text: MTA New York City Transit New Technology Signals Program Program Status Report to International Conference on Communications Based Train Control May 9-10, 1995 (Additional footnote updates and postscript added August, 1997) T. J. Sullivan (Former) Director, New Technology Signals M T A N E W Y O R K C I T Y T R AN S I T - D I V I S I O N O F E L E C T R I C AL S Y S T E M S 1 3 5 0 AV E N U E O F T H E A M E R I C AS , N E W Y O R K , N E W Y O R K 1 0 0 1 9 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 2.0 SIGNAL MODERNIZATION PROGRAM ........................................................ 2 3.0 EXISTING SIGNAL SYSTEM ......................................................................... 3 4.0 NEW TECHNOLOGY STUDY ........................................................................ 4 4.1 Survey of Transit Properties .............................................................................................................. 4 BCRTC's SkyTrain................................................................................................................................. 4 Docklands Light Rail .............................................................................................................................. 6 London Underground Limited ................................................................................................................ 6 General Observations ......................................................................................................................... 6 Central Line Fixed-Block Upgrade .................................................................................................... 7 London Jubilee Line ........................................................................................................................... 7 Los Angeles ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Blue Line ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Green Line .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Paris - RATP ........................................................................................................................................... 8 San Francisco Municipal Railway........................................................................................................... 9 San Francisco BART ............................................................................................................................ 10 Sao Paulo Metro ................................................................................................................................... 11 Stockholm ............................................................................................................................................. 12 Toronto Transit ..................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Second Peer Review Findings........................................................................................................... 12 5.0 APPROACH TO PROCUREMENT............................................................... 15 6.0 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 16 7.0 POSTSCRIPT – (SEPTEMBER 1997) ......................................................... 17 II 1.0 INTRODUCTION MTA New York City Transit is the longest subway system in the world and its parent organization, The Metropolitan Transit Authority, is the largest transportation provider in the Western Hemisphere. This year, NYC Transit completed a two year, $1.5 million study and investigation of train control system technology. While initial investigations into the cost effectiveness of communications based signal (CBS) systems began in 19891 the need for NYC Transit to upgrade its existing signal systems was dramatically reinforced in 1991 when an overspeed train at 14th Street Station derailed and cut the lead car completely in half. Five passengers were killed and 135 people were injured. The signal system at 14th St. operated as designed and the cause of the derailment was attributed to train operator error. However, to improve safety and minimize hazards associated with human error, the PTSB's number one recommendation was for NYC Transit to investigate the feasibility of installing a state of the art train control system. Over the last two years investigations included on-site inspections and direct discussions with senior technical representatives of major transit properties in North and South America, Europe, and Asia. The study also included presentations by, and in many cases visits to, signal and engineering firms to see first hand current products, capabilities, and future plans for CBS systems. These discussions and visits revealed very broad support for CBS by rail transit operators throughout the world. In addition, scores of meetings with both foreign and domestic signal suppliers and engineering firms show that significant development work is also occurring by signal firms throughout the world to enhance existing CBS products where they exist, adapt existing technology systems to CBS technology, as well as completely new CBS system designs. Our consultant's final report2 shows that even using very conservative design assumptions, CBS technology best meets our needs and has the lowest lifecycle cost. Two Peer Reviews consisting of senior train control experts from transit properties around the world also agreed with our consultant's findings. The MTA's Independent Engineering Consultant, which attended virtually every meeting with suppliers, peer reviews, and our internal Steering Committee also agreed with the recommendation for NYC Transit to migrate from fixed block to CBS technology. The case has now been made and NYC Transit is about to begin a 722 mile journey to modernize its system with Communications Based Signalling technology. 1 2 Ghaly, N. N., Ph.D., P.E., A look into the Future, NYCTA, January 4, 1989 A limited number of printed copies of this report are still available. The report can also be downloaded from NYC Transit's electronic bulletin board: 212-492-8069. 1 2.0 SIGNAL MODERNIZATION PROGRAM NYC Transit carries approximately 3 million passengers per day, 24 hours per day, seven days per week, using 6,000 subway cars on 722 miles of track. Nearly half of New York City workers ride the subway system and New Yorkers expect a very high level of service and performance from their subway system. Ridership is increasing and to meet this ever increasing demand for service, and even attract new customers, we are improving the appearance of our stations, and increasing system reliability, safety, and performance. Beginning in the early 1980's a series of major five-year capital programs was instituted to return the NYC Transit subway system to a "State of Good Repair," (SOGR). Rolling stock and track are now in a SOGR but the signal system is the last major element to complete this rehabilitation. Many portions of the signal system, are beyond their design life and/or do not meet current design standards. For this reason, the Signal System Modernization program today is a major component of the NYC Transit's ongoing and future capital programs. While recent financial changes may affect the rate of capital funding for the signal modernization program, the extreme age of many of the interlocking plants require that signal modernization continue to ensure safe and reliable operation. The NYC Transit standard is a four-track railroad. Two lines are normally dedicated to express and two for local service. Highly inter-operable lines further facilitate a high degree of flexibility which enables us to provide alternative service in the event of a track blockage. Except for two lines, the #7 Flushing and the "L" Canarsie, most trains operate over tracks served by multiple lines. Seven under river tubes connect Manhattan with the other boroughs. Most track is in subway. NYC Transit subway (formerly The New York City Transit Authority) was originally three separate entities known as the BMT, IRT and the IND. Today, the NYC Transit subway system is divided into two main sections known as the "A" subdivision and the "B" subdivision. The "B" division is further subdivided into the "B1 subdivision" and the "B2 subdivision." The "A" subdivision, which represents approximately one third of the subway is mostly in the island of Manhattan. While many sections of the A subdivision have been modernized in the late 1950's (with conventional signal equipment consisting of vital relays, grade-timed signals, and train stops) it too will be upgraded with CBS technology after it reaches the end of its useful life of 50 years. The two "B" subdivisions represent the remaining 2/3 of the system. Some of these lines still have the original equipment provided when the systems first went into service and may be operational four score years before they are eventually replaced. Most of these older systems, especially on the B2 subdivision are expected to be replaced first with a new generation of CBS technology. 2 3.0 EXISTING SIGNAL SYSTEM The NYC Transit signal system is an automatic fixed block wayside signal system. It operates as an intermittent train control system which provides safety functions of train detection, train separation and some control and protection for train movements through interlockings. The system was not designed to be an absolute train control system and is limited with respect to train speed control. Consecutive blocks are governed by automatic and interlockings signals located at fixed locations through the system along the wayside. Train movement is controlled by train operator compliance to operating rules and wayside signal indications. Limited control of train speed is provided through the use of an overlap signal system referred to as station timing. Station timing is defined by NYC Transit as a fixed signal used at certain locations to permit a train to close in on a preceding train standing in or moving out of a station, at an interlocking, or approaching terminals and is used to meet scheduling requirements. The signal can be preceded by either a time control sign with the letters "T" or "ST" on it which indicates the presence of the time control area. Station timing and adherence to operating rules provide for safe stopping distances. However, if an approaching train's position is such that a precalculated safe stopping distance does not exist, the train is put into emergency stop by an automatic trip arm which works in conjunction with the signal system. This system provides rear end collision protection for trains in stations but can only be activated when there is a train either in the station or in the station timing circuit area ahead. Train speed control can also be accomplished through the use of grade timing circuits. NYC Transit defines grade timers as a fixed signal used to enforce a predetermined train speed in areas that require slower operation such as sharp curves, on down-grades, and at line ending terminals. This signal is always preceded either by a time control "T" or "GT" sign and a sign designating the allowable speed. Normally, several blocks or a series of grade timers are used to control train speed. Because virtually all track circuits are single rail, the ability of the signal system to detect some broken rails does not exist at all on nearly 50% of the rails. The few double rail circuits that exist are being replaced with single rail track circuits as the system is upgraded. Further, rail breaks frequently occur at locations where there are bolt holes in the web of the rail. Many serious rail breaks have occurred that were not detected by the signal system. An analysis by NYC Transit shows that nearly 70% of a typical signal contract costs is due to wayside installation and wayside equipment. The three most common signal maintenance problems are failures of insulated joints, track circuits, and switch machines and a staff of nearly 1,000 workers are needed to maintain the signal system. 3 4.0 NEW TECHNOLOGY STUDY In 1992 a New Technology Signals Steering Committee was formed. It consisted of representatives of key departments from NYC Transit and the MTA. Its charter was to develop a consultant scope of work and oversee and monitor the study to ensure that input from all NYCT departments were properly considered. On March 12, 1993 De Leuw Cather & Company of New York, Inc., in association with Booz Allen & Hamilton, Inc., Abacus Technology Incorporated, ARINC Research Corporation, and Interactive Elements Incorporated was given notice to proceed on a $990,000 (and later expanded) to investigate and evaluate alternative signal technologies for NYC Transit. Task 1 was to recommend a technology. In addition, two Peer Reviews were convened in New York City. They consisted of signal system experts from transit properties throughout the world to provide an industry overview and overall project advice and guidance. The success and synergy of these Peer Review resulted in the desire to establish annual meetings to periodically review the status of the NYC Transit program, share "lessons learned," and promote standardization for CBS technology. 4.1 Survey of Transit Properties An initial part of the New Technology Signals program was a survey of key transit properties around the world. NYC Transit was most fortunate in meeting with the most senior members of the technical staff of a large number of international properties. These direct meetings have provided us with very good insight not otherwise possible. Perhaps the most significant finding was the universal acceptance by these operators that CBS was considered proven technology. In addition, discussions with representatives of other transit properties have shown a keen interest in the development of standards so as to minimize the number of proprietary systems. The following is a brief synopsis of what has been learned as a result of our meetings and/or subsequent discussions with transit properties. BCRTC's SkyTrain SkyTrain is a driverless CBS in revenue service for nine years. The Alcatel Seltrack train control system1 is similar to that provided by UTDC for Toronto and Detroit. In North America, SkyTrain is probably the best-known service proven CBS system. The design provides for a totally and inherently flexible operation so unlike traditional fixed-block systems (where system costs is directly related to headway performance) SkyTrain operation is constrained only by vehicle performance and civil track constraints. Thirty-two speed commands are available along with stable speed maintaining down to approximately 1 MPH. Despite these operational advantages, only two signal maintainers (and four track switch maintainers) are required for 44 miles of yard and mainline tracks. 1 Seltrack has evolved from a 20 year old design called LZB which was a joint venture by Siemens and Alcatel (formerly SEL) for the Deutches Bundesbahn in Germany. 4 Scheduling computers at the Control Center send non-vital messages to vital two sets of triple modular redundant wayside computers(VCCs). A single VCC is able to control the entire SkyTrain mainline and a second VCC is controls automatic operation in the yard. Automatic coupling and uncoupling does not require additional wayside hardware and BCRTC reports that these additional capabilities have proven to be extremely effective by providing more space in yards and overall, more efficient operation. During the 1986 EXPO, when crush loads were experienced, SkyTrain delivered headways under 60 seconds. Today, minimum operating headways are 110 seconds. VCCs send vital data messages at 1200 bits per second to each "Vehicle On Board Computer" (VOBC) on a married pair. VOBC's return messages to the VCC's at 600 bits per second. This vital and continuous two-way communication is accomplished via a simple stranded wire loop that runs the length of the track. While 1200 bits per second may not seem high by today's standards, data rates for most conventional track circuit and cab signal systems in the world today are one hundred times slower1. Extremely high availability is necessary because the system is driverless. This is achieved by having TMR (triple modular redundant) wayside and central computers. Failure of a checked-redundant (for safety, not reliability) VOBC in one married pair results in automatic handback to a second or even a third computer on another car, if necessary. All VOBCs, whether or not they are in active control, report regularly to the VCCs to ensure health and availability. Vancouver has experienced a few system shutdowns due to weather and software bugs. The bugs appear to have been largely or completely eliminated and last year VCCs based on microcomputers were transparently cut in to revenue service. The upgrade to microcomputers effectively doubled the number of trains that the VCC system can support. No changes to wayside hardware was required. BCRTC has no plans to install a separate backup system because the reliability of the existing primary and redundant backup system is now so high that BCRTC plans to address this increasingly more rare failure as they always have: Driverless trains will come to a safe stop until personnel arrive to drive them to the next station. High system availability and performance are reflected in ridership several years ahead of forecast. The system's mean speed is 45% above the North American rapid transit average, and energy consumption is only 40% of that for diesel bus operation. In 1991, for example, SkyTrain operating costs were only $0.13 cents per passenger mile, lower than any new light rail or metro system in North America, and less than one third of BC Transit's bus system operating costs.2 1 For example, the traditional cab signalling system installed at the San Francisco Muni in the late 1970's uses data rates of 2, 3 and 4.5 bits per second. San Francisco BART's train-to-wayside and wayside-totrain data rates are 18 bps. 2 Middleton, WD, Automatic Guideway transit systems come of age, Transit Connections, March 1994 5 Docklands Light Rail Docklands Light Rail is replacing its nearly new fixed-block system with an Alcatel Seltrac inductive loop system. This changeover was because the original fixed block system was unable to meet reliability and performance requirements and also limited train performance to 18 trains. In addition, lack of redundancy, absolutely critical to a driverless system, was missing from the original fixedblock design concept. Last year Docklands Light Rail (DLR) opened the Beckton Extension. When the rest of the system is cutover DLR can be expanded to between 38 and 45 trains. Cutover from a fixed-block system under revenue service, even using CBS, has proven to be difficult. While early design delays on the part of Alcatel may have been the initial cause, it also appears that lack of good schedule coordination between DLR and Alcatel during precious non-revenue periods appears also to have been an important factor causing delay. DLR Engineering Director Mike Lockyear believes that four (rather than three) years may be a more reasonable time to cutover a CBS during revenue operation. For Docklands, Alcatel is provided an upgraded non-vital SMC (System Management Computer) design replacing obsolete General Automation minicomputers with industry standard IBM type PC computers. The SMC computers will use SELNET, aka IBM's OS/2. Likewise, vital minicomputerbased wayside computers (VCC's) are being upgraded with similar IBM PC type computers configured in a standard Triple Modular redundant architecture 2 (TMR) . Use of industry standard PC-type hardware and operating system software appears prudent and will likely to mitigate hardware and software technology obsolescence both for Alcatel and its customers. Driverless operation, combined with the inherent flexibility of CBS and its ability to maximize capacity and reduce operating and maintenance costs has the same potential for DLR as similar systems have shown at Lille, France and Vancouver. B.C. DLR's railway development director Mr. Stephen Gibbs told International Railway Journal last year that he saw no reason why, ultimately DLR could not operate in the black.3 1 London Underground Limited General Observations LUL shares with NYC Transit and others concerns about proprietary designs and the strong industry need for standards. It has agreed to participate in exchanges of technical information that will further a common goal of establishing standards for compatibility for new technology signal systems. Senior LUL technical staff strongly advised NYC Transit against the use of existing vital solid state interlocking technology as a basis or backbone for new communications-based signalling technology. The concern was that these 1 2 Formerly a part of LUL, DLR is now a separate entity. TMR architectures are also used by Siemens, Ansaldo, AEG, and others to achieve both vitality and high availability. It is the exception in the US signal industry. 3 International Railway Journal, March 1994, p 20 6 existing products do not have the performance capability and likely cannot keep up with the much greater information processing demands required of CBS. Central Line Fixed-Block Upgrade London Underground (LUL) experienced considerable difficulty resignalling the Central Line with Audio Frequency track circuits. In general, LUL is disappointed with overall system reliability of its new AF track circuit system and the inability of the contractors to complete cutovers quickly and in such a manner as to minimize disruption to revenue service. Based upon these experiences LUL officials informed NYC Transit that LUL intends to make the Central Line the last line it will upgrade with fixed-block technology. All future resignalling will use CBS technology. London Jubilee Line LUL's 22 mile Jubilee Line is one fourth underground and planned extensions will increase this by 15 subway miles. Like SF Muni's Contract MR-1034R, a performance based specification was developed which permitted either fixedblock and radio-based CBS technology. In a competitive competition, Alcatel Canada was awarded the Jubilee Line. However, it was subsequently decided (perhaps not by LUL) that the CBS wayside portion will be a Westinghouse Signals, UK design. The central control portion will still be installed by Alcatel. The CBS concept proposed by Westinghouse, however, is not service proven. Westinghouse UK is one of the few signal suppliers that have not proposed or shared any of its product design 1 details with NYC Transit. Los Angeles Blue Line The Los Angeles Blue Line uses conventional power frequency track circuits and insulated joints and LRVs have manual cab signals with overspeed protection. However, like SF Muni and other systems, Blue Line LRVs have not always been successful at reliably shunting signal currents in the running rails. Problem associated with loss of shunt have been largely mitigated by operating not less than two-car trains and adding new operating rules that require train operators to maintain a minimum distance between trains. Green Line The Green Line is to be a driverless system with functionality similar to Vancouver, Lille, and Jacksonville. Functions to be provided include fully automated coupling and uncoupling and a 1.0 MPH speed code. Unlike recent train control specifications from Stockholm, London, San Francisco Muni and San Francisco BART (which specify "what" they need rather than "how" to do it), 1 As recently as June 1997 Westinghouse UK continues to have difficulty making its radio based train control system operate properly. 7 the Green Line's train control specifications mandated track circuits and required that speed commands be transmitted to trains via the running rails. 1 This effectively precluded suppliers with service-proven CBS systems from submitting competitive bids. While the Green Line was a natural for a super turnkey functional procurement, Los Angeles elected instead to issue detailed specifications for train control and separate specifications for vehicles. US&S is providing all signalling work. Its new AF track circuits will use FM (FSK) modulation like SF BART'. But it will use a longer 56-bit vital message at a ten times higher 200 bits per second data rate. These information rates may strain the ability of a conventional solid state interlockings. Unique "redundant" track circuits are being provided to insure high availability, a necessary requirement since the line operates down the middle of the Century City Freeway. The need to double up on track circuit hardware increases costs, lowers reliability, and increases maintenance. Paris - RATP Much of the existing RATP signalling system was provided by Jeumont Schneider (JS) which is no longer in business and taken over by GEC Alsthom. The original JS track circuit which is used at RATP today uses high voltage, high current impulses to help break through contamination that may develop between the wheel and rail interface. Impulse type track circuits help ensure good shunting and therefore good train detection. To increase the capacity of its severely overloaded RER Line A, an overlay system known as SACEM was used. SACEM was developed for RATP by a joint venture consisting of MATRA Transport (50%) GEC Alsthom2 (25%) and CSEE3 (25%). NYC Transit understands that the safety critical source code for SACEM is in the public domain but that only MATRA4 and GEC Alsthom presently offer SACEM-based product because CSEE dropped out early during the development5. With SACEM, RATP was able to reduce actual AM and PM peak headway on RER Line A from 150 seconds to a 120 seconds. This reduced headway is achieved even with station dwells of 50 seconds. Because the enormous 50 seconds dwell seriously erodes operating margin RATP assigns "door attendants" for every train door at critical downtown stations. At the exiting end of these stations is a bank of high resolution video monitors, a station dispatcher with a microphone, and a digital clock displaying the time to a resolution of one second. When operating close headways safety braking rates become a limiting factor especially with downgrades. RATP uses a brake rate of 1 m/sec2 but 15% of that braking effort comes from electromagnetic track brakes. Electromagnetic track brakes are also standard equipment on the French TGV and Light Rail Vehicles 1 2 LAC-MTA Specification R23-T07-H1100, Section 4.4.2. "GEC Alsthom" is a 50/50 partnership with Alcatel France and GEC UK. 3 CSEE is (or perhaps was) 49% owned by Ansaldo 4 In circa 1996 Siemens purchased 51% of MATRA Transport 5 Recently NYCT has learned that there may be a third firm offering SACEM or perhaps a derivative of SACEM. 8 in the United States. Considering the valuable contribution they provide, It remains a mystery why these simple and effective devices are not used by more US heavily rail systems to achieve close headway operation. In the yard shops electronic maintenance technicians using standard IBM PC type computers are able to observe in real time SACEM system faults even before they are apparent to the train operator. Advanced diagnostic system diagnostics and of which were developed by RATP engineers and advanced three level modular maintenance design philosophy provides a well thought out system for RATP. SACEM uses internally-checked single string microprocessors and mathematical signatures to represent Boolean values and to achieve vitality. While designed originally to be an overlay system, (and in its present form does not provide continuous two way communications nor radio communications) there is evidence to suggest that a large base of solid engineering design and safety critical software exists upon which to produce a CBS system closer to what NYC Transit and its consultant envisions. San Francisco Municipal Railway The merging of five surface lines into a single dual track subway line under Market Street requires performance in excess of 60 trains per hour for optimal operation. To achieve this headway trains must dwell and depart their Embarcadero Station terminus in 40 seconds. Muni has been unable to operate more than 23 trains per hour with manual operation and its primitive cab signal system, it was clear to senior Muni management in the late 1980's that fully automatic operation without operator involvement was necessary. Installed in the late 1970's, San Francisco Muni's existing signal system uses 100 Hertz coded track circuits. Modulation is AM with a 50% duty cycle. The three modulation rates result in the cab display of signal speed indications of 10, 27 and 50 MPH. Cars are equipped with an overspeed protection but the absence of a zero speed code and wayside enforcement has resulted in serious track and vehicle damage, derailments, and passenger injury due to operator error. Despite shunting sensitivities over 0.30 ohms, SF Muni, like many rail properties, experiences occasional instances of sustained loss of shunt. All instances at Muni were on mainline track in regular daily subway service. All were associated with single-car trains. Several potentially catastrophic accidents were averted only because train operators applied the emergency track brake which provides 1 Muni's Light Rail Vehicles with an impressive deceleration rate of 6.0 mphps . Like Stockholm's and London's performance-based specifications, Muni's Contract MR-1034R specifically permitted track circuit-based systems but also permitted other service-proven systems. Contract language required, however, that if track circuits were used, loss of shunt could not cause an unsafe condition. 1 Many signal system experts today still deny that loss of shunt is a serious problem in the US today. These same experts also advise that electric track brakes are not "fail-safe." (They're just prevent collisions). 9 One means by which this requirement could be satisfied was sequential release of track circuits. Since sequential detection should occur normally, this requirement was expected to be transparent to operation. Also, by not specifying a specific track circuit shunting sensitivity (if track circuits were used), the train control supplier was held fully responsible for the safe detection and separation of trains. San Francisco Muni is now in the process of replacing track circuit-based system with an Alcatel Seltrac system. The $52.7 million contract price included installation of all central and wayside train control equipment for the existing Market St. Subway and installation and retrofit of train control equipment on 168 cars. An "Auxiliary Wayside System" comprised of SEL axle counters will provide additional backup capability and seamless transition during commissioning. Minimum requirements included fully automatic coupling and uncoupling, 18,000 passengers/hr/ direction operation, full operation without driver involvement and installation without disruption to existing revenue service. This latter requirement is the key reason a proposal by AEG using fixed-blocks could not be considered as it would have required manual operation and reduced speeds during an extended cutover period. Installation is behind schedule so new Alcatel VOBCs on new Breda LRV2's will decode Muni's existing cab signals until the CBS wayside is fully tested. Revenue Operation is expected during the second half of 19961. Destination signs on new Breda vehicles will use Echelon LONWORKS to provide independent control of each LRV from the controlling LRV's train control system. San Francisco BART San Francisco BART's existing signal system uses FM AF track. Six-bit commaless words representing eight speed codes are transmitted down to and received back from active wayside equipment and track circuits. Speed codes are transmitted at 18 hertz using a fail-safe time-division multiplex system. Because each bit of received track circuit data must agree with each bit transmitted, it is not possible for dc chopper or ac propulsion noise to falsely pick a BART track 2 circuit. BART was unable to demonstrate reliable shunting to the State Public Utilities Commission using unpowered two-car trains when it first went into revenue service. To address this a redundant, but non-vital Sequential Occupancy Release (SOR) system was added. SOR releases track circuits only if detection of train movement is sequential. As part of new contract extensions, SOR algorithms are implemented in new solid state interlockings which also perform speed code selection. 1 Delays continue to plague installation of Alcatel's Seltrac system. Full revenue operation under Seltrac is unlikely before 1998. 2 The Transportation Division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation provided BART's first train control system. This division was subsequently purchased by AEG and AEG has subsequently merged with ABB Daimler Benz to form Adtranz. 10 BART construction contracts are extending track in all directions. These extensions when completed will place a critical demand on the Trans-bay Tube and the San Francisco/Daly City line where three lines merge. To obtain the needed closer headways BART studies show that the only practical way to achieve required headways is with a CBS system. Last year the Department of Defense (as part of ARPA's Dual Use program) agreed to provide up to $19.5 million along with $12.5 million from Hughes and 12 Morrison Knudsen (HMK) and in kind services from BART to develop a prototype a CBS system based upon Hughes' Enhanced Position Locating and Reporting System (EPLRS). According to the FTA, hundreds of millions of dollars went into the development of EPLRS and understandably, DOD is interested in preserving its investment by developing other applications for EPLRS. This will help ensure its long term availability. In fact, continued funding for BART's Advanced Automatic Train Control System is contingent upon the BART-HMK alliance finding additional commercial applications for EPLRS. EPLRS, is an extremely sophisticated mobile communications network system that uses both frequency hopping and direct sequence spread spectrum to ensure highly reliable, and jam resistant communications. EPLRS uses a Time Domain Multiple Access network originally designed to provide highly reliable communications and precisely locate infantry personnel ground vehicles and aircraft in three dimensions as they enter and pass through a zone of control. Communication from one point on a network to any other point on the network requires no wires because messages are communicated via "bucket brigade." A side effect of direct sequence modulation is the ability to accurately measure the distance between two radios by measuring the time of arrival of the signal. EPLRS, which was used successfully in Operation Desert Storm, will be prototyped at two BART stations to demonstrate the feasibility of a new train control system and locating train positions as accuracy as +/- 15 feet. The HMK design also uses Echelon's LONWORKS technology to communication between each end of a ten car train. Like most transit vehicles, BART's trainlines have no spare pins but by using LONWORKS and its direct sequence powerline modems, digital communications can be provided by using existing trainlines. In a Peer Review at BART (in which NYC Transit was represented) there was consensus that the HMK system was likely to result in a significant improvement in safety over conventional track circuit based technology. The basis for this belief was that EPLRS would likely dramatically reduce the quantity of hardware for such a system. Sao Paulo Metro Sao Paulo Metro in Sao Paulo, Brazil is upgrading its existing East-West Line from a fixed block AF track circuits to CBS. To meet high customer demands for increased system capacity, the new CBS system is expected to reduce 1 In August of 1997 Harmon Industries replaced Morrison Knudsen as BART's AATC signal supplier. Harmon also has the exclusive rights to Market the Hughes EPLRS radio in the US for fixed guideway transit applications. 2 In late 1995 CMW was purchased by GEC Alsthom 11 headways from the current 90 seconds to 70 second headways. The upgrade must be done without disruption to revenue service. The system will be designed and installed by CMW, a Brazilian signal supplier which set up a branch office in Pittsburgh, PA. A stabilized Brazilian currency, however, has now caused interest rates to rise dramatically and CMW has closed its Pittsburgh, PA Office. Stockholm In discussions with senior technical staff of Stockholm Transit, Communicationsbased signal systems are accepted as a proven technology. Recent performance specifications, for example, permit service-proven train control systems that do not use track circuits. Local representation or a local partner is required for nondomestic suppliers, however. Toronto Transit Over the next year Toronto Transit will be reviewing a number of CBS proposals for two new line extensions. To help evaluate suppliers proposals TTC will provide a short test track and trains. Respondents to the RFP will each be given several weeks. This is the basic means by which TTC will first pre-qualify bidders. The key focus of these demonstrations will be the full duplex radio communications link. TTC's schedule, interests, and concerns are similar to those of NYC Transit and we have agreed to exchange technical information and remain in close contact regarding our two projects. 4.2 Second Peer Review Findings In 1993 and 1994 NYC Transit held two Peer Review of its project. The first Peer Review sustained the consultant's findings to use CBS technology for NYC 1 Transit and committee's findings are generally known to the signal industry On November 14-16, 1994 a second peer review was held in New York City. In addition to the same representatives who participated the prior year, three additional transit property representatives were added: Hong Kong, Sao Paulo, and Toronto Transit. All three either have CBS technology systems or were planning to install them in the near future. Question #1 - Procurement Methodology: Taking into consideration the issues raised in our recent Request for Information, 94RFI-G07, how do you recommend NYC Transit proceed with future procurements of Communications based Signalling Systems? Are their other alternatives we should consider? What do you see are the strengths and weaknesses of these alternatives? 1 Railway Age, October, 1994 12 The Procurement driven approach was preferred by a majority of the Peer Review members (7 vs 2). There was a general view that NYC Transit will set the standards for this technology and that by fully documenting the interfaces and system operation, in time multiple suppliers will be able to build compatible systems. Question #2 - Canarsie Pilot Installation: Do you recommend that the Pilot Installation of this technology include ATP only or should it evaluate both ATP and ATO? There was clear consensus that the Pilot Installation should evaluate both ATO as well as ATP and that there were many benefits to be gained . However, because the Pilot Installation on Canarsie would require cars to be retrofit and that the existing cars used cam controllers, it would be appropriate to retrofit only a few cars with full ATO capability. Question #3 - Dedicated Communications (Radio & Wayside) A communications based signal system permits continuous two-way digital communication between trains and the control center. Based on your experience, and considering operational, maintenance, and security impacts, do you recommend the communications equipment be dedicated to train control functions or should it be viewed as a general purpose resource? The general consensus was to keep the two systems separate. Question #4 - System Safety Suppliers implement safety in different ways. With regard future communications based signaling, do you recommend NYC Transit have a single unified approach to safety, or should different techniques to achieve safety be permitted? There was consensus that different techniques to achieve safety should be permitted. Question #5 - Intelligence: Train Vs Wayside: Suppliers have proposed various techniques for controlling trains. Do you recommend that most of the intelligence (such as track configuration, civil speed limits, etc.) be located on the vehicle or is it better to have it in wayside computers? There was a 7-2 preference to having the intelligence in the wayside computers. 13 Question #6 - Vehicle Train Control Equipment Based on your experience, where on the vehicle is the best location for the train control equipment? How should vehicle train control equipment be maintained? There was a clear preference that the equipment should be in the car and preferably near the train operator's cabin. There was also a clear consensus that the vehicle train control equipment should be maintained by vehicle staff. Question #7 - Fallback System Based upon your experience and understanding of our operational requirements, please comment upon what you believe should be the key functional requirements of the fallback system. There was a general agreement that this system needs further study. Observations and Recommendations: In addition to answering the above questions the 2nd Peer Review provide NYCT with additional comments. Key recommendations are summarized and listed below; Develop a mission statement for the project. Encourage active participation by suppliers during all phases of the program. Don't start the System Design phase until you have completed and confirm the System Requirements phase of the project. NYCT needs to clearly identify and specify its requirements/desires. This should include its intent with regard to ATO and ATS. Requirements should be "bottom-line" performance requirements (MTBUF, MTBF, MTBSS, etc.) and not in terms of design details. The design should both maximize fault-tolerance, and minimize the restart time in cases of complete system failure. A Mean-Time-Between System Shutdown (MTBS) should be specified and justified in proposals with preliminary analysis. The scoring system should also give weight to this. The operations group must be an integral part of the process and should be part of the day to day team which specifies reviews, tests any system considered. Will maintenance be carried out by the supplier or NYC Transit? If to be carried out by NYC Transit, does the authority have the caliber of staff required, and if not how is this to be overcome? Can existing staff be retrained or will new staff be recruited? The supplier must be encouraged to take into account maintenance issues during the design phase. NYCT will have to bring this out in its dealings with the supplier, and if it has not given earlier consideration internally, it will not come out to the supplier. 14 While how and who maintains this equipment should not be a paralyzing problem, it must be carefully considered since there is an opportunity to integrate signalling, telecom and rolling stock expertise. It may be worth considering breaking down some of the jurisdictional lines and create new groups to maintain the equipment and other electronic equipment that is being procured (e.g. auto fare collection, propulsion, remote control and indication systems). A strategic planning team should be formed to address training issues to confront the migration of unqualified personnel into the new technology maintenance force. Issues affecting different disciplines (signalling, rolling stock, power, operating) requiring resolution will increase as the project progresses. It appears that the organization to resolve these issues is not immediately obvious. I recommend that consideration be given to setting up a dedicated multi-disciplinary project team with representatives from each discipline who collectively have responsibility for resolving these issues. The scoring system for the proposals should emphasize this. It seems that the fallback system rationale and philosophy is still not yet precisely defined. Besides assisting in maintaining efficient operation during a wayside outage the fallback system is to provide broken rail protection. However with long track circuits and close headways it can be seen that a track circuit may not be energized for long periods of time and therefore if a rail would break it would not be detected. The Transportation Dept. also could examine some self imposed constraints on their operational feasibility in order to bring a CBS on line more efficiently and less costly. Why fund for broken rail detection via the signalling project budget? Justification of costs should be the responsibility of the discipline which requires the facility. 5.0 APPROACH TO PROCUREMENT NYC Transit must ensure that systems it purchases will be compatible with future system from other suppliers. The ability to execute a procurement process whereby NYC Transit is able to purchase a system based upon factors other than the lowest price, is an option available now for only a limited time period. It is based upon special New York State legislation and is not normally an option. In all cases, the use of Request for Proposal (RFP) and negotiated procurements must be justified by special circumstances. In the long term NYC Transit must expect that future purchases of CBS systems will be use an Information For Bid (IFB) procurement process. With an IFB, NYC Transit will issue detailed specifications and it will select the lowest responsible and responsive bidder. Under this procurement approach, if a bid proposal is qualified in a way that would affect the price, it is normally a basis for rejection. Based upon recommendations from the Peer Review and comments from supplier meetings, NYC Transit plans to issue its first procurement of CBS using 15 consultant developed performance specifications and a RFP type procurement. Included in the RFP would be a detailed list of criteria and weighting factors. An important criterion, for example, will be compatibility with other systems. Therefore "teams" or temporary "joint ventures" of suppliers which agree to build a common system are likely to receive more favorable consideration during the shortlisting process. NYC Transit will likely shortlist two or three firms who will each perform a comprehensive test program on separate portions of the Canarsie Line. The test program is expected to last approximately one year. After this test, and review of each firms Form, Fit and Functional specification one firm (or team of firms) with then be selected to become the standard design for NYC Transit. This firm will then complete the rest of the Canarsie Line. The Form, Fit, and Function specifications provided by this firm will then be used by others to build fully compatible systems. NYC Transit is presently developing a consultant Scope of Work for the Canarsie Line. Advertising for this Consultant is expected to be in late Spring or early Summer, 1995. This consultant will develop performance based specifications for Canarsie and assist NYC Transit in all aspects of the Canarsie Line procurement and Form Fit and Function specification standardization. 6.0 CONCLUSION NYC Transit is encouraged by the progress the signal electronics and communications industry has made in the last year to help develop standards and interoperability of equipment for CBS systems and technology. Such progress must continue. NYC Transit intends to continue to seek the counsel of transit properties throughout the world who presently are experienced with CBS, as well as those who share our common interests and concerns as we migrate to a safer and more efficient and effective means to transport our customers. We intend to review and follow the recommendations of our Peer Reviews. In particular, we intend to partner with the industry in developing our CBS specifications. This is clearly in our mutual best interest because it will ensure that the challenging work that lies ahead can be accomplished as efficiently as possible. The attached staging plan and work sequence are intended to provide the industry with a glimpse of the scope work planned over the next several years. Naturally, many of the details are subject to change, but it appears clear that a new direction has been set. 16 7.0 POSTSCRIPT – (SEPTEMBER 1997) Subsequent to two signal industry reviews, procurement specifications for NYCT's first CBTC (Communications Based Train Control), is only slightly behind schedule. Recent papers presented by NYCT suggest a philosophical movement towards the "what" rather than the "how" in its current specifications. This change effectively provides greater latitude to the signal suppliers in implementing their individual designs. The overall CBTC paradigm, however, is unchanged. The issue of compatibility continues to loom very large as a concern for NYCT because of the highly interoperable nature of its trains and lines and the need to have multiple procurements of compatible CBTC equipment over many years. The Canarsie Line, is due on the street in October, 1997. Construction cost estimates are estimated to be over $100M. Subsequent CBTC procurement projects are likely to be in this same range. In addition to the ongoing consulting contract by the Parsons Technology Group, headed by Dr. Alan Rumsey, an independent Safety Consultant request for qualifications has just been issued. The author of this paper, who is no longer with New York City Transit, maintains a web site which provides general and reasonably up to date information and papers on the New York CBTC program and other CBTC programs at www.tsd.org. 17


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European Union (EU) has strongly criticised the US for putting pressure on Microsoft to hand over emails held on servers in Ireland.
The issue has become one of the first cases of cross border privacy raised by cloud computing.
The Financial Times cites the European Commission VP Viviane Reding as saying that the demand made by the US is against the law because it should have been taken through official channels, which include the law enforcement officials between the two countries.
She also added: "US may impede the attainment of the protection of individuals guaranteed in the [European] Union."
However, this is not the first time that US law enforcement agencies have tried such an attempt. Previously Microsoft was issued a warrant that required the tech giant to provide emails of an unnamed user of the Outlook email service to the law enforcement agency.
Recently, the US Supreme Court denied the attempt made by the law enforcement agencies to search any suspect's mobile devices. And the judges unanimously decided that the search can be conducted only if the officials have a search warrant.
This was one of the rare cases where the Court recognized individual's privacy. However, the latest issue raised by the EU and Microsoft has surely put US officials under a negative light.
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Your Weekly Horoscope for Feb. 2
Get the Latest Sign-by-Sign February Horoscope
Maria DeSimone, Tarot.com Astrologer
Published February 02, 2014
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A Beginner's Guide to Astrology Part 4
Mercury Retrograde will be making a mess of all things communicated Feb. 6-28. But not every sign is affected the same way. What's in store for you? Read on for astrologer Maria DeSimone's weekly horoscope...
The headline news this week is, without a doubt, Mercury turning retrograde. Mercury is the planet that rules communication and commerce. He presides over transportation and our thought process. To successfully think, speak, teach, write, or do anything that involves the rational mind, a strong and direct Mercury is desirable. About three times per year for approximately three weeks each, however, Mercury retraces his steps, appearing to move backward. Although this period of time can spell trouble, it also gives us an opportunity to hang up our thinking caps, rest and reflect before moving forward with plans.
From Feb. 6-28, Mercury will be retrograde, starting in early Pisces and backing into Aquarius on Feb. 12 for the remainder of this hibernation. How will this cycle affect you? Read on for your personal weekly forecast.
Weekly horoscope for Aries (March 21 – April 19)
You may notice you need even more time to yourself than usual to sort out a secret plan this week. Perhaps you'll find a few wrinkles that need ironing out, or maybe it'll take extra finesse to keep things under wraps. Don't worry endlessly about information leaking out prematurely. Instead, focus on what you need to make this idea soar once it's finally ready for its big reveal.
You might also notice past memories resurfacing now, forcing you to address them. This will be a great time to journal, record your dreams or consider hypnotherapy or counseling to rid yourself of any unhealthy thought patterns once and for all.
Weekly horoscope for Taurus (April 20 – May 20)
You're falling into cloudy weather this week, so proceed with caution if you're in the middle of a project that involves the Internet or technology. If, for example, you're planning to launch a new website, you might want to hold off. Revisions will be necessary and glitches to be expected. Thankfully, your classic patience will come in handy if you're on deadline.
Another potential mishap may involve you and a pal. You might start to rethink whether or not your friendship is viable. Have you grown apart in recent months? Is there a miscommunication that needs to be smoothed over? Mull over these questions, but don't make any firm decision about this relationship until next month.
Weekly horoscope for Gemini (May 21 – June 20)
Professionally speaking, this might not be your smoothest week. If you have a crucial meeting or conversation planned with your boss, do your best to reschedule. If that's not possible, double-check your facts and thoroughly practice any speech or presentation. There's a good chance you'll forget something important or that your boss will find an error in your report. Instead of dwelling on this possibility though, take a proactive approach. Comb over all documents and be certain that you're as focused as possible. Even after all of this preparation, however, take any errors in stride. You'll recover.
Weekly horoscope for Cancer (June 21 – July 22)
Let's hope this isn't a week you planned to travel overseas. If so, don't despair … just prepare! Double check you've packed what you need and that you have all vital documents in a safe place. Check with your airline to be certain your flight hasn't been delayed or rescheduled. When you arrive at your destination, be patient; there might be a few snags to sort out before you can enjoy your trip.
If you're not traveling, you might spend extra time this week reconsidering a decision about your education. Is it time to go back to school for that advanced degree? Weigh the pros and cons, but wait until March to make your decision.
Learn to thrive through this topsy-turvy Mercury Retrograde with wisdom and guidance from a
FREE I Ching reading
Weekly horoscope for Leo (July 23 – Aug. 22)
If you're getting ready to gather paperwork for tax preparation, then you're in luck. This week begins a cycle that may help you find lost documents or uncover potential blunders in your current spreadsheets. While it'll be a good idea to comb over paperwork and prepare accordingly, it won't be wise to file your returns just yet. In fact, if at all possible, wait until next month, after Mercury has had an opportunity to turn direct. The planet that rules communication will turn retrograde in the area of your chart connected to taxes and big money. Reinvest, but don't make new investments.
Weekly horoscope for Virgo (Aug. 23 – Sept. 22)
Communication with your partner may feel muddled this week. Ask your mate to clarify anything you don't understand. Don't assume that he or she is in agreement with your plans either. And if you have any vital documents to sign with a partner – business or personal – you're better off waiting until after this month has passed. Your ruling planet Mercury is turning retrograde in the relationship part of your chart on Thursday. Proceed with caution in the domain of written and verbal communication. Don't worry though, it's not all stressful. In fact, you might bring up a previously unfinished conversation and finally obtain closure on it.
Weekly horoscope for Libra (Sept. 23 – Oct. 22)
If you're working on a team project at the office, this might not be the week for making exceptional progress. In fact, there may be extra dissension amongst colleagues due to a difference in opinion about how to execute the work plan. You might also find that you and one of your co-workers are having a series of frustrating miscommunication blunders. Do your best to give him or her the benefit of the doubt now. Instead of placing blame, simply focus on the task at hand. Finally, avoid office gossip this week at all costs. If you don't, you may pay a hefty price!
Weekly horoscope for Scorpio (Oct. 23 – Nov. 21)
Don't be surprised if you find yourself consumed with thoughts about an ex-lover this week. You may even entertain the idea of contacting him or her again just to catch up. Think twice before following through with this plan though, since the attempt at reconnection might not be welcome. In fact, if the break-up wasn't amicable, dredging up the past probably isn't a good idea. Resist the urge to friend him or her on Facebook or to stalk their LinkedIn profile. If you need to dig out old love letters or other correspondence, that's fine. Just remember to carefully consider that this person is in your past for a reason.
Weekly horoscope for Sagittarius (Nov. 22 – Dec. 21)
Before you spend a ton of cash on new furniture – or hire a real estate agent to put your home on the market – think twice. In fact, think as much as you want … but don't act. This week, the planet that rules communication, sales and contracts will turn retrograde in the domestic part of your chart. This signals an unfavorable time to initiate anything related to home purchases or a move. Real estate transactions and negotiations are likely to be fraught with delays or mishaps, so you're better off waiting until next month. In the meantime, reconnecting with a family member you lost touch with is a fantastic idea!
Weekly horoscope for Capricorn (Dec. 22 – Jan. 19)
You'll want to steer clear of any requests to sign a contract or other vital document. Not only are you in a weakened position when it comes to legal matters, but you are also more likely to misread or misunderstand whatever it is you're asked to sign. Instead, take extra time to reread all paperwork and ask many questions. Save the signing for next month if possible. In other news, you and a sibling might also experience a misunderstanding. Do your best to work through it with patience and love.
Weekly horoscope for Aquarius (Jan. 20 – Feb. 18)
It's time to take a good, honest look at your expenses this week. Go through your credit card statements, spreadsheets and bank account. Do you spend money faster than you make it? Have you been overly self-indulgent with personal purchases, neglecting the bigger picture of your financial health? Do you really need all of the designer accessories or the latest technological gadgets? Maybe you haven't been completely reckless with your spending habits, but this week it'll become clear that there's a major gap between what you earn and what you spend. Rectify it.
Weekly horoscope for Pisces (Feb. 19 – March 20)
This week will be incredibly productive if there's a creative writing assignment or other imaginative pursuit on your agenda. If there isn't, however, you may experience a few communication problems. Mercury will turn retrograde in your sign Thursday, signaling the potential for you to come across in a more vague manner than usual. You might not say what you mean or mean what you say, and it'll frustrate those who are trying to have a conversation with you. If possible, delay major life decisions until next month. You'll be glad you waited.
Maria DeSimone is a certified astrologer and staff writer for
. With her B.A. in psychology, Maria is able to blend insightful astrology in a humanistic and practical manner – addressing real-life concerns – while also encouraging audiences to embrace the more metaphysical teachings and influences of astrology.
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Hermann Göring Collection (Library of Congress)Overview
Most widely held works by
Hermann Göring Collection (Library of Congress)
Hermann Göring's activities, June 13-August 1939
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show Frau Emmy Göring with women of the Red Cross and at award presentation ceremony. Includes views of Artur Görlitzer presenting Göring with a boat and Robert Ley and Ferdinand Porsche presenting Göring a Volkswagen. Includes views of Hermann and Emmy Göring at the premiere of a motion picture in Berlin. Includes views of Göring visiting military maneuvers and air force tests in Reichlin with Adolf Hitler. Includes views of visits of Bulgarian prime minister Georgi Kyoseivanov and family and of visit of Giuseppe Valle and other Italian air force generals at Carinhall. Also includes pictures of Göring with his daughter Edda; visit to the Reichswerke Herman-Göring, a steel mill in Salzgitter; cruise on the yacht "Carin II" along the Elbe and Rhine and on other German waterways. Includes views of the Kraft durch Freude cruise ship, the "Robert Ley" near Hamburg; day cruise with the family of regional Nazi leader Martin Mutschmann on board near Dresden and meeting with Colonel Jeschonnek and Lieutenant Colonel Schmid. Also includes views of hunting trip with Mr. Blühdorn in Reichenbach and view of meeting and activities of the German Forestry association
Hermann Göring's activities, September-December 1938
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Robert Ley, and other Nazi leaders on Nazi party day in Nuremberg. Also includes views of Göring meeting English ambassador Neville Henderson at Burg Veldstein; Göring with King Boris of Bulgaria on hunting trip in Alt-Sternberg and Rominten in E. Prussia; Hitler giving speech in Berlin; meeting of Hitler, Benito Mussolini of Italy, Neville Chamberlain of Great Britain and Edouard Daladier of France at the Führerbau in Munich September 29th to sign the Four-Power agreement annexing Czechoslovakia to Germany. Includes views of Hitler with Göring on trip in the Sudetenland after the annexation. Includes views of Göring's hunting trips with Count Hahn in Basedow and hunting trip to Lobau in Austria. Also includes views of visit to the office of the Deutsche Arbeitsfront in Zehlendorf. Includes views of commemorative march to the Feldherrnhalle in Munich with wreath laying ceremony on the anniversary of the failed 1923 Putsch attempt on November 9th and view of the newly opened hunting museum in Munich. Includes views of the christening ceremony of Hermann and Emmy Göring's daughter Edda in Carinhall with Adolf Hitler as godfather; meeting with Albert Speer to view models of rebuilding of Berlin; meetings with South African minister Oswald Pirow and Minister Feruccio Lantini of Italy; meeting King Carol II of Romania in Leipzig; launching of the aircraft carrier "Graf Zeppelin" in Kiel; gathering donations on the Day of National Solidarity to benefit the Winterhilfswerk charity; meeting with Hanns Trippel about designs for an amphibious land vehicle and views of children's Christmas party in Clou
Hermann Göring at public events and other activities, April-May 1939
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show Göring's visit to Libya with Italo Balbo; aboard ship en route to Naples, Italy; with Benito Mussolini and Count Galeazzo Ciano in Rome. Includes views of Adolf Hitler's birthday celebration with parades and public festivities. Includes views of the Nationaler Feiertag des Deutschen Volkes (national holiday) demonstrations in Berlin. Also includes views of Göring playing tennis in San Remo, Italy; Count Ciano and von Ribbentrop with Adolf Hitler and Göring in the Reichs chancellery in Berlin on the occasion of signing the German-Italian military alliance pact. Also includes views of dedication of the Air defense school (Reichsluftschutzschule) in Wannsee with views of flag ceremonies and funeral of Friedrich von der Schulenburg. Includes meeting with Robert Ley in Hamburg to welcome German military personnel from the Legion Condor returning from Spain, including views of the ship "Wilhelm Gustloff"; a military parade; medal presentation ceremonies and speeches
Hermann Göring's activities, June 1-12, 1939
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show views of activities of state visit of Prince Paul and Princess Olga of Yugoslavia to Germany. Includes views of Wehrmacht parade; cruise on the Göring's yacht "Carin II"; ballet, fireworks, other entertainments in their honor including a ball at Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin. Includes views of ceremonies honoring the Legion Condor, a unit of the German Luftwaffe who served in Spain during the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil war with reception and award ceremonies and wreath laying ceremony for the fallen. Also includes views of the Görings with their daughter, Edda and views of tea party for the Yugoslav guests and English ambassador Neville Henderson and tea party for the Spanish generals Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, Antonio Aranda and Juan Yagüe
Hermann Göring at a Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule air force installation
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show Hermann Göring primarily walking on the grounds of a Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule (German Air Transport School) installation with military personnel. Includes group portraits of men and officers and some views of hangars and planes
Hermann Göring at public events and other activities, March-April 1939
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show Luftwaffe Day parade; ceremonies and speeches. Also includes views of the Hermann and Emmy Göring's vacation visit to San Remo, Italy and include views of Göring on the golf course; playing tennis; walking through the city; going shopping and views of side trip to Monaco. Includes views of the visit of Emil Hacha, President of Czechoslovakia in the Reich chancellery in Berlin and views of Göring greeting Hitler at the Görlitzer train station in Berlin on Hitler's return from visit to Bohemia and Moravia. Includes views of international tennis tournament in San Remo with German and Yugoslav teams and celebration of Emmy Göring's birthday. Also includes views of trip to Libya with views of Hermann Göring with Italo Balbo aboard the yacht "Montserrate" and touring among ruins at Leptis Magna in Libya. Also includes views of Göring and Balbo watching Italian military maneuvers near Tripoli
Hermann Göring at public events and other activities, January-May 1940
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show meeting of Luftwaffe generals at Göring's home at Carinhall; views of Göring's birthday celebration; Adolf Hitler with the Görings; Emmy and Edda Göring at Carinhall; Göring on skis. Includes views of visits to German airfields in Jever, Oldenburg, Delmenhorst, Cologne, Bonn, Trier, Frankfurt and Langendiebach with views of fortifications along the Siegfied Line on the German Luxemburg border near Trier and view of a Zeppelin air ship in Frankfurt. Includes views of visits of American Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles and writer Colin Ross visiting at Carinhall. Includes views of meeting Hitler on his return from meeting with Mussolini; Göring giving radio address; attending the premiere of the film "Feuertaufe" in the Ufa-Filmpalast and attending the presentation of the Mussolini-Forzano play about Cavour in the State Theater in Berlin. Also includes views of scrap metal drive in honor of Hitler's birthday; Göring's visit with Adolf Hitler and visit of Italian Ambassador Dino Alfieri on the German western front; tour of Rotterdam inspecting damage after German air raids in May and visits to wounded German airmen at a hospital in Amsterdam. Also includes views of Göring at Knight's Cross presentation ceremony for Martin Möbus for the sinking of an English battleship and later group portraits of Göring with Knight's Cross recipients for military action in Rotterdam
Hermann Göring at public events and other activities, September-December 1939
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show Göring visiting Junkers airplane factory in Dessau, Germany; in Danzig, Gdynia, Breslau and Gleiwitz, Poland; hunting in Rominten, Alt Sternberg and Springe; with captured English officers Major Murray and Lieutenant Thomesen at Göring's game reserve; visiting workers at Rheinmetall-Borsigwerke in Berlin-Tegel; Göring speaking at the German parliament. Includes views of trip to Eastern front with meetings with military officers and view of aerial bomb decorated with caricature of Neville Chamberlain at military camp in Neudorf. Includes views of Emmy Göring and daughter Edda shopping for a doll; formal portraits of the Görings by Rosemarie Clausen, E. Bieber and Robert. Also includes group portrait at wedding of Princess Benigna-Viktoria of Wied and Baron Ernst Hartmann von Schlotheim
Hermann Göring's activities, Oct.-Dec. 1936
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show hunting parties with Hinrich Lohse in Farve, in Letzlinglen and at a hunting conference and hunting trip to Braunschweig including views of falconry and dead animals given to the Winterhilfswerk charity. Includes views of a visit to Kiel to dedicate a new building of the airforce. Also includes views of dedication of memorial to German deep sea fishermen in Wesermünde with speeches, corner-stone laying ceremony and review of troops, navy, sailors and visiting English fishermen; also includes views of ceremony receiving honorary citizenship from the town of Wesermünde. Includes views of Rudolf Hess, Josef Goebbels and others with Göring speaking about the 4-year plan at the Sportpalast. Also includes dedication ceremony at a new barracks for the Hermann Göring regiment and views of breakfast with Austrian state secretary Guido Schmidt with visit to the German Air Force Ministry. Includes views topping-out ceremony for an addition to Göring's home Carinhall. Includes views of regional party conference for agriculture development at Goslar with views of Nazi officials including agricultural minister Richard Walther Darré. Also views of the Görings and Paul Hartmann during charity fundraising campaign for the day of national solidarity on December 5. Also includes views of Göring's visit to the site of fire on the subway near Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. Includes views of Christmas party for children in Thüringia and for poor children in Berlin. Also includes views of the wedding of Gunvor Martin, niece of Göring's first wife, held in Göring's villa in Berlin and views of children at the opera for New Year's and views of private New Year's party at the Göring's
Hermann Göring's activities, April-June 1935
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show civil and religious wedding ceremonies of Hermann Göring and Emmy Sonnemann and riding through Berlin in an open car; Adolf Hitler, Werner Blomberg, and other prominent Nazis at the wedding reception. Also includes views of final acting performance of Emmy Sonnemann in production of Minna von Barnhelm. Includes views of May Day rally and speeches in Berlin. Also includes views of visits by Hermann Göring to Poland for the funeral of Marshal Pilsudski, travels to Freiburg and Nestlers in Lahr. Includes views of his travels to Coblenz for installation ceremony for Josef Terboven; opening ceremony for hunting exhibition and building dedication in Brunswick; memorial and wreath laying ceremony in Bochum. Also views of the Göring's trip to the Balkans
Hermann Göring's activities, May-August 1938
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show Göring and Adolf Hitler during the Nationalfeiertag des Deutschen Volkes (National celebration of the German people); views of Göring's trip to Austria to visit new construction projects for airfields and also views of groundbreaking ceremonies for the Reichswerke Hermann Göring, a steel mill in Linz, Austria. Also includes views of Göring with Robert Lay at an exhibition of arts and crafts; Göring's visit to the Hermann-Göring Meisterschule in Kronenburg/Eifel and visit to Ordensburg Vogelsang. Includes views of meetings with generals of the Air Force and Gauleiters (regional Nazi party leaders) and visit by Hitler. Also includes views of visitors including a group of Japanese youth leaders to Carinhall; visits by Italo Balbo of Italy and Miklós Horthy of Hungary. Includes views of visit by Joseph Vuillemin of France for medal presention ceremony honoring Rudolph von Moreau on his record-breaking trans-Atlantic flight from Berlin to New York. Also includes views of Göring's motorboat trips including visit to performance of "Hamlet" by the Prussian State Theater in castle at Kronburg near Helsingør, Denmark and boating along North sea and northern German waterways. Also includes views of Göring's model railroad and hunting trips in the Schorfheide with Italo Balbo and in Jasnitz with Staatsrat Dr. Hermann
Photoarchiv Generalfeldmarschall Göring miscellaneous prints
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show Hermann Göring reviewing troops; visiting the cemetery in Leonding, Austria where Adolf Hitler's parents are buried; conferring with military and Nazi party leaders; cruising on the Danube river in Austria; touring a smelter; ground breaking ceremonies for the Hermann Göring Werke steel mill in Linz, Austria in 1938; enjoying a carnival. Also views of Göring giving speeches; at a rally in Graz; greeting crowds and children
Hermann Göring's activities, September-October 1937
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show visit to Stuttgart for conference for Germans in foreign countries; Nazi party day in Nuremberg including views of visiting Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito) of Japan. Also includes views of hunting trips to Alt-Sternberg, Rominten and Basedow with views of Count and Countess Rosen of Sweden. Also includes views of visitors of Italian Air Force minister Giuseppe Valle and British diplomat Sir Neville Henderson at Carinhall. Includes views of Mussolini, Hitler and Göring and other military officers at German Wehrmacht maneuvers in Mecklenburg. Also includes views of the funeral of Fritz Rigele
Photoarchiv Generalfeldmarschall Göring. Hauskonzert 1935
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show musicale at the Göring home in Berlin. Includes views of guests in formal dress conversing with Hermann and Emmy Göring before the concert. Includes views of Josef Goebbels, Werner von Blomberg and an unidentified Japanese dignitary [possibly Mushanokoji Kintomo or Inoue Kojiro] among the guests. Also includes views of pianist and male and female vocal soloists, possibly Jan Kiepura and Lotte Lehmann
Hermann Göring's activities, July-September, 1937
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show formal opening of the Haus der Deutschen Kunst in Munich; garden party hosted by Emmy and Hermann Göring for Benito Mussolini and Italian guests at Carinhall and views of military processions in Berlin with Adolf Hitler and Mussolini. Includes views of dedication of new hunting lodge at Carinhall. Also includes views of motorboat trip on the Carin II from Rendsburg to Kiel and motorboat trips to Heiligenhaven,Travemünde and Hitzacker. Also views of boat trips from Hamburg to Tönning, Hallig Gröde, Reede, Hörnum and from Wenningstedt to List, the Danish islands and Helgoland. Also views of another boat trip from Rendsburg to Holtenau to Kiel. Includes views of the Göring's pet lion cub Mucki and and hunting trips to Jasnitz and Röth
Carinhall, Berlin, Darss, Rominten
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show interior views of homes or hunting lodges belonging to Hermann Göring. Includes views of Carinhall in the Schorfheide and apartment at Kaiserdamm and home at Leipziger Platz 11a before and after renovations in Berlin. Also views of hunting lodges at Rominten (Poland and Russia) and at the Darss Peninsula on the Baltic Sea in Germany. Also includes views of works of art, stained glass windows, sculpture and architectural details. Also views of Göring with a bow and arrow; bison and deer grazing and views of Swedish visitors and of Emmy Göring with pet lion cub at Carinhall
Hermann Göring's activities, April-May 1936
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show confirmation of Heinz Göring in Potsdam; opening of the first section of the Berlin-Stettin Reichsautobahn; Easter at Carinhall; private snapshots taken at the Göring's homes in Berlin in Leipziger Platz and at Carinhall by Göring's nephew Heinz; Soulavy wedding party; birthday celebrations for Adolf Hitler; wreath laying ceremony at the grave of Manfred von Richthofen; view of Richthofen's airplane; flag and dedication ceremony at the Air Force news agency in Gatow; birthday party for Roswitha Hueber; motor boat cruises; views of the Air Force ministry; hunting trips in Lauenburg and Federow; visit from the Hungarian culture minister Bálint Hóman and visit to the opera; reception in Göring's villa; Pentecost holiday in Obersalzberg
Hermann Göring's activities, January-March 1936
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show receptions for diplomats, party leaders and officials at Göring's villa and Göring's birthday celebration; the pet lion cub "Mucki;" winter Olympic Games at Garmisch-Partenkirchen; hunting trips to Rominten; hunting trip with Lord and Lady Londonderry in Schorfheide and to Bialowiecza in Poland; Opera ball in Berlin in January and at the opera in Dresden in February; Ball at the Aero-Club; ceremonies at the grave of Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918); Rhine River cruise from Assmannshausen to Coblenz; Nazi party campaign trips to Königsberg, Frankfurt, Coblenz, Cologne, Stuttgart, with visits to the Daimler-Benz factory and to the castle Solitude, Karlsruhe and Weimar. Includes many views of crowds and of Göring giving speeches, receving honors and at dedications. Also includes views of New Years' reception of the armed forces for Adolf Hitler and swearing in ceremonies for the military police corps
Hermann Göring's activities, August-October 1936
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show crown prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden and his wife Sibylla von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha with the Göring's at Carinhall; Göring meeting with other Nazi leaders at Hitler's villa at Berchtesgaden; Nazi party Congress in Nuremberg; funeral and burial of Hungarian prime minister Gyula Gömbös in Budapest; breakfast for Italian foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano, reception for Italian ambassador Bernardo Attolico; motorboat trips to Hamburg, the North Sea and Frau Göring's trip to Sylt; hunting trips to the Schorfheide, Pait and Rixdorf, including a hunting trip with the Polish foreign minister Józef Lipski, German foreign minister Konstantin von Neurath and Colonel Ernst Udet in Rominten
Hermann Göring's activities, August-December, 1941
in German and held by 1 WorldCat member library worldwide Photographs show Göring's visit to France with review of airfield and troops at Bar le Duc and with Otto Abetz at the German embassy in Paris. Also includes views of meeting with Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler at Göring's headquarters. Also views of meetings with Miklós von Horthy of Hungary; Gheorghe Jienescu of Romania, and Slovak Republic president Jozef Tiso and Slovak Republic prime minister Vojtech Tuka. Includes views of reception for members of Anti-Komintern pact countries with Adolf Hitler in Berlin and vews of meeting with Marshal Philippe Pétain in St. Florentin-Vergingy, France. Also includes views of meetings with East Prussian regional Nazi party leader Erich Koch and Fritz Görnnert; lunch meeting with Göring's command staff and artist Klaus Richter; and meeting at Army headquarters with General Fieldmarshal Walther von Brauchitsch, Achim Gercke, Rudolf Bogatsch and others. Also includes views of Göring's visit to command squadron "Schlageter" with former commander Adolf Galland. Also views of Knight's Cross metal presentations to Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke, Hans Kroh, Dr. Heinrich Neumann, Heinrich Welksop, Wilhelm Kempke and Erich Schuster and views of military parades and state funerals for Ernst Udet, Werner Mölders and Hanns Kerrl with speeches by Göring and Bernhard Rust more
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Library of Congress. Hermann Göring Collection


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By Paul French, VP, Product & Solutions Marketing, Axway
This article talks about government agencies obsessed with private clouds; but I think the ideas apply to any large-scale enterprise obsessed with private clouds.
When you get down to it, "private cloud" is just new nomenclature for the way the industry provides hosted or specific deployments that co-located in somebody else's data center, or managed services provided exclusively by a third party for a specific customer. Private clouds don't really leverage the true value of the cloud; while the public cloud, on the other hand, is emerging as a wildly valuable platform that provides scalability, elasticity and cost advantages that private clouds can't possibly achieve.
Yet, there's a list of "scary" questions circulating around the idea of the public cloud, such as:
1. Where is my data stored?
2. Will I have access to it when I need it?
3. Will I be able to deploy with minimal business interruption and without risking data loss?
4. Do I really want to worry about somebody else's risk management capabilities when I'm having trouble with my own?
Let's take a moment to recall that once upon a time we worried about the risks associated with having company information on laptops. What would happen if employees left the laptops on an airplane, in a car or in a coffee shop? The same kinds of fears now orbit around the notion of the public cloud. But these fears too will recede as we begin to benefit from a technology shift just as powerful as the massive increases in productivity that came with giving knowledge workers their own on-the-go technology.
There are some organizations for which a full-fledged, everything-in-a-public-cloud system doesn't make sense. The government may be a good example. I don't think any of us want personally identifying tax information stored in a place that anybody might be able to access, and the government knows that.
But is the cloud a reasonable place for, say, a large-scale global retailer to maintain a secondary infrastructure that could be turned on only during holiday and peak seasons, without having to sit idle for the other eight months of the year? Absolutely! That's a brilliant use case. And there are hundreds of other use cases that make just as much sense.
Companies are always going to have an on-premise infrastructure that's dedicated to data exchange; but they may not want to buy secondary value-added services in order to enrich that data exchange. The cloud is the perfect place to add in those services when they are needed, in the precise way they are needed, and at a cost that's reasonable and makes good business sense.


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Volunteer Resignations Concern Conn. Dept.
TORRINGTON, Conn. --
In a town with 58 full time firefighters covering five districts, John Field, Torringtons fire chief, said he doesn't feel the resignation of about 14 volunteers earlier this week will hamper the department's ability to respond to calls.
It was a little bit of a surprise to us, and it is a little bit of a concern, but we've been assured by the acting chief that the response won't be affected and we're pretty comfortable, said Field.
The volunteers are from District Three on the east side of the city where the volume of calls, traffic, and building has been steadily increasing. Its an area the full- time department has been considering for the location of paid firefighters.
We still have plenty of people to man both our apparatus to respond to fire calls, Field said.
Jim Newkirk, the acting chief of the volunteer department, said resignations came as a result of a number of members having trouble meeting the required number of calls, meetings, and drills.
It's unfortunate because although we only lost four line firefighters, we lost some good associate members who had a lot of good skills as far as grant writing and fundraising goes, Newkirk said.
A meeting on Thursday will be held to assess the impact of the resignations and to formulate a plan going forward.


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CyberCoders Matching Great People with Great Companies Learn more about CyberCoders Apply Technology Integration Instructor Tallahassee, FL Full-Time $45,000 - $55,000 Apply Apply Technology Integration Instructor Tallahassee, FL Full-Time $45,000 - $55,000 Apply Job Details If you have a passion for teaching others technology and have Technology Integration Instructor with experience, please read...
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Tallahassee is the state capital of Florida. The city is a major wholesale trade and distribution center for agriculture, livestock and lumber. The major employers in the city include Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, and Florida State University. The city is known for its hilly region which is marked by springs, lakes, gardens and forests. The city has seen an increase in population by upwards of 50 percent since 1980.
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Learn how to write a resume, find relevant examples of resumes, read through resume help, and then create your resume.


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Rachel Maddow runs down the list for us of C-Street family members who also voted for Bart Stupak's anti-abortion amendment yesterday. Nothing like having what amounts to a secretive religious cult making health care policy for women in the United States. As Rachel noted that list includes:
Rep. Bart Stupak D-MI
Rep. Joe Pitts R-PA
Rep. Ike Skelton D-MO
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Rachel Maddow really drew blood last night with her attack on Congressional hypocrite Bart Stupak for sabotaging healthcare reform. She reminds us exactly how Stupak lied about living at the C Street house belonging to The Family (r... Read Post
The Rachel Maddow Show did some digging and it appears that Bart Stupak may not actually have all the votes he's claiming he has to stop the health care bill from being passed in the House. As Rachel also notes, since Stupak's reque... Read Post
Last night, Rachel Maddow observed that the number of Democratic lawmakers who have joined Rep. Bart Stupak's (D-MI) crusade to bring down health care reform unless Congress amends the Senate bill's abortion language, keeps shrinkin... Read Post


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Apple Chief Executive Tim Cook stands in front of a screen displaying the IPhone 6 during a presentation at Apple headquarters in Cupertino, California in this October 16, 2014 file photo. A labour rights group said Apple Inc is unable to effectively monitor standards along some of its supply chain, allowing companies such as Taiwanese assembler Pegatron Corp to keep base wages below local living expenses. Low costs helped Pegatron win business from Apple, who moved some orders from Foxconn after an increase in labour costs aimed at addressing a spate of worker suicides in 2010, China Labor Watch (CLW) said in a report released on February 12, 2015. REUTERS/Robert Galbraith/Files (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS TELECOMS EMPLOYMENT SOCIETY)
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NASCAR - Chase Elliott chasing his own dream
David NewtonBill Elliott's racing career assuredly will culminate in the NASCAR Hall of Fame. Will rising star Chase Elliott, the 1988 Cup champion's 17-year-old son, follow a similar path?
Blog | Conversation | July 11, 2013 -
Rick Hendrick hopes to put Chase Elliott in Nationwide Series car...
David NewtonTeam owner Rick Hendrick hopes to put Chase Elliott, the 17-year-old son of 1988 Cup champion Bill Elliott, in a Nationwide Series car in 2014.
Story | Conversation | June 16, 2013 -
NASCAR - Kyle Busch is stinking up the show in Trucks and Nationw...
David NewtonDOVER, DEL. -- There was anticipation, maybe even wishful thinking, that teenagers Darrell Wallace Jr. and Chase Elliott would battle for the victory in Friday's Truck Series race at Dover International Speedway. Ryan Blaney and Jeb Burton, too. ...
Blog | Conversation | June 02, 2013 -
Would Danica Patrick be the No. 1 pick in a NASCAR draft?
David NewtonCHARLOTTE, N.C. -- And with the first pick of the 2011 NASCAR draft ... Wouldn't it be fun if NASCAR had a draft like the NFL? It would give race-starved fans something to talk about during the offseason. It would give non-Sprint Cup drivers we ...
Blog | Conversation | April 28, 2011 -
Five reasons why Jimmie Johnson will win NASCAR Sprint Cup title
David NewtonDon't underestimate the power of long hair. Or the power of stinky diapers. But what do flowing locks and dirty drawers have to do with the 2010 Cup title? Plenty.
Story | Conversation | November 12, 2010


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Over the Edge, for January 31, 2014 - 12:00am
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This 5 hour edition is largely taken up with the music of Quicksilver Messenger Service, one of my faves from the 60's San Francisco music scene, and rarely emphasized among the pantheon of San Francisco groups of that day. So here they are, in all their glory, alternate versions, and outakes, but mostly in live performances. Later in the show, we return to "Another UFO" for some unbelievable tales of encounters from UFO icons like Adamski and Van Tassel, which occurred (or didn't) in the 60's.
5 Hours.
More from this show: About the Show | Archives of this Show | Playlists from this Show


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Free Tour of Wimbledon Tennis Club - Save £22
Wimbledon Tour Experience
London Pass Benefits:
Free tour of Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Club with a London Pass
Normal Ticket Price: Adult: £22.00 Child: £13.00
See behind the scenes at the home of tennis in the UK with the award-winning Wimbledon Tour Experience.
The Wimbledon London tour gives you V.I.P access to restricted areas where even tournament ticket holders are forbidden to enter and is led by specially trained Blue Badge Guides who bring to life the colourful history of the world's most famous tennis club.
The Wimbledon Tour Experience includes entry to the hallowed ground of No 1. Court, the Millennium Building and the Press Interview Room, where you can almost sense the presence of the world's best tennis players at their most elated or deflated, (depending on their performance!)
During your visit, London Pass recommends visiting the enchanting Water Gardens, a little known feature of the club with stunning views of over the city; the tour also includes entry to the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum.
Visitors should note: the Wimbledon Tour Experience may change depending on scheduled events and tournaments. Pre-booking is strongly advised at any time of year. Groups of 15 or more are not allowed to use their London Pass.
If you enjoy your visit to Wimbledon, other sightseeing tours available with the London Pass include the Chelsea FC Stadium tour.
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Full List Of Attractions Included
"Experience London easily and at a fraction of the price with the London Pass. Absolutely love the London Pass! It was easy to order online, and we had absolutely no issues with it while we used it around town. We purchased the 3 day pass with travel and used it every day to numerous different sights. If you are sight seeing London for the first time, this is definite buy as it'll save you on admission to almost all of the places that you would want to go!"
Nicole from USA
Tours run daily | |
Monday | Times Vary - Please call to check |
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Closed: 24th to 26th December, 1st January & during the Wimbledon Championships
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Church Road, Wimbledon, London SW19 ,
020 8946 6131


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October 14, 2012
Despite Strong Gains in 2011, Big Charities Predict Flat Giving
Many of America's biggest nonprofits have officially left the Great Recession behind, but the slow economic recovery continues to dampen results at even the most sophisticated fundraising organizations.
Over all, the 400 groups that raise the most from private sources achieved a median 7.5-percent gain last year, the third straight year of median gains for nonprofits in The Chronicle's Philanthropy 400 rankings. That's much better than for the rest of the