability constraint is actually satisfied. This is especially true for engineering applications involving expensive, implicit, and possibly nonlinear performance functions (such as large finite element models). The Efficient Global Reliability Analysis method was recently introduced to improve both the accuracy and efficiency of reliability analysis for this type of performance function. This paper explores how this new reliability analysis method can be used in a design optimization context to create a method of sufficient accuracy and efficiency to enable the use of reliability-based design optimization as a practical design tool.
Bichon, Barron J. (Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX); Mahadevan, Sankaran (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN); Eldred, Michael Scott
H- radio frequency source development at the Spallation Neutron Source
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) now routinely operates nearly 1 MW of beam power on target with a highly persistent {approx}38 mA peak current in the linac and an availability of {approx}90%. H{sup -} beam pulses ({approx}1 ms, 60 Hz) are produced by a Cs-enhanced, multicusp ion source closely coupled with an electrostatic low energy beam transport (LEBT), which focuses the 65 kV beam into a radio frequency quadrupole accelerator. The source plasma is generated by RF excitation (2 MHz, {approx}60 kW) of a copper antenna that has been encased with a thickness of {approx}0.7 mm of porcelain enamel and immersed into the plasma chamber. The ion source and LEBT normally have a combined availability of {approx}99%. Recent increases in duty-factor and RF power have made antenna failures a leading cause of downtime. This report first identifies the physical mechanism of antenna failure from a statistical inspection of {approx}75 antennas which ran at the SNS, scanning electron microscopy studies of antenna surface, and cross sectional cuts and analysis of calorimetric heating measurements. Failure mitigation efforts are then described which include modifying the antenna geometry and our acceptance/installation criteria. Progress and status of the development of the SNS external antenna source, a long-term solution to the internal antenna problem, are then discussed. Currently, this source is capable of delivering comparable beam currents to the baseline source to the SNS and, an earlier version, has briefly demonstrated unanalyzed currents up to {approx}100 mA (1 ms, 60 Hz) on the test stand. In particular, this paper discusses plasma ignition (dc and RF plasma guns), antenna reliability, magnet overheating, and insufficient beam persistence.
Welton, Robert F [ORNL; Pennisi, Terry R [ORNL; Roseberry, Ron T [ORNL; Stockli, Martin P [ORNL
Power Quality and Reliability: Mutually Exclusive or Mutually Dependent?
The electrical transmission and distribution system, situated between central generation and the end use, is often described as the utility power delivery system and is a major factor in both power quality and reliability. The point of delivery is the user's service entrance. Service entrance reliability has been measured based on the number and duration of outages attributed to the local utility, while quality at the service entrance is measured primarily by variations in voltage.An average ...
NREL: Gearbox Reliability Collaborative - About the Gearbox Reliability
About the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative About the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Premature gearbox failures have a significant impact on the cost of wind farm operations. In 2007, NREL initiated the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC). The project combines field testing, dynamometer testing, analysis, modeling, condition monitoring, development of a failure database, and operations and maintenance research in a multi-pronged approach to determine why wind turbine gearboxes do not always achieve their expected design life-the time period that manufacturers expect them to last. The collaborative of manufacturers, owners, operators, researchers, and consultants focuses on gearbox modeling and testing and the development of a gearbox failure database. Collaborative members also investigate gearbox
Fuel Reliability Program: Proposed RIA Acceptance Criteria
The NRC is in the process of finalizing the interim RIA failure criteria published in NUREG-0800, Standard Review Plan, Section 4.2, Fuel System Design, Revision 3. A technical evaluation of the RIA issue has been conducted under the auspices of the EPRI Fuel Reliability Program with the objective of proposing a final version of the interim RIA failure criteria for PCMI processes. The approach used in the technical evaluation combined experimental data from a variety of sources, including integral RIA-si...
Grid Equipment Reliability Study
Throughout the world, utilities have witnessed changes to electrical power markets. These changes have presented new and continuous challenges to maintaining the transmission system's integrity. In the past, emphasis at the transmission level has been on the system as a whole and not at the equipment level. This report summarizes the finding of a study that investigated the need to develop a new set of metrics and benchmarks to measure and compare grid equipment performance.
Field emission electron source
A novel field emitter material, field emission electron source, and commercially feasible fabrication method is described. The inventive field emission electron source produces reliable electron currents of up to 400 mA/cm.sup.2 at 200 volts. The emitter is robust and the current it produces is not sensitive to variability of vacuum or the distance between the emitter tip and the cathode. The novel emitter has a sharp turn-on near 100 volts.
Zettl, Alexander Karlwalter (Kensington, CA); Cohen, Marvin Lou (Berkeley, CA)
Estimating Reliability and Throughput of Source-synchronous
Department of Computer Science University of British Columbia firstname.lastname@example.com Alan J. Hu Department of Computer Science University of British Columbia firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT A central problem in functional, Verification Keywords Formal Verification, Regular Expressions, Pipelining, Alternation 1. INTRODUCTION
Lemieux, Guy
Reliable fuel source | Y-12 National Security Complex
Report | Volume 9, Issue 2 | 2013 Y-12 provides the U.S. Navy with feedstock from retired weapons systems to fuel nuclear-powered vessels. Y-12 provides the U.S. Navy with...
Inherently Reliable Boiler Component Design
This report summarizes the lessons learned during the last decade in efforts to improve the reliability and availability of boilers used in the production of electricity. The information in this report can assist in component modifications and new boiler designs.
EPRI Distribution Reliability Practices Repository
�A key objective of the Electric Power Research Institute�s (EPRI�s) research into distribution reliability practices is to identify, document, and provide practice summary descriptions to research participants in a format that facilitates comparison and aids decision makers in identifying the practices in place at other utilities that can be applied to a decision maker�s utility to improve performance.This report presents distribution reliability practice results ...
Photovoltaics performance and reliability workshop
This document consists of papers and viewgraphs compiled from the proceedings of a workshop held in September 1992. This workshop was the fifth in a series sponsored by NREL/DOE under the general subject areas of photovoltaic module testing and reliability. PV manufacturers, DOE laboratories, electric utilities and others exchanged technical knowledge and field experience. The topics of cell and module characterization, module and system performance, materials and module durability/reliability research, solar radiation, and applications are discussed.
Mrig, L. [ed.] [ed.
Mrig, L. (ed.) [ed.
Inverse modeling of CO2 sources and sinks using satellite observations of CO2 from TES and surface flask measurements
We infer CO2 surface fluxes using satellite observations of mid-tropospheric CO2 from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and measurements of CO2 from surface flasks in a time-independent inversion analysis based on the GEOS-Chem model. Using TES CO2 observations over oceans, spanning 40 S 40 N, we find that the horizontal and vertical coverage of the TES and flask data are complementary. This complementarity is demonstrated by combining the datasets in a joint inversion, which provides better constraints than from either dataset alone, when a posteriori CO2 distributions are evaluated against independent ship and aircraft CO2 data. In particular, the joint inversion offers improved constraints in the tropics where surface measurements are sparse, such as the tropical forests of South America. Aggregating the annual surface-to-atmosphere fluxes from the joint inversion for the year 2006 yields 1.13 0.21 PgC for the global ocean, 2.77 0.20 PgC for the global land biosphere and 3.90 0.29 PgC for the total global natural flux (defined as the sum of all biospheric, oceanic, and biomass burning contributions but excluding CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion). These global ocean and global land fluxes are shown to be near the median of the broad range of values from other inversion results for 2006. To achieve these results, a bias in TES CO2 in the Southern Hemisphere was assessed and corrected using aircraft flask data, and we demonstrate that our results have low sensitivity to variations in the bias correction approach. Overall, this analysis suggests that future carbon data assimilation systems can benefit by integrating in situ and satellite observations of CO2 and that the vertical information provided by satellite observations of mid-tropospheric CO2 combined with measurements of surface CO2, provides an important additional constraint for flux inversions.
Nassar, Ray [University of Toronto; Jones, DBA [University of Toronto; Kulawik, SS [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA; Worden, JR [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA; Bowman, K [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA; Andres, Robert Joseph [ORNL; Suntharalingam, P [University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Chen, j. [University of Toronto; Brenninkmeijer, CAM [Max Planck Institut fur Chemie, Mainz; Schuck, TJ [Max Planck Institut fur Chemie, Mainz; Conway, T.J. [NOAA, Boulder, CO; Worthy, DE [Environment Canada
Software reliability and dependability: a roadmap
Shifting the focus from software reliability to user-centred measures of dependability in complete software-based systems. Influencing design practice to facilitate dependability assessment. Propagating awareness of dependability issues and the use of existing, useful methods. Injecting some rigour in the use of process-related evidence for dependability assessment. Better understanding issues of diversity and variation as drivers of dependability. Bev Littlewood is founder-Director of the Centre for Software Reliability, and Professor of Software Engineering at City University, London. Prof Littlewood has worked for many years on problems associated with the modelling and evaluation of the dependability of software-based systems; he has published many papers in international journals and conference proceedings and has edited several books. Much of this work has been carried out in collaborative projects, including the successful EC-funded projects SHIP, PDCS, PDCS2, DeVa. He has been employed as a consultant to
Bev Littlewood; Lorenzo Strigini
Measuring Radiation
Measurement Activity SI Units and Prefixes Conversions Safety Around Radiation Sources Types of Radiation Exposure Managing Radiation Emergencies Procedure Demonstration...
Heat Source Lire,
Source Lire, Source Lire, (liayrICS-25 ) tooling Tulles (Ai 1,06:1) - 11 (31.118 Module Stack Thermoelectric Module:, (14) ltcal L/Mr r a it i lli tisli Block Mounting Interface MMRTG Design Housing (At 2219) Fin (At Go63) Thermal Insulation (Min-K & Microtherm) Space Radioisotope Power Systems Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator January 2008 What is a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator? Space exploration missions require safe, reliable, long-lived power systems to provide electricity and heat to spacecraft and their science instruments. A uniquely capable source of power is the radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) - essentially a nuclear battery that reliably converts heat into electricity. The Department of Energy and NASA are developing
Spectroscopic measurement of H(1S) and H sub 2 (v double prime ,J double prime ) in an H sup minus ion source plasma
Low pressure H{sub 2} discharges have been used for some time as sources of H{sup {minus}} ions. These discharges contain many different species of particles which interact with each other and with the walls of the discharge chamber. Models exist that predict the populations of the various species for given macroscopic discharge parameters. However, many of the cross sections and wall catalyzation coefficients are unknown or somewhat uncertain. Therefore, it is of interest to measure the populations of as many of these species as possible, in order to determine the validity of the models. These models predict that H{sup {minus}} is created predominantly by the two-step process of vibrational excitation of hydrogen molecules followed by dissociative attachment of slow electrons to these vibrationally-excited hydrogen molecules. Many different collisional processes must be included in the models to explain the dependence of the various populations upon macroscopic parameters. This work presents results of spectroscopic measurements of the density and translational temperature of hydrogen atoms and of specific rotationally- and vibrationally-excited states of electronic ground-state H{sub 2}, in a discharge optimized for H{sup {minus}} production, as well as conventional measurements of the various charged species within the plasma. The spectroscopic measurements are performed directly by narrowband, single-photon absorption in the vacuum ultraviolet.
Stutzin, G.C.
A technique for early software reliability prediction
In early developmental stages of software, failure data is not available to determine the reliability of software. But developers need reliability prediction for quality assessment and resource planning. We propose a model based on Reliability Block ...
Rakesh Tripathi; Rajib Mall
Towards Reliable Smart Microgrid Behavior Using Runtime Model Synthesis
The dominant paradigm of centralized power generation, characterized by heavy transmission losses, is being slowly replaced by the smart micro grid, which promises the proliferation of renewable and distributed energy sources. Micro grid reliability ... Keywords: High Assurance, Model-Driven Development, Model Management, Microgrid, SmartGrid, Runtime Models
Mark Allison; Karl A. Morris; Zhenyu Yang; Peter J. Clarke; Fabio M. Costa
Understanding Bulk Power Reliability: The Importance of Good Data and A
Understanding Bulk Power Reliability: The Importance of Good Data and A Understanding Bulk Power Reliability: The Importance of Good Data and A Critical Review of Existing Sources Title Understanding Bulk Power Reliability: The Importance of Good Data and A Critical Review of Existing Sources Publication Type Report Year of Publication 2012 Authors Fisher, Emily, Joseph H. Eto, and Kristina Hamachi LaCommare Pagination 11 Date Published 01/2012 Publisher LBNL City Berkeley Keywords electricity markets and policy group, energy analysis and environmental impacts department, power system reliability, power system reliability metrics, transmission system reliability Abstract Bulk power system reliability is of critical importance to the electricity sector. Complete and accurate information on events affecting the bulk power system is essential for assessing trends and efforts to maintain or improve reliability. Yet, current sources of this information were not designed with these uses in mind. They were designed, instead, to support real-time emergency notification to industry and government first-responders. This paper reviews information currently collected by both industry and government sources for this purpose and assesses factors that might affect their usefulness in supporting the academic literature that has relied upon them to draw conclusions about the reliability of the US electric power system.
Distribution Reliability Indices Tracking Within the United States
Distribution reliability statistics, based on sustained interruptions, are the primary benchmark used by utilities and regulators to identify service quality and to measure performance. More than 20 states now require some level of annual reporting on the quality of service in terms of frequency and duration of sustained interruptions. Included in such reporting is documentation of specific distribution reliability indices such as the System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) and System Average...
Strategic Insights on Security, Quality, Reliability, and Availability
This report provides security criteria and performance metrics for assessing the electric power system. It is part of a larger project on the strategy for managing security, quality, reliability, and availability (SQRA) performance of electric power systems. The main focus of this update is measurement of the security component. It also addresses emerging North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) operating and planning standards and their roles in managing SQRA performance. This report is intend...
Recommendations to Address Power Reliability Concerns Raised...
Reliability Concerns Raised as a Result of Pending Environmental Regulations for Electric Generation Stations Recommendations to Address Power Reliability Concerns Raised as a...
Demand Response as a System Reliability Resource
Demand Response as a System Reliability Resource Title Demand Response as a System Reliability Resource Publication Type Report Year of Publication 2012 Authors Eto, Joseph H.,...
Comments of North American Electric Reliability Corporation ...
American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to DOE Smart Grid RFI: Addressing Policy and Logistical Challenges Comments of North American Electric Reliability Corporation...
Maximal Reliability for Unit-weighted Composites
Maximal Reliability for Unit-weighted Composites Peter M.Maximal Reliability for Unit-weighted Composites Althoughconsistency coefficient for a unit-weighted composite. The
Peter M. Bentler
Reliability Technology earns prestigious Los Alamos award
Reliability Technology earns award Reliability Technology earns prestigious Los Alamos award LANL has honored Michael Hamada, Harry Martz and a team of researchers with its first...
Information Concerning Reliability Impacts under Various System...
Information Concerning Reliability Impacts under Various System Configurations of the Mirant Potomac River Plant Information Concerning Reliability Impacts under Various System...
Electricity & Energy Reliability (WFP) | Department of Energy
Electricity & Energy Reliability (WFP) Electricity & Energy Reliability (WFP) The purpose of the workforce Plan is to provide focus and direction to Human Resources (HR) strategy....
Electronic reliability estimation: how reliable are the results?
The development of Safety Critical Systems requires the compliance to several safety standards and regulations. Since, most of the times, human life is at stake, it is crucial to fully understand the behaviour of the system being developed in order to ... Keywords: MIL-Hdbk-217F, MTTF, estimation, reliability
Nuno Silva; Rui Lopes
Transformer Thermal Modeling: Improving Reliability Using Data Quality Control
1 Transformer Thermal Modeling: Improving Reliability Using Data Quality Control Daniel J. Tylavsky--Eventually all large transformers will be dynamically loaded using models updated regularly from field measured data. Models obtained from measured data give more accurate results than models based on transformer
Measured Performance and Analysis of Ground Source Heat Pumps for Space Conditioning and for Water Heating in a Low-Energy Test House Operated under Simulated Occupancy Conditions
In this paper we present measured performance and efficiency metrics of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) for space conditioning and for water heating connected to a horizontal ground heat exchanger (GHX) loop. The units were installed in a 345m2 (3700ft2) high-efficiency test house built with structural insulated panels (SIPs), operated under simulated occupancy conditions, and located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee (USA) in US Climate Zone 4 . The paper describes distinctive features of the building envelope, ground loop, and equipment, and provides detailed monthly performance of the GSHP system. Space conditioning needs of the house were completely satisfied by a nominal 2-ton (7.0 kW) water-to-air GSHP (WA-GSHP) unit with almost no auxiliary heat usage. Recommendations for further improvement through engineering design changes are identified. The comprehensive set of data and analyses demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of GSHPs in residential applications and their potential to help achieve source energy and greenhouse gas emission reduction targets set under the IECC 2012 Standard.
Ally, Moonis Raza [ORNL; Munk, Jeffrey D [ORNL; Baxter, Van D [ORNL; Gehl, Anthony C [ORNL
Electric Reliability & Hurricane Preparedness Plan
plant that will improve reliability and stabilize fuel costs · Help meet future load growth and reserve;Mississippi Power Company · Headquartered - Gulfport · Subsidiary of Southern Company · Serves 23 counties Southeast Mississippi · 192,000 retail customers · Generating capacity: 3,166,192 kW · Plant Radcliffe
Wind turbine reliability database update.
This report documents the status of the Sandia National Laboratories' Wind Plant Reliability Database. Included in this report are updates on the form and contents of the Database, which stems from a fivestep process of data partnerships, data definition and transfer, data formatting and normalization, analysis, and reporting. Selected observations are also reported.
Peters, Valerie A.; Hill, Roger Ray; Stinebaugh, Jennifer A.; Veers, Paul S.
This proceedings is the compilation of papers presented at the ninth PV Performance and Reliability Workshop held at the Sheraton Denver West Hotel on September 4--6, 1996. This years workshop included presentations from 25 speakers and had over 100 attendees. All of the presentations that were given are included in this proceedings. Topics of the papers included: defining service lifetime and developing models for PV module lifetime; examining and determining failure and degradation mechanisms in PV modules; combining IEEE/IEC/UL testing procedures; AC module performance and reliability testing; inverter reliability/qualification testing; standardization of utility interconnect requirements for PV systems; need activities to separate variables by testing individual components of PV systems (e.g. cells, modules, batteries, inverters,charge controllers) for individual reliability and then test them in actual system configurations; more results reported from field experience on modules, inverters, batteries, and charge controllers from field deployed PV systems; and system certification and standardized testing for stand-alone and grid-tied systems.
Kroposki, B.
Exceptional situations and program reliability
It is difficult to write programs that behave correctly in the presence of run-time errors. Proper behavior in the face of exceptional situations is important to the reliability of long-running programs. Existing programming language features often provide ... Keywords: Error handling, compensating transactions, linear sagas, linear types, resource management
Westley Weimer; George C. Necula
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
The Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) drives electric grid modernization and resiliency in the energy infrastructure while working to enable innovation across the energy sector, empowering American consumers, and securing our energy future. The OE mission and the leadership role OE plays in the energy industry directly support the President's effort to accelerate the transformation of America's energy system
Fissible Deposit Characterization at the Former Oak Ridge K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant by {sup 252}CF-Source-Driven Measurements
The Deposit Removal Project was undertaken with the support of the U. S. Department of Energy at the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) formerly the Oak Ridge K-25 Site. The project team performed the safe removal of the hydrated uranyl fluoride (UO{sub 2}F{sub 2}) deposits from the K-29 Building of the former Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. The deposits had developed as a result of air leakage into UF{sub 6} gas process pipes; UO{sub 2}F{sub 2} became hydrated by moisture from the air and deposited inside the pipes. The mass, its distribution, and the hydrogen content [that is, the ratio of H to U (H/U)], were the key parameters that controlled the nuclear criticality safety of the deposits. Earlier gamma-ray spectrometry measurements in K-29 had identified the largest deposits in the building. The first and third largest deposits in the building were measured in this program. The first deposit, found in the Unit 2, Cell 7, B-Line Outlet process pipe (called the ''Hockey Stick'') was about 1,300 kg ({+-} 50% uncertainty) at 3.34 wt% {sup 235}U enrichment ({+-}50% uncertainty) and according to the gamma-ray spectroscopy was uniformly distributed. The second deposit (the third-largest deposit in the building), found in the Unit 2, Cell 6, A-Line Outlet process pipe (called the ''Tee-Pipe''), had a uranium deposit estimated to be about 240 kg ({+-} 50% uncertainty) at 3.4 wt % {sup 235}U enrichment ({+-} 20% uncertainty). Before deposit removal activities began, the Deposit Removal Project team needed to survey the inside of the pipes intrusively to assess the nuclear criticality safety of the deposits. Therefore, the spatial distribution of the deposits, the total uranium deposit mass, and the moderation level resulting from hydration of the deposits, all of which affect nuclear criticality safety were required. To perform the task safely and effectively, the Deposit Removal Project team requested that Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) characterize the two largest deposits with the {sup 252}Cf-source-driven transmission (CFSDT) technique, an active neutron interrogation method developed for use at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant to identify nuclear weapons components in containers. The active CFSDT measurement technique uses CFSDT time-of-flight measurements of prompt neutrons and gamma rays from an externally introduced {sup 252}Cf source.
Hannon, T.F.; Mihalczo, J.T.; Mullens, J.A.; Uckan, T.; Valentine, T.E.; Wyatt, M.S.
Reliability analysis of containment isolation systems
This report summarizes the results of the Reliability Analysis of Containment Isolation System Project. Work was performed in five basic areas: design review, operating experience review, related research review, generic analysis and plant specific analysis. Licensee Event Reports (LERs) and Integrated Leak Rate Test (ILRT) reports provided the major sources of containment performance information used in this study. Data extracted from LERs were assembled into a computer data base. Qualitative and quantitative information developed for containment performance under normal operating conditions and design basis accidents indicate that there is room for improvement. A rough estimate of overall containment unavailability for relatively small leaks which violate plant technical specifications is 0.3. An estimate of containment unavailability due to large leakage events is in the range of 0.001 to 0.01. These estimates are dependent on several assumptions (particularly on event duration times) which are documented in the report.
Pelto, P.J.; Ames, K.R.; Gallucci, R.H.
Defining Requirements for Improved Photovoltaic System Reliability
Reliable systems are an essential ingredient of any technology progressing toward commercial maturity and large-scale deployment. This paper defines reliability as meeting system fictional requirements, and then develops a framework to understand and quantify photovoltaic system reliability based on initial and ongoing costs and system value. The core elements necessary to achieve reliable PV systems are reviewed. These include appropriate system design, satisfactory component reliability, and proper installation and servicing. Reliability status, key issues, and present needs in system reliability are summarized for four application sectors.
Maish, A.B.
2013 Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review | Department of Energy
Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review 2013 Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review The Transmission Reliability Program Peer Review included six sessions over 2 days on June 27 - 28, 2013. Presentations are available through the individual session links. The agenda and introduction by Joe Eto, LBNL, are available below. Day 1: June 27 Session I Baselining Studies and Analysis, Bharat Bhargava, EPG Baselining Studies and Analysis, Brett Amidan, PNNL Synchrophasor Standards Support and Development, Ken Martin, EPG Session II Advanced Synchrophasor Metrology, Stan Hadley, ORNL GPS Issue Management, Mark Buckner, ORNL Technology Assessment for Next Generation PMU, Mark Buckner, ORNL Session III Measurement-Based Stability Assessment, Dan Trudnowski, U. Montana
Nondestructive Performance Characterization Techniques for Module Reliability
This paper describes nondestructive characterization techniques for module reliability. These techniques include light and dark current versus voltage and related analysis such as resistance, diode quality factor, and dark current. The use of the NREL laser scanner at zero volts and forward bias is also described as a technique to uncover cracks, shunts, and open-circuit regions in a module. Quantum-efficiency measurements of isolated cells or regions in a module are also possible. The interpretation of laser-scanning data is enhanced by hot-spot testing with an infrared camera or thermographic paper. Specialized nondestructive techniques have also been developed to determine the shunt resistance of individual cells in a module by selective shading of cells under sunlight. Ultraviolet fluorescence and reflectivity measurements at NREL have proven useful in evaluating encapsulant stability.
Emery, K.
Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Bearing Calibration
NREL has initiated the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) to investigate the root cause of the low wind turbine gearbox reliability. The GRC follows a multi-pronged approach based on a collaborative of manufacturers, owners, researchers and consultants. The project combines analysis, field testing, dynamometer testing, condition monitoring, and the development and population of a gearbox failure database. At the core of the project are two 750kW gearboxes that have been redesigned and rebuilt so that they are representative of the multi-megawatt gearbox topology currently used in the industry. These gearboxes are heavily instrumented and are tested in the field and on the dynamometer. This report discusses the bearing calibrations of the gearboxes.
van Dam, J.
Emerging Grid Reliability Improvement Technologies
The initial phase of a planned comprehensive Eastern Interconnection (EI) segmentation study is complete. As part of the preparations for completion of the EI study, and to carry out a similar effort for the Western Interconnection (WI), it was necessary to first investigate the potential of other technologies to compete with segmentation. This report discusses emerging grid reliability improvement technologies, providing a perspective on the pros and cons of segmentation, the grid shock absorber concept...
Recent analysis of offshore wind turbine foundations using both applicable API and IEC standards show that the total load demand from wind and waves is greatest in wave driven storms. Further, analysis of overturning moment loads (OTM) reveal that impact forces exerted by breaking waves are the largest contributor to OTM in big storms at wind speeds above the operating range of 25 m/s. Currently, no codes or standards for offshore wind power generators have been adopted by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) for use on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Current design methods based on allowable stress design (ASD) incorporate the uncertainty in the variation of loads transferred to the foundation and geotechnical capacity of the soil and rock to support the loads is incorporated into a factor of safety. Sources of uncertainty include spatial and temporal variation of engineering properties, reliability of property measurements applicability and sufficiency of sampling and testing methods, modeling errors, and variability of estimated load predictions. In ASD these sources of variability are generally given qualitative rather than quantitative consideration. The IEC 61400‐3 design standard for offshore wind turbines is based on ASD methods. Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) methods are being increasingly used in the design of structures. Uncertainties such as those listed above can be included quantitatively into the LRFD process. In LRFD load factors and resistance factors are statistically based. This type of analysis recognizes that there is always some probability of failure and enables the probability of failure to be quantified. This paper presents an integrated approach consisting of field observations and numerical simulation to establish the distribution of loads from breaking waves to support the LRFD of fixed offshore foundations.
Nichols, R.
AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - SERC Reliability Corporation
Gateway Gateway Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 110, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Gateway Reliability First Corporation SERC Reliability Corporation Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011:Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - SERC Reliability Corporation / Gateway- Reference Case (xls, 118.9 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed
AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - Florida Reliability
Florida Reliability Florida Reliability Coordinating Council Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 99, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released July 20th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Energy Generation Florida Fuel Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - Florida Reliability Coordinating Council- Reference Case (xls, 118.9 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed
ASEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - SERC Reliability
ASEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - SERC Reliability ASEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - SERC Reliability Corporation / Virginia-Carolina Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 88, and contains only the reference case. The data is broken down into electric power sector, cumulative planned additions,cumulative unplanned additions,cumulative retirements, end-use sector, electricity sales, net energy for load, generation by fuel type and price by service category. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO Carolina EIA Electric power projections Virginia Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon ASEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - SERC Reliability Corporation / Virginia-Carolina- Reference Case (xls, 259.3 KiB)
AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - Florida Reliability
Florida Reliability Florida Reliability Coordinating Council Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 74, and contains only the reference case. The data is broken down into electric power sector, cumulative planned additions,cumulative unplanned additions,cumulative retirements, end-use sector, electricity sales, net energy for load, generation by fuel type and price by service category. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Electric Power Florida projections Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - Florida Reliability Coordinating Council- Reference Case (xls, 259.3 KiB)
AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - Reliability First
Reliability First Reliability First Corporation / West Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 83, and contains only the reference case. The data is broken down into electric power sector, cumulative planned additions,cumulative unplanned additions,cumulative retirements, end-use sector, electricity sales, net energy for load, generation by fuel type and price by service category. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Electric Power projections Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - Reliability First Corporation / West- Reference Case (xls, 259.5 KiB)
NREL: Wind Research - Gearbox Reliability Collaborative
Research Research Search More Search Options Site Map Premature gearbox failures have a significant impact on the cost of wind farm operations. In 2007, NREL initiated the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC). The project combines analysis, field testing, dynamometer testing, condition monitoring, and the development and population of a gearbox failure database in a multi-pronged approach to determine why many wind turbine gearboxes do not achieve their expected design life-the time period that manufacturers expect them to last. Read about: The Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Projects Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Research and Development Working with the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Publications
Reliability-Centered Maintenance | Department of Energy
Reliability-Centered Maintenance Reliability-Centered Maintenance Reliability-Centered Maintenance October 7, 2013 - 9:48am Addthis Reliability-centered maintenance leverages the same practices and technologies of predictive maintenance. The difference is that reliability-centered maintenance recognizes that: Equipment design and operations differ Different equipment has different probabilities of failure All equipment is not of equal importance to facility operations Facilities have limited financial and personnel resources. While reliability-centered maintenance relies on predictive maintenance practices and technologies, it also recognizes that maintenance on inexpensive and/or unimportant equipment may be better served by a reactive or predictive maintenance approach. Each of the aforementioned factors are
Microgrids and Heterogeneous Security, Quality, Reliability, and Availability
and Energy Reliability, Distribution System Integrationand Energy Reliability, Distribution System Integration
Marnay, Chris
A reliability assessment methodology for distribution systems with distributed generation
Reliability assessment is of primary importance in designing and planning distribution systems that operate in an economic manner with minimal interruption of customer loads. With the advances in renewable energy sources, Distributed Generation (DG), is forecasted to increase in distribution networks. The study of reliability evaluation of such networks is a relatively new area. This research presents a new methodology that can be used to analyze the reliability of such distribution systems and can be applied in preliminary planning studies for such systems. The method uses a sequential Monte Carlo simulation of the distribution system�?s stochastic model to generate the operating behavior and combines that with a path augmenting Max flow algorithm to evaluate the load status for each state change of operation in the system. Overall system and load point reliability indices such as hourly loss of load, frequency of loss of load and expected energy unserved can be computed using this technique. On addition of DG in standby mode of operation at specific locations in the network, the reliability indices can be compared for different scenarios and strategies for placement of DG and their capacities can be determined using this methodology.
Duttagupta, Suchismita Sujaya
Automate feeders to improve reliability
Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (PG and E) improved system reliability and saved money with an alarm and control system for substation distribution switches using remote control by standard telephone-communication links. The method is especially well suited for urban and suburban areas with independent telephone and power systems. The automated systems can also add capability to areas now limited by the emergency capability. The primary distribution alarm and control system has both a substation and a field switch element. Photographs accompanying the description help to explain how the controls work. 7 figures. (DCK)
Real Time Grid Reliability Management 2005
transmission planning to evaluate future needs under different assumptions for resource availability,transmission operators depend on to ensure system reliability. The assumption of availabilitytransmission operators depend on to ensure system reliability. The assumption of traditional governor availability
Eto, Joe
Definition: Regional Reliability Plan | Open Energy Information
reliability Coordinator References Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An i LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. nline...
Reliability Challenges for Solar Energy (Presentation)
Presentation that reviews reliability issues related to various types of photovoltaic tecnnologies, including crystalline silicon, thin films, and concentrating PV.
Kurtz, S.
Reliability properties of bivariate conditional proportional hazard rate models
In this paper, we study reliability properties in two classes of bivariate continuous distributions based on specification of conditional hazard functions. These classes were constructed by conditioning on two different kinds of events in Arnold and ... Keywords: 62E10, 62H05, Bivariate exponential distribution, Conditionally specified distributions, Dependence measures, Failure rate, Hazard gradient
Jorge Navarro; Jos� Mar�A Sarabia
Streamlined Reliability Centered Maintenance Analysis Application Update
A systematic evaluation of plant equipment and maintenance requirements using reliability centered maintenance (RCM) techniques can help hold down operating costs while maintaining plant availability and reliability. This report describes the application of streamlined reliability centered maintenance (streamlined RCM) methodology and software at four utilities.
Mathematical Reliability Theory: From The Beginning to . . .
It is argued that the mathematical theory of reliability as a separate discipline began in 1961 with the publication of Multi-component systems and their structures and their reliability by Birnbaum, Esary and Saunders. Prior to this time, mathematicians were just applying standard mathematical techniques such as queueing theory, statistics and probability to engineering reliability problems. We
Richard E. Barlow
Reliability Considerations from Integration of Smart Grid
Considerations Considerations from the Integration of Smart Grid 116-390 Village Blvd., Princeton, NJ 08540 609.452.8060 | 609.452.9550 fax www.nerc.com the reliability of the to ensure bulk power system December 2010 (This page intentionally left blank) to ensure the reliability of the bulk power system Reliability Considerations of Integration of Smart Grid i
Spark protected ion source control and monitoring system at 1. 5 MV
The Heavy Ion Fusion Program at Argonne National Laboratory utilizes a 1.5 Mv Xe ion preaccelerator. Reliable beam transport requires accurate measurements and precise control of various ion source parameters. A discussion is presented of the use of a multiplexed fiber optic data transmission system and low cost digital stepper motors for control functions. Techniques are discussed which allow TTL and CMOS semiconductor circuits to survive the destructive sparks which can occur in the 1.5 Mv preaccelerator. 5 refs.
Bogaty, J.M.; Zolecki, R.
Source options for nuclear weapons identification system
This report briefly presents the advantages and disadvantages of two timed sources of neutrons that can be used with the source-driven noise analysis method: (1) {sup 252}Cf in an ionization chamber and (2) an associated-particle sealed tube neutron generator (APSTNG). These sources can be used with frequency and time analysis methods for nuclear weapons identification, quality assurance in production, special nuclear materials assay, criticality safety, and provision of measured data for verification of neutron and gamma ray transport calculational methods. The advantages of {sup 252}Cf for a nuclear materials identification system are that it is simple, reliable, and small and that all source events are detected. The disadvantages are that it cannot be turned off, leads to small radiation doses in handling, and produces more than one neutron per fission event. The advantages of APSTNG are that it is directional, can be turned off, and has one particle per deuterium-tritium reaction. The disadvantages are that it is large and complicated compared to {sup 252}Cf.
Mihalczo, J.T.; Koehler, P.E.; Valentine, T.E.; Phillips, L.D.
High reliability plastic packaging for microelectronics
Goal was Assembly Test Chips (ATCs) which could be used for evaluating plastic encapsulation technologies. Circuits were demonstrated for measuring Au-Al wirebond and Al metal corrosion failure rates during accelerated temperature and humidity testing. The test circuits on the ATC02.5 chip were very sensitive to extrinsic or processing induced failure rates. Accelerated aging experiments were conducted with unpassivated triple track Al structures on the ATC02.6 chip; the unpassivated tracks were found to be very sensitive to particulate contamination. Some modifications to existing circuitry were suggested. The piezoresistive stress sensing circuitry designed for the ATC04 test chip was found suitable for determining the change in the state of mechanical stress at the die when both initial and final measurements were made near room temperature (RT). Attempt to measure thermal stress between RT and a typical polymer glass transition temperature failed because of excessive die resistor- substrate leakage currents at the high temperature end; suitable circuitry changes were developed to overcome this problem. One temperature and humidity experiment was conducted with Sandia developed static radom access memory parts to examine non-corrosion CMOS failures; this objective was not achieved, but corrosion failure at the metal to Si contacts on the die surface could be detected. This 2-year effort resulted in new designs for test circuits which could be used on an advanced ATC for reliability assessment in Defense Programs electronics development projects.
Sweet, J.N.; Peterson, D.W.; Hsia, A.H.; Tuck, M.
Definition: Reliability Coordinator Information System | Open Energy
Reliability Coordinator Information System Reliability Coordinator Information System Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Reliability Coordinator Information System The system that Reliability Coordinators use to post messages and share operating information in real time.[1] Related Terms Reliability Coordinator References ↑ Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. inline Glossary Definition Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Reliability_Coordinator_Information_System&oldid=480407" Categories: Definitions ISGAN Definitions What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Browse properties 429 Throttled (bot load) Error 429 Throttled (bot load) Throttled (bot load)
A Reliable Natural Language Interface
As household appliances grow in complexity and sophistication, they become harder and harder to use, particularly because of their tiny display screens and limited keyboards. This paper describes a strategy for building natural language interfaces to appliances that circumvents these problems. Our approach leverages decades of research on planning and natural language interfaces to databases by reducing the appliance problem to the database problem; the reduction provably maintains desirable properties of the database interface. The paper goes on to describe the implementation and evaluation of the EXACT interface to appliances, which is based on this reduction. EXACT maps each English user request to an SQL query, which is transformed to create a PDDL goal, and uses the Blackbox planner [13] to map the planning problem to a sequence of appliance commands that satisfy the original request. Both theoretical arguments and experimental evaluation show that EXACT is highly reliable.
To Household Appliances; Alexander Yates
Shielding analysis of neuron emitting sealed sources in S100 pipe component OVERPACK/TRUPACT-11 geometries using MCNP transport code and empirical measurements
The purpose of this work was to estimate an upper bound for the dose at the mid-plane on the surface of a S100 Overpack, i.e., a specially designed drum for transuranium (TRU) waste containing shielding and sealed neutron sources. In addition, the dose at the surface and at a distance for a TRUPACT-II Container with 14 S100 Overpack drums was also estimated for the Normal Conditions of Transport (NCT), for Normal Condition of Transport with crushed Overpacks and for accident conditions. The source modeled was a Plutonium-Beryllium source with the Plutonium infinitely dilute in the Beryllium. In the calculations, a source of one curie per drum was modeled. The resulting dose from the calculations may be scaled to reflect multi-curie level sources. When these results are scaled to 28 curies per drum, the limiting payload, the dose rates obtained meet the requirements of the TRUPACT-II Safety Analysis Report.
Perry, R. T. (Robert T.); Brown, T. H. (Thomas H.); Tompkins, J. A.
Understand and isolate sources of gearbox failures; Improve understanding of internal loads and response; Normal operation and transients; Improve analysis tools to accurately simulate response; Improve ability to reproduce field response in dyno testing; Evaluate how CM augments design and O and M.
Keller, J.; McDade, M.; LaCava, W.; Guo, Y.; Sheng, S.
Market Manual 11: Reliability Compliance Part 11.3: Reliability
A catalogue of the information that is to be shared between the IESO and Market Participants in relation to maintaining the reliability of the IESO-controlled grid Public Disclaimer The posting of documents on this Web site is done for the convenience of market participants and other interested visitors to the IESO Web site. Please be advised that, while the IESO attempts to have all posted documents conform to the original, changes can result from the original, including changes resulting from the programs used to format the documents for posting on the Web site as well as from the programs used by the viewer to download and read the documents. The IESO makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, that the documents on this Web site are exact reproductions of the original documents listed. In addition, the documents and information posted on this Web site are subject to change. The IESO may revise, withdraw or make final these materials at any time at its sole discretion without further notice. It is solely your responsibility to ensure that you are using up-to-date documents and information. This document may contain a summary of a particular market rule. Where provided, the summary has
Information Catalogue
Managing Reliability in the 21st Century
The rapid pace of change at Ike end of the 20th Century should continue unabated well into the 21st Century. The driver will be the marketplace imperative of "faster, better, cheaper." This imperative has already stimulated a revolution-in-engineering in design and manufacturing. In contrast, to date, reliability engineering has not undergone a similar level of change. It is critical that we implement a corresponding revolution-in-reliability-engineering as we enter the new millennium. If we are still using 20th Century reliability approaches in the 21st Century, then reliability issues will be the limiting factor in faster, better, and cheaper. At the heart of this reliability revolution will be a science-based approach to reliability engineering. Science-based reliability will enable building-in reliability, application-specific products, virtual qualification, and predictive maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate a dialogue on the future of reliability engineering. We will try to gaze into the crystal ball and predict some key issues that will drive reliability programs in the new millennium. In the 21st Century, we will demand more of our reliability programs. We will need the ability to make accurate reliability predictions that will enable optimizing cost, performance and time-to-market to meet the needs of every market segment. We will require that all of these new capabilities be in place prior to the stint of a product development cycle. The management of reliability programs will be driven by quantifiable metrics of value added to the organization business objectives.
Dellin, T.A.
quality, reliability, and availability,� IEEE Power & EnergyReliability, and Availability Chris Marnay EnvironmentalQuality, Reliability, and Availability C. Marnay Ernest
CERTS 2012 Program Review - Automatic Reliability Reports (ARR...
prototype at MISO: Architecture, Grid Monitoring Visualization and Grid Reliability Tracking Grid Automatic Reliability Report (GARR) Page 1 Automatic Reliability Reports (ARR)...
Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Fact Sheet - Establish Reliable...
Establish Reliable Fuel Services Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Fact Sheet - Establish Reliable Fuel Services GNEP would build and strengthen a reliable international fuel...
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability | Department of Energy
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability information about the delivery of electricity and energy reliability Electricity Delivery...
Wind Farm Diversification and Its Impact on Power System Reliability
As wind exploitation gains prominence in the power industry, the extensive use of this intermittent source of power may heavily rely on our ability to select the best combination of wind farming sites that yields maximal reliability of power systems at minimal cost. This research proposes a general method to minimize the wind park global power output variance by optimally distributing a predetermined number of wind turbines over a preselected number of potential wind farming sites for which the wind patterns are statistically known. The objective is to demonstrate the benefits of diversification for the reliability of wind-sustained systems through the search for steadier overall power outputs. Three years of wind data from the recent NREL/3TIER study in the western US provides the statistics for evaluating each site for their mean power output, variance and correlation with each other so that the best allocations can be determined. Some traditional reliability indices such as the LOLP are computed by using sequential Monte Carlo simulations to emulate the behavior of a power system uniquely composed of wind turbines and a load modeled from the 1996 IEEE RTS. It is shown that configurations featuring minimal global power output variances generally prove the most reliable for moderate load cases, provided the sites are not significantly correlated with the modeled load. Under these conditions, the choice of uncorrelated/negatively correlated sites is favored. The correlations between the optimized global wind power outputs and the modeled load are studied as well.
Degeilh, Yannick
Viability, Development, and Reliability Assessment of Coupled Coastal Forecasting Systems
Real-time wave forecasts are critical to a variety of coastal and offshore opera- tions. NOAA�s global wave forecasts, at present, do not extend into many coastal regions of interest. Even after more than two decades of the historical Exxon Valdez disaster, Cook Inlet (CI) and Prince William Sound (PWS) are regions that suffer from a lack of accurate wave forecast information. This dissertation develops high- resolution integrated wave forecasting schemes for these regions in order to meet the critical requirements associated with shipping, commercial and sport fishing vessel safety, and oil spill response. This dissertation also performs a detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment of the impact of various forcing functions on wave pre- dictions, and develops maps showing extreme variations in significant wave heights (SWHs). For instance, it is found that the SWH could vary by as much as 1 m in the northern CI region in the presence of currents (hence justifying the need for integration of the wave model with a circulation model). Such maps can be useful for several engineering operations, and could also serve as guidance tool as to what can be expected in certain regions. Aside from the system development, the issue of forecast reliability is also addressed for PWS region in the context of the associated uncertainty which confronts the manager of engineering operations or other planners. For this purpose, high-resolution 36-h daily forecasts of SWHs are compared with measurements from buoys and satellites for about a year. The results show that 70% of the peak SWHs in the range 5-8 m were predicted with an accuracy of 15% or less for a forecast lead time of 9 h. On average, results indicate 70% or greater likelihood of the prediction falling within a tolerance of �(1*RMSE) for all lead times. This analysis could not be performed for CI due to lack of data sources.
Singhal, Gaurav
Sources and production of organic aerosol in Mexico City: insights from the combination of a chemical transport model (PMCAMx-2008) and measurements
Urban areas are large sources of organic aerosols and their precursors. Nevertheless, the contributions of primary (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to the observed particulate matter levels have been difficult to ...
Tsimpidi, A. P.
Sources - CECM
help � annotate � Contents Next: References Up: RamanujanModular Equations, Previous: Ramanujan's sum. Sources. [Annotate] � [Shownotes]. References [7]�...
Thulium heat sources for space power applications
Reliable power supplies for use in transportation and remote systems will be an important part of space exploration terrestrial activities. A potential power source is available in the rare earth metal, thulium. Fuel sources can be produced by activating Tm-169 targets in the space station reactor. The resulting Tm-170 heat sources can be used in thermoelectric generators to power instrumentation and telecommunications located at remote sites such as weather stations. As the heat source in a dynamic Sterling or Brayton cycle system, the heat source can provide a lightweight power source for rovers or other terrestrial transportation systems.
Alderman, C.J.
design and reliability of solder interconnections
X. Wu, K. Hu, X. Dou, G. Mui, C.-P. Yeh and K. Wyatt. Combined ... Reliability Considerations When Choosing Water Soluble Flux for Electronic Assembly [pp.
Comments of Cisco Systems to Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Department of Energy in Response to Request for Information: Addressing Policy and Logistical...
CMOS Reliability and Advanced Devices Group
... electron devices for the electronics industry by ... reliability issues in emerging electronic devices. ... Power Device and Thermal Metrology�The Power ...
Improving Wind Turbine Gearbox Reliability: Preprint
This paper describes a new research and development initiative to improve gearbox reliability in wind turbines begun at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado, USA.
Musial, W.; Butterfield, S.; McNiff, B.
Mechanical Reliability Study on Porous Brittle Materials
Presentation Title, Mechanical Reliability Study on Porous Brittle Materials. Author(s), Xiaofeng Fan, Eldon D Case, Fei Ren, Yutian Shu, Melissa J Baumann .
Definition: Transmission Reliability | Open Energy Information
to ensure reliable system operation as system conditions change.1 Related Terms transmission lines, transfer capability, system, transmission line References Glossary...
period, the traditional approach to reliability management - construction of new transmission lines - has not been pursued due to unresolved issues related to the...
Impacts under Various System Configurations of the Mirant Potomac River Plant Information Concerning Reliability Impacts under Various System Configurations of the Mirant...
Substation reliability -- Practical application and system approach
Practical application of reliability analysis was made for the comparison of alternate line and bus arrangements of a future transmission substation with potential savings of up to $3.6 M. The paper describes how both the substation and the power system were simulated by using computer programs STAREL and COMREL. It presents the method used to obtain the most accurate estimates for the outage data of the system components. Finally, it expresses the results with simple reliability indices which can be meaningful for management. The results of the study show the need to include the reliability of the transmission system in a substation reliability evaluation.
Save, P. [Southern California Edison Co., Rosemead, CA (United States)
Reliability evaluation of smart distribution grids.
??The term "Smart Grid" generally refers to a power grid equipped with the advanced technologies dedicated for purposes such as reliability improvement, ease of control� (more)
Kazemi, Shahram
DOE Provides $4.3 Million to Improve Reliability of the U.S. Electric Grid
Provides $4.3 Million to Improve Reliability of the U.S. Provides $4.3 Million to Improve Reliability of the U.S. Electric Grid DOE Provides $4.3 Million to Improve Reliability of the U.S. Electric Grid August 21, 2009 - 3:47pm Addthis Innovative Synchrophasor Research Will Provide Better Real-Time Information WASHINGTON, DC - The Department of Energy's Office of Electricity and Energy Reliability today announced that it will provide $4.3 million for four projects that will use innovative synchrophasor research to improve the reliability and efficiency of our Nation's electricity grid. These awards are part of the Department's efforts to modernize the electric grid and enhance the security and reliability of the energy infrastructure. Synchrophasors are high-speed, real-time synchronized measurement devices used to diagnose the health of the electricity grid. With synchrophasor
AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - Reliability First
Michigan Michigan Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 107, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Michigan Reliability First Corporation Renewable Energy Generation Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - Reliability First Corporation / Michigan- Reference Case (xls, 118.9 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed
West West Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 108, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Reliability First Corporation Renewable Energy Generation West Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - Reliability First Corporation / West- Reference Case (xls, 119 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed Comment
Delta Delta Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 109, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO Delta EIA Renewable Energy Generation SERC Reliability Corporation Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - SERC Reliability Corporation / Delta- Reference Case (xls, 118.9 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed Comment
Virginia-Carolina Virginia-Carolina Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 113, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO Carolina EIA Renewable Energy Generation SERC Reliability Corporation Virginia Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - SERC Reliability Corporation / Virginia-Carolina- Reference Case (xls, 118.9 KiB) Quality Metrics
Southeastern Southeastern Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 111, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Renewable Energy Generation SERC Reliability Corporation Southeastern Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - SERC Reliability Corporation / Southeastern- Reference Case (xls, 119 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed
H{sup -} radio frequency source development at the Spallation Neutron Source
Welton, R. F.; Gawne, K. R.; Han, B. X.; Murray, S. N.; Pennisi, T. R.; Roseberry, R. T.; Santana, M.; Stockli, M. P. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6471 (United States); Dudnikov, V. G. [Muons, Inc., 552 N. Batavia Avenue, Batavia, Illinois 60510 (United States); Turvey, M. W. [Villanova University, 800E. Lancaster Ave, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085 (United States)
NREL: Gearbox Reliability Collaborative - Working with the Gearbox...
Technology Deployment Energy Systems Integration Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Wind Research Wind Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Search More Search Options Site Map...
Advanced Photon Source
Home Home Group Members Accelerator Magnets Insertion Devices Facilities Presentations & Publications Internal Magnetic Devices Group The primary mission of the Magnetic Devices (MD) Group is to design, build, and maintain Insertion Devices (IDs) that are reliable and transparent to the electron beam at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The majority of IDs at the APS are conventional planar hybrid undulators, but an essential part of the mission is to develop novel IDs, such as short-period superconducting undulators and long-period electromagnetic undulators. The capabilities of APS IDs are matched to users' experimental needs. The mission also includes magnetic tuning of the IDs to ensure their near-ideal performance as x-ray sources and calculations to predict the radiation
State-of-the-Art Measurement of Organics and Very Low CO Emissions from Combustion Turbines
As new regulations emerge from EPA controlling emissions from stationary sources of air pollution, emission limits are increasing driven into the low part per million (ppm) and part per billion (ppb) range. There is concern regarding the ability of test methods and instrumentation to produce reliable data at these very low concentrations. Sampling and interference issues that could be ignored when measuring higher pollutant concentrations become major issues at low concentration measurement. The two poll...
NREL's Gearbox Reliability Collaborative leads to wind turbine gearbox reliability, lowering the cost of energy.
NREL's Gearbox Reliability Collaborative leads to wind turbine gearbox reliability, lowering have been able to identify shortcomings in the design, testing, and operation of wind turbines findings are quickly shared among GRC participants, including many wind turbine manufacturers and equipment
Exact bounds for average pairwise network reliability
Several methods for finding exact bounds of average pairwise network connectivity (APNC) are proposed. These methods allows faster decision making about if a network is reliable for its purpose. Previous results on cumulitive updating of all-terminal ... Keywords: algorithm, network reliability, pairwise connectivity
Alexey Rodionov; Olga Rodionova
Engineering Reliability into Web Sites: Google SRE
Engineering Reliability into Web Sites: Google SRE Alex Perry email@example.com Santa Monica SRE, Google #12;Abstract This talk introduces Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) at Google, explaining, Santa Monica, Dublin and Kirkland manage Google's many services and websites. They draw upon the Linux
Cortes, Corinna
Ris-R-1235(EN) Reliability Databases
.4 Standard models of reliability MIL-HDBK-217 MIL-HDBK-217 was the original standard for reliability-wide. The most recent revision of MIL-HDBK- 217 is Revision F Notice 2, which was released in February of 1995. MIL-HDBK-217 includes the ability to perform a 'parts count' analysis or a 'part stress' analysis
Exploratory Reliability and Performance R&D
This paper presents a brief overview of the status and accomplishments during fiscal year (FY) 2005 of the Photovoltaic (PV) Exploratory Reliability and Performance R&D Subtask, which is part of the PV Module Reliability R&D Project (a joint NREL-Sandia project).
Osterwald, C. R.
Reliability mathematics analysis on traction substation operation
In electrified railway traction power supply systems, the operational qualities and reliabilities of the main traction transformer loop is higher, but ones of bus output units is comparatively low. The traction transformer loop still works when output ... Keywords: Erlang distribution, Markov theory, life, reliability, traction substation, transformer
Hongsheng Su
Inventing the future of reliability: FERC's recent orders and the consolidation of reliability authority
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 established mandatory reliability standard enforcement under a system in which the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Electric Reliability Organization would have their own spheres of responsibility and authority. Recent orders, however, reflect the Commission's frustration with the reliability standard drafting process and suggest that the Electric Reliability Organization's discretion is likely to receive less deference in the future. (author)
Skees, J. Daniel
Definition: Reliability Coordinator Area | Open Energy Information
Coordinator Area Coordinator Area Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Reliability Coordinator Area The collection of generation, transmission, and loads within the boundaries of the Reliability Coordinator. Its boundary coincides with one or more Balancing Authority Areas.[1] Related Terms transmission lines, Reliability Coordinator, Balancing Authority Area, transmission line, balancing authority, smart grid References ↑ Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An inlin LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. e Glossary Definition Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Reliability_Coordinator_Area&oldid=502626" Categories: Definitions ISGAN Definitions What links here Related changes Special pages
Information Concerning Reliability Impacts under Various System
Information Concerning Reliability Impacts under Various System Information Concerning Reliability Impacts under Various System Configurations of the Mirant Potomac River Plant Information Concerning Reliability Impacts under Various System Configurations of the Mirant Potomac River Plant Docket No. EO-05-01: PJM Interconnection, L.L.C. and PEPCO Holdings, Inc. is hereby providing you with additional information concerning reliability impacts under various system conditions associated with the unavailability of the Potomac River Generating Station to serve load in the D.C. area. Also enclosed as part of this submittal is material provided by PEPCO (balance of sentence redacted) In addition, there is a discussion concerning the impacts of demand side response in addressing this situation. Information Concerning Reliability Impacts under Various System
Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) Technical Reference for Power Delivery
This technical reference expands on the original reliability centered maintenance (RCM) research performed by EPRI in the late 1990s. It incorporates nearly ten years of utility RCM experience in power delivery and emphasizes the requirements of managing and measuring maintenance programs. RCM's overall goal is to improve the economic posture of a utility by promoting cost-effective application of maintenance resources. This "Technical Reference for Power Delivery" serves as the "handbook" of RCM for the...
The conjunctive combination of interval-valued belief structures from dependent sources
To combine belief functions from reliable dependent sources, Denoeux proposed an operator called the cautious conjunctive rule. In this paper, the conjunctive combination of interval-valued belief structures (IBSs) from reliable dependent sources is ... Keywords: Dempster--Shafer theory, Dependent sources, Non-dogmatic interval-valued belief structures, Nonlinear optimization, Trustworthiness evaluation of hospital information system
Chao Fu; Shanlin Yang
The Demand Component of Electric Service: Linkages to Service Reliability and Need for Transparency
This white paper distinguishes the demand component of electric service (measured in kilowatts)distinct from the energy component (measured in kilowatthours)and emphasizes the need for power demand cost transparency. Customers' experience with electric service reliability is described in terms of continuity of electric service, availability of service, and restoration time after service interruption. The paper discusses the connection between power demand and electric service reliability, as experienced ...
Blade reliability collaborative : collection of defect, damage and repair data.
The Blade Reliability Collaborative (BRC) was started by the Wind Energy Technologies Department of Sandia National Laboratories and DOE in 2010 with the goal of gaining insight into planned and unplanned O&M issues associated with wind turbine blades. A significant part of BRC is the Blade Defect, Damage and Repair Survey task, which will gather data from blade manufacturers, service companies, operators and prior studies to determine details about the largest sources of blade unreliability. This report summarizes the initial findings from this work.
Ashwill, Thomas D.; Ogilvie, Alistair B.; Paquette, Joshua A.
Ion source
A magnetic filter for an ion source reduces the production of undesired ion species and improves the ion beam quality. High-energy ionizing electrons are confined by the magnetic filter to an ion source region, where the high-energy electrons ionize gas molecules. One embodiment of the magnetic filter uses permanent magnets oriented to establish a magnetic field transverse to the direction of travel of ions from the ion source region to the ion extraction region. In another embodiment, low energy 16 eV electrons are injected into the ion source to dissociate gas molecules and undesired ion species into desired ion species.
Leung, Ka-Ngo (Hercules, CA); Ehlers, Kenneth W. (Alamo, CA)
Stochastic PV performance/reliability model : preview of alpha version.
Problem Statement: (1) Uncertainties in PV system performance and reliability impact business decisions - Project cost and financing estimates, Pricing service contracts and guarantees, Developing deployment and O&M strategies; (2) Understanding and reducing these uncertainties will help make the PV industry more competitive (3) Performance has typically been estimated without much attention to reliability of components; and (4) Tools are needed to assess all inputs to the value proposition (e.g., LCOE, cash flow, reputation, etc.). Goals and objectives are: (1) Develop a stochastic simulation model (in GoldSim) that can represent PV system performance as a function of system design, weather, reliability, and O&M policies; (2) Evaluate performance for an example system to quantify sources of uncertainty and identify dominant parameters via a sensitivity study; and (3) Example System - 1 inverter, 225 kW DC Array latitude tilt (90 strings of 12 modules {l_brace}1080 modules{r_brace}), Weather from Tucumcari, NM (TMY2 with annual uncertainty).
Stein, Joshua S.; Miller, Steven P.
Application of positive matrix factorization to on-road measurements for source apportionment of diesel- and gasoline-powered vehicle emissions in Mexico City
The goal of this research is to quantify diesel- and gasoline-powered motor vehicle emissions within the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) using on-road measurements captured by a mobile laboratory combined with positive ...
Thornhill, D. A.
In this project, we proposed to develop laser based mid-infrared lasers as a potentially robust and reliable source of ultrafast pulses in the mid-infrared region of the spectrum, and to apply this light source to generating bright, coherent, femtosecond-to-attosecond x-ray beams.
Sterling Backus
NETL: NATCARB - CO2 Stationary Sources
Stationary Sources Stationary Sources NATCARB CO2 Stationary Sources CO2 Stationary Source Emission Estimation Methodology NATCARB Viewer The NATCARB Viewer is available at: http://www.natcarbviewer.com. 2012 Atlas IV DOE's Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) employed carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions estimate methodologies that are based on the most readily available representative data for that particular industry type within the respective partnership area. Carbon dioxide emissions data provided by databases (for example, eGRID, IEA GHG, or NATCARB) were the first choice for all of the RCSPs, both for identifying major CO2 stationary sources and for providing reliable emission estimations. Databases are considered to contain reliable and accurate data obtained
Reliability Assessment of North American Steam Turbines
This survey provides statistics related to the reliability and maintenance of fossil-fueled steam turbines in the continental United States. The analysis focuses primarily on active turbines larger than 200 MW.
Definition: Regional Reliability Organization | Open Energy Informatio...
Terms Bulk Electric System References Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. inline...
System Software Reliability, 1st edition
Computer software reliability has never been so important. Computers are used in areas as diverse as air traffic control, nuclear reactors, real-time military, industrial process control, security system control, biometric scan-systems, automotive, mechanical ...
H. Pham
PV Module Reliability Research (Fact Sheet)
This National Center for Photovoltaics sheet describes the capabilities of its PV module reliability research. The scope and core competencies and capabilities are discussed and recent publications are listed.
Definition: Adverse Reliability Impact | Open Energy Information
a widespread area of the Interconnection.1 Related Terms smart grid References Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up...
Definition: Interconnection Reliability Operating Limit | Open...
Terms System Operating Limit, System, Cascading Outage, smart grid References Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An inl LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign...
Reliability Issues for Photovoltaic Modules (Presentation)
Si modules good in field; new designs need reliability testing. CdTe & CIGS modules sensitive to moisture; carefully seal. CPV in product development stage; benefits from expertise in other industries.
Demand Response For Power System Reliability: FAQ
Demand response is the most underutilized power system reliability resource in North America. Technological advances now make it possible to tap this resource to both reduce costs and improve. Misconceptions concerning response capabilities tend to force loads to provide responses that they are less able to provide and often prohibit them from providing the most valuable reliability services. Fortunately this is beginning to change with some ISOs making more extensive use of load response. This report is structured as a series of short questions and answers that address load response capabilities and power system reliability needs. Its objective is to further the use of responsive load as a bulk power system reliability resource in providing the fastest and most valuable ancillary services.
Kirby, Brendan J [ORNL
PV industry can benefit from reliability testing experience of microelectronics industry . Si modules perform well in field; CdTe/CIGS must be sealed to moisture; CPV in product development stage.
Photovoltaic Reliability and Engineering (Revised) (Fact Sheet)
Capabilities fact sheet for the National Center for Photovoltaics: Photovoltaic Reliability and Engineering. One-sided sheet that includes Scope, Core Competencies and Capabilities, and Contact/Web information.
Definition: Reliability Coordinator | Open Energy Information
Coordinator Coordinator Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Reliability Coordinator The entity that is the highest level of authority who is responsible for the reliable operation of the Bulk Electric System, has the Wide Area view of the Bulk Electric System, and has the operating tools, processes and procedures, including the authority to prevent or mitigate emergency operating situations in both nextday analysis and real-time operations. The Reliability Coordinator has the purview that is broad enough to enable the calculation of Interconnection Reliability Operating Limits, which may be based on the operating parameters of transmission systems beyond any Transmission Operator's vision.[1] Related Terms transmission lines, Bulk Electric System, transmission line
Competitive Sourcing
COMPETITIVE SOURCING COMPETITIVE SOURCING ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ Report on Competitive Sourcing Results Fiscal Year 2006 May 2007 Executive Office of the President Office of Management and Budget TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................................... 1 Introduction................................................................................................. 4 I. The big picture ......................................................................................... 4 II. How public-private competition was used in FY 2006 .................................... 6 A. Anticipated benefits from competition in FY 2006
Estimation of the reliability of space nuclear power systems by probabilistic risk assessment techniques
A successful space mission depends on the reliable operation of the spacecraft's electrical power system. For payloads requiring high power levels, various designs of space nuclear power systems (SNPS) are available. Designers have conducted limited spacecraft component reliability analysis and full-scale testing of SNPS is impractical. Therefore, a properly-designed reliability analysis, systematically applied, may provide an effective means for making judgments about the relative reliability of competing SNPSS. This work examines the applicability of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) techniques for estimating SNPS reliability from design studies. The nuclear electric power industry has used PRA techniques to accurately analyze the reliability of complex systems. However, these PRA techniques for nuclear power plants require modifications for SNPS reliability assessment. This study validates these modified PRA techniques by examining the reliability of the SP-I 00 and the Small Ex-core Heat Pipe Thermionic Reactor (SEHPTR). The present analysis focuses on the SNPS failure to produce nominal electrical power. Typical events threatening the reliability of the SNPS will consist of hardware failures, external events, and command errors or software deficiencies. This work involves the following systematic steps for each SNPS: e System familiarization �Performance of a "failure modes and effects analysis" to deten-nine how the failures of components might cause a system failure �Construction of system and component fault trees �Reliability data estimation�Fault tree quantification (using CAFTA'O and UNCERT'O) 'Me reliability data estimation relies on occurrence probabilities for each component failure mode. Various methods for estimating failure rates from existing reliability databases or from engineering approximations were investigated. This work employs the Monte Carlo sampling technique to associate numerical uncertainty levels with the quantitative reliability estimates produced for each SNPS. The quantitative results estimate the reliability of the systems studied as 0.9494 for the SP-100 and 0.9453 for the SEHPTR. The associated error factor is approximately 2.0, corresponding to the system modeling and reliability data uncertainties. Importance measures and sensitivity analyses indicate that the fuel damage, sensor, electrical component, mechanical component, drive, and power conditioning, control, and distribution subsystem failures can be critical to the system's reliability.
Gutner, Sophie Isabelle
Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) Description and Loading
This document describes simulated turbine load cases in accordance to the IEC 61400-1 Ed.3 standard, which is representative of the typical wind turbine design process. The information presented herein is intended to provide a broad understanding of the gearbox reliability collaborative 750kW drivetrain and turbine configuration. In addition, fatigue and ultimate strength drivetrain loads resulting from simulations are presented. This information provides the bases for the analytical work of the gearbox reliability collaborative effort.
Oyague, F.
Reliability Assessment of SMART Reactor Protection System
Component failure rates and integrated system reliability of the SMART reactor protection system were analyzed. The analysis tool of the study was the RELEX 7 computer program developed by Relex Software Corporation. The RELEX software is a PC based computer program which includes the part stress analysis models and the RBD analysis model to calculate component and system reliability. The component failure rate data for the study was selected from the MIL-HDBK-217F. (authors)
Won Young, Yun; Choong Heui, Jeong [Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, P. O. Box 114, Yusong Post Office, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Seong Hun, Kim; Sang Yong, Lee [Sam Chang Enterprise Co. LTD, 974-1, Goyen-ri, Woongchon-myon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan (Korea, Republic of)
EPRI Distribution Reliability Practices Repository V2
A key objective of EPRI's research into distribution reliability practices is to identify, document and provide practice summary descriptions to research participants in a format that facilitates comparison and aids decision-makers in identifying those practices in place at other utilities which can be applied to their utility to improve performance.�This research report presents distribution reliability practice results from six different companies in a repository which places ...
The Reliability Value of Storage in a Volatile Environment
This paper examines the value of storage in securing reliability of a system with uncertain supply and demand, and supply friction. The storage is frictionless as a supply source, but once used, it cannot be filled up instantaneously. The focus application is a power supply network in which the base supply and demand are assumed to match perfectly, while deviations from the base are modeled as random shocks with stochastic arrivals. Due to friction, the random surge shocks cannot be tracked by the main supply sources. Storage, when available, can be used to compensate, fully or partially, for the surge in demand or loss of supply. The problem of optimal utilization of storage with the objective of maximizing system reliability is formulated as minimization of the expected discounted cost of blackouts over an infinite horizon. It is shown that when the stage cost is linear in the size of the blackout, the optimal policy is myopic in the sense that all shocks are compensated by storage up to the available level...
ParandehGheibi, Ali; Ozdaglar, Asuman; Dahleh, Munther A
Electric Power Reliability in Chemical Plants
The quality and reliability of utility-generated electric power is presently receiving a great deal of attention from the chemical and refining industry. What changes have taken place to make electric power reliability a major topic of discussion at plants across the country? Has the quality and reliability of utility-generated power deteriorated over the past five or ten years? Or, has the perception of what constitutes reliable power changed with the advent, installation, and increasing usage of microprocessor-based equipment and controllers? The differing views held by both parties tend to make their relationship adversarial. Both parties have problems with their individuals views and the associated monetary costs, which can be either a loss or a gain. Improved reliability for the chemical plant means less "off spec" product, thereby resulting in more product to sell. Improved reliability for the utility means less customer downtime, thereby resulting in more KWH sales and a higher capacity factor. The biggest limiting factor to solving the actual problems is the dollar cost associated with that solution. Each solution must have a payback period that meets the economic criteria for return on investment for either the industry or the utility.
Cross, M. B.
Reliabilit PlanningReliability Planning David Duebner, Expansion Planningp g
EE552 Reliabilit PlanningReliability Planning David Duebner, Expansion Planningp g September 27, 2010 #12;Reliability Planning OverviewReliability Planning Overview · Midwest ISO Transmission Expansion Plan (MTEP)p ( ) · MTEP Reliability Study Process Planning Criteriag Reliability Analysis
Constraining uncertainties about the sources and magnitude of polycyclic
Constraining uncertainties about the sources and magnitude of polycyclic Constraining uncertainties about the sources and magnitude of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)levels in ambient air: the State of Minnesota as a case study Title Constraining uncertainties about the sources and magnitude of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)levels in ambient air: the State of Minnesota as a case study Publication Type Journal Article LBNL Report Number LBNL-54473 Year of Publication 2004 Authors Lobscheid, Agnes B., and Thomas E. McKone Journal Atmospheric Environment Volume 38 Start Page Chapter Pagination 5501-5515 Abstract Emissions data are often lacking or uncertain for many airborne contaminants. Chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), emitted from combustion sources, fall into this category. Currently available ambient-air emission inventories of PAHs either fail to account for population-based activities (such as residential wood combustion and motor vehicle activity) and/or report 'total PAH' or particulate organic matter emissions instead of individual compounds. We measure the degree of overlap between predicted concentrations from estimated emissions with measured concentrations. Our analysis is, based on probabilistic analysis of measured outdoor air concentrations with those predicted from mass-balance models. . Based on available information, we estimate the relative magnitude of emissions from four major sources ofPAHs to outdoor air- (1) on-road motor vehicles, including light-duty gasoline vehicles and diesel-powered buses and medium and heavy duty trucks; (2) residential wood combustion; and (3) power generation from external combustion boilers. We use the CalTOX regional multimedia mass-balance model to evaluate our emissions estimates in rural and urban regions of the state of Minnesota, USA. We compare model estimatesof outdoor PAH airborne concentrations with those reported by the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES). With these measured concentrations we probabilistically evaluate our emissions and interpret the reliability of our emissions estimates for specific PAHs. The median estimates of our predicted outdoor air concentrations agree within an order of magnitude of measured concentrations. For fourrepresentative PAHs, we were able to obtain a reasonable degree of overlap between empirical and predicted distributions of outdoor air concentrations. Our combination of models, emissions estimates, and empirical concentration data estimate exposure in a manner that is more reliable than any of these tools alone. Thereby, we increase our confidence about our plausible ranges of emissions and predicted concentrations
A neutron source is obtained without employing any separate beryllia receptacle, as was formerly required. The new method is safer and faster, and affords a source with both improved yield and symmetry of neutron emission. A Be container is used to hold and react with Pu. This container has a thin isolating layer that does not obstruct the desired Pu--Be reaction and obviates procedures previously employed to disassemble and remove a beryllia receptacle. (AEC)
Richmond, J.L.; Wells, C.E.
Final report : testing and evaluation for solar hot water reliability.
Solar hot water (SHW) systems are being installed by the thousands. Tax credits and utility rebate programs are spurring this burgeoning market. However, the reliability of these systems is virtually unknown. Recent work by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has shown that few data exist to quantify the mean time to failure of these systems. However, there is keen interest in developing new techniques to measure SHW reliability, particularly among utilities that use ratepayer money to pay the rebates. This document reports on an effort to develop and test new, simplified techniques to directly measure the state of health of fielded SHW systems. One approach was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and is based on the idea that the performance of the solar storage tank can reliably indicate the operational status of the SHW systems. Another approach, developed by the University of New Mexico (UNM), uses adaptive resonance theory, a type of neural network, to detect and predict failures. This method uses the same sensors that are normally used to control the SHW system. The NREL method uses two additional temperature sensors on the solar tank. The theories, development, application, and testing of both methods are described in the report. Testing was performed on the SHW Reliability Testbed at UNM, a highly instrumented SHW system developed jointly by SNL and UNM. The two methods were tested against a number of simulated failures. The results show that both methods show promise for inclusion in conventional SHW controllers, giving them advanced capability in detecting and predicting component failures.
Caudell, Thomas P. (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM); He, Hongbo (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM); Menicucci, David F. (Building Specialists, Inc., Albuquerque, NM); Mammoli, Andrea A. (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM); Burch, Jay (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO)
Acceleration of Monte Carlo Criticality Calculations Using Deterministic-Based Starting Sources
A new automatic approach that uses approximate deterministic solutions for providing the starting fission source for Monte Carlo eigenvalue calculations was evaluated in this analysis. By accelerating the Monte Carlo source convergence and decreasing the number of cycles that has to be skipped before the tallies estimation, this approach was found to increase the efficiency of the overall simulation, even with the inclusion of the extra computational time required by the deterministic calculation. This approach was also found to increase the reliability of the Monte Carlo criticality calculations of loosely coupled systems because the use of the better starting source reduces the likelihood of producing an undersampled k{sub eff} due to the inadequate source convergence. The efficiency improvement was demonstrated using two of the standard test problems devised by the OECD/NEA Expert Group on Source Convergence in Criticality-Safety Analysis to measure the source convergence in Monte Carlo criticality calculations. For a fixed uncertainty objective, this approach increased the efficiency of the overall simulation by factors between 1.2 and 3 depending on the difficulty of the source convergence in these problems. The reliability improvement was demonstrated in a modified version of the 'k{sub eff} of the world' problem that was specifically designed to demonstrate the limitations of the current Monte Carlo power iteration techniques. For this problem, the probability of obtaining a clearly undersampled k{sub eff} decreased from 5% with a uniform starting source to zero with a deterministic starting source when batch sizes with more than 15,000 neutron/cycle were used.
Ibrahim, A. [University of Wisconsin; Peplow, Douglas E. [ORNL; Wagner, John C [ORNL; Mosher, Scott W [ORNL; Evans, Thomas M [ORNL
Airborne Laser Absorption Spectrometer Measurements of Atmospheric CO2 Column Mole Fractions: Source and Sink Detection and Environmental Impacts on Retrievals
We report atmospheric CO2 column abundance measurement results from a summer, 2011 series of flights of a 2.05 ?m laser absorption spectrometer on the NASA DC-8 research aircraft. The Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) method is used ...
Robert T. Menzies; Gary D. Spiers; Joseph Jacob
Adhesion and Thin-Film Module Reliability: Preprint
Among the infrequently measured but essential properties for thin-film (T-F) module reliability are the interlayer adhesion and cohesion within a layer. These can be cell contact layers to glass, contact layers to the semiconductor, encapsulant to cell, glass, or backsheet, etc. We use an Instron mechanical testing unit to measure peel strengths at 90{sup o} or 180{sup o} and, in some cases, a scratch and tape pull test to evaluate inter-cell layer adhesion strengths. We present peel strength data for test specimens laminated from the three T-F technologies, before and after damp heat, and in one instance at elevated temperatures. On laminated T-F cell samples, failure can occur uniformly at any one of the many interfaces, or non-uniformly across the peel area at more than one interface. Some peel strengths are << 1 N/mm. This is far below the normal Instron mechanical testing unit Instron mechanical testing unit; glass interface values of >10 N/mm. We measure a wide range of adhesion strengths and suggest that adhesion measured under higher temperature and relative humidity conditions is more relevant for module reliability.
McMahon, T. J.; Jorgensen, G. J.
Mapping complexity sources in nuclear power plant domains
Understanding the sources of complexity in advanced Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) control rooms and their effects on human reliability is critical for ensuring safe performance of both operators and the entire system. New ...
Sasangohar, Farzan
Dell Latitude 5000 Series Outstanding reliability and security in the world's most manageable
solid state hybrid drives or performance solid state drive options for large, reliable storage capacity from a single source, the Latitude 5000 Series offer outstanding security. Protect data on any device out of the box with factory installation and simplify compliance with preset compliance templates
Sanderson, Yasmine
CERTS 2012 Program Review - Automatic Reliability Reports (ARR) Research & Implementation - Pete Sauer, U Illinois
Grid Performance Metrics Using Model-less Algorithms Prototype Development and Field Test at MISO Pete Sauer - University of Illinois June 12-13, 2012 Washington D.C. FY12 DOE/NETL Transmission Reliability R&D Internal Program Review * Project objectives * Accomplishments this year * Deliverables and schedule * Risk factors affecting timely completion * Possible follow-on funding in FY 13 * Model-less algorithm description * Real data example * Issues * Post-contingency analysis Presentation Outline 1 * Provide automated reliability measures of closeness to operations limits with minimal model data * Verify adequacy and accuracy of voltage, thermal and stability transmission reliability metrics and model-less algorithms for automated reports
Culture Representation in Human Reliability Analysis
Understanding human-system response is critical to being able to plan and predict mission success in the modern battlespace. Commonly, human reliability analysis has been used to predict failures of human performance in complex, critical systems. However, most human reliability methods fail to take culture into account. This paper takes an easily understood state of the art human reliability analysis method and extends that method to account for the influence of culture, including acceptance of new technology, upon performance. The cultural parameters used to modify the human reliability analysis were determined from two standard industry approaches to cultural assessment: Hofstede�s (1991) cultural factors and Davis� (1989) technology acceptance model (TAM). The result is called the Culture Adjustment Method (CAM). An example is presented that (1) reviews human reliability assessment with and without cultural attributes for a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system attack, (2) demonstrates how country specific information can be used to increase the realism of HRA modeling, and (3) discusses the differences in human error probability estimates arising from cultural differences.
David Gertman; Julie Marble; Steven Novack
Neutron source
A neutron source which is particularly useful for neutron radiography consists of a vessel containing a moderating media of relatively low moderating ratio, a flux trap including a moderating media of relatively high moderating ratio at the center of the vessel, a shell of depleted uranium dioxide surrounding the moderating media of relatively high moderating ratio, a plurality of guide tubes each containing a movable source of neutrons surrounding the flux trap, a neutron shield surrounding one part of each guide tube, and at least one collimator extending from the flux trap to the exterior of the neutron source. The shell of depleted uranium dioxide has a window provided with depleted uranium dioxide shutters for each collimator. Reflectors are provided above and below the flux trap and on the guide tubes away from the flux trap.
Cason, J.L. Jr.; Shaw, C.B.
The ion source described essentially eliminater the problem of deposits of nonconducting materials forming on parts of the ion source by certain corrosive gases. This problem is met by removing both filament and trap from the ion chamber, spacing them apart and outside the chamber end walls, placing a focusing cylinder about the filament tip to form a thin collimated electron stream, aligning the cylinder, slits in the walls, and trap so that the electron stream does not bombard any part in the source, and heating the trap, which is bombarded by electrons, to a temperature hotter than that in the ion chamber, so that the tendency to build up a deposit caused by electron bombardment is offset by the extra heating supplied only to the trap.
Leland, W.T.
Competitive Sourcing Competitive Sourcing The Department of Energy's (DOE) Competitive Sourcing program is a management initiative aimed at improving DOE's performance and reducing the Department's operational costs. The program is governed by Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A- 76, Performance of Commercial Activities, dated May 29, 2003. The commercial activities selected for review and competition include functions performed by government employees that are readily available in the private sector, and where the potential for efficiencies, regardless of the winning provider, are highly likely. The candidate functions are chosen from the Department's annual Federal Activities Inventory Reform (FAIR) Act Inventory and subjected to a feasibility review to determine if a prudent business case can be made to enter
A novel long-lived source of gamma radiation especially suitable for calibration purposes is described. The source of gamma radiation is denoted mock iodine131, which comprises a naixture of barium-133 and cesium-137. The barium and cesium are present in a barium-cesium ratio of approximately 5.7/1 to 14/1, uniformly dispersed in an ion exchange resin and a filter surrounding the resin comprised of a material of atomic number below approximately 51, and substantially 0.7 to 0.9 millimeter thick.
Brucer, M.H.
A neutron source of the antimony--beryllium type is presented. The source is comprised of a solid mass of beryllium having a cylindrical recess extending therein and a cylinder containing antimony-124 slidably disposed within the cylindrical recess. The antimony cylinder is encased in aluminum. A berylliunn plug is removably inserted in the open end of the cylindrical recess to completely enclose the antimony cylinder in bsryllium. The plug and antimony cylinder are each provided with a stud on their upper ends to facilitate handling remotely.
Reardon, W.A.; Lennox, D.H.; Nobles, R.G.
Reliability of islanded microgrids with stochastic generation and prioritized load
The potential to improve distribution system reliability is a primary motivation behind the development and deployment of microgrids. Previous studies have illustrated substantial reliability benefits of dispatchable ...
Marden, Mirjana Milosevic
Efficient and Reliable Reactive Power Supply and Consumption...
Efficient and Reliable Reactive Power Supply and Consumption - Insights from an Integrated Program of Engineering and Economics Research Title Efficient and Reliable Reactive Power...
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability: Organizational...
Skip to main content Energy.gov Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability Search form Search Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability Services Electricity...
Improving the Reliability and Resiliency of the US Electric Grid...
Improving the Reliability and Resiliency of the US Electric Grid: SGIG Article in Metering International, March 2012 Improving the Reliability and Resiliency of the US Electric...
Cyber Effects Analysis Using VCSE Promoting Control System Reliability...
Cyber Effects Analysis Using VCSE Promoting Control System Reliability Cyber Effects Analysis Using VCSE Promoting Control System Reliability This report describes the Virtual...
Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability 2010 Strategic...
You are here Home Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability 2010 Strategic Plan (WEB) Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability 2010 Strategic Plan...
Office of Electricity and Delivery & Energy Reliability 2010...
You are here Home Office of Electricity and Delivery & Energy Reliability 2010 Strategic Plan (PRINT) Office of Electricity and Delivery & Energy Reliability 2010 Strategic...
Washington DC Reliability Requirements and the Need to Operate...
Washington DC Reliability Requirements and the Need to Operate Mirant's Potomac River Generation Station to Support Local Area Reliability (Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2005)...
An Examination of Temporal Trends in Electricity Reliability...
An Examination of Temporal Trends in Electricity Reliability Based on Reports from U.S. Electric Utilities Title An Examination of Temporal Trends in Electricity Reliability Based...
Office of Electricity Delivery And Energy Reliability To Hold...
And Energy Reliability To Hold Technical Conference On The Design Of Future Electric Transmission Office of Electricity Delivery And Energy Reliability To Hold Technical...
Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability FY 2012 Budget...
Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability FY 2012 Budget Request Presentation Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability FY 2012 Budget Request Presentation...
2013 Reliability & Markets Peer Review | Department of Energy
2013 Reliability & Markets Peer Review 2013 Reliability & Markets Peer Review 2013 Reliability & Markets Peer Review The Transmission Reliability R&D Reliability & Markets Peer Review included 13 presentations over 2 days on August 6 - 7, 2013 at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. Presentations are available through the links. The agenda and list of presentations are included below. The Reliability and Markets activity of the Transmission Reliability program researches, develops, and implements electricity infrastructure and market simulations that integrate economics and engineering principles. The activity helps to ensure electric reliability, while also improving the efficiency and economics of market operations. Day 1: August 6 Session I Transmission Investment Assessment Under Uncertainty, Ben Hobbs,
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Major Sources: Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers; Guidance for Calculating Efficiency Credits Resulting from Implementation of Energy Conservation Measures
The purpose of this document is to provide guidance for developing a consistent approach to documenting efficiency credits generated from energy conservation measures in the Implementation Plan for boilers covered by the Boiler MACT rule (i.e., subpart DDDDD of CFR part 63). This document divides Boiler System conservation opportunities into four functional areas: 1) the boiler itself, 2) the condensate recovery system, 3) the distribution system, and 4) the end uses of the steam. This document provides technical information for documenting emissions credits proposed in the Implementation Plan for functional areas 2) though 4). This document does not include efficiency improvements related to the Boiler tune-ups.
Cox, Daryl [ORNL; Papar, Riyaz [Hudson Technologies; Wright, Dr. Anthony [ALW Consulting
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Major Sources: Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers; Guidance for Calculating Emission Credits Resulting from Implementation of Energy Conservation Measures
Estimation of structural reliability under combined loads. [PWR; BWR
For the overall safety evaluation of seismic category I structures subjected to various load combinations, a quantitative measure of the structural reliability in terms of a limit state probability can be conveniently used. For this purpose, the reliability analysis method for dynamic loads, which has recently been developed by the authors, was combined with the existing standard reliability analysis procedure for static and quasi-static loads. The significant parameters that enter into the analysis are: the rate at which each load (dead load, accidental internal pressure, earthquake, etc.) will occur, its duration and intensity. All these parameters are basically random variables for most of the loads to be considered. For dynamic loads, the overall intensity is usually characterized not only by their dynamic components but also by their static components. The structure considered in the present paper is a reinforced concrete containment structure subjected to various static and dynamic loads such as dead loads, accidental pressure, earthquake acceleration, etc. Computations are performed to evaluate the limit state probabilities under each load combination separately and also under all possible combinations of such loads.
Shinozuka, M.; Kako, T.; Hwang, H.; Brown, P.; Reich, M.
Reliability based investigation of design factors
Second-moment probabilistic techniques are used to formulate structural resistances and loads and to derive reliability-based safety, load, and strength factors for design. Existing concepts of the second-moment reliability theory have been extended to the practical case of multiple load combinations. This development consistently includes the stochastic character of loads and the unpredictable nature of their combinations. For this purpose, a new technique for the evaluation of load combinations is presented, whereby the moments of the extreme of combined loads is obtained in terms of the moments of individual loads and parameters describing their random fluctuations in time. Reliability-based safety, load, and strength factors are derived in terms of the acceptable level of risk, the coefficients of variation of the loads and resistance, uncertainties associated with errors in modeling and estimation, and a set of parameters describing the stochastic nature of loads and their combinations.
Smart Grid: Creating Jobs while Delivering Reliable,
Smart Grid: Creating Jobs while Delivering Reliable, Smart Grid: Creating Jobs while Delivering Reliable, Environmentally-friendly Energy Home > Groups > OpenEI Community Central Graham7781's picture Submitted by Graham7781(1992) Super contributor 2 March, 2010 - 14:14 imported OpenEI On April 16th, 2009, Vice President Joe Biden announced that the Department of Energy was planning to develop a stronger, more reliable energy grid. The plan would allocate $3.4 billion in funds to be distributed across the nation, aiding projects aimed at improving and updating the current electrical power grid in the United States. Two projects are funded by smart grid: smaller and larger. Smaller projects range from $300,000 to $20,000,000. These projects typically focus on upgrading equipment in less populated ares. Larger projects range from
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
2 2 Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability PROGRAM DESCRIPTION The Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) leads national efforts to modernize the electric grid, enhance security and reliability of energy infrastructure, and facilitate recovery from disruptions to the energy supply. As stated in the President's A Policy Framework for the 21 st Century Grid, a smarter, modernized electric grid is fundamental to transforming the Nation's energy system and securing US leadership in a clean energy future. OE supports activities that enable innovation across the energy sector, empower American consumers, and secure our energy future. OE consists of three programs: Research and Development; Permitting, Siting and Analysis; and Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration.
Network location of a reliable center using the most reliable route policy
This paper considers a single location on an undirected network with unreliable edges that maximizes the lowest performance level of the network service with respect to all nodes. The problem is termed the reliable 1-center problem and finds applications ... Keywords: 1-Center, Location theory, Network reliability, Stochastic optimization
Jos� Santiv��ez; Emanuel Melachrinoudis; Mary E. Helander
Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Update: A Brief (Presentation)
This presentation is an update on the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) for the AWEA Wind Project Operations, Maintenance & Reliability Seminar. GRC accomplishments are: (1) Failure database software deployed - partners see business value for themselves and customers; (2) Designed, built, instrumented, and tested two gearboxes - (a) Generated unprecedented public domain test data from both field testing and dynamometer testing, (b) Different responses from 'identical' gearboxes, (c) Demonstrated importance of non-torque loading and modeling approach; and (3) Active collaborative, with wide industry support, leveraging DOE funding - Modeling round robin and Condition Monitoring round robin.
Sheng, S.; Keller, J.; McDade, M.
Report on the analysis of field data relating to the reliability of solar hot water systems.
Utilities are overseeing the installations of thousand of solar hot water (SHW) systems. Utility planners have begun to ask for quantitative measures of the expected lifetimes of these systems so that they can properly forecast their loads. This report, which augments a 2009 reliability analysis effort by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), addresses this need. Additional reliability data have been collected, added to the existing database, and analyzed. The results are presented. Additionally, formal reliability theory is described, including the bathtub curve, which is the most common model to characterize the lifetime reliability character of systems, and for predicting failures in the field. Reliability theory is used to assess the SNL reliability database. This assessment shows that the database is heavily weighted with data that describe the reliability of SHW systems early in their lives, during the warranty period. But it contains few measured data to describe the ends of SHW systems lives. End-of-life data are the most critical ones to define sufficiently the reliability of SHW systems in order to answer the questions that the utilities pose. Several ideas are presented for collecting the required data, including photometric analysis of aerial photographs of installed collectors, statistical and neural network analysis of energy bills from solar homes, and the development of simple algorithms to allow conventional SHW controllers to announce system failures and record the details of the event, similar to how aircraft black box recorders perform. Some information is also presented about public expectations for the longevity of a SHW system, information that is useful in developing reliability goals.
Menicucci, David F. (Building Specialists, Inc., Albuquerque, NM)
Towards Reliable Cross Sections for National Security Applications
Stockpile stewardship requires the description of weapons performance without resorting to underground nuclear testing. In the earlier tests, selected isotopes were used as detectors, and recovered after irradiation. Aspects of nuclear device performance were inferred by comparing the measured isotopic ratios to those predicted from simulations. The reaction flows that produce the final isotopic distributions proceed through regions of the nuclear chart that include unstable nuclei. Presently, improved nuclear data input is required to reanalyze prior tests and to certify the stockpile's reliability and safety. Many important cross sections are unknown, as is shown in the example of the Yttrium reaction network (Figure 1). The relevant reactions include (n,2n), (n,n'), (n,gamma), (n,p) and other charged-particle emitting reactions. The cross sections have to be calculated or inferred from indirect measurements. In both cases, reliable optical models that are valid a few nucleons away from stability are needed. The UNEDF Nuclear Reaction activities address this need by combining nuclear-structure input from UNEDF structure calculations with modern reaction theory and large-scale computational capabilities to develop microscopic nucleon-nucleus optical potentials that can be extrapolated to unstable nuclei. In addition, the reaction calculation tools and optical models developed in this context are proving valuable for planning and interpreting indirect (surrogate) measurements of the required cross sections.
Escher, J E; Dietrich, F S; Nobre, G A; Thompson, I J
Neutron Sources
... for Neutron Reaction Rate Measurements, JA Grundl, V. Spiegel, CM Eisenhauer, HT Heaton II, DM Gilliam (NBS), and J. Bigelow (ORNL), Nucl. ...
An ion source is described and comprises an arc discharge parallel to the direction of and inside of a magnetic field. an accelerating electrode surrounding substantially all of the discharge except for ion exit apertures, and means for establishing an electric field between that electrode and the arc discharge. the electric field being oriented at an acute angle to the magnetic field. Ions are drawn through the exit apertures in the accelrating electrcde in a direction substantially divergent to the direction of the magnetic field and so will travel in a spiral orbit along the magnetic field such that the ions will not strike the source at any point in their orbit within the magnetic field.
Blue, C.W.; Luce, J.S.
COMPETITIVE SOURCING COMPETITIVE SOURCING EXECUTIVE STEERING GROUP MEETING PROCEEDINGS June 17, 2002 8:30 am - 11:00 am Room 5E-069 ATTENDEES John Gordon Robert Card Bruce Carnes Kathy Peery Brendan Danaher, AFGE Tony Lane Karen Evans Bill Sylvester Claudia Cross Brian Costlow Laurie Smith Helen Sherman Frank Bessera Rosalie Jordan Dennis O'Brien Mark Hively Robin Mudd Steven Apicella AGENDA 8:30 a.m. - 8:35 a.m. Opening Remarks 8:35a.m. - 8:55 a.m. Executive Steering Group roles and responsibilities, A-76 status, and talking points Team Briefings 8:55 a.m. - 9:20 a.m. Information Technology Study 9:20 a.m. - 9:45 a.m. Financial Services Study
Reliability and maintainability seminar: summary of proceedings
The following are described briefly: Overview of the Federal Reliability and Maintainability Program Plan, Summary of Proceedngs, Overview of Southern Solar Energy Center Programs, and Solar Domestic Hot Water Design Guidelines Handbook. Also included are the Seminar Agenda and the list of Seminar Attendees. (MHR)
Beek, C.R.
Software reliability assessment via fuzzy logic model
Recently in software engineering it became of great importance to be able to reason about non functional characteristics of software. This holds for a large variety of application areas like embedded and safety-critical software systems as well as service-oriented ... Keywords: fuzzy logic, fuzzy models, service oriented software systems, software reliability
Olga Georgieva; Aleksandar Dimov
Reliable and efficient reprogramming in sensor networks
Retasking and remote programming of sensor networks is an essential functionality to make these networks practical and effective. As the availability of more capable sensor nodes increases and new functional implementations continue to be proposed, these ... Keywords: Broadcast, energy efficiency, minimum energy broadcast, reliable distribution, reprogramming, retasking, sensor networks
Chris Miller; Christian Poellabauer
Reliability enhancement using optimal distribution feeder reconfiguration
Failure statistics show that distribution networks engage the most contribution to the customer unavailability services. Optimal reconfiguration of distribution systems has many advantages like total power losses reduction, voltage profile enhancement, ... Keywords: AENS, DFR, Distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR), ISFLA, Improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm (ISFLA), MDFR, Multiobjective optimization, Reliability enhancement, SAIDI, SAIFI
Abdollah Kavousi-Fard; Mohammad-Reza Akbari-Zadeh
An ATM Adaptation Layer for Reliable Transfers
There has been much attention given to ATM Adaptation Layers (AAL) over the ten-year history of ATM standardization. Yet none of the existing standards include a retransmission protocol to ensure reliability of the transfers. In this paper we propose ...
Gunnar Karlsson
Guidelines for New High Reliability Fossil Plants
Many new power plants are being constructed throughout the world, and many organizations are beginning to design and commission new fossil plants. These circumstances provide an excellent opportunity to build long-term reliability into the specifications and designs for the new plants.
The purity of water and steam is central to ensuring fossil plant component availability and reliability. New plants should have the optimum cycle chemistry features designed in, and the guidelines provided in this report will assist owners and operators of new plants in specifying these features during the design phase.
Reliable water supply system design under uncertainty
Given the natural variability and uncertainties in long-term predictions, reliability is a critical design factor for water supply systems. However, the large scale of the problem and the correlated nature of the involved uncertainties result in models ... Keywords: Data uncertainty, Robust optimization, Spatially correlated data, Water supply system
G. Chung; K. Lansey; G. Bayraksan
Granite Reliable Power | Open Energy Information
Reliable Power Reliable Power Jump to: navigation, search Name Granite Reliable Power Facility Granite Reliable Power Sector Wind energy Facility Type Commercial Scale Wind Facility Status In Service Owner Brookfield Renewable Energy Group Developer Brookfield Renewable Energy Group Energy Purchaser Green Mountain Power / Central Vermont Public Service / New England Power Pool Location Milan NH Coordinates 44.74039314°, -71.28376007° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":44.74039314,"lon":-71.28376007,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions Integrated Assessment of
described in this paper coordinated by the Consortium of Electricity Reliability Technology Solutions
Design Strategy for a Formally Veri ed Reliable Computing Platform
. Pecht, Ed., Product Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability Hdbk: CRC Press, 1995. [12] A
Butler, Ricky W.
Mixture representations for the reliability of consecutive-k systems
In this paper, we obtain representations for the reliability of consecutive type systems as a mixture of the reliability of order statistics whenever the systems consist of exchangeable components. The representations enable us to compute the reliability ... Keywords: Consecutive k-out-of- n system, Consecutive k-within-m-out-of-n system, Maximal signature, Minimal signature, Order statistics, System reliability, System signature
Serkan Ery?Lmaz
AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - Midwest Reliability
East East Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 75, and contains only the reference case. The data is broken down into electric power sector, cumulative planned additions,cumulative unplanned additions,cumulative retirements, end-use sector, electricity sales, net energy for load, generation by fuel type and price by service category. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEIO EIA Electric Power projections Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - Midwest Reliability Council / East - Reference Case (xls, 258.6 KiB) Quality Metrics
9643 9643 Varnish cache server AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - Reliability First Corporation / Michigan Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 82, and contains only the reference case. The data is broken down into electric power sector, cumulative planned additions,cumulative unplanned additions,cumulative retirements, end-use sector, electricity sales, net energy for load, generation by fuel type and price by service category. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Electric Power Michigan projections Data Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed
AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - SERC Reliability
Southeastern Southeastern Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 86, and contains only the reference case. The data is broken down into electric power sector, cumulative planned additions,cumulative unplanned additions,cumulative retirements, end-use sector, electricity sales, net energy for load, generation by fuel type and price by service category. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Electric Power projections Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - SERC Reliability Corporation / Southeastern- Reference Case (xls, 259.3 KiB)
Central Central Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 87, and contains only the reference case. The data is broken down into electric power sector, cumulative planned additions,cumulative unplanned additions,cumulative retirements, end-use sector, electricity sales, net energy for load, generation by fuel type and price by service category. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO central EIA Electric power projections Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - SERC Reliability Corporation / Central- Reference Case (xls, 259.1 KiB)
AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - Midwest Reliability Council
East East Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 100, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Energy Generation Fuel midwest Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - Midwest Reliability Council / East- Reference Case (xls, 118.9 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Annually
West West Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 101, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Energy Generation Fuel midwest Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - Midwest Reliability Council / West- Reference Case (xls, 119 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Annually
West West Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 76, and contains only the reference case. The data is broken down into electric power sector, cumulative planned additions,cumulative unplanned additions,cumulative retirements, end-use sector, electricity sales, net energy for load, generation by fuel type and price by service category. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Electric Power midwest projections Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - Midwest Reliability Council / West- Reference Case (xls, 259.1 KiB)
East East Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 106, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released July 25th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO East EIA Renewable Energy Generation Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - Reliability First Corporation / East- Reference Case (xls, 119 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Annually
Central Central Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 112, and contains only the reference case. The dataset uses gigawatts, billion kilowatthours and quadrillion Btu. The data is broken down into generating capacity, electricity generation and energy consumption. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords undefined Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel - SERC Reliability Corporation / Central- Reference Case (xls, 118.9 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Annually Time Period 2008-2035
Gateway Gateway Dataset Summary Description This dataset comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), and is part of the 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Report (AEO2011). This dataset is table 85, and contains only the reference case. The data is broken down into electric power sector, cumulative planned additions,cumulative unplanned additions,cumulative retirements, end-use sector, electricity sales, net energy for load, generation by fuel type and price by service category. Source EIA Date Released April 26th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords 2011 AEO EIA Electric Power projection Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon AEO2011: Electric Power Projections for EMM Region - SERC Reliability Corporation / Gateway - Reference Case (xls, 259 KiB)
Comments of North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to DOE
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to DOE Smart Grid RFI: Addressing Policy and Logistical Challenges Comments of North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to DOE Smart Grid RFI: Addressing Policy and Logistical Challenges Response to the Department of Energy's ("DOE") Request for Information (RFI) regarding the "Smart Grid RFI: Addressing Policy and Logistical Challenges." The North American Electric Reliability Corporation's ("NERC") Reliability Assessment and Performance Analysis Group ("RAPA") is currently developing a report, entitled "Reliability Consideration from Integration of Smart Grid" that will address many of the issues raised in the DOE RFI. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY COUNCIL: Preliminary Disturbance Report
NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY COUNCIL: Preliminary NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY COUNCIL: Preliminary Disturbance Report NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY COUNCIL: Preliminary Disturbance Report The following information represents a partial sequence of events based upon Reliability Coordinator information available to NERC. It is not clear if these events caused the event or were a consequence of other events. NERC is establishing teams to study the event and will coordinate with FERC, DOE, the industry and others. NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY COUNCIL: Preliminary Disturbance Report More Documents & Publications North American Electric Reliability Council Power Outage Update North American Electric Reliability Council Outage Announcement U.S. - Canada Power System Outage Task Force: Final Report on the
Federal Energy Management Program: Reliability-Centered Maintenance
Reliability-Centered Maintenance to someone by E-mail Share Federal Energy Management Program: Reliability-Centered Maintenance on Facebook Tweet about Federal Energy Management Program: Reliability-Centered Maintenance on Twitter Bookmark Federal Energy Management Program: Reliability-Centered Maintenance on Google Bookmark Federal Energy Management Program: Reliability-Centered Maintenance on Delicious Rank Federal Energy Management Program: Reliability-Centered Maintenance on Digg Find More places to share Federal Energy Management Program: Reliability-Centered Maintenance on AddThis.com... Sustainable Buildings & Campuses Operations & Maintenance Federal Requirements Program Management Commissioning Metering Computerized Maintenance Management Systems
Investigation of the Role of Trap States in Solar Cell Reliability using Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy
PV) technologies. PV reliability and degradation tests help9 1.5. Degradation and Reliability of PV1.5. Degradation and Reliability of PV materials Reliability
Bezryadina, Anna Sergeyevna
Emergency Diesel Generator reliability at Department of Energy (DOE) facilities
This report is the culmination of the first phase of a comprehensive effort by the Department of Energy (DOE) Defense Programs (DP) Office of Self-Assessment and Emergency Management (DP-9) to assess the reliability and availability of emergency power supplies (i.e., standby or backup supplies providing electric power to systems or equipment that perform functions important to safety) at DOE management concerns over the recent number of reported failures of emergency and back-up supplies to provide power when required. Augmented Evaluation Team (AET) on-site reviews were conducted during the week of September 30, 1991 at Rocky Flats (RF), and the week of October 7, 1991 at the Richland (RL) and Savannah River (SR) sites to investigate the failures. The AET reviews focused on Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) failures because they were identified as the dominant contributor to power supply failures (46 of the 77 failures involved EDGs, as opposed to other sources such as batteries, motor-generator sets, etc.). The RF, RL, and SR sites were chosen because they were among the leaders in numbers of EDG failures. The objectives of the AET investigations were to collect, analyze, and document factual information concerning the causes, conditions, and circumstances surrounding EDG failures, to conduct a preliminary assessment of the safety significance of the failures and the site specific and generic safety implications for DOE facilities, and to identify appropriate follow-on actions necessary to complete the overall assessment of the adequacy of emergency and back-up power sources. This report presents the AET findings concerning the reliability of EDGs at the RF, RL, and SR sites, and the safety significance of EDG failures.
Human Reliability Analysis for Design: Using Reliability Methods for Human Factors Issues
This paper reviews the application of human reliability analysis methods to human factors design issues. An application framework is sketched in which aspects of modeling typically found in human reliability analysis are used in a complementary fashion to the existing human factors phases of design and testing. The paper provides best achievable practices for design, testing, and modeling. Such best achievable practices may be used to evaluate and human system interface in the context of design safety certifications.
Ronald Laurids Boring
Bridging Resilience Engineering and Human Reliability Analysis
There has been strong interest in the new and emerging field called resilience engineering. This field has been quick to align itself with many existing safety disciplines, but it has also distanced itself from the field of human reliability analysis. To date, the discussion has been somewhat one-sided, with much discussion about the new insights afforded by resilience engineering. This paper presents an attempt to address resilience engineering from the perspective of human reliability analysis (HRA). It is argued that HRA shares much in common with resilience engineering and that, in fact, it can help strengthen nascent ideas in resilience engineering. This paper seeks to clarify and ultimately refute the arguments that have served to divide HRA and resilience engineering.
Ronald L. Boring
Structural reliability analysis and seismic risk assessment
This paper presents a reliability analysis method for safety evaluation of nuclear structures. By utilizing this method, it is possible to estimate the limit state probability in the lifetime of structures and to generate analytically the fragility curves for PRA studies. The earthquake ground acceleration, in this approach, is represented by a segment of stationary Gaussian process with a zero mean and a Kanai-Tajimi Spectrum. All possible seismic hazard at a site represented by a hazard curve is also taken into consideration. Furthermore, the limit state of a structure is analytically defined and the corresponding limit state surface is then established. Finally, the fragility curve is generated and the limit state probability is evaluated. In this paper, using a realistic reinforced concrete containment as an example, results of the reliability analysis of the containment subjected to dead load, live load and ground earthquake acceleration are presented and a fragility curve for PRA studies is also constructed.
Hwang, H.; Reich, M.; Shinozuka, M.
Reliability Estimation for Double Containment Piping
Double walled or double containment piping is considered for use in the ITER international project and other next-generation fusion device designs to provide an extra barrier for tritium gas and other radioactive materials. The extra barrier improves confinement of these materials and enhances safety of the facility. This paper describes some of the design challenges in designing double containment piping systems. There is also a brief review of a few operating experiences of double walled piping used with hazardous chemicals in different industries. This paper recommends approaches for the reliability analyst to use to quantify leakage from a double containment piping system in conceptual and more advanced designs. The paper also cites quantitative data that can be used to support such reliability analyses.
L. Cadwallader; T. Pinna
Partially stabilized zirconia piston bowl reliability
The Weibull based ''Simplified Structural Ceramic Design Technique'' was used to calculate the reliability of a partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) piston bowl design. The details of the method and a set of sample calculations are presented. Test results of the piston bowl showed cracks in regions which had a high calculated probability of failure. In addition cracks developed in a region of high compressive/shear stress. Since Weibull reliability analysis only uses tensile stresses this area did not have a high calculated probability of failure. Several hypotheses are presented for the mode of failure in this region. The simplified technique was used to predict what the necessary material properties would have to be for successful PSZ insert of the design shown.
Hartsock, D.L.
Quantifying reliability uncertainty : a proof of concept.
This paper develops Classical and Bayesian methods for quantifying the uncertainty in reliability for a system of mixed series and parallel components for which both go/no-go and variables data are available. Classical methods focus on uncertainty due to sampling error. Bayesian methods can explore both sampling error and other knowledge-based uncertainties. To date, the reliability community has focused on qualitative statements about uncertainty because there was no consensus on how to quantify them. This paper provides a proof of concept that workable, meaningful quantification methods can be constructed. In addition, the application of the methods demonstrated that the results from the two fundamentally different approaches can be quite comparable. In both approaches, results are sensitive to the details of how one handles components for which no failures have been seen in relatively few tests.
Diegert, Kathleen V.; Dvorack, Michael A.; Ringland, James T.; Mundt, Michael Joseph; Huzurbazar, Aparna (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM); Lorio, John F.; Fatherley, Quinn (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM); Anderson-Cook, Christine (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM); Wilson, Alyson G. (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM); Zurn, Rena M.
Reliability and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
and the Federal Reliability and the Federal and the Federal Reliability and the Federal Energy Regulatory Energy Regulatory Commission Commission Michael Peters Michael Peters Energy Infrastructure & Cyber Security Advisor Energy Infrastructure & Cyber Security Advisor Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 202 202 - - 502 502 - - 8461 8461 firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com The views expressed in this The views expressed in this presentation do not represent the presentation do not represent the views of the Federal Energy views of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or the United Regulatory Commission or the United States. States. These views are the personal opinion These views are the personal opinion of Mike Peters!!!! of Mike Peters!!!! ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺
North American Electric Reliability Council Outage Announcement |
Council Outage Announcement Council Outage Announcement North American Electric Reliability Council Outage Announcement Starting at about 4:11 p.m. EDT, major losses of electric load occurred in the northeastern United States and Canada in the Eastern Interconnection. Although the exact cause is not known at present, the outages are not the result of a terrorist attack. The areas most affected center around the Great Lakes: Michigan, Ohio, New York City, Ontario, Quebec, northern New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. North American Electric Reliability Council Outage Announcement More Documents & Publications Blackout 2003: Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations Blackout 2003: Blackout Final Implementation Report
Comments of Cisco Systems to Comments of Cisco Systems to Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Department of Energy in Response to Request for Information: Addressing Policy and Logistical Challenges to Smart Grid Implementation Issued September 13, 2010 FR Doc. 2010-23251 November 30, 2010 Cisco Systems provides these Comments in response to the Request for Information ("RFI") issued by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability of the Department of Energy ("DOE") on September 13, 2010. The RFI seeks information across a broad range of topics, but also requests that commenters be "concise," and provide "facts and concrete recommendations that can augment the general knowledge." 1 1. Interoperability Standards and the Smart Grid
EPRI Power Switching Safety and Reliability Project
The EPRI Switching Safety and Reliability (SS&R) Project features 24 completed studies to date in seven broad subject areas: 1) switching process, 2) tools and technological aids used in the planning and execution of switching, 3) switching errors, 4) incident analysis and investigation, 5) management methods and processes, 6) training, and 7) definitions and terminology. This report presents the history and accomplishments of the SS&R project as well as the extent of penetration of its findings into uti...
Home Area Network Performance and Reliability
In current deployments, the in-meter communications interface between a utilitys advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) system and a consumers home area network (HAN) could be a critical link for the implementation of retail energy services. The reliability of communications across this interface will affect the overall customer experience and may impact the value of these services. This report examines technologies currently being used in North America and elsewhere to implement that link narrowband and...
Low temperature ion source for calutrons
A new ion source assembly for calutrons has been provided for the efficient separation of elements having high vapor pressures. The strategic location of cooling pads and improved insulation permits operation of the source at lower temperatures. A vapor valve constructed of graphite and located in a constantly increasing temperature gradient provides reliable control of the vapor flow from the charge bottle to the arc chamber. A pronounced saving in calutron operating time and equipment maintenance has been achieved with the use of the present ion source.
Veach, Allen M. (Oak Ridge, TN); Bell, Jr., William A. (Oak Ridge, TN); Howell, Jr., George D. (Clinton, TN)
Veach, A.M.; Bell, W.A. Jr.; Howell, G.D. Jr.
On the internet grouping for reliable multicasting
Current implementation of multicasting is using UDP protocol which is unreliable. There are many problems in reliable multicasting that make it difficult to implement. A study of the problems of reliable multicasting and an algorithm for reliable multicast protocol are proposed in this thesis. Unfairness when some of the receivers are faster than the others, the overhead at the sender because of managing all the group members and the problem of the traffic congestion at the sender because of the acknowledgments from each receiver are the problems that our proposed algorithm solved. Our proposed protocol is to divide the multicast group into different subgroups in a way that all members of the subgroup are related in speeds, location etc. In this way, we will make the sender send the same message with different speeds to different receiver subgroups. The sender will send as many times as the number of the subgroups. This solution has the advantage that fast receivers will not wait for slow receivers until they receive their message, which will improve the performance of fast receivers. To reduce the number of acknowledgments at the sender, we select from each subgroup a member that sends acknowledgment to the sender. In this way, only one acknowledgment from the subgroup is sent to the receiver rather than every member sending an acknowledgment to the sender, which solves the problem of many acknowledgments at the sender.
Ghanem, Mohamed M.
Added Value of Reliability to a Microgrid: Simulations of Three California Buildings
The Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model is used to estimate the value an Oakland nursing home, a Riverside high school, and a Sunnyvale data center would need to put on higher electricity service reliability for them to adopt a Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions Microgrid (CM) based on economics alone. A fraction of each building's load is deemed critical based on its mission, and the added cost of CM capability to meet it added to on-site generation options. The three sites are analyzed with various resources available as microgrid components. Results show that the value placed on higher reliability often does not have to be significant for CM to appear attractive, about 25 $/kWcdota and up, but the carbon footprint consequences are mixed because storage is often used to shift cheaper off-peak electricity to use during afternoon hours in competition with the solar sources.
Marnay, Chris; Lai, Judy; Stadler, Michael; Siddiqui, Afzal
Washington DC Reliability Requirements and the Need to Operate Mirant's
Washington DC Reliability Requirements and the Need to Operate Washington DC Reliability Requirements and the Need to Operate Mirant's Potomac River Generation Station to Support Local Area Reliability (Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2005) Washington DC Reliability Requirements and the Need to Operate Mirant's Potomac River Generation Station to Support Local Area Reliability (Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2005) Pursuant to Docket No. EO-05-01: Oak Ridge National Laboratory provided an analysis of the Mirant Potomac River Generation Station in 2005 and discussed the reliability requirements of the local area and the potential impacts on reliability of changing operation of the Potomac River Generating Station in this paper. Washington DC Reliability Requirements and the Need to Operate Mirant's Potomac River Generation Station to Support Local Area Reliability.pdf
Radiation monitoring in nuclear facilities is essential to safe operation of the equipment as well as protecting personnel. In specific, typical air monitoring of radioactive gases or particulate involves complex systems of valves, pumps, piping and electronics. The challenge is to measure a representative sample in areas that are radioactively contaminated. Running cables and piping to these locations is very expensive due to the containment requirements. Penetration into and out of an airborne or containment area is complex and costly. The process rooms are built with thick rebar-enforced concrete walls with glove box containment chambers inside. Figure 1 shows high temperature radiation resistance cabling entering the top of a typical glove box. In some case, the entire processing area must be contained in a 'hot cell' where the only access into the chamber is via manipulators. An example is shown in Figure 2. A short range wireless network provides an ideal communication link for transmitting the data from the radiation sensor to a 'clean area', or area absent of any radiation fields or radioactive contamination. Radiation monitoring systems that protect personnel and equipment must meet stringent codes and standards due to the consequences of failure. At first glance a wired system would seem more desirable. Concerns with wireless communication include latency, jamming, spoofing, man in the middle attacks, and hacking. The Department of Energy's Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has developed a prototype wireless radiation air monitoring system that address many of the concerns with wireless and allows quick deployment in radiation and contamination areas. It is stand alone and only requires a standard 120 VAC, 60 Hz power source. It is designed to be mounted or portable. The wireless link uses a National Security Agency (NSA) Suite B compliant wireless network from Fortress Technologies that is considered robust enough to be used for classified data transmission in place of NSA Type 1 devices.
Cordaro, J.; Shull, D.; Farrar, M.; Reeves, G.
EXECUTIVE STEERING GROUP Meeting Proceedings October 30, 2002 Room 6E-069, 10:30 - 12:00 Agenda Opening Remarks Bruce Carnes Competitive Sourcing Update Denny O'Brien Team Briefings Team Leads ESG Discussion/Wrap up Bruce Carnes Attendees Bruce Carnes, Acting Chair MaryAnn Shebek Robert Card Prentis Cook Ambassador Brooks Tony Lane Kyle McSlarrow Karen Evans Suzanne Brennan, NTEU Claudia Cross Brian Costlow Helen Sherman Frank Bessera Laurie Morman Denny O'Brien Travis McCrory Bill Pearce Jeff Dowl Mark Hively Steven Apicella Robin Mudd Bruce Carnes chaired the meeting and began with welcoming NTEU to the meeting. In regard to the OMB's Balanced Scorecard, the Department has achieved a Green on progress and we are close to achieving a yellow on status.
High reliability low jitter pulse generator
A method and concomitant apparatus for generating pulses comprising providing a laser light source, disposing a voltage electrode between ground electrodes, generating laser sparks using the laser light source via laser spark gaps between the voltage electrode and the ground electrodes, and outputting pulses via one or more insulated ground connectors connected to the voltage electrode.
Savage, Mark E.; Stoltzfus, Brian S.
Using advanced measurement systems for microgrid protection
Microgrids have been proposed as a way to integrate distributed renewable energy sources while increasing energy supply reliability to the customers. Microgrids can operate either connected to the grid or islanded. Each mode of operation has very different ...
S. S. Venkata; E. Sortomme
College of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability | Department of
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability College of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability College of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Vision OE recognizes that our Nation's sustained economic prosperity, quality of life, and global competitiveness depend on access to an abundance of secure, reliable, and affordable energy resources. Through a mix of technology and policy solutions, we will address the changing dynamics and uncertainties in which the electric system will operate. We will leverage effective partnerships, solid research, and best practices to address diverse interests in achieving economic, societal, and environmental objectives. Resources Explore the following topics at OE's College of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability:
NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY COUNCIL: Preliminary NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY COUNCIL: Preliminary Disturbance Report NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY COUNCIL: Preliminary Disturbance Report The following information represents a partial sequence of events based upon Reliability Coordinator information available to NERC. It is not clear if these events caused the event or were a consequence of other events. NERC is establishing teams to study the event and will coordinate with FERC, DOE, the industry and others. NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY COUNCIL: Preliminary Disturbance Report More Documents & Publications North American Electric Reliability Council Power Outage Update Blackout 2003: Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations
Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Fact Sheet - Establish Reliable Fuel
Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Fact Sheet - Establish Reliable Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Fact Sheet - Establish Reliable Fuel Services Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Fact Sheet - Establish Reliable Fuel Services GNEP would build and strengthen a reliable international fuel services consortium under which "fuel supplier nations" would choose to operate both nuclear power plants and fuel production and handling facilities, providing reliable fuel services to "user nations" that choose to only operate nuclear power plants. This international consortium is a critical component of the GNEP initiative to build an improved, more proliferation-resistant nuclear fuel cycle that recycles used fuel, while Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Fact Sheet - Establish Reliable Fuel Services More Documents & Publications
Mercury Effects, Sources and Control Measures
restrictions started with particulate and now includes nitrogen oxides and acid gases. This constant industry. The additives and flue gases mix and a reaction will occur between the acid gases and additives. Usually are removed by getting trapped on the bag while the cleaned flue gases pass through. Semi-dry Acid Gas Control
Transient plane source measurements of the thermal ...
... conductivity of (2.1�2.2) W/(m K). While the HS bounds are fairly tight in Fig. ... Res 33:363�371 8. Xu Y, Chung DDL (2000) Effect of sand addition on ...
ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) ion sources for cyclotrons
In the last decade ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) ion sources have evolved from a single large, power consuming, complex prototype into a variety of compact, simple, reliable, efficient, high performance sources of high charge state ions for accelerators and atomic physics. The coupling of ECR sources to cyclotrons has resulted in significant performance gains in energy, intensity, reliability, and variety of ion species. Seven ECR sources are in regular operation with cyclotrons and numerous other projects are under development or in the planning stag. At least four laboratories have ECR sources dedicated for atomic physics research and other atomic physics programs share ECR sources with cyclotrons. An ECR source is now installed on the injector for the CERN SPS synchrotron to accelerate O/sup 8 +/ to relativistic energies. A project is underway at Argonne to couple an ECR source to a superconducting heavy-ion linac. Although tremendous progress has been made, the field of ECR sources is still a relatively young technology and there is still the potential for further advances both in source development and understanding of the plasma physics. The development of ECR sources is reviewed. The important physics mechanisms which come into play in the operation of ECR Sources are discussed, along with various models for charge state distributions (CSD). The design and performance of several ECR sources are compared. The 88-Inch Cyclotron and the LBL ECR is used as an example of cyclotron+ECR operation. The future of ECR sources is considered.
Lyneis, C.M.
Current measuring system
A current measuring system comprising a current measuring device having a first electrode at ground potential, and a second electrode; a current source having an offset potential of at least three hundred volts, the current source having an output electrode; and a capacitor having a first electrode electrically connected to the output electrode of the current source and having a second electrode electrically connected to the second electrode of the current measuring device.
Dahl, David A. (Idaho Falls, ID); Appelhans, Anthony D. (Idaho Falls, ID); Olson, John E. (Idaho Falls, ID)
and Energy Reliability, Distribution System IntegrationEnergy Reliability, Renewable and Distributed Systems Integration
Radiation source
A device and method for relativistic electron beam heating of a high-density plasma in a small localized region. A relativistic electron beam generator or accelerator produces a high-voltage electron beam which propagates along a vacuum drift tube and is modulated to initiate electron bunching within the beam. The beam is then directed through a low-density gas chamber which provides isolation between the vacuum modulator and the relativistic electron beam target. The relativistic beam is then applied to a high-density target plasma which typically comprises DT, DD, or similar thermonuclear gas at a density of 10.sup.17 to 10.sup.20 electrons per cubic centimeter. The target gas is ionized prior to application of the relativistic electron beam by means of a laser or other preionization source to form a plasma. Utilizing a relativistic electron beam with an individual particle energy exceeding 3 MeV, classical scattering by relativistic electrons passing through isolation foils is negligible. As a result, relativistic streaming instabilities are initiated within the high-density target plasma causing the relativistic electron beam to efficiently deposit its energy into a small localized region of the high-density plasma target.
Thode, Lester E. (Los Alamos, NM)
Continuous Reliability Enhancement for Wind (CREW) database : wind plant reliability benchmark.
To benchmark the current U.S. wind turbine fleet reliability performance and identify the major contributors to component-level failures and other downtime events, the Department of Energy funded the development of the Continuous Reliability Enhancement for Wind (CREW) database by Sandia National Laboratories. This report is the third annual Wind Plant Reliability Benchmark, to publically report on CREW findings for the wind industry. The CREW database uses both high resolution Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data from operating plants and Strategic Power Systems' ORAPWind%C2%AE (Operational Reliability Analysis Program for Wind) data, which consist of downtime and reserve event records and daily summaries of various time categories for each turbine. Together, these data are used as inputs into CREW's reliability modeling. The results presented here include: the primary CREW Benchmark statistics (operational availability, utilization, capacity factor, mean time between events, and mean downtime); time accounting from an availability perspective; time accounting in terms of the combination of wind speed and generation levels; power curve analysis; and top system and component contributors to unavailability.
Hines, Valerie Ann-Peters; Ogilvie, Alistair B.; Bond, Cody R.
Review on Ventilation Rate Measuring and Modeling Techniques in Naturally
Review on Ventilation Rate Measuring and Modeling Techniques in Naturally Review on Ventilation Rate Measuring and Modeling Techniques in Naturally Ventilated Building Speaker(s): Sezin Eren Ozcan Date: May 16, 2006 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 Due to limited energy sources, countries are looking for alternative solutions to decrease energy needs. In that context, natural ventilation can be seen as a very attractive sustainable technique in building design. However, understanding of ventilation dynamics is needed to provide an efficient control. Ventilation rate has to be determined not only in terms of energy, but also for controlling indoor air quality and emissions. For these reasons, agricultural buildings (livestock houses, greenhouses, etc.), naturally ventilated industrial buildings, and residences require a reliable ventilation rate measuring technique. Measuring techniques suffer
Line Heat-Source Guarded Hot Plate
Line Heat-Source Guarded Hot Plate. Description: The 1-meter guarded hot-plate apparatus measures thermal conductivity of building insulation. ...
This report presents brief descriptions of the publications of the EPRI Switching Safety and Reliability (SS&R) Project and of the presentations at the annual EPRI SS&R Conferences from 1996 (the year of the projects inception) until 2010. The SS&R Project was initiated in 1996. Its purpose was to analyze switching errors and related incidents and to determine effective ways of limiting their occurrence. At the 1997 EPRI SS&R Conference, it became clear to EPRI and to the participants that there was a ne...
Final report on reliability and lifetime prediction.
This document highlights the important results obtained from the subtask of the Goodyear CRADA devoted to better understanding reliability of tires and to developing better lifetime prediction methods. The overall objective was to establish the chemical and physical basis for the degradation of tires using standard as well as unique models and experimental techniques. Of particular interest was the potential application of our unique modulus profiling apparatus for assessing tire properties and for following tire degradation. During the course of this complex investigation, extensive relevant information was generated, including experimental results, data analyses and development of models and instruments. Detailed descriptions of the findings are included in this report.
Gillen, Kenneth Todd; Wise, Jonathan; Jones, Gary D.; Causa, Al G. [Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, OH; Terrill, Edward R. [Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, OH; Borowczak, Marc [Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, OH
Availability and Reliability Issues for ILC
The International Linear Collider (ILC) will be the largest most complicated accelerator ever built. For this reason extensive work is being done early in the design phase to ensure that it will be reliable enough. This includes gathering failure mode data from existing accelerators and simulating the failures and repair times of the ILC. This simulation has been written in a general fashion using MATLAB and could be used for other accelerators. Results from the simulation tool have been used in making some of the major ILC design decisions and an unavailability budget has been developed.
Himel, T.; Nelson, J.; Phinney, N.; /SLAC; Ross, M.; /Fermilab
Safety and reliability in superconducting MHD magnets
This compilation adapts studies on safety and reliability in fusion magnets to similar problems in superconducting MHD magnets. MHD base load magnet requirements have been identified from recent Francis Bitter National Laboratory reports and that of other contracts. Information relevant to this subject in recent base load magnet design reports for AVCO - Everett Research Laboratories and Magnetic Corporation of America is included together with some viewpoints from a BNL workshop on structural analysis needed for superconducting coils in magnetic fusion energy. A summary of design codes used in large bubble chamber magnet design is also included.
Laverick, C.; Powell, J.; Hsieh, S.; Reich, M.; Botts, T.; Prodell, A.
Gearbox Reliability Collaborative - Phase 1 and 2 Overview (Presentation)
The presentation given at the Wind Turbine Reliability Workshop at Sandia National Laboratories, August 2-3, 2011, serves as an overview for the findings from the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Project Report: Findings from Phase 1 and Phase 2 Testing
Link, H.
Using expert systems components to enhance reliability analysis tools
In this paper we discuss the use of expert system components to enhance reliability analysis software tools. The discussion focuses on two expert systems built to enhance STAR and SUPER, reliability analysis tools developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories. ...
William B. Frakes; D. H. Myers
Designing CPV Receivers With Reliability: Early Evaluation of Components
Designing CPV Receivers With Reliability: Early Evaluation of Components Objective Materials from power electronics industry must be proven when integrated in PV applications. Pre-qualification tests improves the receiver design and reliability. ANU microconcentrator test&design experience
2013 Reliability & Markets Peer Review - Day 2 Presentations...
Reliability R&D Reliability & Markets Peer Review included 6 sessions over 2 days on August 6 - 7, 2013. Presentations from Day 2 (Sessions V and VI) are available below....
Formal lifetime reliability analysis using continuous random variables
Reliability has always been an important concern in the design of engineering systems. Recently proposed formal reliability analysis techniques have been able to overcome the accuracy limitations of traditional simulation based techniques but can only ...
Naeem Abbasi; Osman Hasan; Sofi�ne Tahar
Reliable complex event detection for pervasive computing
Complex event processing for pervasive computing must deal with various sources of error. In this paper, we focus on improving complex event detector handling of several types of communication error, in addition to timing errors caused by the lack of ...
Dan O'Keeffe; Jean Bacon
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability | Department...
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of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability Services Electricity Advisory Committee Technology Development Electricity Policy Coordination and Implementation DOE Grid Tech Team...
2012 Annual Planning Summary for Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
The ongoing and projected Environmental Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements for 2012 and 2013 within Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability.
Reliable Protein Folding on Complex Energy Landscapes: The Free Energy Reaction Path
Reliable Protein Folding on Complex Energy Landscapes: The Free Energy Reaction Path Gregg Lois be calculated from measurements of the free energy. We test these predictions against numerical simulations folding problem (24). Each protein conformation has a free energy that determines its probability
Gelfond, Michael
Photovoltaic Module Reliability Workshop 2011: February 16-17, 2011
NREL's Photovoltaic (PV) Module Reliability Workshop (PVMRW) brings together PV reliability experts to share information, leading to the improvement of PV module reliability. Such improvement reduces the cost of solar electricity and promotes investor confidence in the technology--both critical goals for moving PV technologies deeper into the electricity marketplace.
Photovoltaic Module Reliability Workshop 2010: February 18-19, 2010
Kurtz, J.
Stochastic computational models for accurate reliability evaluation of logic circuits
As reliability becomes a major concern with the continuous scaling of CMOS technology, several computational methodologies have been developed for the reliability evaluation of logic circuits. Previous accurate analytical approaches, however, have a ... Keywords: fault tolerance, logic circuits, reliability evaluation, stochastic computation, stochastic computational model
Hao Chen; Jie Han
Reliability of Electric Utility Distribution Systems: EPRI White Paper
This report discusses what is known about electric power distribution system reliability and investigates whether there are generally available methods for performing reliability analysis for distribution systems. The theory of the reliability of general systems is well understood. A fundamental issue is whether an appropriate implementation of the theory exists in a form readily usable by distribution system planners and designers.
ME-OWA based DEMATEL reliability apportionment method
The maximal entropy ordered weighted averaging (ME-OWA)-based decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method for reliability allocation has been examined. The assessment results show that most conventional reliability allocation methods ... Keywords: Decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), Feasibility-of-objectives technique, Maximal entropy ordered weighted averaging (ME-OWA), Reliability allocation
Cheng-Shih Liaw; Yung-Chia Chang; Kuei-Hu Chang; Thing-Yuan Chang
Summary of Recommendations from NERC Reliability Readiness Evaluations
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) has recently conducted a large number of reliability readiness evaluations at the sites of various transmission operators, balancing authorities, and reliability coordinators. This report summarizes the most prevalent recommendations in these evaluations, enabling entities not yet audited to better prepare by initiating improvements in emphasized recommendation areas.
Multi-Area Power System Reliability and Production Costing
Multi-area power system operation can reduce costs without jeopardizing service reliability, but the interconnection of systems requires new means for estimating costs and reliability. This report describes methods for evaluating production costs and power system reliability in multi-area power systems.
Photovoltaic Module Reliability Workshop 2012: February 28 - March 1, 2012
Photovoltaic Module Reliability Workshop 2013: February 26-27, 2013
CRAX/Cassandra Reliability Analysis Software
Over the past few years Sandia National Laboratories has been moving toward an increased dependence on model- or physics-based analyses as a means to assess the impact of long-term storage on the nuclear weapons stockpile. These deterministic models have also been used to evaluate replacements for aging systems, often involving commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS). In addition, the models have been used to assess the performance of replacement components manufactured via unique, small-lot production runs. In either case, the limited amount of available test data dictates that the only logical course of action to characterize the reliability of these components is to specifically consider the uncertainties in material properties, operating environment etc. within the physics-based (deterministic) model. This not only provides the ability to statistically characterize the expected performance of the component or system, but also provides direction regarding the benefits of additional testing on specific components within the system. An effort was therefore initiated to evaluate the capabilities of existing probabilistic methods and, if required, to develop new analysis methods to support the inclusion of uncertainty in the classical design tools used by analysts and design engineers at Sandia. The primary result of this effort is the CMX (Cassandra Exoskeleton) reliability analysis software.
Robinson, D.
Using wind plant data to increase reliability.
Operators interested in improving reliability should begin with a focus on the performance of the wind plant as a whole. To then understand the factors which drive individual turbine performance, which together comprise the plant performance, it is necessary to track a number of key indicators. Analysis of these key indicators can reveal the type, frequency, and cause of failures and will also identify their contributions to overall plant performance. The ideal approach to using data to drive good decisions includes first determining which critical decisions can be based on data. When those required decisions are understood, then the analysis required to inform those decisions can be identified, and finally the data to be collected in support of those analyses can be determined. Once equipped with high-quality data and analysis capabilities, the key steps to data-based decision making for reliability improvements are to isolate possible improvements, select the improvements with largest return on investment (ROI), implement the selected improvements, and finally to track their impact.
Peters, Valerie A. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Ogilvie, Alistair B.; McKenney, Bridget L.
The increased need to manage California?s electricity grid in real time is a result of the ongoing transition from a system operated by vertically-integrated utilities serving native loads to one operated by an independent system operator supporting competitive energy markets. During this transition period, the traditional approach to reliability management -- construction of new transmission lines -- has not been pursued due to unresolved issues related to the financing and recovery of transmission project costs. In the absence of investments in new transmission infrastructure, the best strategy for managing reliability is to equip system operators with better real-time information about actual operating margins so that they can better understand and manage the risk of operating closer to the edge. A companion strategy is to address known deficiencies in offline modeling tools that are needed to ground the use of improved real-time tools. This project: (1) developed and conducted first-ever demonstrations of two prototype real-time software tools for voltage security assessment and phasor monitoring; and (2) prepared a scoping study on improving load and generator response models. Additional funding through two separate subsequent work authorizations has already been provided to build upon the work initiated in this project.
Eto, Joe; Eto, Joe; Lesieutre, Bernard; Lewis, Nancy Jo; Parashar, Manu
Lamont Jackson Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
March 28, 2012 March 28, 2012 Lamont Jackson Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Mail Code: OE-20 U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Avenue SW Washington, D.C. 20585 Via email to: firstname.lastname@example.com Re: Comments on Questions Related to Permitting of Transmission Lines, 77 Fed. Reg. 11517 (Feb. 27, 2012) Dear Mr. Jackson: Thank you for the opportunity to submit comments on questions related to the permitting of transmission lines. We, the undersigned conservation organizations, are working to address the threat of climate change by advocating for significant increases in renewable energy and energy conservation measures. Our nation's addiction to fossil fuels, coupled with the unprecedented threats brought about by
Data Sources 3. Data Sources
This indicator examines the aggregate activity of hurricanes and other tropical storms in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico between 1949 and 2011. Climate change is expected to affect tropical cyclone activity through increased sea surface temperatures and other environmental changes that are key influences on cyclone formation and behavior. Components of this indicator include: � The number of hurricanes in the North Atlantic each year, along with the number making landfall in the United States (Figure 1) � Frequency, intensity, and duration of North Atlantic cyclones as measured by the Accumulated
unknown authors
Evaluated teletherapy source library
The Evaluated Teletherapy Source Library (ETSL) is a system of hardware and software that provides for maintenance of a library of useful phase space descriptions (PSDs) of teletherapy sources used in radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The PSDs are designed to be used by PEREGRINE, the all-particle Monte Carlo dose calculation system. ETSL also stores other relevant information such as monitor unit factors (MUFs) for use with the PSDs, results of PEREGRINE calculations using the PSDs, clinical calibration measurements, and geometry descriptions sufficient for calculational purposes. Not all of this information is directly needed by PEREGRINE. It also is capable of acting as a repository for the Monte Carlo simulation history files from which the generic PSDs are derived.
Cox, Lawrence J. (Los Alamos, NM); Schach Von Wittenau, Alexis E. (Livermore, CA)
Source Selection | Department of Energy
Source Selection Source Selection Source SelectionSource Selection Boards Source Evaluation Board (SEB) Monthly Status Reporting Requirement (pdf) Source Evaluation Board (SEB)...
Review of Quantitative Software Reliability Methods
The current U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensing process for digital systems rests on deterministic engineering criteria. In its 1995 probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) policy statement, the Commission encouraged the use of PRA technology in all regulatory matters to the extent supported by the state-of-the-art in PRA methods and data. Although many activities have been completed in the area of risk-informed regulation, the risk-informed analysis process for digital systems has not yet been satisfactorily developed. Since digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems are expected to play an increasingly important role in nuclear power plant (NPP) safety, the NRC established a digital system research plan that defines a coherent set of research programs to support its regulatory needs. One of the research programs included in the NRC's digital system research plan addresses risk assessment methods and data for digital systems. Digital I&C systems have some unique characteristics, such as using software, and may have different failure causes and/or modes than analog I&C systems; hence, their incorporation into NPP PRAs entails special challenges. The objective of the NRC's digital system risk research is to identify and develop methods, analytical tools, and regulatory guidance for (1) including models of digital systems into NPP PRAs, and (2) using information on the risks of digital systems to support the NRC's risk-informed licensing and oversight activities. For several years, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has worked on NRC projects to investigate methods and tools for the probabilistic modeling of digital systems, as documented mainly in NUREG/CR-6962 and NUREG/CR-6997. However, the scope of this research principally focused on hardware failures, with limited reviews of software failure experience and software reliability methods. NRC also sponsored research at the Ohio State University investigating the modeling of digital systems using dynamic PRA methods. These efforts, documented in NUREG/CR-6901, NUREG/CR-6942, and NUREG/CR-6985, included a functional representation of the system's software but did not explicitly address failure modes caused by software defects or by inadequate design requirements. An important identified research need is to establish a commonly accepted basis for incorporating the behavior of software into digital I&C system reliability models for use in PRAs. To address this need, BNL is exploring the inclusion of software failures into the reliability models of digital I&C systems, such that their contribution to the risk of the associated NPP can be assessed.
Chu, T.L.; Yue, M.; Martinez-Guridi, M.; Lehner, J.
Interferometry using undulator sources
Optical systems for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography need to use optical components with subnanometer surface figure error tolerances to achieve diffraction-limited performance [M.D. Himel, in {ital Soft} {ital X}-{ital Ray} {ital Projection} {ital Lithography}, A.M. Hawryluk and R.H. Stulen, eds. (OSA, Washington, D.C., 1993), {bold 18}, 1089, and D. Attwood {ital et} {ital al}., Appl. Opt. {bold 32}, 7022 (1993)]. Also, multilayer-coated optics require at-wavelength wavefront measurement to characterize phase effects that cannot be measured by conventional optical interferometry. Furthermore, EUV optical systems will additionally require final testing and alignment at the operational wavelength for adjustment and reduction of the cumulative optical surface errors. Therefore, at-wavelength interferometric measurement of EUV optics will be the necessary metrology tool for the successful development of optics for EUV lithography. An EUV point diffraction interferometer (PDI) has been developed at the Center for X-Ray Optics (CXRO) and has been already in operation for a year [K. Goldberg {ital et} {ital al}., in {ital Extreme} {ital Ultra} {ital Lithography}, D.T. Attwood and F. Zernike, eds. (OSA, Washington, D.C., 1994), K. Goldberg {ital et} {ital al}., Proc. SPIE {bold 2437}, to be published, and K. Goldberg {ital et} {ital al}., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B {bold 13}, 2923 (1995)] using an undulator radiation source and coherent optics beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. An overview of the PDI interferometer and some EUV wavefront measurements obtained with this instrument will be presented. In addition, future developments planned for EUV interferometry at CXRO towards the measurement of actual EUV lithography optics will be shown. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}
Beguiristain, R.; Goldberg, K.A.; Tejnil, E.; Bokor, J.; Medecki, H.; Attwood, D.T.; Jackson, K. [Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., MS 2-400, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States)
Definition: Interconnection Reliability Operating Limit Tv | Open Energy
Limit Tv Limit Tv Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Interconnection Reliability Operating Limit Tv The maximum time that an Interconnection Reliability Operating Limit can be violated before the risk to the interconnection or other Reliability Coordinator Area(s) becomes greater than acceptable. Each Interconnection Reliability Operating Limit's Tv shall be less than or equal to 30 minutes.[1] Related Terms Interconnection Reliability Operating Limitinterconnection, interconnection References ↑ Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An i LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. nline Glossary Definition Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Interconnection_Reliability_Operating_Limit_Tv&oldid=493031
Building model analysis applications with the Joint Universal Parameter IdenTification and Evaluation of Reliability (JUPITER) API
The open-source, public domain JUPITER (Joint Universal Parameter IdenTification and Evaluation of Reliability) API (Application Programming Interface) provides conventions and Fortran-90 modules to develop applications (computer programs) for analyzing ... Keywords: Calibration, Model discrimination, Optimization, Sensitivity, Uncertainty
Edward R. Banta; Mary C. Hill; Eileen Poeter; John E. Doherty; Justin Babendreier
This paper provides a characterization of human reliability analysis (HRA) issues for computerized procedures in nuclear power plant control rooms. It is beyond the scope of this paper to propose a new HRA approach or to recommend specific methods or refinements to those methods. Rather, this paper provides a review of HRA as applied to traditional paper-based procedures, followed by a discussion of what specific factors should additionally be considered in HRAs for computerized procedures. Performance shaping factors and failure modes unique to computerized procedures are highlighted. Since there is no definitive guide to HRA for paper-based procedures, this paper also serves to clarify the existing guidance on paper-based procedures before delving into the unique aspects of computerized procedures.
Ronald L. Boring; David I. Gertman; Katya Le Blanc
Reliable Power Inc | Open Energy Information
Power Inc Power Inc Jump to: navigation, search Name Reliable Power Inc Place Arlington, Virginia Zip VA 22201 Product US-based fuel cell manufacturer. Coordinates 43.337585°, -89.379449° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":43.337585,"lon":-89.379449,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Human Reliability Analysis for Small Modular Reactors
Because no human reliability analysis (HRA) method was specifically developed for small modular reactors (SMRs), the application of any current HRA method to SMRs represents tradeoffs. A first- generation HRA method like THERP provides clearly defined activity types, but these activity types do not map to the human-system interface or concept of operations confronting SMR operators. A second- generation HRA method like ATHEANA is flexible enough to be used for SMR applications, but there is currently insufficient guidance for the analyst, requiring considerably more first-of-a-kind analyses and extensive SMR expertise in order to complete a quality HRA. Although no current HRA method is optimized to SMRs, it is possible to use existing HRA methods to identify errors, incorporate them as human failure events in the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), and quantify them. In this paper, we provided preliminary guidance to assist the human reliability analyst and reviewer in understanding how to apply current HRA methods to the domain of SMRs. While it is possible to perform a satisfactory HRA using existing HRA methods, ultimately it is desirable to formally incorporate SMR considerations into the methods. This may require the development of new HRA methods. More practicably, existing methods need to be adapted to incorporate SMRs. Such adaptations may take the form of guidance on the complex mapping between conventional light water reactors and small modular reactors. While many behaviors and activities are shared between current plants and SMRs, the methods must adapt if they are to perform a valid and accurate analysis of plant personnel performance in SMRs.
Ronald L. Boring; David I. Gertman
Probabilistic fatigue methodology and wind turbine reliability
Wind turbines subjected to highly irregular loadings due to wind, gravity, and gyroscopic effects are especially vulnerable to fatigue damage. The objective of this study is to develop and illustrate methods for the probabilistic analysis and design of fatigue-sensitive wind turbine components. A computer program (CYCLES) that estimates fatigue reliability of structural and mechanical components has been developed. A FORM/SORM analysis is used to compute failure probabilities and importance factors of the random variables. The limit state equation includes uncertainty in environmental loading, gross structural response, and local fatigue properties. Several techniques are shown to better study fatigue loads data. Common one-parameter models, such as the Rayleigh and exponential models are shown to produce dramatically different estimates of load distributions and fatigue damage. Improved fits may be achieved with the two-parameter Weibull model. High b values require better modeling of relatively large stress ranges; this is effectively done by matching at least two moments (Weibull) and better by matching still higher moments. For this purpose, a new, four-moment {open_quotes}generalized Weibull{close_quotes} model is introduced. Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) methodology for design against fatigue is proposed and demonstrated using data from two horizontal-axis wind turbines. To estimate fatigue damage, wind turbine blade loads have been represented by their first three statistical moments across a range of wind conditions. Based on the moments {mu}{sub 1}{hor_ellipsis}{mu}{sub 3}, new {open_quotes}quadratic Weibull{close_quotes} load distribution models are introduced. The fatigue reliability is found to be notably affected by the choice of load distribution model.
Lange, C.H. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Imaging magnetic sources in the presence of superconducting surfaces : model&experiment
The forward physics model describing the effect of a superconducting surface on the magnetic field distribution resulting from specific magnetic sources has numerous applications ranging from basic physics experiments to large superconducting magnets used in energy storage and magnetic resonance imaging. In this paper, we describe the novel application of a superconducting imaging surface (SIS) to enhance the performance of systems designed to directly observe and localize human brain function. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures the weak magnetic fields emanating from the brain as a direct consequence of the neuronal currents resulting from brain function[1]. The extraordinarily weak magnetic fields are measured by an array of SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) sensors. The position and vector characteristics of these neuronal sources can be estimated from the inverse solution of the field distribution at the surface of the head. In addition, MEG temporal resolution is unsurpassed by any other method currently used for brain imaging. Although MEG source reconstruction is limited by solutions of the electromagnetic inverse problem, constraints used for source localization produce reliable results. A novel MEG system incorporating a SIS has been designed and built at Los Alamos with the goal of dramatically improving source localization accuracy while mitigating limitations of current systems (e.g. low signal-to-noise, cost, bulk). We incorporate shielding and source field measurement into an integrated design and combine the latest SQUID and data acquisition technology. The Los Alamos MEG system is based on the principal that fields from nearby sources measured by a SQUID sensor array while the SIS simultaneously shields the sensor array from distant noise fields. In general, Meissner currents flow in the surface of superconductors, preventing any significant penetration of magnetic fields. A hemispherical SIS with a brim, or helmet, surrounds the SQUID sensor array largely sheilding the SQUID sensors from sources outside the helmet. We present the general derivation of the forward model used to describe the effect of a SIS on source fields. Experimental data for the SIS-MEG system are compared with computed field distributions for a comprehensive set of sources.
Matlachov, A. N. (Andrei N.); Espy, M. A. (Michelle A.); Volegov, P. (Petr); Flynn, E. R. (Edward. R.); Maharajh, K. (Keeran); Kraus, Robert H., Jr.
Estimating Reliability and Throughput of Source-synchronous Wave-pipelined Interconnect
and loan restrictions . Environment Canada Library, North Vancouver University of British Columbia of Environment, Lower Mainland Region, Surrey, British Columbia. (note: F5611 lists other Boundary Bay area. (Completed as ARSDA Project No. 27104 under Canada, British Columbia Subsidiary Agreement on Agriculture
ABSTRACT A theoretical framework is developed to study the dynamics of protein folding. The key insight is that the search for the native protein conformation is influenced by the rate r at which external parameters, such as temperature, chemical denaturant, or pH, are adjusted to induce folding. A theory based on this insight predicts that 1), proteins with complex energy landscapes can fold reliably to their native state; 2), reliable folding can occur as an equilibrium or out-of-equilibrium process; and 3), reliable folding only occurs when the rate r is below a limiting value, which can be calculated from measurements of the free energy. We test these predictions against numerical simulations of model proteins with a single energy scale.
Gregg Lois; Jerzy Blawzdziewicz; Corey S. O�hern
Secure and reliable operation of our
could use power plant cooling towers, for example, to disperse chem- ical or biological agents to national and international economy, security, and quality of life. Massoud Amin, Electric Power Research multiple sources, including system complexity, eco- nomic growth, deregulation, ter rorism, and even
Amin, S. Massoud
The continued development of the Spallation Neutron Source external antenna H{sup -} ion source
The U.S. Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based, pulsed neutron-scattering facility, currently in the process of ramping up neutron production. In order to ensure that the SNS will meet its operational commitments as well as provide for future facility upgrades with high reliability, we are developing a rf-driven, H{sup -} ion source based on a water-cooled, ceramic aluminum nitride (AlN) plasma chamber. To date, early versions of this source have delivered up to 42 mA to the SNS front end and unanalyzed beam currents up to {approx}100 mA (60 Hz, 1 ms) to the ion source test stand. This source was operated on the SNS accelerator from February to April 2009 and produced {approx}35 mA (beam current required by the ramp up plan) with availability of {approx}97%. During this run several ion source failures identified reliability issues, which must be addressed before the source re-enters production: plasma ignition, antenna lifetime, magnet cooling, and cooling jacket integrity. This report discusses these issues, details proposed engineering solutions, and notes progress to date.
Welton, R. F.; Carmichael, J.; Fuga, R.; Goulding, R. H.; Han, B.; Kang, Y.; Lee, S. W.; Murray, S. N.; Pennisi, T.; Potter, K. G.; Santana, M.; Stockli, M. P. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6471 (United States); Desai, N. J. [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609 (United States)
ERUS 2014 Bulk Power and Reliability
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
SMART GRID Transmission System Devices A proposed EIA-411 survey schedule will collect data on: � The number of networked and non-networked Phasor Measurement ...
Measurement of ion beam profiles in a superconducting linac with a laser wire
A laser wire ion beam profile monitor system has been developed at the Spallation Neutron Source accelerator complex. The laser wire system uses a single laser source to measure the horizontal and vertical profiles of a pulsed hydrogen ion (H{sup -}) beam along a 230 m long superconducting linac, which accelerates H{sup -} from 200 MeV to 1 GeV. In this paper, we describe the laser optics requirement for the system, the performance of the profile measurement, and the effects of laser parameters on the measurement reliability. The result provides a practical guideline for the development of a large-scale, operational, laser-based diagnostics in accelerator facilities.
Liu Yun; Long, Cary; Peters, Charles; Aleksandrov, Alexander
Condensate polishers add operating reliability and flexibility
Many of today's advanced steam generators favour either an all-volatile treatment or oxygenated treatment chemistry programme, both of which require strict maintenance of an ultra-pure boiler fedwater ro condensate system. Those requirements are many times at odds with the lower-quality water sources, such as greywater, available for plant makeup and cooling water. Adding a condensate polisher can be a simple, cost-effective solution. 4 figs.
Layman, C.M.; Bennett, L.L.
Structural Reliability: Assessing the Condition and Reliability of Casing in Compacting Reservoirs
Casing has a higher risk of failure in a compacting reservoir than in a typical reservoir. Casing fails when reservoir compaction induces compression and shear stresses onto it. They compact as reservoir pressure depletes during production. High compaction reservoirs typically are composed of unconsolidated, overpressured rocks such as chalk, diatomite, and sandstone. Pore pressure depletion increases effective stress, which is the rock matrix stress pushing upward against overburden pressure. Effective stress may exceed rock compressive strength, inducing compaction. Wells in compacting reservoirs risk high failure and deformation rates. This project introduces the concept of structural reliability to quantify casing failure risks in compacting reservoirs. This research developed probabilistic models for casing capacities using current design methods and a reservoir compaction load using finite-element model simulations. Probabilistic models were used in creating two limit-states functions to predict casing failure: axial yielding and buckling failures. A limit-state function describes the casing condition as the casing experiences a reservoir compaction load. The limit state function is the input in component and system analyses for casing fragility and conditional probability of casing failure. Fragilities can predict casing probability of failure as reservoir pressure is depleting. Sensitivity and importance analyses are also performed to determine the importance of parameters affecting the casing reliability. Applying the knowledge produced from this research to casing design methods can improve design reliabilities and forecast the risk of casing failure in compacting reservoirs.
Chantose, Prasongsit
Wind Power Reliability: Breaking Down a Barrier | Department of Energy
Wind Power Reliability: Breaking Down a Barrier Wind Power Reliability: Breaking Down a Barrier Wind Power Reliability: Breaking Down a Barrier June 25, 2010 - 12:16pm Addthis EnerNex Corporation is developing documentation and validating generic wind turbine and plant models that test reliability. | File photo EnerNex Corporation is developing documentation and validating generic wind turbine and plant models that test reliability. | File photo Stephen Graff Former Writer & editor for Energy Empowers, EERE The steady increase of wind power on the grid presents new challenges for power system operators charged with making sure the grid stays up and running. "We need to ensure that we are going down a path that will lead to better reliability [with wind power]," said Bob Zavadil, an executive vice
Load Response Fundamentally Matches Power System Reliability Requirements
Responsive load is the most underutilized reliability resource available to the power system. Loads are frequently barred from providing the highest value and most critical reliability services; regulation and spinning reserve. Advances in communications and control technology now make it possible for some loads to provide both of these services. The limited storage incorporated in some loads better matches their response capabilities to the fast reliability-service markets than to the hourly energy markets. Responsive loads are frequently significantly faster and more accurate than generators, increasing power system reliability. Incorporating fast load response into microgrids further extends the reliability response capabilities that can be offered to the interconnected power system. The paper discusses the desired reliability responses, why this matches some loads' capabilities, what the advantages are for the power system, implications for communications and monitoring requirements, and how this resource can be exploited.
Human Reliability Considerations for Small Modular Reactors
Small modular reactors (SMRs) are a promising approach to meeting future energy needs. Although the electrical output of an individual SMR is relatively small compared to that of typical commercial nuclear plants, they can be grouped to produce as much energy as a utility demands. Furthermore, SMRs can be used for other purposes, such as producing hydrogen and generating process heat. The design characteristics of many SMRs differ from those of current conventional plants and may require a distinct concept of operations. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) conducted research to examine the human factors engineering and the operational aspects of SMRs. The research identified thirty potential human-performance issues that should be considered in the NRC's reviews of SMR designs and in future research activities. The purpose of this report is to illustrate how the issues can support SMR probabilistic risk analyses and their review by identifying potential human failure events for a subset of the issues. As part of addressing the human contribution to plant risk, human reliability analysis practitioners identify and quantify the human failure events that can negatively impact normal or emergency plant operations. The results illustrated here can be generalized to identify additional human failure events for the issues discussed and can be applied to those issues not discussed in this report.
OHara J. M.; Higgins, H.; DAgostino, A.; Erasmia, L.
A17: Heat Capacity and Thermal Expansion Measurements of Solar ...
One of the main tasks for getting reliable cp and enthalpy data of solar salts is therefore to find the right measurement parameters and crucible material/salt�...
Grid Reliability Considerations for High Levels of Demand Response
The objectives of this white paper are to: (1) consider the unique characteristics of demand response relative to bulk electric system reliability needs and present contributions to system reliability, (2) identify potential bulk electric system reliability impacts of high levels of demand response without appropriate characterization of the resource over time and at increasing penetration levels, and (3) identify research needs to address these impacts so that the potential benefits of DR as system ...
General Order Ensuring Reliable Electric Service (Louisiana) | Department
General Order Ensuring Reliable Electric Service (Louisiana) General Order Ensuring Reliable Electric Service (Louisiana) General Order Ensuring Reliable Electric Service (Louisiana) < Back Eligibility Investor-Owned Utility Municipal/Public Utility Utility Savings Category Alternative Fuel Vehicles Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Buying & Making Electricity Water Home Weatherization Solar Wind Program Info State Louisiana Program Type Safety and Operational Guidelines Provider Louisiana Public Service Commission The standards set forth herein have been developed to provide consumers, the Louisiana Public Service Commission, and jurisdictional electric utilities with a uniform method of ensuring reliable electric service. The standards shall be applicable to the distribution systems of all electric utilities under the jurisdiction of the Louisiana Public Service
NETL: News Release - Moving Natural Gas Reliably to Consumers
Natural Gas Reliably to Consumers Energy Secretary Abraham Announces Natural Gas Pipeline Modernization Projects to Support National Energy Plan MORGANTOWN, WV - With...
"Increasing Solar Panel Efficiency And Reliability By Evaporative...
Increasing Solar Panel Efficiency And Reliability By Evaporative Cooling" Inventors..--.. Lewis Meixler, Charles Gentile, Patricia Hillyer, Dylan Carpe, Jason Wang, Caroline Brooks...
Microsoft PowerPoint - NERC Reliability Standards and Mandatory...
NERC Reliability Standards and Standards and Mandatory Compliance Mandatory Compliance Hydro Hydro - - Power Conference Power Conference June 13, 2007 June 13, 2007 Stan Mason...
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Cyber Security...
Cyber Security Project Selections Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Cyber Security Project Selections On September 23, 2010, speaking at the inaugural GridWise...
title Microgrid Reliability Modeling and Battery Scheduling Using...
article title Microgrid Reliability Modeling and Battery Scheduling Using Stochastic Linear Programming journal Journal of Electric Power Systems Research volume year month pages...
??The lowering of rates for consumers and the continuing reliability of service were two of the major goals that the New York Public Service Commission� (more)
Videbaek, Steen
WEB RESOURCE: Reliability Test Matrices for Lead-Free Solder ...
Feb 12, 2007 ... A test matrix for reliability testing with the following objectives: 1) Determine the moisture and temperature sensitivity of package types to 260�...
NREL: Performance and Reliability R&D - Research Staff
science. Nick Bosco Michael Decegliee Chris Deline Steve Glick Peter Hacke Dirk Jordan Mike Kempe Sarah Kurtz, Reliability Group Manager Bill Marion, Project Leader David...
The Past, Present, and Future of Electricity Reliability Oversight...
90 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 directs the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to certify an Electricity Reliability Organization (ERO) that will propose and enforce...
NREL Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Analysis Round Robin: Preprint
The Gearbox Reliability Collaborative is working to determine the causes and loading conditions that result in the premature failure of wind turbine gearboxes.
Oyague, F.; Butterfield, C. P.; Sheng, S.
Reliability Models for Facility Location: The Expected Failure Cost ...
Aug 25, 2003 ... Reliability Models for Facility Location: The Expected Failure Cost Case. Lawrence V. Snyder (larry.snyder ***at*** lehigh.edu) Mark S. Daskin�...
Office of Electricity Delivery And Energy Reliability To Hold Technical Conference On The Design Of Future Electric Transmission Office of Electricity Delivery And Energy...
Ensuring a Reliable Supply of Medical Radioisotopes | National...
Ensuring a Reliable Supply of Medical Radioisotopes | National Nuclear Security Administration Our Mission Managing the Stockpile Preventing Proliferation Powering the Nuclear Navy...
Smart Grid: Creating Jobs while Delivering Reliable,Environmentally...
Smart Grid: Creating Jobs while Delivering Reliable, Environmentally-friendly Energy Home > Groups > OpenEI Community Central Graham7781's picture Submitted by Graham7781(1992)...
Tracking the Reliability of the U.S. Electric Power System: An Assessment of Publicly Available Information Reported to State Public Utility Commissions
Large blackouts, such as the August 14-15, 2003 blackout in the northeasternUnited States and Canada, focus attention on the importance of reliable electric service. As public and private efforts are undertaken to improve reliability and prevent power interruptions, it is appropriate to assess their effectiveness. Measures of reliability, such as the frequency and duration of power interruptions, have been reported by electric utilities to state public utility commissions for many years. This study examines current state and utility practices for collecting and reporting electricity reliability information and discusses challenges that arise in assessing reliability because of differences among these practices. The study is based primarily on reliability information for 2006 reported by 123 utilities to 37 state public utility commissions.
LaCommare, Kristina H.; Eto, Joseph H.
Reliability technology to improve and/or maintain emergency diesel generator performance
This paper reviews a report that demonstrates that an emergency diesel generator reliability program can be developed using risk- and reliability-based techniques that can be integrated within current plant operational activities to (a) analyze problems that have affected emergency diesel generator (EDG) performances, (b) forecast the onset of potential problems, and (c) suggest actions that could eliminate or reduce their occurrence. With only a few exceptions, commercial NPPs in the United States use EDG units as backup sources. These EDG units consist of a diesel engine connected directly to an ac generator. They are safety grade and are normally arranged so that separate EDGs supply each of the two, three, or four redundant electrical divisions of the NPP. The EDGs are typically designed to start automatically, to be at rated speed and voltage in 10 s, and to accept full load within 1 min.
Karimian, S.; Taylor, J.H.
The NUCLARR databank: Human reliability and hardware failure data for the nuclear power industry
Under the sponsorship of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Nuclear Computerized Library for Assessing Reactor Reliability (NUCLARR) was developed to provide human reliability and hardware failure data to analysts in the nuclear power industry. This IBM-compatible databank is contained on a set of floppy diskettes which include data files and a menu-driven system for locating, reviewing, sorting, and retrieving the data. NUCLARR contains over 2500 individual data records, drawn from more, than 60 sources. The system is upgraded annually, to include additional human error and hardware component failure data and programming enhancements (i.e., increased user-friendliness). NUCLARR is available from the NRC through project staff at the INEL.
Reece, W.J.
Lifetime reliability assessment with aging information from low-level sensors
Aggressive technology scaling has led Integrated Circuits (ICs) suffer from ever-increasing wearout effects. As a consequence, Dynamic Reliability Management (DRM) becomes an essential approach to assure IC's lifetime reliability. Accurate and efficient ... Keywords: dynamic reliability management, nbti, reliability
Yao Wang; Sorin D. Cotofana; Liang Fang
Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Project Report: Findings from Phase 1 and Phase 2 Testing
This report describes the Gearbox Reliability Collaborative's work at NREL to increase the reliability of wind turbine gearboxes.
Link, H.; LaCava, W.; van Dam, J.; McNiff, B.; Sheng, S.; Wallen, R.; McDade, M.; Lambert, S.; Butterfield, S.; Oyague, F.
Assembly and comparison of available solar hot water system reliability databases and information.
Solar hot water (SHW) systems have been installed commercially for over 30 years, yet few quantitative details are known about their reliability. This report describes a comprehensive analysis of all of the known major previous research and data regarding the reliability of SHW systems and components. Some important conclusions emerged. First, based on a detailed inspection of ten-year-old systems in Florida, about half of active systems can be expected to fail within a ten-year period. Second, valves were identified as the probable cause of a majority of active SHW failures. Third, passive integral and thermosiphon SHW systems have much lower failure rates than active ones, probably due to their simple design that employs few mechanical parts. Fourth, it is probable that the existing data about reliability do not reveal the full extent of fielded system failures because most of the data were based on trouble calls. Often an SHW system owner is not aware of a failure because the backup system silently continues to produce hot water. Thus, a repair event may not be generated in a timely manner, if at all. This final report for the project provides all of the pertinent details about this study, including the source of the data, the techniques to assure their quality before analysis, the organization of the data into perhaps the most comprehensive reliability database in existence, a detailed statistical analysis, and a list of recommendations for additional critical work. Important recommendations include the inclusion of an alarm on SHW systems to identify a failed system, the need for a scientifically designed study to collect high-quality reliability data that will lead to design improvements and lower costs, and accelerated testing of components that are identified as highly problematic.
Calibrated Neutron Sources
... NIST designed a compliant source. ... needed for new purposes and as old sources decay ... The figure shows a reprentative energy spectrum from such ...
Electrolytes for power sources
Electrolytes for power sources, particularly alkaline and acidic power sources, comprising benzene polysulfonic acids and benzene polyphosphonic acids or salts of such acids.
Doddapaneni, Narayan (Albuquerque, NM); Ingersoll, David (Albuquerque, NM)
Electrolytes are disclosed for power sources, particularly alkaline and acidic power sources, comprising benzene polysulfonic acids and benzene polyphosphonic acids or salts of such acids. 7 figures.
Doddapaneni, N.; Ingersoll, D.
Assessing the reliability of linear dynamic transformer thermal modelling
Assessing the reliability of linear dynamic transformer thermal modelling X. Mao, D.J. Tylavsky and G.A. McCulla Abstract: Improving the utilisation of transformers requires that the hot-spot and top. An alternative method for assessing transformer model reliability is provided. 1 Introduction The maximally
Reliability analysis of RC containment structures under combined loads
This paper discusses a reliability analysis method and load combination design criteria for reinforced concrete containment structures under combined loads. The probability based reliability analysis method is briefly described. For load combination design criteria, derivations of the load factors for accidental pressure due to a design basis accident and safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) for three target limit state probabilities are presented.
Hwang, H.; Reich, M.; Kagami, S.
Framework for Stochastic Reliability of Bulk Power System
Value-based reliability assessment is a useful aid to effective decision making about short- and long-term transmission planning and operation. This report describes efforts to develop additional functionality in EPRI's Transmission Reliability Evaluation for Large Scale Systems (TRELSS) program.
Reliability analysis of MOS varactor in CMOS LC VCO
The paper investigates the reliability of MOS varactor tuned voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO). Due to the stress induced threshold voltage shift of the MOS varactor, the resonant tank degrades and the center frequency and phase noise of VCO deviate. ... Keywords: Channel hot electron (CHE), Oxide breakdown, Phase noise, Positive-bias temperature instability (PBTI), Reliability, Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
Yidong Liu
A summary of North American HVDC converter station reliability specifications
This paper summarizes Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) specifications that were issued for thyristor based HVDC converter stations in service in North America. A total of twenty project specifications are summarized. A detailed summary by project is shown with specific quantitative requirements categorized. Definitions of terms, representative design principles, and formulas used in calculating RAM parameters contained in existing reliability specifications are presented.
Vancers, I. (ABB Power Systems Inc., Los Angeles, CA (United States)); Hormozi, F.J. (Los Angeles Dept. of Water and Power, CA (United States))
2012 Reliability & Markets Peer Review - Full Presentations | Department of
Reliability & Markets Peer Review - Full Presentations Reliability & Markets Peer Review - Full Presentations 2012 Reliability & Markets Peer Review - Full Presentations The Transmission Reliability R&D Reliability & Markets Peer Review included 11 presentations over 2 days on August 7 - 8, 2012 at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. The full presentations are available below. Presentation summaries are also available. 2012 R&M Peer Review - Transmission Investment Assessment Under Uncertainty - Ben Hobbs 2012 R&M Peer Review - Renewable Integration Through Risk-Limiting Dispatch - Pravin Varaiya 2012 R&M Peer Review - Development and Testing of New Tools - Ray Zimmerman 2012 R&M Peer Review - Commercialization of the SuperOPF Framework - Hsiao-Dong Chiang 2012 R&M Peer Review - Essence of Structure Preserving Network Reductions -
2012 Reliability & Markets Peer Review | Department of Energy
Reliability & Markets Peer Review Reliability & Markets Peer Review 2012 Reliability & Markets Peer Review The Transmission Reliability R&D Reliability & Markets Peer Review included 11 presentations over 2 days on August 7 - 8, 2012 at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. Presentations and summaries are available through the links and the agenda is included below. Summaries | Full Presentations Day 1: August 7 Transmission Investment Assessment Under Uncertainty About Fuel Prices, Technology, Renewables Penetration and Market Responses Using a Multi-State Stochastic Model Approach with Recourse Renewable Integration Through Risk-Limiting Dispatch and Distributed Resource Aggregations Development and Testing of New Tools Commercialization of the SuperOPF Framework: Phase 2 Essence of Structure Preserving (ESP) Network Reductions for