text:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
KAMM | OpenEI
Open Energy Info (EERE)
KAMM KAMM Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): The wind climate of Ireland has been calculated using the Karlsruhe Atmospheric Mesoscale Model KAMM using the statistical-dynamical method. The large-scale climatology is represented by 65 classes of geostropic wind. From the frequency of the classes and the simulations the climatology of the surface wind is determined. The simulated winds are processed similar to observed data to obtain LIB-files for the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program WAsP. Comparisons are made with mast observations which have been Source Risø DTU Date Released October 31st, 1997 (17 years ago) Date Updated August 29th, 2003 (11 years ago) Keywords Ireland KAMM methodology SWERA UNEP wind Data application/pdf icon Download Report (pdf, 397.3 KiB)
Relationship between Precipitation Rates at the Ground and Aloft�A Modeling Study
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Two cloud-resolving mesoscale models, the Karlsruhe Atmospheric Mesoscale Model (KAMM) and the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), were used to study reflectivity factor�...
Nikolai Dotzek; Thorsten Fehr
The KAMM/WAsP Numerical Wind Atlas A powerful ingredient for wind energy planning
E-Print Network (OSTI)
The KAMM/WAsP Numerical Wind Atlas A powerful ingredient for wind energy planning J. Badger, N.G. Mortensen, J.C. Hansen Wind Energy Department Risø National Laboratory Great Wall World Renewable Energy Forum Beijing, 23-27 October 2006 #12;Wind Farm Planning National Wind Atlas Environmental Atlases Maps
Karlsruhe Institute for Industrial Production | Open Energy Information
Karlsruhe Institute for Industrial Production Karlsruhe Institute for Industrial Production Jump to: navigation, search Name Karlsruhe Institute for Industrial Production Place Karlsruhe, Germany Zip 76187 Product String representation "Karlsruhe-based ... tment concepts." is too long. References Karlsruhe Institute for Industrial Production[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Karlsruhe Institute for Industrial Production is a company located in Karlsruhe, Germany . References ↑ "Karlsruhe Institute for Industrial Production" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruhe_Institute_for_Industrial_Production&oldid=347948" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations
Zentrum fr Lehrerbildung Karlsruhe, Januar 2013 Praxissemester
#12;Lehramtsstudierende am KIT (WS 11/12) Mathematik ; 408 Physik; 148 Chemie; 159 Biologie; 71 Deutsch; 310 Sport; 171 Geographie; 332 NwT; 41 #12;Zentrum für Lehrerbildung Karlsruhe, Januar 2013
Stein, Oliver
Wind: wind speed and wind power density GIS data at 50m above ground and
Kenya from RisoeDTU Kenya from RisoeDTU Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): These data are results from the KAMM/WASP studies for Kenya. The KAMM/WAsP methodology uses a set of wind classes to represent wind conditions for the mapped region. A mesoscale simulation for each wind class, using KAMM (Karlsruhe Mesoscale Model), is performed and statistics performed on the model output. The results are a summary of the simulated wind climate, and ii. a wind atlas, a summary of the wind climate standardized to flat, uniform roughness terrain. (Purpose): The product is intended to be used to estimate the wind resource potential in the country including the the spatial variability. This map covers regions where long term measurements are not available. In a sense this is the point of the
Bangladesh from RisoeDTU Bangladesh from RisoeDTU Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): These data are results from the KAMM/WASP studies for Bangladesh. Version 2 is an updated version of the earlier release and includes an adjustment to Weibull A and k to bring the Atlas values into better agreement with observations. See supplemental information.The KAMM/WAsP methodology uses a set of wind classes to represent wind conditions for the mapped region. A mesoscale simulation for each wind class, using KAMM (Karlsruhe Mesoscale Model), is performed and statistics performed on the model output. The result is i. a wind resource map, a summary of the simulated wind climate, and ii. a wind atlas, a summary of the wind climate standardized to flat, uniform roughness terrain. (Purpose): The product is intended to be used to
Multifunctional Mesoscale Observing Networks
More than 120 scientists, engineers, administrators, and users met on 8�10 December 2003 in a workshop format to discuss the needs for enhanced three-dimensional mesoscale observing networks. Improved networks are seen as being critical to ...
Walter F. Dabberdt; Thomas W. Schlatter; Frederick H. Carr; Elbert W. Joe Friday; David Jorgensen; Steven Koch; Maria Pirone; F. Martin Ralph; Juanzhen Sun; Patrick Welsh; James W. Wilson; Xiaolei Zou
Mesoscale hybrid calibration artifact
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A mesoscale calibration artifact, also called a hybrid artifact, suitable for hybrid dimensional measurement and the method for make the artifact. The hybrid artifact has structural characteristics that make it suitable for dimensional measurement in both vision-based systems and touch-probe-based systems. The hybrid artifact employs the intersection of bulk-micromachined planes to fabricate edges that are sharp to the nanometer level and intersecting planes with crystal-lattice-defined angles.
Tran, Hy D. (Albuquerque, NM); Claudet, Andre A. (Albuquerque, NM); Oliver, Andrew D. (Waltham, MA)
Sensitivity of Convective Cloud Growth to Mesoscale Lifting: A Numerical Analysis of Mesoscale Convective Triggering
Numerical model simulation of mesoscale lifting of the convective environment indicates that the ability of the environment to develop deep moist convection increases as mesoscale lifting increases. Mesoscale lifting produces increases in modeled ...
David A. Matthews; Bernard A. Silverman
Mesoscale Convective Complexes in Africa
Digitized full-disk infrared satellite imagery from the European geostationary satellite (Meteosat) for 1986 and 1987 was used to construct a climatology of mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) in Africa One hundred ninety-five systems formed ...
Arlene G. Laing; J. Michael Fritsch
A Composite Model of Mesoscale Convective Complexes
A composite analysis technique is used to investigate the evolution of mesoscale features of mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs). The early stage of the MCC lifecycle is characterized by convergence, vertical motion and heating being centered ...
William R. Cotton; Ming-Sen Lin; Ray L. McAnelly; Craig J. Tremback
Organizational Modes of Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Systems
This paper discusses common modes of mesoscale convective organization. Using 2-km national composite reflectivity data, the authors investigated linear mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that occurred in the central United States during May ...
Matthew D. Parker; Richard H. Johnson
Mesoscale Computational Materials Science - Programmaster.org
Jul 31, 2012 ... Symposium, Mesoscale Computational Materials Science of Energy Materials. Sponsorship ... materials for advanced batteries and fuel cells
Acoustic Characterization of Mesoscale Objects
SciTech Connect
This report describes the science and engineering performed to provide state-of-the-art acoustic capabilities for nondestructively characterizing mesoscale (millimeter-sized) objects--allowing micrometer resolution over the objects entire volume. Materials and structures used in mesoscale objects necessitate the use of (1) GHz acoustic frequencies and (2) non-contacting laser generation and detection of acoustic waves. This effort demonstrated that acoustic methods at gigahertz frequencies have the necessary penetration depth and spatial resolution to effectively detect density discontinuities, gaps, and delaminations. A prototype laser-based ultrasonic system was designed and built. The system uses a micro-chip laser for excitation of broadband ultrasonic waves with frequency components reaching 1.0 GHz, and a path-stabilized Michelson interferometer for detection. The proof-of-concept for mesoscale characterization is demonstrated by imaging a micro-fabricated etched pattern in a 70 {micro}m thick silicon wafer.
Chinn, D; Huber, R; Chambers, D; Cole, G; Balogun, O; Spicer, J; Murray, T
Numerical Simulation of the Irish Wind Climate and Comparison with Wind
Numerical Simulation of the Irish Wind Climate and Comparison with Wind Numerical Simulation of the Irish Wind Climate and Comparison with Wind Atlas Data Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): The wind climate of Ireland has been calculated using the Karlsruhe Atmospheric Mesoscale Model KAMM using the statistical-dynamical method. The large-scale climatology is represented by 65 classes of geostropic wind. From the frequency of the classes and the simulations the climatology of the surface wind is determined. The simulated winds are processed similar to observed data to obtain LIB-files for the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program WAsP. Comparisons are made with mast observations which have been analyzed by WAsP. Sites with high wind power potential are well predicted. Stations with low power are over predicted. (Purpose): Article describing an example of a KAMM
The Kinematics of a Midlatitude, Continental Mesoscale Convective System and Its Mesoscale Vortex
The authors present a unique, scale-discriminating study of the environment-relative circulations within a mesoscale convective system (MCS) and mesoscale convective vortex (MCV). The MCS, a leading convective line and trailing stratiform region ...
Jason C. Knievel; Richard H. Johnson
Ethiopia from RisoeDTU Ethiopia from RisoeDTU Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): These data are results from the KAMM/WASP studies for Ethiopia. The KAMM/WAsP methodology uses a set of wind classes to represent wind conditions for the mapped region. A mesoscale simulation for each wind class, using KAMM (Karlsruhe Mesoscale Model), is performed and statistics performed on the model output. The results are a summary of the simulated wind climate, and ii.a wind atlas, a summary of the wind climate standardized to flat, uniform roughness terrain. (Purpose): The product is intended to be used to estimate the wind resource potential in the country including the spatial variability. This map covers regions where long term measurements are not available. In a sense this is the point of the mapping exercise, but it also means that verification of results has not been as complete would be ideal. There is some concern that the results may underestimate the resource. However, new measurement data is coming and revisions to the map may be made if necessary as verification is carried out.
Nepal from RisoeDTU Nepal from RisoeDTU Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): These data are results from the KAMM/WASP studies for Nepal. The KAMM/WAsP methodology uses a set of windclasses to represent wind conditions for the mapped region. A mesoscale simulation for each wind class, using KAMM (Karlsruhe Mesoscale Model), is performed and statistics performed on the model output. The results are a summary of the simulated wind climate, and a wind atlas, a summary of the wind climate standardized to flat, uniform roughness terrain. (Purpose): The product is intended to be used to estimate the wind resource potential in the country including the the spatial variability. This map covers regions where long term measurements are not available. In a sense this is the point of the mapping exercise, but it also means that verification of results has not been as complete would be ideal. There is some concern that the results may underestimate the resource. However, new measurement data is coming and revisions to the map may be made if necessary as verification is carried out.
Quality Assurance Procedures for Mesoscale Meteorological Data
Mesoscale meteorological data present their own challenges and advantages during the quality assurance (QA) process because of their variability in both space and time. To ensure data quality, it is important to perform quality control at many ...
Christopher A. Fiebrich; Cynthia R. Morgan; Alexandria G. McCombs; Peter K. Hall Jr.; Renee A. McPherson
Mesoscale Wind Signatures along the Carolina Coast
Coastal winds immediately offshore of North and South Carolina often exhibit a mesoscale diffluent�confluent pattern that appears to be governed by the coastal configuration and oceanic thermal field. The stationary pattern roughly parallels the ...
Allen J. Riordan; Yuh-Lang Lin
Mesoscale Coastal Processes during GALE IOP 2
During Intensive Observation Period 2 of the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment, a number of mesoscale phenomena were observed with special and conventional observing systems over the land and coastal waters. This study involved analysis of ...
James D. Doyle; Thomas T. Warner
Observations of a Mesoscale Ducted Gravity Wave
This paper reports coordinated observations of a mesoscale gravity wave made during the FRONTS 84 field experiment conducted in southwestern France in the summer of 1984. The observations were unique in the sense that all relevant wave ...
F. M. Ralph; V. Venkateswaran; M. Crochet
Hierarchy of Mesoscale Flow Assumptions and Equations
The present research proposes a standard nomenclature for mesoscale meteorological concepts and integrates existing concepts of atmospheric space scales, flow assumptions, governing equations, and resulting motions into a hierarchy useful in ...
P. Thunis; R. Bornstein
Real-Time Mesoscale Prediction on workstations
Experience in performing real-time mesoscale numerical prediction forecasts using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) over Colorado for a winter season on high-performance workstations is summarized. Performance evaluation is done for ...
William R. Cotton; Gregory Thompson; Paul W. Mieike Jr.
Mesoscale Evolution of a Continental Occluded Cyclone
A diagnostic study of a continental occluding extratropical cyclone (ETC) during 1�2 November 1992 is presented using initializations from the Mesoscale Atmospheric Prediction System (MAPS), a hybrid sigma�isentropic coordinate model. Whereas ...
Patrick S. Market; James T. Moore
The Atmospheric Mesoscale Dispersion Modeling System
The mesoscale dispersion modeling system (MDMS) described herein is under development as a simulation tool to investigate atmospheric flow and pollution dispersion over complex terrain for domains up to several hundred kilometers. The system ...
Marek Uliasz
Mesoscale Energy Spectra of Moist Baroclinic Waves
The role of moist processes in the development of the mesoscale kinetic energy spectrum is investigated with numerical simulations of idealized moist baroclinic waves. Dry baroclinic waves yield upper-tropospheric kinetic energy spectra that ...
Michael L. Waite; Chris Snyder
On a Recent Parameterization of Mesoscale Eddies
A recent parameterization of mesoscale eddies by Gent and McWilliams (GMc) represents their effects as advective and diffusive fluxes along isopycnals. The form chosen for the added transport velocity due to eddies flattens isopycnals as in ...
Amit Tandon; Chris Garrett
Mesoscale Structure of an Oklahoma Squall Line
A squall line, which passed through the National Severe Storms Laboratory measonetwork in Oklahoma on 26 April 1969, is analyzed to determine the mesoscale structure. The analyses are based on data from 23 rawinsonde ascents, 29 automatically ...
Judith Stokes Bradberry
Baroclinic Transition of a Long-Lived Mesoscale Convective Vortex
The period 5�15 June 2003, during the field phase of the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex (MCV) Experiment (BAMEX), was noteworthy for the wide variety of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that occurred. Of particular interest was a ...
Thomas J. Galarneau Jr.; Lance F. Bosart; Christopher A. Davis; Ron McTaggart-Cowan
Thermodynamic Properties of Mesoscale Convective Systems Observed during BAMEX
Dropsonde observations from the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX) are used to document the spatiotemporal variability of temperature, moisture, and wind within mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Onion-type sounding ...
James Correia Jr.; Raymond W. Arritt
Mesoscale Predictability of an Extreme Warm-Season Precipitation Event
A mesoscale model is used to investigate the mesoscale predictability of an extreme precipitation event over central Texas on 29 June 2002 that lasted through 7 July 2002. Both the intrinsic and practical aspects of warm-season predictability, ...
Fuqing Zhang; Andrew M. Odins; John W. Nielsen-Gammon
A Mesoscale Modeling Study of the 1996 Saguenay Flood
A mesoscale simulation of the 19�21 July 1996 Saguenay flood cyclone was performed using the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) model to study the processes leading to the explosive development and the large amount of precipitation. ...
J. A. Milbrandt; M. K. Yau
Nonlinear Effects on Convectively Forced Two-Dimensional Mesoscale Flows
One of the important problems in mesoscale atmospheric dynamics is how the atmosphere responds to convective heating or cooling. Here, the authors examine nonlinear effects on convectively forced mesoscale flows in the context of the nonlinear ...
Ji-Young Han; Jong-Jin Baik
Mesoscale Meteorology and High Ozone in the Northeast United States
This study examines the relationship between mesoscale meteorological conditions and high-ozone days in the northeastern United States. It is proposed that the leeside trough and the sea-breeze front are two mesoscale features that can be ...
Robert S. Gaza
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity in Mesoscale Convective Complexes
A study of cloud-to-ground lightning activity attending an important subclass of mesoscale convective weather systems called the mesoscale convective complex shows that groun discharge flash rates in excess of 1000 h?1 can be sustained on average ...
S. J. Goodman; D. R. MacGorman
A Reanalysis System for the Generation of Mesoscale Climatographies
The use of a mesoscale model�based four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) system for generating mesoscale climatographies is demonstrated. This dynamical downscaling method utilizes the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National ...
Andrea N. Hahmann; Dorita Rostkier-Edelstein; Thomas T. Warner; Francois Vandenberghe; Yubao Liu; Richard Babarsky; Scott P. Swerdlin
Mesoscale Variability in Denmark Strait: The PV Outflow Hypothesis
The outflow through Denmark Strait shows remarkable mesoscale variability characterized by the continuous formation of intense mesoscale cyclones just south of the sill. These cyclones have a diameter of about 30 km and clear signatures at the ...
Michael A. Spall; James F. Price
Balanced Dynamics of Mesoscale Vortices Produced in Simulated Convective Systems
Long-lived, mesoscale convective systems are known to occasionally produce mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) in the lower to middle troposphere with horizontal scales averaging 100�200 km. The formation of MCVs is investigated using fully ...
Christopher A. Davis; Morris L. Weisman
Topographic Vorticity-Mode Mesoscale-? (TVM) Model. Part I: Formulation
The three-dimensional, flat-terrain, finite-difference URBMET vorticity, mode mesoscale-? model has been modified to include topographic effects. The resulting topographic vorticity-mode mesoscale-? (TVM) model is hydrostatic, Boussinesq, and ...
G. Schayes; P. Thunis; R. Bornstein
The Use of Cloud-Resolving Simulations of Mesoscale Convective Systems to Build a Mesoscale Parameterization Scheme
A method is described for parameterizing thermodynamic forcing by the mesoscale updrafts and downdrafts of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in models with resolution too coarse to resolve these drafts. The parameterization contains ...
G. David Alexander; William R. Cotton
Cloud-Resolving Simulations of Mesoscale Vortex Intensification and Its Effect on a Serial Mesoscale Convective System
The authors performed numerical simulations of the 27�28 May 1998 mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) and mesoscale convective system (MCS) to understand how the MCV modulated the convection, and how the convection intensified the vortex. The fifth-...
Christopher A. Davis; Stanley B. Trier
Mesoscale morphologies in polymer thin films.
In the midst of an exciting era of polymer nanoscience, where the development of materials and understanding of properties at the nanoscale remain a major R&D endeavor, there are several exciting phenomena that have been reported at the mesoscale (approximately an order of magnitude larger than the nanoscale). In this review article, we focus on mesoscale morphologies in polymer thin films from the viewpoint of origination of structure formation, structure development and the interaction forces that govern these morphologies. Mesoscale morphologies, including dendrites, holes, spherulites, fractals and honeycomb structures have been observed in thin films of homopolymer, copolymer, blends and composites. Following a largely phenomenological level of description, we review the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of mesostructure formation outlining some of the key mechanisms at play. We also discuss various strategies to direct, limit, or inhibit the appearance of mesostructures in polymer thin films as well as an outlook toward potential areas of growth in this field of research.
Ramanathan, M.; Darling, S. B. (Center for Nanoscale Materials)
Evaluation of a Mesoscale Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System with Observations from the 1980 Great Plains Mesoscale Tracer Field Experiment. Part I: Datasets and Meteorological Simulations
The Colorado State University mesoscale atmospheric dispersion (MAD) numerical modeling system, which consists of a prognostic mesoscale meteorological model coupled to a mesoscale Lagrangian particle dispersion model, has been used to simulate ...
Michael D. Moran; Roger A. Pielke
Mesoscale Downdraft Influences on Vertical Vorticity in a Mature Mesoscale Convective System
The vorticity dynamics of a lower-tropospheric mesovortex within a mature mesoscale convective system (MCS) is investigated with observations from a special sounding network and with dual-Doppler radar measurements. The data show that the ...
Edward A. Brandes; Conrad L. Ziegler
Local and Mesoscale Impacts of Wind Farms as Parameterized in a Mesoscale NWP Model
A new wind farm parameterization has been developed for the mesoscale numerical weather prediction model, the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). The effects of wind turbines are represented by imposing a momentum sink on the mean flow; ...
Anna C. Fitch; Joseph B. Olson; Julie K. Lundquist; Jimy Dudhia; Alok K. Gupta; John Michalakes; Idar Barstad
Numerical Prediction of Convectively Driven Mesoscale Pressure Systems. Part II. Mesoscale Model
A 20-level, three-dimensional, primitive equation model with 20 km horizontal resolution is used to predict the development of convectively driven mesoscale pressure systems. Systems produced by the model have life histories and structural ...
J. M. Fritsch; C. F. Chappell
Recent Applications of the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model to Synoptic, Mesoscale, and Climate Studies
This paper summarizes recent studies of a variety of atmospheric phenomena in different parts of the world using the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model. These phenomena include explosive cyclogenesis over the North Pacific and North Atlantic swans, ...
Richard A. Anthes
Numerical Simulation of Mesoscale Eddies over Melbourne
A mesoscale wind field model is used to simulate a cyclonic nocturnal eddy which may form over Melbourne under stable conditions with light synoptic winds. Two types of eddy (Mel-I and Mel-II) are identified, with separate formation mechanisms. ...
John L. McGregor; Fujio Kimura
Mesoscale Organization of Springtime Rainstorms in Oklahoma
Radar reflectivity and raingage data obtained during six springtimes indicate the types of mesoscale organization that occur in association with major rain events in Oklahoma (at least 25 mm of rain in 24 h over an area exceeding 12 500 km2). In ...
Robert A. Houze Jr.; Bradley F. Smull; Peter Dodge
Operational Forecasting and Detection of Mesoscale Gravity Waves
Mesoscale gravity waves display periods of 1�4 h, have wavelengths of 50�500 km, and can have important effects upon the sensible weather. Real-time prediction, detection, and nowcasting of these mesoscale phenomena is shown to be feasible, due ...
Steven E. Koch; Christopher O�Handley
Ireland | OpenEI
Ireland Ireland Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): The wind climate of Ireland has been calculated using the Karlsruhe Atmospheric Mesoscale Model KAMM. The climatology is represented by 65 frequency classes of geostropic wind that were selected as equiangular direction sectors and speed intervals with equal frequency in a sector. The results are compared with data from the European Wind Atlas which have been analyzed using the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program, WAsP. The prediction of the areas of higher wind power is fair. Stations with low power are overpredicted. Source Risø Date Released July 04th, 1997 (17 years ago) Date Updated July 04th, 1997 (17 years ago) Keywords documentation Ireland SWERA wind Data Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review
Analysis of a Small, Vigorous Mesoscale Convective System in a Low-Shear Environment. Part II: Evolution of the Stratiform Precipitation and Mesoscale Flows
The evolution of the mesoscale flow and precipitation distribution are investigated for a small mesoscale convective system (MCS) that evolved in a nearly barotropic environment exhibiting moderate instability and weak wind shear. Observations ...
Kevin R. Knupp; Bart Geerts; John D. Tuttle
Effects of Downdrafts and Mesoscale Convective Organization on the Heat and Moisture Budgets of Tropical Cloud Clusters. Part III: Effects of Mesoscale Convective Organization
The effects of mesoscale convective organization on the large-scale heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud clusters are studied using the GATE Phase III data. Two basic questions concerning the mesoscale effects are addressed: 1) the ...
Ming-Dean Cheng; Michio Yanai
Severe Accident Related Research and Development at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe for Present and Future Needs
The research and development program at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, performed within the Program Nuclear Safety Research, is centered around phenomena and processes that could possibly endanger the containment integrity of a large pressurized water reactor after a severe accident. The program includes three activities.The first activity is in-vessel steam explosion. Premixing phenomena are studied in the QUEOS and PREMIX test series. The efficiency of energy conversion is the subject of ECO tests. The BERDA experimental program investigates the load capacity of a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in steam explosion events.The second activity is hydrogen behavior and mitigation. Advanced models and numerical tools are developed to describe hydrogen sources, distribution of gases in containment, the various modes of hydrogen combustion, and corresponding structural loads.The third activity is ex-vessel melt behavior. The release behavior of melt after RPV failure is studied in DISCO and KAJET tests. In support of core catcher development, interaction with sacrificial and refractory materials, further melt spreading and cooling phenomena are investigated in KAPOOL, KATS, and COMET tests.The goal is to describe and quantify the governing mechanisms and to develop verified models and numerical tools that are able to predict maximum possible loads for severe accident scenarios on full plant scale. The work supported the development and assessment of the safety design of the French-German European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR). It led to a broader understanding of severe accident phenomena and of controlling and mitigating measures that can also be of benefit for existing plants.
Scholtyssek, Werner; Heusener, Gerhard; Hofmann, Fritz; Plitz, Helmut [Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany)
Toward a Mesoscale Observation Network in Southeast Asia
The current weather observation network in Southeast Asia is unable to support the accurate monitoring and prediction of the region's predominantly convective weather. Establishing a multisensor mesoscale observation network comprising automated ...
Tieh-Yong Koh; Chee-Kiat Teo
Observational Analysis of the Predictability of Mesoscale Convective Systems
Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) have a large influence on the weather over the central United States during the warm season by generating essential rainfall and severe weather. To gain insight into the predictability of these systems, the ...
Israel L. Jirak; William R. Cotton
Mesoscale Convective Complexes over the United States during 1983
Enhanced infrared satellite imagery is used to document the occurrence of mesoscale convective complexes over the United States during 1983. Thirty large convective systems are identified that display satellite-observable characteristics which ...
D. M. Rodgers; M. J. Magnano; J. H. Arns
A Numerical Investigation of a Mesoscale Convective System
On 25 April 1975, as part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Atmospheric Variability Experiment IV, frequent upper-air soundings were taken at eastern United States synoptic sounding sites. An intense, long-lived mesoscale ...
Donald J. Perkey; Robert A. Maddox
An Observational Analysis of a Developing Mesoscale Convective Complex
Dual-Doppler radar, surface mesonet, satellite, and upper-air sounding data from the 1985 Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-Central field experiment are used to analyze the early growth stages of a mesoscale convective complex (MCC) that ...
Jason E. Nachamkin; Ray L. McAnelly; William R. Cotton
Structures and Dynamics of Quasi-2D Mesoscale Convective Systems
Recently, three distinct archetypes for midlatitude linear mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) have been identified. This article focuses on the fundamentals of two of these archetypes: convective lines with trailing stratiform (TS) precipitation ...
Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in Mesoscale Convective Systems
We have examined the characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Mesoscale Convective Systems observed during the Oklahoma-Kansas PRE-STORM project in 1985. Lightning frequencies and patterns of ground strike locations are ...
Steven A. Rutledge; Chungu Lu; Donald R. MacGorman
A Lightning Data Assimilation Technique for Mesoscale Forecast Models
Lightning observations have been assimilated into a mesoscale model for improvement of forecast initial conditions. Data are used from the National Lightning Detection Network (cloud-to-ground lightning detection) and a Lightning Mapping Array (...
Edward R. Mansell; Conrad L. Ziegler; Donald R. MacGorman
Mesoscale Snowfall Prediction and Verification in Mountainous Terrain
Short-term forecasting of precipitation often relies on meteorological radar coverage to provide information on the intensity, extent, and motion of approaching mesoscale features. However, in significant portions of mountainous regions, radar ...
Melanie Wetzel; Michael Meyers; Randolph Borys; Ray McAnelly; William Cotton; Andrew Rossi; Paul Frisbie; David Nadler; Douglas Lowenthal; Stephen Cohn; William Brown
Mesoscale Influences of Wind Farms throughout a Diurnal Cycle
Large wind farms are expected to influence local and regional atmospheric circulations. Using a mesoscale parameterization of the effects of wind farms that includes a momentum sink and a wind speed�dependent source of turbulent kinetic energy, ...
Anna C. Fitch; Julie K. Lundquist; Joseph B. Olson
Forecasting the Maintenance of Quasi-Linear Mesoscale Convective Systems
The problem of forecasting the maintenance of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is investigated through an examination of observed proximity soundings. Furthermore, environmental variables that are statistically different between mature and ...
Michael C. Coniglio; Harold E. Brooks; Steven J. Weiss; Stephen F. Corfidi
Mesoscale Circulation Growth under Conditions of Weak Inertial Instability
The hypothesis that inertial instability plays a role in the upscale development of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is explored by sampling environments that supported the growth of MCSs in the Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM (...
David O. Blanchard; William R. Cotton; John M. Brown
Idealized Mesoscale Convective System Structure and Propagation Using Convective Parameterization
The development and propagation of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) was examined within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using the Kain�Fritsch (KF) cumulus parameterization scheme and a modified version of this scheme. ...
James Correia Jr.; Raymond W. Arritt; Christopher J. Anderson
The Mesoscale Kinetic Energy Spectrum of a Baroclinic Life Cycle
The atmospheric mesoscale kinetic energy spectrum is investigated through numerical simulations of an idealized baroclinic wave life cycle, from linear instability to mature nonlinear evolution and with high horizontal and vertical resolution (?x ...
Life Cycle and Mesoscale Frontal Structure of an Intermountain Cyclone
High-resolution analyses and MesoWest surface observations are used to examine the life cycle and mesoscale frontal structure of the �Tax Day Storm,� an intermountain cyclone that produced the second lowest sea level pressure observed in Utah ...
Gregory L. West; W. James Steenburgh
The �Footprint� under a Decaying Tropical Mesoscale Convective System
On 10 February 1993, during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment, the two NOAA WP-3Ds and the NCAR Electra flew under the anvil region of a decaying mesoscale convective system (MCS). Satellite and ...
Mark F. Geldmeier; Gary M. Barnes
Diabatic Divergence Profiles in Western Pacific Mesoscale Convective Systems
Heating in the atmosphere can be expressed as diabatic divergence ?d, which is nearly equal to the actual horizontal divergence ? in tropical convection. High-quality ? profile measurements from airborne Doppler radar �purls� in ten mesoscale ...
Brian E. Mapes; Robert A. Houze Jr.
Satellite and Radar Survey of Mesoscale Convective System Development
An investigation of several hundred mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) during the warm seasons (April�August) of 1996�98 is presented. Circular and elongated MCSs on both the large and small scales were classified and analyzed in this study ...
Israel L. Jirak; William R. Cotton; Ray L. McAnelly
Mesoscale Cloud State Estimation from Visible and Infrared Satellite Radiances
This study focuses on cloudy atmosphere state estimation from high-resolution visible and infrared satellite remote sensing measurements and a mesoscale model with explicit cloud prediction. The cloud state is defined as 3D spatially distributed ...
T. Vukicevic; T. Greenwald; M. Zupanski; D. Zupanski; T. Vonder Haar; A. S. Jones
Mesoscale Convective Complexes in the Western Pacific Region
A climatological study of mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) during 1983�1985 over the western Pacific region (WPR), using full-disc, enhanced infrared satellite imagery from the Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite is presented.
David Miller; J. M. Fritsch
Mesoscale Convective Complexes over the Indian Monsoon Region
Full disk infrared satellite imagery from the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) geostationary meteorological satellite was examined to determine if mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) frequent the Indian subcontinent (ISC) region. Using ...
Arlenf G. Laing; J. Michael Fritsch
Nonlinear Influence of Mesoscale Land Use on Weather and Climate
This paper demonstrates that the influence of mesoscale landscape spatial variability on the atmosphere must be parameterized (or explicitly modeled) in larger-scale atmospheric model simulations including general circulation models. The ...
R. A. Pielke; G. A. Dalu; J. S. Snook; T. J. Lee; T. G. F. Kittel
Global Patterns of Mesoscale Eddy Properties and Diffusivities
Mesoscale eddies play a major role in the transport of tracers in the ocean. Focusing on a sector in the East Pacific, we present estimates of eddy diffusivities derived from kinematic tracer simulations using satellite-observed velocity fields. ...
Andreas Klocker; Ryan Abernathey
Numerical Experiments in Mesoscale Prediction over Southeast Australia
A new movable fine-mesh model (MFM) developed at the Australian Numerical Meteorology Research Centre, for mesoscale data assimilation and forecasting, is described. For the present, it is a 10-layer, hydrostatic, primitive equations model with ...
D. J. Gauntlett; L. M. Leslie; L. W. Logan
Precipitation Efficiency of Warm-Season Midwestern Mesoscale Convective Systems
The precipitation efficiencies for mesoscale convective systems (MCS) over the central United States are calculated. During July�September 2000 and June�September 2001, 24 MCS for which sufficient data were available occurred over or near ...
Patrick Market; Stacy Allen; Roderick Scofield; Robert Kuligowski; Arnold Gruber
The Helsinki Testbed: A Mesoscale Measurement, Research, and Service Platform
The Finnish Meteorological Institute and Vaisala have established a mesoscale weather observational network in southern Finland. The Helsinki Testbed is an open research and quasi-operational program designed to provide new information on ...
Jarkko T. Koskinen; Jani Poutiainen; David M. Schultz; Sylvain Joffre; Jarmo Koistinen; Elena Saltikoff; Erik Gregow; Heikki Turtiainen; Walter F. Dabberdt; Juhani Damski; Noora Eresmaa; Sabine G�ke; Otto Hyv�rinen; Leena J�rvi; Ari Karppinen; Janne Kotro; Timo Kuitunen; Jaakko Kukkonen; Markku Kulmala; Dmitri Moisseev; Pertti Nurmi; Heikki Pohjola; Pirkko Pylkk�; Timo Vesala; Yrj� Viisanen
Mesoscale Vortices in the Weddell Sea Region (Antarctica)
Preliminary results of investigations of Antarctic mesocyclones in the Weddell Sea region are presented for the Antarctic summer periods 1983�88. Based on NOAA and METEOR satellite images, a total of 195 mesoscale vortices (scale less than 1000 ...
G�nther Heinemann
Mesoscale Modeling of Boundary Layer Refractivity and Atmospheric Ducting
In this study four mesoscale forecasting systems were used to investigate the four-dimensional structure of atmospheric refractivity and ducting layers that occur within evolving synoptic conditions over the eastern seaboard of the United States. ...
Tracy Haack; Changgui Wang; Sally Garrett; Anna Glazer; Jocelyn Mailhot; Robert Marshall
Poleward Buoyancy Transport in the Ocean and Mesoscale Eddies
There are many dynamic similarities between mesoscale eddies in the ocean, and cyclones and anticyclones in the earth's atmosphere. Observational data, however, are still not adequate to explore this analogy in detail. In the present study a new ...
Kirk Bryan
Organizational Modes of Mesoscale Convective Systems over Central East China
Composite reflectivity Doppler radar data from June to September of 2007�2010 were used to classify mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over central east China into seven morphologies. The morphologies included one nonlinear mode (NL) and six ...
Linlin Zheng; Jianhua Sun; Xiaoling Zhang; Changhai Liu
On spectral analysis of mesoscale eddies. Part I: Linear analysis
This study aims to understand the ocean circulation, which is characterized by the presence of multiple alternating zonal jets and transient mesoscale eddies, by systematic analysis of the underlying linear dynamics of this system. For this ...
P. Berloff; I. Kamenkovich
Aircraft Investigation of Mesoscale Cellular Convection During AMTEX 75
The 1 s data set collected by the NCAR Electra research aircraft in the presence of closed mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) has been examined for the purpose of determining the convective wind field and horizontal profiles of temperature and ...
Jeffry Rothermel; Ernest M. Agee
Synoptic Control of Mesoscale Precipitating Systems in the Pacific Northwest
This research examines whether an adequate representation of flow features on the synoptic scale allows for the skillful inference of mesoscale precipitating systems. The focus is on the specific problem of landfalling systems on the west coast ...
Paul J. Roebber; Kyle L. Swanson; Jugal K. Ghorai
A Global Version of the PSU�NCAR Mesoscale Model
A global version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (PSU�NCAR MM5) is described. The new model employs two polar stereographic projection domains centered on each pole. ...
Jimy Dudhia; James F. Bresch
Meso-?-scale Pressure Dips Associated with Typhoons
Using a mesoscale model, the formation process of a pressure dip, which was characterized by a rapid decrease and subsequent increase in surface pressure lasting less than an hour, was investigated. A simulated pressure dip accompanied by Typhoon ...
Hironori Fudeyasu; Satoshi Iizuka; Taiichi Hayashi
A Mesoscale Data Analysis and Downscaling Method over Complex Terrain
A mesoscale data analysis method for meteorological station reports is presented. Irregularly distributed measured values are combined with measurement-independent a priori information about the modification of analysis fields due to topographic ...
Reinhold Steinacker; Matthias Ratheiser; Benedikt Bica; Barbara Chimani; Manfred Dorninger; Wolfgang Gepp; Christoph Lotteraner; Stefan Schneider; Simon Tschannett
The Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment (TAMEX): An Overview
The Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment (TAMEX) is a research program conducted jointly by scientists of Taiwan, the Republic of China, and the United States to improve, through better understanding, the forecasting of heavy precipitation events ...
Ying-Hwa Kuo; George Tai-Jen Chen
Mesoscale Phase Distribution in Li-ion Battery Electrode Materials...
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
of Science SSRL Phone List People Search Maps Mesoscale Phase Distribution in Li-ion Battery Electrode Materials Friday, May 31, 2013 Li-ion batteries are regarded as key devices...
Circulations between Mesoscale Convective Systems along a Cold Front
A frontal squall line that passed over the central United States on 14�15 June 1985 consisted of several primary mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) with a prominent gap (several hundred kilometers wide) between two of them over central Kansas ...
Richard H. Johnson; Barbara D. Miner; Paul E. Ciesielski
Mesoscale Mapping Capabilities of Multiple-Satellite Altimeter Missions
The purpose of this paper is to quantify the contribution of merging multiple-satellite altimeter missions to the mesoscale mapping of sea level anomaly (H), and zonal (U) and meridional (V) geostrophic velocities. A space/time suboptimal ...
P. Y. Le Traon; G. Dibarboure
Diagnosing Mesoscale Vertical Motion from Horizontal Velocity and Density Data
The mesoscale vertical velocity is obtained by solving a generalized omega equation (? equation) using density and horizontal velocity data from three consecutive quasi-synoptic high-resolution surveys in the Alboran Sea. The Atlantic Jet (AJ) ...
Enric Pall�s Sanz; �lvaro Vi�dez
Statistical Performance of Several Mesoscale Atmospheric Dispersion Models
Seventeen mesoscale dispersion models were statistically evaluated with data from krypton-85 emissions from the Savannah River Plant, Aiken, SC. Widely accepted statistical parameters were used for the statistical evaluation. The models were able ...
A. H. Weber; M. R. Buckner; J. H. Weber
Mesoscale Moisture Analysis of the North American Monsoon
The regional circulations that contribute moisture to the large precipitation over northwestern Mexico, the core region of the North American monsoon, are investigated using three summer seasons (July�September 1995�97) of Eta Model mesoscale ...
Ernesto Hugo Berbery
Global Variability of the Wavenumber Spectrum of Oceanic Mesoscale Turbulence
The wavenumber spectra of sea surface height from satellite altimeter observations have revealed complex spatial variability that cannot be explained by a universal theory of mesoscale turbulence. Near the edge of the core regions of high eddy ...
Yongsheng Xu; Lee-Lueng Fu
Gravity Waves Driven by Diurnal Fluctuations in Mesoscale Heating
Observed convective systems, such as mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs), often undergo repeated cycles of nocturnal growth and daytime decay especially during the summer. The gravity wave response to these pulsations is poorly understood. The ...
John H. E. Clark
Temperature and Humidity Profiles in Mesoscale Unsaturated Downdrafts
Profiles of temperature and humidity beneath precipitating anvil clouds in tropical convective systems suggest the presence of a mesoscale unsaturated downdraft there. In this paper, a one-dimensional, steady-state, hydrostatic model of a ...
Colleen A. Leary
Surface Boundary Conditions for Mesoscale Regional Climate Models
This paper utilizes the best available quality data from multiple sources to develop consistent surface boundary conditions (SBCs) for mesoscale regional climate model (RCM) applications. The primary SBCs include 1) fields of soil characteristic (...
Xin-Zhong Liang; Hyun I. Choi; Kenneth E. Kunkel; Yongjiu Dai; Everette Joseph; Julian X. L. Wang; Praveen Kumar
An Experiment in Mesoscale Weather Forecasting in the Michigan Area
During an experiment in mesoscale weather forecasting in the Michigan area, consensus improved over NWS guidance in maximum/minimum temperature and probability of precipitation forecasts out to 24 hours. Forecasts were generally best in the ...
Dennis G. Baker
Case Study of an Orographically Induced Mesoscale Vortex (Denver Cyclone)
Observations taken during the Convection Initiation and Downburst Experiment (CINDE) are used to describe the formation and structure of an orographically induced mesoscale vortex that frequently occurs in northeastern Colorado. This vortex, ...
J. M. Wilczak; T. W. Christian
Mesoscale Convergence Zone Development in Northeastern Colorado under Southwest Flow
In July 1987 during the CINDE project, three similar mesoscale planetary boundary layer convergence zones were observed to form in northeastern Colorado near Denver under synoptic-scale southwesterly flow. A number of recent studies have ...
Wendy Schreiber-Abshire; Alfred R. Rodi
The Australian Summertime Cool Change. Part II: Mesoscale Aspects
Observations of four cold-frontal systems traversing the coastal region of southeast Australia in late spring and early summer are described in terms of process occurring on the mesoscale. A conceptual model is presented which summarizes the main ...
J. R. Garratt; W. L. Physick; R. K. Smith; A. J. Troup
The Use of Wind Profilers in a Mesoscale Experiment
During May and June of 1985, an experiment to study mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) was carried out in central Kansas and Oklahoma, using many of the latest measurement technologies in the atmospheric sciences. Among these were three 50-MHz ...
John A. Augustine; Edward J. Zipser
Mesoscale Convective Complexes over the United States during 1982
An important class of convective weather system, the mesoscale convective complex (MCC), presents many challenges and problems to both the research and operational communities. In addition, thew very large and long-lived thunderstorm systems have ...
D. M. Rodgers; K. W. Howard; E. C. Johnston
Mesoscale Vortices over the Great Lakes in Wintertime
The occasional occurrence of wintertime mesoscale lake vortices is documented. The vortices are readily discernible in satellite imagery, in which they take one of three forms: a miniature comma cloud, a swirl of cloud bands (resembling a ...
Gregory S. Forbes; Jonathan H. Merritt
Using Radar Wind Observations to Improve Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction
A high-resolution radar data assimilation system is presented for high-resolution numerical weather prediction models. The system is under development at the Naval Research Laboratory for the Navy�s Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction ...
Qingyun Zhao; John Cook; Qin Xu; Paul R. Harasti
Gridpoint Predictions of High Temperature from a Mesoscale Model
Mesoscale model gridpoint temperature data from simulations in the southwestern United States during the summer of 1990 are compared with both observations and statistical guidance from large-scale models over a 32-day period. Although the raw ...
David J. Stensrud; Jon A. Skindlov
A Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model Designed to Simulate Scale Interaction
A three-dimensional nonhydrostatic mesoscale model is presented that is designed to optimally represent the scale-interaction process among inertially balanced and unbalanced modes occurring within convective weather systems. Because scale-...
Gregory J. Tripoli
Mesoscale Moisture Initialization for Monsoon and Hurricane Forecasts
This paper addresses physical initialization of precipitation rates for a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. This entails a slight modification of the vertical profile of the humidity variable that provides a close match between the ...
T. N. Krishnamurti; S. Pattnaik; D. V. Bhaskar Rao
A Theory for Long-Lived Mesoscale Convective Systems
It is proposed that certain long-lived mesoscale convective systems maintain themselves through an interaction between quasi-balanced vertical motions and the diabatic effects of moist convection. Latent heat release, evaporation and melting of ...
D. J. Raymond; H. Jiang
PROBCAST: A Web-Based Portal to Mesoscale Probabilistic Forecasts
This paper describes the University of Washington Probability Forecast (PROBCAST), a Web-based portal to probabilistic weather predictions over the Pacific Northwest. PROBCAST products are derived from the output of a mesoscale ensemble system ...
Clifford Mass; Jeff Baars; Susan Joslyn; John Pyle; Patrick Tewson; David Jones; Tilmann Gneiting; Adrian Raftery; J. M. Sloughter; Chris Fraley
Mesoscale Structures of Vortices in Polar Air Streams
Three vortices in a polar air stream are analyzed using detailed mesoscale observations and conventional synoptic data. In their mature stages, the vortices exhibited wind, temperature and precipitation patterns similar to the larger ...
John D. Locatelli; Peter V. Hobbs; J. Anthony Werth
Evaluating Mesoscale NWP Models Using Kinetic Energy Spectra
Kinetic energy spectra derived from observations in the free atmosphere possess a wavenumber dependence of k?3 for large scales, characteristic of 2D turbulence, and transition to a k?5/3 dependence in the mesoscale. Kinetic energy spectra ...
William C. Skamarock
Coupling between Gravity Waves and Tropical Convection at Mesoscales
An idealized cloud-system-resolving model simulation is used to examine the coupling between a tropical cloud population and the mesoscale gravity waves that it generates. Spectral analyses of the cloud and gravity wave fields identify a clear ...
Todd P. Lane; Fuqing Zhang
Composite reflectivity Doppler radar data from June to September of 2007--2010 were used to classify mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over Central East China into seven morphologies. The morphologies included one nonlinear mode (NL) and six ...
Mesoscale Monitoring of Soil Moisture across a Statewide Network
Soil moisture is an important component in many hydrologic and land�atmosphere interactions. Understanding the spatial and temporal nature of soil moisture on the mesoscale is vital to determine the influence that land surface processes have on ...
Bradley G. Illston; Jeffrey B. Basara; Christopher A. Fiebrich; Kenneth C. Crawford; Eric Hunt; Daniel K. Fisher; Ronald Elliott; Karen Humes
Stratified Turbulence and the Mesoscale Variability of the Atmosphere
An analysis is made of Gage's proposal that the horizontal energy spectrum at mesoscale wavelengths is produced by upscale energy transfer through quasi-two-dimensional turbulence. It is suggested that principal sources of such energy can be ...
D. K. Lilly
Mesoscale Eddy Energy Locality in an Idealized Ocean Model
This paper investigates the energy budget of mesoscale eddies in wind-driven two-layer quasigeostrophic simulations. Intuitively, eddy energy can be generated, dissipated, and fluxed from place to place; regions where the budget balances ...
Ian Grooms; Louis-Philippe Nadeau; K. Shafer Smith
The Contribution of Mesoscale Convective Weather Systems to the Warm-Season Precipitation in the United States
The contribution of precipitation from mesoscale convective weather systems to the warm-season (April�September) rainfall in the United States is evaluated. Both Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCC's) and other large, long-lived mesoscale ...
J. M. Fritsch; R. J. Kane; C. R. Chelius
Mesoscale Convective Vortices Observed during BAMEX. Part II: Influences on Secondary Deep Convection
Observations from the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex (MCV) Experiment are used to examine the role of the five mesoscale convective vortices described in Part I on heavy precipitation during the daytime heating cycle. Persistent ...
Stanley B. Trier; Christopher A. Davis
A Forecast Strategy for Anticipating Cold Season Mesoscale Band Formation within Eastern U.S. Cyclones
An ingredients-based, time- and scale-dependent forecast strategy for anticipating cold season mesoscale band formation within eastern U.S. cyclones is presented. This strategy draws on emerging conceptual models of mesoscale band development, ...
David R. Novak; Jeff S. Waldstreicher; Daniel Keyser; Lance F. Bosart
Sensitivity of Mesoscale Gravity Waves to the Baroclinicity of Jet-Front Systems
This study investigates the sensitivity of mesoscale gravity waves to the baroclinicity of the background jet-front systems by simulating different life cycles of baroclinic waves with a high-resolution mesoscale model. Four simulations are made ...
Shuguang Wang; Fuqing Zhang
Structure of a Midtropospheric Vortex Induced by a Mesoscale Convective System
On 9 June 1988 a mesoscale (200-km diameter) convectively generated vortex (MCV) passed through the Colorado wind-profiling network. The generating convective system, which was too small to meet Maddox�s mesoscale convective complex criteria, ...
Diana L. Bartels; John M. Brown; Edward I. Tollerud
Numerical Model Simulations of a Mesoscale Gravity Wave Event: Sensitivity Tests and Spectral Analyses
This study presents numerical model experiments and spectral investigations involving a mesoscale gravity wave event. Its purposes are to determine the sensitivity of mesoscale gravity wave simulation to model configuration and physics and to ...
Jordan G. Powers
Synthetic Aperture Radar as a Tool for Investigating Polar Mesoscale Cyclones
Polar mesoscale cyclones are intense vortices that form in cold, marine air masses poleward of major jet streams and frontal zones. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) should be considered as a potential tool for the study of polar mesoscale cyclones ...
Todd D. Sikora; Karen S. Friedman; William G. Pichel; Pablo Clemente-Col�n
A Mesoscale Vortex Couplet Observed in the Trailing Anvil of a Multicellular Convective Complex
Observations collected during the Oklahoma�Kansas PRE-STORM experiment are used to document the evolution and structure of a mesoscale vortex couplet that developed in the mesoscale convective system that occurred on 16�17 June 1985. The ...
Johannes Verlinde; William R. Cotton
Nonclassical Mesoscale Circulations Caused by Surface Sensible Heat-Flux Gradients
Significant spatial heterogeneities of daytime surface sensible heat flux are common over land within mesoscale domains. Thermally induced circulations, similar to the sea/lake breeze [termed nonclassical mesoscale circulations (NCMSs)], are ...
M. Segal; R. W. Arritt
Sources of Mesoscale Variability of Gravity Waves. Part I: Topographic Excitation
Aircraft measurements of winds and temperatures collected during the GASP program are used to study the effects of topography as a source of mesoscale variability. Variances of fluctuations at the mesoscale over rough terrain are enhanced up to ...
Gregory D. Nastrom; David C. Fritts
Practical and Intrinsic Predictability of Severe and Convective Weather at the Mesoscales
This study explores both the practical and intrinsic predictability of severe convective weather at the mesoscales using convection-permitting ensemble simulations of a squall line and bow echo event during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective ...
Christopher Melhauser; Fuqing Zhang
Mesoscale Analysis of Heavy Rainfall Episodes from SoWMEX/TiMREX
The authors analyze the mesoscale structure accompanying two multiday periods of heavy rainfall during the Southwest Monsoon Experiment and the Terrain-Induced Mesoscale Rainfall Experiment conducted over and near Taiwan during May and June 2008. ...
Christopher A. Davis; Wen-Chau Lee
Recipes for Correcting the Impact of Effective Mesoscale Resolution on the Estimation of Extreme Winds
Extreme winds derived from simulations using mesoscale models are underestimated because of the effective spatial and temporal resolutions. This is reflected in the spectral domain as an energy deficit in the mesoscale range. The energy deficit ...
Xiaoli Guo Lars�n; S�ren Ott; Jake Badger; Andrea N. Hahmann; Jakob Mann
QNH: Mesoscale Bounded Derivative Initialization and Winter Storm Test over Complex Terrain
Mesoscale bounded derivative initialization (BDI) is utilized to derive dynamical constraints, from which elliptic equations are formulated to derive smooth initial fields over complex terrain for mesoscale models. The initialization is ...
J. L. Lee; A. E. MacDonald
Mesoscale Forecasts Generated from Operational Numerical Weather-Prediction Model Output
A technique called Model Output Enhancement (MOE) has been developed for the generation and display of mesoscale weather forecasts. The MOE technique derives mesoscale or high-resolution (order of 1 km) weather forecasts from synoptic-scale ...
John G. W. Kelley; Joseph M. Russo; Toby N. Carlson; J. Ronald Eyton
Inclusion of Mesoscale Updrafts and Downdrafts in Computations of Vertical Fluxes by Ensembles of Tropical Clouds
Ensembles of convective clouds, especially in the tropics, often have widespread precipitating anvils associated with their deeper convective clouds. Mesoscale downdrafts occur below the middle-level bases of the anvils, and mesoscale updrafts ...
Robert A. Houze Jr.; Chee-Pong Cheng
Ability of a Regional-Scale Model to Predict the Genesis of Intense Mesoscale Convective Systems
This paper presents the mesoscale part of a two-part evaluation of thirty forecasts produced by a mesoscalenumerical weather prediction model (MASS 2.0). The general approach taken to evaluate the mesoscale predictivecapabilities of the model is ...
Steven E. Koch
The Application of an Evolutionary Algorithm to the Optimization of a Mesoscale Meteorological Model
It is shown that a simple evolutionary algorithm can optimize a set of mesoscale atmospheric model parameters with respect to agreement between the mesoscale simulation and a limited set of synthetic observations. This is illustrated using the ...
Lance O�Steen; David Werth
An Intercomparison of Simulated Rainfall and Evapotranspiration Associated with a Mesoscale Convective System over West Africa
An evaluation of precipitation and evapotranspiration simulated by mesoscale models is carried out within the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program. Six models performed simulations of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) ...
Fran�oise Guichard; Nicole Asencio; Christophe Peugeot; Olivier Bock; Jean-Luc Redelsperger; Xuefeng Cui; Matthew Garvert; Benjamin Lamptey; Emiliano Orlandi; Julia Sander; Federico Fierli; Miguel Angel Gaertner; Sarah C. Jones; Jean-Philippe Lafore; Andrew Morse; Mathieu Nuret; Aaron Boone; Gianpaolo Balsamo; Patricia de Rosnay; Bertrand Decharme; Philip P. Harris; J.-C. Berg�s
Relevance of the Mesoscale Entrainment Instability to the Marine Cloud-topped Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Mesoscale variability in entrainment across the inversion capping the cloud-topped atmospheric boundary layer (CTBL) has been proposed as an explanation for mesoscale variability in cloud thickness. The relevance of this mechanism, called ...
Hugh A. Rand; Christopher S. Bretherton
The Relationship between EMEX Mesoscale Precipitation Feature Properties and Their Environmental Characteristics
Characteristics of the prestorm environment of Equatorial Mesoscale Experiment (EMEX) mesoscale precipitation features (MPFs) are related to properties of them systems using regression analysis. Although environmental thermodynamic parameters are ...
G. David Alexander; George S. Young
Formation of Mesoscale Lines of Precipitation: Nonsevere Squall Lines in Oklahoma during the Spring
The development of mesoscale lines of nonsevere convection in Oklahoma during the spring is discussed. This documentation complements the study by Bluestein and Jain of severe, mesoscale convective-fine development. Three major classes of squall ...
Howard B. Bluestein; Gregory T. Marx; Michael H. Jain
Silicon Micromachined Dimensional Calibration Artifact for Mesoscale Measurement Machines
Silicon Micromachined Dimensional Calibration Silicon Micromachined Dimensional Calibration Artifact for Mesoscale Measurement Machines 1 Silicon Micromachined Dimensional Calibration Artifact for Mesoscale Measurement Machines 2 Sandia National Laboratories PO Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA Hy D. Tran, PhD, PE Phone: (505)844-5417 Fax: (505)844-4372 email@example.com AFFIRMATION: I affirm that all information submitted as a part of, or supplemental to, this entry is a fair and accurate representation of this product. ___________________________________ Hy D. Tran Not a joint entry. Silicon Micromachined Dimensional Calibration Artifact for Mesoscale Measurement Machines The silicon hybrid artifact is an anisotropic-etched silicon standard that is used as a calibration reference artifact to calibrate vision-based and
ARM - Publications: Science Team Meeting Documents: Evaluation of mesoscale
Evaluation of mesoscale model cloud simulations of the March 2000 IOP Evaluation of mesoscale model cloud simulations of the March 2000 IOP Tselioudis, George NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies A suite of mesoscale models was used to produce month-long runs of the March 2000 SGP IOP. The model cloud fields were evaluated against satellite and in-situ observations, using both monthly statistics of cloud properties and instantaneous cloud property distributions. It was found that compared to satellite retrievals models tend to overestimate cloud optical thickness in all dynamic regimes. The reasons for the differences in satellite and model cloud fields were investigated. Preliminary results indicate that the large model optical depths may be caused by an overestimate of cloud ice water amounts in the model simulations. Part of the differences, however,
Mesoscale Climatic Simulation of Surface Air Temperature Cooling by Highly
Mesoscale Climatic Simulation of Surface Air Temperature Cooling by Highly Mesoscale Climatic Simulation of Surface Air Temperature Cooling by Highly Reflective Greenhouses in SE Spain Title Mesoscale Climatic Simulation of Surface Air Temperature Cooling by Highly Reflective Greenhouses in SE Spain Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2013 Authors Campra, Pablo, and Dev Millstein Journal Environmental Science & Technology Volume 47 Issue 21 Pagination 12284 - 12290 Date Published 11/2013 ISSN 0013-936X Keywords buildings, Heat Island Group Abstract A long-term local cooling trend in surface air temperature has been monitored at the largest concentration of reflective greenhouses in the world, at the Province of Almeria, SE Spain, associated with a dramatic increase in surface albedo in the area. The availability of reliable long-term climatic field data at this site offers a unique opportunity to test the skill of mesoscale meteorological models describing and predicting the impacts of land use change on local climate. Using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) mesoscale model, we have run a sensitivity experiment to simulate the impact of the observed surface albedo change on monthly and annual surface air temperatures. The model output showed a mean annual cooling of 0.25 °C associated with a 0.09 albedo increase, and a reduction of 22.8 W m-2 of net incoming solar radiation at surface. Mean reduction of summer daily maximum temperatures was 0.49 °C, with the largest single-day decrease equal to 1.3 °C. WRF output was evaluated and compared with observations. A mean annual warm bias (MBE) of 0.42 °C was estimated. High correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.9) were found between modeled and observed values. This study has particular interest in the assessment of the potential for urban temperature cooling by cool roofs deployment projects, as well as in the evaluation of mesoscale climatic models performance.
WIND ATLAS FOR EGYPT: MEASUREMENTS, MICRO- AND MESOSCALE MODELLING Niels G. Mortensen1 , Jens Enevoldsen Wind Energy Department, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark Laila Georgy Youssef, Usama Said Said, Ashour Abd El-Salam Moussa, Mohammad Akmal Mahmoud Wind Energy Department, New and Renewable
Wind resource assessment with a mesoscale non-hydrostatic model
Wind resource assessment with a mesoscale non- hydrostatic model Vincent Guénard, Center for Energy is developed for assessing the wind resource and its uncertainty. The work focuses on an existing wind farm mast measurements. The wind speed and turbulence fields are discussed. It is shown that the k
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Mesoscale Model Experimental Forecasts of the Haar of Northeast Scotland
A mesoscale model is used to simulate the diurnal evolution of sea fog off the northeast Scottish coast observed on 27 April 1984. It is shown that the accuracy of the early part of the forecast is very dependent on the specification of the ...
S. P. Ballard; B. W. Golding; R. N. B. Smith
The Mesoscale Structure of Severe Precipitation Systems in Switzerland
The structures of severe mesoscale precipitation systems (MPS) in Switzerland have been classified by analyzing radar images obtained over a 5-yr period. Severe MPSs were defined to be those producing most of the damage on days on which at least ...
H. H. Schiesser; R. A. Houze Jr.; H. Huntrieser
Mesoscale Surface Pressure and Temperature Features Associated with Bow Echoes
This study examines observed mesoscale surface pressure, temperature, and wind features of bow echoes. Bow-echo events in the area of the Oklahoma Mesonet are selected for study to take advantage of high-resolution surface data. Thirty-six cases ...
Rebecca D. Adams-Selin; Richard H. Johnson
Mesoscale Waves as a Probe of Jupiter's Deep Atmosphere
Search of the Voyager images of Jupiter reveals a class of mesoscale waves occurring near the extrema of the zonal velocity profile between latitudes 30�S and 30�N. The average horizontal wavelength is 300 km, compared to an atmospheric scale ...
F. M. Flasar; P. J. Gierasch
Multiscale Evolution of a Derecho-Producing Mesoscale Convective System
In this paper the authors address one type of severe weather: strong straight-line winds. The case of a mesoscale convective system that developed in eastern Colorado on 12�13 May 1985 was studied. The system formed in the afternoon, was active ...
L�gia R. Bernardet; William R. Cotton
Aspects of Effective Mesoscale, Short-Range Ensemble Forecasting
This study developed and evaluated a short-range ensemble forecasting (SREF) system with the goal of producing useful, mesoscale forecast probability (FP). Real-time, 0�48-h SREF predictions were produced and analyzed for 129 cases over the ...
F. Anthony Eckel; Clifford F. Mass
The New NMC Mesoscale Eta Model: Description and Forecast Examples
In mid-1994 a new version of the Eta Model will begin producing operational forecast guidance down to mesoscale ranges. This version will have a horizontal resolution of approximately 30 km and about 50 layers in the vertical. A summary of the ...
Thomas L. Black
Scale Interaction and Predictability in a Mesoscale Model
Scale interaction is examined in the limited-area PSU/NCAR mesoscale model, with emphasis on the forcing of small scales by the small-scale fields themselves. Output data from the model are filtered by expanding fields at each level in two-...
Andrew H. Van Tuyl; Ronald M. Errico
Mesoscale Convective Systems in Weakly Forced Large-Scale Environments. Part II: Generation of a Mesoscale Initial Condition
A series of five mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) developed within a weakly forced large-scale environment on 11 and 12 May 1982. Two of these systems had a large component of motion against the midtroposphoric flow and propagated in a ...
David J. Stensrud; J. Michael Fritsch
Poster Sessions J. Dudhia Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division
J. Dudhia J. Dudhia Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, CO 80307-3000 Introduction The concept of an Integrated Data Assimilation and Sounding System (IDASS) ensures that the needs of data collection are partly determined by the requirements of an assimilating mesoscale model. Hence, the sounding strategy is geared towards allowing the model to do the best possible job in representing the atmosphere over CART sites, for example. It is not clear a priori what density of coverage or types of data are required for a good simulation. In this work, we address the problem of determining the impact of varying the density of coverage of an idea! network by purely numerical experimentation. We use one model run to provide data and another independent run to assimilate it.
Mesoscale Modeling of LX-17 Under Isentropic Compression
Mesoscale simulations of LX-17 incorporating different equilibrium mixture models were used to investigate the unreacted equation-of-state (UEOS) of TATB. Candidate TATB UEOS were calculated using the equilibrium mixture models and benchmarked with mesoscale simulations of isentropic compression experiments (ICE). X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) data provided the basis for initializing the simulations with realistic microstructural details. Three equilibrium mixture models were used in this study. The single constituent with conservation equations (SCCE) model was based on a mass-fraction weighted specific volume and the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. The single constituent equation-of-state (SCEOS) model was based on a mass-fraction weighted specific volume and the equation-of-state of the constituents. The kinetic energy averaging (KEA) model was based on a mass-fraction weighted particle velocity mixture rule and the conservation equations. The SCEOS model yielded the stiffest TATB EOS (0.121{micro} + 0.4958{micro}{sup 2} + 2.0473{micro}{sup 3}) and, when incorporated in mesoscale simulations of the ICE, demonstrated the best agreement with VISAR velocity data for both specimen thicknesses. The SCCE model yielded a relatively more compliant EOS (0.1999{micro}-0.6967{micro}{sup 2} + 4.9546{micro}{sup 3}) and the KEA model yielded the most compliant EOS (0.1999{micro}-0.6967{micro}{sup 2}+4.9546{micro}{sup 3}) of all the equilibrium mixture models. Mesoscale simulations with the lower density TATB adiabatic EOS data demonstrated the least agreement with VISAR velocity data.
Springer, H K; Willey, T M; Friedman, G; Fried, L E; Vandersall, K S; Baer, M R
Parameterization of Convective Precipitation in Mesoscale Numerical Models: A Critical Review
Current approaches for incorporating cumulus convection into mesoscale numerical models are divided into three groups. The traditional approach utilizes cumulus parameterization at convectively unstable points and explicit (nonparameterized) ...
John Molinari; Michael Dudek
Surface and synoptic features of leading and parallel stratiform mesoscale convective systems.
??This study investigates the surface wind, pressure, and temperature patterns associated with mesoscale convective systems meeting the classification of leading or parallel stratiform. Cases were� (more)
Steinweg-Woods, Jesse Matthew
The Effect of Mesoscale Heterogeneity on the Genesis and Structure of Mesovortices within Quasi-Linear Convective Systems
This study examines the structure and evolution of quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) within complex mesoscale environments. Convective outflows and other mesoscale features appear to affect the rotational characteristics and associated ...
Dustan M. Wheatley; Robert J. Trapp
The Influence of Mesoscale Humidity and Evapotranspiration Fields on a Model Forecast of a Cold-Frontal Squall Line
Satellite imagery and rain gauge data are combined to create mesoscale detail in the initial states of relative humidity (RH) and surface moisture availability (M) for a mesoscale model simulation. The most profound impact of inserting the ...
Steven E. Koch; Ahmet Aksakal; Jeffery T. McQueen
Sensitivity of a Mesoscale Model to Microphysical Parameterizations in the MAP SOP Events IOP2b and IOP8
The sensitivity of a mesoscale model to different microphysical parameterizations is investigated for two events of precipitation in the Mediterranean region, that is, the Mesoscale Alpine Program (MAP) intensive observation periods (IOP) 2b (19�...
Stefano Serafin; Rossella Ferretti
Dynamics and Structure of Mesoscale Error Covariance of a Winter Cyclone Estimated through Short-Range Ensemble Forecasts
Several sets of short-range mesoscale ensemble forecasts generated with different types of initial perturbations are used in this study to investigate the dynamics and structure of mesoscale error covariance in an intensive extratropical ...
Fuqing Zhang
Extracting Synoptic-Scale Diagnostic Information from Mesoscale Models: The Eta Model, Gravity Waves, and Quasigeostrophic Diagnostics
Fine-mesh models, such as the eta model, are producing increasingly detailed predictions about mesoscale atmospheric motions. Mesoscale systems typically produce stronger vertical motions than do synoptic-scale storms, making it more difficult ...
Stanley L. Barnes; Fernando Caracena; Adrian Marroquin
Convection-Allowing and Convection-Parameterizing Ensemble Forecasts of a Mesoscale Convective Vortex and Associated Severe Weather Environment
An analysis of a regional severe weather outbreak that was related to a mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) is performed. The MCV-spawning mesoscale convection system (MCS) formed in northwest Kansas along the southern periphery of a large cutoff ...
Adam J. Clark; William A. Gallus Jr.; Ming Xue; Fanyou Kong
Combustion in Meso-scale Vortex Chambers Ming-hsun Wu*
1 Combustion in Meso-scale Vortex Chambers Ming-hsun Wu* , Yanxing Wang, Vigor Yang and Richard A) #12;2 COMBUSTION IN MESO-SCALE VORTEX CHAMBERS Ming-hsun Wu, Yanxing Wang, Vigor Yang and Richard A with the chemical energy varying from 25 to 174W. For the largest combustion volume, hydrogen and hydrocarbons
Yang, Vigor
Mesoscale Momentum Budget in a Midlatitude Squall Line: A Numerical Case Study
A meso?-scale momentum budget and its effect on larger-scale mean flow in a midlatitude mesoscale convective system are investigated using a numerical simulation of an intense squall line that occurred during 10�11 June 1985 PRE-STORM. It is ...
Kun Gao; Da-Lin Zhang; Mitchell W. Moncrieff; Han-Ru Cho
Investigating the Influence of Synoptic-Scale Monsoonal Winds and Mesoscale Circulations on Diurnal Weather Patterns over Kenya Using a Mesoscale Numerical Model
The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) developed at Colorado State University (CSU) was used to investigate the influence of the large-scale monsoonal winds and the mesoscale local circulations on the diurnal precipitation pattern over ...
Joseph R. Mukabana; Roger A. Piekle
Development and Analysis of Prognostic Equations for Mesoscale Kinetic Energy and Mesoscale (Subgrid Scale) Fluxes for Large-Scale Atmospheric Models
Mesoscale circulations generated by landscape discontinuities (e.g., sea breezes) are likely to have a significant impact on the hydrologic cycle, the climate, and the weather. However, these processes are not represented in large-scale ...
Roni Avissar; Fei Chen
The 13�14 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 Event. Part I: Synoptic and Mesoscale Evolution and Comparison with a Mesoscale Model Simulation
This paper describes the large-scale synoptic and mesoscale features of a major precipitation event that affected the second Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) study area on 13�...
Matthew F. Garvert; Brian A. Colle; Clifford F. Mass
Customizing mesoscale self-assembly with 3D printing
Self-assembly due to capillary forces is a common method for generating 2D mesoscale structures from identical floating particles at the liquid-air interface. Designing building blocks to obtain a desired mesoscopic structure is a scientific challenge. We show herein that it is possible to shape the particles with a low cost 3D printer, for composing specific mesoscopic structures. Our method is based on the creation of capillary multipoles inducing either attractive or repulsive forces. Since capillary interactions can be downscaled, our method opens new ways to low cost microfabrication.
M. Poty; G. Lumay; N. Vandewalle
Mesoscale Benchmark Demonstration Problem 1: Mesoscale Simulations of Intra-granular Fission Gas Bubbles in UO2 under Post-irradiation Thermal Annealing
A study was conducted to evaluate the capabilities of different numerical methods used to represent microstructure behavior at the mesoscale for irradiated material using an idealized benchmark problem. The purpose of the mesoscale benchmark problem was to provide a common basis to assess several mesoscale methods with the objective of identifying the strengths and areas of improvement in the predictive modeling of microstructure evolution. In this work, mesoscale models (phase-field, Potts, and kinetic Monte Carlo) developed by PNNL, INL, SNL, and ORNL were used to calculate the evolution kinetics of intra-granular fission gas bubbles in UO2 fuel under post-irradiation thermal annealing conditions. The benchmark problem was constructed to include important microstructural evolution mechanisms on the kinetics of intra-granular fission gas bubble behavior such as the atomic diffusion of Xe atoms, U vacancies, and O vacancies, the effect of vacancy capture and emission from defects, and the elastic interaction of non-equilibrium gas bubbles. An idealized set of assumptions was imposed on the benchmark problem to simplify the mechanisms considered. The capability and numerical efficiency of different models are compared against selected experimental and simulation results. These comparisons find that the phase-field methods, by the nature of the free energy formulation, are able to represent a larger subset of the mechanisms influencing the intra-granular bubble growth and coarsening mechanisms in the idealized benchmark problem as compared to the Potts and kinetic Monte Carlo methods. It is recognized that the mesoscale benchmark problem as formulated does not specifically highlight the strengths of the discrete particle modeling used in the Potts and kinetic Monte Carlo methods. Future efforts are recommended to construct increasingly more complex mesoscale benchmark problems to further verify and validate the predictive capabilities of the mesoscale modeling methods used in this study.
Li, Yulan; Hu, Shenyang Y.; Montgomery, Robert; Gao, Fei; Sun, Xin; Tonks, Michael; Biner, Bullent; Millet, Paul; Tikare, Veena; Radhakrishnan, Balasubramaniam; Andersson , David
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Form 836 (7/06) Form 836 (7/06) LA-UR- Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, is operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. By acceptance of this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Los Alamos National Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. Los Alamos National
TY JOUR T1 Mesoscale Climatic Simulation of Surface Air Temperature Cooling
Mesoscale Climatic Simulation of Surface Air Temperature Cooling Mesoscale Climatic Simulation of Surface Air Temperature Cooling by Highly Reflective Greenhouses in SE Spain JF Environmental Science Technology A1 Campra Pablo A1 Dev Millstein KW buildings KW Heat Island Group AB p span A long term local cooling trend in surface air temperature has been monitored at the largest concentration of reflective greenhouses in the world at the Province of Almeria SE Spain associated with a dramatic increase in surface albedo in the area The availability of reliable long term climatic field data at this site offers a unique opportunity to test the skill of mesoscale meteorological models describing and predicting the impacts of land use change on local climate Using the Weather Research and Forecast WRF mesoscale model we have run a
Mesoscale Modeling of Katabatic Winds over Greenland with the Polar MM5
Verification of two months, April and May 1997, of 48-h mesoscale model simulations of the atmospheric state around Greenland are presented. The simulations are performed with a modified version of The Pennsylvania State University�National ...
David H. Bromwich; John J. Cassano; Thomas Klein; Gunther Heinemann; Keith M. Hines; Konrad Steffen; Jason E. Box
An Investigation of Terrain Effects on the Mesoscale Spectrum of Atmospheric Motions
Wind and temperature data collected on commercial aircraft during the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) are used to investigate the effects of underlying terrain on mesoscale variability, and the observational results are interpreted ...
G. D. Nastrom; D. C. Fritts; K. S. Gage
Processes Leading to the Formation of Mesoscale Waves in the Midwest Cyclone of 15 December 1987
On 15 December 1987, several long-lived, large-amplitude mesoscale wave disturbances accompanied a rapidly developing extratropical cyclone in the midwest United States. Previous observational and modeling studies have suggested that the ...
Peter J. Pokrandt; Gregory J. Tripoli; David D. Houghton
Airflow and Precipitation Structure of Two Leading Stratiform Mesoscale Convective Systems Determined from Operational Datasets
An analysis of the airflow and precipitation structure of two leading stratiform (LS) mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is presented. Leading stratiform systems are defined as linear MCSs that consist of a convective line with leading ...
Crystalyne R. Pettet; Richard H. Johnson
A Phase-Plot Method for Diagnosing Vorticity Concentration Mechanisms in Mesoscale Convective Vortices
Mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) analysis results show that these vortices form by way of different evolutionary paths. Rewriting the traditional form of the relative vertical vorticity equation in terms of momentum advection curl produces an ...
James R. Kirk
Mesoscale Cyclone Activity over the Ice-Free Southern Ocean: 1999�2008
Mesoscale cyclones play an important role in the weather and climate of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) mid-to-high latitudes. However, the relatively small size and short lifetime of these systems, combined with the lack of available conventional ...
Damien Irving; Ian Simmonds; Kevin Keay
Implementation of an Urban Canopy Parameterization in a Mesoscale Meteorological Model
An urban canopy parameterization (UCP) is implemented into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) to improve meteorological fields in the urban boundary layer for ...
Tanya L. Otte; Avraham Lacser; Sylvain Dupont; Jason K. S. Ching
A One-Level, Mesoscale Model for Diagnosing Surface Winds in Mountainous and Coastal Regions
This paper describes a one-level, sigma-coordinate, mesoscale model suitable for diagnosing surface winds in mountainous and coastal regions. The model requires only modest computer resources and needs little data for initialization. Energy and ...
Clifford F. Mass; David P. Dempsey
Large-Amplitude Mesoscale Wave Disturbances Within the Intense Midwest Extratropical Cyclone of 15 December 1987
On 15 December 1987 several long-lived, large-amplitude mesoscale wave disturbances embedded within a rapidly intensifying extratropical cyclone traversed the Midwest and created life-threatening blizzard conditions. Within the wave disturbances, ...
Russell S. Schneider
An Investigation of an Arctic Front with a Vertically Nested Mesoscale Model
A vertically mesoscale regional numerical weather prediction model is used to simulate an arctic front. The front was observed during the Arctic Cyclone Expedition of 1984. The regional model employs a unique vertical nesting scheme in which the ...
William T. Thompson; Stephen D. Burk
Numerical Study of Terrain-Induced Mesoscale Motions in a Mixed Layer
Numerical integrations using a potential enstrophy conserving scheme are presented for the flow within a mixed layer over hilly terrain using the hydrostatic shallow-water equations with a quadratic drag law. The mesoscale area treated is 150 km ...
Y-J. Han; K. Ueyoshi; J. W. Deardorff
Mesoscale Convective Vortices Observed during BAMEX. Part I: Kinematic and Thermodynamic Structure
Five cases of mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) are described from observations collected during the Bow Echo and MCV Experiment (BAMEX) over the central United States during the period from 20 May to 6 July 2003. In the present paper, the ...
A Glider Network Design Study for a Synoptic View of the Oceanic Mesoscale Variability
This study presents an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) with a network of gliders in a realistic mesoscale field of eddies and filaments. The main objective is to demonstrate that the analysis skill evaluation, performed with ...
Blandine L'H�v�der; Laurent Mortier; Pierre Testor; Fran�ois Lekien
Aerosol�Cloud Interactions in a Mesoscale Model. Part II: Sensitivity to Aqueous-Phase Chemistry
The feedbacks between aerosols, cloud microphysics, and cloud chemistry are investigated in a mesoscale model. A simple bulk aqueous-phase sulfur chemistry scheme was fully coupled to the existing aerosol and microphysics schemes. The ...
Irena T. Ivanova; Henry G. Leighton
Moving and Stationary Mesoscale Convective Systems over Northwest Mexico during the Southwest Area Monsoon Project
Some characteristics of the life cycle and motion of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs), which formed over the northern Sierra Madre Occidental during the Southwest Area Monsoon Project (SWAMP), are examined. The motion characteristics of MCSs ...
Luis M. Farf�n; Joseph A. Zehnder
Composite Life Cycle of Maritime Tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems in Scatterometer and Microwave Satellite Observations
This study examines scatterometer-observed surface wind divergence and vorticity, along with precipitable water (PW), across the life cycle of tropical maritime mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) as resolved in 0.5� data. Simple composites were ...
Brian Mapes; Ralph Milliff; Jan Morzel
Mesoscale Modeling of a Cold Front and Its Interaction with a Diurnally Heated Land Mass
A mesoscale numerical model incorporating a detailed planetary boundary-layer scheme, including momentum, heat and moisture exchange with the lower boundary, is used to study the change in structure of a dry summertime front as it moves towards a ...
William L. Physick
Horizontal Distribution of Electrical and Meteorological Conditions across the Stratiform Region of a Mesoscale Convective System
Five soundings of the electric field and thermodynamic properties were made in a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred in Oklahoma and Texas on 2�3 June 1991. Airborne Doppler radar data were obtained from three passes through the ...
Maribeth Stolzenburg; Thomas C. Marshall; W. David Rust; Bradley F. Smull
Electric and Kinematic Structure of the Oklahoma Mesoscale Convective System of 7 June 1989
Balloon soundings of electric field in Oklahoma mesoscale convective systems (MCS's) were made by the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) during the spring of 1989. A sounding made in the rearward edge of an MCS stratiform rain area on 7 ...
Steven M. Hunter; Terry J. Schuur; Thomas C. Mapshall; W. David Rust
A Coupled Air�Sea Mesoscale Model: Experiments in Atmospheric Sensitivity to Marine Roughness
A coupled air�sea numerical model comprising a mesoscale atmospheric model, a marine circulation model, and a surface wave model is presented. The coupled model is tested through simulations of an event of frontal passage through the Lake Erie ...
Jordan G. Powers; Mark T. Stoelinga
A Wireless Network for Collection and Synthesis of Mobile Mesoscale Weather Observations
This paper reports the development of a wireless network of instrumented vehicles and aircraft for the real-time collection and synthesis of their mobile weather observations in mesoscale field experiments. The mobile digital network (MDN) ...
Conrad L. Ziegler; Douglas Kennedy; Erik N. Rasmussen
Mesoscale Eddy Buoyancy Flux and Eddy-Induced Circulation in Eastern Boundary Currents
A dynamical interpretation is made of the mesoscale eddy buoyancy fluxes in the Eastern Boundary Currents off California and Peru�Chile, based on regional equilibrium simulations. The eddy fluxes are primarily shoreward and upward across a swath ...
Fran�ois Colas; Xavier Capet; James C. McWilliams; Zhijin Li
Mid-Latitude Mesoscale Temperature Variability in Six Multiship XBT Surveys
We discuss the spatial character of mesoscale temperature variability as observed in six midlatitude multiship expendable bathythermograph (XBT) surveys, two from the North Pacific and four from the North Atlantic. These surveys sample mid-ocean ...
D. E. Harrison; W. J. Emergy; J. P. Dugan; Bo-Cheng Li
Simulating the Transition from Drizzling Marine Stratocumulus to Boundary Layer Cumulus with a Mesoscale Model
A case of coastal California summer season boundary layer cloud has been simulated with the U.S. Navy Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System and the results analyzed in the context of consistency with conclusions derived from large ...
David B. Mechem; Yefim L. Kogan
The Influence of Convectively Generated Thermal Forcing on the Mesoscale Circulation around Squall Lines
The dynamical processes that determine the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the mesoscale region around 2D squall lines are examined using a series of numerical simulations. The features that develop in a realistic reference simulation of ...
Rajul E. Pandya; Dale R. Durran
Mesoscale Cyclogenesis over the Southwestern Ross Sea Linked to Strong Katabatic Winds
Two years of automatic weather station (AWS) observations and satellite images have been used to study mesoscale cyclogenesis along the Transantarctic Mountains. Twice-daily regional sea-level pressure analyses revealed the frequent formation of ...
David H. Bromwich
Mesoscale Spectra of Mars�s Atmosphere Derived from MGS TES Infrared Radiances
Wavenumber spectra of the atmospheric potential energy of Mars at mesoscales (wavelengths of 64�957 km) were obtained as a function of latitude, season, and Martian year using infrared radiance data obtained by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (...
Takeshi Imamura; Yasuhiro Kawasaki; Tetsuya Fukuhara
An Automated System for the Analysis of Gravity Waves and Other Mesoscale Phenomena
An automated near-real-time system for the surface analysis of gravity waves and other mesoscale phenomena is developed, tested, and applied to several cases. Five-minute observations from the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) network ...
Steven E. Koch; Stephen Saleeby
A Model of Marine Boundary-Layer Cloudiness for Mesoscale Applications
A one-dimensional version of a multilevel mesoscale model is used to represent the cloud-topped boundary layer (CTBL). Turbulent exchanges are parameterized with a prognostic equation for the turbulent kinetic energy and an improved length-scale ...
Peter Bechtold; Jean Pierre Pinty; Charles Fravalo
Mesoscale and Synoptic Scale Interactions Leading to Intense Convection: The Case of 7 June 1982
A case study is presented involving an unusually intense mesoscale convective system (MCS) which produced extensive hail and wind damage in northeast Kansas and northern Missouri, including the Kansas City metropolitan area, during the predawn ...
Anthony A. Rockwood; Robert A. Maddox
Multiscale Convective Overturning in Mesoscale Convective Systems: Reconciling Observations, Simulations, and Theory
An analysis of how parameterized convection interacts with hydrostatic, explicitly resolved precipitation processes to represent multiscale convective overturning in a mesoscale-resolution numerical simulation is presented. Critically important ...
John S. Kain; J. Michael Fritsch
Enhancement of Tropical Ocean Evaporation and Sensible Heat Flux by Atmospheric Mesoscale Systems
The enhancement of monthly averaged evaporation by atmospheric mesoscale systems is estimated from long-term hourly observations of surface meteorological data from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy ...
Steven K. Esbensen; Michael J. McPhaden
Numerical Prediction of Convectively Driven Mesoscale Pressure Systems. Part I: Convective Parameterization
A parameterization formulation for incorporating the effects of midlatitude deep convection into mesoscale-numerical models is presented. The formulation is based on the hypothesis that the buoyant energy available to a parcel, in combination ...
The Life Cycle and Internal Structure of a Mesoscale Convective Complex
This paper describes the life cycle and precipitation structure of a Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC) that passed through the data-collecting network of the Texas portion of the High Plains Cooperative Program (HIPLEX) on 8 June 1980. The MCC ...
Colleen A. Leary; Edward N. Rappaport
Mesoscale Weather Prediction with the RUC Hybrid Isentropic�Terrain-Following Coordinate Model
A mesoscale atmospheric forecast model configured in a hybrid isentropic�sigma vertical coordinate and used in the NOAA Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) for operational numerical guidance is presented. The RUC model is the only quasi-isentropic forecast ...
Stanley G. Benjamin; Georg A. Grell; John M. Brown; Tatiana G. Smirnova; Rainer Bleck
Mesoscale Analysis by Numerical Modeling Coupled with Sounding Retrieval from Satellites
The development and evaluation of a system for time-continuous mesoscale analysis is presented, with a focus on retrieving water vapor concentrations and ground surface temperatures from VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) data. The analysis system ...
Alan E. Lipton; Thomas H. Vonder Haar
Development of A Mesoscale Ensemble Data Assimilation System at The Naval Research Laboratory
An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has been adopted and implemented at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for mesoscale and storm-scale data assimilation to study the impact of ensemble assimilation of high-resolution observations, including those ...
Qingyun Zhao; Fuqing Zhang; Teddy Holt; Craig H. Bishop; Qin Xu
Observations of Mesoscale Circulations within Extratropical Cyclones over the North Atlantic Ocean during ERICA
Pseudo-dual-Doppler analyses of two mesoscale circulations (20�40 km in horizontal dimensions) that formed along a warm front within a rapidly deepening extratropical cyclone over the ocean are presented. The circulations were analyzed using ...
Ching-Hwang Liu; Roger M. Wakimoto; Frank Roux
The Effects of Subgrid Model Mixing and Numerical Filtering in Simulations of Mesoscale Cloud Systems
Using the newly developed Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, this study investigates the effects of subgrid mixing and numerical filtering in mesoscale cloud simulations by examining the sensitivities to the parameters in turbulence-...
Tetsuya Takemi; Richard Rotunno
Near-Real-Time Applications of a Mesoscale Analysis System to Complex Terrain
Several mesoscale data analysis systems are reviewed, of which one is then adapted and applied to the complex terrain of northwest Utah and the western United States. The analysis system relies on the simple, but computationally efficient, ...
Steven M. Lazarus; Carol M. Ciliberti; John D. Horel; Keith A. Brewster
Evaluating Mesoscale Model Predictions of Clouds and Radiation with SGP ARM Data over a Seasonal Timescale
This study evaluates the predictions of radiative and cloud-related processes of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU�NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). It is based on extensive comparison of ...
Fran�oise Guichard; David B. Parsons; Jimy Dudhia; James Bresch
Modifying a Mesoscale Meteorological Model to Better Incorporate Urban Heat Storage: A Bulk-Parameterization Approach
A simple bulk-parameterization scheme is implemented in modifying a mesoscale meteorological model to better incorporate urban heat storage. The objective is to improve the quantification of the fluxes associated with heat storage change and to ...
Haider Taha
Statistical Properties of Three-Hour Prediction �Errors� Derived from the Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System
Statistical properties of observed residuals from the Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System (MAPS), a real-time data assimilation system, were investigated. Observed residuals are defined as differences between rawinsonde observations ...
Dezs? D�v�nyi; Thomas W. Schlatter
Initiation of an Elevated Mesoscale Convective System Associated with Heavy Rainfall
A mesoscale convective system (MCS) developed during the morning hours of 6 June 1993 and moved across northern and central Missouri, resulting in a narrow swath of excessive rainfall (>150 mm). The MCS developed well north of a surface warm ...
Scott M. Rochette; James T. Moore
Case Study of a Severe Mesoscale Convective System in Central Arizona
A mesoscale convective system (MCS) developed over central Arizona during the late evening and early morning of 23�24 July 1990 and produced widespread heavy rain, strong winds, and damage to buildings, vehicles, power poles, and trees across ...
Darren M. McCollum; Robert A. Maddox; Kenneth W. Howard
A Process Study of Mesoscale Meanders and Eddies in the Norwegian Coastal Current
A series of NOAA satellite images shows that the Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC) over the Norwegian Trench was disturbed by mesoscale meanders with 60�100 km wavelengths. In the first several days, the meanders grew and propagated northward. Some ...
M. Ikeda; J. A. Johannessen; K. Lygre; S. Sandven
Mesoscale Processes Contributing to Extreme Rainfall in a Midlatitude Warm-Season Flash Flood
Observations and numerical simulations are used to investigate the atmospheric processes that led to extreme rainfall and resultant destructive flash flooding in eastern Missouri on 6�7 May 2000. In this event, a quasi-stationary mesoscale ...
Russ S. Schumacher; Richard H. Johnson
Numerical Simulation of Topographically Forced Mesoscale Variability in a Well-Mixed Marine Layer
A simple nonlinear numerical model of a well-mixed marine layer is used to study topographically forced mesoscale variability off coastal California. The model is used to simulate a persistent wind maximum observed near Point Conception during ...
Lee W. Eddington; J. J. O'brien; D. W. Stuart
Polar Mesoscale Cyclones in the Northeast Atlantic: Comparing Climatologies from ERA-40 and Satellite Imagery
Polar mesoscale cyclones over the subarctic are thought to be an important component of the coupled atmosphere�ocean climate system. However, the relatively small scale of these features presents some concern as to their representation in the ...
Alan Condron; Grant R. Bigg; Ian A. Renfrew
Diagnosis of Convective and Mesoscale Motions During Phase IH of Gate
Observational evidence from GATE suggests that a significant fraction of precipitation in tropical disturbances over the eastern Atlantic occurs beneath anvil-type mesoscale convective systems that are frequently associated with intense ...
Richard H. Johnson
Implementation and Validation of a Condensation Scheme in a Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model
In this paper a condensation scheme is implemented in a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (MEMO). An overview of the model and the modified Sundqvist condensation scheme are given. The model, including condensation (MEMOIC), is tested on two well-...
Anne Dagrun Sandvik
Serial Upstream-Propagating Mesoscale Convective System Events over Southeastern South America
Serial mesoscale convective system (MCS) events with lifetimes over 18 h and up to nearly 70 h are routinely observed over southeastern South America from infrared satellite imagery during the spring and summer. These events begin over the ...
Vagner Anabor; David J. Stensrud; Osvaldo L. L. de Moraes
Convective Evolution and Merger in the FACE Experimental Area: Mesoscale Convection and Boundary Layer Interactions
This paper investigates the interactions between the various scales of motion and, specifically, the inter-actions between convection and the surface boundary layer in the development of a mesoscale convective system within the Florida Area ...
John B. Cunning; Ronald L. Holle; Patrick T. Gannon; Andrew I. Watson
On the Use of Mesoscale and Cloud-Scale Models in Operational Forecasting
In the near future, the technological capability will be available to use mesoscale and cloud-scale numerical models for forecasting convective weather in operational meteorology. We address some of the issues concerning effective utilization of ...
Harold E. Brooks; Charles A. Doswell III; Robert A. Maddox
Assimilation of DMSP and TOVS Satellite Soundings in a Mesoscale Model
A modeling investigation explores the impacts of the assimilation of satellite-retrieved soundings on forecast error in the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). Simulations ...
Jordan G. Powers; Kun Gao
The Influence of Coastal Shape on Winter Mesoscale Air-Sea Interaction
In the case of cold air outbreaks, the combination of the coastal shape and the sea surface temperature (SST) pattern is shown to have a profound effect in establishing a low level mesoscale atmospheric circulation as a result of differential ...
David Atlas; Shu-Hsien Chou; William P. Byerly
Simulating Typhoon Floods with Gauge Data and Mesoscale-Modeled Rainfall in a Mountainous Watershed
A physically based distributed hydrological model was applied to simulate typhoon floods over a mountainous watershed in Taiwan. The meteorological forcings include the observed gauge rainfall data and the predicted rainfall data from a mesoscale ...
Ming-Hsu Li; Ming-Jen Yang; Ruitang Soong; Hsiao-Ling Huang
Environment and Evolution of a Cold-Frontal Mesoscale Convective System
Observations from the Oklahoma-Kansas Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-CENTRAL (OK PRE-STORM) have been used to study the evolution and propagation characteristics of a long-lived (?16 h) mesoscale convective system (MCS) that produced ...
Stanley B. Trier; David B. Parsons; John H. E. Clark
The Large-Scale Environments of the Global Populations of Mesoscale Convective Complexes
The mean genesis environment was constructed for each of five mesoscale convective complex (MCC) population centers around the world: Africa, Australia, China, South America, and the United States. It is found that the environments are very ...
A Stochastic Linear Theory of Mesoscale Circulation Induced by the Thermal Heterogeneity of the Land Surface
This paper presents a three-dimensional stochastic linear model of the mesoscale circulation induced by the variability of turbulent sensible heat flux over land surface. The primitive equations relating wind field, geo-potential, and potential ...
Jingfeng Wang; Rafael L. Bars; Elfatih A. B. Eltahir
Tests of an Adjoint Mesoscale Model with Explicit Moist Physics on the Cloud Scale
An adjoint modeling system based upon the Naval Research Laboratory�s Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System�s atmospheric component has been developed. The system includes the adjoint model of the explicit moist physics ...
Clark Amerault; Xiaolei Zou; James Doyle
Evaluation of the NCEP Mesoscale Eta Model Convective Boundary Layer for Air Quality Applications
Atmospheric models are a basic tool for understanding the processes that produce poor air quality, for predicting air quality problems, and for evaluating proposed solutions. At the base of many air quality models is a mesoscale meteorological ...
Wayne M. Angevine; Kenneth Mitchell
Mesoscale Model Simulations of Three Heavy Precipitation Events in the Western Mediterranean Region
A mesoscale numerical model with parameterized moist convection is applied to three cases involving heavy rainfall in the western Mediterranean region. Forecast precipitation fields, although not perfect when compared to the observations of ...
Romualdo Romero; Clemente Ramis; Sergio Alonso; Charles A. Doswell III; David J. Stensrud
A Climatology of the Mesoscale Environment Associated with Heavily Precipitating Events over a Northwestern Mediterranean Area
A climatological approach is developed to characterize the mesoscale environment in which heavily precipitating events (HPEs) grow over a mountainous Mediterranean area. This climatology that is based on three-dimensional variational data ...
Didier Ricard; V�ronique Ducrocq; Ludovic Auger
Spatial Variability of Liquid Water Path in Marine Low Cloud: The Importance of Mesoscale Cellular Convection
Liquid water path (LWP) mesoscale spatial variability in marine low cloud over the eastern subtropical oceans is examined using two months of daytime retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the NASA Terra ...
Robert Wood; Dennis L. Hartmann
Mesoscale Energy Spectra of Mei-Yu Front System. Part I: Kinetic Energy Spectra
The mesoscale kinetic energy (KE) spectra of Mei-Yu front system are investigated through idealized numerical simulations. In the mature stage, the upper tropospheric KE spectrum resembles a -3 power law for wavelengths between 1000 and 400 km and ...
Jun Peng; Lifeng Zhang; Yu Luo; Yun Zhang
The Impact of Nonsynoptic Sampling on Mesoscale Oceanographic Surveys with Towed Instruments
Mesoscale ocean features, such as eddies and frontal meanders, have temporal and spatial scales that are poorly resolved by conventional surveying methods such as moorings and CTD casts. Towed instruments provide a method of measuring ...
P. A. Matthews
Mesoscale Subduction at the Antarctic Polar Front Driven by Baroclinic Instability
A study of mesoscale subduction at the Antarctic Polar Front (PF) is conducted by use of hydrographic data from a high-resolution, quasi-synoptic survey of the front. The geostrophic velocity and isopycnal potential vorticity (PV) fields are ...
Alberto C. Naveira Garabato; Harry Leach; John T. Allen; Raymond T. Pollard; Volker H. Strass
Numerical Simulation of a Tropical Mesoscale Convective System Using the Arakawa-Schubert Cumulus Parameterization
As an extension of the work presented in an accompanying paper of Kao and Ogura, the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization scheme is examined prognostically in a modeling study of the evolution of a convectively driven tropical mesoscale ...
Yoshi Ogura; Chih-Yue Jim Kao
The Impact of Crop Areas in Northeast Colorado on Midsummer Mesoscale Thermal Circulations
The present study provides a preliminary evaluation of mesoscale circulations forced by surface gradients of heating arising from irrigated areas adjacent to dry land, utilizing a combination of satellite, observational, and modeling approaches. ...
M. Segal; J. R. Garratt; R. A. Pielke; W. E. Schreiber; A. Rodi; G. Kallos; J. Weaver
A Subtropical Oceanic Mesoscale Convective Vortex Observed during SoWMEX/TiMREX
This study examines a subtropical oceanic mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) that occurred from 1800 UTC 4 June to 1200 UTC 6 June 2008 during intensive observing period (IOP) 6 of the Southwest Monsoon Experiment (SoWMEX) and the Terrain-...
Hsiao-Wei Lai; Christopher A. Davis; Ben Jong-Dao Jou
Inertial Instability and Mesoscale Convective Systems. part II. Symmetric CISK in a Baroclinic Flow
Numerous budget studies of organized persistent systems of convective clouds outside the tropics suggest that circulations of mesoscale proportions are important in supplying moisture to the convective clouds, though the dynamical nature of ...
Kerry A. Emanuel
Global Variability of Mesoscale Convective System Anvil Structure from A-Train Satellite Data
Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the tropics produce extensive anvil clouds, which significantly affect the transfer of radiation. This study develops an objective method to identify MCSs and their anvils by combining data from three A-...
Jian Yuan; Robert A. Houze Jr.
Enhancement of Mesoscale Eddy Stirring at Steering Levels in the Southern Ocean
Meridional cross sections of effective diffusivity in the Southern Ocean are presented and discussed. The effective diffusivity, K[subscript eff], characterizes the rate at which mesoscale eddies stir properties on interior ...
Marshall, John C.
The Contribution of Mesoscale Convective Complexes to Rainfall across Subtropical South America
This study uses a database consisting of 330 austral warm-season (October�May) mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) during 1998�2007 to determine the contribution of MCCs to rainfall across subtropical South America (SSA). A unique precipitation ...
Joshua D. Durkee; Thomas L. Mote; J. Marshall Shepherd
Bottom-Enhanced Diapycnal Mixing Driven by Mesoscale Eddies: Sensitivity to Wind Energy Supply
It has been estimated that much of the wind energy input to the ocean general circulation is removed by mesoscale eddies via baroclinic instability. While the fate of this energy remains a subject of research, arguments have been presented ...
Geoff J. Stanley; Oleg A. Saenko
The Distinction between Large-Scale and Mesoscale Contribution to Severe Convection: A Case Study Example
Using a case study of a relatively modest severe weather event as an example, a framework for understanding the large-scale-mesoscale interaction is developed and discussed. Large-scale processes are limited, by definition, to those which are ...
Charles A. Doswell III
Precipitation and Kinematic Structure of an Oceanic Mesoscale Convective System. Part I: Convective Line Structure
The precipitation, thermodynamic, and kinematic structure of an oceanic mesoscale convective system is studied using airborne Doppler and in situ (flight-level) data collected by the NOAA P-3 aircraft. The system, a well-organized, stationary, ...
David P. Jorgensen; Margaret A. LeMone; Ben Jong-Dao Jou
Development of a Land Surface Model. Part I: Application in a Mesoscale Meteorological Model
Parameterization of land surface processes and consideration of surface inhomogeneities are very important to mesoscale meteorological modeling applications, especially those that provide information for air quality modeling. To provide crucial, ...
Aijun Xiu; Jonathan E. Pleim
A Practical Approach to Sequential Estimation of Systematic Error on Near-Surface Mesoscale Grids
Statistical analysis arguments are used to construct an estimation algorithm for systematic error of near-surface temperatures on a mesoscale grid. The systematic error is defined as the observed running-mean error, and an averaging length of 7 ...
Joshua P. Hacker; Daran L. Rife
A Mesoscale Gravity Wave Event Observed during CCOPE. Part III: Wave Environment and Probable Source Mechanisms
Synoptic and special mesoscale observations taken during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) are used to describe the multiscale environment of a gravity wave event, understand the wave-environment interactions that led to ...
Steven E. Koch; Paul B. Dorian
The Role of Mesoscale Features in a Wintertime Great Lakes Cyclone
An analysis documenting the role of synoptic and surface mesoscale features in a cyclone has been conducted to determine the physical processes responsible for a large snowfall observed over south-central Wisconsin on 25 January 1988. Synoptic ...
Steven R. Silberberg
Relationships between Lightning Location and Polarimetric Radar Signatures in a Small Mesoscale Convective System
On 19 June 2004, the Thunderstorm Electrification and Lightning Experiment observed electrical, microphysical, and kinematic properties of a small mesoscale convective system (MCS). The primary observing systems were the Oklahoma Lightning ...
Nicole R. Lund; Donald R. MacGorman; Terry J. Schuur; Michael I. Biggerstaff; W. David Rust
Water and Energy Budgets of a Florida Mesoscale Convective System: A Combined Observational and Modeling Study
Mesoscale water and energy budgets are diagnosed for a squall line during the Convection and Precipitation Electrification Experiment and combined with the results of the two-dimensional Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. The fine temporal and ...
J. Halverson; M. Garstang; J. Scala; W-K. Tao
Effects of Different Rain Parameterizations on the Simulation of Mesoscale Orographic Precipitation
A detailed comparison is made between the results obtained from two microphysical parameterizations capable of simulating cloud and precipitation processes in a mesoscale model. The behavior of each microphysical scheme is first investigated in ...
Evelyne Richard; Nadine Chaumerliac
Influence of Mesoscale Dynamics and Turbulence on Fine Dust Transport in Owens Valley
Fine dust particles emitted from Owens (dry) Lake in California documented during the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) of 2006 have been examined using surface observations and a mesoscale aerosol model. Air quality stations around Owens (...
Qingfang Jiang; Ming Liu; James D. Doyle
Mesoscale Convective Systems over Western Equatorial Africa and Their Relationship to Large-Scale Circulation
This study examines mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over western equatorial Africa using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. This region experiences some of the world�s most intense thunderstorms and highest ...
Brian Jackson; Sharon E. Nicholson; Douglas Klotter
Space and Time Scales of Mesoscale Motions in the Eastern North Atlantic
The Tourbillon experiment carried out in 1979�80 over the Porcupine Abyssal Plain in the eastern North Atlantic is the fist experiment providing data that allow an efficient description of the spatial structure of the mesoscale low-frequency ...
Herl� Mercier; Alain Colin De Verdi�re
Mapping the Oceanic Mesoscale Circulation: Validation of Satellite Altimetry Using Surface Drifters
This study aims to show that Lagrangian surface drifters are a suitable means of validating the mapping of oceanic mesoscale circulation by satellite altimetry. Tests are done using Geosat data to simulate drifter trajectories in the Azores-...
P. Y. Le Traon; F. Hernandez
QNH: Design and Test of a Quasi-Nonhydrostatic Model for Mesoscale Weather Prediction
A new mesoscale weather prediction model, called QNH, is described. It is characterized by a parameter that multiplies the hydrostatic terms in the vertical equation of motion. Models of this type are referred to generically as �quasi-...
A. E. MacDonald; J. L. Lee; S. Sun
The Importance of Understanding Mesoscale Model Parameterization Schemes for Weather Forecasting
A severe weather outbreak that occurred on 21�23 November 1992 in the southern United States is used to illustrate how an understanding of model parameterization schemes can help in the evaluation and utilization of mesoscale model output. ...
John V. Cortinas Jr.; David J. Stensrud
Evaluations of Mesoscale Models' Simulations of Near-Surface Winds, Temperature Gradients, and Mixing Depths
Mesoscale meteorological models are being used to provide inputs of winds, vertical temperature and stability structure, mixing depths, and other parameters to atmospheric transport and dispersion models. An evaluation methodology is suggested ...
Steven R. Hanna; Ruixin Yang
Model Uncertainty in a Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System: Stochastic versus Multiphysics Representations
A multiphysics and a stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter scheme are employed to represent model uncertainty in a mesoscale ensemble prediction system using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Both model-error schemes lead to significant ...
J. Berner; S.-Y. Ha; J. P. Hacker; A. Fournier; C. Snyder
Mesoscale Generation of Available Potential Energy in the Warm Sector of an Extratropical Cyclone
Generation of available potential energy (APE) is computed for the warm sector of an extratropical cyclone containing intense convection. Three hourly mesoscale rawinsonde data from the 10�11 April day of AVESESAME 1979 are used to evaluate ...
Henry E. Fuelberg; Mark G. Ruminski; David O'C. Starr
Some Effects of Different Cloud Parameterizations in a Mesoscale Model and a Chemistry Transport Model
Chemistry transport models often ignore the cloud parameters that can be provided by meteorological pre-processors like mesoscale meteorological models. They often recalculate these parameters with algorithms that differ from those used in the ...
Nicole M�lders; Heinz Hass; Hermann J. Jakobs; Manfred Laube; Adolf Ebel
Assessment of the Aviation Weather Center Global Forecasts of Mesoscale Convective Systems*
This paper examines the precision of location and top height of mesoscale convective systems, as forecast by the Aviation Weather Center (AWC). The examination was motivated by the Mediterranean Israeli Dust Experiment (MEIDEX) on the space ...
Baruch Ziv; Yoav Yair; Karin Presman; Martin F�llekrug
Using Precipitation Observations in a Mesoscale Short-Range Ensemble Analysis and Forecasting System
A simple method to assimilate precipitation data from a synthesis of radar and gauge data is developed to operate alongside an ensemble Kalman filter that assimilates hourly surface observations. The mesoscale ensemble forecast system consists of ...
Tadashi Fujita; David J. Stensrud; David C. Dowell
Two Types of Vertical Electrical Structures in Stratiform Precipitation Regions of Mesoscale Convective Systems
Electric field (E) soundings in the stratiform regions and transition zones of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are reported. Most of the E soundings were made during the 1991 Cooperative Oklahoma Profiler Studies (COPS-91). Multiple E ...
Thomas C. Marshall; W. David Rust
Machining, Assembly, and Characterization of a Meso-Scale Double Shell Target
Several issues related to the manufacture of precision meso-scale assemblies have been identified as part of an effort to fabricate an assembly consisting of machined polymer hemispherical shells and machined aerogel. The assembly, a double shell laser target, is composed of concentric spherical layers that were machined on a lathe and then assembled. This production effort revealed several meso-scale manufacturing techniques that worked well, such as the machining of aerogel with cutting tools to form low density structures, and the development of an assembly manipulator that allows control of the assembly forces to within a few milliNewtons. Limitations on the use of vacuum chucks for meso-scale components were also identified. Many of the lessons learned in this effort are not specific to double shell targets and may be relevant to the production of other meso-scale devices.
Bono, M J; Hibbard, R L
Satellite Radiance Assimilation in the JMA Operational Mesoscale 4D-Var System
The direct radiance assimilation scheme used in the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) global analysis system is applied to the JMA mesoscale 4-dimensional variational (4D-Var) system with two modifications. First, the data thinning distance is ...
Masahiro Kazumori
The Influence of Mesoscale Orography on a Coastal Jet and Rainband
The role of mesoscale orography along the central California coast in the development and evolution of a coastal jet and rainband is investigated using a high-resolution, triply nested, nonhydrostatic numerical model. Comparison of the model ...
James D. Doyle
Mesoscale Features Associated with Tropical Cyclone Formations in the Western North Pacific
The mesoscale features of 124 tropical cyclone formations in the western North Pacific Ocean during 1999�2004 are investigated through large-scale analyses, satellite infrared brightness temperature (TB), and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) ...
Cheng-Shang Lee; Kevin K. W. Cheung; Jenny S. N. Hui; Russell L. Elsberry
Mesoscale Convective Vortex Formation in a Weakly Sheared Moist Neutral Environment
Idealized simulations of a diabatic Rossby vortex (DRV) in an initially moist neutral baroclinic environment are performed using the fifth-generation National Center for Atmospheric Research�Pennsylvania State University (NCAR�PSU) Mesoscale ...
Robert J. Conzemius; Richard W. Moore; Michael T. Montgomery; Christopher A. Davis
Evaluation of an Urban Canopy Parameterization in a Mesoscale Model Using VTMX and URBAN 2000 Data
A modified urban canopy parameterization (UCP) is developed and evaluated in a three-dimensional mesoscale model to assess the urban impact on surface and lower-atmospheric properties. This parameterization accounts for the effects of building ...
Hung-Neng S. Chin; Martin J. Leach; Gayle A. Sugiyama; John M. Leone Jr.; Hoyt Walker; J. S. Nasstrom; Michael J. Brown
Formation of Mesoscale Lines of Pirecipitation: Severe Squall Lines in Oklahoma during the Spring
Four distinct kinds of severe, mesoscale convective-line development are identified in Oklahoma during the spring based on the analysis of an 11-year period of reflectivity data from the National Severe Storms Laboratory's 10-cm radar in Norman, ...
Howard B. Bluestein; Michael H. Jain
A Long-Lived Mesoscale Convective Complex. Part I: The Mountain�Generated Component
Using data collected during Colorado State University's South Park Area Cumulus Experiment in 1977, a sequence of multi-scale convective events leading to the formation of a mesoscale convective complex is described. In the first phase, surface-...
William R. Cotton; Raymond L. George; Peter J. Wetzel; Ray L. McAnelly
Passive Microwave Observations of the Stratiform Regions of Two Tropical Oceanic Mesoscale Convective Systems
High-resolution passive microwave observations within the stratiform regions of two different tropical oceanic mesoscale convective systems are investigated in detail. The observations were obtained from the Advanced Microwave Precipitation ...
Gary McGaughey; Edward J. Zipser
An Upper Boundary Condition Permitting Internal Gravity Wave Radiation in Numerical Mesoscale Models
A radiative upper boundary condition is proposed for numerical mesoscale models which allows vertically propagating internal gravity waves to pass out of the computational domain with minimal reflection. In this formulation, the pressure along ...
Joseph B. Klemp; Dale R. Durran
Assimilation of Visible-Band Satellite Data for Mesoscale Forecasting in Cloudy Conditions
Assimilation of satellite data can enhance the ability of a mesoscale modeling system to produce accurate short-term forecasts of clouds and precipitation, but only if there is a mechanism for the satellite-derived information to propagate ...
Alan E. Lipton; George D. Modica
The Role of Momentum Transport in the Motion of a Quasi-Idealized Mesoscale Convective System
Momentum transport is examined in a simulated midlatitude mesoscale convective system (MCS) to investigate its contribution to MCS motion. Momentum budgets are computed using model output to quantify the role of specific processes in determining ...
Kelly M. Mahoney; Gary M. Lackmann; Matthew D. Parker
Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Mesoscale Circulations Induced by the Thermal Heterogeneities of Land Surface
Mesoscale circulations forced by a random distribution of surface sensible heat flux have been investigated using a three-dimensional numerical model. The complex land surface is modeled as a homogeneous random field characterized by a spectral ...
Jingfeng Wang; Elfatih A. B. Eltahir; Rafael L. Bras
Mesoscale Frequencies and Seasonal Snowfalls for Different Types of Lake Michigan Snow Storms
Members of the Cloud Physics Laboratory, University of Chicago, have identified three different mesoscale organization patterns of lake-effect snow storms over Lake Michigan: multiple wind-parallel bands, single midlake bands, and single ...
Robert D. Kelly
Mesoscale Boundary Layer Evolution over Complex Terrain. Part I. Numerical Simulation of the Diurnal Cycle
The continuous development of a meso-?-scale boundary layer over sloping terrain upwind of a high mountain barrier was simulated through a complete diurnal cycle using a nonhydrostatic boundary-layer model. The simulation detailed the evolution ...
David C. Bader; Thomas B. McKee; Gregory J. Tripoli
Mesoscale Modeling and Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation in Areas of Highly Complex Terrain
A multiscale four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) technique, based on Newtonian relaxation, is incorporated into a mesoscale model and evaluated using meteorological and tracer data collected during the Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain ...
J. D. Fast
Dynamical Analysis of the Boundary Layer and Surface Wind Responses to Mesoscale SST Perturbations
The dynamical response of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) to mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations is investigated over the Agulhas Return Current during winter from a 1-month, high-resolution, three-dimensional ...
Larry W. O�Neill; Steven K. Esbensen; Nicolai Thum; Roger M. Samelson; Dudley B. Chelton
A Shallow-Convection Parameterization for Mesoscale Models. Part I: Submodel Description and Preliminary Applications
A shallow-convection parameterization suitable for both marine and continental regimes is developed for use in mesoscale models. The scheme is closely associated with boundary layer turbulence processes and can transition to either a deep-...
Aijun Deng; Nelson L. Seaman; John S. Kain
Effects of Initial and Boundary Conditions of Mesoscale Models on Simulated Atmospheric Refractivity
Radar ducting is caused by sharp vertical changes in temperature and, especially, water vapor at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer, both of which are sensitive to variations in the underlying surface conditions, local mesoscale weather, ...
Changgui Wang; Damian Wilson; Tracy Haack; Peter Clark; Humphrey Lean; Robert Marshall
The Use of Surface Observations in Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation Using a Mesoscale Model
A system for the frequent intermittent assimilation of surface observations into a mesoscale model is described. The assimilation begins by transforming the surface observations to model coordinates. Next, the lowest-level model fields of ...
Frank H. Ruggiero; Keith D. Sashegyi; Rangarao V. Madala; Sethu Raman
A Study of Rainfall Interception Using a 1And Surface Parameterization for Mesoscale Meteorological Models
Rainfall interception by vegetation canopies is studied using a parameterization of land surface Processes for mesoscale meteorological models. The interception scheme allows for a single vegetation canopy, and manages interception through a ...
Jean-Fran�ois Mahfouf; Bruno Jacquemin
Mesoscale Features and Cloud Organization on 10�12 December 1978 over the South China Sea
Aircraft data from Winter MONEX have been combined with other data to study mesoscale features, and organization of cumulus clouds, on 10�12 December 1978. A moderate cold surge in the northeasterly monsoon flow, toward cloudiness in an ...
Charles Warner
Three Examples of Fair-Weather Mesoscale Boundary-Layer Convection in the Tropics
Evidence indicates that fair-weather to towering cumulus clouds over the East Atlantic Ocean during GATE were frequently organized into mesoscale structures. Three examples of such structures are examined, using gust-probe aircraft data collected ...
Margaret A. LeMone; Rebecca J. Meitin
Numerical Investigation of Mesoscale Circulations over the Los Angeles Basin. Part I. A Verification Study
This paper describes some improvements to the Colorado State University mesoscale model and the evaluation of the model's accuracy in simulating airflows in the Los Angeles Basin. Model output was compared with observations taken on two ...
Brian L. Ulrickson; Clifford F. Mass
Design of a high-speed, meso-scale nanopositioners driven by electromagnetic actuators
The purpose of this thesis is to generate the design and fabrication knowledge that is required to engineer high-speed, six-axis, meso-scale nanopositioners that are driven by electromagnetic actuators. When compared to ...
Golda, Dariusz, 1979-
Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS): A Case Study from the 2000�01 Field Season
To support the forecasting needs of the United States Antarctic Program at McMurdo, Antarctica, a special numerical weather prediction program, the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS), was established for the 2000�01 field season. AMPS ...
David H. Bromwich; Andrew J. Monaghan; Jordan G. Powers; John J. Cassano; He-Lin Wei; Ying-Hwa Kuo; Andrea Pellegrini
Total Lightning Characteristics Relative to Radar and Satellite Observations of Oklahoma Mesoscale Convective Systems
The advent of regional very high frequency (VHF) Lightning Mapping Arrays (LMAs) makes it possible to begin analyzing trends in total lightning characteristics in ensembles of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Flash initiations observed by the ...
Jeffrey A. Makowski; Donald R. MacGorman; Michael I. Biggerstaff; William H. Beasley
An Optimal Filter for Geostrophic Mesoscale Currents from Along-Track Satellite Altimetry
An optimal difference operator is derived for smoothing along-track sea surface height measurements from satellite altimeters and computing geostrophic surface currents at or below ocean mesoscale wavelengths with second-order approximation ...
Brian S. Powell; Robert R. Leben
Cloud Shading Retrieval and Assimilation in a Satellite-Model Coupled Mesoscale Analysis System
A retrieval-assimilation method has been developed as a quantitative means to exploit the information in satellite imagery regarding shading of the ground by clouds, as applied to mesoscale weather analysis. Cloud radiative parameters are ...
Alan E. Lipton
Mesoscale Simulation of Supercritical, Subcritical, and Transcritical Flow along Coastal Topography
A mesoscale atmospheric model is used to address the characteristics of stratified flow bounded by a side wall along a varying coastline. Initial Froude number values are varied through alteration of marine inversion strength, permitting ...
Stephen D. Burk; Tracy Haack; R. M. Samelson
Intercomparison of Mesoscale Model Simulations of the Daytime Valley Wind System
Three-dimensional simulations of the daytime thermally induced valley wind system for an idealized valley�plain configuration, obtained from nine nonhydrostatic mesoscale models, are compared with special emphasis on the evolution of the along-...
Juerg Schmidli; Brian Billings; Fotini K. Chow; Stephan F. J. de Wekker; James Doyle; Vanda Grubi�i?; Teddy Holt; Qiangfang Jiang; Katherine A. Lundquist; Peter Sheridan; Simon Vosper; C. David Whiteman; Andrzej A. Wyszogrodzki; G�nther Z�ngl
Mesoscale Convective Complexes Over the United States During 1981� Annual Summary
Satellite images are used to document the life cycles of Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCCs) which occurred over the United States during the warm season months of 1981. These systems were found to exhibit characteristics similar to aspects of ...
R. A. Maddox; D. M. Rodgers; K. W. Howard
A Numerical Study of Stratified Airflow over Mesoscale Heat Sources with Application to Carolina Coastal Frontogenesis
This paper presents the results from a numerical investigation of the responses of stratified airflow to prescribed near-surface mesoscale axisymmetric (circular) and elongated (elliptical) heat sources under uniform basic wind conditions using a ...
Lian Xie; Yuh-Lang Lin
Sources of Mesoscale Variability of Gravity Waves. Part II: Frontal, Convective, and Jet Stream Excitation
We present studies of four cases of mesoscale variance enhancements of horizontal velocity and temperature due to frontal activity, nonfrontal convection, and wind shear. These data were obtained aboard commercial aircraft during the Global ...
David C. Fritts; Gregory D. Nastrom
A Climatology of Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Vortices in the Rapid Update Cycle
Climatological characteristics of mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) occurring in the state of Oklahoma during the late spring and summer of four years are investigated. The MCV cases are selected based on vortex detection by an objective ...
Eric P. James; Richard H. Johnson
Monitoring Mesoscale Convective Cloud Systems Associated with Heavy Storms Using Meteosat Imagery
In this study, an automatic algorithm for monitoring areas of cold cloud tops within mesoscale convective systems that produced floods in Greece is developed. The technique is based on Meteosat infrared and water vapor images. The purpose of the ...
Haralambos Feidas; Constantinos Cartalis
A Numerical Study of a Mesoscale Convective System during TOGA COARE. Part II: Organization
In Part I, the authors presented a successful numerical simulation of the life cycle of a warm-pool mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred on 15 December 1992 during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response ...
Badrinath Nagarajan; M. K. Yau; Da-Lin Zhang
Analysis of a Mesoscale Gravity Wave Event Using Empirical Orthogonal Functions
A method is detailed that filters mesoscale gravity wave signals from synoptic-level observation data using empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). Similar EOF analyses have been used to study many oceanographic and meteorological features by ...
Steven T. Fiorino; James Correia Jr
Observations of Height-dependent Pressure-Perturbation Structure of a Strong Mesoscale Gravity Wave
Airborne observations using a downward-looking, dual-frequency, near-infrared, differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system provide the first measurements of the height-dependent pressure-perturbation field associated with a strong mesoscale ...
David O'C. Starr; C. Laurence Korb; Geary K. Schwemmer; Chi Y. Weng
Interactions between a Developing Mesoscale Convective System and Its Environment. Part II: Numerical Simulation
The 19 July 1993 mesoscale convective system (MCS), discussed in Part I, was simulated using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The model was initialized with variable physiographic and atmospheric data with the goal of reproducing ...
Jason E. Nachamkin; William R. Cotton
The Accuracy of Solar Irradiance Calculations Used in Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction
In this paper, solar irradiance forecasts made by mesoscale numerical weather prediction models are compared with observations taken during three air-quality experiments in various parts of the United States. The authors evaluated the fifth-...
Robert J. Zamora; Ellsworth G. Dutton; Michael Trainer; Stuart A. McKeen; James M. Wilczak; Yu-Tai Hou
Forecasting the Maintenance of Mesoscale Convective Systems Crossing the Appalachian Mountains
Forecasting the maintenance of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is a unique problem in the eastern United States due to the influence of the Appalachian Mountains. At times these systems are able to traverse the terrain and produce severe ...
Casey E. Letkewicz; Matthew D. Parker
Interactions between a Developing Mesoscale Convective System and Its Environment. Part I: Observational Analysis
This paper is the first in a two part series in which the interactions between a growing mesoscale convective system (MCS) and its surrounding environment are investigated. The system studied here developed in northeastern Colorado on 19 July ...
An Isentropic Meso?-Scale Analysis System and Its Sensitivity to Aircraft and Surface Observations
An objective analysis scheme for meteorological variables on constant potential temperature surfaces is presented. The analysis uses a form of multivariate statistical interpolation and is designed th retain mesoscale detail in disparate ...
Stanley G. Benjamin
The research under this project focused on a theoretical and computational modeling of dislocation dynamics of mesoscale deformation of metal single crystals. Specifically, the work aimed to implement a continuum statistical theory of dislocations to understand strain hardening and cell structure formation under monotonic loading. These aspects of crystal deformation are manifestations of the evolution of the underlying dislocation system under mechanical loading. The project had three research tasks: 1) Investigating the statistical characteristics of dislocation systems in deformed crystals. 2) Formulating kinetic equations of dislocations and coupling these kinetics equations and crystal mechanics. 3) Computational solution of coupled crystal mechanics and dislocation kinetics. Comparison of dislocation dynamics predictions with experimental results in the area of statistical properties of dislocations and their field was also a part of the proposed effort. In the first research task, the dislocation dynamics simulation method was used to investigate the spatial, orientation, velocity, and temporal statistics of dynamical dislocation systems, and on the use of the results from this investigation to complete the kinetic description of dislocations. The second task focused on completing the formulation of a kinetic theory of dislocations that respects the discrete nature of crystallographic slip and the physics of dislocation motion and dislocation interaction in the crystal. Part of this effort also targeted the theoretical basis for establishing the connection between discrete and continuum representation of dislocations and the analysis of discrete dislocation simulation results within the continuum framework. This part of the research enables the enrichment of the kinetic description with information representing the discrete dislocation systems behavior. The third task focused on the development of physics-inspired numerical methods of solution of the coupled dislocation kinetics and crystal mechanics framework. To a large extent, this task has also been successfully started. We have developed a custom finite-element approach with mesh points being a subset of the underlying crystal structure. When used to predict the evolution of the dislocation system, the planar motion of dislocations is naturally captured for all slip systems, thus minimizing numerical errors and providing simple ways to investigate cross slip and dislocation reactions. Preliminary results in this direction show that we are closer than ever in building a predictive framework for dislocation dynamics and mesoscale plasticity based on the first principles of dislocation dynamics. The rest of the report gives and overview of the research performed under this project and highlights the key results and open questions left for future investigations.
Anter El-Azab
Mesoscale assembly of NiO nanosheets into spheres
NiO solid/hollow spheres with diameters about 100 nm have been successfully synthesized through thermal decomposition of nickel acetate in ethylene glycol at 200 deg. C. These spheres are composed of nanosheets about 3-5 nm thick. Introducing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) surfactant to reaction system can effectively control the products' morphology. By adjusting the quantity of PVP, we accomplish surface areas-tunable NiO assembled spheres from {approx}70 to {approx}200 m{sup 2} g{sup -1}. Electrochemical tests show that NiO hollow spheres deliver a large discharge capacity of 823 mA h g{sup -1}. Furthermore, these hollow spheres also display a slow capacity-fading rate. A series of contrastive experiments demonstrate that the surface area of NiO assembled spheres has a noticeable influence on their discharge capacity. - Graphical abstract: The mesoscale assembly of NiO nanosheets into spheres have been achieved by a solvothermal method. N{sub 2} adsorption/desorption isotherms show the S{sub BET} of NiO is tunable. NiO spheres show large discharge capacity and slow capacity-fading rate.
Zhang Meng, E-mail: email@example.com [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007 (China); Yan Guojin; Hou Yonggai; Wang Chunhua [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007 (China)
Mesoscale and Large-Eddy Simulations for Wind Energy
Operational wind power forecasting, turbine micrositing, and turbine design require high-resolution simulations of atmospheric flow over complex terrain. The use of both Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) and large-eddy (LES) simulations is explored for wind energy applications using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. To adequately resolve terrain and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer, grid nesting is used to refine the grid from mesoscale to finer scales. This paper examines the performance of the grid nesting configuration, turbulence closures, and resolution (up to as fine as 100 m horizontal spacing) for simulations of synoptically and locally driven wind ramping events at a West Coast North American wind farm. Interestingly, little improvement is found when using higher resolution simulations or better resolved turbulence closures in comparison to observation data available for this particular site. This is true for week-long simulations as well, where finer resolution runs show only small changes in the distribution of wind speeds or turbulence intensities. It appears that the relatively simple topography of this site is adequately resolved by all model grids (even as coarse as 2.7 km) so that all resolutions are able to model the physics at similar accuracy. The accuracy of the results is shown in this paper to be more dependent on the parameterization of the land-surface characteristics such as soil moisture rather than on grid resolution.
Marjanovic, N
Chromatin ionic atmosphere analyzed by a mesoscale electrostatic approach
ABSTRACT Characterizing the ionic distribution around chromatin is important for understanding the electrostatic forces governing chromatin structure and function. Here we develop an electrostatic model to handle multivalent ions and compute the ionic distribution around a mesoscale chromatin model as a function of conformation, number of nucleosome cores, and ionic strength and species using Poisson-Boltzmann theory. This approach enables us to visualize and measure the complex patterns of counterion condensation around chromatin by examining ionic densities, free energies, shielding charges, and correlations of shielding charges around the nucleosome core and various oligonucleosome conformations. We show that: counterions, especially divalent cations, predominantly condense around the nucleosomal and linker DNA, unburied regions of histone tails, and exposed chromatin surfaces; ionic screening is sensitively influenced by local and global conformations, with a wide ranging net nucleosome core screening charge (56�100e); and screening charge correlations reveal conformational flexibility and interactions among chromatin subunits, especially between the histone tails and parental nucleosome cores. These results provide complementary and detailed views of ionic effects on chromatin structure for modest computational resources. The electrostatic model developed here is applicable to other coarse-grained macromolecular complexes.
Hin Hark Gan; Tamar Schlick
Interpreting Temperature Strain Data from Meso-Scale Clathrate Experiments
Gas hydrates are important in global climate change, carbon sequestra- tion, and seafloor stability. Currently, formation and dissociation pathways are poorly defined. We present a new approach for processing large amounts of data from meso-scale experiments, such as the LUNA distributed sensing system (DSS) in the seafloor process simulator (SPS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The DSS provides a proxy for temperature measurement with a high spatial resolution allowing the heat of reaction during gas hydrate formation/dissociation to aid in locating clathrates in the vessel. The DSS fibers are placed in the sediment following an Archimedean spiral design and then the position of each sensor is solved by iterating over the arc length formula with Newtons method. The data is then gridded with 1 a natural neighbor interpolation algorithm to allow contouring of the data. The solution of the sensor locations is verified with hot and cold stimulus in known locations. An experiment was preformed with a vertically split column of sand and silt. The DSS system clearly showed hydrate forming in the sand first, then slowly creeping into the silt. Similar systems and data processing techniques could be used for monitoring of hydrates in natural environments or in any situation where a hybrid temperature/strain index is useful. Further ad- vances in fiber technology allow the fiber to be applied in any configuration and the position of each sensor to be precisely determined making practical applications easier.
Leeman, John R [ORNL; Rawn, Claudia J [ORNL; Ulrich, Shannon M [ORNL; Elwood Madden, Megan [University of Oklahoma, Norman; Phelps, Tommy Joe [ORNL
Mesoscale predictability of an extreme warm-season precipitation event
During the period of June 29 through July 6, 2002, an extreme precipitation event occurred over Texas, resulting in catastrophic flooding. Operational forecasts performed poorly, neither predicting the copious amounts of rain nor its longevity. The Penn State University/NCAR Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) was used to conduct predictability experiments, which follow closely to the research conducted by Zhang et al. A control simulation initialized at 00Z 1 July is established over a 30-km grid. First, practical predictability experiments are performed by exploring the impacts due to different lead-times, resolution dependence, and different physics parameterizations. Second, intrinsic predictability is investigated by inducing a random temperature perturbation in the initial conditions, followed by numerous simulations with various perturbed initializations. Similar results to those found by Zhang et al. were discovered here: the prominent initial error growth is associated with moist processes leading to convection. Eventually these errors grow from the convective scale to sub-synoptic scale, essentially below 1000 kilometers. This indicates that as the forecast time extends further beyond initialization, the resulting errors will impact forecasts of larger-scale features such as differences in the positioning and intensity of positive PV anomalies and distribution of precipitation from the control simulation.
Odins, Andrew Michael
Mesoscale Convective Vortices in Multiscale, Idealized Simulations: Dependence on Background State, Interdependency with Moist Baroclinic Cyclones, and Comparison with BAMEX Observations
A set of multiscale, nested, idealized numerical simulations of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) was conducted. The purpose of these simulations was to investigate the dependence of MCV development and ...
Robert J. Conzemius; Michael T. Montgomery
The Use of Satellite Imagery and Surface Pressure-Gradient Analysis Modified for Sloping Terrain to Analyze the Mesoscale Events Preceding the Severe Hailstorms of 2 August 1986
Conditions leading up to an outbreak of severe hailstorms in northeast Colorado are examined using satellite and surface data. A persistent mesoscale ridge of surface-high pressure, caused by outflow from a mesoscale- convective system, is seen ...
John F. Weaver; James J. Toth
The impact of agricultural intensification and irrigation on landatmosphere interactions and Indian monsoon precipitation --A mesoscale modeling perspective
and Indian monsoon precipitation -- A mesoscale modeling perspective E.M. Douglas a, , A. Beltrán-Przekurat b: irrigation Indian monsoon Regional Atmospheric Modeling System agriculture Land Use Land Cover Change Using convergence, mesoscale convection, and precipitation patterns over the Indian monsoon region. Four experiments
Niyogi, Dev
and Indian monsoon precipitation -- A mesoscale modeling perspective E.M. Douglas a, , A. Beltrán-Przekurat b Keywords: irrigation Indian monsoon Regional Atmospheric Modeling System agriculture Land Use Land Cover and regional convergence, mesoscale convection, and precipitation patterns over the Indian monsoon region. Four
Douglas, Ellen M.
Mesoscale Modeling During Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment
Mixed-phase arctic stratus clouds are the predominant cloud type in the Arctic (Curry et al. 2000) and through various feedback mechanisms exert a strong influence on the Arctic climate. Perhaps one of the most intriguing of their features is that they tend to have liquid tops that precipitate ice. Despite the fact that this situation is colloidally unstable, these cloud systems are quite long lived - from a few days to over a couple of weeks. It has been hypothesized that mixed-phase clouds are maintained through a balance between liquid water condensation resulting from the cloud-top radiative cooling and ice removal by precipitation (Pinto 1998; Harrington et al. 1999). In their modeling study Harrington et al. (1999) found that the maintenance of this balance depends strongly on the ambient concentration of ice forming nucleus (IFN). In a follow-up study, Jiang et al. (2002), using only 30% of IFN concentration predicted by Meyers et al. (1992) IFN parameterization were able to obtain results similar to the observations reported by Pinto (1998). The IFN concentration measurements collected during the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE), conducted in October 2004 over the North Slope of Alaska and the Beaufort Sea (Verlinde et al. 2005), also showed much lower values then those predicted (Prenne, pers. comm.) by currently accepted ice nucleation parameterizations (e.g. Meyers et al. 1992). The goal of this study is to use the extensive IFN data taken during M-PACE to examine what effects low IFN concentrations have on mesoscale cloud structure and coastal dynamics.
Avramov, A.; Harringston, J.Y.; Verlinde, J.
The Tilt of the Leading Edge of Mesoscale Tropical Convective Lines
The tilt with height of the leading edge of seven mesoscale convective lines in GATE is determined by two independent methods. When averaged over time and along the line axis, the tilt is found to he surprisingly shallow, between 20 and 35 ...
M. A. LeMone; G. M. Barnes; E. J. Szoke; E. J. Zipser
Surface Mesoscale Features as Potential Storm Predictors in the Northern Great Plains�Two Case Studies
Two mesoscale case studies in the semi-arid climate of southeastern Montana were carried out on 1 May and 3 June 1980. I May was an unstable, rainy day with two rain periods over the mesonet area, and 3 June was a potentially unstable day, with a ...
Andr�A. Doneaud; James R. Miller Jr.; David L. Priegnitz; Lakshmana Viswanath
Dynamics of Track Deflection Associated with the Passage of Tropical Cyclones over a Mesoscale Mountain
In this study, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU�NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) was used to simulate Supertyphoon Bilis (in 2000) and Typhoon Toraji (in 2001) in order to investigate the ...
Yuh-Lang Lin; Nicholas C. Witcraft; Ying-Hwa Kuo
An Observational Study of Mesoscale Convective Systems with Heavy Rainfall over the Korean Peninsula
A heavy rainfall event induced by mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) occurred over the middle Korean Peninsula from 25 to 27 July 1996. This heavy rainfall caused a large loss of life and property damage as a result of flash floods and ...
Hyung Woo Kim; Dong Kyou Lee
Fabrication and redesign of a meso-scale six-axis nano-positioner system
The industry's need for low-cost nano-positioners led MIT's Precision Compliant Systems lab to design a system of 10 six-axis meso-scale nano-positioners. They devised a system that could revolutionize the nano-scale ...
Telleria, Maria J
The Impact of Oklahoma's Winter Wheat Belt on the Mesoscale Environment
Oklahoma Mesonet data were used to measure the impact of Oklahoma's winter wheat belt on the mesoscale environment from 1994 to 2001. Statistical analyses of monthly means of near-surface air temperatures demonstrated that 1) a well-defined cool ...
Renee A. McPherson; David J. Stensrud; Kenneth C. Crawford
Impact of Improved Initialization of Mesoscale Features on Convective System Rainfall in 10-km Eta Simulations
A 10-km version of the NCEP Eta Model has been run over a roughly 1000 km � 1000 km domain centered over the upper Midwest for 20 cases where heavy warm season rainfall occurred from mesoscale convective systems to investigate the response of the ...
William A. Gallus Jr.; Moti Segal
Numerical Simulation of the 1981 Sichuan Flood. Part I: Evolution of a Mesoscale Southwest Vortex
During the period 11�15 July 1981, heavy rainfall occurred over the Sichuan Basin in China, resulting in severe floods that took a large toll in human life and property damage. Mesoscale analyses by Kuo, Cheng and Anthes have shown that the flood ...
Ying-Hwa Kuo; Linsheng Cheng; Jian-Wen Bao
Evolution and Structure of the 6�7 May 1985 Mesoscale Convective System and Associated Vortex
Observations collected during the Oklahoma�Kansas PRE-STORM experiment are used to document the evolution and structure of the mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred on 6�7 May 1985. The storm began when a short squall line developed in ...
Edward A. Brandes
The Precipitation Life Cycle of Mesoscale Convective Complexes over the Central United States
The mesoscale convective complex (MCC) is a common and particularly well-organized class of meso-&? scale storm systems over the central United States. As observed by infrared (IR) satellite, the typical MCC's 10�12 h evolution displays a fairly ...
Ray L. McAnelly; William R. Cotton
Mesoscale Budgets of Heat and Moisture in a Convective System over the Central United States
The effect midlatitude organized onvection on its environment is diagnosed through the calculation of mesoscale heat and moisture budgets over a region during the 10�11 April 1979 AYE-SESAME case. The noise level or error at individual points is ...
Ying-Hwa Kuo; Richard A. Anthes
A Long-Lived Mesoscale Convective Complex. Part II: Evolution and Structure of the Mature Complex
An eight-day episode in August 1977 is described, wherein 14 mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) developed in the central United States, including one to the immediate Ice of the Rocky Mountains on each day of the episode. In Part I of this ...
Peter J. Wetzel; William R. Cotton; Ray L. McAnelly
Rigorous evaluation of a soil heat transfer model for mesoscale climate change impact studies
The influence of Climate Change on plant development as well as on carbon and nitrogen cycling in soils is an important research topic for Global Change impact assessment at the regional scale. These changes affect the availability and quality of ground ... Keywords: Energy balance, GLOWA-Danube, Land surface, Mesoscale, Soil temperature
Markus Muerth; Wolfram Mauser
Surface Pressure and Precipitation Life Cycle Characteristics of PRE-STORM Mesoscale Convective Systems
Extensive observations of the May�June 1985 Oklahoma�Kansas Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-Central (OK PRE-STORM) are used to examine the life cycle characteristics of 16 mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). The primary focus is on the ...
Scot M. Loehrer; Richard H. Johnson
The Synoptic Setting and Possible Energy Sources for Mesoscale Wave Disturbances
Thirteen case studies of mesoscale wave disturbances (characterized by either a singular wave of depression or wave packets with periods of 1�4 h, horizontal wavelengths of 50�500 km, and surface pressure perturbation amplitudes of 0.2�7.0 mb) ...
Louis W. Uccellini; Steven E. Koch
Mesoscale Energy Spectra of the Mei-Yu Front System. Part I: Kinetic Energy Spectra
The mesoscale kinetic energy (KE) spectra of the mei-yu front system are investigated through idealized numerical simulations. In the mature stage, the upper-tropospheric KE spectrum resembles a ?3 power law for wavelengths between 1000 and 400 km ...
The Interaction between the Bottom Mixed layer and Mesoscale Motions of the Ocean: A Numerical Study
The interaction between a bottom mixed layer and a mesoscale eddy field is studied using a numerical model of a two-layer quasi-geostrophic fluid above a mixed layer. The height of the mixed layer is assumed to be restricted by stratification. A ...
K. J. Richards
Propagation of Wind Energy into the Deep Ocean through a Fully Turbulent Mesoscale Eddy Field
The authors analyze the 3D propagation of wind-forced near-inertial motions in a fully turbulent mesoscale eddy field with a primitive equation numerical model. Although the wind stress is uniform, the near-inertial motion field quickly becomes ...
Eric Danioux; Patrice Klein; Pascal Rivi�re
Mesoscale Moisture Transport by the Low-Level Jet during the IHOP Field Experiment
Previous studies of the low-level jet (LLJ) over the central Great Plains of the United States have been unable to determine the role that mesoscale and smaller circulations play in the transport of moisture. To address this issue, two aircraft ...
Edward I. Tollerud; Fernando Caracena; Steven E. Koch; Brian D. Jamison; R. Michael Hardesty; Brandi J. McCarty; Christoph Kiemle; Randall S. Collander; Diana L. Bartels; Steven Albers; Brent Shaw; Daniel L. Birkenheuer; W. Alan Brewer
Mesoscale Lake-effect Snowstorms in the Vicinity of Lake Michigan: Linear Theory and Numerical Simulations
Mesoscale lake-effect snowstorms in the vicinity of Lake Michigan are studied by a linear steady-state analytic model and a nonlinear time-dependent numerical model with parameterized subgrid-scale physics. The solutions of the linear model show ...
Hsiao-ming Hsu
A New Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model for Use in Mesoscale Atmospheric Models
A new single-layer urban canopy model for use in mesoscale atmospheric models is developed and validated. The urban canopy model represents a built-up area as a street canyon, two facing buildings, and a road. In this model, the two facing walls ...
Young-Hee Ryu; Jong-Jin Baik; Sang-Hyun Lee
Real-Time Forecasting for the Antarctic: An Evaluation of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS)
In response to the need for improved weather prediction capabilities in support of the U.S. Antarctic Program�s field operations, the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) was implemented in October 2000. AMPS employs the Polar MM5, a ...
David H. Bromwich; Andrew J. Monaghan; Kevin W. Manning; Jordan G. Powers
Dynamics and Prediction of a Mesoscale Extreme Rain Event in the Baiu Front over Kyushu, Japan
A high-resolution version of the limited-area primitive equations model of the Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre is used to investigate the dynamics and prediction of the mesoscale, extreme rain event of 1 August 1993 over Kyushu. The model ...
Noel E. Davidson; Kazuo Kurihara; Teruyuki Kato; Graham Mills; Kamal Puri
Mesoscale Model Simulation of the 4�5 January 1995 Lake-Effect Snowstorm
The Pennsylvania State University�NCAR Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5), running on a triply nested grid, was used to simulate the intense lake-effect snowstorm of 4�5 January 1995. On the finest grid (5-km resolution) centered over Lake Ontario, ...
Robert J. Ballentine; Alfred J. Stamm; Eugene E. Chermack; Gregory P. Byrd; Donald Schleede
Recognition of Negative Mesoscale Factors for Severe-Weather Potential: A Case Study
The case of 7�8 June 1998 in eastern New Mexico and western Texas is used to illustrate the challenge of recognizing possible negative effects created by mesoscale processes. In this case, a region of cloud-covered cool air (which was associated ...
Charles A. Doswell III; Donald V. Baker; Charlie A. Liles
A Rapidly Deployable Operational Mesoscale Modeling System for Emergency-Response Applications
An operational mesoscale model�based forecasting system has been developed for use by U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command meteorologists in their support of test-range operations. This paper reports on the adaptation of this system to permit ...
Thomas T. Warner; James F. Bowers; Scott P. Swerdlin; Brian A. Beitler
A Numerical Study of a Mesoscale Convective System during TOGA COARE. Part I: Model Description and Verification
A 16-h numerical simulation of the growing and mature stages of the 15 December 1992 Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) mesoscale convective system (MCS) is performed to demonstrate the ...
UNIWIPP: A University of Illinois Field Experiment to Investigate the Structure of Mesoscale Precipitation in Winter Storms
To obtain a better understanding of the role of synoptic-scale disturbances in organizing masoscale precipitation in the midwestern United States during the winter season, and to address scientific issues regarding mesoscale dynamics of winter ...
Mohan K. Ramamurthy; Robert M. Rauber; Brian P. Collins; Michael T. Shields; Patrick C. Kennedy; Wallace L. Clark
Investigations of a Winter Mountain Storm in Utah. Part I: Synoptic Analyses, Mesoscale Kinematics, and Water Release Rates
A winter storm passing across the north�south-orientated Tushar Mountains in southwest Utah is investigated in this multipart paper. This Part I describes the evolving synoptic pattern, mesoscale kinematics, and calculated water release rates (...
Alexis B. Long; Arlen W. Huggins; Bernard A. Campistron
An Intense, Quasi-Steady Thunderstorm over Mountainous Terrain. Part I: Evolution of the Storm-Initiating Mesoscale Circulation
A detailed, multisensor case study of mesoscale convective storms occurring in summer over the central and eastern Colorado Rockies is presented. This case study uses data obtained during the 1977 South Park Area Cumulus Experiment (SPACE) from ...
W. R. Cotton; R. L. George; K. R. Knupp
Comparing the Convective Structure and Microphysics in Two Sahelian Mesoscale Convective Systems: Radar Observations and CRM Simulations
Two mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) observed during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) experiment are simulated using the three-dimensional (3D) Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. This study was undertaken to determine the ...
Nick Guy; Xiping Zeng; Steven A. Rutledge; Wei-Kuo Tao
Comparison between Low-Flash and Non-Lightning-Producing Convective Areas within a Mature Mesoscale Convective System
Two small multicellular convective areas within a larger mesoscale convective system that occurred on 20 June 2004 were examined to assess vertical motion, radar reflectivity, and dual-polarimetric signatures between flash and non-flash-producing ...
Jennifer L. Palucki; Michael I. Biggerstaff; Donald R. MacGorman; Terry Schuur
Electrification of Stratiform Regions in Mesoscale Convective Systems. Part II: Two-Dimensional Numerical Model Simulations of a Symmetric MCS
Model simulations of a symmetric mesoscale convective system (MCS; observations discussed in Part I) were conducted using a 2D, time-dependent numerical model with bulk microphysics. A number of charging mechanisms were considered based on ...
Terry J. Schuur; Steven A. Rutledge
The Use and Analysis of Profiler Winds to Derive Mesoscale Height and Temperature Fields: Simulation and Real-Data Experiments
Conventional synoptic rawinsonde data do not have a fine enough temporal or spatial resolution to accurately resolve mesoscale features. Profiling networks are one potential source of these data although they provide only wind information. A ...
Jennifer M. Cram; Michael L. Kaplan; Craig A. Mattocks; John W. Zack
A Comparison of Simple and Complex Treatments of Surface Hydrology and Thermodynamics Suitable for Mesoscale Atmospheric Models
Alternative treatments of the hydrologic and thermodynamic processes at the earth's surface within a mesoscale model are discussed in this study. Specifically, the question of under what circumstances it is necessary to use a complex surface ...
Mercedes N. Lakhtakia; Thomas T. Warner
Feasibility of the Direct Method to Solve the Anelastic Pressure Equation in Nonhydrostatic Two-Dimensional Mesoscale Models
For anelastic nonhydrostatic mesoscale models, the pressure has to be solved from the Poisson partial differential equation. This can be done in various ways. Here the usually neglected direct method is compared to widely used (iterative) ...
Antoon Meesters
Assessing Advances in the Assimilation of Radar Data and Other Mesoscale Observations within a Collaborative Forecasting�Research Environment
The impacts of assimilating radar data and other mesoscale observations in real-time, convection-allowing model forecasts were evaluated during the spring seasons of 2008 and 2009 as part of the Hazardous Weather Test Bed Spring Experiment ...
John S. Kain; Ming Xue; Michael C. Coniglio; Steven J. Weiss; Fanyou Kong; Tara L. Jensen; Barbara G. Brown; Jidong Gao; Keith Brewster; Kevin W. Thomas; Yunheng Wang; Craig S. Schwartz; Jason J. Levit
Initial Results from a Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System and Comparisons with the AVE-SESAME I Data Set
The development of a comprehensive mesoscale atmospheric simulation system (MASS) is described in detail. The modeling system is designed for both research and real-time forecast applications. The 14-level numerical model, which has a 48 km grid ...
Michael L. Kaplan; John W. Zack; Vince C. Wong; James J. Tuccillo
Numerical Study of an Observed Orogenic Mesoscale Convective System. Part 1: Simulated Genesis and Comparison with Observations
The interaction of topographically induced thermally and mechanically driven diurnal flow regimes in the lee of the Rockies is shown to lead to the growth of a mesoscale convective system (MCS). An organic MCS observed during the 1977 combined ...
Gregory J. Tripoli; William R. Cotton
Probabilistic Evaluation of the Dynamics and Predictability of the Mesoscale Convective Vortex of 10�13 June 2003
This study examines the dynamics and predictability of the mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) of 10�13 June 2003 through ensemble forecasting. The MCV of interest developed from a preexisting upper-level disturbance over the southwest United ...
Daniel P. Hawblitzel; Fuqing Zhang; Zhiyong Meng; Christopher A. Davis
The Life Cycle of a Mesoscale Gravity Wave as Observed by a Network of Doppler Wind Profilers
For the first time, an analysis has been made of the evolving vertical structure of a long-lived mesoscale gravity wave that exerted a strong influence upon the precipitation distribution across a large area. This paper describes this gravity ...
C. Michael Trexler; Steven E. Koch
Tests of an Ensemble Kalman Filter for Mesoscale and Regional-Scale Data Assimilation. Part II: Imperfect Model Experiments
In Part I of this two-part work, the feasibility of using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for mesoscale and regional-scale data assimilation through various observing system simulation experiments was demonstrated assuming a perfect forecast ...
Zhiyong Meng; Fuqing Zhang
Evaluation of a Mesoscale Model with Different Surface Parameterizations and Vertical Resolutions for the Bay of Valencia
Two different setups of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) are used and the results of 71 forecasts are evaluated with a focus on the accuracy of meteorological surface data including wind, temperature, ...
Hinnerk Ries; K. Heinke Schl�nzen
A Study of Cyclone Mesoscale Structure with Emphasis on a Large-Amplitude Inertia�Gravity Wave
An analysis is presented of prominent mesoscale structure in a moderately intense cyclone with emphasis on a long-lived, large-amplitude inertia�gravity wave (IGW) that moved through the northeastern United States on 4 January 1994. Available ...
Lance F. Bosart; W. Edward Bracken; Anton Seimon
Transformed Shoreline-following Horizontal Coordinates in a Mesoscale Model: A Sea?Land-Breeze Case Study
A hydrostatic and incompressible mesoscale model with transformed horizontal coordinates is presented. The model is applied to study the sea-land-breeze circulation over R�o de La Plata. One of the new coordinates is shoreline-following and the ...
Guillermo J. Berri; Mario N. Nu�ez
Mesoscale Variations of the Atmospheric Snow Line over the Northern Sierra Nevada: Multiyear Statistics, Case Study, and Mechanisms
Observations from several mountain ranges reveal that the height of the transition from snowfall to rainfall, the snow line, can intersect the terrain at an elevation hundreds of meters below its elevation in the free air upwind. This mesoscale ...
Justin R. Minder; David E. Kingsmill
Radiative Transfer Simulations Using Mesoscale Cloud Model Outputs: Comparisons with Passive Microwave and Infrared Satellite Observations for Midlatitudes
Real midlatitude meteorological cases are simulated over western Europe with the cloud mesoscale model M�so-NH, and the outputs are used to calculate brightness temperatures at microwave frequencies with the Atmospheric Transmission at Microwave (...
Ingo Meirold-Mautner; Catherine Prigent; Eric Defer; Juan R. Pardo; Jean-Pierre Chaboureau; Jean-Pierre Pinty; Mario Mech; Susanne Crewell
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Mesoscale Water Vapor Retrieved from TOVS Infrared Radiances in a Nocturnal Inversion Situation
Mesoscale moisture fields are retrieved from TOVS (TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder) infrared radiances from two polar-orbiting satellites. A special feature of the retrieval process is the determination of the surface skin temperature ...
Donald W. Hillger
Analysis of Mesoscale Airflow Patterns in the South-Central Coast Air Basin during the SCCCAMP 1985 Intensive Measurement Periods
An analysis of the mesoscale airflow patterns in the south-central coast air basin (SCCAB) was performed using data collected during the 1985 South-Central Coast Cooperative Aerometric Monitoring Program (SCCCAMP). Airflow within the SCCAB is ...
Sharon G. Douglas; Robert C. Kessler
Using Similarity Theory to Parameterize Mesoscale Heat Fluxes Generated by Subgrid-Scale Landscape Discontinuities in GCMs
Similarity theory was used to develop a parameterization of mesoscale heat fluxes induced by landscape discontinuities for large-scale atmospheric models (e.g., general circulation models). For this purpose, Buckingham Pi theory, a systematic ...
Barry H. Lynn; Frank Abramopoulos; Roni Avissar
Impact of a Newtonian Assimilation and Physical Initialization an the Initialization and Prediction by a Tropical Mesoscale Model
This study illustrates the capability of Newtonian nudging and physical initialization in improving the initialized state and forecasts in the Florida State University high-resolution regional tropical mesoscale model. In particular it is shown ...
Kok-Seng Yap
Mesoscale Temperature Fluctuations Induced by a Spectrum of Gravity Waves: A Comparison of Parameterizations and Their Impact on Stratospheric Microphysics
Power spectral densities (PSDs) of mesoscale fluctuations of temperature and rate of change of temperature (heating�cooling rate) due to a spectrum of stratospheric gravity waves are derived using canonical spectral forms based on observations ...
Julio T. Bacmeister; Stephen D. Eckermann; Athanasios Tsias; Kenneth S. Carslaw; Thomas Peter
Mesoscale Modeling of Springtime Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratiform Clouds Using a New Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Scheme
A new two-moment bulk microphysics scheme is implemented into the polar version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) to simulate arctic mixed-phase boundary layer stratiform clouds observed during ...
H. Morrison; J. O. Pinto
The Sensitivity of a Simulated Extratropical Mesoscale Convective System to Longwave Radiation and Ice-Phase Microphysics
A two-dimensional, nonhydrostatic version of the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) was applied to the simulation of a midlatitude, continental mesoscale convective system. A control simulation was established ...
Sue Chen; William R. Cotton
Resolved turbulence characteristics in large-eddy simulations nested within mesoscale simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model
One-way concurrent nesting within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is examined for conducting large-eddy simulations (LES) nested within mesoscale simulations. Wind speed, spectra, and resolved turbulent stresses and turbulence ...
Jeff Mirocha; Branko Kosovi?; Gokhan Kirkil
Momentum Flux Spectrum of Convective Gravity Waves. Part I: An Update of a Parameterization Using Mesoscale Simulations
The convective source and momentum flux spectra of a parameterization of convective gravity wave drag (GWDC) are validated in a three-dimensional spectral space using mesoscale numerical simulations for various ideal and real convective storms. ...
Hyun-Joo Choi; Hye-Yeong Chun
Electrification of Stratiform Regions in Mesoscale Convective Systems. Part I: An Observational Comparison of Symmetric and Asymmetric MCSs
The kinematic, microphysical, and electrical structures of two mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) observed during the 1991 Cooperative Oklahoma Profiler Studies (COPS91) experiment are analyzed. Profiles of the vertical electric field structure ...
Mesoscale Numerical Study of Two Cases of Long-Lived Quasi-Stationary Convective Systems over Eastern Spain
A set of mesoscale numerical simulations using the Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research model is used to investigate two cases of extreme precipitation over eastern Spain. Both cases (3�4 November 1987 and 20 ...
R. Romero; C. A. Doswell III; C. Ramis
The Impact of GPS Precipitable Water Assimilation on Mesoscale Model Retrievals of Orographic Rainfall during SALPEX'96
The potential of GPS precipitable water (PW) to improve mesoscale model retrievals of orographic precipitation is investigated for a prolonged rainfall event observed during the 1996 Southern Alps Experiment (SALPEX'96). The model is the Advanced ...
Mark Falvey; John Beavan
Numerical Sensitivity Experiments of Varying Model Physics on the Structure, Evolution and Dynamics of Two Mesoscale Convective Systems
The effects of different model physics and different convective and boundary layer parameterization schemes are investigated using an 18-h nested-grid numerical simulation of the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that were responsible for the ...
Da-Lin Zhang; J. Michael Fritsch
An Evaluation of Observations from Satellites for the Study and Prediction of Mesoscale Events and Cyclone Events
Quantitative observational guidelines have been developed for the study and forecasting of mesoscale events and cyclone events; many of these guidelines have resulted from major meteorological field programs. Increasingly sophisticated satellite-...
William E. Shenk; Thomas H. Vonder Haar; William L. Smith
Numerical Simulation of Dispersal of Inert Seeding Material in Israel Using a Three-Dimensional Mesoscale Model
A mesoscale model RAMS (the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) was used to investigate the effectiveness of the broadcast static seeding method for dispersing particles into clouds, as it is used in Israel. The model was run using three nested ...
Zev Levin; Shimon O. Krichak; Tamir Reisin
The Surface Expression of Semidiurnal Internal Tides near a Strong Source at Hawaii. Part II: Interactions with Mesoscale Currents
Observations of semidiurnal surface currents in the Kauai Channel, Hawaii, are interpreted in the light of the interaction of internal tides with energetic surface-intensified mesoscale currents. The impacts on internal tide propagation of a ...
C. Chavanne; P. Flament; D. Luther; K-W. Gurgel
The Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis at NOAA�s National Centers for Environmental Prediction: Current Status and Development
In 2006, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) implemented the Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis (RTMA) in collaboration with the Earth System Research Laboratory and the National Environmental, Satellite, and Data Information ...
Manuel S. F. V. De Pondeca; Geoffrey S. Manikin; Geoff DiMego; Stanley G. Benjamin; David F. Parrish; R. James Purser; Wan-Shu Wu; John D. Horel; David T. Myrick; Ying Lin; Robert M. Aune; Dennis Keyser; Brad Colman; Greg Mann; Jamie Vavra
Oceanic Cyclogenesis as Induced by a Mesoscale Convective System Moving Offshore. Part I: A 90-h Real-Data Simulation
Recent observations have revealed that some mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) could undergo multiple cycles of convective development and dissipation, and, under certain environments, they appeared to be responsible for (barotropic) oceanic or ...
Da-Lin Zhang; Ning Bao
A Climatological Study of Boundary Layer Wind Speed Using a Meso-?-Scale Higher-Order Closure Model
A mesoscale higher-order closure atmospheric boundary layer model has been used to get more detailed information than is possible from observations regarding horizontal and vertical variations of the wind in an area in southeastern Sweden. To ...
Hans Bergstr�m
Mesoscale Convective Systems over Southeastern South America and Their Relationship with the South American Low-Level Jet
Prior studies have shown that the low-level jet is a recurrent characteristic of the environment during the initiation and mature stages of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over the Great Plains of the United States. The South American low-...
Paola Salio; Matilde Nicolini; Edward J. Zipser
An Evaluation of Microphysics Fields from Mesoscale Model Simulations of Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Comparisons with Observations
This study presents a framework for comparing hydrometeor and vertical velocity fields from mesoscale model simulations of tropical cyclones with observations of these fields from a variety of platforms. The framework is based on the Yuter and ...
Robert F. Rogers; Michael L. Black; Shuyi S. Chen; Robert A. Black
Contribution of Mesoscale Convective Complexes to Rainfall in Sahelian Africa: Estimates from Geostationary Infrared and Passive Microwave Data
The contribution of mesoscale convective complexes to the July�September rainfall in Sahelian Africa is assessed using passive microwave data from the Special Sensor Microwave Image and infrared (IR) data from the European Geostationary ...
Arlene G. Laing; J. Michael Fritsch; Andrew J. Negri
Development and Evaluation of a Coupled Photosynthesis-Based Gas Exchange Evapotranspiration Model (GEM) for Mesoscale Weather Forecasting Applications
Current land surface schemes used for mesoscale weather forecast models use the Jarvis-type stomatal resistance formulations for representing the vegetation transpiration processes. The Jarvis scheme, however, despite its robustness, needs ...
Dev Niyogi; Kiran Alapaty; Sethu Raman; Fei Chen
Teaching Mesoscale Meteorology in the Age of the Modernized National Weather Service: A Report on the Unidata/COMET Workshop
This report summarizes discussions that took place during a Unidata Cooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education, and Training (COMET) workshop on Mesoscale Meteorology Instruction in the Age of the Modernized Weather Service. The ...
Mohan K. Ramamurthy; Charles Murphy; James Moore; Melanie Wetzel; David Knight; Paul Ruscher; Steve Mullen; Russel DeSouza; Denise S. Hawk; David Fulker
Microphysical and Thermodynamic Structure and Evolution of the Trailing Stratiform Regions of Mesoscale Convective Systems during BAMEX. Part I: Observations
This study used airborne and ground-based radar and optical array probe data from the spiral descent flight patterns and horizontal flight legs of the NOAA P-3 aircraft in the trailing stratiform regions (TSRs) of mesoscale convective systems (...
Andrea M. Smith; Greg M. McFarquhar; Robert M. Rauber; Joseph A. Grim; Michael S. Timlin; Brian F. Jewett; David P. Jorgensen
Numerical Simulations of the Postsunrise Reorganization of a Nocturnal Mesoscale Convective System during 13 June IHOP_2002
A convection-permitting numerical model is used to simulate the postsunrise reorganization of a nocturnal mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed over western and central Oklahoma on 13 June 2002 during the International H2O (IHOP_2002) Field ...
Stanley B. Trier; John H. Marsham; Christopher A. Davis; David A. Ahijevych
Theoretical Studies of Convectively Forced Mesoscale Flows in Three Dimensions. Part I: Uniform Basic-State Flow
Convectively forced mesoscale flows in three dimensions are theoretically investigated by examining the transient response of a stably stratified atmosphere to convective heating. Solutions for the equations governing small-amplitude ...
A Study of Convection Initiation in a Mesoscale Model Using High-Resolution Land Surface Initial Conditions
A coupled convection-resolving mesoscale atmosphere�land surface model (LSM) is used to investigate land surface�planetary boundary layer (PBL) interactions responsible for the initiation of deep, moist convection over the southern Great Plains ...
Stanley B. Trier; Fei Chen; Kevin W. Manning
Challenges in Mesoscale Prediction of a Nocturnal Stratocumulus-Topped Marine Boundary Layer and Implications for Operational Forecasting
A numerical study using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) was performed to assess the impact of initial and boundary conditions, the parameterization of turbulence ...
Ramesh Vellore; Darko Kora?in; Melanie Wetzel; Steven Chai; Qing Wang
Synoptic-Scale and Mesoscale Environments Conducive to Forest Fires during the October 2003 Extreme Fire Event in Southern California
This study has employed both observational data and numerical simulation results to diagnose the synoptic-scale and mesoscale environments conducive to forest fires during the October 2003 extreme fire event in southern California. A three-stage ...
Chenjie Huang; Y-L. Lin; M. L. Kaplan; J. J. Charney
Observations of a Terrain-Forced Mesoscale Vortex and Canyon Drainage Flows along the Front Range of Colorado
Observations taken during the February 1991 Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) Winter Validation Study are used to describe the wind field associated with a terrain-forced mesoscale vortex and thermally forced canyon drainage flows ...
David H. Levinson; Robert M. Banta
Simulation of a Serial Upstream-Propagating Mesoscale Convective System Event over Southeastern South America Using Composite Initial Conditions
Serial upstream-propagating mesoscale convective system (MCS) events over southeastern South America are important contributors to the local hydrologic cycle as they can provide roughly half of the total monthly summer precipitation. However, the ...
A Mesoscale Gravity-Wave Event Observed during CCOPE. Part IV: Stability Analysis and Doppler-derived Wave Vertical Structure
This paper summarizes the results of a detailed study from the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) of the vertical structure of mesoscale gravity waves that disturbed a sizable part of the troposphere and that played a ...
Steven E. Koch; F. Einaudi; Paul B. Dorian; Stephen Lang; Gerald M. Heymsfield
Correction of Radar QPE Errors for Non-Uniform VPRs in Mesoscale Convective Systems Using TRMM Observations
Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) contain both regions of convective and stratiform precipitation, and a bright band (BB) is often found in the stratiform region. Inflated reflectivity intensities in the BB often cause positive biases in radar ...
Youcun Qi; Jian Zhang; Qing Cao; Yang Hong; Xiao-Ming Hu
Aerosol�Cloud Interactions in a Mesoscale Model. Part I: Sensitivity to Activation and Collision�Coalescence
High-resolution numerical simulations of the aerosol�cloud feedbacks are performed with a mesoscale model. The multimodal aerosol species, added to the model, and the cloud species were represented by two spectral moments. The aerosol sources ...
Mesoscale Conditions for the Severe Convection of 3 April 1974 in the East-Central United States
Hourly surface observations from more than 200 stations, together with routine radar and rawinsonde data, are used to elucidate the mesoscale conditions for the extraordinarily widespread severe convection in the central United States on 3 April ...
Dennis A. Miller; Frederick Sanders
Quantification of Predictive Skill for Mesoscale and Synoptic-Scale Meteorological Features as a Function of Horizontal Grid Resolution
To quantitatively assess numerical predictive skill for synoptic and mesoscale features as a function of horizontal grid resolution, a series of experiments is conducted using the Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric ...
Stephen S. Weygandt; Nelson L. Seaman
Water mass transformation due to mixed layer entrainment and mesoscale stirring: In series or parallel?
The convergence of advective and di#usive buoyancy flux must match the air-sea buoyancy flux between two outcropping isopycnals. This leads to a diagnostic framework for water mass transformation in which a myriad of di#erent processes can be incorporated under a unifying balance. We review how the diapycnal advection due to ubiquitous mixed layer entrainment can be included in this framework, and we estimate its contribution to the large scale transformation. We also consider how decomposing the flow and buoyancy field into mean, eddy and turbulent parts leads to clarifying the interaction of mixed layer and mesoscale (or sub-mesoscale) eddies in the overall large scale balance. 1.
A. Tandon
The Influence of the Rocky Mountain on the 13�14 April 1986 Severe Weather Outbreak. Part I: Mesoscale Lee Cyclogenesis and Its Relationship to Severe Weather and Dust Storms
In this first of a two paper series, a sequence of dynamical processes involving the evolution of a mesoscale Ice cyclone and its subsequent interaction with a mesoscale tropopause fold downstream of the Rocky Mountains is investigated. These ...
V. Mohan Karyampudi; Michael L. Kaplan; Steven E. Koch; Robert J. Zamora
Numerical Simulation of the Effects of St. Louis on Mesoscale Boundary-Layer Airflow and Vertical Air Motion: Simulations of Urban vs Non-Urban Effects
A three-dimensional mesoscale computer model is used to assess the importance of urban effects, relative to non-urban effects, on mesoscale boundary-layer vertical air motion and on the height of the boundary layer downwind of St. Louis, ...
Mark R. Hjelmfelt
A meso-scale unit-cell based material model for the single-ply flexible-fabric armor M. Grujicic a,*, W.C. Bell a
A meso-scale unit-cell based material model for the single-ply flexible-fabric armor M. Grujicic a April 2008 Accepted 12 February 2009 Available online 20 February 2009 Keywords: Flexible armor Meso-scale unit-cell based material model for a prototypical plain-woven single-ply flexible armor is developed
Grujicic, Mica
A Summertime Antarctic Mesocyclone Event over the Southern Pacific during FROST SOP-3: A Mesoscale Analysis Using AVHRR, SSM/I, ERS, and Numerical Model Data
The development of three summertime mesoscale cyclones (MCs) over the northern Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas from 10 to 12 January 1995 (during FROST SOP-3) is studied by means of AVHRR data, ERS and SSM/I retrievals, and mesoscale numerical ...
Michael Lieder; G�nther Heinemann
The Intensification of the Low-Level Jet during the Development of Mesoscale Convective Systems on a Mei-Yu Front
During the period of 21�25 June 1991, a mei-yu front, observed by the post�Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment, produced heavy precipitation along the western side of the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan. Several oceanic mesoscale convective systems ...
Chaing Chen; Wei-Kuo Tao; Pay-Liam Lin; George S. Lai; S-F. Tseng; Tai-Chi Chen Wang
Nesting large-eddy simulations within mesoscale simulations for wind energy applications
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
With increasing demand for more accurate atmospheric simulations for wind turbine micrositing, for operational wind power forecasting, and for more reliable turbine design, simulations of atmospheric flow with resolution of tens of meters or higher are required. These time-dependent large-eddy simulations (LES), which resolve individual atmospheric eddies on length scales smaller than turbine blades and account for complex terrain, are possible with a range of commercial and open-source software, including the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In addition to 'local' sources of turbulence within an LES domain, changing weather conditions outside the domain can also affect flow, suggesting that a mesoscale model provide boundary conditions to the large-eddy simulations. Nesting a large-eddy simulation within a mesoscale model requires nuanced representations of turbulence. Our group has improved the Weather and Research Forecasting model's (WRF) LES capability by implementing the Nonlinear Backscatter and Anisotropy (NBA) subfilter stress model following Kosovic (1997) and an explicit filtering and reconstruction technique to compute the Resolvable Subfilter-Scale (RSFS) stresses (following Chow et al, 2005). We have also implemented an immersed boundary method (IBM) in WRF to accommodate complex terrain. These new models improve WRF's LES capabilities over complex terrain and in stable atmospheric conditions. We demonstrate approaches to nesting LES within a mesoscale simulation for farms of wind turbines in hilly regions. Results are sensitive to the nesting method, indicating that care must be taken to provide appropriate boundary conditions, and to allow adequate spin-up of turbulence in the LES domain.
Lundquist, J K; Mirocha, J D; Chow, F K; Kosovic, B; Lundquist, K A
Mesoscale modeling of irreversible volume growth in powders of anisotropic crystals
Careful thermometric analysis (TMA) on powders of micron-sized triamino-trinitrobenzene (TATB) crystallites are shown to display irreversible growth in volume when subjected to repeated cycles of heating and cooling. Such behavior is counter-intuitive to typical materials response to simulated annealing cycles in atomic-scale molecular dynamics. However, through coarse-grained simulations using a mesoscale Hamiltonian we quantitatively reproduce irreversible growth behavior in such powdered material. We demonstrate that irreversible growth happens only in the presence of intrinsic crystalline anisotropy, and is mediated by particles much smaller than the average crystallite size.
Gee, R; Maiti, A; Fried, L
Numerical Study of Terrain-Induced Mesoscale Motions and Hydrostatic Form Drag in a Heated, Growing Mixed Layer
A four-layer three-dimensional model whose lowest layer is a time and space-dependent, well-mixed boundary layer is employed over artificial, irregular terrain on the mesoscale during a daytime heating cycle. Only if the surface heating and mixed-...
J. W. Deardorff; K. Ueyoshi; Y-J. Han
A Study of a Mesoscale Solitary Wave in the Atmosphere Originating near a Region of Deep Convection
An analysis of a mesoscale wave which occurred over the eastern United States on 6 March 1969 is presented. Its origin is attributed to the perturbation of a midtropospheric inversion by a squall line. After the wave formed, it propagated in the ...
Yuh-Lang Lin; R. Craig Goff
Mesoscale Convective Systems in Weakly Forced Large-Scale Environments. Part III: Numerical Simulations and Implications for Operational Forecasting
During a 24-h period, beginning 1200 UTC 11 May 1982, a series of mesoscale convective systems developed within a weakly forced large-scale environment. Two of these systems had a large component of motion against the midtropospheric flow and ...
A Multiscale Observational Case Study of a Pacific Atmospheric River Exhibiting Tropical�Extratropical Connections and a Mesoscale Frontal Wave
A case study is presented of an atmospheric river (AR) that produced heavy precipitation in the U.S. Pacific Northwest during March 2005. The study documents several key ingredients from the planetary scale to the mesoscale that contributed to the ...
F. Martin Ralph; Paul J. Neiman; George N. Kiladis; Klaus Weickmann; David W. Reynolds
The Effect of Mesoscale Mountain over the East Indochina Peninsula on Downstream Summer Rainfall over East Asia
The mesoscale mountain over the east Indochina Peninsula, named Annam Cordillera, plays a key role in shaping the South China Sea (SCS) summer climate in both the atmosphere and the ocean. However, its effect is not limited to the SCS. Ensemble ...
Li Qi; Yuqing Wang
Numerical Simulations of a Gravity Wave Event over CCOPE. Part I: The Role of Geostrophic Adjustment in Mesoscale Jetlet Formation
Mesoscale model simulations are performed in order to provide insight into the complex role of jet streak adjustments in establishing an environment favorable to the generation of gravity waves on 11�12 July 1981. This wave event was observed in ...
Michael L. Kaplan; Steven E. Koch; Yuh-Lang Lin; Ronald P. Weglarz; Robert A. Rozumalski
The Influence of Carl�Gustaf Rossby on Mesoscale Weather Prediction and an Outlook for the Future
This article presents an overview of the advances in mesoscale prediction from the time of Rossby to the present and an outlook for the future. The first part traces the evolution of research and forecasting based upon the conservation of certain ...
Robert Gall; Melvyn Shapiro
Oceanic Cyclogenesis as Induced by a Mesoscale Convective System Moving Offshore. Part II: Genesis and Thermodynamic Transformation
The genesis of intense cyclonic vorticity in the boundary layer and the transformation of a low-level cold pool to a warm-core anomaly associated with the long-lived mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), which produced the July 1977 Johnstown ...
Simulations of the Climatological Wind Field in the Baltic Sea Area Using a Mesoscale Higher-Order Closure Model
A three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model is utilized to investigate the climatological wind field over the Baltic Sea. To cover all synoptic and boundary layer conditions, a large number of model runs have to be made. Since this type of ...
Stefan Sandstr�m
An Aircraft Study of Mesoscale Surface Wind Patterns and Associated Meteorological Conditions over Cape St. Francis, South Africa
Aircraft surveys have been conducted to assess the mesoscale pattern of wind and weather over Cape Saint Francis, South Africa, on the southern tip of the African continent. Ten surveys were flown at a level of 100 m above ground during November ...
Mark R. Jury; Roseanne D. Diab; Mark Schormann
Pre- and Post-Sea-Breeze Frontal Lines�A Meso-?-Scale Analysis over South Israel
A meso-?-scale observational analysis of the fine surface structure of the sea-breeze fronts (SBF) over the coast of southern Israel is presented. Objective criteria for the SBF passage are derived based on wind speed and direction, temperature, ...
P. Alpert; M. Rabinovich-Hadar
The Generation and Propagation of a Nocturnal Squall Line. Part I: Observations and Implications for Mesoscale Predictability
The initiation and forcing of a squall line on 26�27 May 1985 near Wichita, Kansas is examined. The squall line is secondary convection in the sense that it is preceded in the diurnal cycle by other mesoscale convective systems. The squall fine ...
R. E. Carbone; J. W. Conway; N. A. Crook; M. W. Moncrieff
Mesoscale Atmospheric Dispersion, 2001, Ed. Z. Boybeyi, WIT Publications, Southampton, UK, Advances in Air Pollution, Vol 9, p. 424.
Mesoscale Atmospheric Dispersion, 2001, Ed. Z. Boybeyi, WIT Publications, Southampton, UK, Advances in Air Pollution, Vol 9, p. 424. Chapter 9 Numerical modeling of gas deposition and bi- directional Dispersion, 2001, Ed. Z. Boybeyi, WIT Publications, Southampton, UK, Advances in Air Pollution, Vol 9, p. 424
Raman, Sethu
Mesoscale Convective Systems Defined by Their 85-GHz Ice Scattering Signature: Size and Intensity Comparison over Tropical Oceans and Continents
This study used the 85-GHz ice scattering signature to describe the size, intensity, and geographic distribution of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) between 35�N and 35�S for January, April, July, and October 1993. An MCS was defined as an ...
Karen I. Mohr; Edward J. Zipser
Four-Dimensional Variational Data Analysis of Water Vapor Raman Lidar Data and Their Impact on Mesoscale Forecasts
The impact of water vapor observations on mesoscale initial fields provided by a triangle of Raman lidar systems covering an area of about 200 km � 200 km is investigated. A test case during the Lindenberg Campaign for Assessment of Humidity and ...
Matthias Grzeschik; Hans-Stefan Bauer; Volker Wulfmeyer; Dirk Engelbart; Ulla Wandinger; Ina Mattis; Dietrich Althausen; Ronny Engelmann; Matthias Tesche; Andrea Riede
Mesoscale Studies
Mar 6, 2013 ... Room: 209. Location: Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center Session Chair: Emil Zolotoyabko, Technion; Rozaliya Barabash, ORNL�...
Coupled Mesoscale-Large-Eddy Modeling of Realistic Stable Boundary Layer Turbulence
Site-specific flow and turbulence information are needed for various practical applications, ranging from aerodynamic/aeroelastic modeling for wind turbine design to optical diffraction calculations. Even though highly desirable, collecting on-site meteorological measurements can be an expensive, time-consuming, and sometimes a challenging task. In this work, we propose a coupled mesoscale-large-eddy modeling framework to synthetically generate site-specific flow and turbulence data. The workhorses behind our framework are a state-of-the-art, open-source atmospheric model called the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and a tuning-free large-eddy simulation (LES) model. Using this coupled framework, we simulate a nighttime stable boundary layer (SBL) case from the well-known CASES-99 field campaign. One of the unique aspects of this work is the usage of a diverse range of observations for characterization and validation. The coupled models reproduce certain characteristics of observed low-level jets....
Wang, Yao; Manuel, Lance
Crossing the mesoscale no-mans land via parallel kinetic Monte Carlo.
The kinetic Monte Carlo method and its variants are powerful tools for modeling materials at the mesoscale, meaning at length and time scales in between the atomic and continuum. We have completed a 3 year LDRD project with the goal of developing a parallel kinetic Monte Carlo capability and applying it to materials modeling problems of interest to Sandia. In this report we give an overview of the methods and algorithms developed, and describe our new open-source code called SPPARKS, for Stochastic Parallel PARticle Kinetic Simulator. We also highlight the development of several Monte Carlo models in SPPARKS for specific materials modeling applications, including grain growth, bubble formation, diffusion in nanoporous materials, defect formation in erbium hydrides, and surface growth and evolution.
Garcia Cardona, Cristina (San Diego State University); Webb, Edmund Blackburn, III; Wagner, Gregory John; Tikare, Veena; Holm, Elizabeth Ann; Plimpton, Steven James; Thompson, Aidan Patrick; Slepoy, Alexander (U. S. Department of Energy, NNSA); Zhou, Xiao Wang; Battaile, Corbett Chandler; Chandross, Michael Evan
Mesoscale simulation of shocked poly-(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP) foams.
Hydrocarbon foams are commonly used in HEDP experiments, and are subject to shock compression from tens to hundreds of GPa. Modeling foams is challenging due to the heterogeneous character of the foam. A quantitative understanding of foams under strong dynamic compression is sought. We use Sandia's ALEGRA-MHD code to simulate 3D mesoscale models of pure poly(4-methyl-1-petene) (PMP) foams. We employ two models of the initial polymer-void structure of the foam and analyze the statistical properties of the initial and shocked states. We compare the simulations to multi-Mbar shock experiments at various initial foam densities and flyer impact velocities. Scatter in the experimental data may be a consequence of the initial foam inhomogeneity. We compare the statistical properties the simulations with the scatter in the experimental data.
Schroen, Diana Grace; Flicker, Dawn G.; Haill, Thomas A.; Root, Seth; Mattsson, Thomas Kjell Rene
A Cumulus Parameterization Including Mass Fluxes, Convective Vertical Velocities, and Mesoscale Effects: Thermodynamic and Hydrological Aspects in a General Circulation Model
A cumulus parameterization based on mass fluxes, convective-scale vertical velocities, and mesoscale effects has been incorporated in an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). Most contemporary cumulus parameterizations are based on ...
Leo J. Donner; Charles J. Seman; Richard S. Hemler; Songmiao Fan
The Influence of Hydrologic Modeling on the Predicted Local Weather: Two-Way Coupling of a Mesoscale Weather Prediction Model and a Land Surface Hydrologic Model
A two-way coupling of the operational mesoscale weather prediction model known as Lokal Modell (LM; German Weather Service) with the land surface hydrologic �TOPMODEL�-Based Land Surface�Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (TOPLATS; Princeton University) ...
G. Seuffert; P. Gross; C. Simmer; E. F. Wood
Sensitivity of a Cloud-Resolving Simulation of the Genesis of a Mesoscale Convective System to Horizontal Heterogeneities in Soil Moisture Initialization
This study examines the sensitivity of varying the horizontal heterogeneities of the soil moisture initialization (SMI) in the cloud-resolving grid of a real-data simulation of a midlatitude mesoscale convective system (MCS) during its genesis ...
William Y. Y. Cheng; William R. Cotton
The Mesoscale and Microscale Structure and organization of Clouds and precipitation in Midlatitude Cyclones. Part V: The Substructure of Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands
The organization and structure of a narrow cold-frontal rainband (NCFR) on the small mesoscale and the microscale have been investigated through quantitative radar reflectivity, Doppler radar observations, airborne observations and surface ...
Peter V. Hobbs; P. Ola G. Persson
Validation of the Coupled NCEP Mesoscale Spectral Model and an Advanced Land Surface Model over the Hawaiian Islands. Part II: A High Wind Event
A high wind event (14�15 February 2001) over the Hawaiian Islands associated with a cold front is simulated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Mesoscale Spectral Model (MSM) coupled with an advanced land surface model (...
Yongxin Zhang; Yi-Leng Chen; Kevin Kodama
Four-Dimensional Assimilation of Multitime Wind Profiles over a Single Station and Numerical Simulation of a Mesoscale Convective System Observed during IHOP_2002
This study examines the impact of assimilating multitime wind profiles over a single station on the numerical simulation of a warm season mesoscale convective system over the region from the Kansas and Oklahoma border to the Texas Panhandle, ...
Lei Zhang; Zhaoxia Pu
Tests of an Ensemble Kalman Filter for Mesoscale and Regional-Scale Data Assimilation. Part III: Comparison with 3DVAR in a Real-Data Case Study
The feasibility of using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for mesoscale and regional-scale data assimilation has been demonstrated in the authors� recent studies via observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) both under a perfect-model ...
Origin, Evolution, and Finescale Structure of the St. Valentine�s Day Mesoscale Gravity Wave Observed during STORM-FEST. Part II: Finescale Structure
This paper presents observations of the finescale three-dimensional kinematic and thermodynamic structure of a long-lived mesoscale gravity wave that occurred on 14�15 February 1992 during the Storm-scale Operational and Research Meteorology-...
Muqun Yang; Robert M. Rauber; Mohan K. Ramamurthy
The 1990 Valentine's Day Arctic Outbreak. Part I: Mesoscale and Microscale Structure and Evolution of a Colorado Front Range Shallow Upslope Cloud
The mesoscale and microscale structure and evolution of a shallow, upslope cloud is described using observations obtained during the Winter Icing and Storms Project (WISP) and model stimulations. The upslope cloud formed within a shallow arctic ...
Roy M. Rasmussen; Ben C. Bernstein; Masataka Murakami; Greg Stossmeister; Jon Reisner; Boba Stankov
Sensitivity of the Simulated Distributions of Water Masses, CFCs, and Bomb 14C to Parameterizations of Mesoscale Tracer Transports in a Model of the North Pacific
A basinwide ocean general circulation model of the North Pacific Ocean is used to study the sensitivity of the simulated distributions of water masses, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and bomb carbon-14 isotope (14C) to parameterizations of mesoscale ...
Yongfu Xu; Shigeaki Aoki; Koh Harada
Data Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Heating Rates as Proxy Surface Wetness Data into a Regional Atmospheric Mesoscale Model. Part I: Methodology
A satellite data assimilation method is developed which incorporates satellite-observed infrared heating rates into a mesoscale atmospheric model to retrieve model soil moisture. The method builds upon previous work with the model�s surface ...
Andrew S. Jones; Ingrid C. Guch; Thomas H. Vonder Haar
Simple Modifications to Improve Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model Performance for the Phoenix, Arizona, Metropolitan Area
The diurnal temperature cycle in the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area, as represented in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), is examined using a high-resolution 2-...
Joseph A. Zehnder
Modeling Mesoscale Cellular Structures and Drizzle in Marine Stratocumulus. Part II: The Microphysics and Dynamics of the Boundary Region between Open and Closed Cells
This is the second of two companion papers on modeling of mesoscale cellular structures and drizzle in marine stratocumulus. In the first, aerosol�cloud�precipitation interactions and dynamical feedbacks were investigated to study the formation ...
Hailong Wang; Graham Feingold
Spatiotemporal Trends in Episodic Ozone Pollution in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, in Relation to Mesoscale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Emissions
A cluster analysis of wind measurements from two meteorological stations in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, has been performed to identify mesoscale circulation regimes that are common to days on which ozone mixing ratios at ...
B. Ainslie; D. G. Steyn
Circulation in the Alboran See as Determined by Quasi-Synoptic Hydrographic Observations. Part II: Mesoscale Ageostrophic Motion Diagnosed through Density Dynamical Assimilation
The 3D velocity field in the Alboran Sea (Western-Mediterranean) is diagnosed through density dynamical assimilation in a primitive equation (PE) model with mesoscale resolution. The ageostrophic motion is computed from fields produced by short-...
�lvaro Vi�dez; Robert L. Haney; Joaqu�n Tintor�
Comparative Analysis of the Local Observation-Based (LOB) Method and the Nonparametric Regression-Based Method for Gridded Bias Correction in Mesoscale Weather Forecasting
The comparative analysis of three methods for objective grid-based bias removal in mesoscale numerical weather prediction models is considered. The first technique is the local observation-based (LOB) method that extends further the approaches of ...
Yulia R. Gel
Convection-Permitting Simulations of the Environment Supporting Widespread Turbulence within the Upper-Level Outflow of a Mesoscale Convective System
Widespread moderate turbulence was recorded on three specially equipped commercial airline flights over northern Kansas near the northern edge of the extensive cirrus anvil of a nocturnal mesoscale convective system (MCS) on 17 June 2005. A ...
Stanley B. Trier; Robert D. Sharman
A Real-Time, Mesoscale Numerical Weather-Prediction System Used for Research, Teaching, and Public Service at The Pennsylvania State University
A mesoscale modeling system is being applied on an experimental basis at The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) for production of real-time, high resolution, numerical weather forecasts for the northeastern United States. The initial ...
Thomas T. Warner; Nelson L. Seaman
Effects of Downdrafts and Mesoscale Convective Organization on the Heat and Moisture Budgets of Tropical Cloud Clusters. Part I: A Diagnostic Cumulus Ensemble Model
A diagnostic cumulus ensemble model is developed to study the effects of convective-scale downdrafts and mesoscale convective organization on the heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud clusters. The model adopts the spectral representation ...
Ming-Dean Cheng
Use of Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation in a Limited-Area Mesoscale Model Part II: Effects of Data Assimilation within the Planetary Boundary Layer
A four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) scheme based on Newtonian relaxation or nudging has been developed and evaluated in the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) Limited-Area Mesoscale Model. It ...
David R. Stauffer; Nelson L. Seaman; Francis S. Binkowski
Small Mesoscale Features at a Meandering Upper-Ocean Front in the Western Ionian Sea (Mediterranean Sea): Vertical Motion and Potential Vorticity Analysis
Transient mesoscale and submesoscale processes, such as small eddies and filaments, could play a fundamental role in the marine ecosystem, especially in oligotrophic seas like the Mediterranean. However, very little is known about the biological ...
Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli; Rosalia Santoleri; Stefania Sparnocchia
Workstation-Based Real-Time Mesoscale Modeling Designed for Weather Support to Operations at the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Station
This paper describes the capabilities and operational utility of a version of the Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS) that has been developed to support operational weather forecasting at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape ...
John Manobianco; Gregory E. Taylor; John W. Zack
Characteristics of CALIPSO and CloudSat Backscatter at the Top Center Layers of Mesoscale Convective Systems and Relation to Cloud Microphysics
Following the discovery of anomalously high values of lidar integrated attenuated backscatter near the top center layers of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) observed by the NASA Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE), a search of Cloud ...
C. M. R. Platt; M. A. Vaughan; R. T. Austin
Simulations of Mesoscale Circulations in the Center of the Iberian Peninsula for Thermal Low Pressure Conditions. Part II: Air-Parcel Transport Patterns
This paper discusses the variability of air-parcel transport under similar summer thermal low pressure conditions over the Iberian Peninsula. Three-dimensional trajectories were estimated by means of the Topography Vorticity-Mode Mesoscale model. ...
Fernando Mart�n; Magdalena Palacios; Sylvia N. Cresp�
High-Resolution Observations and Model Simulations of the Life Cycle of an Intense Mesoscale Snowband over the Northeastern United States
This paper investigates the structural and dynamical evolution of an intense mesoscale snowband occurring 25�26 December 2002 over the northeastern United States. Dual-Doppler, wind profiler, aircraft, and water vapor observations in concert with ...
David R. Novak; Brian A. Colle; Sandra E. Yuter
Estimating the Effects on the Regional Precipitation Climate in a Semiarid Region Caused by an Artificial Lake Using a Mesoscale Model
The effects on the regional precipitation climate by the construction of an artificial lake, in a semiarid region are studied. The study is performed using a mesoscale model to identify the larger-scale meteorological conditions when ...
Leif Enger; Michael Tjernstr�m
On the Validation of the Simulation of Early Season Precipitation on the Island of Puerto Rico Using a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model
The ability of a mesoscale atmospheric model to reproduce the spatial distribution of the precipitation of the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico during an early rainfall season month (April) is evaluated in this paper, taking the month of April ...
Daniel E. Comarazamy; Jorge E. Gonz�lez
An Evaluation of Mesoscale Model Predictions of Down-Valley and Canyon Flows and Their Consequences Using Doppler Lidar Measurements during VTMX 2000
A mesoscale model, a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, and extensive Doppler lidar wind measurements during the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) 2000 field campaign were used to examine converging flows over the Salt Lake valley in Utah ...
Jerome D. Fast; Lisa S. Darby
The Climate of the McMurdo, Antarctica, Region as Represented by One Year of Forecasts from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System
In response to the need for improved weather prediction capabilities in support of the U.S. Antarctic Program�s Antarctic field operations, the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) was implemented in October 2000. AMPS employs a limited-...
Andrew J. Monaghan; David H. Bromwich; Jordan G. Powers; Kevin W. Manning
The Mesoscale Forcing of a Midlatitude Upper-Tropospheric Jet Streak by a Simulated Convective System. Part II: Kinetic Energy and Resolution Analysis
A kinetic energy (KE) analysis of the forcing of a mesoscale upper-tropospheric jet streak by organized diabaaic processes within the simulated convective system (SCS) that was discussed in Part I is presented in this study. The relative ...
Bart J. Wolf; Donald R. Johnson
Use of a Radar Simulator on the Output Fields from a Numerical Mesoscale Model to Analyze X-Band Rain Estimators
A full radar simulator, which works with the 3D output fields from a numerical mesoscale model, has been developed. This simulator uses a T-matrix code to calculate synthetic radar measurements, accounts for both backscattering and propagation ...
E-P. Zahiri; M. Gosset; J-P. Lafore; V. Gouget
The Role of Cloud Microphysics Parameterization in the Simulation of Mesoscale Convective System Clouds and Precipitation in the Tropical Western Pacific
This paper presents a detailed analysis of convection-permitting cloud simulations, aimed at increasing the understanding of the role of parameterized cloud microphysics in the simulation of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the tropical ...
K. Van Weverberg; A. M. Vogelmann; W. Lin; E. P. Luke; A. Cialella; P. Minnis; M. Khaiyer; E. R. Boer; M. P. Jensen
Improved Simulation of Florida Summer Convection Using the PLACE Land Model and a 1.5-Order Turbulence Parameterization Coupled to the Penn State�NCAR Mesoscale Model
Three major modifications to the treatment of land surface processes in the Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model MM5, are tested in a matrix of eight model experiments. Paired together in each ...
Barry H. Lynn; David R. Stauffer; Peter J. Wetzel; Wei-Kuo Tao; Pinhas Alpert; Nataly Perlin; R. David Baker; Ricardo Mu�oz; Aaron Boone; Yiqin Jia
Organization and Structure of Clouds and Precipitation on the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the United States. Part II: The Mesoscale and Microscale Structures of Some Frontal Rainbands
The mesoscale and microscale structures of the clouds and precipitation associated with a frontal system on the mid-Atlantic Coast of the United States are investigated using radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity data, surface mesonet, ...
Joseph M. Sienkiewicz; John D. Locatelli; Peter V. Hobbs; Bart Geerts
A Numerical Study of the Mesoscale Atmospheric Circulation Observed during a Coastal Upwelling Event on 23 August 1972. Part I: Sensitivity Studies
A numerical model is used to study the effect of an Ocean surface temperature gradient on the mesoscale atmospheric circulation. The model is initialized with atmospheric data from 23 August 1972 over the central Oregon coastal zone. After the ...
Arthur Paul Mizzi; Roger A. Pielke
Mesoscale Structure in the Megalopolitan Snowstorm, 11�12 February 1983. Part II: Doppler Radar Study of the New England Snowband
A major snowstorm in eastern Massachusetts, 11�12 February 1983, was associated with a persistent mesoscale band of high reflectivity observed at MIT. The band was strengthened, then weakened, by the propagation of a high-amplitude gravity wave ...
Frederick Sanders; Lance F. Bosart
Data Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Heating Rates as Proxy Surface Wetness Data into a Regional Atmospheric Mesoscale Model. Part II: A Case Study
A satellite data assimilation method is applied which incorporates satellite-observed heating infrared rates into a mesoscale atmospheric model to retrieve model soil moisture. In a 3D case study, the method is successful at retrieving realistic ...
The Analysis and Prediction of the 8�9 May 2007 Oklahoma Tornadic Mesoscale Convective System by Assimilating WSR-88D and CASA Radar Data Using 3DVAR
The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model is employed to perform high-resolution numerical simulations of a mesoscale convective system and associated cyclonic line-end vortex (LEV) that spawned several tornadoes in central Oklahoma on ...
Alexander D. Schenkman; Ming Xue; Alan Shapiro; Keith Brewster; Jidong Gao
Classification Tree Methods for Analysis of Mesoscale Distribution of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Trentino, Italian Alps
Cases of Lyme disease and tick borne encephalitis were recently recognized in the province of Trento, Italian Alps. Assessment of areas of potential risk for these tick-borne diseases is carried out by a model based on CART (Classification and Regression Trees), using both discrete and continuous variables. Data on Ixodes ricinus (L.) occurrence resulted from samplings carried out by standard methods in 99 sites over an area of 2; 700 km 2 in the Province of Trento. A series of environmental parameters were recorded from each site and population densities of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (L.), were considered. The CART model discriminates two variables which appear to have the greatest effect on the mesoscale occurrence of ticks: altitude and geological substratum with drastic decrease of tick frequency above � 1; 100 m a:s:l: or on volcanic substrata. The model is effective in identifying the mesoscale areas at greater potential risk, with a relatively low sampling effort. KEY WOR...
Ixodes Ricinus; Stefano Merler; Cesare Furlanello; Claudio Chemini; Gianni Nicolini
Tests of an ensemble Kalman filter for mesoscale and regional-scale data assimilation
This dissertation examines the performance of an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) implemented in a mesoscale model in increasingly realistic contexts from under a perfect model assumption and in the presence of significant model error with synthetic observations to real-world data assimilation in comparison to the three-dimensional variational (3DVar) method via both case study and month-long experiments. The EnKF is shown to be promising for future application in operational data assimilation practice. The EnKF with synthetic observations, which is implemented in the mesoscale model MM5, is very effective in keeping the analysis close to the truth under the perfect model assumption. The EnKF is most effective in reducing larger-scale errors but less effective in reducing errors at smaller, marginally resolvable scales. In the presence of significant model errors from physical parameterization schemes, the EnKF performs reasonably well though sometimes it can be significantly degraded compared to its performance under the perfect model assumption. Using a combination of different physical parameterization schemes in the ensemble (the so-called ��?multi-scheme� ensemble) can significantly improve filter performance due to the resulting better background error covariance and a smaller ensemble bias. The EnKF performs differently for different flow regimes possibly due to scale- and flow-dependent error growth dynamics and predictability. Real-data (including soundings, profilers and surface observations) are assimilated by directly comparing the EnKF and 3DVar and both are implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. A case study and month-long experiments show that the EnKF is efficient in tracking observations in terms of both prior forecast and posterior analysis. The EnKF performs consistently better than 3DVar for the time period of interest due to the benefit of the EnKF from both using ensemble mean for state estimation and using a flow-dependent background error covariance. Proper covariance inflation and using a multi-scheme ensemble can significantly improve the EnKF performance. Using a multi-scheme ensemble results in larger improvement in thermodynamic variables than in other variables. The 3DVar system can benefit substantially from using a short-term ensemble mean for state estimate. Noticeable improvement is also achieved in 3DVar by including some flow dependence in its background error covariance.
Meng, Zhiyong
The reduction of plankton biomass induced by mesoscale stirring: a modeling study in the Benguela upwelling
Recent studies, both based on remote sensed data and coupled models, showed a reduction of biological productivity due to vigorous horizontal stirring in upwelling areas. In order to better understand this phenomenon, we consider a system of oceanic flow from the Benguela area coupled with a simple biogeochemical model of Nutrient-Phyto-Zooplankton (NPZ) type. For the flow three different surface velocity fields are considered: one derived from satellite altimetry data, and the other two from a regional numerical model at two different spatial resolutions. We compute horizontal particle dispersion in terms of Lyapunov Exponents, and analyzed their correlations with phytoplankton concentrations. Our modelling approach confirms that in the south Benguela there is a reduction of biological activity when stirring is increased. Two-dimensional offshore advection and latitudinal difference in Primary Production, also mediated by the flow, seem to be the dominant processes involved. We estimate that mesoscale processes are responsible for 30 to 50% of the offshore fluxes of biological tracers. In the northern area, other factors not taken into account in our simulation are influencing the ecosystem. We suggest explanations for these results in the context of studies performed in other eastern boundary upwelling areas.
Ismael Hern�ndez-Carrasco; Vincent Rossi; Emilio Hern�ndez-Garc�a; Veronique Gar�on; Crist�bal L�pez
Mesoscale Structures at Complex Fluid-Fluid Interfaces: a Novel Lattice Boltzmann / Molecular Dynamics Coupling
Complex fluid-fluid interfaces featuring mesoscale structures with adsorbed particles are key components of newly designed materials which are continuously enriching the field of soft matter. Simulation tools which are able to cope with the different scales characterizing these systems are a fundamental requirement for efficient theoretical investigations. In this paper we present a novel simulation method, based on the approach of Ahlrichs and D\\"unweg [Ahlrichs and D\\"unweg, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C, 1998, 9, 1429], that couples the "Shan-Chen" multicomponent Lattice Boltzmann technique to off-lattice molecular dynamics. We demonstrate how this approach can be used to solve a wide class of challenging problems. Several examples are given, with an accent on bicontinuous phases formation in polyelectrolyte solutions and ferrofluid emulsions. We show also that the introduction of solvation free energies in the particle-fluid interaction unveils the hidden, multiscale nature of the particle-fluid coupling, allowing to treat symmetrically (and interchangeably) the on-lattice and off-lattice components of the system.
Marcello Sega; Mauro Sbragaglia; Sofia Sergeevna Kantorovich; Alexey Olegovich Ivanov
Multiphase Modeling of Flow, Transport, and Biodegradation in a Mesoscale Landfill Bioreactor
The need to control gas and leachate production and minimize refuse volume in municipal solid waste landfills has motivated the development of landfill simulation models to predict and design optimal treatment processes. We have developed a multiphase and multicomponent nonisothermal module called T2LBM for the three-dimensional TOUGH2 flow and transport simulator. T2LBM can be used to simulate aerobic or anaerobic biodegradation of municipal solid waste and the associated flow and transport of gas and liquid through the refuse mass. Acetic acid is used as a proxy for all biodegradable substrates in the refuse. T2LBM incorporates a Monod kinetic rate law for the biodegradation of acetic acid by either aerobic or anaerobic microbes as controlled by the local oxygen concentration. We have verified the model against published data, and applied it to our own mesoscale laboratory aerobic landfill bioreactor experiments. We observe spatial variability of flow and biodegradation consistent with permeability heterogeneity and the geometry of the radial grid. The model is capable of matching results of a shut-in test where the respiration of the system is measured over time.
Oldenburg, Curtis M.; Borglin, Sharon E.; Hazen, Terry C.
The reduction of plankton biomass induced by mesoscale stirring: a modelling study in the Benguela upwelling
Mesoscale Simulations of a Wind Ramping Event for Wind Energy Prediction
Ramping events, or rapid changes of wind speed and wind direction over a short period of time, present challenges to power grid operators in regions with significant penetrations of wind energy in the power grid portfolio. Improved predictions of wind power availability require adequate predictions of the timing of ramping events. For the ramping event investigated here, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was run at three horizontal resolutions in 'mesoscale' mode: 8100m, 2700m, and 900m. Two Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) schemes, the Yonsei University (YSU) and Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ) schemes, were run at each resolution as well. Simulations were not 'tuned' with nuanced choices of vertical resolution or tuning parameters so that these simulations may be considered 'out-of-the-box' tests of a numerical weather prediction code. Simulations are compared with sodar observations during a wind ramping event at a 'West Coast North America' wind farm. Despite differences in the boundary-layer schemes, no significant differences were observed in the abilities of the schemes to capture the timing of the ramping event. As collaborators have identified, the boundary conditions of these simulations probably dominate the physics of the simulations. They suggest that future investigations into characterization of ramping events employ ensembles of simulations, and that the ensembles include variations of boundary conditions. Furthermore, the failure of these simulations to capture not only the timing of the ramping event but the shape of the wind profile during the ramping event (regardless of its timing) indicates that the set-up and execution of such simulations for wind power forecasting requires skill and tuning of the simulations for a specific site.
Rhodes, M; Lundquist, J K
Application of the 85 GHz ice scattering signature to a global study of mesoscale convective systems
It has long been observed that tropical convection tends to cluster, organizing into multicellular mesoscale convective systems (MCS), In convective towers, updrafts on the order of 10 m s-I favor the formation of large, precipitation-sized ice, which strongly scatters upwelling 85 GHz radiation. The 85 GHz brightness temperature is related to the amount of ice in an MCS and, indirectly, to the strength of the updrafts producing the ice. This study used an objective technique to identify MCSs from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager's 85 GHz channel to describe the size, intensity, and geographic distribution of MCSs between 35'N and 35'S for January, April, July, and October 1993. An MCS was defined as an area at least 2000 km 2 of 85 GHz polarization corrected brightness temperatures 1 0 5 @) MCSS. Over the oceans, median brightness temperature depression was 20-30 K below 225 K, while over land, it was 35-45 K below 225 K. Tropical Africa had the coldest median minimum brightness temperature. The sub-tropical oceans had the warmest median minimum brightness temperatures. MCSs were 35% more frequent over the oceans at sunrise than at sunset, and 60% more frequent over tropical continents at sunset than at sunrise. Both continental and oceanic MCSs tended to be larger at sunrise than at sunset. Continental MCSs tended to be colder at sunset than at sunrise, but oceanic MCSs tended to be marginally colder at sunrise than at sunset. In general, continental MCSs appeared to be smaller and more intense than oceanic MCSS, and the largest and the most intense MCSs occurred more frequently in the sub-tropics.
Devlin, Karen Irene
Analysis of 11 june 2003 mesoscale convective vortex genesis using weather surveillance radar ??88 doppler (wsr-88d)
Mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs), which typically form within the stratiform rain of some mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), may persist for days, often regenerating convection daily. Long-lived MCVs can produce as much precipitation as a landfalling hurricane and lead to catastrophic flooding. The number of studies using multi-Doppler radar observations for validation of the kinematics, or three-dimensional (3-D) wind structure, of MCV genesis is limited. For this study, the Oklahoma City (KTLX) and Tulsa, Oklahoma (KINX) Weather Surveillance Radar � 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) were used to examine the genesis of a long-lived MCV from 0000 to 0300 UTC on 11 June 2003. Traditional dual-Doppler techniques were used to determine the 3-D wind field. To relate MCV genesis within the associated larger MCS, time series of convective and stratiform precipitation, divergence, vertical vorticity, and vertical velocity were created for multiple levels within the MCS. The role of vertical vorticity generated in the convective region in MCV development was determined using vertical profiles of the terms in the vorticity tendency equation at 15 minute temporal resolution during the three hour period of investigation. The results of this study provide a detailed three hour examination for the initiation and early evolution of a long-lived MCV and can provide model validation of MCV generation.
Reynolds, Amber Elizabeth
Radar, satellite, and lightning characteristics of select mesoscale convective systems in Texas
This study compares radar data from the League City, Texas WSR-88D and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data for a set of eight mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) which occur at various stages of development along the upper Texas Gulf Coast. Vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRR) as well as plan views and vertical cross sections are constructed to characterize the structure and relative strength of each MCS. The VPRR are also compared with similar profiles from tropical oceanic MCSs. The data show that in all cases the majority of negative CG lightning flashes are located near high reflectivity convective cores (> 35 dBZ) in the mixed phase region (O'C -20'C). Growing or mature MCSs typically had larger negative flash counts and higher percentages of negative lightning (> 80%) associated with convective cores than MCSs at later stages of their life cycle. Comparison of the median VPRR for the various MCSs showed that although each case had high reflectivity cores (45-55 dBZ) in the lowest 2 to 3 km, the more electrically active MCSs were characterized by smaller reflectivity lapse rates (decrease of reflectivity with height) in mixed phase region than the cores in the remaining systems. Based on existing theories of charge separation, the observation of high negative flash counts coincident with convective cores having small reflectivity lapse rates in the mixed phase region is consistent with the presence of large ice particles aloft. Positive CG flashes were mostly located in low reflectivity (< 30 dBZ near the-10C level) stratiform regions, independent of MCS life cycle stage or VPRR type. Several cases with reports of large hail also had high positive flash densities associated with high reflectivity cores. Devlin et al. (1995) compare 85 GHz brightness temperatures from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager to lightning data for the same set of MCSs examined in this study. The results using radar and 85 GHz data indicate that the presence of large ice particles aloft is the common linkage between MCSs with lightning, with high radar reflectivity aloft, and large 85 GHz temperature depressions.
Toracinta, Ernest Richard
The convective structures associated with cloud-to-ground lightning in TOGA COARE Mesoscale Convective Systems
The TOGA COARE experiment was carried out in the western Pacific warm pool region from November 1992 through February 1993. Data from TOGA COARE provide the opportunity for comprehensive studies of tropical oceanic convection. This study seeks to understand more about the structures of tropical mesoscale convective systems in relation to their lightning activity and cold cloud area. The properties of convective cores within the MCSs, as well as their infrared (IR) cloud top temperatures are related to cloud-to-ground lightning. IR and lightning time histories for each case are compared, and the cases ranked by mean flashes per 10000 km2. For selected cases, radar/lightning overlays and vertical profiles of maximum radar reflectivities (VPRRs) are shown in order to describe the convective structures of cells that produced lightning, and also cells that did not produce lightning. IR cloud-top temperature and lightning histories indicate the highly variable nature of the TOGA COARE MCSs. Some MCSs which have very cold cloud-top temperatures have little or no lightning. When a system did produce lightning, more flashes generally occurred during its growth phase. Overall, IR measurements seem to be a poor indicator of lightning due to the lack of a clear relationship between the size of cold cloud-top area and cloud-to-ground flashes. The overall flash rates of the TOGA COARE MCSs support previous work which showed that tropical oceanic convection has an order of magnitude less cloud-to-ground lightning than continental convection. In fact, the highest flash rate for the 13 cases was less than the weakest continental case in a Texas MCS study (Toracinta et al. 1995). Examination of individual VPRR and of all convective VPRR from the 13 cases indicate a pronounced difference between lightning producing and non-lightning producing cells. Lightning producing convective cells have higher radar reflectivity in the 5.0- 8.0 km layer, and a slower decrease with height, both observations indicating larger ice particles in the mixed phase region between 00 C and-200 C.
Restivo, Michael Edward
The Life Cycle of Lightning and Severe Weather in a 3�4 June 1985 PRE-STORM Mesoscale Convective System
Cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics of a series of four mesoscale convective systems (MCS) that occurred in Oklahoma and Kansas on 3�4 June 1985 during the Oklahoma-Kansas Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-Central project are ...
Ronald L. Holle; Andrew I. Watson; Ra�l E. L�pez; Donald R. Macgorman; Robert Ortiz; William D. Otto
A Comparison Of WSR-88D Reflectivities, SSM/I Brightness Temperatures, and Lightning for Mesoscale Convective Systems in Texas. Part I: Radar Reflectivity and Lightning
This is the first part of a two part study. Part I compares radar data from the League City, Texas, WSR-88D and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data for a set of eight mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), which occur at various stages of ...
E. Richard Toracinta; Karen I. Mohr; Edward J. Zipser; Richard E. Orville
Use of Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation by Newtonian Relaxation and Latent-Heat Forcing to Improve a Mesoscale-Model Precipitation Forecast: A Case Study
The Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model has been used in a study of special static- and dynamic-initialization techniques that improve a very-short-range forecast of the heavy convective rainfall that occurred in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas during 9�...
Wei Wang; Thomas T. Warner
Thermal Effects of Urban Canyon Structure on the Nocturnal Heat Island: Numerical Experiment Using a Mesoscale Model Coupled with an Urban Canopy Model
A single-layer urban canopy model is incorporated into a simple two-dimensional atmospheric model in order to examine the individual impacts of anthropogenic heating, a large heat capacity, and a small sky-view factor on mesoscale heat island ...
Hiroyuki Kusaka; Fujio Kimura
Initiation and Organizational Modes of an Extreme-Rain-Producing Mesoscale Convective System along a Mei-Yu Front in East China
The initiation and organization of a quasi-linear extreme-rain-producing mesoscale convective system (MCS) along a Meiyu front in East China during the midnight-to-morning hours of 8 July 2007 are studied using high-resolution surface observations ...
Yali Luo; Yu Gong; Da-Lin Zhang
The Mesoscale and Microscale Structure and Organization of Clouds and Precipitation in Midlatitude Cyclones. IX: Some Effects of Orography on Rainbands
The effects of orography on the mesoscale structures and precipitation processes in warm-frontal, warm-sector, wide cold-frontal, narrow cold-frontal and post-frontal rainbands in four Pacific cyclones are described. The rainbands were tracked ...
David B. Parsons; Pete V. Hobbs
Numerical Simulation of the Large-Amplitude Mesoscale Gravity-Wave Event of 15 December 1987 in the Central United States
An observational study, employing spectral methods, is first made to establish a background for a modeling effort of the mesoscale gravity-wave event of 15 December 1987. The waves are found to have wavelengths of 100�160 km, phase speeds of ...
Jordan G. Powers; Richard J. Reed
Design and fabrication of a meso-scale stirling engine and combustor.
Power sources capable of supplying tens of watts are needed for a wide variety of applications including portable electronics, sensors, micro aerial vehicles, and mini-robotics systems. The utility of these devices is often limited by the energy and power density capabilities of batteries. A small combustion engine using liquid hydrocarbon fuel could potentially increase both power and energy density by an order of magnitude or more. This report describes initial development work on a meso-scale external combustion engine based on the Stirling cycle. Although other engine designs perform better at macro-scales, we believe the Stirling engine cycle is better suited to small-scale applications. The ideal Stirling cycle requires efficient heat transfer. Consequently, unlike other thermodynamic cycles, the high heat transfer rates that are inherent with miniature devices are an advantage for the Stirling cycle. Furthermore, since the Stirling engine uses external combustion, the combustor and engine can be scaled and optimized semi-independently. Continuous combustion minimizes issues with flame initiation and propagation. It also allows consideration of a variety of techniques to promote combustion that would be difficult in a miniature internal combustion engine. The project included design and fabrication of both the engine and the combustor. Two engine designs were developed. The first used a cylindrical piston design fabricated with conventional machining processes. The second design, based on the Wankel rotor geometry, was fabricated by through-mold electroforming of nickel in SU8 and LIGA micromolds. These technologies provided the requisite precision and tight tolerances needed for efficient micro-engine operation. Electroformed nickel is ideal for micro-engine applications because of its high strength and ductility. A rotary geometry was chosen because its planar geometry was more compatible with the fabrication process. SU8 lithography provided rapid prototypes to verify the design. A final high precision engine was created via LIGA. The micro-combustor was based on an excess enthalpy concept. Development of a micro-combustor included both modeling and experiments. We developed a suite of simulation tools both in support of the design of the prototype combustors, and to investigate more fundamental aspects of combustion at small scales. Issues of heat management and integration with the micro-scale Stirling engine were pursued using CFD simulations. We found that by choice of the operating conditions and channel dimensions energy conversion occurs by catalysis-dominated or catalysis-then-homogeneous phase combustion. The purpose of the experimental effort in micro-combustion was to study the feasibility and explore the design parameters of excess enthalpy combustors. The efforts were guided by the necessity for a practical device that could be implemented in a miniature power generator, or as a stand-alone device used for heat generation. Several devices were fabricated and successfully tested using methane as the fuel.
Echekki, Tarek (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Haroldsen, Brent L. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Krafcik, Karen L. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Morales, Alfredo Martin (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Mills, Bernice E. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Liu, Shiling (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Lee, Jeremiah C. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Karpetis, Adionos N. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Chen, Jacqueline H. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Ceremuga, Joseph T. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Raber, Thomas N. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); Hekmuuaty, Michelle A. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA)