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US 4099235 A Abstract A method of operating a data processing system having at least two real-time data processors is described. The method permits the processing of tasks with minimal delay. Given tasks may be coupled to one of the data processors, depending on the type of task and which of the processors has been preselected to operate on such tasks. Each of the data processors is continuously monitored for the purpose of continually determining the utilization ratio for each processor. Each processor is assigned a predetermined upper limit value for its utilization ratio, which value lies below the processor's overload limit. If the upper limit value is exceeded, tasks coupled to one data processor are diverted to another data processor. In the other processor the diverted tasks are processed after the program switchover.
Claims(6) 1. A method of operating a data processing system having a plurality of independent, program controlled, real-time data processors for regulating the flow of tasks to said data processors from a plurality of sources to facilitate the processing of the tasks with minimal delay, comprising the steps of:
coupling said tasks to said data processors, monitoring and measuring, continually, the ratio of utilization of each of said data processors resulting from tasks received by them, selecting an upper limit value for the utilization ratio of each said data processor, which value lies below a value for the utilization ratio at which the data processor is overloaded, diverting the tasks coupled to one of said data processors to another of said data processors upon a determination that the utilization ratio of said one data processor exceeds its upper limit value and the utilization ratio of said another data processor does not exceed its upper limit value, and processing said diverted tasks in said another data processor. 2. The method defined in claim 1 comprising the further step of:
diverting different portions of said coupled tasks to adjust to different settings of said upper limit value to compensate for different overrun conditions. 3. The method as defined in claim 1 including the step of selecting as said another data processor the data processor having the lowest utilization ratio of said plurality of data processors at the time of diverting said coupled tasks.
4. The method defined in claim 1 wherein said sources are peripheral equipment and wherein the step of diverting said coupled tasks includes disconnecting the peripheral equipment coupled to said one data processor and connecting it to said another data processor.
5. The method defined in claim 1 comprising the further step of:
rerouting the diverted tasks being processed by said another data processor from said another data processor to said one data processor upon a determination that the utilization ratio of said one data processor has fallen below its upper limit value. 6. The method defined in claim 1 comprising the further step of:
additionally coupling tasks which are capable of being processed in batches to said another data processor wherein the utilization ratio of said another data processor is substantially below its upper limit value. Description This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 465,613, filed Apr. 30, 1974, which is a continuation application of Ser. No. 330,705, which was filed Feb. 8, 1973. This invention relates to a method of operation for data processing apparatus, and in particular such a method is described which is especially useful in telecommunication switching systems. Data processing systems are known comprising a plurality of computers, storage units and input/output control units which cooperate with one another. This cooperation is coordinated by automatic control equipment, and the work is distributed according to well-defined rules determining priority. The priority or precedence can be established as a function of the time, external demands, as well as programs and functions of variable conditions. Accordingly, the control equipment causes programs to be run, whereby the completion of programs and conditions for the interruption thereof are taken into consideration (see West German Pat. No. 1,449,532, pp. 1 and 2, claims 4 and 15 and corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 3,419,849). Obviously, during the cooperation of sections of a data processing system there is traffic between the sections with data being transmitted therebetween. It is also well known that traffic and statistical considerations for the convenient construction and dimensioning of such equipment for data processing systems play a part. These matters have already been dealt with, but concrete solutions have not yet been proposed (see "Elektronische Rechenanlagen," 1970 pp. 249 - 252). If desired, the above mentioned sections of data processors can be combined into various complete data processors which together form the data processing system (see "Elektronik" 1969, pp. 217 - 219). The commands accumulating in such a data processing system can be operated upon in batch processing where, as a first step, they are grouped for processing. In contrast, in real-time processing, each task is processed immediately after its appearance. The commands usually do not appear at regular time intervals, but are statistically distributed according to the calculus of probabilities. This must be taken into consideration when designing a real-time data processing system, so that in case of job accumulation the response time will not be exceeded (see Lobel, Muller, Schmidt: "Lexikon der Datenverarbeitung," second edition, pp. 418, 419, and 482). An overload condition will exist if the response time is exceeded; that is, a data processor becomes loaded with so many tasks that it delays dealing with them for longer than a predetermined time, i.e., it no longer operates in real time. Furthermore, such data processing system can also be operated efficiently, so that the attainable benefits can be taken advantage of. It is not sufficient by means of a control equipment which only considers predetermined priorities or precedences to coordinate the cooperation of the sections pertaining to the data processing system, so that the system will operate efficiently, particularly to avoid delays. The invention teaches a method how a data processing system having at least two independent program controlled, real-time data processors can be operated very conveniently so as to avoid undue delays. This avoidance of delays is particularly important in data processing systems used in telecommunication systems, where commands originating with a large number of subscribers must be processed on time. The invention relates to a method of operating a data processing system, more particularly for telephone switching systems, having at least two independent program controlled, real-time data processors which are to process the tasks coupled thereto within a given time. This method is characterized in that the tasks are coupled to one data processor in accordance with their varying characteristics. For each data processor there is continuous supervision as to the magnitude of its utilization ratio resulting from tasks coupled to it. If a predetermined upper limit value for this utilization ratio, lying below an overload, is exceeded, tasks coupled to one data processor are temporarily deflected to another data processor in which the predetermined upper limit value is not exceeded. In the other data processor the diverted tasks are each processed after the program changeover. Due to the alternative routing of these tasks, undue accumulation of processing tasks in one and the same data processor is advantageously avoided, so that the traffic is distributed more evenly, than otherwise would be the case, to the associated data processors. Thus, traffic congestion is, likewise, avoided which would have deleterious effects, such as delay in requests for access to a computer core, decreasing the efficiency thereof. Moreover, the waiting periods for the storage accesses of an input/output device would be exceeded (see "Elektronische Rechenanlagen," 1970, pp. 249 - 250, pos. 2) A method of operating centrally controlled switching systems is known, wherein central control equipments are employed and wherein there is continuous supervision of the ratio of the number of control processes for the through-connection in the switching matrix to the number of other control processes. However, this supervision leads to the momentary restriction of certain operational features (see West German Published Patent Specification 1,940,502 and corresponding British Pat. No. 1,283,832). There is no such restriction in the method according to the present invention. Furthermore, this method is distinguished from the prior art method in that the supervision itself is aimed at other processes, so that in the method according to the invention preferably the ratio of the holding time resulting from coupled tasks to the time free thereof is measured as utilization ratio, which gives an entirely different ratio than in the prior art method. As pointed out above, the method in accordance with the invention is particularly applied to telecommunication switching systems, although other applications are contemplated. In telephone systems it can be employed for a data processing system containing a control or operating computer and an administrative computer, to which various operating positions are connected for processing technical services. However, it may also be applied to a data processing system containing two markers with switchable programs as data processors associated with an indirectly controlled exchange and designed to perform specified control processes. The principles of the invention are described hereinbelow by descriptions of preferred forms of apparatus capable of performing the inventive method. These apparatus are illustrated in the drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a block-schematic diagram of a data processing system having a control computer and an administrative computer and operating positions connected thereto; FIG. 2 is a block-schematic diagram of two markers pertaining to a telephone exchange; and FIG. 3 is a block-schematic diagram illustrating the details of the arrangement of an indirectly controlled exchange to which pertain, inter alia, the markers shown in FIG. 2. Before describing the exemplary embodiments for performing the invention in detail, several general steps will be discussed. Thus, it is convenient, according to the inventive method, to divert task to the data processor which is the least utilized, if more than two data processors are provided. To divert task, peripheral equipments operating as the sources of the task, can be switched from the overloaded data processor and connected to a data processor, which is not working at full capacity. It is very convenient to assign the tasks, from the start, to the data processors in accordance with their characteristics, such that the highest utilization ratio of the data processors can be expected at different intervals. Thus, one can prevent several data processors from having the highest utilization ratio at the same time. The momentary diversion of tasks is halted if the predetermined upper limit value is not reached by a sufficient margin. It is also very convenient to make provisions for alternately routing a different portion of the tasks to adjust to different overrun stages of the predetermined upper limit value. For example, this can be effected by diverting different kinds of tasks, or by rendering the alternative routing effective for given time intervals only. Additional task which can be processed using the batch technique can be coupled to a data processor, whose utilization ratio lies substantially below the preset limit value. In the data processing systems illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, a measuring means is connected to each data processor for measuring the utilization ratio. Thus, measuring means Mb and Mr are connected to the data processors B and R associated with the data processing system shown in FIG. 1. Various data processing systems of the type described herein for application of this invention are known and may be used. Accordingly, the specific details of the construction of the data processors are immaterial to an understanding of this invention and are not set forth in great detail herein. However, these data processors are further described hereinbelow, as necessary to permit a better understanding of an application of the invention. Measuring means 11M and 12M are connected to the data processors M11 and M12 associated with the data processing system illustrated in FIG. 2. In a telephone switching system, such as described herein, the data processors M11 and M12 take the form of markers, which are described in detail in British Pat. No. 1,244,420. Each of these measuring means receive measuring signals from the associated data processors. For example, to measure the ratio of the holding time due to coupled task with respect to the free time thereof, a measuring signal is sent to the measuring means concerned during the holding time, which, in turn, retransmits a measured value corresponding to the utilization ratio by means of a time measuring means. As has become clear from the foregoing description, the measuring means are conventional time measuring devices; accordingly, they are not described in detail herein. A detailed description of the construction and operation of the aforementioned measuring means will be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,347,990 and 2,976,365. Markers, which correspond in construction and function as computers, rely on well known and readily available time measuring devices (see, "Proceedings of Eastern Computer Conference," 1958, pp. 197-203 and "The Bell Laboratories Record," Sept. 1954, pp. 321-324). A comparator means V1 or V2 is connected to each measuring means for comparing measured values, taking account of a predetermined upper limit value, which value is below an overload value. This upper limit value is supplied by the limit value generator G1 or G2 which is, likewise, connected to a comparator means V1 or V2. These generators are conventional voltage sources, which produce voltage values corresponding to the predetermined units. In the system shown in FIG. 1, the given upper limit value is the same for both of the data processing units B and R, so that upper limit value generator G1 supplies a common upper limit value to the comparator V1. In the system shown in FIG. 2, however, the given upper limit values differ for each of the markers M11 and M12; accordingly, generator G2 supplies different upper limit values to the comparator V2. The comparator means V1 associated with the data processing system according to FIG. 1 then supplies comparison results between the predetermined upper limit value and the measured values supplied by the measuring means Mb and Mr. The comparison results indicate whether the utilization ratio of the data processors B and R lies above or below the preset upper limit value. The selector means A1, a conventional switching circuit, connected to comparator V1, then determines the data processor to which tasks are to be diverted, taking account of said comparison results. The construction and operation of the selector is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,051,793. To achieve this purpose, selector means A1 is provided with a large number of outputs. Should the utilization ratio of data processor B exceed the predetermined upper limit value, at least one of the outputs ab1, ab2 and ab3 provides a control signal. Should the utilization ratio of data processor R exceed the upper limit value, at least one of the outlets ar1, ar2 and ar3 provides a control signal. Such control signals cause the tasks to be diverted. Accordingly peripheral equipment operating as sources of tasks are disconnected from the overloaded data processor and connected to the data processor which is not overloaded. Equipment FEE, FEU, FEA, AM, RE and S are provided as conventional data processing peripheral equipment, for example, the input-output devices described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,404, or any other like devices for communicating data to or from data processing equipment, each being connected to both data processors over switching means Ua1, Ua2, Ua3, Ur1, Ur2 and Ur3. The switching means are in turn individually connected to the outlets ab1... ar3 of selector means A1 for the operation thereof. For example, should the utilization ratio of data processor B, but not the utilization ratio of data processor R, exceed the predetermined upper limit value, the comparator means V1 of selector means A1 supplies comparison results such that it delivers a control signal over at least one of its outlets ab1, ab2, and ab3. This control signal reaches one of the switching devices Ua1, Ua2 and Ua3, causing it to operate, so that the associated peripheral equipments are no longer connected to data processor B, but to data processor R. The foregoing switching devices are conventionally constructed signal-operated switches, and any of the various known types may be used, depending on the particular circuit configuration. A preferred form of such switching devices is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,404 wherein they are referred to as interrupt handlers. This reduces the utilization ratio of data processor B and enlarges that of data processor R. In the case of the lowest of the overrun stages approaching the predetermined limit value, a control signal is only provided over outlet ab1. Accordingly, the peripheral equipments FEE are switched over from data processor B to data processor R by means of switching means Ua1. In the case of a very large overrun of the predetermined limit value, control signals can be supplied, for example, over the two outlets ab1, and ab2, which, furthermore, results in the switchover of peripheral equipments FEU from data processor B to data processor R over switching means UA2. By means of two control signals, supplied over various combinations of outlets ab1, ab2 and ab3, several different overrun stages of the predetermined limit value can appropriately be taken into account. In like fashion, as described above, peripheral equipments AM, RE or S can be switched over from data processor R to data processor B, if control signals are provided over at least one of the outlets ar1, ar2 and ar3, which is the case if only the data processor R has a utilization ratio exceeding the predetermined upper limit value. In this case, as also in the other practical examples, the predetermined upper limit value is appropriately measured such that after it has been exceeded there still is a certain tolerance for operating the data processors without difficulty. If the data processing system in accordance with FIG. 1 is supplemented by further data processors, measuring means associated therewith are to be connected to the comparator means V1. Comparator means V1 accordingly supplies more than two comparison values which are to be coupled to selector means A1. In this case, selector means A1 must take into account more than two comparison values during a selection process to determine the data processor in question. In FIG. 2, the measuring means 11M and 12M, mentioned above, are connected to the comparator means V2 associated with the data processing system in accordance with FIG. 2. The limit value generator G2 supplies the upper limit value mentioned above for the utilization ratio of data processor M11 whose utilization ratio could be unduly exceeded without the aid of the invention. In the case under consideration, if the given upper limit value assigned to the data processing unit M11 is exceeded, any occurring tasks must be diverted to the data processing unit M12. However, this is only to be effected, if the utilization ratio thereof does not exceed a particular upper limit value, which, for example, lies substantially below the upper limit value first considered. Hence, comparator means V2 is arranged such that it still considers a particular upper limit for the loading of data processor M12, to which tasks may possibly have to be diverted. Therefore, limit value generator G2 supplies two different upper limit values, the last mentioned upper limit value being lower than the first mentioned upper limit value. The results of the comparison between these upper limit values and the measured values supplied by measuring means 11M and 12M are fed to selector means A2, which may be of the same construction as selector A1, which, thereupon, if desired, determines the diversion of tasks by means of a control signal transmitted from the outlet thereof to the disconnection switching circuit U11 and to the Or element Y. The disconnection switch U11 which can be any desired form of electronically-responsive switch stops the feeding of certain commands which would otherwise reach the marker M11. The control signal is sent to the input e of marker M12 over the OR element Y, whereupon the latter is caused to be connected to line v by means of contact pv12, over which line, non-processed tasks from marker M11 arrive. The temporary diversion tasks, so established, is discontinued whenever the upper limit value predetermined for marker M11 is sufficiently underrun. The underrun span shall be made so large as to prevent a too-rapid succession of temporary diversion of tasks. This step is also recommended for the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1. To adjust to the different overrun stages by which the predetermined upper limit can be exceeded, the diverted portion of the tasks can in each case be differentiated such that the diversion only occurs for time periods separated by pauses, for example, by means of a pulse-shaped control signal. It is also possible to achieve the functions of the measuring and the comparator means with the aid of special programs of the data processors being controlled, in which case, of course, the special measuring and comparator means are not needed. The alternative routings of tasks is then brought about directly by the data processors concerned, which cooperate through data communication. The above description has been given for the method according to the invention for operating a data processing system which particularly relate to the measuring, comparator and selector means provided in the example according to FIG. 1 as well as in the example according to FIG. 2. In both examples, the tasks are processed subsequent to their alternative routing in the data processor concerned, in each case after the switchover of the program. To trigger this program changeover, the moment, for example, is utilized at which the diverted tasks, arrive over other inputs than the non-diverted tasks. Thus, for example, in data processor R of the data processing system according to FIG. 1, the diverted tasks arrive over impulse connected to switching means Ua1, Ua2, and Ua3, while non-diverted tasks arrive over inputs connected to switching menas Ur1, Ur2 and Ur3. In the data processor M12 of the data processing system in accordance with FIG. 2 diverted tasks arrive over the contact pv12 disposed at one input, while non-diverted tasks arrive over the contact pw12 disposed at another input. Further information will now be given concerning the characteristics of the data processing systems illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, to which the method of the invention is applied. Additional steps for the development of the method will also be discussed. The data processing system according to FIG. 1 is designed for telephone switching systems. Data processor B represents a control or operating computer, of the type well known in the art. This control computer is used to support the work accumulating in common maintenance stations for the telephone switching operation (see "Reports on Telephone Engineering, published by Siemens A.G., Berlin and Munich, West Germany" 1970, pp. 8 and 10). Here, data are logged which accumulate in a testing station, a maintenance service station and a telephone service interception station. This computer can, among other things, store the data concerned for documentation and statistics, output the same over data display devices and operating page printers and interpret and arrange them in accordance with their priorities. Also requests for information from storage can be processed by such a control computer (see commonly assigned U.S. pat. application Ser. No. 275,436, filed July 26, 1972, which is now abandoned in favor of Continuation Application Ser. No. 471,830 and which corresponds to British Pat. No. 1,391,084). Accordingly, the following positions are connected to the control computer B for processing technical services: operating positions FEE for the testing station, operating positions FEU for the maintenance service station, and operating positions FEAD for the telephone service interception station. In the lines leading from these operating positions to the control computer B are inserted the switching devices Ua1, Ua2 and Ua3 referred to above, by which, if desired, tasks accumulating from said operating stations can also be diverted to data processor R. Data processor R is here utilized as an administrative computer, where the following positions are connected for processing technical services: operating positions AM for the originating station, operating positions RE for the computation station, and other operating positions. Also, in the lines over which said operating positions are connected with the administrative computer are inserted the switching devices referred to above; namely, the switching means Ur1, Ur2 and Ur3 through the operation of which, task to the central computer B can be diverted. This data processor, as well, is described in the prior art material referenced immediately above. The operating area of a testing station includes the following: an information store regarding system malfunctions, operating test and control positions and the like. The operating functions of the maintenance service station include equipment supervision, alteration of subscriber and operating date, starting of test program runs, logging of wiring data for distribution frames and the like. In the case of a telephone interception service station, tasks for special services for subscribers are accepted and executed. The control computer makes automatic processing of telephone service interceptions possible. New applications and alterations of subscriber lines are processed in the originating station, whereby existing lines, distribution frames and the like are to be taken into account. The information concerning these operations is held in the data storage of the administrative computer. This computer can also cooperate in further operating processes, for which the operating positions marked "S" are provided. The data processors B and R participate in the processing of all these operating processes through data supply and data processing. In this connection, it is convenient to call upon the services of data display devices, with the data processor concerned participating in the processing by outputting the required data through a data display device and supplying data required thereby in the course of a conventional mode over equipments being used and found as a result of the ongoing task. The operating positions RE of a computation station are further connected to the administrative computer R, where, for example, the single and collective inquiries of call-charge conditions are processed. The distribution of all these operating positions over the two data processors B and R may also render a data communication between the control computer and the administrative computer necessary, with the two computers cooperating in a manner in itself known. The trunks L are employed for this cooperation between computers. Data and programs can be transmitted over these lines also, should this be necessary for the alternate routing of tasks. It is, therefore, convenient that the data processors B and R be physically adjacent to one another. If the wellknown technique of parallel processing of data processors (see "Elektronische Rechenanlagen," 1960, pp. 117 to 128) is applied, an interfering load of the other data processor can largely be avoided in the course of a data transmission. In this case, the operating positions are distributed over the two data processors B and R such that the highest utilization ratio of the data processors can be expected at different times. Such operating positions are provided in the control computer B for which time constraint exists. The operating processes to be performed therein are caused by telephone subscribers, and the administration of the system cannot bring influence to bear on the even distribution of their tasks within the allotted time. Furthermore, the accumulating commands must be processed as rapidly as possible. However, the incoming tasks for technical services, in which the control computer R participates, are usually initiated by personnel operating the system. Hence, steps can be taken to distribute these tasks in a specified manner within the time available therefore, so that the highest possible utilization ratio of the administrative computer can be caused to occur at a different time than in the control computer B. The overall result is that although the control computer must necessarily work in real-time, the operation of the administrative computer is in certain respects similar to batch processing with reference to the utilization thereof by organization personnel. Thus, an opportunity is afforded in a particularly convenient manner to divert task in accordance with the method of this invention. Whenever the maximum utilization ratio of the control computer can be expected, a particularly low utilization ratio of the administrative computer can be preassigned, so that task can be alternately routed from the control computer B to the administrative computer R. At times when the utilization ratio of the control computer B is very low, task can be coupled thereto which are normally performed by the administrative computer R. The data processing system according to FIG. 2 is, likewise, designed for telephone switching systems. The two markers M11 and M12, associated therewith as data processors, must perform control operations for the processing of call requests for a switching matrix. In this connection, different control operations for the same call can be processed sequentially and control operations for different calls can be processed concurrently. According to FIG. 2, the markers are switched in a manner such that they process different control operations. This follows from the operating position of the associated contacts shown. In the case of the marker M11, the contact pv11 is closed, while the contact pw11 is open and, conversely, in the case of the marker M12 the contact pv12 is open, while the contact pw12 is closed. The markers are caused to operate through these contacts. For carrying out the control operations, the contacts are connected to request lines w and v. One task at a time for one control operation arrives over request line w, and one task for the other control operation arrives over request line v. While of these control operations are carried out by the markers is determined by the operating position of the associated contacts. That is, a task is only effective in a marker whenever the contact, through which it is connected with the associated request line, is closed. If the two contacts provided in a marker are closed, it can be activated to perform both control operations. Each marker has a satellite storage. Storage Q11 is associated with the marker M11, storage Q12 with the marker M12. Each marker is so arranged that it works according to one of the programs read into its storage. Program switching can, for example, be brought about by means of signals which also act upon the storages. If desired, the marker M12 can execute the control operations provided therefor from the start, as well as, as a substitute, the control operations normally performed by marker M11. This occurs, if the marker M11 otherwise becomes overloaded. If a marker breaks down completely, the other marker can even take over all control operations, as long as it is not overloaded. The data acquired by the markers are redirected from the sending outputs thereof via the common data bus D, from where specified data can also be fed to the markers. For example, request signals can also be fed to the markers over the data bus, which arrive at the particular receiving input e and are evaluated thereat. They can also be employed for the switchover to the requested control operation, thus rendering possible the redirection of request signals supplied by the selector means A2 to the input e of the marker M12 over the OR element Y. The markers M11 and M12 may be associated with a telephone exchange of known construction (See West German Unexamined Patent Specification 1,812,192 and corresponding British Pat. No. 1,244,420). The construction of such an exchange is illustrated in detail herein in FIG. 3, where the markers M21 . . . M32 are provided in addition to the markers M11 and M12. The associated switching matrix comprises a plurality of switching subunits TKF1, TKF2 and TKF3, to each of which a pair of markers are assigned. The construction and operation of these switching subunits are described in British Pat. No. 1,244,420. The switching subunit TKF1 is connected to the markers M11 and M12. Each switching subunit comprises a plurality of switching stages. The switching subunits are linked together, because the outputs thereof are partly connected in parallel; namely, the switching subunits TKF1 and TKF2 in a manner in itself known, and because the reverse overflow switches rk are provided between the switching subunits TKF3 and TKF2, also in the known manner. Data to be coupled to the markers, among which, if desired, also the specified request signals indicated above for the control operations and data acquired by the markers are sent via the duplicated data busses Da and Db, to which the markers are connected. The markers are requested by control units S1 and Sw over the request lines sum. S1 and S2 are control units participating in the processing of commands for control operations. In addition, two translators 1U and 2U are provided. The construction and operation of the control units and translators, in addition to their connected relationship as discussed above, are described in detail in British Pat. No. 1,244,420. The characteristics of the various control operations will now be described. For example, the marker M11 can carry out, as a pretesting marker, a control operation to determine, if in a trunk group going out from the switching group or switching subgroup and predetermined by a call request, there is at least one free line. The marker M12 can then execute a control operation as a path marker, selecting free connecting paths in the switching group or switching subgroup and selecting and through-connecting one of them. In this case, a call request is processed in the following manner. As a first step, a task for the control operation for the pretesting function is coupled to the markers M11 and M12 over the request line v. The marker M11 executes this control operation, the data required therefor and those acquired in the process being interchanged with other equipments over the data busses Da and Db. At the same time, a task setting up, over the request line w, the other control operation, namely, for the path finding, selection and through-connection, can be processed by the marker M12. This control operation is processed for another call than the previous control operation. Thus, control operations for different calls are processed concurrently. Thereafter, it is to be expected that the marker M12 once more must operate as a path marker, namely for processing a control operation for one of the two calls mentioned above for which said control operation has not yet been processed. As indicated above, particularly the marker M12 can itself process the various control operations sequentially. If there is a very heavy telephone traffic, e.g., during the busy or peak hour, the pretesting marker M11 should preferably not be expected to find a free line, at least with the first test. If several trunk groups must be tested separately, it must repeat one time or several times the control operation required for the test. Even then, it may not find an idle line. The overall result is that under these circumstances, on an average, several control operations to be executed by the pretesting marker M11 devolve upon one control operation to be executed by the path marker M12. Without special measures, this can further cause the pretesting marker to be overloaded. This can be remedied by the method of the invention, according to which, if a predetermined upper limit value lying below an overload is exceeded, the path marker M12 is also utilized for the pretesting function. To achieve this purpose, a portion of the tasks for the pretesting marker M11 is alternately routed, in the manner described above, to the path selecting marker M12, which processes the deflected tasks after each program switchover. The principles of the method of this invention have been described herein in terms of the application of the invention to controlling the operations of a centrally controlled telecommunication system. This description is to be considered as being exemplary, and it is contemplated that other applications of the invention can be made, while still being within the scope of the appended claims. Further, the embodiments of the systems described for carrying out the invention may be changed or modified, or other systems used, without departing from the invention, as defined by the claims. Patent Citations
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TD-Complete Submission
What to expect when you're expecting (an acceptance letter)
4.15 / 5.00 4,520 Viewslip syncing sprites is fun...
It sure is. I hope you like this one. Took me forever to make it. Sorry about the title missing spaces. It wouldn't fit the whole thing as it was. The real title is Pretty Fly for a Sprite Guy. 1 kick-ass song, 28 sprite characters, 2 fun secrets to find, and a few 8BT references just for kicks. Enjoy!
I certainly liked it
Let me just say that I love this song, which is Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) by the Offspring if any of you guys didn't catch that. That combined with the array of different sprites, both from the NES, and SNES generations is very nice. You have sprites from everywhere too. From Mario, to Final Fantasy and everything in between that came to my mind which I think is awesome. You also did a great job with the synching.
This is a great piece. =)
love the song
my little brother and i love the song so we always watch it.
i like it more though
that is so funny! especially since i heard that song before when Offspring was popular, when my sister liked it... -.- great job on the lip syncing. you did very good. the only part i didnt like was when you tried to lip sync megaman. it didnt come out so well compared to the others, but still, i really liked it
Sabin seriously doesnt have a clue XD
That's an awesome flash right there. One of the biggest things I love is how the lip-syncing was right on. You also didnt make the mouths uber-big so it looks somewhat real ^^
Keep it up. I hope you make more like this

subset: commoncrawl


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Tie Back Dress
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Crepe jersey scoopneck dress with contrast trim at arm openings. Contrast tie at v-back. Slash pockets at skirt. 38" length. Available in Pink/White. Made in France. Viscose/acetate. Dry clean.
Style # 502231575
Feminine, flirty, and oh-so-chic—under British designer Claire Waight Keller, Chloé continues to be a go-to collection for girlish dresses, polished separates, and perfect shoes and bags, season after season.
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Book signing May 22 at Fargo Harley-Davidson
Fargo Harley-Davidson will host a Book Signing and Bike Show on Saturday, May 22, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
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As of Wednesday, January 23, 2013
© Copyright 2015
Albany Herald
ALBANY, Ga. — Brandie Hurst of 176 Lovers Lane Road, Apt. B, was stabbed before noon on Wednesday by her husband, who then demanded her ATM card, said Capt. Tom Jackson with the Dougherty County Police Department.
MOBILE USERS: Click here for the video.
Jackson Dee Hurst apparently stabbed his wife and then made her tell him the location of her debit card, which he then took with him from the premises. The victim was treated on the scene for "non-life threatening" wounds to the side of the neck, officers said.
Jackson said an all points bulletin was issued for Dee Hurst, who fled the scene in a blue 2009 Chevrolet Malibu, Georgia tag number BKS 6360. Hurst has been charged with aggravated assault under the family violence heading.
Jackson said that shortly after the alleged attack, Hurst sent a text to his employer, stating he was driving to Savannah. He also sent a text to Brandie Hurst's mother asking if his wife was okay, police said.
Brandie Hurst told police that her husband has a history of drug usage.
Sister_Ruby 2 years, 1 month ago
"Woman stabbed in neck for ATM card"...........I'm confused...........was there an ATM card in the woman's neck? Did she swallow an ATM card? Was she choking on a partially swallowed ATM card? Had she stolen the man's ATM card and refused to return it, swallowing it instead? I just have so many querstions.
VSU 2 years, 1 month ago
He stabbed her to tell him where her ATM card was, then took it and drove off.
agirl_25 2 years, 1 month ago
I guess I just assume husbands and wives know each other's ATM card locations....doh is me, huh? Am I too far behind the times? Do I need to "get with it"?
VietVet1 2 years, 1 month ago
Umm - took the Peach Card and text his boss on his Obama phone. OK, I see where this is going.
AuntieDee 2 years, 1 month ago
Yep, I see exactly where this is going. A couple of rednecks who need Obamacare and the Obama phone. Heck if it wasn't for Obama they wouldn't have anything. Bush surely didn't do a darn thing for them.
daisymae 2 years, 1 month ago
agirl_25, if you have a husband who abuses drugs...the answer is NO, he does not have your ATM card. Until I could get away from one who abused drugs, I had to sleep with my purse in the bed with me and the bedroom door locked. I never carried cash because that was just an open invitation to needing to go buy, "cigarettes", "a soda", or "groceries" which would never make it back to the house. I even kept the extra checkbooks, bank statements, credit card statements or anything with an account number locked in the trunk of my car. Thank the good Lord I don't live in that anymore.
agirl_25 2 years, 1 month ago
Thanks daisymae, I guess I live behind rose colored glasses, huh, or have had it too easy all these years. Never thought of those things and appreciate you for pointing them out to me. Sorry to appear so dumb. Also, sorry you had to endure that for so long and happy to know you are out of that situation now. I cannot imagine what it must be like to live like that.
VSU 2 years, 1 month ago
I hope this woman was well enough to call the bank and report that card stolen so he won't be able to use it, and she best not be home when he gets back providing he doesn't get caught. She needs to get rid of this man. Any man that would stab his own wife for her ATM card, no telling what he will do next. I realize drugs are messing his mind up, but that makes him a dangerous person. He needs professional help.
BNORRIS88 2 years, 1 month ago
@SISTER RUBY are you really that dumb? I mean come on. Not everybody that is married has a bank account together. In her case it wasn't together. And yeah Daisymae...he needed money for drugs. @VSU he needs more that professional help...maybe 5 to 10 years in jail.
VSU 2 years, 1 month ago
Er, I pretty much meant he needs to be in jail and away from her and needs professional help.
waltspecht 2 years, 1 month ago
Life with an addicted individual is rough. I believe it is called hard love. You have them arrested and kept in jail. I have known people that couldn't bring themselves to deal with an addicted child. Instead they went home each day to see what had been stolen and sold in their latest attempt to get money. Then they eventually went to threatening and in one case beating the Parent. The sooner steps are taken to deal with the problem the better. Sometimes, the need to sever all ties is there, and most folks just won't do it until it is too late.
spookj6 2 years, 1 month ago
I bet when yall find out who he really is attitude will change. He plays golf on Grand Island.
agirl_25 2 years, 1 month ago
I guess Grand Island is a swanky place, huh? And our attitude will change because he is "somebody"? Didn't it give their names? I don't know them.
BNORRIS88 2 years, 1 month ago
I know him and my attitude will not change. I really don't know if he has ever played golf on Grand Island...but if he has it hasn't been in the last few years. If you know him apparently you don't know him all that well. Just saying.
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More like this story
- Big 10 for Jan. 18-25, 2013 ( January 27, 2013 )
- Police: Thieves target customer banking at ATM ( September 30, 2010 )
- Elderly woman falls prey to caregiver's greed ( November 13, 2012 )
- Albany police investigate assaults ( November 3, 2014 )
- UPDATE: Police respond to stabbings ( May 24, 2012 )


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Thanks to a trailer with no running or brake lights, I managed to get myself pulled over for swerving tonight.
The stop was pretty standard; the whole license and registration bit. LEO was even nice enough to lend me his flash light to rummage through my glove box (no interior lights in my old truck).
After scooting around my bench seat and digging through my glove compartment , the LEO decided to ask if I had any weapons in the car. "Yes, sir. I have a firearm tucked under the seat."
He politely asked me to step out of the vehicle, which I did, seeing no reason to complain about potentially freezing to death.
Well... Before I could close the door the LEO ducked right in and snagged my firearm, told me to wait at the back of my vehicle, and took my ID and pistol back to his squad car.
Shortly after, I was instructed to re-enter my truck. He handed me my ID and walked around to place my firearm, in a zip lock bag, on the passenger side of the bench.
I was too tired and too angry/shocked to really make a fit of it and decided just to be on my way..................... But I really can't help but feel like I missed something here.


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ESPN Big 12 reporter Max Olson discusses ineligible Baylor running back Silas Nacita's apology for receiving impermissible benefits.
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Benedict woman dies in ATV crash Saturday
A Benedict woman has died as the results of injuries suffered in an ATV crash Saturday.
According to the Hubbard County Sheriff's department, Jessica Christopherson, 31, was a passenger on an ATV that collided with a tree on East Steam-boat Forest Road Saturday just after 6 p.m.
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About the Journal
Biomedical Optics Express is OSA's principal outlet for serving the biomedical optics community with rapid, open-access, peer-reviewed papers related to optics, photonics and imaging in the life sciences. The journal scope encompasses theoretical modeling and simulations, technology development, and biomedical studies and clinical applications.
Editor-in-Chief: Joseph A. Izatt, Duke University
eISSN: 2156-7085
Frequency: Rapid article-at-a-time publication, Monthly issues
2013 Impact Factor: 3.497
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Inferring deep-brain activity from cortical activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy
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Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 6 Issue 3, pp.1074-1089 (2015)
Spectrophotometric analysis of lithium carbonate used for bipolar disorder
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Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 6 Issue 3, pp.1067-1073 (2015)
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Retinal nerve fiber bundle tracing and analysis in human eye by polarization sensitive OCT
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Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 6 Issue 3, pp.1030-1054 (2015)
A computational model for label-free detection of non-fluorescent biochromophores by stimulated emission
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Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 6 Issue 3, pp.1021-1029 (2015)
An aspheric intraocular telescope for age-related macular degeneration patients
We have designed an intraocular telescope for the posterior chamber of the human eye of patients with age...
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Photoacoustic radar phase-filtered spatial resolution and co-registered ultrasound image enhancement for tumor detection
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Technique for real-time tissue characterization based on scanning multispectral fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy (ms-TRFS)
We report a novel technique for continuous acquisition, processing and display of fluorescence lifetimes...
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Longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye in the visible and near infrared from wavefront sensing, double-pass and psychophysics
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Optimal wavelength combinations for near-infrared spectroscopic monitoring of changes in brain tissue hemoglobin and cytochrome c oxidase concentrations
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Optical-resolution photoacoustic endomicroscopy in vivo
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Call for Papers
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Novel Techniques in Microscopy | |
Optical Molecular Probes, Imaging, and Drug Delivery | |
Phantoms for the Performance Evaluation and Validation of Optical Medical Imaging Devices | |
Advances in Optics for Biotechnology, Medicine and Surgery | |
Authors are encouraged to submit manuscripts that use the special features of Biomedical Optics Express that are particularly germane to the biomedical content, such as inclusion of external high-resolution image files, movies, and interactive science publishing (ISP).
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Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography at 1 MHz
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Reflection-mode in vivo photoacoustic microscopy with subwavelength lateral resolution
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- Jan 05 2015 : Seeking Editor-in-Chief Nominations for Biomedical Optics Express and Optical Materials Express - Deadline: 1 February 2015. Nomination details
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22 October 2014 Margo United Kingdom | |||||||
Good quality and excellent value. |
01 October 2014 John United Kingdom | |||||||
Third visit all ways good. |
29 September 2014 Chris United Kingdom | |||||||
The room decor,exactly the atmosphere for an afternoon tea. |
24 September 2014 Jane United Kingdom |


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CoreLogic Releases Annual Natural Hazard Risk Summary And Analysis Highlighting Significant U.S. Natural Disasters In 2013
IRVINE, Calif., Dec. 11, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- CoreLogic ® (NYSE: CLGX), a leading residential property information, analytics and services provider, today released its annual Natural Hazard Risk Summary and Analysis detailing the most significant natural disasters that struck the United States in 2013. The report provides an analysis of the impact of hurricane, flood, tornado, wildfire and sinkhole events over the course of the year, as well as a summary of potential risk from natural hazards in 2014.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20100609/CLLOGO)
Compiled by CoreLogic hazard scientists, the report summarizes the property and structure, geographic and financial impact of natural disasters across the U.S. over the course of the year.
"Many predicted that 2013 would be a record year of catastrophic destruction, but the number of natural disasters that typically cause widespread destruction, mainly hurricanes, wildfires and tornadoes, were far less than anticipated in comparison to last year's record-setting hazard seasons," said Dr. Thomas Jeffery, senior principal scientist for CoreLogic. "Interestingly, one natural hazard that tends to receive very little attention took center stage in 2013 as three separate sinkhole catastrophes took place in Florida. Though massive damage and loss of life from sinkholes is uncommon, this year's events were large enough disasters to draw significant media coverage, raising public awareness of the true risk associated with this often-overlooked hazard."
Among key findings, the CoreLogic 2013 Natural Hazard Risk Summary and Analysis notes: Hurricane- There was little hurricane activity in 2013. With only 13 named storms, just two reached hurricane classification and hurricane totals were both lower than pre-season predictions and disproportionately lower than previous hurricane seasons dating back to 2003.
- None of the storms in 2013 had a direct impact on the U.S., and as such, there was relatively minor damage related to Atlantic storms.
- The first official hurricane of the year, Hurricane Humberto, formed on September 11, just three hours short of setting the record for the latest formation of the season's first hurricane.
- Flooding in the U.S. was moderate compared with recent years, partly due to the low number of Atlantic storms and the related coastal flooding. National flood losses for 2013 are expected to total approximately $2 billion.
- The most significant flooding event of the year was a September storm in Boulder, Colorado, which caused the damage or destruction of more than 19,000 homes and resulted in record-setting levels of precipitation and flooding affecting 17 Colorado counties.
- To identify the metropolitan areas located in transitional areas between high and low elevations and therefore at risk for catastrophic flood events, CoreLogic developed the first National Catchment Slope Map in 2013, illustrating the structural hydrology of the U.S. landscape.
- Total tornado activity in 2013 was at a historic low, with 229 fewer tornadoes than any year in the past decade as of October 25. Nonetheless, the severity of numerous Oklahoma storms and an unusually violent wave of late-season storms affecting 12 states in the Midwest were no less catastrophic.
- Following three days of storms with numerous tornado sightings, on May 20 an EF5 tornado swept a 17-mile path through Moore, Oklahoma, killing 23 people, injuring 377 others, and causing an estimated $2 billion in damage.
- The widest tornado ever recorded, 2.6 miles at its widest point, struck El Reno, Oklahoma in early June, resulting in eight fatalities and nearly $40 million in damage.
- The number of wildfires and total acreage burned in 2013 were lower than both the 2012 season and the 10-year average. Excluding California, Colorado, Idaho and Washington, which perpetuated their 10-year average in terms of acreage affected, the Western states saw dramatically lower wildfire activity than in recent years.
- Several individual fires caused massive destruction, including Arizona's Yarnell Hill Fire, which destroyed 8,400 acres and 129 homes, and Colorado's Black Forest Fire, which burned 14,000 acres and destroyed or damaged over 500 homes and resulted in a total property loss expected to exceed $300 million.
- The Rim Fire, on the outskirts of several densely populated communities approximately 100 miles east of San Francisco, was the third largest fire in California state history, destroying only 11 homes but burning over 257,000 acres, including much of the Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park.
- Probable increase in fuel load in wildfire areas, as well as persisting drought conditions in California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and Colorado, indicate potential for increased wildfire risk in 2014.
- Three unusually severe examples of sinkhole activity in Florida captured public attention in 2013. A sinkhole in Seffner, Florida caused a tragic death in March when it formed underneath a man's home. A tourist villa was heavily damaged when a 100-foot sinkhole formed near Clermont, Florida, and a 90-foot wide by 50-foot deep sinkhole resulted in the collapse of two homes in Dunedin.
- The CoreLogic sinkhole database currently recognizes 23,000 identified sinkholes, suggesting that sinkhole activity and subsequent property damage will continue to be a substantial risk across the nation and for Florida residents in particular.
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Grips in all designs to give you the best performance.
Gene in OR
Feel good on the hands and last a good amount of time.
Read All ReviewsKyle in MI
After 2 or 3 rides the grip is bare and my hands are slipping. NOT HAPPY
Read All ReviewsMatt in WA
The grips are nice and comfy. More so than the stock waffle grips I replaced. I doubt the will last as long as the stock grips (1994-2015) but I will take the softer material over the 20yr longevity of the rock hard stock grips.
Read All ReviewsDaniel in OR
easy on and easy off... No more Glue
Read All Reviewsnick in IL
these mx soft compound grips are just what i wanted, the soft compound give the grips some flex because it sticks to my gloves so well not to mention they are very comfortable no matter how hard of soft your grip is when you ride i am going to continue to get these grips!! highly recommended!
Read All Reviews


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>>>>>> Voting C202 - My Monochrome Home Town
>>>>>> Voting C202 - My Monochrome Home Town
Feb 11, 2013
Anyway, please leave comments and don't forget your vote matters!
Ok, you know how this goes: In each gallery -- Exhibition and Competition -- you have 16 points (votes) to give out among your faves ( Please do not vote for your own entries). Please vote in both galleries.
You must assign 4 points to one photo, and then you can share the remaining 12 points as you wish, but you cannot give 4 points to another image in the same gallery.
In addition to allocating 16 points per gallery, you can award Honourable Mentions; just click on the "H" instead of a point-number. There's no limit on the number of Hs you can give. Hs have practical value as well as glory. Hs are used as tie-breakers when entries' point totals are equal.
In the voting page, if you use the same login name upon returning, you can make changes up until voting closes. Be sure to Save your completed vote, so it will be there if you want to come back later to review/change.
It's useful to view each gallery in slide-show mode before voting. Mere thumbnails simply don't carry the impact of a larger image, and it honours the photographers to respect their work by seeing it in large-view.
If you are new to the voting, I think you will find it wonderfully easy, thanks to Warren's wonderful voting machine.
Voting period is from now to 9 pm (GMT) on Wednesday February 13th, 2013.
Handy time checker: http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/
The Results post will appear as soon as possible after tabulation. Our overall top pick in the Competition Gallery earns the photographer the honour of setting a theme for the next challenge, and moderating that challenge round.
Vote here: http://warrensarle.com/vote/
Our Challenge galleries: http://www.pbase.com/oly_foto_review/c202_challenge
As always, on behalf of all in the forum our grateful thanks and continuing appreciation for pBase's generosity in hosting our challenges. Also to you for making this a good learning experience and fun at the same time


text: ASB Officers 2012-2013 View full-size image < previous next > Is this photo a winner? "We were at a leadership conference and made these shirts in support of our ASB Advisor, Mrs. Montgomery. She has been an amazing mentor to us since freshman year, and now we are graduating seniors! We used CustomInk to design a shirt that she LOVED and we will remember forever!" - MONTY CRUE (May 21, 2013) Share this photo on: Twitter Facebook Pinterest Similar Photos: asb | k-12 | k12 | other clubs and groups | tanks | asb officers Feeling inspired? Visit the CustomInk Design Lab to start your own group order. Design Your Own


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Polio (cont.) IN THIS ARTICLESynonyms and KeywordsPolio, post-polio syndrome, poliomyelitis, infantile paralysis, nonparalytic polio, paralytic polio Author and EditorAuthor: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD Editor: David Perlstein, MD, MBA FAAP REFERENCES: Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 4/18/2013
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Patient Comments & ReviewsThe eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Polio: |


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Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the bidirectional interactions between the central nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. A series of provocative preclinical studies have suggested a prominent role for the gut microbiota in these gut-brain interactions. Based on studies using rodents raised in a germ-free environment, the gut microbiota appears to influence the development of emotional behavior, stress- and pain-modulation systems, and brain neurotransmitter systems. Additionally, microbiota perturbations by probiotics and antibiotics exert modulatory effects on some of these measures in adult animals. Current evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms, including endocrine and neurocrine pathways, may be involved in gut microbiota–to–brain signaling and that the brain can in turn alter microbial composition and behavior via the autonomic nervous system. Limited information is available on how these findings may translate to healthy humans or to disease states involving the brain or the gut/brain axis. Future research needs to focus on confirming that the rodent findings are translatable to human physiology and to diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, autism, anxiety, depression, and Parkinson's disease.
Emeran A. Mayer, Kirsten Tillisch, Arpana Gupta
Total views: 2333
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a specialized fat that dissipates energy to produce heat, plays an important role in the regulation of energy balance. Two types of thermogenic adipocytes with distinct developmental and anatomical features exist in rodents and humans: classical brown adipocytes and beige (also referred to as brite) adipocytes. While classical brown adipocytes are located mainly in dedicated BAT depots of rodents and infants, beige adipocytes sporadically reside with white adipocytes and emerge in response to certain environmental cues, such as chronic cold exposure, a process often referred to as "browning" of white adipose tissue. Recent studies indicate the existence of beige adipocytes in adult humans, making this cell type an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes. This Review aims to cover recent progress in our understanding of the anatomical, developmental, and functional characteristics of brown and beige adipocytes and discuss emerging questions, with a special emphasis on adult human BAT.
Labros Sidossis, Shingo Kajimura
Total views: 1202
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is sometimes called the "second brain" because of the diversity of neuronal cell types and complex, integrated circuits that permit the ENS to autonomously regulate many processes in the bowel. Mechanisms supporting ENS development are intricate, with numerous proteins, small molecules, and nutrients that affect ENS morphogenesis and mature function. Damage to the ENS or developmental defects cause vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, growth failure, and early death. Here, we review molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that govern ENS development, identify areas in which more investigation is needed, and discuss the clinical implications of new basic research.
Marina Avetisyan, Ellen Merrick Schill, Robert O. Heuckeroth
Total views: 1084
The enteroendocrine system is the primary sensor of ingested nutrients and is responsible for secreting an array of gut hormones, which modulate multiple physiological responses including gastrointestinal motility and secretion, glucose homeostasis, and appetite. This Review provides an up-to-date synopsis of the molecular mechanisms underlying enteroendocrine nutrient sensing and highlights our current understanding of the neuro-hormonal regulation of gut hormone secretion, including the interaction between the enteroendocrine system and the enteric nervous system. It is hoped that a deeper understanding of how these systems collectively regulate postprandial physiology will further facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Arianna Psichas, Frank Reimann, Fiona M. Gribble
Total views: 1010
Enteric glia are important components of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and also form an extensive network in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Initially regarded as passive support cells, it is now clear that they are actively involved as cellular integrators in the control of motility and epithelial barrier function. Enteric glia form a cellular and molecular bridge between enteric nerves, enteroendocrine cells, immune cells, and epithelial cells, depending on their location. This Review highlights the role of enteric glia in GI motility disorders and in barrier and defense functions of the gut, notably in states of inflammation. It also discusses the involvement of enteric glia in neurological diseases that involve the GI tract.
Keith A. Sharkey
Total views: 986
Fat is a vital macronutrient, and its intake is closely monitored by an array of molecular sensors distributed throughout the alimentary canal. In the mouth, dietary fat constituents such as mono- and diunsaturated fatty acids give rise to taste signals that stimulate food intake, in part by enhancing the production of lipid-derived endocannabinoid messengers in the gut. As fat-containing chyme enters the small intestine, it causes the formation of anorexic lipid mediators, such as oleoylethanolamide, which promote satiety. These anatomically and functionally distinct responses may contribute to the homeostatic control and, possibly, the pathological dysregulation of food intake.
Nicholas V. DiPatrizio, Daniele Piomelli
Total views: 862
The necessary infrastructure to carry out genomics-driven oncology is now widely available and has resulted in the exponential increase in characterized cancer genomes. While a subset of genomic alterations is clinically actionable, the majority of somatic events remain classified as variants of unknown significance and will require functional characterization. A careful cataloging of the genomic alterations and their response to therapeutic intervention should allow the compilation of an "actionability atlas" and the creation of a genomic taxonomy stratified by tumor type and oncogenic pathway activation. The next phase of genomic medicine will therefore require talented bioinformaticians, genomic navigators, and multidisciplinary approaches to decode complex cancer genomes and guide potential therapy. Equally important will be the ethical and interpretable return of results to practicing oncologists. Finally, the integration of genomics into clinical trials is likely to speed the development of predictive biomarkers of response to targeted therapy as well as define pathways to acquired resistance.
D. Neil Hayes, William Y. Kim
Total views: 849
Autophagy is a catabolic process mediated by incorporation of cellular material into cytosolic membrane vesicles for lysosomal degradation. It is crucial for maintaining cell viability and homeostasis in response to numerous stressful conditions. In this Review, the role of autophagy in both normal biology and disease is discussed. Emphasis is given to the interplay of autophagy with nutrient signaling through the ULK1 autophagy pre-initiation complex. Furthermore, related cellular processes utilizing components of the canonical autophagy pathway are discussed due to their potential roles in nutrient scavenging. Finally, the role of autophagy in cancer and its potential as a cancer therapeutic target are considered.
Xuejun Jiang, Michael Overholtzer, Craig B. Thompson
Total views: 777
mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase, is a master regulator of cellular metabolism. mTOR regulates cell growth and proliferation in response to a wide range of cues, and its signaling pathway is deregulated in many human diseases. mTOR also plays a crucial role in regulating autophagy. This Review provides an overview of the mTOR signaling pathway, the mechanisms of mTOR in autophagy regulation, and the clinical implications of mTOR inhibitors in disease treatment.
Young Chul Kim, Kun-Liang Guan
Total views: 661
Autophagy is a survival-promoting pathway that captures, degrades, and recycles intracellular proteins and organelles in lysosomes. Autophagy preserves organelle function, prevents the toxic buildup of cellular waste products, and provides substrates to sustain metabolism in starvation. Although in some contexts autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis, in most contexts autophagy facilitates tumorigenesis. Cancers can upregulate autophagy to survive microenvironmental stress and to increase growth and aggressiveness. Mechanisms by which autophagy promotes cancer include suppressing induction of the p53 tumor suppressor protein and maintaining metabolic function of mitochondria. Efforts to inhibit autophagy to improve cancer therapy have thereby attracted great interest.
Eileen White
Total views: 629


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If Neils Miller doesn't have a statue in Appleton, Wisconsin, he should. You'll be hard pressed to find someone who has had a larger impact on the welding industry than Mr. Miller. Back in 1929, he saw a need for a small, affordable arc welder that would operate on the type of electricity readily available in rural Wisconsin. Using American ingenuity, he cobbled together scrap metal, core and coil materials and hammered out that first welder in his basement. Six short years later, Miller Electric Mfg. Co. produced an industry-changing industrial welder and the rest is history.
Throughout the 40's, Miller's machines powered war efforts in the shipyards and defense plants. In the 50's, Miller played a key role in the construction of most major planes, jets, fighters and missiles. Companies like Boeing, Cessna, Lockheed, Douglas all used Miller machines in their factories. The 1970's brought the introduction of the Millermatic machines; the first power source with a built-in wire feeder.
Today, Miller Electric continues their dominance in the marketplace with machines like the Millermatic 211 and the Dynasty 200 DX, Auto-darkening welding helmets, and the Diversion 165 TIG Welder. Miller's full line of welding machines and welding accessories give their loyal customers plenty of reasons to "Bleed Blue."