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US 20020010706 A1 Abstract The present invention relates to apparatus for creating summaries of a database. The apparatus includes a processor which is adapted to monitor the usage of the database and, determine one or more summaries in accordance with the usage.
Claims(16) 1. Apparatus for creating summaries of a database, the database being responsive to a query to provide data, the apparatus comprising a processor coupled to a database, the processor being adapted to:
a. monitor the usage of the database; and, b. determine one or more summaries in accordance with the usage. 2. Apparatus according to
i. the number of queries made; and,
ii. the length of time taken for the database to generate a response to each query.
3. Apparatus according to
i. propose a number of summaries; ii. determine the improvement achieved by using the proposed summaries; and, iii. select one or more of the summaries in accordance with the improvement achieved using the summary. 4. Apparatus according to
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7. Apparatus according to
i. the length of time taken for the database to generate a response to each query with a summary present; ii. the length of time that would be taken for the database to generate a response with no summary present; and, iii. the number of times each query is submitted to the database in a given time period. 8. Apparatus according to
9. Apparatus according to
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Description [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to apparatus for creating summaries of a database, and in particular to apparatus for creating summary tables used to increase the speed of access to information contained within a database. [0003] 2. Description of the Prior Art [0004] The majority of databases currently available consist of a data store in which the data is divided up into a number of tables. Joins are created between the tables to allow data stored in different tables to be linked. [0005] Database are usually provided in a normalized form so that there is no redundancy in the data, thereby ensuring that the database uses the minimum amount of storage space necessary. This is achieved by arranging the tables such that data is not repeated in multiple tables. [0006] However, this form of storage has implications regarding searching for data in the database. Generally, searching is achieved by submitting a query in a structured query language such as SQL. The database receives the SQL query and determines from the query what information is required. This information is searched for within the tables and output as a response. The time taken from receiving the query to outputting a result as known as the query execution time. [0007] As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art, the size of the tables vastly effects how long the searches take. Accordingly, if a large amount of data is present in the table, it may take a significant amount of time to locate the data in the table and generate an output. [0008] In order to reduce the query execution time for regularly run queries, it is known to. provide a series of summary tables. These summary tables effectively summarize data already contained within the tables by maintaining a separate copy of the data in a summary table. The summary tables, which are generally smaller than the tables of the database itself are designed such that the data required to answer regularly run queries is more readily available. Thus for example, if one particular query is run daily it is possible to create a summary table including only the data required to answer that query and no other data. When this query is next received, the query is rewritten so that the data is obtained directly from the summary table instead of the usual detail tables. This ensures that the query is answered in as short a time as possible. [0009] However, the summary tables can currently only be generated manually. Accordingly, this requires a system administrator to monitor usage of the database, for example by monitoring the queries submitted to the database and then determining which summary tables would provide the greatest improvement to the database operating efficiency. In particular, there will typically only be a limited amount of space in which summary tables can be provided and as these provide redundant data, it is preferable to only provide summary tables if these will result in a noticeable improvement in the query execution time. [0010] However, it is extremely difficult for a system administrator to accurately judge which summary tables would provide the optimum increase in the query execution time for the entire database. Furthermore, the system administrators have to construct and maintain the tables themselves, which can require monitoring of the database usage on a daily basis. This is time consuming and an extremely difficult procedure. [0011] In accordance with the present invention, we provide apparatus for creating summaries of a database, the database being responsive to a query to provide data, the apparatus comprising a processor coupled to a database, the processor being adapted to: [0012] a. monitor the usage of the database; and, [0013] b. determine one or more summaries in accordance with the usage. [0014] Accordingly, the present invention provides apparatus for automatically determining summaries that should be used by the database. The apparatus achieves this by monitoring the usage of the database and then using this information to determine one or more summaries which may be used. This allows summaries to be created without requiring a systems administrator having to make predictions about the usage of the database. As a result, any subsequent queries which require data which is contained in one of the summaries will have a query execution time which is far lower than when the summary is not present. [0015] Typically the system monitors the usage of the database by monitoring the number of queries made and the length of time taken for the database to generate a response to each query. However, alternatively, the usage may be determined on an access cost basis with different forms of query having a different associated cost. [0016] The one or more summaries are preferably determined by causing the processor to propose a number of summaries, determine the improvement achieved by using the proposed summaries and, select one or more of the summaries in accordance with the improvement achieved using the summary. Thus, this ensures that summaries which result in the most benefit are used. [0017] The proposed summaries typically correspond to data provided by the database in response to a received query. Such summaries are perfect match summaries. However, alternatively imperfect match summaries may be used in certain circumstances. The use of imperfect match summaries allows responses to be generated solely from a summary table for non-identical queries. Such imperfect match summaries are typically created by combining or generalizing existing summaries. [0018] The processor also usually proposes summaries in accordance with a number of defined proposal parameters, such as an indication of the nature of the queries submitted to the database. Thus, whether perfect or imperfect match summaries are used can depend on the nature os queries submitted to the database. Alternative factors, such as the amount of space available for summary storage may also be taken into account. This allows certain queries to be more influential in the generation of summary tables, so that, for example, it can be ensured that summaries are created for certain queries. [0019] However, alternative methods may be used. Thus, for example, the system may not have any space limitations in which case, it will generally simply propose a summary and then implement it as the use of any summaries will result in an improvement in the overall query execution time of the database. Alternatively, the system administrator may desire to use certain summaries and these can therefore be designated as predetermined summaries which the apparatus is not able to alter. [0020] The processor is typically adapted to determine the improvements achieved in accordance with the length of the time taken for the database to generate a response to each query with a summary present, the length of time taken for the database to generate a response to each query with no summary present and, the number of times the given query is submitted to the database in a given time period. This advantageously allows the apparatus to predict the total query execution time improvement that will be obtained for the database over a given time period, assuming that typical queries are submitted. Thus, for example, the apparatus can work out the total reduction in the query execution time that would be achieved for a given query for an entire day, given the number of times the query would typically be submitted in one day. This value can then be summed for a range of queries to determine an overall query execution time reduction. However, any suitable method of judging improvement, such as determining a reduction in the number of operations performed by the processor, or a reduction in the cost access requirements, may alternatively be used. [0021] One possibility is for the length of time taken for the database to respond to a query with a summary present to be estimated in accordance with the size of the summary and a predetermined algorithm. This allows the processor to use the size of the proposed summary to estimate the query execution time for a query which only accesses the given summary. This allows the processor to determine the improvement in the query execution time that is obtained even if the summary is never produced. Of course, if the summary is already present and is currently in use, then the estimate is not required. [0022] The processor is typically coupled to a store and may also be further adapted to generate selected one(s) of the one or more summaries, using data from the database, the summaries being stored in the store. In this case the system can be configured to automatically construct the summaries, without human intervention, allowing the system can therefore be left operating in the absence of a system administrator. Alternatively however the selection may be performed by a system administrator allowing specific summaries to be chosen and allowing the administrator to monitor the summaries used. [0023] Typically the processor is adapted to select the summaries in accordance with a number of selection parameters, such as the size of the store. This allows the system administrator to specify the total size that the summaries should be limited to by limiting the size of the store. As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art, the larger the number of summaries that are produced, the greater the improvement in the query execution time of the database. However, the more summaries are produced, the more redundancy there is in the database. [0024] However alternative selection parameters may be used allowing a system administrator to specify summaries for creation and/or deletion and these can be set to ensure that they are not altered by the processor in accordance with the set selection parameters. Again, this allows certain queries to be more influential in the generation of summary tables, so that, for example, it can be ensured that summaries are created for certain queries. Additionally, some summary tables, once defined, may be fixed so that they are unalterable, whereas others may be alterable only after certain periods of time, or the like. [0025] The processor is usually adapted to repeatedly modify the summaries in accordance with the usage at a predetermined time interval. This allows the system to ensure that the summaries are constantly updated so that redundant summaries are not maintained and to ensure the best query execution time is obtained even if the usage of the database has changed significantly over time. As this process is automatic and does not require any substantial input from a system user or system administrator the predetermined time interval may be as little as a few hours. Typically however the predetermined time interval will be either 24 hours or 1 week allowing the process to be carried out when the database is not heavily used. [0026] It will be appreciated that as well as creating new summaries by repeating steps (a) and (b) to determine one or more view summaries and then generating selected ones of the one or more new summaries, it is also possible to delete summaries, or alternatively modify currently existing summaries to provide improved summaries. [0027] An example of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [0028]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of apparatus for operating in accordance with the present invention; [0029]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram representing the content of the database shown in FIG. 1; and, FIG. 3 is a graph showing the estimated benefit that can be obtained using the present invention. [0030]FIG. 1 shows apparatus suitable for implementing a database in accordance with the present invention. The apparatus consists of a computing device 1 including a processor 2, a memory 3, an input device 4 and a display 5, all of which are coupled together via a bus 6. [0031] In use, the database is contained within the memory 3 and can be accessed by the user inputting database queries via the input device 4. Database queries input via the input device 4 are transferred via the bus 6 to the processor 2 which parses the query to determine the information which needs to be obtained from the database. The processor 2 then accesses the database and obtains the relevant data as required before this is transferred back to the output device 5 for presentation to the user. [0032] In order to use the system, the system user may have to log onto the database by entering a User ID and a User password. In this case, the User ID and the User password are transferred from the input device 4 to the processor 2 where they are compared with User data stored in the memory 3. The processor 2 will compare the entered User ID and password with the User data stored in the memory to determine whether the User has access to the system. If so, the processor 2 will indicate this to the User via the display 5 allowing the user to access any of the data stored in the memory 3. [0033] Once the system has been accessed, data can be obtained from the database by inputting a query using the input device 4. The query, which is usually input using the SQL query language, is transferred to the processor 2 where it is parsed to determine what information is to be obtained from the database. The processor 2 then accesses the database in the memory 3 and obtains the data as required, before transferring the data to the output device 5 for presentation to the user. [0034] A schema tical representation of the database is shown in FIG. 2. In this example, the database 10 is a database including details of the performance of a large chain of shops. In this example, the data is stored in a number of separate detail tables including a shop table 11 and location table 12, a products table 13 and a sales table 14. Further tables concerning company employees are also provided in the form of a person table 15, an address table 16, a job title table 17 and a salary table 18. [0035] In this example, the first set of tables 11,12,13,14 form a related group of tables in that information contained in each of the tables is generally related to information contained in each of the other tables in the set. Similarly the tables 15,16,17,18 also form a related set. The first set of tables are connected by appropriate links 19 which are used by the processor 2 when searching for information contained within the tables. [0036] As shown the links 19 between the sales tables 14 and the shop, location and products tables 11,12,13 include many to one links in that for several references of sales in the sales table 14 there will only be a single reference in the respective shop, location and products table 13. This indicates that the sales table 14 is subordinate to the shop, location and products tables 11,12,13. Furthermore, as there are no tables which are subordinate to the sales table the sales table is referred to as a fact table, as will be explained in more detail below. [0037] Similarly, the second set of tables are also joined by appropriate links 20. [0038] An example of the query process will now be described. Firstly, the user may enter a query requesting information concerning the sales of certain products from a given shop. Accordingly, the user generates a suitable query which is transferred to the processor 2. The processor 2 determines the information which is required and accesses the shop table 11, the products table 13 and the sales table 14 stored in the database 10 in the memory 3. The relevant information concerning the shop and desired products is then presented to the user on the output device 5. [0039] As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art this particular query requires that the shop table 11, the products table 13 and the sales table 14 are all accessed and this would therefore be time consuming. Furthermore, the query may typically require the aggregation of data contained within the tables. Thus for example the query may require that a total sales figure is returned indicating the financial total of all sales made. Again, this information must be calculated each time the summary is produced and again, this can cause further increases in the query execution time. [0040] Accordingly, it is desirable for the present invention to utilize summary tables which would be stored as additional tables with the database 10. The summary tables can be designed to include only the data required to answer a specific query. This allows the data required to respond to the query to be accessed in a vastly reduced time. Furthermore, the summary tables can include calculated values, such as a summation of data, thereby obviating the need for calculations to be made on line. [0041] Operation of the present invention to generate and maintain the summary tables will now be described. The general process of the present invention can be summarised as follows: [0042] The processor 2 determines workload statistics by monitoring usage of the database 10. [0043] For given policy settings the processor 2 determines which existing summaries should be deleted purely due to a lack of utilisation [0044] The processor uses a ranking algorithm to determine which queries are most in �need� of performance tuning, and to rank queries by this measure using the workload statistics. [0045] The processor may first eliminate queries which are run infrequently to save on processing costs. [0046] For each query in the ranked list, the processor 2 determines exact match summary tables. [0047] For each candidate summary table in the above list the processor 2 calculates the theoretical performance benefit. [0048] The processor 2 then ranks the candidate summary tables by performance benefit. [0049] The processor 2 reconsiders deleting existing summaries that have a lower theoretical performance benefit than the proposed candidate summaries. [0050] The processor 2 can make proposals concerning the creation and deletion of summary tables. [0051] The processor 2 can then either: [0052] implement changes which have been approved by a system administrator; or, [0053] automatically implement the summaries that will result in the most benefit based on the current settings. [0054] Workload Statistics [0055] In order to determine the workload statistics of the database 10, the processor 2 monitors the queries which are transferred to the database 10 and determines the query execution time required to generate an answer to the query. This information is then stored in a workload statistics table as shown for example in Table 1.
[0056] As shown, for each of the queries Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5 the processor monitors how many times the query has been submitted and determines average query execution time which is stored as shown. The system also stores an indication of the Tables accessed by the query. This allows the processor 2 to determine if an improvement would be achieved using an alternative summary for example. This is completed for each of the queries submitted to the database 10 during any one time period, which would typically be one day, or one week or the like. This allows the system to determine for which queries summary tables should be produced, as will be explained below. [0057] Policy Settings [0058] It is possible to set a number of policy settings to control the creation of summary tables by the processor 2. The main policy setting is the allocation of space in the database 10 in which summary tables can be stored. As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art, the larger the space allocated for the saving of summary tables, then the more summary tables will be created. This will increase the number of queries that are able to execute summary tables as opposed to the more detailed database tables and therefore will reduce the over all query execution time for the database. However, an increased number of summary tables also increases the redundancy of the data within the database and causes an increase in the processing costs of the database. Accordingly, it is necessary for the system administrator to determine how much memory space is to be allocated to the production of summary tables. [0059] Secondly, the system administrator can designate certain summary tables for deletion or maintenance so that this cannot be overridden by the processor 2. Thus, the system administrator can indicate that summary tables used, for example by a certain person, may be maintained whatever the processor 2 calculates should be the preferred summary tables. Furthermore, the system administer can also designate some summary tables for deletion. [0060] A further option is for the system administrator to indicate that summary tables should be maintained for only a predetermined length of time without use. Thus, if a summary table is not used for a week, then it may be that the queries which used to access that summary table would no longer be used and accordingly, the table can be deleted. [0061] A further option which will be described with respect to the enhanced recommendation algorithm below is for the user to indicate the nature of the database usage. This is achieved by indicating whether the queries submitted to the table are predetermined, such that the queries follow a standard configuration, or ad-hoc queries, in which the structure of queries will typically vary from query to query. In this initial predetermined setting, which is the default setting used by the processor 2, it is assumed that queries will all follow a predetermined standard. Accordingly, it is typical that queries are produced which access the same summary tables repeatedly. Accordingly, with this setting the processor 2 operates to generate exact match summary tables only. These are summary tables which include data required to answer specific queries only and no further data. This is compared to inexact match summary tables in which larger summary tables are created which provide more data than is required to answer any one query but which are typically capable of answering a number of different queries. This will be explained in more detail below. [0062] The Ranking Algorithm [0063] For the list of queries for which workload statistics have been calculated, the following ranking algorithm is used by processor 2 to determine their relative need of performance tuning: IR=log(f)2�log(elt+1) (1) [0064] where: [0065] IR=Item ranking [0066] log=log to the base 10 [0067] f=frequency (number of times the same query was requested) [0068] elt=average elapsed time for these queries in seconds. [0069] This formula has the following characteristics: [0070] It places more importance on frequently run queries than on the execution time. [0071] It �flattens� at the bottom end, reducing the otherwise big differences caused by execution times that approach zero. [0072] It scales over very large frequencies of queries, due to the logarithmic nature of the formula. [0073] Once the IR has been calculated for each query, as set out above, the queries which access a given Fact table are then examined. For each fact table a Fact Percentage Ranking (FPR) using the following formula: FPR=(ΣfIR/ΣIR)�100 (2) [0074] Where: [0075] ΣfIR=sum of the IR for each query using that fact table [0076] ΣIR=total IR for all queries [0077] This allows all the fact tables to be ranked according to the FPR. Once this has been completed, the IR for each query calculated above is modified using the following formula, to derive a Query Percentage Ranking (QPR), as follows: QPR=((IR�FPR)/((IR�FPR))�100 (3) [0078] The QPR of a query shows how much the performance improvement is needed on that query in relation to the other queries. Accordingly, by sorting the queries in accordance with the calculated QPR, this effectively ranks the queries in an order of importance for summary table production. [0079] It will be appreciated from the above that this algorithm has an inherent bias towards creating summary tables for frequently used fact tables. [0080] In addition to this built in bias, it is intended that user-defined weightings can also be applied to any or all tables/folders, such that the above ranking will be affected in favour of higher weighted tables. [0081] These weightings are included within the policy settings mentioned above. [0082] Summary Table Determination [0083] Once the processor 2 has determined a ranked query list, excluding any queries for which summary tables are not required, then the processor 2 determines exact match summary tables for each query in the list. The exact match summary tables are the summary tables that are required to provide all the data required to answer the query without providing any additional data within the summary table. These summary tables are determined by consideration of the query and the data provided in response to the query. The summary tables however are not produced but are merely determined to the extent that the data from the database is used to form the summary table if necessary. [0084] The Benefit Measure [0085] Once the summary tables are determined, the processor 3 calculates a benefit measure which is an indication of the reduction that will be obtained in the query execution time by having the summary present. [0086] The benefit measure is calculated by the processor 2 as follows: [0087] Calculate the SDR, (Summary to Detail Reduction factor). [0088] [This factor shows by how much a summary reduces the detail tables. This value will be between 0 and 1, where 1 would indicate no reduction and 0 would indicate maximum reduction. For example, a summary table that contains 250 rows of data, which is used in place of using detail tables which have 1000 rows, the reduction factor would be 250/1000 or 0.25.] [0089] For each query that would have used this summary, had it been in place previously, calculate the average number of executions per day. [0090] Calculate the average execution time spent on those queries per day. [0091] Now apply the SDR factor to this average execution time per day [0092] From the previous two steps, an estimated �time-saved� value can be associated with each candidate summary. [0093] Calculate the �speed increase� factor: total time (for all queries)/(total time−time saved) [0094] In the case in which workload statistics are available for given queries, then these are used in the calculation of the summary to detail reduction factor. This can be achieved for example by comparing the query execution time obtained when the summary table is not present to the query execution time obtained when the summary table is present. In this case, the SDR therefore represents the factor by which the query execution time is reduced for a given query, by having the summary table present. [0095] Where no workload statistics are available, a benefit measure must be estimated for a candidate summary. [0096] In this case, the estimated benefit is based on the structure of the underlying data. In the absence of workload statistics it is only possible to determine by how much a candidate summary table will reduce the number of rows of data processed if a query used that summary table as opposed to the standard database detail tables. [0097] This results in the determination of an SDR factor, which is used as the SDR factor discussed above. Thus the SDR factor is still a good indicator of by how much faster a query will execute with a summary, since it is the row reduction effect of summaries that yields the greatest gains. [0098] Thus, a benefit figure of say 5 would indicate that if the same queries within the workload statistics were executed again they would complete 5 times as fast. [0099] This measure will be calculated for all candidate summaries, and a graph produced to illustrate the estimated benefit that can be gained for a given amount of disc space, as shown for example in FIG. 3. In this case, the y-axis will show the performance gain (or benefit, as described above), and the x-axis will show disc space. [0100] Where 50 MB of disc space is selected, for example, the graph may indicate that this will be enough space to create summaries that will yield a performance gain of 20. This means that if the same previously executed queries were executed again they would finish 20 times as fast. [0101] Note: the basic information as to how many rows are in the detail tables and/or in any proposed summary tables is retrieved from a database dictionary, (i.e. structural statistics) which is stored in the memory 3. Alternatively, for efficiency, previously executed queries have �number of rows� information stored against them in the workload statistics tables, such that proposed exact match summaries can use these figures instead. [0102] Summary Proposal [0103] Once the processor 2 has determined the �speed increase� factor for each summary table, the processor 2 lists the summary tables in speed increase factor order indicating which tables will improve the query execution time of the database the greatest. This list includes proposals to the acceptance and rejection of certain summaries in accordance with the desired policy settings. [0104] Thus, for example, the processor considers the existing summaries currently in place and determines those that have a lower theoretical performance benefit than the proposed candidate summaries. The processor then indicates that these should preferably be deleted whilst making proposals concerning the creation of new summary tables in accordance with the list. [0105] Accordingly, the processor 2 will list the summary tables which if produced would result in a decrease in the query execution time for the database as a whole. Similarly, the processor 2 will indicate summary tables which will also result in a minor increase or minor decrease in the query execution time. [0106] This allows a system administrator to determine and control which summary tables should be created and deleted. [0107] However, typically the system administrator will configure the system to automatically accept the proposed summaries. In this case, the system automatically implements the summary tables which result in the optimum operating efficiency of the database, based on the current settings, without requiring input from the system administrator. These proposals will therefore generally indicate the summary tables which should be produced in order to obtain the fastest query response time in accordance with the entered policy settings. [0108] It will be appreciated from this therefore that the processor 2 must take into account the benefit obtained by the summary tables currently in place as well as the new summary tables proposed in the list. [0109] Once the proposals have been finalized, the processor 2 will then determine which summary tables contained within the database 10 should be deleted and delete these accordingly. The processor 2 will then arrange for the desired new summary tables to be created. As described above, the summary tables are formed in the database 10 from the data contained in the detail tables. However, alternatively, if the system is configured appropriately, then the summary tables may alternatively be created in the memory 3, allowing the required information to be obtained without accessing the database. [0110] Accordingly, the present invention will therefore operates to maintain summary tables so as to optimize the operation of the database. [0111] Additional modifications which can be made to the present invention will now be described. [0112] The Target Performance Recommendation Algorithm [0113] Where administrators wish to use all available resources to reduce the execution times of queries deemed to be of most �need� of performance tuning, they may choose to use this alternative algorithm. Rather than considering the relative merits of the proposed candidate summaries, this algorithm purely basis its recommendations on the measure of �need� identified in the second step. Exact match summaries would be created in order of the �need� ranking. [0114] The Enhanced Recommendation Algorithm [0115] The process described in detail above operates using exact match summaries. However, depending on the Administrators choice, a compromise between summary table coverage and system performance can be made which would potential change the shape of the recommended summaries. [0116] This algorithm can be tuned to either reflect a situation where users run predetermined queries, or a situation where users run ad hoc queries. A selection is made along a sliding scale, somewhere between these two extremes, to reflect the balance of all users between these two settings. [0117] The simple algorithm above fits the purely specialist case, i.e. where users tend to only run predetermined queries. Under these circumstances having exact match summaries for previously executed queries will work very well , since future queries are expected to be the same (or very similar). [0118] At the other extreme, where previous queries are not such a good guide for future queries, the algorithm can be altered to sacrifice some performance gain, (which would be maximised where an exact match summary is found for a query), in order to increase the chance that a candidate summary would be used by a greater and more diverse set of queries (i.e. increase coverage), see performance gain algorithm below. [0119] The Performance Gain Algorithm [0120] In order to achieve the more diverse summaries, the processor 2 operates by enhancing simple candidate summaries proposed in the above algorithms, by combining and substituting existing summaries. [0121] As described above, to set the degree to which this process will alter the simple list of candidate summaries, the Administrator will need to set a policy setting defining the nature of the usage of the database. Thus, this may be achieved, for example, by selecting a setting to indicate whether the queries are typically predetermined or ad-hoc. [0122] If the Administrator believes that query usage is fairly static in nature then the maximum benefit will be achieved by setting the queries to the Predetermined (Max Performance) side of the scale. If the Administrator believes that query usage changes over time, choosing the Ad Hoc (Max Coverage) end of the scale will yield the maximum benefit, since the potential for a greater range of new queries to gain from the recommended summaries is higher. [0123] It will be realized that by increasing the number of dimensions a summary table has, then the summary table becomes relevant to a greater number of queries. However, increasing the number of dimensions also increases the redundancy of the data in the database, as well as increasing the query execution time of queries accessing the summary tables. [0124] To understand the implications of this, it is useful to consider the following examples set out in Table 2 below. [0125] In this example the simple algorithm has suggested two candidate summaries, Sum1 and Sum2. Here we consider whether rolling these two summaries in to one larger summary (Synth1) is of greater benefit.
[0126] The Performance Gain Calculation is performed using the equation: Perf gain=100−(((iSDR1−iSDR2)/iSDR1)*100) (4) [0127] Where: [0128] iSDR=1−SDR [0129] iSDR1=iSDR of the advice under review [0130] iSDR2=iSDR of the synth/fk-based advice [0131] In order to decide whether the summary table Synth1 should be used, it is necessary to determine the performance gain obtained by replacing Sum1 with Synth1, which in this case is: % Performance Gain=100−(((0.995−0.75)/0.995)*100)=75.38 (in terms of maximum gain available) [0132] Secondly, it is necessary to consider replacing Sum2 with Synth1 % Performance Gain=100−(((0.975−0.75)/0.0975)*100)=76.93 (in terms of maximum gain available) [0133] The above % Performance Gain figures indicate how much of the theoretical maximum achievable performance gain is still available, even with the increase in coverage. [0134] Accordingly, using these Figures, summary tables would be created on the basis of the criteria shown in Table 3:
[0135] Thus, if the policy settings had been set to indicate 77% predetermined queries, the recommended summaries would be Synth1 (D1,D2) and Sum1 (D1). [0136] If however, the policy settings were set to 75% predetermined queries, the recommended summaries would be Synth1 (D1,D2) only. [0137] Since coverage is implicitly increased by generalisation, there is no specific test to see if coverage has increased by a certain amount; any increase in coverage will be acceptable as long as the performance measure is met. [0138] The Generaliser Algorithm [0139] In order to determine what synthetic summaries to test with the above Performance Gain Algorithm, larger summary tables are derived from the list of perfect match summaries (which would represent the summary tables generated if the policy settings were set on 100% Predetermined Queries). [0140] The list of derived summaries is governed by the Generaliser Algorithm set out below: [0141] The first part of the generalization process is to separate the workload advice into discrete subsets for processing by the algorithm. The subsets are as follows: [0142] Those workload advice items that cannot be generalized. These are advice objects that select from more than one fact table. [0143] Those workload advice items that select all their items from the same table. (referred to here as �the single table set�). [0144] Those workload advice items that select from fact and detail tables with joins. (referred to here as �the multiple detail set�). [0145] Once these subsets have been created a two phase generalizing algorithm is used. [0146] Phase one�replaces axis items from detail tables with foreign keys from the fact table. [0147] Phase two�generalizes the single table advice set, by combining two (or more) workload advice objects to create a single more general synthetic advice object. [0148] For instance, imagine the case where the following workload advice has been generated: [0149] 1. emp.grade, dept.mgrno, sum(emp.sal) [0150] 2. emp.grade, dept.mmno sum(emp.sal) [0151] If the dept.mgrno and dept.mmno axis items where replaced with a foreign key, in this case emp.deptno, then the same summary (emp.grade, emp.deptno, sum(emp.sal)) could be used to answer both queries by the rewrite algorithm and join back to detail. This is the motivation for the first phase algorithm. [0152] The algorithm first attempts to create a set of normalized advice objects, that represents all the advice in the multiple detail set. It then makes multiple passes over the multiple detail set and attempts to assign sets of candidates to each of the normalized advice based on logical correctness and the performance required. If a particular synthesized advice performantly answers a set of candidates and its summary table would contain less rows than the sum of the rows for the candidates, they will be removed from the output list and the new synthetic summary will be added. [0153] The process for this is shown in the following pseudo-code:
[0154] After this algorithm there will hopefully be a reduced set of multiple detail advice and a set of foreign key based advice these are combined into a single list which is considered the result of the first phase algorithm. As the first phase algorithm is essentially attempting to roll up the workload advice that meets the criteria, and as the normalized set will be finite, there is no stopping issue that needs to be resolved. [0155] In the second phase, for instance, imagine the case where the following workload advice has been generated: [0156] 1. emp.grade, emp.deptno, sum(emp.sal) [0157] 2. emp.grade, emp.job, sum(emp.sal) [0158] We could create a single advice item that will answer both with some degree of aggregation: [0159] 3. emp.grade, emp.deptno, emp.job, sum(emp.sal) [0160] This is the motivation for the second phase of the generalization algorithm. There are a number of issues with type of algorithm that need to be addressed. Specifically in this instance we need to worry about when to stop. It is conceivable that there could be a large amount of input advice to consider and a low setting on the performance scale could lead to a long processing time and also the generation of a small number of very large and poorly performing summaries. To overcome this issue it is necessary to derive some stopping heuristic. [0161] The stopping criteria for this algorithm works by ranking single table advice in terms of benefit, then it attempts to generate synthetic advice. It continues to do this until there is no unsynthesized advice remaining to be processed, or it fails to construct a useful advice once it has started to create some. What this means is that once a synthetic advice has successfully passed all performance requirements and will be made, if we subsequently create a synthetic advice that fails on performance we will stop. The initial ranking of advice in benefit order is crucial in assisting the creation of best possible candidates first. [0162] Once the items have been ranked in benefit order, the top ranked workload advice is compared with each of the other workload advice items to find the best possible candidate partner for it. The best candidate must have the same measures, and must have the smallest ratio of size to overlap with the top ranked advice. In the event of a tie, advice with fewer axis items will be selected, if there is still a tie then the quality of the axis items involved will be taken into account. This value is determined by the number of advice items the axis item appears in. If after all this there is still a tie, the algorithm will arbitrarily select the existing best candidate. [0163] After the best candidate has been selected, the remaining workload advice is scanned for candidates that would be able to rewrite against the generated advice. If the cardinality of this set is greater than zero, and if the synthetic advice can fit in the space of the candidates it would replace it is added to the result set. [0164] Once a set of synthetic advice has been generated any remaining single table advice is combined with it and this combined set is returned as the result. The algorithm is presented in pseudo code form below:
[0165] Without Workload Information [0166] In addition to the above algorithms , which are driven by the presence of workload statistics, ASM has an alternative algorithm for the situation where no previous usage history is available. [0167] Under these circumstances recommendations for deletion would not exist. [0168] Recommendations for creation would be restricted to exact match summaries based on an internal definition of a fact table, which is a table which: [0169] has no subordinates [0170] is a subordinate of at least one master table [0171] has at least one data-point column (a column of a type that would by default have a measure placed on it within Discoverer). [0172] General [0173] It will be realised that although the above has been described with respect to a stand alone processing system, the system may also be implemented on remote database systems. Thus, the apparatus described in FIG. 1 may be replaced by a database located at a remote location and which is connected to a number of end stations via a communications network, such as the Internet. This allows the end stations to access the database via the Internet. It will be understood that by a person skilled in the art, in this case users would enter a query at the end station and this would then be transferred to the database system. The database system would include a processor for reviewing the query which would operate in the same way as the processor 2 described above. The processor would then obtain the data which can then be returned to the end station via the communications network. [0174] It is important to note that while the present invention has been described in the context of a fully functioning data processing system, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the processes of the present invention are capable of being distributed in the form of a computer readable medium of instructions and a variety of forms and that the present invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media actually used to carry out the distribution. Examples of computer readable media include recordable-type media such as floppy disc, a hard disk drive, RAM, and CD-ROM's, as well as transmission-type media, such as digital and analog communications links. Referenced by
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TP-LINK 200Mbps Mini Powerline Homeplug Network Adapter Twin Pack (TL-PA211KIT)
With two adapters plugged in, you could simply press the 'pair' button to building a connection without other configuration. The maximum transmission range of these adapters could be up to 200m over your household power supply grid.
Besides, with 200Mbps high speed and built-in QoS feature, TL-PA211 enables lag-free entertainment such as online/LAN gaming, audio/video streaming simultaneously, and the application with real-time requirements. IGMP managed multicast IP transmission also help to optimise IPTV streaming. What's more, the 128-bit AES encryption also protects your network from external attack.
- Backed by a 3-year manufacturer warranty
- Provides a secure and stable network
- Plug-and-play setup, no drivers or software required
- Ideal for high-quality transmission of video and other data at up to 200 Mbps
- Wide coverage, ideal for creating Internet connectivity in remote rooms or wireless black spots
- 300 meter range
- AES 128 bit security built-in
- PowerSave Move - Save up to 65% compared with other powerlines
Super Small Design
With its new ultra-compact housing design, TP-LINK's TL-PA211 is much smaller than most other 200Mbps Powerline Products. At just 30mm thick and with its high quality, elegant white shell, it nearly blends completely in front of any power outlet.
Reduces Power Consumption Up to 65%
The TL-PA211, a new-generation Powerline Adapter, with its practical design and sophisticated Power-Saving Mode consumes less power when compared with existing Powerline Adapters. When there is no data transmission or reception occurs over a certain period of time, it will automatically switch from its regular "Working" Mode to "Power-Saving" Mode that will reduce its energy consumption by up to 65%*.
*Actual data will vary because of the network conditions and environmental factors
Pair Button for Easy Network Security
Simply by pushing the Pair button on the adapters, users can set up a hassle-free Powerline network within minutes, complete with 128-bit AES encryption for network security and data protection. It's that simple!
- Plug the adapter into the power outlet
- Connect the device via the network cable to the adapter
- Press the encryption buttons and you're done!
Package Contents:
- 2 x TP-Link Homeplug Adapters
- 2 x Ethernet Network Cables
- Setup CD-ROM
24 Hour Technical Support
0845 147 0017 or firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Product Number: | RT23813 |
Item Price: | $19.99 |
Availability: | The item you are looking for is currently sold out and will no longer be available in the future. Please see similar items below. |
Shipping Weight: | 0.91 lb. |
Remington UMC Centerfire Rifle Ammunition is one of the latest products from the Union Metallic Cartridge Company (UMC) and Remington. Tracing its roots to 1867, UMC was the first ammo company that made centerfire ammunition and was responsible for Plama Match ammunition, known for accuracy.
The UMC centerfire ammo is perfect for high-volume shooting, such as training, target shooting, and hunting varmints. There is the option of jacket hollow point bullets or metal-case ones, as well as a range of calibers to select from, letting you select the ideal bullets for your task and rifle.
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text:
How to for assholes?
No this is not that. I just wanted to bring up again that these people are out there. I recently was checking the Search Engine Terms on my sites traffic reports (this tells me what a visitor typed in a search engine to find my site) and this is what I found:
how to remove a watermark from a picture
Yes someone is out there trying to find out how to do this.....
Wonder why someone would do this? well if you watch larafairie then you may know. She had an image of hers that she took when she was 14 up. It was ripped by a porn company, had the watermark removed, and used for a dvd cover. She was finally able to find a lawyer here in the US to take the case. More details here: news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/st… and her flickr here flickr.com/photos/larajade/513…
Read my earlier journal about the law that provides even more penalties for willful removal of copyright information. cosfrog.deviantart.com/journal…
Now have a shopping cart installed to Exposing Beauty so that every image is now available as a print. For all those that have been asking about prints here you go!
Those clicking on 'Request Print' on the deviations, I do not use dA prints....this is where you can get them (or ebay)
Added a lot of new prints to my Ebay shop at stores.ebay.com/CosmicFrogsPho… . Every so often I will move a couple from the store to auction at a discount so check often and I do take requests!


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Ingredients & Dayparts
Ingredients & Dayparts
featured articles
industry headlines
Adding to its growing list of food options that already includes vegan hotdogs, rotisserie chicken mac and cheese, and lamb burgers, Levi's Stadium
Whataburger and H-E-B Grocery Stores announced that Whataburger's Signature Sauces are now available at H-E-B and Central Market stores.
Chick-fil-A is partnering with THRIVE Farmers Coffee to introduce the quick-serve industry's first-ever specialty-grade coffee.
Caribou Coffee listened to their guests when they asked for more variety and better-for-you food offerings by adding green salads, wraps, pasta sal
Taco John's is spicing up its morning menu. The quick-service restaurant added the Spicy Chorizo Breakfast Burrito to its menu.
Queso Diablo is back at Qdoba Mexican Grill, and this time it's here to stay.
Three Happy Cows got its humble start as a drinkable yogurt operation in Dallas, but as Taco Bell's first Greek yogurt supplier, the boutique brand
In response to serious consumer and media misinformation about the role grains play in healthy diets, Oldways and the Whole Grains Council are orga
FOCUS Brands Inc., the franchisor and operator of Carvel, Cinnabon, Schlotzsky's, Moe's Southwest Grill, Auntie Anne's Pretzels, and McAlister's De
New research from Mintel suggests that while craft beer drinkers may indeed love the big, bold flavors of their favorite artisanal brew, they also
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The Commission has certified trainers to provide the six-hour course on North Carolina court structure, civil procedure, etc., required by Mediated Settlement Conference Rule 8.B(2)(a) and Family Settlement Rule 8.B:
Professor Mark W. Morris 523 Elm StreetRaleigh, NC 27604Tele: (919) 821-3029 (in Raleigh) or (919) 530-5254 (in Durham)Fax: (919) 530-7622E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com On Line Registration Web Site: www.nccourts.homestead.com
The ADR Center 102-CCinema DriveWilmington, NC 28403Contact: John J. MurphyTele: (910) 362-8000Fax: (910) 362-8008E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Web Site: http://www.theADRcenter.org
Carolina Dispute Settlement Services 3737 Glenwood Avenue Suite 370Raleigh, NC 27612Contact: Diann Seigle Tele: (919) 755-4646 or (800) 960-3062 Fax: (919) 755-4644E-mail: email@example.com Web Site: www.notrials.com
Mediation, Inc. P.O. Box 16205 Chapel Hill, NC 27516Contact: J. Anderson Little Tele: (919) 636-5697 or (888) 842-6157Fax: (919) 637-3212Web Site: www.mediationincnc.com
Judge H. William Constangy Tele: (704) 807-8164 E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Ken Dougherty, Esq. P.O. Box 57Wake Forest, NC 27588Contact: Ken DoughertyTele: (919) 610-4391 www.nclawandmediation.com E-Mail: email@example.com
UNC Greensboro Peace & Conflict Studies and The ADR Center of Wilmington Contact: Lila MarkleyTele: (336) 643-4191 or (336) 543-4970Email: email@example.com Training is held in Greensboro, NC
Those interested in the training should contact trainers directly to learn about training dates, times, locations, and fees. Anyone interested in becoming certified to provide the 6-hour course should contact the Commission's office.


text:
- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
Publishers Weekly
In his promising debut, trial lawyer Campbell delivers an intriguing, if often overly technical, story of long-buried family secrets and the blurred line between lies and the truth. In 1973, Doug McKenzie, a new associate at a prestigious Phoenix firm, is thrilled to work with famed trial lawyer Daniel Morgan. When the son of a wealthy rancher is shot dead in his home, Morgan and McKenzie are hired by the victim's father, Ferris Eddington, to defend his daughter-in-law, the beautiful Rita Eddington. McKenzie has known the Eddingtons since childhood and can't believe Rita killed her husband. But when the only other suspect is Rita's mentally disturbed 12-year-old daughter, Miranda, McKenzie knows it will be the trial of his life. While Campbell certainly knows the ins and outs of the legal system, the plot meanders in the middle, becoming too bogged down with procedural particulars to sustain the reader's interest. Despite an outcome that's not as surprising as it should be, legal suspense fans will be well rewarded. Author tour. (Sept.)
Copyright 2007 Reed Business Information


text:
This program takes place prior to the Traditional Campus-Based Orientation session, and ends in time for you to participate in it fully.
$155 additional cost
Click on the session for which you would like to register:
Are you interested in making new friends on a true wilderness camping trip? If so, check out our Trailblazer Sea Kayaking Overnight program. This is an intermediate-level three-day outdoor learning experience provided in partnership with Lincoln Canoe and Kayak that focuses on life at UNE. Trained registered Maine guides along with UNE's Trailblazer Guides lead you through a three-day journey around the coastal waters of Casco Bay and Freeport, Maine. You paddle out to island camp sites where you spend the nights camping as a group. While camping, you engage with your new classmates and enjoy the time spent outdoors, kayaking, sleeping in tents, and cooking meals on small camp stoves. UNE's Trailblazer guides lead discussions on adjusting to life at UNE and serve as campus resources on everything from academics to clubs and organizations. Along the way, you also learn about Maine's unique coastal ecosystem, and how to pack efficiently as everything you bring must fit in the kayaks! You should be comfortable around water, and some kayaking experience is recommended though not required.


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MLP: The Future is Magic Part 1The sun begins to rise on over the horizon; The morning has come forth, and every pony and creature in the world is ready to rise and welcome another beautiful day. Out in the middle of the vast ocean of the world, the inhabitants of the beautiful paradise known as Tambelon Island are awakening and rising on out of their beds. Summer has ended, and now every young pony, zebra, dragon, buffalo, changeling, griffon, and more prepare for the new school year. Grabbing their saddlebags, books, and getting cleans up by their parents, the little ones rush out and towards the school as the bells begin to ring.It seems like this is going to be a peaceful day like any other, and nothing could be any different about it. However, high up in the golden castle at the very heart of the city and island, the Royal Family is ready to wake up and begin with the most important jobs of all: Running this very kingdom and making sure all is well.*************************************The Tambelon Roya
My Little Pony Character Profile: StarlightMain Protagonist of My Little Pony: The Future is MagicName: StarlightTitle: Young Princess of TambelonGender: FemaleAge: 13Species: AlicornHeight: About the same as most other young mares her ageEye Color: BlueCoat Color: PinkMane Color: Dark and Light Purple streakAlignment: GoodCutie Mark: Shooting StarCurrent Status: Young Princess of Tambelon, Student of Tambelon Middle School, Grand Crusader of the CMC ScoutsFamily: Twilight Sparkle (Mother) / Courageous Heart (Father) / Proudheart (Little Brother) / Shammy Step (Aunt and Foalsitter) / Shining Armor (Uncle) / Cadance (Aunt) / Tap Step (Grandfather) / Grace Step (Grandmother) / Nightlight (Grandfather) / Twilight Velvet (Grandmother).Friends: Candy Apple (sister figure) / Tyke / Gust / Delicacy / Shani / Oath Sworn (Loyal Bodyguard) / Smarty Pants (Her doll)Enemies: Crown Jewel, Beryl, Pearl, Grenadie
My Little Pony: The Light of Equestria Ch. 20 In the southern part of Equestria is a long road covered in dirt and small pebbles. Following the trail are two little unicorns, who's destination lie further south in a place called the Badlands. The lavender pony with the purple and pink streak mane is using her magic to light the way as they walk down the road in the dark night. She keeps herself ever vigilant in case of dangers, though there is hardly anything to be seen or heard from their current position. "Are we there yet, Twilight?" Complains the white pony with the stylish purple mane. Annoyed with her friend asking that same question over and over for the past hour, Twilight Sparkle answers politely for the final time, "For the last time, Rarity…no, we are not there yet, and I doubt we will be for a long while." The prissy pony moans and continues complaining as they walk, irritating the other un
MLP: The Future is Magic Part 2The sun begins to rise and another day is ready to start. Oath Sworn walks down the hallway of Tambelon Castle and to the bedroom of the little princess Starlight. She opens the door and sees the filly still asleep. Oath smiles at how peaceful she looks cuddling Smarty Pants while she sleeps, but has to wake her in order for her to get ready for her first day of school."Starlight..." Oath Sworn whispers as she gently nudges the sleeping filly princess, "...it is time to get up and go to-"The eyes of the little pink pony shoot open and she hops out of bed with her Smarty Pants. She then dashes out of the bedroom, leaving Oath behind...in utter surprise."-school?"Starlight races to the kitchen to make herself some breakfast. But once she gets there, she sees that the chef has already made her a quick meal for her to eat. Since school is starting in less than an hour, she has to get ready as quickly as possible. The little filly sits at the table and eats her bowl of hot oatmeal, alon
MLP: Apple for a DayOn a bright and beautiful day on the Island of Harmony, school has just ended and the start of another free weekend has begun. For most of the little ponies that attend, they have their own plans for the next few days. However, one little princess named Starlight was invited the other day by her best friend Candy Apple to spend the weekend at her home of Applelulu, the great farming community of the northern part of the island. Thrilled that she will be having a sleepover at her best friend's place, not to mention this will be the first time the little alicorn princess will be setting hoof outside the city, Starlight packed her bag and after school gets out, she joins Candy and her mother Cheerilee as they board the carriage bound for the north. Oath Sworn also joins, as per her duty to protect the little princess at all times. The two stallions that are tasked with pulling the small carriage that carries the two fillies and two mare, start so and make their
My Little Profiles: Candy AppleMain Character of My Little Pony: The Future is MagicName: Candy AppleGender: FemaleAge: 14Species: Earth PonyHeight: About the same as most other young mares, but slightly tallerEye Color: GreenCoat Color: Redish PinkMane Color: BlondAlignment: GoodCutie Mark: A candy appleCurrent Status: Resident of Applelulu, Student of Tambelon Elementary SchoolFamily: Cheerilee (Mother) / Big Macintosh (Father) / Cinnamon and Crisp (Brother and Sister) / Applejack (Aunt) / Applebloom (Aunt) / Granny Smith (Great Grandmother) / Grenadier Apple (Distant Relative)Friends: Starlight (Cousin and Sister Figure), Shani, Gust, Tyke, and DelicacyEnemies: Crown Jewel, Beryl, Pearl (School Bullies), Dismay.Abilities: Has her Father's strength, and good at spellingOther Details: Raised in Applelulu with her family. She was recommended to Tambelon Elementary, based on a promise
MLP: The Future is Magic Story GuideMY LITTLE PONY: THE FUTURE IS MAGICSTORY LISTVolume I:1. The Future is Magic Part 1: http://courageous-of-light.deviantart.com/art/MLP-The-Future-is-Magic-Part-1-4192935562. The Future is Magic Part 2: http://courageous-of-light.deviantart.com/art/MLP-The-Future-is-Magic-Part-2-4207153083. Solving a Problem: http://courageous-of-light.deviantart.com/art/MLP-Solving-a-Problem-4251361704. Apple for a Day: http://courageous-of-light.deviantart.com/art/MLP-Apple-for-a-Day-4259025645. Wings of Steal: http://courageous-of-light.deviantart.com/art/MLP-Wings-of-Steal-4276757646. Code of the Cutie: http://courageous-of-light.deviantart.com/art/MLP-Code-of-the-Cutie-4294209567. Sharing a Laugh: http://courageous-of-light.deviantart.com/art/MLP-Sharing-a-Laugh-4324433978: Where in Tambelo
Please sign up or login to post a critique.
Yeah cool
hey you know I made a fan foal of Twiragous (it's not a daughter, just a fan foal)
because your OC is awsome
your welcome.
I'll put it up, then show it to you.
see you in a bit buddy
um but was it allowed to do that?
i mean whwn i asked if i could use that pose from they said no as they're using thart to get money
oooh okay x3
just wanted to clear it up fro me xD
thank you for repliying kindy to me x3
always x3
i don't like comming over to say "HEY THIS IS THEFT TAKE IT DOWN!" Thats just rude
i always add um or please or any of those inbetween x3 my motto is be kind to others adn they'll be kind to ou back x3


text:
The apartments are in a great, central position in the heart of family oriented Roda village. Well maintained and clean and pleasant apartment and very spacious. The owners are friendly and welcoming. We had a lovely stay and would recommend the Maritsas Apartments
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Priceline, TripOnline SA, Booking.com and Odigeo so you can book your Maritsas Apartments reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Maritsas Apartments Corfu/Roda


text:
Hi all,
I promised my 22 y/o son that I'd buy him a handgun once he successfully graduates from U.S. Navy Dive School, as a congratulatory gift. In all honesty, him and I have just been looking for an excuse, and this one works with the wife! Lol
He wants a range gun that he can carry occasionally, not EDC.
We both prefer things that are not super mainstream, and that goes with gun choice as well.
He likes my FN FNX-9, but of course wants something different for himself. We had decided on the Beretta PX4 Storm Compact, but then he held a CZ 75 P-07 Duty and fell in love with it.
(Not looking for suggestions...he's probably held every major brand and model of gun there is over the last three years)
I know aftermarket support doesn't offer much for this gun, but are there any other things I should research? Any known cons about it or the manufacturer? From what I can find, it's a great gun.
The other thing to consider is caliber. I think 9mm, but he's caught up in the ".40 is better" trend. I really don't know, or care, so I'll probably go .40 just so he won't think he got less than he wanted. If that sentence made any sense.
We probably won't be able to test fire either.
So, thoughts on this gun or cal choice?
iPad & TapaTalk HD


text:
Freestyle Magazine
I have been reading the Freestyle magazine from on-line posts. There does not appear to be much to do during the day on the Dawn? What kind of groups or activities do they have to pass the time at sea?
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MJM never fails!! special order Items lets just say at most places you have to wait weeks. MJM Its prompt shipping!!Read More ->
I could just write a one-time testimonial as I only do my magic purchases with MJM. But each time I order from them, it just gets better and better!...Read More ->


text:
Compare the best web hosting companies with the latest user reviews and rankings on the #1 Web Hosting Comparison Directory.
Powered by Liquid Web. login | register. Search for: Main menu. Skip to primary ... Hottest Hosts. Web Hosting Service Directory & Buyer's Guide. Web Hosting ...
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Web Hosting Community - Web Hosting Directories - TheWebHostBiz Web Hosting Directory is a listing of searchable sources for web hosting service providers.
In order to choose the best web hosting for your business, you must first be aware of the available options. Web hosting directories provide you with a wide range of companies for you to choose from.
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"C'mon, why the hell is he taking so long?" You muttered to yourself, blowing air from your blown-up cheeks. You'd agreed to go out with Alfred as he needed an honest opinion on some new clothes he wanted.
As you rather liked men's clothes, the foureyes figured you were a perfect choice. Also if something didn't suit him, you were blunt enough to tell him.
"Hey that guy looks cute, should we talk to him?" You glanced up when you saw a couple of girls hovering in your vicinity.
You sighed, ruffling your short hair. It wasn't your fault people saw you as a boy, you supposed. You dressed in men's clothes and acted like one. Though you didn't really care anymore as you used to, now you'd found people who weren't weirded out by you and your habits.
"Yo dude! Never fear as the hero is here!" Alfred jumped in front of you, striking a silly pose. You stared at him for a moment then burst out laughing. "Not cool dude..." he muttered, pouting at you.
"Sorry Alfie! Couldn't help it!" You told him as you grinned at him. "Whatever! Let's go!" He cried, grabbing your arm and pulling you purposefully in a direction.
You chatted with him about trivial things, smiling and laughing a lot. It was only when you saw people muttering and pointing at the two of you that you realised what you must look like to others.
Suddenly feeling uncomfortable with the situation, you let go of his arm, stuffing your hands in your pockets. He blinked and looked at you curiously as he felt the warmth on his arm disappear, feeling a bit sad.
"Something wrong?" He asked, trying to sound casual. You shook your head, keeping your eyes on your feet. He shrugged, but didn't want to push you. "It's in here."
You swung your feet as you waited for the loudmouth to emerge in his new outfit. The plush seat you were sitting on was quite bouncy and you giggled, poking and flattening the velvety material between your fingers.
"Alfred? You ready yet?" You called, watching the red curtain for some sign of movement. "Not yet." Came his reply. "Geez, you get dressed like a girl!" You retorted, standing up when the curtain twitched.
The curtain slid back, the metal rings clinking against the rail. "Well?" Alfred asked, doing a slow turn for you. You looked at him awkwardly, scratching your cheek.
"You look like.... a dork." You said, raising your eyebrow at him. He sighed, feeling defeated. "Wait here, I'll get you some stuff." With that you skipped out of the changing rooms and to the men's section.
A dark blue T-shirt here, some black jeans there, you managed to snag a woolly jumper as well. "Alfred? Here, try these." You said, handing them to him through the curtain.
Having to wait again, you took your seat and played with the hems of your large shirt. "And now?" Alfred appeared out of the stall, holding out his arms and cocking his head.
"Much better! Even if I do say so myself." You grinned, feeling satisfied with your choice. Alfred, tugged at the shirt. "Err, if I don't mind me asking, how did you know my size?"
You shrugged and smiled at him. "Just a gut feeling." He returned your smile with appreciation. "Well, I'm getting these. You can go on ahead to the counter, I'll see you there."
Nodding, you walked off in the direction of the cashier's desk, having to pass through the woman's section of the shop. As you strode past a rail, stuffed to the brim with frilly skirts and dresses you paused, one of your hands trailing along the soft material.
You examined your skin next to the pastel colour of the dress and sighed, biting your lip. "Just as I thought... It doesn't suit me after all..." You muttered, a wave of depression settling over your head.
Even if you were a tomboy, perhaps it would feel nice to have at least someone not immediately assume you were a boy. You wore boyish clothes because they were more comfortable and you acted differently because you felt it was more fun not having to abide by unspoken rules set by up-tight princesses.
"You okay?" You felt a warm hand on your shoulder, glancing up to see Alfred, his worried gaze aimed at the moisture in clouding your vision.
Nodding halfheartedly, you rubbed your eyes, the rough fabric of your sleeves grazing your skin. He sighed seeing your bravado, getting the clothes you picked out for him and buying them quickly.
The large plastic bag in one hand, the other holding onto your wrist, he tugged you in seemingly a random direction. "Al-Alfred? Where are we going?" You said, having trouble trying to keep up with his long strides.
"You'll see." He muttered, loosening his grip on your wrist and interlacing your fingers together. A blush crept up onto your cheeks and when you looked at him, you saw the tips of his ears burning.
Several looks followed you on the street, but when you tried to let go of his hand, he didn't let you. Your legs starting to feel tired, you bumped into his back when he stopped in front of a shop. "Wanna get one?" He asked, gesturing at the shop display.
Curiously you scanned the place through the window. It seemed to be an..... ice-cream parlour? "Sure, I guess." The radiant grin he threw at you, made you smile at him unconsciously.
"Heya, I'll have a milkshake deluxe with chocolate please." You blinked at him. Milkshake? The man behind the counter nodded and started preparing. "And for you?"
"Err, yes! I-I'll have (f/f), please." The man chuckled and set about making the two. Though when you were about to reach for your wallet, Alfred shook his head. "I'll get it, don't worry."
The two of you walked out of the shop, each with a milkshake topped with whipped cream and chocolate sauce in hand. Alfred pulled you down on a bench outside, sitting cross-legged.
You slurped some of the cold mixture through the straw, blushing when the taste hit your mouth. "Alfred! This is good!" You said, smiling happily and drinking some more. "Thought so." He replied, happily watching you.
"It's as I thought." He murmured softly, his soft bespectacled gaze soft as he looked at you. "You look much better when you smile."
"Eh?" You turned to him, your expression quizzical. "You look your best just as you are you know. I mean, I like you the way you are, you don't have to wear different clothes or anything. You look cute no matter what you wear."
As he spoke, his face grew redder and he sunk into the collar of his jacket. "No what I meant was... I mean I saw you looking sad so I wanted to-... no." He looked you straight in the eye. "You don't have to change for me.... That's all I wanted to say."
You chuckled. "Geez, Alfie, why so serious?" You teased, ruffling his hair up. He growled at you, mussing your own hair up.
"Hey!" You grabbed him tightly, bringing your mouth to his ear. He blushed and smiled, nodding.
"Thank you."
"Anytime, anytime."


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David Dibble's short film Adonis tells the story of unlucky-in-love Kip (James Snyder). Hoping to finally find himself with the right woman, Kip hires a dating service to lend a helping hand. Only in this case, it's a helping paw as the agent assigned to his case is the small dog, Adonis.
The result is a cute romp through a fantastical world of live-action people, animated toys and brightly colored environs. For as bleak as Kip's chances often are, the world surrounding him is an oppressively cheerful and magical place. It's like a cartoon dream world.
And the short film plays up its cuteness to the hilt. The narrative isn't complicated, and the entire scenario is as simple as they come: cute dog tries to find Kip a date. Nothing more or less than that idea.
Since it's such a short film, the idea doesn't linger long enough for its simplicity to let it down. And because it's so damned fun to look at, even if you're over the narrative (or not remotely interested), it's still entertaining. I personally like a bit more to my short films as far as dramatic stakes are concerned, but that doesn't mean this isn't an enjoyable film overall.
Ultimately, Adonis is eye candy and cute overload, like if a child decided to make a short about what dating might be like when they got older. In this case, though, that child is an extremely talented filmmaker who has created an imaginative, colorful world out of composited digital backgrounds and animation effects.
This film was submitted for review through our Submission for Review system. If you have a film you'd like us to see, and we aren't already looking into it on our own, you too can utilize this service.
Posted on November 28, 2013 in Reviews by Mark Bell
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text: Fat in the Fashion WorldYes, this may seem like an...odd choice for me. After all, I am a NUDE model, photographer and a nudist at heart.I'm sorry to spoil your dreams, but I wasn't always so awesome. In high school, I dressed from Abercrombie, American Eagle and Macy's. All of my clothes were second-hand, from my cousin, but they were fashionable enough I was never teased for my fashion. Along with this indeterminate style, came a love of teen magazines and "doing my nails". Being pretty and popular, in other words.I was always fighting with being a little chubby and being fat was HORRIFYING! I dieted and fought with what I ate -- at some point in senior year, I just gave up eating altogether and made it down to a size 13/14 @ 135 pounds! Just so you're all aware, this is not skinny. I'm not made to be skinny. I'm hippy, hips that go on for miles. And when I was starving myself, I was a very unhappy person. I like food. I like eating. Who doesn't? Ice cream, pizza, cake....c'mon it


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New to Typophile? Accounts are free, and easy to set up.
Hi all-
Can't help but feel I'm just having a mental block, but after much searching nothing has surfaced for this type, found on all boxart for New Wave Films' DVD releases in the UK: it shares characteristics with Gotham (Hoefler) and Akzidenz Grotesk (Berthold), but it's distinguished by unusual characters such as the cap-Q in this image. Anyone care to shed a little light?
Dalton Maag's Interface
I'd like to say that I figured it out, but I simply asked the company. But success nonetheless!
Nearly a year later, thanks, Dave; I contacted them as well, but was quietly ignored.


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An independent feature film about the struggle to ignite the spark of inspiration and fighting to chase your dreams. Read more
An independent feature film about the struggle to ignite the spark of inspiration and fighting to chase your dreams.
About this project
Donating using PayPal? Info at the bottom.
What is Methods of Revolution about?
Methods of Revolution is an independent fiction film that follows four graduating students in their early twenties as they all reach a similar realization about their lives - they feel like they aren't living up to their potential. They feel as though life is slowly pushing them towards a path that they never expected they'd end up on and the four begin a powerful, introspective journey to find a greater purpose in life.
At its core, Methods of Revolution is about the exchange of ideas, the encouragement of growth and success, and ultimately coming to terms with the reality of our own fleeting mortality. The film explores the boon of technology, the power of media, and the obsession of pop culture through the eyes of those who have grown up alongside it. Finally, it's about the effort to ignite the spark of inspiration in a generation that has sought refuge in apathy. To put it bluntly, Methods of Revolution is about going out of your comfort zone and grabbing life by its proverbial balls (although it's fair to expect a more, uh, tactful tagline on the back of the DVD).
This isn't some kind of touchy-feely, preachy after-school special ensemble; operating around the cliche of the cheesy "believe in yourself and follow your dreams" message was the absolute focal point of writing this narrative and I believe it has succeeded on all fronts. Methods of Revolution is very much an examination of the state of Generation Y by way of multiple interpretations from each of the protagonists and their own personal journeys.
While it is narrative fiction, Methods of Revolution is very much grounded in reality, and as such the movie is unapologetic when it comes to its presentation. The themes and issues that Methods of Revolution deals with are ones that resonate all too well with emerging young adults in the 21st century, and it only makes sense that those issues are addressed with all the delicacy and tact that would be expected of the demographic.
What is the goal for Methods of Revolution?
Methods of Revolution is a project that I don't want to be limited to just an hour and thirty-odd minutes of entertainment. I want it to be able to genuinely make a difference and impact someone's life for the better. I want it to be able to inspire people who (like myself) have big dreams and big ambitions and motivate them to go out there and pursue them while they still can. Life is too short to be waiting around or putting off your lifelong ambitions another second, and I want this message to impact the viewer long after the credits roll. I want this movie to help facilitate the growth of independent artists, musicians, creators, and inventors across the world. I want this film to be able to assure them beyond a doubt that that their dreams are possible.
How can you help?
As much as this movie is a labor of love from myself; given the very nature of what Methods of Revolution stands for I want to involve the community as much as possible in its production. Because of this philosophy, many of the rewards you earn by giving a financial contribution reflect exactly that. By donating an amount, you will be supporting independent film making and - at the risk of sounding cliche - you will be allowing a young man to not only achieve his own lifelong dream, but help create something that will inspire others to go out and do the same.
Follow us on Twitter.
Where can I buy Methods of Revolution and how much will it cost?
When Methods of Revolution is completed and released to the public, it will be released completely free. This was a realization I inevitably came to about this film as early as writing the first draft of the screenplay. I am so dedicated to what this movie represents - not just to myself, but to anyone that has ever had an ambition or passion for something greater - that I believe charging money for this would not only be hypocritical, I feel that it would destroy the significance of what this movie is all about. More information will become available on distribution methods as we get closer to its release, but right now making sure this Kickstarter is a success is my only priority.
Reaching the Kickstarter goal of $9,840
Meeting our goal of $9,840 means that we will be able to produceMethods of Revolution at the projected minimal costs. This is the bare bones goal for getting this project off the ground. There are certain scenes in the film that would greatly benefit from having a greater budget. These scenes were originally written with a bigger budget in mind (blame the optimist in me), and I have had to tone them down in order to work with the realistic financial goal we've set initially. Quite simply, the more money we can earn, the better we can make this movie.
Like us on Facebook.
How Methods of Revolution aims to help other aspiring artists
One of the main goals of Methods of Revolution is to help similar independent creators and artists out there. Exposure is needed to flourish and in the months leading up to the release of the film, an in-universe message board on the official website (when it launches) will accomplish just that.
PayPal Users
Due to the way Kickstarter is set up, unless you have a PayPal debit card you will be unable to donate directly using PayPal. However, there's an easy way around this. We have a PayPal account set up that you can donate to which will go directly towards the Kickstarter fund. Make sure to include your name as you want it to appear in the credits and a mailing address (if your donation is $25 or more) so you are able to receive any rewards you earn. If you have any questions don't hesitate to send me a message and I will be more than happy to help walk you through it. Thank you so much for your continued support!
Methods of Revolution Kickstarter PayPal Fund:
Final words from Alex
For as wordy as all of this information has been, it's ironic that at the end of this wall of text there are no words that can even come close to being able to describe how thankful and appreciative I am for all of your generous support. Thank you so, so much for everything. I can't tell you how excited I am to be able to finally start making this dream a reality after having worked on this from the ground-up for so long. I have never been more proud of my work than I am about this film and I hope you guys share my enthusiasm from the brief glimpse you've seen so far. Through your generosity, together we can make this film a reality. I dream that this film will be able to give just as much back to the community as they gave helping to create it.
Help Support Methods of Revolution:
I have never been more passionate about a work that I've done before than I am about Methods of Revolution. I believe that it has the potential to make a powerful impact on its audience in a way that is completely unprecedented in mainstream film today. To the majority of those who watch it, Methods of Revolution will achieve what it sets out to do - be an incredible, one-of-a-kind, thought-provoking experience that stays with you long after the credits roll. However for the right person, I sincerely believe that this film could very well be that missing piece of the puzzle - that it could be the epiphany that sets off that spark of ignition they've been looking for - and you can't quantify how valuable that is to someone. I believe in the importance of this film and its message so much that I want anyone who wants to see this movie to be able to see this movie. To me, there was simply no other option.
Due to the way Kickstarter is set up, unless you have a PayPal debit card you will be unable to donate directly using PayPal. However, there's an easy way around this. We have a PayPal account set up that you can donate to which will go directly towards the Kickstarter fund. Make sure to include your name as you want it to appear in the credits and a mailing address (if your donation is $25 or more) so you are able to receive any rewards you earn. If you have any questions don't hesitate to send me a message and I will be more than happy to help walk you through it. Thank you so much for your continued support!
Methods of Revolution Kickstarter PayPal Fund:
If you are unable to contribute financially to the project - don't worry - there are still plenty of other ways you can help out that are crucial to this project's success as well. It may sound trivial to a lot of you - and I used to roll my eyes at this too - but a "like" on the Facebook page or a follower on Twitter will end up going a long way towards helping promote this project. Seriously. It takes three seconds to do and that simple button press means more than you might think. When it comes down to it, however, the most important way you can contribute to this project is through good old fashioned word of mouth - just passing it along to friends and family or sharing the fact that this Kickstarter exists on other social networking sites is without question the best thing you can do to support this.
I've been passionate about filmmaking for the majority of my life and as a result I've entered numerous film competitions as a teenager (most notably the http://www.youtube.com/watch… and worked on dozens of film projects growing up. A fortunate byproduct of all of this is I have built up a network of reliable crew members, talented actors, valuable firsthand experience in the industry, and the means to having top of the line equipment at my disposal. I've spent my adolescence gathering all of these resources and now it's come time to utilize them to help make Methods of Revolution a reality.
This is a tricky one, and rest assured that as the release date of Methods of Revolution draws closer, there will be more revealed about the plot. The reason why I've kept the plot itself under wraps is because in today's society, the stuff that Methods deals with is sensitive. It has to operate around a lot of disappointing cliches (I say disappointing because it's sad that they're so overused to the point they become a cliche).
Showing the wrong scene or elaborating on the wrong part of the story when it's isolated by itself runs the risk of illiciting a knee-jerk reaction and making some people jump to conclusions and have all kinds of prejudices and preconceptions about the film going into watching the full thing, severely diminishing the potential message and impact it could have on them.
For as empowering and motivational of a message as "follow your dreams" is, it has been done so ineffectively and mediocrely in just about every medium that it's become a total cliche. And that's incredibly infuriating. It was a hard decision to come to - because I want you guys to see exactly why I am so excited about this project - but ultimately I feel like this is necessary to preserve the integrity of the film at this time.
Methods of Revolution is currently in pre-production. The script is completed and production is slated to start this summer in the Midwest, with the finished product itself having a release date set for late 2012. To keep tabs on the production, the Twitter account will provide constant on-the-set updates (and a few bonus extras) once production starts. If you're a fan of seeing the behind-the-scenes on how movies are made, I highly encourage you to check out that account.
For the sake of example, let's say that an independent band wants to get their name out there, they'll email a designated mailbox on the website. They'll describe their band, give out their website that they want people to visit, and send a picture that they want to be used along with any suggestions they have for what they want their advertisement flier to be like. Every Wednesday the cork-board is updated with new fliers and postings, and if theirs is selected to be featured, on the board there will be a flier that might say "[Band name] preforming live tonight at Humphrey's Theatre!" with their submitted picture on it. People on the Methods of Revolution website and viewing the cork-board can then click on the flier and will be taken to that band's website. This basic example is applicable to almost anyone, but with little variations. A blogger, for example, might have a featured blog post of theirs mocked up as a newspaper article and thumb-tacked to the cork-board instead, an artist might have a mock flier for their art exhibit that links to their website, and so on and so forth.
Pledge $5 or more
38 backers
Your name will be listed in the credits under the heading "Thanks To" and your name is also displayed on the formal "Thank You" page on the official website.
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $10 or more
35 backers
Your name will be listed in the credits under the heading "Special Thanks To" and your name is also displayed on the formal "Thank You" page on the official website. Replaces Reward #1.
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $25 or more
40 backers
All of the above, a DVD of the finished movie (with special behind-the-scenes features and commentary).
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $30 or more
25 backers
All of the above, your name listed in the credits under the heading "Key Contributor" and your name is also displayed on the formal "Thank You" page on the official website. Replaces Reward #2.
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $50 or more
16 backers
All of the above, a special, limited edition "Methods of Revolution" contributor t-shirt (only available through this reward).
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $100 or more
7 backers
All of the above, a special, limited edition "Methods of Revolution" movie poster signed by the cast and crew (only available through this reward), and a special personalized video thank you from Alex and the crew with their own commentary that's exclusive to this reward and will not be featured on the DVD.
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $250 or more
3 backers
All of the above, a signed copy of the "Methods of Revolution" shooting script, you will be listed as an Associate Producer in the credits.
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $300 or more
2 backers Limited (6 left of 8)
All of the above, you will be featured in an on-screen, speaking cameo alongside seven others during a pivotal scene at the end of the film. No traveling required. Must agree to sign an NDA. Only 8 spots available.
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $500 or more
1 backer
All of the above (excluding any limited rewards), an invitation to come down and spend the day on the set, includes a lunch with the cast and crew (travel expenses to Indianapolis not included. Must be available during our shooting dates and they are subject to change), depending on the day there's the possibility of being used as an extra.
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $1,000 or more
0 backers
All of the above (excluding any limited rewards), a full Producer credit, a speaking walk-on role (or we'll work with you to get your likeness in the project), a fist bump from Alex
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge $1,500 or more
1 backer Limited (2 left of 3)
All of the above (excluding any limited rewards), an Executive Producer credit, a speaking walk-on role (or we'll work with you to get your likeness in the project), a fist bump from Alex, and you get to name one of the three main characters (must be a believable name; if your initial choice is naming a character something like Hulk Hogan we'll have to work with you until we can come up with something that we both agree is reasonable)
Estimated delivery:
Funding period
- (31 days)


text: Albert Wesker's PsycheAlbert Wesker's Psyche---And understanding women's love for Assholes---I've written a psyche on the Joker and now I will write one about Albert Wesker from the Resident Evil game series. Many men and guy friends in my life have approached me with the question that dumbfounds them about why so many women fall for assholes or classic fictional badassies like Albert Wesker. Well today I'm going to answer that question for you because the same question confounded me for years too until I found myself falling for the same type of guy. The reason us women fall for guys like that believe it or not has NOTHING to do with them being an asshole. No one likes an asshole because of one reason: "the golden rule". Even self loving egotistic bastards don't enjoy being treated like crap even if they treat others like that. It's just a universal feeling. The typical asshole usually has the personality of an alpha-male.Wisegeek.com: In human societies alpha male can


text: Driving home today I heard something fall on my W.T. floor mat. I looked down and their was a 12mm nut laying down on it. (see pic)..... When I got home I got up under my dash and looked around for about 15 minutes........Then I saw it.........It went to the bolt that holds my brake pedal in place (see pic)......The bolt had worked its way out an a 1/4 of the thread was only showing...........I pushed it back through and refastened it..........If I was to still have the carpeted floor mats installed I never would have heard that nut fall down!


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IN-DEPTH: The HODINKEE Guide To Buying Watches On eBay
There is no question that eBay can be the best venue for finding fresh-to-market vintage pieces at good prices. I have gotten most of my best pick-ups on eBay and basically always am on the hunt for what is out there. Here I reveal one of my most closely guarded secrets: how to buy a great vintage watch on eBay. It's the secret sauce of my weekly What's Selling Where columns and today I am unveiling the recipe for you. Did I just overhype this? Probably, but here it goes anyways.