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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
ARM: G-band (183 GHz) Vapor Radiometer profiler: 15 microwave brightness temperatures from 170.0 to 183.3 GHz
DOE Data Explorer (OSTI)
G-band (183 GHz) Vapor Radiometer profiler: 15 microwave brightness temperatures from 170.0 to 183.3 GHz
Maria Cadeddu
DRAFT Microwave Radiometer Profiler Handbook
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Microwave Radiometer Profiler Handbook Evaluation of a New Multi-Frequency Microwave Radiometer for Measuring the Vertical Distribution of Temperature, Water Vapor, and Cloud...
Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Handbook
SciTech Connect
The Microwave Radiometer (MWR) provides time-series measurements of column-integrated amounts of water vapor and liquid water. The instrument itself is essentially a sensitive microwave receiver. That is, it is tuned to measure the microwave emissions of the vapor and liquid water molecules in the atmosphere at specific frequencies.
Morris, VR
Spatial Variability of Summer Florida Precipitation and Its Impact on Microwave Radiometer Rainfall-Measurement Systems
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Three-dimensional radar data for three summer Florida storm are used as input to a microwave radiative transfer model. The model simulates microwave brightness observations by a 19-GHz, nadir-pointing, satellite-borne microwave radiometer.
B. J. Turner; G. L. Austin
Microwave Radiometer-High Frequency (MWRHF) Handbook
The 90/150-GHz Vapor Radiometer provides time-series measurements of brightness temperatures from two channels centered at 90 and 150 GHz. These two channels are sensitive to the presence of liquid water and precipitable water vapor.
Caddedu, MP
Microwave Radiometer � 3 Channel (MWR3C) Handbook
The microwave radiometer 3-channel (MWR3C) provides time-series measurements of brightness temperatures from three channels centered at 23.834, 30, and 89 GHz. These three channels are sensitive to the presence of liquid water and precipitable water vapor.
Cadeddu, MP
Microwave Radiometer Calibration on Decadal Time Scales Using On-Earth Brightness Temperature References: Application to the TOPEX Microwave Radiometer
A method is described to calibrate a satellite microwave radiometer operating near 18�37 GHz on decadal time scales for the purposes of climate studies. The method uses stable on-earth brightness temperature references over the full dynamic range ...
Shannon Brown; Shailen Desai; Stephen Keihm; Wenwen Lu
Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Measurements
Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Measurements Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Measurements and Radiosonde Comparisons During the WVIOP2000 Field Experiment D. Cimini University of L'Aquila L'Aquil, Italy E. R. Westwater Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences University of Colorado National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory Boulder, Colorado Y. Han Science System Applications National Aeronautics Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland S. Keihm Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California Introduction During September to October 2000, a water vapor intensive operational period (WVIOP) was conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and
Evaluating the Quality of Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Measurements and Retrievals Using Detrended Fluctuation and Spectral Analysis Methods
Time series both of microwave radiometer brightness temperature measurements at 23.8 and 31.4 GHz and of retrievals of water vapor and liquid water path from these brightness temperatures are evaluated using the detrended fluctuation analysis ...
K. Ivanova; E. E. Clothiaux; H. N. Shirer; T. P. Ackerman; J. C. Liljegren; M. Ausloos
Differential Microwave Radiometer and the Cosmic Microwave Background |
Office of Science (SC) Website
Differential Differential Microwave Radiometer and the Cosmic Microwave Background Laboratory Policy and Evaluation (LPE) LPE Home Staff M&O Contracts SC Laboratory Appraisal Process Laboratory Planning Process Work for Others in the Office of Science Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) DOE's Philosophy on LDRD Frequently Asked Questions Success Stories Brochures Additional Information LDRD Program Contacts Technology Transfer DOE National Laboratories Contact Information Laboratory Policy and Evaluation U.S. Department of Energy SC-32/Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585 P: (202) 586-5447 F: (202) 586-3119 Success Stories Differential Microwave Radiometer and the Cosmic Microwave Background Print Text Size: A A A RSS Feeds FeedbackShare Page
ARM: Microwave Radiometer data (MWR Profiles - QME), water vapor, temp, cloud liquid water, precip water retrievals
Microwave Radiometer data (MWR Profiles - QME), water vapor, temp, cloud liquid water, precip water retrievals
Temperature Profiling with Neural Network Inversion of Microwave Radiometer Data
A neural network is used to obtain vertical profiles of temperature from microwave radiometer data. The overall rms error in the retrieved profiles of a test dataset was only about 8% worse than the overall error using an optimized statistical ...
James H. Churnside; Thomas A. Stermitz; Judith A. Schroeder
Field Performance of a Spinning-Reflector Microwave Radiometer
In the winter of 1986, two microwave radiometers were operated side by side at a high-altitude weather observation site in the central Sierra Nevada for the purpose of comparing measurements in a variety of ambient weather conditions. The ...
Belay B. Demoz; Arlen W. Huggins; Joseph A. Warburton; Richard L. Smith
Microwave Radiometric Observations Near 19.35, 92 and 183 GHz of Precipitation in Tropical Storm Cora
Observations of rain cells in the remains of a decaying tropical storm were made by Airborne Microwave Radiometers at 19.35 and 92 GHz and three frequencies near 183 GHz. Extremely low brightness temperatures, as low as 140 K, were noted in the ...
T. T. Wilheit; A. T. C. Chang; J. L. King; E. B. Rodgers; R. A. Nieman; B. M. Krupp; A. S. Milman; J. S. Stratigos; H. Siddalingaiah
MEASUREMENTS AND RETRIEVALS FROM A NEW 183-GHz WATER VAPOR RADIOMETER IN
MEASUREMENTS AND RETRIEVALS FROM A NEW 183-GHz WATER VAPOR RADIOMETER IN MEASUREMENTS AND RETRIEVALS FROM A NEW 183-GHz WATER VAPOR RADIOMETER IN THE ARCTIC Cadeddu, Maria Argonne National Laboratory Category: Instruments A new G-band (183 GHz) vapor radiometer (GVR), developed and built by Prosensing Inc. (http://www.prosensing.com), was deployed in Barrow, Alaska, in April 2005. The radiometer was deployed as part of the ongoing Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's effort to improve water vapor retrievals in the cold, dry Arctic environment. The instrument measures brightness temperatures from four double sideband channels centered at 1, 3, 7, and 14 GHz from the 183.31-GHz water vapor line. Atmospheric emission in this spectral region is primarily due to water vapor, with some influence from liquid water. The GVR will remain in Barrow
Quantitative Measurements of Path-Integrated Rain Rate by an Airborne Microwave Radiometer over the Ocean
Data on the airborne microwave radiometer, which is one of the sensors of the airborne microwave rain-scatterometer/radiometer (AMRS) system, are analyzed to infer path-integrated rain rate measured from topside. The equation of radiative ...
Masaharu Fujita; Ken'ichi Okamoto; Harunobu Masuko; Takeyuki Ojima; Nobuyoshi Fugono
Scanning multichannel microwave radiometer snow water equivalent assimilation
E-Print Network (OSTI)
climatic driver through the surface albedo's role in energy and water budgets [e.g., Yeh et al., 1983Scanning multichannel microwave radiometer snow water equivalent assimilation Jiarui Dong,1 due to complicating effects, including distance to open water, presence of wet snow, and presence
Houser, Paul R.
Advanced Rain/No-Rain Classification Methods for Microwave Radiometer Observations over Land
Seto et al. developed rain/no-rain classification (RNC) methods over land for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI). In this study, the methods are modified for application to other microwave radiometers. The ...
Shinta Seto; Takuji Kubota; Nobuhiro Takahashi; Toshio Iguchi; Taikan Oki
Correlations between Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer Data and an Antecedent Precipitation Index
Passive microwave brightness temperatures from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) can be used to infer the soil moisture content over agricultural areas such as the southern Great Plains of the United States. A linear ...
Gregory D. Wilke; Marshall J. McFarland
High-Resolution Imaging of Rain Systems with the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer
An Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) has been developed and flown in the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft for imaging various atmospheric and surface processes, primarily the internal structure of rain clouds. The AMPR is a ...
Roy W. Spencer; Robbie E. Hood; Frank J. Lafontaine; Eric A. Smith; Robert Platt; Joe Galliano; Vanessa L. Griffin; Elena Lobl
Bayesian Estimation of Precipitation from Satellite Passive Microwave Observations Using Combined Radar�Radiometer Retrievals
Precipitation estimation from satellite passive microwave radiometer observations is a problem that does not have a unique solution that is insensitive to errors in the input data. Traditionally, to make this problem well posed, a priori ...
Mircea Grecu; William S. Olson
Mobile Microwave Radiometer Observations: Spatial Characteristics of Supercooled Cloud Water and Cloud Seeding Implications
Previous studies of the spatial distribution of supercooled liquid water in winter storms over mountainous terrain were performed primarily with instrumented aircraft and to a lesser extent with scans from a stationary microwave radiometer. The ...
Arlen W. Huggins
Optimizing Performance of a Microwave Salinity Mapper: STARRS L-Band Radiometer Enhancements
Airborne microwave radiometers for salinity remote sensing have advanced to a point where operational surveys can be conducted over the inner continental shelf to observe the evolution of freshwater plumes emanating from rivers and estuaries. To ...
Derek M. Burrage; Joel C. Wesson; Mark A. Goodberlet; Jerry L. Miller
Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Characteristics as Determined from a Satellite Passive Microwave Radiometer
Data from the Nimbus-5 F-Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR-5) have been used to calculate latent heat release (LHR) and other rainfall parameters for over 70 satelite observations of 21 tropical cyclones during 1973, 1974 and 1975 ...
E. B. Rodgers; R. F. Adler
Combining Microwave Radiometer and Wind Profiler Radar Measurements for High-Resolution Atmospheric Humidity Profiling
A self-consistent remote sensing physical method to retrieve atmospheric humidity high-resolution profiles by synergetic use of a microwave radiometer profiler (MWRP) and wind profiler radar (WPR) is illustrated. The proposed technique is based ...
Laura Bianco; Domenico Cimini; Frank S. Marzano; Randolph Ware
Hurricane Surface Wind Measurements from an Operational Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer
For the first time, the NOAA/Aircraft Operations Center (AOC) flew stepped frequency microwave radiometers (SFMRs) on both WP-3D research aircraft for operational hurricane surface wind speed measurement in 2005. An unprecedented number of major ...
Eric W. Uhlhorn; Peter G. Black; James L. Franklin; Mark Goodberlet; James Carswell; Alan S. Goldstein
Microwave Radiative Transfer Studies Using Combined Multiparameter Radar and Radiometer Measurements during COHMEX
Theoretical calculations of the upwelling microwave radiances from clouds containing layers of rain, ice, and a melting region were performed at frequencies of 18, 37, and 92 GHz. These frequencies coincide with high-resolution microwave ...
J. Vivekanandan; J. Turk; G. L. Stephens; V. N. Bringi
Parametric Rainfall Retrieval Algorithms for Passive Microwave Radiometers
A methodology is described to construct fully parametric rainfall retrieval algorithms for a variety of passive microwave sensors that exist today and are planned for the future. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (...
Dong-Bin Shin; Christian Kummerow
Retrieval of Ice Cloud Parameters Using a Microwave Imaging Radiometer
Based on the radiative transfer theory, the microwave radiance emanating from ice clouds at arbitrary viewing angles is expressed as an analytic function of the cloud ice water path (IWP), the particle effective diameter (De), and the particle ...
Fuzhong Weng; Norman C. Grody
An Absolute Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Temperature at 10.7 GHz
A balloon-borne experiment has measured the absolute temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) at 10.7 GHz to be Tcmbr = 2.730 +- .014 K. The error is the quadratic sum of several systematic errors, with statistical error of less than 0.1 mK. The instrument comprises a cooled corrugated horn antenna coupled to a total-power radiometer. A cryogenic mechanical waveguide switch alternately connects the radiometer to the horn and to an internal reference load. The small measured temperature difference (load in conjunction with the use of a cold front end keeps systematic instrumental corrections small. Atmospheric and window emission are minimized by flying the instrument at 24 km altitude. A large outer ground screen and smaller inner screen shield the instrument from stray radiation from the ground and the balloon. In-flight tests constrain the magnitude of ground radiation contamination, and low level interference is monitored through observations in several narrow frequency bands.
S. T. Staggs; N. C. Jarosik; S. S. Meyer; D. T. Wilkinson
Experimental Determination of Water Vapor Profiles from Ground-Based Radiometer Measurements at 21.0 and 31.4 GHz.
Water vapor profiles have been obtained from radiometer measurements at 21.0 and 31.4 GHz and ground values of humidity, temperature and pressure. The inversion technique was based on minimum variance estimation, including constraints derived ...
B. G. Skoog; J. I. H. Askne; G. Elgered
Comparisons of Line-of-Sight Water Vapor Observations Using the Global Positioning System and a Pointing Microwave Radiometer
Line-of-sight measurements of integrated water vapor from a global positioning system (GPS) receiver and a microwave radiometer are compared. These two instruments were collocated at the central facility of the Department of Energy�s Atmospheric ...
John Braun; Christian Rocken; James Liljegren
Comparison of Near�Real Time Estimates of Integrated Water Vapor Derived with GPS, Radiosondes, and Microwave Radiometer
In this study, the authors compare the integrated water vapor (IWV) retrieved with a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, radiosondes (RS), and a microwave radiometer (MWR) using data collected simultaneously during a 3-month campaign in the ...
Jo�l Van Baelen; Jean-Pierre Aubagnac; Alain Dabas
A Steerable Dual-Channel Microwave Radiometer for Measurement of Water Vapor and Liquid in the Troposphere
An instrument that remotely senses the integrated amounts of water vapor and liquid on a path through the atmosphere is discussed. The vapor and liquid are measured simultaneously but independently by microwave radiometers. Comparison of the ...
D. C. Hogg; F. O. Guiraud; J. B. Snider; M. T. Decker; E. R. Westwater
First Three Years of the Microwave Radiometer aboard Envisat: In-Flight Calibration, Processing, and Validation of the Geophysical Products
The Envisat microwave radiometer is designed to correct the satellite altimeter data for the excess path delay resulting from tropospheric humidity. Neural networks have been used to formulate the inversion algorithm to retrieve this quantity ...
E. Obligis; L. Eymard; N. Tran; S. Labroue; P. Femenias
Characterization of Precipitating Clouds by Ground-Based Measurements with the Triple-Frequency Polarized Microwave Radiometer ADMIRARI
A groundbreaking new-concept multiwavelength dual-polarized Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Rain Identification (ADMIRARI) has been built and continuously operated in two field campaigns: the Convective and Orographically Induced Precipitation ...
Alessandro Battaglia; Pablo Saavedra; Thomas Rose; Clemens Simmer
ARM - Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Microwave Radiometer Profiler (jensen-mwr)
A major component of the Mid-latitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) field campaign was the deployment of an enhanced radiosonde array designed to capture the vertical profile of atmospheric state variables (pressure, temperature, humidity wind speed and wind direction) for the purpose of deriving the large-scale forcing for use in modeling studies. The radiosonde array included six sites (enhanced Central Facility [CF-1] plus five new sites) launching radiosondes at 3-6 hour sampling intervals. The network will cover an area of approximately (300)2 km2 with five outer sounding launch sites and one central launch location. The five outer sounding launch sites are: S01 Pratt, KS [ 37.7oN, 98.75oW]; S02 Chanute, KS [37.674, 95.488]; S03 Vici, Oklahoma [36.071, -99.204]; S04 Morris, Oklahoma [35.687, -95.856]; and S05 Purcell, Oklahoma [34.985, -97.522]. Soundings from the SGP Central Facility during MC3E can be retrieved from the regular ARM archive. During routine MC3E operations 4 radiosondes were launched from each of these sites (approx. 0130, 0730, 1330 and 1930 UTC). On days that were forecast to be convective up to four additional launches were launched at each site (approx. 0430, 1030, 1630, 2230 UTC). There were a total of approximately 14 of these high frequency launch days over the course of the experiment. These files contain brightness temperatures observed at Purcell during MC3E. The measurements were made with a 5 channel (22.235, 23.035, 23.835, 26.235, 30.000GHz) microwave radiometer at one minute intervals. The results have been separated into daily files and the day of observations is indicated in the file name. All observations were zenith pointing. Included in the files are the time variables base_time and time_offset. These follow the ARM time conventions. Base_time is the number seconds since January 1, 1970 at 00:00:00 for the first data point of the file and time_offset is the offset in seconds from base_time.
Mike Jensen
A Comparison of Columnar Water Vapor Retrievals Obtained with Near-IR Solar Radiometer and Microwave Radiometer Measurements
A simple two-channel solar radiometer and analysis technique have been developed for setting atmospheric water vapor via differential solar transmission measurements in and adjacent to the 940-nm water vapor absorption band. A prototype solar ...
J. Reagan; K. Thome; B. Herman; R. Stone; J. DeLuisi; J. Snider
A Satellite Passive 37-GHz Scattering-based Method for Measuring Oceanic Rain Rates
A combination of theory and measurement is used to develop a scattering-based method for quantitatively measuring rainfall over the ocean from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) 37-GHz observations. This technique takes ...
Roy W. Spencer
Nimbus-7 37 GHz Radiances Correlated with Radar Rain Rates over the Gulf of Mexico
In a comparison between 37 GHz brightness temperatures from the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer and rain rates derived from the WSR-57 radars at Galveston, Texas and Apalachicola, Florida, it was found that the brightness ...
Roy W. Spencer; Barry B. Hinton; William S. Olson
Validation of Satellite-Derived Liquid Water Paths Using ARM SGP Microwave Radiometers
Satellite-Derived Liquid Water Paths Using Satellite-Derived Liquid Water Paths Using ARM SGP Microwave Radiometers M. M. Khaiyer and J. Huang Analytical Services & Materials, Inc. Hampton, Virginia P. Minnis, B. Lin, and W. L. Smith, Jr. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia A. Fan Science Applications International Corporation Hampton, Virginia A. Rapp Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Introduction Satellites are useful for monitoring climatological parameters over large domains. They are especially useful for measuring various cloud microphysical and radiative parameters where ground-based instruments are not available. The geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES) has been used to retrieve cloud and radiative properties over an extended domain centered on the Atmospheric
Rain/No-Rain Classification Methods for Microwave Radiometer Observations over Land Using Statistical Information for Brightness Temperatures under No-Rain Conditions
One of the goals of the Global Precipitation Measurement project, the successor to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), is to produce a 3-hourly global rainfall map using several spaceborne microwave radiometers. It is important, ...
Shinta Seto; Nobuhiro Takahashi; Toshio Iguchi
A Study of a Retrieval Method for Temperature and Humidity Profiles from Microwave Radiometer Observations Based on Principal Component Analysis and Stepwise Regression
This paper discusses the application of principal component analysis and stepwise regression in the retrieval of vertical profiles of temperature and humidity based on the measurements of a 35-channel microwave radiometer. It uses the radiosonde ...
Haobo Tan; Jietai Mao; Huanhuan Chen; P. W. Chan; Dui Wu; Fei Li; Tao Deng
Remote Sensing of Precipitable Water over the Oceans from Nimbus 7 Microwave Measurements
Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) brightness temperature measurements in the 21 and 18 GHz channels are used to sense the precipitable water in the atmosphere over oceans. The difference in the brightness temperature (T21 ...
C. Prabhakara; H. D. Chang; A. T. C. Chang
Application of an Apple-II Computer in Real-Time Data Processing of Microwave Radiation Attenuation by Rain
Using an Apple-II microcomputer, real-time data acquisition, processing, staring and display of 12 GHz microwave radiation attenuation by rain have been implemented. The computer-radiometer interface consists of an address decoder, two three-...
Song Qian
Combining Satellite Microwave Radiometer and Radar Observations to Estimate Atmospheric Heating Profiles
In this study, satellite passive microwave sensor observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) are utilized to make estimates of latent + eddy sensible heating rates (Q1 ? QR) where Q1 is the apparent ...
Mircea Grecu; William S. Olson; Chung-Lin Shie; Tristan S. L�Ecuyer; Wei-Kuo Tao
Accurate Liquid Water Path Retrieval from Low-Cost Microwave Radiometers Using Additional Information from a Lidar Ceilometer and Operational Forecast Models
Water clouds have an important impact on the radiative balance of the earth. The use of ground-based dual-frequency microwave radiometers to derive both liquid water path (LWP) and water vapor path (WVP) is well established, but uncertainties ...
Nicolas Gaussiat; Robin J. Hogan; Anthony J. Illingworth
Hydrologic data assimilation of multi-resolution microwave radiometer and radar measurements using ensemble smoothing
Previously, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has been used to estimate soil moisture and related fluxes by merging noisy low frequency microwave observations with forecasts from a conventional though uncertain land surface ...
Dunne, Susan Catherine
Design and development of an airborne microwave radiometer for atmospheric sensing
Satellite-based passive microwave remote sensing is a valuable tool for global weather monitoring and prediction. This thesis presents the design and development of a low-cost airborne weather sensing instrument to ...
Scarito, Michael P
Heavy Thunderstorms Observed Over Land by the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer
In an examination of microwave data from the Nimbus 7 satellite, brightness temperatures were found that were much lower than those expected for the radiation emanating from rain-producing clouds. Every case of very cold brightness temperature ...
R. W. Spencer; W. S. Olson; Wu Rongzhang; D. W. Martin; J. A. Weinman; D. A. Santek
Microwave Properties of Ice-Phase Hydrometeors for Radar and Radiometers: Sensitivity to Model Assumptions
A simplified framework is presented for assessing the qualitative sensitivities of computed microwave properties, satellite brightness temperatures, and radar reflectivities to assumptions concerning the physical properties of ice-phase ...
Benjamin T. Johnson; Grant W. Petty; Gail Skofronick-Jackson
A Simple Method for Testing Brightness Temperatures from Satellite Microwave Radiometers
A method is proposed for testing microwave measurements from spaceborne sensors by computing collocated simulated brightness temperatures from the ECMWF numerical weather meteorological model using an atmospheric radiative transfer model and the ...
J-Y. Lojou; R. Bernard; L. Eymard
Atmospheric Latent Heating Distributions in the Tropics Derived from Satellite Passive Microwave Radiometer Measurements
A method for the remote sensing of three-dimensional latent heating distributions in precipitating tropical weather systems from satellite passive microwave observations is presented. In this method, cloud model simulated hydrometeor/latent ...
William S. Olson; Christian D. Kummerow; Ye Hong; Wei-Kuo Tao
Monitoring of Precipitable Water Vapor and Cloud Liquid Path from Scanning Microwave Radiometers During the 2003 Cloudiness Inter-Comparison Experiment
Monitoring of Precipitable Water Vapor and Cloud Liquid Monitoring of Precipitable Water Vapor and Cloud Liquid Path from Scanning Microwave Radiometers During the 2003 Cloudiness Inter-Comparison Experiment V. Mattioli Department of Electronic and Information Engineering University of Perugia Perugia, Italy E. R. Westwater Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory Boulder, Colorado V. Morris Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington Introduction Ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR) are widely used to measure atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) and cloud liquid path (CLP). Comparisons of PWV derived from MWRs with water vapor retrievals from instruments like radiosondes, Global Positioning System (GPS) and Raman
Inference of Cloud Temperature and Thickness by Microwave Radiometry from Space
The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on the Seasat and Nimbus-7 satellite measured microwave radiation at 6.6, 10.69, 18.0, 21.0 and 37.0 GHz with both horizontal and vertical polarizations. Numerical simulations have been ...
P. C. Pandey; E. G. Njoku; J. W. Waters
SECOND SEASON QUIET OBSERVATIONS: MEASUREMENTS OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POLARIZATION POWER SPECTRUM AT 95 GHz
The Q/U Imaging ExperimenT (QUIET) has observed the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at 43 and 95 GHz. The 43 GHz results have been published in a previous paper, and here we report the measurement of CMB polarization power spectra using the 95 GHz data. This data set comprises 5337 hr of observations recorded by an array of 84 polarized coherent receivers with a total array sensitivity of 87 {mu}K{radical}s. Four low-foreground fields were observed, covering a total of {approx}1000 deg{sup 2} with an effective angular resolution of 12.'8, allowing for constraints on primordial gravitational waves and high signal-to-noise measurements of the E-modes across three acoustic peaks. The data reduction was performed using two independent analysis pipelines, one based on a pseudo-C {sub l} (PCL) cross-correlation approach, and the other on a maximum-likelihood (ML) approach. All data selection criteria and filters were modified until a predefined set of null tests had been satisfied before inspecting any non-null power spectrum. The results derived by the two pipelines are in good agreement. We characterize the EE, EB, and BB power spectra between l = 25 and 975 and find that the EE spectrum is consistent with {Lambda}CDM, while the BB power spectrum is consistent with zero. Based on these measurements, we constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio to r = 1.1{sup +0.9} {sub -0.8} (r pipeline, and r = 1.2{sup +0.9} {sub -0.8} (r pipeline. In one of the fields, we find a correlation with the dust component of the Planck Sky Model, though the corresponding excess power is small compared to statistical errors. Finally, we derive limits on all known systematic errors, and demonstrate that these correspond to a tensor-to-scalar ratio smaller than r = 0.01, the lowest level yet reported in the literature.
Araujo, D.; Dumoulin, R. N.; Newburgh, L. B.; Zwart, J. T. L. [Department of Physics and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 (United States); Bischoff, C.; Brizius, A.; Buder, I.; Kusaka, A. [Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States); Chinone, Y. [High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 (Japan); Cleary, K.; Reeves, R. [Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd M/C 249-17, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States); Monsalve, R.; Bustos, R. [Department of Physics, University of Miami, 1320 Campo Sano Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146 (United States); Naess, S. K.; Eriksen, H. K. [Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo (Norway); Wehus, I. K. [Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH (United Kingdom); Bronfman, L. [Departamento de Astronomia, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago (Chile); Church, S. E. [Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Department of Physics, Stanford University, Varian Physics Building, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 (United States); Dickinson, C. [Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL (United Kingdom); Gaier, T., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 (United States); Collaboration: QUIET Collaboration; and others
Simulations of Physical Retrieval of Tropical Cyclone Thermal Structure Using 55-GHz Band Passive Microwave Observations from Polar-Orbiting Satellites
A method for estimating the horizontal structure of the upper-tropospheric warm anomaly of tropical cyclones from 55-GHz microwave observations is presented. Because the peak warming occurs over an area smaller than that viewed by current and ...
Robert T. Merrill
MWRRET Value-Added Product: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Data Sets (Revision 2)
This report provides a short description of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility microwave radiometer (MWR) Retrieval (MWRRET) value-added product (VAP) algorithm. This algorithm utilizes a complementary physical retrieval method and applies brightness temperature offsets to reduce spurious liquid water path (LWP) bias in clear skies resulting in significantly improved precipitable water vapor (PWV) and LWP retrievals. We present a general overview of the technique, input parameters, output products, and describe data quality checks. A more complete discussion of the theory and results is given in Turner et al. (2007b).
Gaustad, KL; Turner, DD; McFarlane, SA
MWRRET (Microwave Radiometer Retrievals)
Plus Plus Plus Andy Vogelmann, Dave Turner Andy Vogelmann, Dave Turner & Jennifer Comstock & Jennifer Comstock Min Min Susanne Crewell Susanne Crewell Ulrich L Ulrich L ö ö rnard rnard Jim Liljegren Jim Liljegren John Ogre John Ogre . Y. Matrosov . Y. Matrosov Sally McFarlane Sally McFarlane Warren Wiscombe, Christine Chiu, Sasha Marshak, Maria Warren Wiscombe, Christine Chiu, Sasha Marshak, Maria Cadeddu, Qilong Min, Susanne Crewell, Ulrich L Cadeddu, Qilong Min, Susanne Crewell, Ulrich L ö ö hnert, Mandy hnert, Mandy M. Khaiyer, Greg McFarquhar , Chuck Long, Bill O M. Khaiyer, Greg McFarquhar , Chuck Long, Bill O ' ' Hirok, Bin Hirok, Bin Lin, Connor Flynn, Eli Mlawer, Graham Feingold, Jim Barnard, Lin, Connor Flynn, Eli Mlawer, Graham Feingold, Jim Barnard,
A powerful microwave system operating at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency has been commissioned on the DIII-D tokamak. The primary mission of the microwave system is to permit current profile control leading to the improved performance of advanced tokamak operation in quasi-steady state. Initial performance tests and experiments on current drive both near and away from the tokamak axis and on transport have been performed.
Atmospheric Temperature and Absolute Humidity Profiles over the Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf from a Microwave Radiometer
A Radiometrics MP-3000A microwave radiometric profiler (MWRP) provided high temporal resolution atmospheric profiles for temperature and absolute humidity up to 10 km, while 113 radiosondes were launched (and 68 were used in the analysis) over sea ...
Lauren M. Candlish; Richard L. Raddatz; Matthew G. Asplin; David G. Barber
Resolution Enhancement of Multichannel Microwave Imagery from the Nimbus-7 SMMR for Maritime Rainfall Analysis
A restoration of the 37, 21, 18, 10.7 and 6.6 GHz satellite imagery from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) aboard Nimbus-7 to 22.2 km resolution is attempted using a deconvolution method based upon nonlinear programming. The ...
William S. Olson; Chia-Lung Yeh; James A. Weinman; Roland T. Chin
The Use of Microwave Radiometry to Determine a Cloud Seeding Opportunity
A ground-based combination microwave radiometer-satellite receiver operating at 28.5 GHz (wavelength = 1.05 cm) was employed to measure liquid water in clouds during the 1979-80 field season of the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project (SCPP) in ...
J. B. Snider; D. Rottner
Comparison of Scatterometer and Radiometer Wind Vector Measurements
Coincident measurements with a 37-GHz polarimetric radiometer and a 10-GHz scatterometer during the Coastal Ocean Probing Experiment (COPE) in September and October of 1995 offered a unique opportunity to compare their relative sensitivity and ...
David E. Weissman; William J. Plant; William C. Keller; Vladimir G. Irisov
High-Power Plasma Switch for 11.4 GHz Microwave Pulse Compressor
Results obtained in several experiments on active RF pulse compression at X-band using a magnicon as the high-power RF source are presented. In these experiments, microwave energy was stored in high-Q TE01 and TE02 modes of two parallel-fed resonators, and then discharged using switches activated with rapidly fired plasma discharge tubes. Designs and high-power tests of several versions of the compressor are described. In these experiments, coherent pulse superposition was demonstrated at a 5�9 MW level of incident power. The compressed pulses observed had powers of 50�70 MW and durations of 40�70 ns. Peak power gains were measured to be in the range of 7:1�11:1 with efficiency in the range of 50�63%.
Jay L. Hirshfield
Aircraft Microwave Observations and Simulations of Deep Convection from 18 to 183 GHz. Part II: Model Results
In Part II of the 29 June 1986 case study, a radiative transfer model is used to simulate the aircraft multichannel microwave brightness temperatures presented in Part I and to study the convective storm structure. Ground-based radar data are ...
Hwa-Young M. Yeh; N. Prasad; Robert A. Mack; Robert F. Adler
Development of a Time Series�Based Methodology for Estimation of Large-Area Soil Wetness over India Using IRS-P4 Microwave Radiometer Data
Soil moisture is a very important boundary parameter in numerical weather prediction at different spatial and temporal scales. Satellite-based microwave radiometric observations are considered to be the best because of their high sensitivity to ...
P. K. Thapliyal; P. K. Pal; M. S. Narayanan; J. Srinivasan
Preparation of Hydroxyapatite by Microwave Heating
HAP powders were successfully prepared in a 2.45 GHz - 900W multimode home model microwave oven. The HAP powder was prepared by microwave heating�...
Radiometer Calibration Trends
Radiometer Calibration Trends S. M. Wilcox, T. L. Stoffel, and D. R. Myers National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado Abstract Calibrations of Atmospheric Radiation...
Vicarious Calibration of an Ocean Salinity Radiometer from Low Earth Orbit
Statistical properties of the brightness temperature (TB) measured by a low-earth-orbiting radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz are considered as a means of calibrating and validating the sensor. Mapping of ocean salinity by such an instrument ...
Christopher S. Ruf
Intercalibrated Passive Microwave Rain Products from the Unified Microwave Ocean Retrieval Algorithm (UMORA)
The Unified Microwave Ocean Retrieval Algorithm (UMORA) simultaneously retrieves sea surface temperature, surface wind speed, columnar water vapor, columnar cloud water, and surface rain rate from a variety of passive microwave radiometers ...
K. A. Hilburn; F. J. Wentz
Behavior of an Inversion-Based precipitation Retrieval Algorithm with High-Resolution AMPR Measurements Including a Low-Frequency 10.7-GHz Channel
A microwave-based, profile-type precipitation retrieval algorithm has been used to analyze high-resolution passive microwave measurements over an ocean background, obtained by the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer(AMPR) flown on ANASA ...
E. A. Smith; X. Xiang; A. Mugnai; R. E. Hood; R. W. Spencer
Rainfall Estimation over Oceans from SMMR and SSM/I Microwave Data
Passive microwave measurements made by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) reveal information about rain and precipitation-sized ice in the field of view (FOV) of the instruments. ...
C. Prabhakara; G. Dalu; G. L. Liberti; J. J. Nucciarone; R. Suhasini
An Improved Microwave Radiative Transfer Model for Tropical Oceanic Precipitation
In preparation for the launch of TRMM, new algorithms must be created that take advantage of the combined data from radar and microwave radiometers that will be on board the satellite. A microwave radiative transfer algorithm with a one-...
Jeffrey R. Tesmer; Thomas T. Wilheit
Ice Water Path Estimation and Characterization Using Passive Microwave Radiometry
Microwave emission emerging from a precipitating cloud top and lying in a radiometer's field of view represents the culmination of a complex interaction between emitted microwave radiation and its ongoing extinction through overlapping regions of ...
J. Vivekanandan; J. Turk; V. N. Bringi
A Passive Microwave Algorithm for Tropical Oceanic Rainfall
This study discusses a rainfall algorithm utilizing six channels of microwave radiance data from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer. The algorithm is intended for short-term climate studies over the ocean at low latitudes. ...
Barry B. Hinton; William S. Olson; David W. Martin; Brian Auvine
Loss-compensated radiometer
A new radiometer concept is described and evaluated. Automatic dynamic electrical compensation is achieved by a high-gain feedback amplifier and low thermal inertia solar and compensating electrical sensors. With sufficiently high gain, compensation can increase accuracy to limits determined by amplifier drift. Equations governing instrument response are derived and analyzed. Initial measurements on a preliminary prototype confirm the validity of the concept which should yield a very accurate instrument with ''self calibrating'' features.
Lobo, P.C.
Differential Microwave Radiometer and the Cosmic Microwave Background...
Contacts Technology Transfer DOE National Laboratories Contact Information Laboratory Policy and Evaluation U.S. Department of Energy SC-32Forrestal Building 1000 Independence...
Relationships between Evaporative Fraction and Remotely Sensed Vegetation Index and Microwave Brightness Temperature for Semiarid Rangelands
Measurements of the microwave brightness temperature (TB) with the Pushbroom Microwave Radiometer (PBMR) over the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed were made on selected days during the MONSOON 90 field campaign. The PBMR is an L-band ...
W. P. Kustas; T. J. Schmugge; K. S. Humes; T. J. Jackson; R. Parry; M. A. Weltz; M. S. Moran
Empirical Evaluation of Four Microwave Radiative Forward Models...
March 31-April 4, 2003 Figure 1. (contd) (20.6, 31.65 GHz), hereafter referred as ACF, JPL, and CSR, respectively. These radiometers have shown a calibration accuracy of the...
G-Band Vapor Radiometer Precipitable Water Vapor (GVRPWV) Value-Added Product
The G-Band Vapor Radiometer Precipitable Water Vapor (GVRPWV) value-added product (VAP) computes precipitable water vapor using neural network techniques from data measured by the GVR. The GVR reports time-series measurements of brightness temperatures for four channels located at 183.3 � 1, 3, 7, and 14 GHz.
Koontz, A; Cadeddu, M
GVR (G-Band Vapor Radiometer) M.P. Cadeddu and J.C. Liljegren Argonne Natl. Laboratory
MWR status MWR status M.P. Cadeddu New radiometers New radiometers ECO-00664 (MWR procurement) open Specifications have been written and submitted Draft of specifications sent to vendors last month A few changes were incorporated after vendors feedback. Final specification document will be sent next week. ECO-00664 (MWR procurement) open Specifications have been written and submitted Draft of specifications sent to vendors last month A few changes were incorporated after vendors feedback. Final specification document will be sent next week. PWV-LWP: 12 2-channel MWR Temperature-humidity profile: 2 profilers operating Low LWP-PWV: 2 183-GHz radiometers Low LWP: 2 90/150-GHz radiometers PWV-LWP: 12 2-channel MWR Temperature-humidity profile: 2 profilers
Radiometer and Profiler Analysis of the Effects of a Bore and a Solitary Wave on the Stability of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer
This study uses data from a microwave profiling radiometer (MPR), along with 915-MHz wind profiler, Doppler radar, and surface data to quantify the kinematic and thermodynamic effects of two wave features, an undular bore and a soliton, on the ...
Timothy A. Coleman; Kevin R. Knupp
Hydrometeor Retrieval Accuracy Using Microwave Window and Sounding Channel Observations
The retrieval errors of cloud and precipitation hydrometeor contents from spaceborne observations are estimated at microwave frequencies in atmospheric windows between 18 and 150 GHz and in oxygen absorption complexes near 50�60 and 118 GHz. The ...
Peter Bauer; Emmanuel Moreau; Sabatino Di Michele
Satellite-Based Tropical Cyclone Intensity Estimation Using the NOAA-KLM Series Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU)
Satellite-borne passive microwave radiometers, such as the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on the NOAA polar-orbiting series, are well suited to monitor tropical cyclones (TCs) by virtue of their ability to assess changes in tropospheric ...
Kurt F. Brueske; Christopher S. Velden
Lighting Research Group: Facilities: Spectro-Radiometer
Spectro-Radiometer Spectro-Radiometer Spectro-Radiometer spectro-radiometer Gonio-photometer | Integrating sphere | Power analyzer | Spectro-radiometer The spectro-radiometer is used to measure the light output of a light source at each wavelength. The part that looks like a video camera (to the far right in the picture) can look at each wavelength separately. The spectro-radiometer can also be used as a standard light meter and measure all visible wavelengths at once to obtain the total light output of a source. The console portion of the spectro-radiometer is used to display the meter readings and also to adjust measurement settings like the sensitivity. The computer is interfaced with the spectro-radiometer and is used to send commands to the machine and receive, store, and analyze the data.
Ground-Based Passive Microwave Profiling during Dynamic Weather Conditions
Short-period (1�5 min) temperature and humidity soundings up to 10-km height are retrieved from ground-based 12-channel microwave radiometer profiler (MWRP) observations. In contrast to radiosondes, the radiometric retrievals provide very high ...
K. R. Knupp; T. Coleman; D. Phillips; R. Ware; D. Cimini; F. Vandenberghe; J. Vivekanandan; E. Westwater
Dramatic Structuring of Water using Polarized Microwave and ...
Raman spectroscopy reveals that liquid water treated with 2.45 GHz polarized microwave and 13.56 MHz radiofrequency radiation undergoes dramatic�...
Correcting Active Scatterometer Data for the Effects of Rain Using Passive Radiometer Data
A model for the effects of rain on scatterometer data is proposed. Data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) and the SeaWinds scatterometer, both on the Midori-II satellite, are used. The model includes three basic rain effects: ...
K. A. Hilburn; F. J. Wentz; D. K. Smith; P. D. Ashcroft
A 16-channel heterodyne electron cyclotron emission radiometer on J-TEXT
To study equilibrium temporal dynamics and the mechanisms of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, a 16-channel heterodyne electron cyclotron emission (ECE) radiometer has been developed to view the J-TEXT tokamak from the low field side. The ECE radiometer detects second-harmonic extraordinary mode in the frequency band of 94-125 GHz which corresponds to resonances from 1.8 T to 2.2 T. This ECE system consists of an ECE transmission line, a radio frequency unit, and two 8-channel intermediate frequency units. An in situ blackbody calibration source is applied for system calibration by comparison of hot and cold sources in order to provide an absolute temperature measurement.
Yang, Z. J.; Zhuang, G.; Xiao, J. S.; Wang, Z. J. [State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 (China); Key Laboratory of Fusion and Advanced Electromagnetic Technology Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 (China); Phillips, P. E.; Huang, H.; Rowan, W. L. [Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 (United States)
Merging Conventional (1915�92) and Passive Microwave (1978�2002) Estimates of Snow Extent and Water Equivalent over Central North America
A detailed evaluation of snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow cover extent (SCE) derived using the combined Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperature records for the 1978�...
C. Derksen; R. Brown; A. Walker
Polarization of Thermal Microwave Atmospheric Radiation Due to Scattering by Ice Particles in Clouds
The polarization difference ?Tb between the vertical and horizontal components of thermal radiation emitted by clouds was studied using 37- and 85-GHz radiometers. The measurements were conducted during the Alliance Icing Research Project in ...
A. V. Troitsky; A. M. Osharin; A. V. Korolev; J. W. Strapp
Identification of Atmospheric Fronts over the Ocean with Microwave Measurements of Water Vapor and Rain
This Paper describes some basic research techniques and algorithms developed to diagnose fronts in cyclonic storms over the ocean with data from satellite-borne microwave radiometers. The need for this research stems from the limited availability ...
Kristina B. Kanaros; Iffekhar Bhatti; Llynn A. Mcmurdie; Grant W. Petty
Toward a Global Climatology of Severe Hailstorms as Estimated by Satellite Passive Microwave Imagers
An 8-yr climatology of storms producing large hail is estimated from satellite measurements using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). This allows a unique, consistent comparison between regions that cannot ...
Daniel J. Cecil; Clay B. Blankenship
Satellite Passive Microwave Rain Rate Measurement over Croplands during Spring, Summer and Fall
Rain rate algorithms for spring, summer and fall that have been developed from comparisons between the brightness temperatures measured by the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and rain rates derived from operational WSR-...
Classification of Tropical Oceanic Precipitation using High-Altitude Aircraft Microwave and Electric Field Measurements
During the 1998 and 2001 hurricane seasons of the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR), the ER-2 Doppler (EDOP) radar, and the Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) were flown aboard the ...
Robbie E. Hood; Daniel J. Cecil; Frank J. LaFontaine; Richard J. Blakeslee; Douglas M. Mach; Gerald M. Heymsfield; Frank D. Marks Jr.; Edward J. Zipser; Michael Goodman
Calibration Service for Low-level Pulsed-Laser Radiometers ...
... be noted that not all pulse energies or peak ... both the peak-power and pulse-energy radiometers ... a single radiometer has not been reserved for NIST ...
Aircraft Multifrequency Passive Microwave Observations of Light Precipitation over the Ocean
Aircraft passive microwave observations at 18, 37, 92, and 183 GHz of light oceanic precipitation are studied in conjunction with visible and infrared observations and ground-based radar data. Microwave signatures for clear, cloudy, and ...
Robert F. Adler; Ida M. Hakkarinen
False-Color Display of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) Data
Displays of multi-frequency passive microwave data from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) flying on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft are presented. Observed brightness temperatures at 85.5 GHz (vertical and ...
Andrew J. Negri; Robert F. Adler; Christian D. Kummerow
Intercalibrating Microwave Satellite Observations for Monitoring Long-Term Variations in Upper- and Midtropospheric Water Vapor
This paper analyzes the growing archive of 183-GHz water vapor absorption band measurements from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) on board polar-orbiting satellites and document adjustments ...
Eui-Seok Chung; Brian J. Soden; Viju O. John
Experimental study of a 1.5-MW, 110-GHz gyrotron oscillator
This thesis reports the design, construction and testing of a 1.5 MW, 110 GHz gyrotron oscillator. This high power microwave tube has been proposed as the next evolutionary step for gyrotrons used to provide electron ...
Anderson, James P. (James Paul), 1972-
Relating Passive 37-GHz Scattering to Radar Profiles in Strong Convection
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager and precipitation radar measurements are examined for strong convective systems. Storms having similar values of minimum 37-GHz polarization-corrected temperature (PCT) are grouped ...
Daniel J. Cecil
Tropospheric Water Vapor Profiles Retrieved from Pressure-Broadened Emission Spectra at 22 GHz
The authors present the analysis and the evaluation of the retrieval of tropospheric water vapor profiles from pressure-broadened emission spectra at 22 GHz measured with a ground-based microwave spectroradiometer. The spectra have a bandwidth of ...
Alexander Haefele; Niklaus K�mpfer
Producing Mega-pixel CMB Maps from Differential Radiometer Data
A major goal of cosmology is to obtain sensitive, high resolution maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy. Such maps, as would be produced by the recently proposed Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), will contain a wealth of primary information about conditions in the early universe. To mitigate systematic effects when observing the microwave background, it is desirable for the raw data to be collected in differential form: as a set of temperature differences between points in the sky. However, the production of large (mega-pixel) maps from a set of temperature differences is a potentially severe computational challenge. We present a new technique for producing maps from differential radiometer data that has a computational cost that grows in the slowest possible way with increasing angular resolution and number of map pixels. The required central processor (CPU) time is proportional to the number of differential data points and the required random access memory (RAM) is proportional to the number of map pixels. We test our technique, and demonstrate its feasibility, by simulating one year of a space-borne anisotropy mission.
Edward L. Wright; Gary Hinshaw; Charles L. Bennett
An Evaluation of Wind Profiler, RASS, and Microwave Radiometer Performance
Several ground-based remote Sensors were operated together in Colorado during February and March 1991 to obtain continuous profiles of the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere. Instrument performance is compared for five ...
B. E. Martner; D. B. Wuertz; B. B. Stankov; R. G. Strauch; E. R. Westwater; K. S. Gage; W. L. Ecklund; C. L. Martin; W. F. Dabberdt
Radiosonde Humidity Soundings and Microwave Radiometers during Nauru99
During June�July 1999, the NOAA R/V Ron H. Brown (RHB) sailed from Australia to the Republic of Nauru where the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program operates a long-term climate observing station. During July, ...
Edgeworth R. Westwater; B. Boba Stankov; Domenico Cimini; Yong Han; Joseph A. Shaw; Barry M. Lesht; Carles N. Long
Ground-Based and Airborne (PMS 2-D Probe Canister-Mounted) 183 GHz Water
Ground-Based and Airborne (PMS 2-D Probe Canister-Mounted) 183 GHz Water Ground-Based and Airborne (PMS 2-D Probe Canister-Mounted) 183 GHz Water Vapor Radiometer Pazmany, Andrew ProSensing Inc. Category: Instruments ProSensing Inc. has developed a G-band (183 GHz, 1.5 mm wavelength) water vapor radiometer (GVR) for the measurement of low concentrations of atmospheric water vapor and liquid water. The instrument's precipitable water vapor measurement precision is approximately 0.01 mm in dry (<2 mm vapor column) conditions. The ground-based version of the instrument was first deployed at ProSensing's facility in Amherst, MA in February 2005, then at the North Slope of Alaska DOE ARM site in Barrow AK in April 2005, where it has been continuously operating since. An airborne version, designed to operate from a standard PMS 2-D probe canister, is now being
Remote sensing of total integrated water vapor, wind speed, and cloud liquid water over the ocean using the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)
A modified D-matrix retrieval method is the basis of the refined total integrated water vapor (TIWV), total integrated cloud liquid water (CLW), and surface wind speed (WS) retrieval methods that are developed. The 85 GHZ polarization difference is used to restrict the application of the geophysical retrieval algorithms which are developed to handle specific atmospheric absorptive situations. An improved semi-empirical sea surface emissivity model is integrated into this refined D-matrix procedure that is being developed for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Radiometer (AMSR). The purpose of this work is to test the refined geophysical parameter retrieval methods using data from the Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I). When comparing the statistical performance of the TIWV, WS, and CLW retrieval methods presented to the statistical performance of published retrieval methods for each geophysical parameter, the retrieval methods developed for this study perform only slightly better. However, it is demonstrated that the new retrieval methods are more physically valid than the comparison retrieval methods. The utilization of the polarization difference of the 85 GHZ channels to restrict the application of specifically-derived retrieval algorithms proves to be a valuable and reliable geophysical parameter retrieval tool.
Manning, Norman Willis William
A Field Comparison among a Domeless Net Radiometer, Two Four-Component Net Radiometers, and a Domed Net Radiometer
The Kipp & Zonen NR-Lite is a newly designed domeless net radiometer. In preparation for the Oklahoma Atmospheric Surface-layer Instrumentation System (OASIS) Project, the NR-Lite was rigorously field tested for over eight months during 1998. ...
J. A. Brotzge; C. E. Duchon
Integration of Global Positioning System and Scanning Water Vapor Radiometers for Precipitable Water Vapor and Cloud Liquid Path Estimates
Integration of Global Positioning System and Scanning Integration of Global Positioning System and Scanning Water Vapor Radiometers for Precipitable Water Vapor and Cloud Liquid Path Estimates V. Mattioli and P. Basili Department of Electronic and Information Engineering University of Perugia Perugia, Italy E. R. Westwater Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory Boulder, Colorado Introduction In recent years the Global Positioning System (GPS) has proved to be a reliable instrument for measuring precipitable water vapor (PWV) (Bevis et al. 1992), offering an independent source of information on water vapor when compared with microwave radiometers (MWRs), and/or radiosonde
Validation and Development of Melting Layer Models Using Constraints by Active/Passive Microwave Observations of Rain and the Wind-Roughened Ocean Surface
A physically based method is developed to estimate the microphysical structure of the melting layer in stratiform rain using airborne observations by a dual-frequency radar and a 10.7-GHz radiometer. The method employs a nonlinear optimal ...
Shannon T. Brown; Christopher S. Ruf
Microwave Emission at High Galactic Latitudes
We use the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers (DMR) 4-year sky maps to model Galactic microwave emission at high latitudes (|b| > 20 deg). Cross-correlation of the DMR maps with Galactic template maps detects fluctuations in the high-latitude microwave sky brightness with the angular variation of the DIRBE far-infrared dust maps and a frequency dependence consistent with a superposition of dust and free-free emission. We find no significant correlations between the DMR maps and various synchrotron templates. On the largest angular scales (e.g., quadrupole), Galactic emission is comparable in amplitude to the anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The CMB quadrupole amplitude, after correction for Galactic emission, has amplitude $Q_{rms}$ = 10.7 uK with random uncertainty 3.6 uK and systematic uncertainty 7.1 uK from uncertainty in our knowledge of Galactic microwave emission.
A. Kogut; G. Hinshaw; A. J. Banday; C. L. Bennett; K. Gorski; G. F. Smoot; E. L. Wright
Intercalibrating microwave satellite observations for monitoring long-term variations in upper and mid-tropospheric water vapor
We analyze the growing archive of 183 GHz water vapor absorption band measurements from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) onboard polar orbiting satellites and document adjustments necessary to use ...
A Dual-Frequency Microwave Technique for Measuring Rainwater Content
While there are many microwave techniques for estimating the rainfall rate, there are presently few if any for accurately determining the rainwater content (W). This study shows that the dual-frequency (38, 25 GHZ) differential attenuation (A38?...
A. R. Jameson
Aircraft-based Radiometric Imaging of Tropospheric Temperature and Precipitation Using the 118.75-GHz Oxygen Resonance
Passive microwave imagine of O2emissions using the 118.75-GHz(1?) resonance has been investigated for tropospheric and stratosphere remote sensing of atmospheric temperature and precipitation. An imaging millimeter-wave spectrometer (MTS) using ...
A. J. Gasiewski; J. W. Barrett; P. G. Bonanni; D. H. Staelin
Modification of the collective Thomson scattering radiometer in the search for parametric decay on TEXTOR
Strong scattering of high-power millimeter waves at 140 GHz has been shown to take place in heating and current-drive experiments at TEXTOR when a tearing mode is present in the plasma. The scattering signal is at present supposed to be generated by the parametric decay instability. Here we describe the heterodyne detection system used to characterize the newly discovered signal measured at TEXTOR, and we present spectral shapes in which the signal can appear under different conditions. The radiation is collected by the receiver through a quasi-optical transmission line that is independent of the electron cyclotron resonance heating transmission line, and so the scattering geometry is variable. The signal is detected with 42 frequency channels ranging from 136 to 142 GHz. We demonstrate that the large signal does not originate from gyrotron spurious radiation. The measured signal agrees well with independent backscattering radiometer data.
Nielsen, S. K.; Salewski, M.; Korsholm, S. B.; Leipold, F.; Meo, F.; Michelsen, P.; Stejner, M. [Association EURATOM - DTU, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Risoe Campus, DK-4000 Roskilde (Denmark); Bongers, W.; Moseev, D.; Westerhof, E. [FOM Institute DIFFER, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Association EURATOM - FOM, Nieuwegein (Netherlands); Oosterbeek, J. W. [Department of Applied Physics, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Eindhoven University of Technology, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven (Netherlands)
Solid-State Radiometer Measurements of Sea Surface Skin Temperature
Satellite sea surface skin temperature (SSST) maps are readily available from precisely calibrated radiometer systems such as the ERS along-track scanning radiometer and, in the near future, from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer. ...
C. J. Donlon; S. J. Keogh; D. J. Baldwin; I. S. Robinson; I. Ridley; T. Sheasby; I. J. Barton; E. F. Bradley; T. J. Nightingale; W. Emery
ARM's Broadband Radiometer Station (BRS) Data
ARM's BRS data contains measurements of broadband shortwave and longwave, downwelling, upwelling, and normal radiation. The Broadband Radiometer Station (BRS) has collected data since 2001. Data Plots can be viewed for the BRS datastream through ARM's Thumbnail Browser. The primary site for BRS data collection is the Southern Great Plains (SGP).
Angular Power Spectrum of the Microwave Background Anisotropy seen by the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer
The angular power spectrum estimator developed by Peebles (1973) and Hauser & Peebles (1973) has been modified and applied to the 2 year maps produced by the COBE DMR. The power spectrum of the real sky has been compared to the power spectra of a large number of simulated random skies produced with noise equal to the observed noise and primordial density fluctuation power spectra of power law form, with $P(k) \\propto k^n$. Within the limited range of spatial scales covered by the COBE DMR, corresponding to spherical harmonic indices $3 \\leq \\ell \\lsim 30$, the best fitting value of the spectral index is $n = 1.25^{+0.4}_{-0.45}$ with the Harrison-Zeldovich value $n = 1$ approximately 0.5$\\sigma$ below the best fit. For $3 \\leq \\ell \\lsim 19$, the best fit is $n = 1.46^{+0.39}_{-0.44}$. Comparing the COBE DMR $\\Delta T/T$ at small $\\ell$ to the $\\Delta T/T$ at $\\ell \\approx 50$ from degree scale anisotropy experiments gives a smaller range of acceptable spectral indices which includes $n = 1$.
E. L. Wright; G. F. Smoot; C. L. Bennett; P. M. Lubin
The angular power spectrum estimator developed by Peebles (1973) and Hauser & Peebles (1973) has been modified and applied to the 4 year maps produced by the COBE DMR. The power spectrum of the observed sky has been compared to the power spectra of a large number of simulated random skies produced with noise equal to the observed noise and primordial density fluctuation power spectra of power law form, with $P(k) \\propto k^n$. The best fitting value of the spectral index in the range of spatial scales corresponding to spherical harmonic indices $3 \\leq \\ell \\lesssim 30$ is an apparent spectral index $n_{app}$ = 1.13 (+0.3) (-0.4) which is consistent with the Harrison-Zel'dovich primordial spectral index $n_{pri} = 1$ The best fitting amplitude for $n_{app} = 1$ is $\\langle Q_{RMS}^2\\rangle^{0.5}$ = 18 uK.
E. L. Wright; C. L. Bennett; K. Gorski; G. Hinshaw; G. F. Smoot
Interaction of high power microwave with plasma
An experimental proposal to investigate the physics of interaction of extremely intense (eEem/m?c ? 1) microwave in an overdense plasma is discussed. The output from a VIRCATOR (2 -- 10 GHz, ? 1 -- 3 GW) based pulse (?30 ns) powered ...
V. P. Anitha; Amita Das; Y. C. Saxena; Anurag Shyam; P. K. Kaw
Profiling Atmospheric Water Vapor by Microwave Radiometry
High-altitude microwave radiometric observations at frequencies near 92 and 183.3 GHz were used to study the potential of retrieving atmospheric water vapor profiles over both land and water. An algorithm based on an extended Kaiman-Bucy filter ...
J. R. Wang; J. L. King; T. T. Wilheit; G. Szejwach; L. H. Gesell; R. A. Nieman; D. S. Niver; B. M. Krupp; J. A. Gagliano
137 and 165 GHZ radiometer measurements of hot electrons in LDX
Summary form only given. The levitated dipole experiment (LDX) is investigating a levitated dipole magnetic configuration as an alterative confinement concept for fusion plasmas. A 1.1 MA, 68 cm mean diameter, 560 kg ...
Woskov, Paul P.
Mobile system for microwave removal of concrete surfaces
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A method and apparatus are disclosed for the microwave removal of contaminated concrete surfaces. The apparatus comprises a housing adapted to pass over a support surface. The housing includes a waveguide for directing microwave energy to the surface at an angle maximizing absorption of microwave energy by the surface. The apparatus is further provided with a source of microwave energy operably associated with the waveguide, wherein the microwave energy has a frequency of between about 10.6 GHz and about 24 GHz and acts to remove the uppermost layer from the surface. The apparatus further includes a debris containment assembly comprising a vacuum assembly operably associated with the housing. The vacuum assembly is adapted to remove debris from the area adjacent the surface. 7 figs.
White, T.L.; Bigelow, T.S.; Schaich, C.R.; Foster, D. Jr.
A method and apparatus for the microwave removal of contaminated concrete surfaces. The apparatus comprises a housing adapted to pass over a support surface. The housing includes a waveguide for directing microwave energy to the surface at an angle maximizing absorption of microwave energy by the surface. The apparatus is further provided with a source of microwave energy operably associated with the waveguide, wherein the microwave energy has a frequency of between about 10.6 GHz and about 24 GHz and acts to remove the uppermost layer from the surface. The apparatus further includes a debris containment assembly comprising a vacuum assembly operably associated with the housing. The vacuum assembly is adapted to remove debris from the area adjacent the surface.
White, Terry L. (Oak Ridge, TN); Bigelow, Timothy S. (Knoxville, TN); Schaich, Charles R. (Lenoir City, TN); Foster, Jr., Don (Knoxville, TN)
Microwave detector
A microwave detector is provided for measuring the envelope shape of a microwave pulse comprised of high-frequency oscillations. A biased ferrite produces a magnetization field flux that links a B-dot loop. The magnetic field of the microwave pulse participates in the formation of the magnetization field flux. High-frequency insensitive means are provided for measuring electric voltage or current induced in the B-dot loop. The recorded output of the detector is proportional to the time derivative of the square of the envelope shape of the microwave pulse.
Meldner, H.W.; Cusson, R.Y.; Johnson, R.M.
A microwave detector (10) is provided for measuring the envelope shape of a microwave pulse comprised of high-frequency oscillations. A biased ferrite (26, 28) produces a magnetization field flux that links a B-dot loop (16, 20). The magnetic field of the microwave pulse participates in the formation of the magnetization field flux. High-frequency insensitive means (18, 22) are provided for measuring electric voltage or current induced in the B-dot loop. The recorded output of the detector is proportional to the time derivative of the square of the envelope shape of the microwave pulse.
Meldner, Heiner W. (Moss Beach, CA); Cusson, Ronald Y. (Chapel Hill, NC); Johnson, Ray M. (San Ramon, CA)
30 GHz flux density measurements of the Caltech-Jodrell flat-spectrum sources with OCRA-p
To measure the 30-GHz flux densities of the 293 sources in the Caltech-Jodrell Bank flat-spectrum (CJF) sample. The measurements are part of an ongoing programme to measure the spectral energy distributions of flat spectrum radio sources and to correlate them with the milliarcsecond structures from VLBI and other measured astrophysical properties. The 30-GHz data were obtained with a twin-beam differencing radiometer system mounted on the Torun 32-m telescope. The system has an angular resolution of 1.2 arcmin. Together with radio spectral data obtained from the literature, the 30-GHz data have enabled us to identify 42 of the CJF sources as Giga-hertz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) sources. Seventeen percent of the sources have rising spectra (alpha > 0) between 5 and 30 GHz.
S. R. Lowe; M. P. Gawro?ski; P. N. Wilkinson; A. J. Kus; I. W. A. Browne; E. Pazderski; R. Feiler; D. Kettle
Lowe, S R; Wilkinson, P N; Kus, A J; Browne, I W A; Pazderski, E; Feiler, R; Kettle, D
ARM 90/150 GHz data at ARM 90/150 GHz data at COPS M.P. Cadeddu, A. Vogelmann, D.D. Turner, S. Crewell, U. Lönhert MWRHF (90/150) data Data available at archives from 06/22 to 12/31 Challenges associated with instrument: New instrument - new technology We still need to learn about calibration Spectral region (WV continuum) still uncertain in models Data available at archives from 06/22 to 12/31 Challenges associated with instrument: New instrument - new technology We still need to learn about calibration Spectral region (WV continuum) still uncertain in models Weather conditions were not ideal for the initial testing of the instrument. The radiometer did not calibrate from 06/30 until 10/13 The few calibrations in June may have been affected by dew formation Calibration of summer data is
Observational Constraints on Microwave Anisotropy from Point Sources
Applying basic physical principles to recent observational results, we derive upper and lower limits on microwave anisotropy from point sources over the range of frequencies 10-1000 GHz. We examine the level of noise in the observations as a possible indication of source confusion at subarcminute scales. We also derive an upper limit on microwave anisotropy caused by the sources responsible for the Far-Infrared Background radiation detected in FIRAS data. Our upper limit on point source confusion of DeltaT/T=10^{-5} for a 10' beam at 100 GHz would cause severe foreground contamination for CMB anisotropy observations, although the actual contamination level is probably much lower. This upper limit constrains the long-feared possibility of an undetected population of sources with emission peaking near 100 GHz. Source detections closer to 100 GHz are needed to improve our knowledge of galaxy evolution at high redshift and to predict the level of point source confusion.
Eric Gawiser; Andrew Jaffe; Joseph Silk
Retrieval of Cloud Ice Water Path from Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS)
The Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F-16 spacecraft measures the Earth-emitted radiation at frequencies from 19 to 183 GHz. From its high-frequency channels at 91 and 150 GHz, ...
Ninghai Sun; Fuzhong Weng
Atmospheric Water Content over the Tropical Pacific Derived from the Nimbus-6 Scanning Microwave Spectrometer
The scanning microwave spectrometer (SCAMS) aboard Nimbus-6 contains a 22.23 GHz water vapor channel and 31.65 GHz window channel for deriving integrated water vapor (precipitable water) and cloud liquid water through a column over the oceans. ...
N. C. Grody; A. Gruber; W. C. Shen
Microwave Dielectric Heating of Drops in Microfluidic Devices
We present a technique to locally and rapidly heat water drops in microfluidic devices with microwave dielectric heating. Water absorbs microwave power more efficiently than polymers, glass, and oils due to its permanent molecular dipole moment that has a large dielectric loss at GHz frequencies. The relevant heat capacity of the system is a single thermally isolated picoliter drop of water and this enables very fast thermal cycling. We demonstrate microwave dielectric heating in a microfluidic device that integrates a flow-focusing drop maker, drop splitters, and metal electrodes to locally deliver microwave power from an inexpensive, commercially available 3.0 GHz source and amplifier. The temperature of the drops is measured by observing the temperature dependent fluorescence intensity of cadmium selenide nanocrystals suspended in the water drops. We demonstrate characteristic heating times as short as 15 ms to steady-state temperatures as large as 30 degrees C above the base temperature of the microfluidi...
Issadore, David; Brown, Keith A; Sandberg, Lori; Weitz, David; Westervelt, Robert M
Microwave remote sensing of ionized air.
We present observations of microwave scattering from ambient room air ionized with a negative ion generator. The frequency dependence of the radar cross section of ionized air was measured from 26.5 to 40 GHz (Ka-band) in a bistatic mode with an Agilent PNA-X series (model N5245A) vector network analyzer. A detailed calibration scheme is provided to minimize the effect of the stray background field and system frequency response on the target reflection. The feasibility of detecting the microwave reflection from ionized air portends many potential applications such as remote sensing of atmospheric ionization and remote detection of radioactive ionization of air.
Liao, S.; Gopalsami, N.; Heifetz, A.; Elmer, T.; Fiflis, P.; Koehl, E. R.; Chien, H. T.; Raptis, A. C. (Nuclear Engineering Division)
Effects of localized microwave exposure on the dog thyroid
The effects of localized microwave (2.45 GHz, CW) exposure of the dog thyroid gland were investigated. A dielectrically loaded waveguide applicator was designed and fabricated which efficiencly couples microwave energy to a small (2.54 cm x 5.08 cm) area of biological tissue. The function of the thyroid gland was assessed by the measurement of total plasma thyroxine (T4) using a radioimmunoassay.
Magin, R.L.
Microwave furnace having microwave compatible dilatometer
An apparatus for measuring and monitoring a change in the dimension of a sample being heated by microwave energy is described. The apparatus comprises a microwave heating device for heating a sample by microwave energy, a microwave compatible dilatometer for measuring and monitoring a change in the dimension of the sample being heated by microwave energy without leaking microwaves out of the microwave heating device, and a temperature determination device for measuring and monitoring the temperature of the sample being heated by microwave energy. 2 figs.
Kimrey, H.D. Jr.; Janney, M.A.; Ferber, M.K.
Ground-based Microwave Cloud Tomography
Microwave Cloud Tomography Microwave Cloud Tomography Experiment, SGP, May 15-June 15, 2009 Lead Scientist Dong Huang, BNL Co-Investigators Al Gasiewski, UC Boulder Maria Cadeddu, ANL Warren Wiscombe, BNL Radiation Processes Working Group March 30, 2009 multiple radiometers All good cloud radiation modelers should close their airplane window shades so as not to be corrupted by the spectacle of real 3D clouds. - Roger Davies In case you forget to do this, you see 3/30/2009 ARM RPWG 2 Effects of cloud structure on radiation 3/30/2009 ARM RPWG 3 Typical climate model - Cloud fraction & mean water content - Horizontally uniform clouds, no side radiation - Assumption on overlap Courtesy of Bernhard Mayer Cloud structure important to radiation - Cumulus (Benner & Evans 2001, Pincus et al. 2005), deep convection (DiGiuseppe &
ARM: Broadband Radiometer Station (BRS) broadband shortwave and longwave 1-min radiation data with Dutton correction
Broadband Radiometer Station (BRS) broadband shortwave and longwave 1-min radiation data with Dutton correction
Tom Stoffel; Bev Kay; Aron Habte; Mary Anderberg; Mark Kutchenreiter
Surface Soil Moisture Retrieval and Mapping Using High-Frequency Microwave Satellite Observations in the Southern Great Plains
Studies have shown the advantages of low-frequency (<5 GHz) microwave sensors for soil moisture estimation. Although higher frequencies have limited soil moisture retrieval capabilities, there is a vast quantity of systematic global high-...
Thomas J. Jackson; Ann Y. Hsu; Peggy E. O'Neill
Accurate Airborne Surface Temperature Measurements with Chopper-stabilized Radiometers
The accuracy of chopper-stabilized radiometers for the meteorological measurement of surface temperatures was investigated during a series of airborne trails, including tests at high altitude using a pressurized aircraft. The significant finding ...
Dieter Lorenz
Comparison of Plotting Methods for Solar Radiometer Calibration
An alternative formulation of the Langley plot relating observed solar irradiance, extraterrestrial solar irradiance, and air mass has been suggested to potentially improve radiometer calibration accuracy. In this study, results from the ...
S. M. Adler-Golden; J. R. Slusser
Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) Handbook
The visible Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) is a passive instrument that measures global and diffuse components of solar irradiance at six narrowband channels and one open, or broadband, channel (Harrison et al. 1994). Direct irradiance is not a primary measurement, but is calculated using the diffuse and global measurements. To collect one data record, the MFRSR takes measurements at four different shadowband positions. The first measurement is taken with the shadowband in the nadir (home) position. The next three measurements are, in order, the first side-band, sun-blocked, and second side-band. The side-band measurements are used to correct for the portion of the sky obscured by the shadowband. The nominal wavelengths of the narrowband channels are 415, 500, 615, 673, 870, and 940 nm. From such measurements, one may infer the atmosphere's aerosol optical depth at each wavelength. In turn, these optical depths may be used to derive information about the column abundances of ozone and water vapor (Michalsky et al. 1995), as well as aerosol (Harrison and Michalsky 1994) and other atmospheric constituents.
Hodges, GB; Michalsky, JJ
Severe Storm Observations Using the Microwave Sounding Unit
The microwave sounding unit (MSU) aboard the NOAA polar orbiting satellites contains four channels in the oxygen band, at 50.30, 53.74, 54.96 and 57.95 GHz, which receive thermal radiation originating primarily from four regions ranging from the ...
Norman C. Grody
We present observations of the known anomalous microwave emission region, G159.6-18.5, in the Perseus molecular cloud at 16 GHz performed with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager Small Array. These are the highest angular resolution observations of G159.6-18.5 at microwave wavelengths. By combining these microwave data with infrared observations between 5.8 and 160 {mu}m from the Spitzer Space Telescope, we investigate the existence of a microwave-infrared correlation on angular scales of {approx}2'. We find that the overall correlation appears to increase toward shorter infrared wavelengths, which is consistent with the microwave emission being produced by electric dipole radiation from small, spinning dust grains. We also find that the microwave-infrared correlation peaks at 24 {mu}m (6.7{sigma}), suggesting that the microwave emission is originating from a population of stochastically heated small interstellar dust grains rather than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Tibbs, C. T. [Spitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States); Scaife, A. M. M. [School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (United Kingdom); Dickinson, C.; Davies, R. D.; Davis, R. J.; Watson, R. A. [Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (United Kingdom); Paladini, R. [NASA Herschel Science Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States); Grainge, K. J. B., E-mail: email@example.com [Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE (United Kingdom)
Method and device for microwave sintering large ceramic articles
A microwave sintering system and method are provided for extremely uniform sintering of large and/or irregular shaped ceramic articles at microwave frequencies of at least 28 GHz in the hundreds of kilowatts power range in an untuned cavity. A 28 GHz, 200 kw gyrotron with variable power output is used as the microwave source connected to an untuned microwave cavity formed of an electrically conductive housing through an overmoded waveguide arrangement which acts in conjunction with a mode promoter within the cavity to achieve unexpected field uniformity. The part to be sintered is placed in the cavity and supported on a removable high temperature table in a central location within the cavity. The part is surrounded by a microwave transparent bulk insulating material to reduce thermal heat loss at the part surfaces and maintain more uniform temperature. The cavity may be operated at a high vacuum to aid in preventing arcing. The system allows controlled increased heating rates of greater than 200.degree. C./min to provide rapid heating of a ceramic part to a selected sintering temperature where it is maintained by regulating the microwave power applied to the part. As a result of rapid heating, the extent of non-isothermal processes such as segregation of impurities to the grain boundaries are minimized and exaggerated grain growth is reduced, thereby strengthening the mechanical properties of the ceramic part being sintered.
Kimrey, Jr., Harold D. (Knoxville, TN)
A device for microwave sintering large ceramic articles
A microwave sintering system is provided for uniform sintering of large and/or irregular shapes ceramic articles at microwave frequencies of at least 28 GHz in the hundreds of kilowatts power range in an untuned cavity. A 28 GHz, 200 kw gyrotron with variable power output is used as the microwave source connected to an untuned microwave cavity formed of an electrically conductive housing. The part to be sintered is placed in the cavity and supported on a removable high temperature table in a central location within the cavity. The part is surrounded by a microwave transparent bulk insulating material to reduce thermal heat loss at the part surfaces and maintain more uniform temperature. The cavity may be operated at a high vacuum to aid in preventing arcing. The system allows controlled increased heating rates of greater than 200/degree/C/min to provide rapid heating of a ceramic part to a selected sintering temperature where it is maintained by regulating the microwave power applied to the part. As a result of rapid heating, the extent on non-isothermal processes such as segregation of impurities to the grain boundaries are minimized and exaggerated grain growth is reduced, thereby strengthening the mechanical properties of the ceramic part being sintered. 1 fig.
Kimrey, H.D. Jr.
A High Speed Spectrally Scanning Radiometer (SPERAD) for Airborne Measurements of Cloud Optical Properties
The overall design of a radiometer and data acquisition system for use on an aircraft platform is described. The instrument is a fast response spectrally scanning radiometer providing measurements at 48 spectral intervals between 400 and 1200 nm. ...
Graeme L. Stephens; John C. Scott
The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration and Intercomparison. Part II: Shipboard Results
The second calibration and intercomparison of infrared radiometers (Miami2001) was held at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) during a workshop held from May to June 2001. The radiometers ...
I. J. Barton; P. J. Minnett; K. A. Maillet; C. J. Donlon; S. J. Hook; A. T. Jessup; T. J. Nightingale
An Infrared Sea Surface Temperature Autonomous Radiometer (ISAR) for Deployment aboard Volunteer Observing Ships (VOS)
The infrared SST autonomous radiometer (ISAR) is a self-calibrating instrument capable of measuring in situ sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin) to an accuracy of 0.1 K. Extensive field deployments alongside two independent research radiometers ...
C. Donlon; I. S. Robinson; W. Wimmer; G. Fisher; M. Reynolds; R. Edwards; T. J. Nightingale
Design and Performance Analysis of an Automated 10-Channel Solar Radiometer Instrument
An automated multichannel solar radiometer has been designed and fabricated by the Atmospheric Remote Sensing Laboratory at The University of Arizona. The automated radiometer has 10 separate silicon-photodiode-based channels that allow near-...
A. R. Ehsani; J. A. Reagan; W. H. Erxleben
Improved Retrieval of Integrated Water Vapor from Water Vapor Radiometer Measurements Using Numerical Weather Prediction Models
Water vapor radiometer (WVR) retrieval algorithms require a priori information on atmospheric conditions along the line of sight of the radiometer in order to derive opacities from observed brightness temperatures. This paper's focus is the mean ...
Steven R. Chiswell; Steven Businger; Michael Bevis; Fredrick Solheim; Christian Rocken; Randolph Ware
NREL: MIDC/ARM Radiometer Characterization System (36.606 N,...
The Measurement and Instrumentation Data Center collects Irradiance and Meterological data from the ARM Radiometer Characterization System....
An Objective Method for Forecasting Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer Measurements
An empirical analysis program, based on finding an optimal representation of the data, has been applied to 120 observations of twenty nine 1973 and 1974 North Pacific tropical cyclones. Each observation consists of a field of Nimbus-5 ...
Herbert E. Hunter; Edward B. Rodgers; William E. Shenk
Analysis of Supercooled Liquid Water Measurements Using Microwave Radiometer and Vibrating Wire Devices
A review is made of the theoretical basis for using a vibrating wire to measure supercooled liquid water in clouds. The device consists of a vibrating wire and associated electronics added to radiosondes. The sensing wire that collects ...
Geoffrey E. Hill
Comparison of Precipitable Water Observations in the Near Tropics by GPS, Microwave Radiometer, and Radiosondes
The sensing of precipitable water (PW) using the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the near Tropics is investigated. GPS data acquired from the Central Weather Bureau�s Taipei weather station in Banchao (Taipei), Taiwan, and each of nine ...
Yuei-An Liou; Yu-Tun Teng; Teresa Van Hove; James C. Liljegren
Narrow Field of View Zenith Radiometer (NFOV) Handbook
The two-channel narrow field-of-view radiometer (NFOV2) is a ground-based radiometer that looks straight up and measures radiance directly above the instrument at wavelengths of 673 and 870 nm. The field-of-view of the instrument is 1.2 degrees, and the sampling time resolution is one second. Measurements of the NFOV2 have been used to retrieve optical properties for overhead clouds that range from patchy to overcast. With a one-second sampling rate of the NFOV2, faster than almost any other ARM Climate Research Facility (ACRF) instrument, we are able, for the first time, to capture changes in cloud optical properties at the natural time scale of cloud evolution.
Chiu, C; Marshak, A; Hodges, G; Barnard, JC; Schmelzer, J
Method and apparatus for precision control of radiometer
A radiometer controller of a solar radiation detector is described. The system includes a calibration method and apparatus comprised of mounting all temperature sensitive elements of the controller in thermostatically controlled ovens during calibration and measurements, using a selected temperature that is above any which might be reached in the field. The instrument is calibrated in situ by adjusting heater power to the receptor cavity in the radiometer detector to a predetermined full scale level as displayed by a meter. Then with the heater de-energized and the receptor cavity covered, the voltage output, is set to zero as displayed by the meter. Next the preset power is applied to the heater and the output of the radiant measurement channel is applied to the panel meter. With this preset heater power producing the proper heat, the gain of the measurement channel is adjusted to bring the meter display to full scale.
Estey, R.S.
Quantitative Analysis of Spectral Impacts on Silicon Photodiode Radiometers: Preprint
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Inexpensive broadband pyranometers with silicon photodiode detectors have a non-uniform spectral response over the spectral range of 300-1100 nm. The response region includes only about 70% to 75% of the total energy in the terrestrial solar spectral distribution from 300 nm to 4000 nm. The solar spectrum constantly changes with solar position and atmospheric conditions. Relative spectral distributions of diffuse hemispherical irradiance sky radiation and total global hemispherical irradiance are drastically different. This analysis convolves a typical photodiode response with SMARTS 2.9.5 spectral model spectra for different sites and atmospheric conditions. Differences in solar component spectra lead to differences on the order of 2% in global hemispherical and 5% or more in diffuse hemispherical irradiances from silicon radiometers. The result is that errors of more than 7% can occur in the computation of direct normal irradiance from global hemispherical irradiance and diffuse hemispherical irradiance using these radiometers.
Myers, D. R.
ARM Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR): irradiances
The multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) takes spectral measurements of direct normal, diffuse horizontal and total horizontal solar irradiances. These measurements are at nominal wavelengths of 415, 500, 615, 673, 870, and 940 nm. The measurements are made at a user-specified time interval, usually about one minute or less. The sampling rate for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility MFRSRs is 20 seconds. From such measurements, one may infer the atmosphere's optical depth at the wavelengths mentioned above. In turn, these optical depths may be used to derive information about the column abundances of ozone and water vapor (Michalsky et al. 1995), as well as aerosol (Michalsky et al. 1994) and other atmospheric constituents. A silicon detector is also part of the MFRSR. This detector provides a measure of the broadband direct normal, diffuse horizontal and total horizontal solar irradiances. A MFRSR head that is mounted to look vertically downward can measure upwelling spectral irradiances. In the ARM system, this instrument is called a multifilter radiometer (MFR). At the Southern Great Plains (SGP) there are two MFRs; one mounted at the 10-m height and the other at 25 m. At the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) sites, the MFRs are mounted at 10 m. MFRSR heads are also used to measure normal incidence radiation by mounting on a solar tracking device. These are referred to as normal incidence multi-filter radiometers (NIMFRs) and are located at the SGP and NSA sites. Another specialized use for the MFRSR is the narrow field of view (NFOV) instrument located at SGP. The NFOV is a ground-based radiometer (MFRSR head) that looks straight up.
Hodges, Gary
Boiling Water in Microwave
Boiling Water in Microwave A 26-year old man decided to have a cup of coffee. He took a cup of water and put it in the microwave to heat it up (something that he had done numerous...
LO Generation and Distribution for 60GHz Phased Array Transceivers
LO Generation and Distribution for 60GHz Phased ArrayFall 2011 LO Generation and Distribution for 60GHz PhasedAbstract LO Generation and Distribution for 60GHz Phased
Marcu, Cristian
ARM - Facility News Article
New Microwave Radiometer Makes Water Vapor Measurements in the Arid Cold a New Microwave Radiometer Makes Water Vapor Measurements in the Arid Cold a Snap Bookmark and Share The 183 GHz radiometer, protected inside an insulated enclosure (inset), is installed on the roof of the primary instrument shelter at Barrow. To prevent snow from accumulating on the mylar window, a blower mounted beneath the radiometer directs air through a duct to a standard Y-shaped fitting mounted on top of the radiometer. The 183 GHz radiometer, protected inside an insulated enclosure (inset), is installed on the roof of the primary instrument shelter at Barrow. To prevent snow from accumulating on the mylar window, a blower mounted beneath the radiometer directs air through a duct to a standard Y-shaped fitting mounted on top of the radiometer.
Doppler Cloud Radar Derived Drop Size Distributions in Liquid Water Stratus Clouds
A cloud particle size retrieval algorithm that uses radar reflectivity factor and Doppler velocity obtained by a 35-GHz Doppler radar and liquid water path estimated from microwave radiometer radiance measurements is developed to infer the size ...
Seiji Kato; Gerald G. Mace; Eugene E. Clothiaux; James C. Liljegren; Richard T. Austin
Microwave hemorrhagic stroke detector
The microwave hemorrhagic stroke detector includes a low power pulsed microwave transmitter with a broad-band antenna for producing a directional beam of microwaves, an index of refraction matching cap placed over the patients head, and an array of broad-band microwave receivers with collection antennae. The system of microwave transmitter and receivers are scanned around, and can also be positioned up and down the axis of the patients head. The microwave hemorrhagic stroke detector is a completely non-invasive device designed to detect and localize blood pooling and clots or to measure blood flow within the head or body. The device is based on low power pulsed microwave technology combined with specialized antennas and tomographic methods. The system can be used for rapid, non-invasive detection of blood pooling such as occurs with hemorrhagic stoke in human or animal patients as well as for the detection of hemorrhage within a patient's body.
Haddad, Waleed S. (Dublin, CA); Trebes, James E. (Livermore, CA)
The Usage of Screen-Level Parameters and Microwave Brightness Temperature for Soil Moisture Analysis
This study focuses on testing two different soil moisture analysis systems based on screen-level parameters (2-m temperature T2m, 2-m relative humidity RH2m) and 1.4-GHz passive microwave brightness temperatures TB. First, a simplified extended ...
G. Seuffert; H. Wilker; P. Viterbo; M. Drusch; J-F. Mahfouf
The Effect of the Melting Layer on the Microwave Emission of Clouds over the Ocean
A study was carried out in order to estimate the effect of melting particles on simulated brightness temperatures at microwave frequencies between 10.7 and 85.5 GHz for precipitation over the ocean. The meteorological model framework is based on ...
P. Bauer; J. P. V. Poiares Baptista; M. de Iulis
We present a technique to locally and rapidly heat water drops in microfluidic devices with microwave dielectric heating. Water absorbs microwave power more efficiently than polymers, glass, and oils due to its permanent molecular dipole moment that has a large dielectric loss at GHz frequencies. The relevant heat capacity of the system is a single thermally isolated picoliter drop of water and this enables very fast thermal cycling. We demonstrate microwave dielectric heating in a microfluidic device that integrates a flow-focusing drop maker, drop splitters, and metal electrodes to locally deliver microwave power from an inexpensive, commercially available 3.0 GHz source and amplifier. The temperature of the drops is measured by observing the temperature dependent fluorescence intensity of cadmium selenide nanocrystals suspended in the water drops. We demonstrate characteristic heating times as short as 15 ms to steady-state temperatures as large as 30 degrees C above the base temperature of the microfluidic device. Many common biological and chemical applications require rapid and local control of temperature, such as PCR amplification of DNA, and can benefit from this new technique.
David Issadore; Katherine J. Humphry; Keith A. Brown; Lori Sandberg; David Weitz; Robert M. Westervelt
NREL: MIDC/SMUD Anatolia Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (38.55...
The Measurement and Instrumentation Data Center collects Irradiance and Meterological data from the SMUD Anatolia Irradiance Inc. Rotating Shadowband Radiometer v2....
We present observations performed with the Green Bank Telescope at 1.4 and 5 GHz of three strips coincident with the anomalous microwave emission features previously identified in the Perseus molecular cloud at 33 GHz with the Very Small Array. With these observations we determine the level of the low frequency ({approx}1-5 GHz) emission. We do not detect any significant extended emission in these regions and we compute conservative 3{sigma} upper limits on the fraction of free-free emission at 33 GHz of 27%, 12%, and 18% for the three strips, indicating that the level of the emission at 1.4 and 5 GHz cannot account for the emission observed at 33 GHz. Additionally, we find that the low frequency emission is not spatially correlated with the emission observed at 33 GHz. These results indicate that the emission observed in the Perseus molecular cloud at 33 GHz, is indeed in excess over the low frequency emission, hence confirming its anomalous nature.
Tibbs, C. T. [Spitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States); Paladini, R. [NASA Herschel Science Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States); Dickinson, C.; Davies, R. D.; Davis, R. J.; Watson, R. A. [Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (United Kingdom); Mason, B. S. [National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903 (United States); Casassus, S. [Departamento de Astronomia, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago (Chile); Cleary, K., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States)
OAK A271 ECE RADIOMETER UPGRADE ON THE DIII-D TOKAMAK. The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) heterodyne radiometer diagnostic on DIII-D has been upgraded with the addition of eight channels for a total of 40. The new, higher frequency channels allow measurements of electron temperature into the magnetic axis in discharges at maximum field, 2.15 T. The complete set now extends over the full usable range of second harmonic emission frequencies at 2.0 T covering radii from the outer edge inward to the location of third harmonic overlap on the high field side. Full coverage permits the measurement of heat pulses and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluctuations on both sides of the magnetic axis. In addition, the symmetric measurements are used to fix the location of the magnetic axis in tokamak magnetic equilibrium reconstructions. Also, the new higher frequency channels have been used to determine central T{sub e} with good time resolution in low field, high density discharges using third harmonic ECE in the optically gray and optically thick regimes.
A New Look at Calibration and Use of Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometers. Part II: Calibration and Use of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Improved Meteorology Precision Infrared Radiometer*
For some years, investigators have made measurements of downwelling longwave irradiance with the Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR), recording the values of thermopile voltage and body and dome thermistor resistances and combining them in ...
Richard E. Payne; Steven P. Anderson
Microwave Processing of Materials
Furthermore, lower energy consumption is another aspect that the world should consider to cope with this matter. Microwave processing of materials is a clean,�...
A High-Accuracy Multiwavelength Radiometer for In Situ Measurements in the Thermal Infrared. Part I: Characterization of the Instrument
The new infrared radiometer (conveyable low-noise infrared radiometer for measurements of atmosphere and ground surface targets, or CLIMAT) is a highly sensitive field instrument designed to measure brightness temperatures or radiances in the ...
Michel Legrand; Christophe Pietras; G�rard Brogniez; Martial Haeffelin; Nader Khalil Abuhassan; Micha�l Sicard
Calibration of Geostationary-Satellite Infrared Radiometers Using the TIROS-N Vertical Sounder: Application to METEOSAT-1
A method is presented for the calibration of infrared radiometers on geostationary satellites using calibrated infrared radiometers on an orbiting satellite. This method relies on similarities between the weighting functions corresponding to the ...
N. Beriot; N. A. Scott; A. Chedin; P. Sitbon
Dual transmission grating based imaging radiometer for tokamak edge and divertor plasmas
The designs of single transmission grating based extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) imaging spectrometers can be adapted to build an imaging radiometer for simultaneous measurement of both spectral ranges. This paper describes the design of such an imaging radiometer with dual transmission gratings. The radiometer will have an XUV coverage of 20-200 A with a {approx}10 A resolution and a VUV coverage of 200-2000 A with a {approx}50 A resolution. The radiometer is designed to have a spatial view of 16 Degree-Sign , with a 0.33 Degree-Sign resolution and a time resolution of {approx}10 ms. The applications for such a radiometer include spatially resolved impurity monitoring and electron temperature measurements in the tokamak edge and the divertor. As a proof of principle, the single grating instruments were used to diagnose a low temperature reflex discharge and the relevant data is also included in this paper.
Kumar, Deepak; Clayton, Daniel J.; Parman, Matthew; Stutman, Dan; Tritz, Kevin; Finkenthal, Michael [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (United States)
Straightforward Microwave Mixer Measuremens
... instead of strips tied to ground with arrays of vias, and the curve labeled �M1 ... 1 with the load method of [8] below 50 GHz. ... The solid curves in Fig. ...
... that the jump in the phase at the lowest frequency point is due to a change in the direct coupling of the 1 GHz comb-generator drive signal to the ...
Working Group Reports A Short-Wave Radiometer Array Across
9 9 Working Group Reports A Short-Wave Radiometer Array Across the Tropical Pacific Ocean as a Component of the TOGA-TAO Buoy Array R. M. Reynolds Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York Introduction The purpose of this document is to bring together pertinent information concerning the NOAA TOGA-TAO buoy array so that a decision can be made for the following questions: 1. Are the scientific gains from an array of short-wave radiation sensors in the equatorial Pacific Ocean sufficiently impelling that DOE/ARM should provide financial and material support to NOAA/PMEL to install and operate this array? 2. What scientists and/or scientific studies would directly benefit from such a data set? 3. What should that array look like? That is, what sub-set of buoys should be so implemented given the per-buoy
Compact microwave ion source for industrial applications
A 2.45 GHz microwave ion source for ion implanters has many good properties for industrial application, such as easy maintenance and long lifetime, and it should be compact for budget and space. But, it has a dc current supply for the solenoid and a rf generator for plasma generation. Usually, they are located on high voltage platform because they are electrically connected with beam extraction power supply. Using permanent magnet solenoid and multi-layer dc break, high voltage deck and high voltage isolation transformer can be eliminated, and the dose rate on targets can be controlled by pulse duty control with semiconductor high voltage switch. Because the beam optics does not change, beam transfer components, such as focusing elements and beam shutter, can be eliminated. It has shown the good performances in budget and space for industrial applications of ion beams.
Cho, Yong-Sub; Kim, Dae-Il; Kim, Han-Sung; Seol, Kyung-Tae; Kwon, Hyeok-Jung; Hong, In-Seok [Proton Engineering Frontier Project, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 305-353 (Korea, Republic of)
Microwaves and Bacteria
Microwaves and Bacteria Microwaves and Bacteria Name: mike Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: Do the microwaves in a microwave kill bacteria or is it the heat that kills the bacteria? I am wondering this because i have a science fair project and i am searching for a project dealing with bacteria. Replies: As far as I'm aware it is the heat that kill bacteria in a microwave, and they need quite some time to be dead. The spores that some kind of bacteria make to survive harsh conditions do not contain much water and they might survive microwaves. I'm not sure what bacteria do that can survive high dosis of radiation, like Deinococcus radiodurans. They can do this by a very efficient repair system for their DNA. My guess is that they would also be killed by the heat generated in a microwave but I haven't found any data on this.
Millimeter-Wave Circuits for 60GHz and Beyond
Technology . . . . . 9.3 Transformer-Coupled Power Ampli?Die photo of the transformer coupled 90GHz power ampli?10.2 Transformer-Coupled 90 GHz Switched Power Ampli?
Afshar, Bagher
Microwave coupler and method
The present invention is directed to a microwave coupler for enhancing the heating or metallurgical treatment of materials within a cold-wall, rapidly heated cavity as provided by a microwave furnace. The coupling material of the present invention is an alpha-rhombohedral-boron-derivative-structure material such as boron carbide or boron silicide which can be appropriately positioned as a susceptor within the furnace to heat other material or be in powder particulate form so that composites and structures of boron carbide such as cutting tools, grinding wheels and the like can be rapidly and efficiently formed within microwave furnaces.
Holcombe, C.E.
Cosmic Microwave Background Project at NERSC
Cosmic Microwave Background Cosmic Microwave Background CMB.jpg The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is relic radiation from a very early stage in the universe -- essentially a...
Driving Rydberg-Rydberg transitions from a co-planar microwave waveguide
The coherent interaction between ensembles of helium Rydberg atoms and microwave fields in the vicinity of a solid-state co-planar waveguide is reported. Rydberg-Rydberg transitions, at frequencies between 25 GHz and 38 GHz, have been studied for states with principal quantum numbers in the range 30 - 35 by selective electric-field ionization. An experimental apparatus cooled to 100 K was used to reduce effects of blackbody radiation. Inhomogeneous, stray electric fields emanating from the surface of the waveguide have been characterized in frequency- and time-resolved measurements and coherence times of the Rydberg atoms on the order of 250 ns have been determined.
Hogan, S D; Merkt, F; Thiele, T; Filipp, S; Wallraff, A
Emitron: microwave diode
The invention comprises a new class of device, driven by electron or other charged particle flow, for producing coherent microwaves by utilizing the interaction of electromagnetic waves with electron flow in diodes not requiring an external magnetic field. Anode and cathode surfaces are electrically charged with respect to one another by electron flow, for example caused by a Marx bank voltage source or by other charged particle flow, for example by a high energy charged particle beam. This produces an electric field which stimulates an emitted electron beam to flow in the anode-cathode region. The emitted electrons are accelerated by the electric field and coherent microwaves are produced by the three dimensional spatial and temporal interaction of the accelerated electrons with geometrically allowed microwave modes which results in the bunching of the electrons and the pumping of at least one dominant microwave mode.
Craig, G.D.; Pettibone, J.S.; Drobot, A.T.
Microwave fluid flow meter
A microwave fluid flow meter is described utilizing two spaced microwave sensors positioned along a fluid flow path. Each sensor includes a microwave cavity having a frequency of resonance dependent upon the static pressure of the fluid at the sensor locations. The resonant response of each cavity with respect to a variation in pressure of the monitored fluid is represented by a corresponding electrical output which can be calibrated into a direct pressure reading. The pressure drop between sensor locations is then correlated as a measure of fluid velocity. In the preferred embodiment the individual sensor cavities are strategically positioned outside the path of fluid flow and are designed to resonate in two distinct frequency modes yielding a measure of temperature as well as pressure. The temperature response can then be used in correcting for pressure responses of the microwave cavity encountered due to temperature fluctuations.
Billeter, Thomas R. (Richland, WA); Philipp, Lee D. (Richland, WA); Schemmel, Richard R. (Lynchburg, VA)
Application of the 85 GHz ice scattering signature to a global study of mesoscale convective systems
It has long been observed that tropical convection tends to cluster, organizing into multicellular mesoscale convective systems (MCS), In convective towers, updrafts on the order of 10 m s-I favor the formation of large, precipitation-sized ice, which strongly scatters upwelling 85 GHz radiation. The 85 GHz brightness temperature is related to the amount of ice in an MCS and, indirectly, to the strength of the updrafts producing the ice. This study used an objective technique to identify MCSs from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager's 85 GHz channel to describe the size, intensity, and geographic distribution of MCSs between 35'N and 35'S for January, April, July, and October 1993. An MCS was defined as an area at least 2000 km 2 of 85 GHz polarization corrected brightness temperatures 1 0 5 @) MCSS. Over the oceans, median brightness temperature depression was 20-30 K below 225 K, while over land, it was 35-45 K below 225 K. Tropical Africa had the coldest median minimum brightness temperature. The sub-tropical oceans had the warmest median minimum brightness temperatures. MCSs were 35% more frequent over the oceans at sunrise than at sunset, and 60% more frequent over tropical continents at sunset than at sunrise. Both continental and oceanic MCSs tended to be larger at sunrise than at sunset. Continental MCSs tended to be colder at sunset than at sunrise, but oceanic MCSs tended to be marginally colder at sunrise than at sunset. In general, continental MCSs appeared to be smaller and more intense than oceanic MCSS, and the largest and the most intense MCSs occurred more frequently in the sub-tropics.
Devlin, Karen Irene
The Air Microwave Yield (AMY) experiment - A laboratory measurement of the microwave emission from extensive air showers
The AMY experiment aims to measure the microwave bremsstrahlung radiation (MBR) emitted by air-showers secondary electrons accelerating in collisions with neutral molecules of the atmosphere. The measurements are performed using a beam of 510 MeV electrons at the Beam Test Facility (BTF) of Frascati INFN National Laboratories. The goal of the AMY experiment is to measure in laboratory conditions the yield and the spectrum of the GHz emission in the frequency range between 1 and 20 GHz. The final purpose is to characterise the process to be used in a next generation detectors of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. A description of the experimental setup and the first results are presented.
K. Louedec; J. Alvarez-Mu�iz; M. Blanco; M. Boh�cov�; B. Buonomo; G. Cataldi; M. R. Coluccia; P. Creti; I. De Mitri; C. Di Giulio; P. Facal San Luis; L. Foggetta; R. Ga�or; D. Garcia-Fernandez; M. Iarlori; S. Le Coz; A. Letessier-Selvon; I. C. Mari?; D. Martello; G. Mazzitelli; M. Monasor; L. Perrone; R. Pesce; S. Petrera; P. Privitera; V. Rizi; G. Rodriguez Fernandez; F. Salamida; G. Salina; M. Settimo; P. Valente; J. R. Vazquez; V. Verzi; C. Williams
High power microwave generator
A microwave generator efficiently converts the energy of an intense relativistic electron beam (REB) into a high-power microwave emission using the Smith-Purcell effect which is related to Cerenkov radiation. Feedback for efficient beam bunching and high gain is obtained by placing a cylindrical Smith-Purcell transmission grating on the axis of a toroidal resonator. High efficiency results from the use of a thin cold annular highly-magnetized REB that is closely coupled to the resonant structure.
Ekdahl, C.A.
Ekdahl, Carl A. (Albuquerque, NM)
Measurement of Boundary-Layer Temperature Profiles by a Scanning 5-MM Radiometer During the 1999 Winter NSA/AAO Radiometer Exp
Boundary-Layer Temperature Profiles by Boundary-Layer Temperature Profiles by a Scanning 5-MM Radiometer During the 1999 Winter NSA/AAO Radiometer Experiment and WVIOP 2000 V. Y. Leuski and E. R. Westwater Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Introduction A scanning 5-mm-wavelength radiometer was deployed during two Intensive Operational Periods (IOPs) at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) facilities. The first was conducted at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) and Adjacent arctic Ocean (AAO) site near Barrow, Alaska, during March 1999. One goal was to evaluate the ability of an
Errors in Net Radiometry: Comparison and Evaluation of Six Radiometer Designs
Net radiation is a fundamental variable in meteorology, but net radiometers have not been used extensively since the 1960s because of what is commonly considered as unreliable function. This study was conducted to determine whether this problem ...
Sven Halldin; Anders Lindroth
The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration and Intercomparison. Part I: Laboratory Characterization of Blackbody Targets
The second calibration and intercomparison of infrared radiometers (Miami2001) was held at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) during May�June 2001. The participants were from several groups ...
J. P. Rice; J. J. Butler; B. C. Johnson; P. J. Minnett; K. A. Maillet; T. J. Nightingale; S. J. Hook; A. Abtahi; C. J. Donlon; I. J. Barton
The Enhanced NOAA Global Land Dataset from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
Global mapped data of reflected radiation in the visible (0.63 ?m) and near-infrared (0.85 ?m) wavebands of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellites have been ...
Garik Gutman; Dan Tarpley; Aleksandr Ignatov; Steve Olson
Using digital cameras as quasi-spectral radiometers to study complex fenestration systems
This work discusses the use of digital cameras fitted with absorption filters as quasi-spectral radiometers. By filtering incident light into selected wavelength intervals, accurate estimates of radiances can be made for ...
Gayeski, Nicholas
Numerical Filtering of Spurious Transients in a Satellite Scanning Radiometer: Application to CERES
The Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System (CERES) scanning radiometer was designed to provide high accuracy measurements of the radiances from the earth. Calibration testing of the instruments showed the presence of an undesired slow transient ...
G. Louis Smith; D. K. Pandey; Robert B. Lee III; Bruce R. Barkstrom; Kory J. Priestley
Structure of Florida Thunderstorms Using High-Altitude Aircraft Radiometer and Radar Observations
This paper presents an analysis of a unique radar and radiometer dataset from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ER-2 high-altitude aircraft overlying Florida thunderstorms on 5 October 1993 during the Convection and ...
G. M. Heymsfield; J. M. Shepherd; S. W. Bidwell; W. C. Boncyk; I. J. Caylor; S. Ameen; W. S. Olson
Design, Operation, and Calibration of a Shipboard Fast-Rotating Shadowband Spectral Radiometer
This paper describes the design, calibration, and deployment of a fast-rotating shadowband radiometer (FRSR) that accurately decomposes downward shortwave (solar) irradiance into direct-beam and diffuse components from a moving platform, such as ...
R. Michael Reynolds; Mark A. Miller; Mary J. Bartholomew
Multiwavelength Scanning Radiometer for Airborne Measurements of Scattered Radiation within Clouds
A multi-wavelength scanning radiometer has been developed for measuring the angular distribution of scattered radiation deep within a cloud layer. The purpose of the instrument is to provide measurements from which the single scattering albedo of ...
Michael D. King; Maxwell G. Strange; Peter Leone; Lamdin R. Blaine
Attitude Determination from a Balloon-Borne Radiometer Using Two-Sided Limb Scanning
The determination of the horizontal attitude of a balloon-borne, infrared, limb-scanning radiometer is discussed. In particular, the relationship between scan-angle, as measured by the instrument, and the tangent height of the ray path through ...
J. R. Drummond; D. Turner; A. Ashton
An Evaluation of a Self-Calibrating Infrared Radiometer for Measuring Sea Surface Temperature
Satellite radiometer measurements of global sea surface temperature (SST) with an accuracy of 0.3 K are required for climate change monitoring. In order to validate that this accuracy can be achieved, in situ measurements of sea surface radiance ...
J. P. Thomas; R. J. Knight; H. K. Roscoe; J. Turner; C. Symon
Retrieval of Cirrus Cloud Radiative and Backscattering Properties Using Combined Lidar and Infrared Radiometer (LIRAD) Measurements
A method for retrieval of cirrus macrophysical and radiative properties using combined ruby lidar and infrared radiometer measurements is explained in detail. The retrieval algorithm includes estimation of a variable backscatter-to-extinction ...
Jennifer M. Comstock; Kenneth Sassen
Wind Speed Effects on Sea Surface Emission and Reflection for the Along Track Scanning Radiometer
The emission and reflection properties of a rough sea surface are investigated, with particular emphasis on the wavelengths and viewing geometry relevant to the Along Track Scanning Radiometer. The authors start from Fresnel's equations for a ...
Philip D. Watts; Myles R. Allen; Timothy J. Nightingale
Comparison of Infrared Atmospheric Brightness Temperatures Measured by a Fourier Transform Spectrometer and a Filter Radiometer
Increased interest in using atmospheric brightness temperature measurements from simple infrared radiometers combined with radars and lidars has prompted the investigation of their accuracy for various sky conditions. In comparisons of ...
Joseph A. Shaw; Jack B. Snider; James H. Churnside; Mark D. Jacobson
Ocean Aerosols: The Marine Fast-Rotating Shadow-Band Radiometer Network
Ocean Aerosols: The Marine Fast-Rotating Ocean Aerosols: The Marine Fast-Rotating Shadow-Band Radiometer Network M. A. Miller, R. M. Reynolds, and J. J. Bartholomew Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York Introduction A network of ship-mounted marine fast-rotating shadow-band radiometers (FRSRs) and broadband radiometers have been deployed over the fast four years on several backbone ships, funded jointly by Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) and National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA's) Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Studies (SIMBIOS). These radiometers operate continuously and automatically during daylight hours. There fundamental measurements made by the FRSRs in the network are the direct-normal irradiance
High-Power Microwave Switch Employing Electron Beam Triggering
A high-power active microwave pulse compressor is described that modulates the quality factor Q of the energy storage cavity by a new means involving mode conversion controlled by a triggered electron-beam discharge through a switch cavity. The electron beam is emitted from a diamond-coated molybdenum cathode. This report describes the principle of operation, the design of the switch, the configuration used for the test, and the experimental results. The pulse compressor produced output pulses with 140 - �?�?165 MW peak power, power gain of 16 - 20, and pulse duration of 16 - 20 ns at a frequency of 11.43 GHz.
A detection of bright features in the microwave background
We report the characterization of bright, compact features in the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) detected during the June 1992 and June 1994 balloon flights of the Medium Scale Anisotropy Measurement (MSAM1-92 and MSAM1-94, respectively). Spectral flux densities are determined for each feature at 5.7, 9.3, and 16.5 cm^{-1}. No viable counterparts for these features were found in source catalogs at 5 GHz or at 100 \\mum. The measured spectrum of each feature is consistent with a temperature fluctuation in the CMBR. The existence of these features is consistent with adiabatic fluctuation models of anisotropy in the CMBR.
Kowitt, M S; Cottingham, D A; Fixsen, D J; Inman, C A; Meyer, S; Page, L A; Puchalla, J L; Ruhl, J E; Silverberg, R F
Porosity level estimation in polymer composites using microwaves
The ability of microwaves to monitor variations in porosity level of composite samples is studied. Measurements of several carefully prepared samples with different air volume fractions are performed at the frequency range of 8.2--18 GHz. The measurement results indicated that there is an excellent sensitivity to small differences in porosity level. A two-phase mixing model used for predicting the dielectric properties as a function of porosity level shows good agreement with the measured results. This model may be used to closely predict the amount of air content from measured dielectric properties. Changes in clustered (local) porosity are studied experimentally as well. Microwave scan of specially prepared samples with about 5% change in air content (local porosity variation) are also presented.
Gray, S.; Ganchev, S.; Qaddoumi, N.; Beauregard, G.; Radford, D. [Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States); Zoughi, R.
Microwave Moisture Measurement System for Hardwood Lumber Drying
The goal of this project was to develop a prototype microwave-based moisture sensor system suitable for the kiln drying of hardwood lumber. The moisture sensors developed are battery powered and are capable of communicating with a host kiln control system via spread spectrum wireless communications. We have developed two designs of the sensors working at 4.5 to 6 GHz with linear response to moisture content (MC) over a range of 6-100%. These sensors allow us to make a swept frequency microwave transmission measurement through a small area of a board. Using the prototype electronics and sensors, we have obtained measurements of MC over the above MC range for red oak and yellow poplar with standard deviations of less than 1.5% MC. We have developed data for board thickness corrections and for temperature corrections for the MC measurement system.
Moschler, William W [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Hanson, Gregory R [ORNL
The influence of microwave radiation on the state of chromatin in human cells
Isolated human buccal epithelium cell were irradiated by microwaves at frequency f=35 GHz and surface power density E=30 mcW/cm2. The state of chromatin in human cells was determined by methodsof light and electron microscopy. The state of cell membranes was evaluated by the method of vital indigo carmine staining. The microwave-induced condensation of chromatin in human cells was revealed. Left side circulary polarized waves induced less effect than linearly polarized radiation. The linearly polarized electromagnetic waves induced cell membrane damage revealed by the increase of cell stainability. The data obtained are discussed in connection with the mechanisms of biologica effect of electromagnetic waves.
Shckorbatov, Y G; Grabina, V A; Kolchigin, N N; Batrakov, D O; Kalashnikov, V V; Ivanchenko, D D; Bykov, V N
Y. G. Shckorbatov; V. N. Pasiuga; V. A. Grabina; N. N. Kolchigin; D. O. Batrakov; V. V. Kalashnikov; D. D. Ivanchenko; V. N. Bykov
Microwaves in Biology, Environmental Studies and Chemistry
Oct 30, 2013... using Microwaves, Electric and Magnetic Fields, Ultrasound, Lasers, ... Power under Microwave Irradiated Cultivation: Wataru Nagayoshi1;�...
Electrically detected magnetic resonance in a W-band microwave cavity
We describe a low-temperature sample probe for the electrical detection of magnetic resonance in a resonant W-band (94 GHz) microwave cavity. The advantages of this approach are demonstrated by experiments on silicon field-effect transistors. A comparison with conventional low-frequency measurements at X-band (9.7 GHz) on the same devices reveals an up to 100-fold enhancement of the signal intensity. In addition, resonance lines that are unresolved at X-band are clearly separated in the W-band measurements. Electrically detected magnetic resonance at high magnetic fields and high microwave frequencies is therefore a very sensitive technique for studying electron spins with an enhanced spectral resolution and sensitivity.
Lang, V.; Lo, C. C.; George, R. E.; Lyon, S. A.; Bokor, J.; Schenkel, T.; Ardavan, A.; Morton, J. J. L.
Microwave Treatment as a Pesticide Alternative for Stored-Products
This CRADA was a continuation of earlier work with Micro-Grain, Inc. to develop power, high frequency microwave treatment process to treat insect infested grain. ORNLs role was as a subcontractor to Micro-Grain's Phase II SBIR project funded by the US Department of Agriculture. The primary objective was to develop a commercial scale prototype unit capable of treating infested grain at flow rates approaching 1 kg/sec, which is required to be viable in the grain handling industry. A flow rate of {approx} 0.12 Kg/second was demonstrated at 20 kW microwave power level with 100% kill rate. The system is capable of 200 kW however waveguide arcing due to grain dust in the waveguide limited the power to 20 kW during the tests. Development tasks performed during the project included modification of an existing high-power microwave exposure facility to uniformly process large grain samples at high flow rates and improved instrumentation to detect grain flow and uniformity. Microwave processing tasks include a series of controlled exposure tests using infested grain samples provided and analyzed by the University of Oklahoma. Grain samples were infested with red flour beetles which proved the most difficult to kill in earlier tests. Most of the samples processed resulted in quite successful kill rates and a maximum grain temperature of 46 C. The facilities utilized at ORNL are located in the Fusion Energy building (9201-2 at Y-12) and include the 28 GHz 200 kW CW high power microwave facility and microwave test equipment associated with the FED Microwave Development Laboratory in 9201-2. An improved microwave exposure chamber and grain flow control and handling equipment were designed and build as a joint effort between Micro-Grain and ORNL. A number of insect infested grain tests were successfully performed although the higher power, higher flow rates were limited by arcing in the microwave waveguide and damage to the gyrotron output window. Test results and the overall performance of the applicator system are very favorable for continued development of the concept. Further tests were performed in a large high power 2.45 GHz microwave applicator in batches. These samples were also quite effectively treated which supports the concept that a lower cost, lower frequency microwave system might be more successful due to the improved economics and simpler operation and maintenance of the low frequency system. Follow-on work is still possible however the untimely death of Steve Halverson, founder of Micro-grain, has essentially brought the development work to a close for now. Micro-Grain is being run by relatives at a low level who are not actively pursuing further funding.
Bigelow, T.S.; Forrester, S.C.; Halverson, S.; Halverson, B.; Phillips, T.
Toward a Global Microwave Standard
... Weather and climate uses for microwave remote sensing measurements ... Sensing in PML's Electromagnetics Division, "new data coming from ...
Microwave | OpenEI
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Microwave Microwave Dataset Summary Description The following data-set is for a benchmark residential home for all TMY3 locations across all utilities in the US. The data is indexed by utility service provider which is described by its "unique" EIA ID ( Source National Renewable Energy Laboratory Date Released April 05th, 2012 (2 years ago) Date Updated April 06th, 2012 (2 years ago) Keywords AC apartment CFL coffeemaker Computer cooling cost demand Dishwasher Dryer Furnace gas HVAC Incandescent Laptop load Microwave model NREL Residential television tmy3 URDB Data text/csv icon Residential Cost Data for Common Household Items (csv, 14.5 MiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Annually Time Period License License Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and Licence (PDDL)
Determination of total ozone from DMSP multichannel filter radiometer measurements
The multichannel filter radiometer (MFR) infrared sensor was first flown in 1977 on a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Block 5D series satellite operated by the US Air Force. The first four satellites in this series carried MFR sensors from which total atmospheric column ozone amounts may be derived. The last MFR sensor ceased operating on February 16, 1980. The series of four sensors spans a data period of nearly three years. The MFR sensor measures infrared radiances for 16 channels. Total ozone amounts are determined from sets of radiance measurements using an empirical relationship that is developed using linear regression analysis. Total ozone is modeled as a linear combination of terms involving functions of the MFR radiances for four channels (1, 3, 7 and 16) and the secant of the zenith angle. The ozone retrieval methodology is described schematically. The ozone retrieval model is developed through regression analysis using sets of simulated MFR radiances derived from detailed radiative transfer calculations. The MFR total ozone data are compared with independent ground-based Dobson measurements in order to evaluate the ozone retrieval methodology. Many Dobson observatories have been providing their daily measurements of total ozone which are taken close in time to DMSP overpass times. MFR total ozone data are compared with Dobson measurements taken between January 1 and February 15, 1979, and the results are summarized. Comparisons were made where the MFR and Dobson measurements are within 300 km and 300 minutes of each other. Percentages are computed with respect to the Dobson values. The MFR data were processed using a preliminary methodology, and the data will be reprocessed in the near future.
Luther, F.M.; Weichel, R.L.
Water vapor from sunradiometry in comparison with microwave and balloon-sonde measurements at the Southern Great Plains ARM Site
Water vapor plays a fundamental role in weather and climate. It is the most important greenhouse gas and the most variable in space and time. The DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program is devoting a large fraction of its resources for the accurate characterization of the column abundance and the distribution of water vapor with altitude. Balloon sondes, microwave radiometers, and Raman lidars are the major instruments either currently in use or under consideration for these tasks. Although the Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) is primarily intended for use in accurate measurements of spectral short-wave radiation and in the measurement of spectral extinction by aerosol, it has the potential to measure total column water vapor as well. In this paper the authors report on a preliminary investigation of the MFRSR`s capabilities with regard to accurate measurements of total column water vapor at times when there is a clear path to the sun, i.e., cloudless conditions.
Michalsky, J.J.; Harrison, L.C. [State Univ. of New York, Albany, NY (United States). Atmospheric Sciences Research Center; Liljegren, J.C. [Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States)
Recent Progress in Retrieving Air Temperature Profiles and Air-Sea Temperature Differences from Infrared and Microwave Scan...
Recent Progress in Retrieving Air Temperature Profiles Recent Progress in Retrieving Air Temperature Profiles and Air-Sea Temperature Differences from Infrared and Microwave Scanning Radiometer Data D. Cimini University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy J. A. Shaw Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Montana State University Bozeman, Montana E. R. Westwater Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences University of Colorado National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory Boulder, Colorado Introduction A system of two scanning radiometers has been developed by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL) and deployed on the NOAA Ron H. Brown (RHB) Research Vessel (RV) during the Nauru99 cruise in the Tropical Western Pacific,
Retrieval of Precipitation Profiles from Airborne Radar and Passive Radiometer Measurements: Comparison with Dual-Frequency Radar Measurements
This study compares precipitation rate profiles derived from a single frequency radar and radiometer with such profiles derived from a dual-frequency radar.
J. A. Weinman; R. Meneghini; K. Nakamura
Evaluation of Radiometers in Full-Time Use at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Solar Radiation Research Laboratory
This report describes the evaluation of the relative performance of the complement of solar radiometers deployed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL).
Wilcox, S. M.; Myers, D. R.
Floating data acquisition system for microwave calorimeter measurements on MTX
A microwave calorimeter has been designed for making 140-GHz absorption measurements on the MTX. Measurement of the intensity and spatial distribution of the FEL-generated microwave beam on the inner wall will indicate the absorption characteristics of the plasma when heated with a 140 GHz FEL pulse. The calorimeter works by monitoring changes of temperature in silicon carbide tiles located on the inner wall of the tokamak. Thermistors are used to measure the temperature of each tile. The tiles are located inside the tokamak about 1 cm outside of the limiter radius at machine potential. The success of this measurement depends on our ability to float the data acquisition system near machine potential and isolate it from the rest of the vault ground system. Our data acquisition system has 48 channels of thermistor signal conditioning, a multiplexer and digitizer section, a serial data formatter, and a fiber-optic transmitter to send the data out. Additionally, we bring timing signals to the interface through optical fibers to tell it when to begin measurement, while maintaining isolation. The receiver is an HP 200 series computer with a serial data interface; the computer provides storage and local display for the shot temperature profile. Additionally, the computer provides temporary storage of the data until it can be passed to a shared resource management system for archiving. 2 refs., 6 figs.
Sewall, N.R.; Meassick, S. (Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (USA))
A 145-GHz Interferometer for Measuring the Anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave
alternative to a day in the machine shop making something that looks beautiful. Joe Fowler and I seemed memo, MINT Phasing Re- quirements and Sideband Separation (Fowler 2001). Figure 2.3 shows the important VAVBei , as advertised (Fowler 2001). In the case of a broad-band receiver, one would integrate r() over
alternative to a day in the machine shop making something that looks beautiful. Joe Fowler and I seemed and Sideband Separation (Fowler 2001). Figure 2.3 shows the important components of an interferometer: two. We drop it and find that r() is indeed proportional to r VAVBei , as advertised (Fowler 2001
Geophysical parameter estimation with a passive microwave spectrometer at 54 / 118 / 183 / 425 GHz
(cont.) model of a convective cell is presented that provides a physical basis for this relationship.
Leslie, Robert Vincent, 1972-
Local microwave background radiation
An inquiry on a possible local origin for the Microwave Background Radiation is made. Thermal MBR photons are contained in a system called {\\it magnetic bottle} which is due to Earth magnetic field and solar wind particles, mostly electrons. Observational tests are anticipated.
Domingos S. L. Soares
Retrieval of Vertical Profiles of Liquid Water and Ice Content in Mixed Clouds from Doppler Radar and Microwave Radiometer Measurements
A new method to retrieve vertical profiles of liquid water content Mw(z), ice water content Mi(z), and ice particle size distribution Ni(D, z), (where D is the ice particle size and z the vertical coordinate) in mixed nonprecipitating clouds ...
Henri Sauvageot
A Texture-Polarization Method for Estimating Convective�Stratiform Precipitation Area Coverage from Passive Microwave Radiometer Data
Observational and modeling studies have revealed the relationships between convective�stratiform rain proportion and the vertical distributions of vertical motion, latent heating, and moistening in mesoscale convective systems. Therefore, remote ...
William S. Olson; Ye Hong; Christian D. Kummerow; Joseph Turk
Variable frequency microwave furnace system
A variable frequency microwave furnace system designed to allow modulation of the frequency of the microwaves introduced into a furnace cavity for testing or other selected applications. The variable frequency microwave furnace system includes a microwave signal generator or microwave voltage-controlled oscillator for generating a low-power microwave signal for input to the microwave furnace. A first amplifier may be provided to amplify the magnitude of the signal output from the microwave signal generator or the microwave voltage-controlled oscillator. A second amplifier is provided for processing the signal output by the first amplifier. The second amplifier outputs the microwave signal input to the furnace cavity. In the preferred embodiment, the second amplifier is a traveling-wave tube (TWT). A power supply is provided for operation of the second amplifier. A directional coupler is provided for detecting the direction of a signal and further directing the signal depending on the detected direction. A first power meter is provided for measuring the power delivered to the microwave furnace. A second power meter detects the magnitude of reflected power. Reflected power is dissipated in the reflected power load. 5 figs.
Bible, D.W.; Lauf, R.J.
Second Season QUIET Observations: Measurements of the CMB Polarization Power Spectrum at 95 GHz
The Q/U Imaging ExperimenT (QUIET) has observed the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at 43 and 95GHz. The 43-GHz results have been published in QUIET Collaboration et al. (2011), and here we report the measurement of CMB polarization power spectra using the 95-GHz data. This data set comprises 5337 hours of observations recorded by an array of 84 polarized coherent receivers with a total array sensitivity of 87 {mu}K{radical}s. Four low-foreground fields were observed, covering a total of {approx} 1000 square degrees with an effective angular resolution of 12'.8, allowing for constraints on primordial gravitational waves and high-signal-to-noise measurements of the E-modes across three acoustic peaks. The data reduction was performed using two independent analysis pipelines, one based on a pseudo-C{ell} (PCL) cross-correlation approach, and the other on a maximum-likelihood (ML) approach. All data selection criteria and filters were modified until a predefined set of null tests had been satisfied before inspecting any non-null power spectrum. The results derived by the two pipelines are in good agreement. We characterize the EE, EB and BB power spectra between {ell} = 25 and 975 and find that the EE spectrum is consistent with {Lambda}CDM, while the BB power spectrum is consistent with zero. Based on these measurements, we constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio to r = 1.1{sup +0.9}{sub -0.8} (r pipeline, and r = {sup +0.9}{sub -0.8} (r pipeline. In one of the fields, we find a correlation with the dust component of the Planck Sky Model, though the corresponding excess power is small compared to statistical errors. Finally, we derive limits on all known systematic errors, and demonstrate that these correspond to a tensor-to-scalar ratio smaller than r = 0.01, the lowest level yet reported in the literature.
Araujo, D.; /Columbia U., CBA; Bischoff, C.; /Chicago U., EFI /Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Brizius, A.; /Chicago U., EFI /Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Buder, I.; /Chicago U., EFI /Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Chinone, Y.; /KEK, Tsukuba /Tohoku U.; Cleary, K.; /Caltech; Dumoulin, R.N.; /Columbia U., CBA; Kusaka, A.; /Chicago U., EFI /Princeton U.; Monsalve, R.; /Miami U.; ss, S.K.N\\ae; /Oslo U.; Newburgh, L.B.; /Columbia U., CBA /Princeton U. /Caltech
Microwave gaseous electrode development. Final report. [Plasma torch
A microwave plasma torch was developed and tested at bench scale using power inputs of up to 400 W at 2.45 GHz. The bench scale tests included: characterization of the plasma torch operating characteristics as gas composition, gas flow rate, and power input were varied; measuring the effects of magnetic fields on the plasma torch operation; measuring the effects on the plasma torch operation of an aerodynamic flow field past the exit of the torch (cold flow tests); and measurements were made to characterize the plasma gas temperature and electron temperature. Following these tests, the microwave plasma torch was installed in the anode wall of the RMC diagonal conducting wall MHD generator. Hot flow tests were conducted in the channel using unseeded combustion products. These were followed by MHD power generation tests using subsonic and supersonic flows seeded with up to 1.5 w/o potassium and magnetic fields up to 3.8 Tesla. For one series of tests the magnetic field was reversed so that the surface containing the microwave plasma torch operated as a cathode. Following the MHD generator tests, another concept using a microwave slot radiator to produce plasma in the MHD boundary layer was tested at the bench scale. Measurements were made of the parameters necessary to sustain a discharge with the slot radiator open, similar to the microwave plasma torch, with argon flowing through the slots; and with the slots closed with a castable ceramic, the argon flowing past the outside of the slot. The latter tests were extended to a slot configuration appropriate for use in a slagging channel which incorporated water cooling passages in the surface which would be in contact with the MHD channel working fluid. Results are presented and discussed. (WHK)
Jones, M.S. Jr.; Sathyanarayana, K.; Mallavarpu, R.; Thiagarajan, V.
Comparison of Cloud Liquid Content Measured by Two Independent Ground-Based Systems
We report on observations of liquid water in clouds made by two independent ground-based microwave instruments. One system is a dual-frequency (20.6, 31.65 GHz) microwave radiometer designed to measure emission from the precipitable water vapor ...
J. B. Snider; F. O. Guiraud; D. C. Hogg
Polarization Radar Measurements in Rain at 5 and 9 GHz
There is increased interest in dual-polarization radar measurements at 9 and 5 GHz not only for scientific reasons but also because such radars are less expensive to build and are easier to transport than 3-GHz S-band radars. Unfortunately, ...
A continuous-wave second harmonic gyrotron oscillator at 460 GHz
We report the short pulse and CW operation of a 460 GHz gyrotron oscillator both at the fundamental (near 230 GHz) and second harmonic (near 460 GHz) of electron cyclotron resonance. During operation in a complete CW regime ...
Hornstein, Melissa K. (Melissa Kristen), 1977-
Temperature peaking at beginning of breakdown in 2.45 GHz pulsed off-resonance electron cyclotron resonance ion source hydrogen plasma
An experimental study of temperature and density evolution during breakdown in off-resonance ECR hydrogen plasma is presented. Under square 2.45 GHz microwave excitation pulses with a frequency of 50 Hz and relative high microwave power, unexpected transient temperature peaks that reach 18 eV during 20 {mu}s are reported at very beginning of plasma breakdown. Decays of such peaks reach final stable temperatures of 5 eV at flat top microwave excitation pulse. Evidence of interplay between incoming power and duty cycle giving different kind of plasma parameters evolutions engaged to microwave coupling times is observed. Under relative high power conditions where short microwave coupling times are recorded, high temperature peaks are measured. However, for lower incoming powers and longer coupling times, temperature evolves gradually to a higher final temperature without peaking. On the other hand, the early instant where temperature peaks are observed also suggest a possible connection with preglow processes during breakdown in ECRIS plasmas.
Cortazar, O. D. [Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. E.T.S.I.I., Camilo J. Cela s/n, 13071-C. Real (Spain); Megia-Macias, A.; Vizcaino-de-Julian, A. [E.S.S. Bilbao, Edificio Cosimet, Landabarri 2, 48940-Leioa, Vizcaya (Spain)
Characterization of the Immersion Factor for a Series of In-Water Optical Radiometers
Spectral immersion factors, If(?), account for the difference between the in-air and in-water absolute response of submersible radiometers and are required to properly apply the in-air absolute calibration of the sensor when used underwater. The ...
G. Zibordi; S. B. Hooker; J. Mueller; G. Lazin
Validation of Atlantic Ocean Sea Surface Temperatures Measured by the ERS-1 Along Track Scanning Radiometer
During the period from October 1991 to May 1992 the royal research ship Bransfield made its annual voyage from the United Kingdom to Antarctica and back. Whenever the measurement swath of the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) on the ERS-1 ...
J. P. Thomas; J. Turner
An Airborne Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer for Cloud, Precipitation, and Atmospheric Water Vapor Studies
A six-channel airborne total-power Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) was recently built to provide measurements of atmospheric water vapor, clouds, and precipitation. The instrument is a cross-track scanner that has a 3-dB beamwidth of 3.5�...
P. Racette; R. F. Adler; J. R. Wang; A. J. Gasiewski; D. M. Jakson; D. S. Zacharias
Microwave sintering of multiple articles
Apparatus and method for producing articles of alumina and of alumina and silicon carbide in which the articles are sintered at high temperatures using microwave radiation. The articles are placed in a sintering container which is placed in a microwave cavity for heating. The rates at which heating and cooling take place is controlled.
Blake, Rodger D. (Santa Fe, NM); Katz, Joel D. (Los Alamos, NM)
Microwave sintering of multiple aritcles
Disclosed are apparatus and method for producing articles of alumina and of alumina and silicon carbide in which the articles are sintered at high temperatures using microwave radiation. The articles are placed in a sintering container which is placed in a microwave cavity for heating. The rates at which heating and cooling take place is controlled.
Blake, R.D.; Katz, J.D.
A Permanent-Magnet Microwave Ion Source for a Compact High-Yield Neutron Generator
We present recent work on the development of a microwave ion source that will be used in a high-yield compact neutron generator for active interrogation applications. The sealed tube generator will be capable of producing high neutron yields, 5x1011 n/s for D-T and ~;;1x1010 n/s for D-D reactions, while remaining transportable. We constructed a microwave ion source (2.45 GHz) with permanent magnets to provide the magnetic field strength of 87.5 mT necessary for satisfying the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) condition. Microwave ion sources can produce high extracted beam currents at the low gas pressures required for sealed tube operation and at lower power levels than previously used RF-driven ion sources. A 100 mA deuterium/tritium beam will be extracted through a large slit (60x6 mm2) to spread the beam power over a larger target area. This paper describes the design of the permanent-magnet microwave ion source and discusses the impact of the magnetic field design on the source performance. The required equivalent proton beam current density of 40 mA/cm2 was extracted at a moderate microwave power of 400 W with an optimized magnetic field.
Waldmann, Ole; Ludewigt, Bernhard
Sub-terahertz, microwaves and high energy emissions during the December 6, 2006 flare, at 18:40 UT
The presence of a solar burst spectral component with flux density increasing with frequency in the sub-terahertz range, spectrally separated from the well-known microwave spectral component, bring new possibilities to explore the flaring physical processes, both observational and theoretical. The solar event of 6 December 2006, starting at about 18:30 UT, exhibited a particularly well-defined double spectral structure, with the sub-THz spectral component detected at 212 and 405 GHz by SST and microwaves (1-18 GHz) observed by the Owens Valley Solar Array (OVSA). Emissions obtained by instruments in satellites are discussed with emphasis to ultra-violet (UV) obtained by the Transition Region And Coronal Explorer (TRACE), soft X-rays from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) and X- and gamma-rays from the Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). The sub-THz impulsive component had its closer temporal counterpart only in the higher energy X- and gamma-rays ranges. The spatial positions of the centers of emission at 212 GHz for the first flux enhancement were clearly displaced by more than one arc-minute from positions at the following phases. The observed sub-THz fluxes and burst source plasma parameters were found difficult to be reconciled to a purely thermal emission component. We discuss possible mechanisms to explain the double spectral components at microwaves and in the THz ranges.
Pierre Kaufmann; Gerard Trottet; C. Guillermo Gimenez de Castro; Jean-Pierre Raulin; Sam Krucker; Albert Y. Shih; Hugo Levato
A 26 GHz Dielectric Based Wakefield Power Extractor
26GHz high power rf source based on the extraction of wakefields from a relativistic electron beam. The extractor is designed to couple out rf power generated from a high charge...
1.3 GHz superconducting RF cavity program at Fermilab
At Fermilab, 9-cell 1.3 GHz superconducting RF (SRF) cavities are prepared, qualified, and assembled into cryomodules (CMs) for Project X, an International Linear Collider (ILC), or other future projects. The 1.3 GHz SRF cavity program includes targeted R&D on 1-cell 1.3 GHz cavities for cavity performance improvement. Production cavity qualification includes cavity inspection, surface processing, clean assembly, and one or more cryogenic low-power CW qualification tests which typically include performance diagnostics. Qualified cavities are welded into helium vessels and are cryogenically tested with pulsed high-power. Well performing cavities are assembled into cryomodules for pulsed high-power testing in a cryomodule test facility, and possible installation into a beamline. The overall goals of the 1.3 GHz SRF cavity program, supporting facilities, and accomplishments are described.
Ginsburg, C.M.; Arkan, T.; Barbanotti, S.; Carter, H.; Champion, M.; Cooley, L.; Cooper, C.; Foley, M.; Ge, M.; Grimm, C.; Harms, E.; /Fermilab
Evaluation of a 35 GHz Radar for Cloud Physics Research
A 1960 35 GHz radar has been modernized through the use of solid state electronics, Dopplerization and improved data-display capabilities. Radars of this frequency are particularly useful for observing the internal structures of clouds and for ...
Peter V. Hobbs; Nathan T. Funk; Richard R. Weiss Sr.; John D. Locatelli; Kumud R. Biswas
A 3-GHz Profiler for Precipitating Cloud Studies
A 3-GHz profiler has been developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration�s Aeronomy Laboratory to observe the evolution and vertical structure of precipitating cloud systems. The profiler is very portable, robust, and relatively ...
Warner L. Ecklund; Christopher R. Williams; Paul E. Johnston; Kenneth S. Gage
Cloud Ice Crystal Classification Using a 95-GHz Polarimetric Radar
Two algorithms are presented for ice crystal classification using 95-GHz polarimetric radar observables and air temperature (T). Both are based on a fuzzy logic scheme. Ice crystals are classified as columnar crystals (CC), planar crystals (PC), ...
K. Aydin; J. Singh
A 250 GHz photonic band gap gyrotron amplifier
This thesis reports the theoretical and experimental investigation of a novel gyrotron traveling-wave-tube (TWT) amplifier at 250 GHz. The gyrotron amplifier designed and tested in this thesis has achieved a peak small ...
Nanni, Emilio A. (Emilio Alessandro)
95-GHz Polarimetric Radar Measurements of Orographic Cap Clouds
The use of millimeter-wavelength radars for cloud microphysical research was investigated in experiments at the Elk Mountain Observatory near Laramie, Wyoming, between April 1990 and March 1992. The 95-GHz polarimetric radar used in these ...
Andrew Pazmany; James Mead; Robert McIntosh; Mark Hervig; Robert Kelly; Gabor Vali
Nonlinear microwave response of aluminum weak-link Josephson oscillators
We present the driven response at T=30mK of 6 GHz superconducting resonators constructed from capacitively-shunted three dimensional (3D) aluminum nanobridge superconducting quantum interference devices (nanoSQUIDs). We observe flux modulation of the resonant frequency in quantitative agreement with numerical calculation and characteristic of near-ideal short weak link junctions. Under strong microwave excitation, we observe stable bifurcation in devices with coupled quality factor (Q) ranging from ~30-3500. Near this bias point, parametric amplification with > 20dB gain, 40 MHz bandwidth, and near quantum-limited noise performance is observed. Our results indicate that 3D nanobridge junctions are attractive circuit elements to realize quantum bits.
E. M. Levenson-Falk; R. Vijay; I. Siddiqi
Levenson-Falk, E M; Siddiqi, I
Microwave-driven ultraviolet light sources
A microwave-driven ultraviolet (UV) light source is provided. The light source comprises an over-moded microwave cavity having at least one discharge bulb disposed within the microwave cavity. At least one magnetron probe is coupled directly to the microwave cavity.
Manos, Dennis M. (Williamsburg, VA); Diggs, Jessie (Norfolk, VA); Ametepe, Joseph D. (Roanoke, VA)
A New Look at Calibration and Use of Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometers. Part I: Theory and Application
The calibration and accuracy of the Eppley precision infrared radiometer (PIR) is examined both theoretically and experimentally. A rederivation of the fundamental energy balance of the PIR indicates that the calibration equation in common use in ...
C. W. Fairall; P. O. G. Persson; E. F. Bradley; R. E. Payne; S. P. Anderson
Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols and Trace Gases by Means of Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer. Part I: Retrieval Algorithm
A retrieval algorithm for processing multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) data from clear and partially cloudy days is described and validated. This method, while complementary to the Langley approach, uses consistency between the ...
Mikhail D. Alexandrov; Andrew A. Lacis; Barbara E. Carlson; Brian Cairns
A Second-Generation Blackbody System for the Calibration and Verification of Sea-Going Infrared Radiometers
Quasi-operational shipborne radiometers provide a Fiducial Reference Measurement (FRM) for satellite validation of satellite sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin) retrievals. External reference blackbodies are required to verify the performance ...
Craig J. Donlon; W. Wimmer; I. Robinson; G. Fisher; M. Ferlet; T. Nightingale; B. Bras
Remotely Sensed Measurements of Stratocumulus Properties during FIRE Using the C130 Aircraft Multi-channel Radiometer
This paper gives a description of a narrow-hand near-infrared radiometer that was operated during the marine stratocumulus intensive field observation program of FIRE in 1987 from the United Kingdom Meteorological Office C130 aircraft. All data ...
F. Rawlins; J. S. Foot
Retrieval of Cirrus Microphysical Properties with a Suite of Algorithms for Airborne and Spaceborne Lidar, Radar, and Radiometer Data
Algorithms are developed to convert data streams from multiple airborne and spaceborne remote sensors into layer-averaged cirrus bulk microphysical properties. Radiometers such as the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observe ...
Yuying Zhang; Gerald G. Mace
A High-Accuracy Multiwavelength Radiometer for In Situ Measurements in the Thermal Infrared. Part II: Behavior in Field Experiments
The performances of the new conveyable low-noise infrared radiometer for measurements of atmosphere and ground surface targets, or CLIMAT, are presented for in situ measurements. For this, quantitative analyses were carried out on measurements ...
G�rard Brogniez; Christophe Pietras; Michel Legrand; Philippe Dubuisson; Martial Haeffelin
A Change Detection Algorithm for Retrieving High-Resolution Soil Moisture From SMAP Radar and Radiometer Observations
A change detection algorithm has been developed in order to obtain high-resolution soil moisture estimates from future Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) L-band radar and radiometer observations. The approach combines ...
Piles, Maria
Inference of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Moisture and Temperature Structure Using Airborne Lidar and Infrared Radiometer Data
A new technique for retrieving near-surface moisture and profiles of mixing ratio and potential temperature through the depth of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) using airborne lidar and multichannel infrared radiometer data is ...
Stephen P. Palm; Denise Hagan; Geary Schwemmer; S. H. Melfi
Retrieval of cloud properties using CALIPSO Imaging Infrared Radiometer. Part II: effective diameter and ice water path
The paper describes the version 3 Level 2 operational analysis of the Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) data collected in the framework of the CALIPSO mission to retrieve cirrus cloud effective diameter and ice water path in synergy with the ...
Anne Garnier; Jacques Pelon; Philippe Dubuisson; Ping Yang; Micha�l Faivre; Olivier Chomette; Nicolas Pascal; Pat Lucker; Tim Murray
The Global Trend in Sea Surface Temperature from 20 Years of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Data
The trend in sea surface temperature has been determined from 20 yr of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Pathfinder data (version 5). The data span the period from January 1985 to December 2004, inclusive. The linear trends were calculated ...
S. A. Good; G. K. Corlett; J. J. Remedios; E. J. Noyes; D. T. Llewellyn-Jones
The Calibration and Intercalibration of Sea-Going Infrared Radiometer Systems Using a Low Cost Blackbody Cavity
There are many infrared radiometer systems available for the measurement of in situ sea surface skin temperature (SSST). Unfortunately, the marine environment is extremely hostile to optical components, and to ensure the accuracy of SSST ...
C. J. Donlon; T. Nightingale; L. Fiedler; G. Fisher; D. Baldwin; I. S. Robinson
Microfluidic labeling of biomolecules with radiometals for use in nuclear Tobias D. Wheeler,ab
). The analysis was performed using the following gradient of 0.1 vol% TFA in de-ionized water (A) and 0.1 vol of concentrated reagents. As a model reaction, we radiolabel 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic of reservoirs for the incubation of the radiometalligand mixture and (3) a thin-film heater for heating
Kenis, Paul J. A.
Gigatron microwave amplifier
An electron tube for achieving high power at high frequency with high efficiency, including an input coupler, a ribbon-shaped electron beam and a traveling wave output coupler. The input coupler is a lumped constant resonant circuit that modulates a field emitter array cathode at microwave frequency. A bunched ribbon electron beam is emitted from the cathode in periodic bursts at the desired frequency. The beam has a ribbon configuration to eliminate limitations inherent in round beam devices. The traveling wave coupler efficiently extracts energy from the electron beam, and includes a waveguide with a slot therethrough for receiving the electron beam. The ribbon beam is tilted at an angle with respect to the traveling wave coupler so that the electron beam couples in-phase with the traveling wave in the waveguide. The traveling wave coupler thus extracts energy from the electron beam over the entire width of the beam.
McIntyre, Peter M. (611 Montclair, College Station, TX 77840)
An electron tube for achieving high power at high frequency with high efficiency is described, including an input coupler, a ribbon-shaped electron beam and a traveling wave output coupler. The input coupler is a lumped constant resonant circuit that modulates a field emitter array cathode at microwave frequency. A bunched ribbon electron beam is emitted from the cathode in periodic bursts at the desired frequency. The beam has a ribbon configuration to eliminate limitations inherent in round beam devices. The traveling wave coupler efficiently extracts energy from the electron beam, and includes a waveguide with a slot there through for receiving the electron beam. The ribbon beam is tilted at an angle with respect to the traveling wave coupler so that the electron beam couples in-phase with the traveling wave in the waveguide. The traveling wave coupler thus extracts energy from the electron beam over the entire width of the beam.
McIntyre, P.M.
Comparison of Historical Satellite Based Estimates of Solar Radiation Resources with Recent Rotating Shadowland Radiometer Measurements
Satellite-based solar radiation estimates have recently been incorporated into the 1990-2005 update to the 1961-1990 U.S. National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) also supplies satellite-based estimates of solar radiation. The usefulness of such data with respect to solar resources for site selection and designing solar energy conversion systems is often questioned. The availability of rotating shadow band radiometer measurement data at several new stations provides an opportunity to compare historical satellite-based estimates of solar resources with measurements. We compare mean monthly daily total (MMDT) solar radiation data from eight years of NSRDB and 22 years of NASA hourly global horizontal and direct beam solar estimates with measured data from three stations, collected after the end of the available resource estimates. We compare the most recent shadowband radiometer MMDT with a complement of thermopile 'first class' solar radiometers at one site. Quantitative analysis shows that in most cases, the long-term average MMDT and measured data are comparable, within 10% of each other for global, and 20% for direct-radiation MMDT.
Myers, D.
ARM - Instrument - mwrhf
govInstrumentsmwrhf govInstrumentsmwrhf Documentation MWRHF : Handbook MWRHF : Instrument Mentor Monthly Summary (IMMS) reports MWRHF : Data Quality Assessment (DQA) reports ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Instrument : Microwave Radiometer - High Frequency (MWRHF) Instrument Categories Radiometric, Cloud Properties, Atmospheric Profiling Picture of the Microwave Radiometer-High Frequency (MWRHF) Picture of the Microwave Radiometer-High Frequency (MWRHF) General Overview The Microwave Radiometer-High Frequency (MWRHF) provides time-series measurements of brightness temperatures from two channels centered at 90 and 150 GHz. These two channels are sensitive to the presence of liquid water and precipitable water vapor.
VALIDATION OF MICROWAVE HEATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF Salmonella spp. IN MICROWAVEABLE FOODS.
??Microwave heating instructions for three products (chicken nuggets, turkey pot-pies and mashed potato) were developed and validated based on end point temperatures using two microwave� (more)
Valenzuela, Carol J
Analysis of the microwave data, obtained in the 17 GHz channel of the Nobeyama Radioheliograph during the M1.6 flare on 2010 November 4, revealed the presence of 12.6 minute oscillations of the emitting plasma density. The oscillations decayed with the characteristic time of about 15 minutes. Similar oscillations with the period of about 13.8 minutes and the decay time of 25 minutes are also detected in the variation of EUV emission intensity measured in the 335 A channel of the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly. The observed properties of the oscillations are consistent with the oscillations of hot loops observed by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) in the EUV spectra in the form of periodic Doppler shift. Our analysis presents the first direct observations of the slow magnetoacoustic oscillations in the microwave emission of a solar flare, complementing accepted interpretations of SUMER hot loop oscillations as standing slow magnetoacoustic waves.
Kim, S.; Shibasaki, K. [Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory/NAOJ, Nagano 384-1305 (Japan); Nakariakov, V. M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (United Kingdom)
MAXIMA: A balloon-borne cosmic microwave backgroundexperiment
We describe the Millimeter wave Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (MAXIMA), a balloon-borne experiment which measured the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) on angular scales of 10(minutes) to 5 degrees. MAXIMA mapped the CMB using 16 bolometric detectors in spectral bands centered at 150, 240, and 410 GHz, with 10(minutes) resolution at all frequencies. The combined receiver sensitivity to CMB anisotropy was similar to 40 mu K root s. The bolometric detectors, which were cooled to 100 mK, were a prototype of the detectors which will be used on the Planck Surveyor Satellite of the European Space Agency. Systematic parasitic contributions were controlled by using four uncorrelated spatial modulations, thorough cross-linking, multiple independent CMB observations, heavily baffled optics, and strong spectral discrimination. Pointing reconstruction was accurate to 1(minute), and absolute calibration was better than 4 percent. Two MAXIMA flights with more than 8.5 h of CMB observations have mapped a total of 300deg(2) of the sky in regions of negligible known foreground emission. MAXIMA results have been released in previous publications and shown to be consistent with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. MAXIMA Imaps, power spectra, and correlation matrices are publicly available at http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/maxima.
Rabii, B.; Winant, C.D.; Collins, J.S.; Lee, A.T.; Richards,P.L.; Abroe, M.E.; Hanany, S.; Johnson, B.R.; Ade, P.; Balbi, A.; Bock,J.J.; Borrill, J.; Stompor, R.; Boscaleri, A.; Pascale, E.; de Bernardis,P.; Ferreira, P.G.; Hristov, V.V.; Lange, A.E.; Jaffe, A.H.; Netterfield,C.B.; Smoot, G.F.; Wu, J.H.P.
Study of federal microwave standards
Present and future federal regulatory processes which may impact the permissible levels of microwave radiation emitted by the SPS Microwave Power Transmission (MPTS) were studied. An historical development of US occupational and public microwave standards includes an overview of Western and East European philosophies of environmental protection and neurophysiology which have led to the current widely differing maximum permissible exposure limits to microwaves. The possible convergence of microwave standards is characterized by a lowering of Western exposure levels while Eastern countries consider standard relaxation. A trend toward stricter controls on activities perceived as harmful to public health is under way as is interest in improving the federal regulatory process. Particularly relevant to SPS is the initiation of long-term, low-level microwave exposure programs. Coupled with new developments in instrumentation and dosimetry, the results from chronic exposure program and population exposure studies could be expected within the next five to ten years. Also discussed is the increasing public concern that rf energy is yet another hazardous environmental agent.
David, L.
Dielectric properties in microwave remote plasma sustained in argon: Expanding plasma conditions
This work is devoted to the study of the relative permittivity in argon expanding plasma produced below a microwave discharge sustained in a quartz tube and working at 2.45 GHz. We discuss results and explain the microwave propagation within the reactor, outside the quartz tube. It is shown that at low pressures (133 Pa) and at powers ranging from 100 W to 400 W, the wave frequency remains lower than the plasma frequency anywhere in the expanding plasma. Under these conditions, the real part of the relative permittivity is negative and the wave is reflected. Surprisingly, in these conditions, the plasma is produced inside and outside the quartz tube, below the wave launcher. This effect can be explained considering a surface wave propagating at the surface of the quartz tube then into the reactor, on the external surface of the expanding plasma below the quartz tube.
Jauberteau, J. L.; Jauberteau, I. [UMR 7315 CNRS, SPCTS, 12 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges (France)
Towards hard x-ray imaging at GHz frame rate
Gigahertz (GHz) imaging using hard x-rays ( Greater-Than-Or-Equivalent-To 10 keV) can be useful to high-temperature plasma experiments, as well as research and applications using coherent photons from synchrotron radiation and x-ray free electron lasers. GHz framing rate can be achieved by using multiple cameras through multiplexing. The advantages and trade-offs of single-photon detection mode, when no more than one x-ray photon is detected per pixel, are given. Two possible paths towards x-ray imaging at GHz frame rates using a single camera are: (a) avalanche photodiode arrays of high-Z materials and (b) microchannel plate photomultipliers in conjunction with materials with large indices of refraction.
Wang Zhehui; Morris, C. L.; Kapustinsky, J. S.; Kwiatkowski, K.; Luo, S.-N. [Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 (United States)
Towards hard X-ray imaging at GHz frame rate
Gigahertz (GHz) imaging using hard X-rays ({approx}> 10 keV) can be useful to high-temperature plasma experiments, as well as research using coherent photons from synchrotron radiation and X-ray free electron lasers. GHz framing rate can be achieved by using multiple cameras through multiplexing. The advantages and trade-offs of single-photon detection mode, when no more than one X-ray photon is detected per pixel, are given. Two possible paths towards X-ray imaging at GHz frame rates using a single camera are (a) Avalanche photodiode arrays of high-Z materials and (b) Microchannel plate photomultipliers in conjunction with materials with large indices of refraction.
Wang, Zhehui [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Morris, Christopher [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Luo, Shengnian [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Kwiatkowski, Kris K. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Kapustinsky, Jon S. [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Relative Accuracy of 1-Minute and Daily Total Solar Radiation Data for 12 Global and 4 Direct Beam Solar Radiometers: Preprint
This report evaluates the relative performance of 12 global and four direct beam solar radiometers deployed at a single site over a 12-month period. Test radiometer irradiances were compared with a reference irradiance consisting of either an absolute cavity radiometer (during calibrations) or a low uncertainty thermopile pyrheliometer (during the evaluation period) for pyrheliometers; and for pyranometers a reference global irradiance computed from the reference pyrheliometer and diffuse irradiance from a shaded pyranometer.
Myers, D. R.; Wilcox, S. M.
Distillation of GHZ states by selective information manipulation
Methods for distilling maximally entangled tripartite (GHZ) states from arbitrary entangled tripartite pure states are described. These techniques work for virtually any input state. Each technique has two stages which we call primary and secondary distillation. Primary distillation produces a GHZ state with some probability, so that when applied to an ensemble of systems, a certain percentage is discarded. Secondary distillation produces further GHZs from the discarded systems. These protocols are developed with the help of an approach to quantum information theory based on absolutely selective information, which has other potential applications.
Oliver Cohen; Todd A. Brun
Microwave Off-gas srnlTechBriefp1
Microwave energy combines with infrared heating ... A modified retail microwave oven requires little space, is compatible with existing electrical ...
Difference between Life and Death of Bacterium against Microwave ...
... Electric and Magnetic Fields, Ultrasound, Lasers, and Mechanical Work. ... of Bacterium against Microwave Power under Microwave Irradiated Cultivation.
Maria Cadeddu, James C. Liljegren, and Andrew Pazmany Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL
and Retrievals from a New 183-GHz Water Vapor Radiometer in the Arctic and Retrievals from a New 183-GHz Water Vapor Radiometer in the Arctic Maria Cadeddu, James C. Liljegren, and Andrew Pazmany Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL Prosensing, Inc., Amherst, MA This work was supported by the Climate Change Research Division, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, under contract W-31-109-Eng-38, as part of the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. Argonne National Laboratory is managed by The University of Chicago for the U.S. Department of Energy. The two-channels microwave water vapor radiometer (MWR) shown in Fig. 1 measures brightness temperatures at the microwave frequencies of 23.8 and 31.4 GHz. Brightness
Quantum key distribution system clocked at 2 GHz
An improved quantum key distribution test system operating at clock rates of up to 2GHz using a specially adapted commercially available silicon single photon avalanche diode is presented. The use of improved detectors has improved the fibre-based test system performance in terms of transmission distance and quantum bit error rate.
K. J. Gordon; V. Fernandez; G. S. Buller; I. Rech; S. D. Cova; P. D. Townsend
Quantum key distribution system clocked at 2 GHz Karen J. Gordon, Veronica Fernandez, Gerald S, Ireland http://www.phy.hw.ac.uk/resrev/photoncounting/index.html Abstract: An improved quantum key-based quantum key distribution test system performance in terms of transmission distance and quantum bit error
Buller, Gerald S.
Carbon Nanotube GHz Nano-Resonator Shengdong Li1
Carbon Nanotube GHz Nano-Resonator Shengdong Li1 , Zhen Yu1 , Sheng-Feng Yen1 , Peter J. Burke1 walled carbon nanotube. Both semiconducting and metallic nanotubes are measured. Using a semiconducting signal processing components based on carbon nanotubes. Index Terms -- Nanotechnology, Resonators, Tuning
Tang, William C
A 35-GHz Scanning Doppler Radar for Fog Observations
To observe fog, a 35-GHz scanning Doppler radar was designed, assembled, and tested. The radar, mounted on a flatbed vehicle for portability, transmits peak powers of 100 kW in a pulse of 0.5-�s width and a beamwidth of 0.3�. Thus, a reflectivity ...
Kyosuke Hamazu; Hiroyuki Hashiguchi; Toshio Wakayama; Tomoya Matsuda; Richard J. Doviak; Shoichiro Fukao
Macrocyclic polyaminocarboxylates for stable radiometal antibody conjugates for therapy, spect and pet imaging
A simple method for the synthesis of 1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane N,N'N",N'"-tetraacetic acid and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetic acid involves cyanomethylating 1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane or 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane to form a tetranitrile and hydrolyzing the tetranitrile. These macrocyclic compounds are functionalized through one of the carboxylates and then conjugated to various biological molecules including monoclonal antibodies. The resulting conjugated molecules are labeled with radiometals for SPECT and PET imaging and for radiotherapy.
Mease, Ronnie C. (Fairfax, VA); Mausner, Leonard F. (Stony Brook, NY); Srivastava, Suresh C. (Setauket, NY)
Macrocyclic polyaminocarboxylates for stable radiometal antibody conjugates for therapy, SPECT and PET imaging
A simple method for the synthesis of 1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane N,N{prime}N{double_prime},N{prime}{double_prime}-tetraacetic acid and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane N,N{prime},N{double_prime},N{prime}{double_prime}-tetraacetic acid involves cyanomethylating 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane or 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane to form a tetranitrile and hydrolyzing the tetranitrile. These macrocyclic compounds are functionalized through one of the carboxylates and then conjugated to various biological molecules including monoclonal antibodies. The resulting conjugated molecules are labeled with radiometals for SPECT and PET imaging and for radiotherapy. 4 figs.
Mease, R.C.; Mausner, L.F.; Srivastava, S.C.
Producing radiometals in liquid targets: Proof of feasibility with {sup 94m}Tc
{sup 94m}Tc was produced in a liquid target loaded with a molybdenum-salt solution. This novel technique allows for the irradiation of metals dissolved in a liquid solution, normally only available in metal powder or foil form. By using this approach, the existing liquid targets and transfer infrastructure of many PET cyclotrons can be used to produce radiometals, avoiding the need, expense and challenges of operating solid targets. Such an approach allows for rapid testing of new isotopes for proof of feasibility studies. Different concentrations of Mo solution and their effect on the target performance were tested. Sufficient quantities to allow for preclinical studies were produced.
Hoehr, C.; Badesso, B.; Morley, T.; Trinczek, M.; Buckley, K.; Klug, J.; Zeisler, S.; Hanemaayer, V.; Ruth, T. R.; Benard, F.; Schaffer, P. [TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3 Vancouver, BC (Canada); TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3 Vancouver, BC (Canada) and BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, V5Z 4E6 Vancouver, BC (Canada); TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3 Vancouver, BC (Canada); TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3 Vancouver, BC (Canada) and BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, V5Z 4E6 Vancouver, BC (Canada); BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, V5Z 4E6 Vancouver, BC (Canada); TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3 Vancouver, BC (Canada)
Microwave Augmented Fabrication and Evaluation of CNT ...
About this Abstract. Meeting, 2011 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition. Symposium , Biological Materials Science. Presentation Title, Microwave Augmented�...
Ignition methods and apparatus using microwave energy
An ignition apparatus for a combustor includes a microwave energy source that emits microwave energy into the combustor at a frequency within a resonant response of the combustor, the combustor functioning as a resonant cavity for the microwave energy so that a plasma is produced that ignites a combustible mixture therein. The plasma preferably is a non-contact plasma produced in free space within the resonant cavity spaced away from with the cavity wall structure and spaced from the microwave emitter.
DeFreitas, Dennis Michael (Oxford, NY); Migliori, Albert (Santa Fe, NM)
Microwavable thermal energy storage material
A microwavable thermal energy storage material is provided which includes a mixture of a phase change material and silica, and a carbon black additive in the form of a conformable dry powder of phase change material/silica/carbon black, or solid pellets, films, fibers, moldings or strands of phase change material/high density polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl acetate/silica/carbon black which allows the phase change material to be rapidly heated in a microwave oven. The carbon black additive, which is preferably an electrically conductive carbon black, may be added in low concentrations of from 0.5 to 15% by weight, and may be used to tailor the heating times of the phase change material as desired. The microwavable thermal energy storage material can be used in food serving applications such as tableware items or pizza warmers, and in medical wraps and garments.
Salyer, Ival O. (Dayton, OH)
A microwavable thermal energy storage material is provided which includes a mixture of a phase change material and silica, and a carbon black additive in the form of a conformable dry powder of phase change material/silica/carbon black, or solid pellets, films, fibers, moldings or strands of phase change material/high density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate/silica/carbon black which allows the phase change material to be rapidly heated in a microwave oven. The carbon black additive, which is preferably an electrically conductive carbon black, may be added in low concentrations of from 0.5 to 15% by weight, and may be used to tailor the heating times of the phase change material as desired. The microwavable thermal energy storage material can be used in food serving applications such as tableware items or pizza warmers, and in medical wraps and garments. 3 figs.
Salyer, I.O.
Microwave treatment of vulcanized rubber
A process and resulting product is provided in which a vulcanized solid particulate, such as vulcanized crumb rubber, has select chemical bonds broken by microwave radiation. The direct application of microwaves in combination with uniform heating of the crumb rubber renders the treated crumb rubber more suitable for use in new rubber formulations. As a result, larger particle sizes and/or loading levels of the treated crumb rubber can be used in new rubber mixtures to produce recycled composite products with good properties.
Wicks, George G. (Aiken, SC); Schulz, Rebecca L. (Aiken, SC); Clark, David E. (Gainesville, FL); Folz, Diane C. (Gainesville, FL)
RF & Microwave Systems Group The RF & Microwave Systems
for Technology Transfer. Tagging, Tracking, and Locating Systems TTL technologies are on the verge and development (R&D) geared toward supplying robust communications for extreme environments; global tagging, tracking, and locating (TTL) systems; and RF- and microwave- based measurement and processing systems
Microwave scattering from laser spark in air
In this paper, microwave Mie scattering from a laser-induced plasma in atmospheric air is computed. It shows that the scattered microwave transitions from coherent Rayleigh scattering to Mie scattering based on the relative transparency of the laser-induced plasma at the microwave frequency. The microwave penetration in the plasma alters from total transparency to partial shielding due to the sharp increase of the electron number density within the avalanche ionization phase. The transition from Rayleigh scattering to Mie scattering is verified by both the temporal evolution of the scattered microwave and the homogeneity of polar scattering plots.
Sawyer, Jordan; Zhang Zhili [Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 (United States); Shneider, Mikhail N. [Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 (United States)
Scanning tip microwave near field microscope
A microwave near field microscope has a novel microwave probe structure wherein the probing field of evanescent radiation is emitted from a sharpened metal tip instead of an aperture or gap. This sharpened tip, which is electrically and mechanically connected to a central electrode, extends through and beyond an aperture in an endwall of a microwave resonating device such as a microwave cavity resonator or a microwave stripline resonator. Since the field intensity at the tip increases as the tip sharpens, the total energy which is radiated from the tip and absorbed by the sample increases as the tip sharpens. The result is improved spatial resolution without sacrificing sensitivity.
Xiang, Xiao-Dong (Alameda, CA); Schultz, Peter G. (Oakland, CA); Wei, Tao (Albany, CA)
60-GHz millimeter-wave radio: principle, technology, and new Results
The worldwide opening of a massive amount of unlicensed spectra around 60 GHz has triggered great interest in developing affordable 60-GHz radios. This interest has been catalyzed by recent advance of 60-GHz front-end technologies. This paper briefly ...
Nan Guo; Robert C. Qiu; Shaomin S. Mo; Kazuaki Takahashi
Microwave sintering of boron carbide
A method for forming boron carbide into a particular shape and densifying the green boron carbide shape. Boron carbide in powder form is pressed into a green shape and then sintered, using a microwave oven, to obtain a dense boron carbide body. Densities of greater than 95% of theoretical density have been obtained. 1 tab.
Blake, R.D.; Katz, J.D.; Petrovic, J.J.; Sheinberg, H.
Controlled zone microwave plasma system
An apparatus and method for initiating a process gas plasma. A conductive plate having a plurality of conductive fingers is positioned in a microwave applicator. An arc forms between the conductive fingers to initiate the formation of a plasma. A transport mechanism may convey process materials through the plasma. A spray port may be provided to expel processed materials.
Ripley, Edward B. (Knoxville, TN); Seals, Roland D. (Oak Ridge, TN); Morrell, Jonathan S. (Knoxville, TN)
The main objective of this program was to develop an efficient and economically viable microwave processing technique to process cobalt cemented tungsten carbide with improved properties for drill-bits for advanced drilling operations for oil, gas, geothermal and excavation industries. The program was completed in three years and successfully accomplished all the states goals in the original proposal. In three years of the program, we designed and built several laboratory scale microwave sintering systems for conducting experiments on Tungsten carbide (WC) based composites in controlled atmosphere. The processing conditions were optimized and various properties were measured. The design of the system was then modified to enable it to process large commercial parts of WC/Co and in large quantities. Two high power (3-6 kW) microwave systems of 2.45 GHz were built for multi samples runs in a batch process. Once the process was optimized for best results, the technology was successfully transferred to our industrial partner, Dennis Tool Co. We helped them to built couple of prototype microwave sintering systems for carbide tool manufacturing. It was found that the microwave processed WC/Co tools are not only cost effective but also exhibited much better overall performance than the standard tools. The results of the field tests performed by Dennis Tool Co. showed remarkable advantage and improvement in their overall performance. For example: wear test shows an increase of 20-30%, corrosion test showed much higher resistance to the acid attack, erosion test exhibited about 15% better resistance than standard sinter-HIP parts. This proves the success of microwave technology for WC/Co based drilling tools. While we have successfully transferred the technology to our industrial partner Dennis Tool Co., they have signed an agreement with Valenite, a world leading WC producer of cutting and drilling tools and wear parts, to push aggressively the new microwave technology in to the marketplace.
Dinesh Agrawal; Rustum Roy
Observations of M87 and Hydra A at 90 GHz
This paper presents new observations of the AGNs M87 and Hydra A at 90 GHz made with the MUSTANG bolometer array on the Green Bank Telescope at 8.5" resolution. A spectral analysis is performed combining this new data and archival VLA data on these objects at longer wavelengths. This analysis can detect variations in spectral index and curvature expected from energy losses in the radiating particles. M87 shows only weak evidence for steepening of the spectrum along the jet suggesting either re-acceleration of the relativistic particles in the jet or insufficient losses to affect the spectrum at 90 GHz. The jets in Hydra A show strong steepening as they move from the nucleus suggesting unbalanced losses of the higher energy relativistic particles. The difference between these two sources may be accounted for by the different lengths over which the jets are observable, 2 kpc for M87 and 45 kpc for Hydra A.
Cotton, W D; Dicker, S; Korngut, P; Devlin, M J; Aguirre, J; Benford, D; Moseley, H; Staguhn, J; Irwin, K; Ade, P
An Automatic Control System for Conditioning 30 GHz Accelerating Structures
A software application programme has been developed to allow fast and automatic high-gradient conditioning of accelerating structures at 30 GHz in CTF3. The specificity of the application is the ability to control the high-power electron beam which produces the 30 GHz RF power used to condition the accelerating structures. The programme permits operation round the clock with minimum manpower requirements. In this paper the fast control system, machine control system, logging system, graphical user control interface and logging data visualization are described. An outline of the conditioning control system itself and of the feedback controlling peak power and pulse length is given. The software allows different types of conditioning strategies to be programmed
Dubrovskiy, A
A MEASUREMENT OF ANISOTROPY IN THE COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION ON A LARGE ANGULAR SCALE AT 33 GHz
component, the cosmic blackbody radiation is isotropic to 1variation of the cosmic blackbody radiation Itself. c c Thisin the Cosmic Blackbody Radiation Appendix B - Radiometer
Gorenstein, M.V.
MAXIMA-1: A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave BackgroundAnisotropy on angular scales of 10' to 5 degrees
We present a map and an angular power spectrum of the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from the first flight of MAXIMA. MAXIMA is a balloon-borne experiment with an array of 16 bolometric photometers operated at 100 mK. MAXIMA observed a 124 deg region of the sky with 10' resolution at frequencies of 150, 240 and 410 GHz. The data were calibrated using in-flight measurements of the CMB dipole anisotropy. A map of the CMB anisotropy was produced from three 150 and one 240 GHz photometer without need for foreground subtractions. Analysis of this CMB map yields a power spectrum for the CMB anisotropy over the range 36 {le} {ell} {le} 785. The spectrum shows a peak with an amplitude of 78 {+-} 6 {mu}K at {ell} {approx_equal} 220 and an amplitude varying between {approx} 40 {mu}K and {approx} 50 {mu}K for 400 {approx}< {ell} {approx}< 785.
Ade, P.; Balbi, A.; Bock, J.; Borrill, J.; Boscaleri, A.; deBernardis, P.; Ferreira, P.G.; Hanany, S.; Hristov, V.V.; Jaffe, A.H.; Lange, A.E.; Lee, A.T.; Mauskopf, P.D.; Netterfield, C.B.; Oh, S.; Pascale, E.; Rabii, B.; Richards, P.L.; Smoot, G.F.; Stompor, R.; Winant,C.D.; Wu, J.H.P.
A 12 GHz RF Power Source for the CLIC Study
The CLIC RF frequency has been changed in 2008 from the initial 30 GHz to the European X-band 11.9942 GHz permitting beam independent power production using klystrons for CLIC accelerating structure testing. A design and fabrication contract for five klystrons at that frequency has been signed by different parties with SLAC. France (IRFU, CEA Saclay) is contributing a solid state modulator purchased in industry and specific 12 GHz RF network components to the CLIC study. RF pulses over 120 MW peak at 230 ns length will be obtained by using a novel SLED-I type pulse compression scheme designed and fabricated by IAP, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. The X-band power test stand is being installed in the CLIC Test Facility CTF3 for independent structure and component testing in a bunker, but allowing, in a later stage, for powering RF components in the CTF3 beam lines. The design of the facility, results from commissioning of the RF power source and the expected performance of the Test Facility are reported.
Schirm, Karl; /CERN; Curt, Stephane; /CERN; Dobert, Steffen; /CERN; McMonagle, Gerard; /CERN; Rossat, Ghislain; /CERN; Syratchev, Igor; /CERN; Timeo, Luca; /CERN; Haase, Andrew /SLAC; Jensen, Aaron; /SLAC; Jongewaard, Erik; /SLAC; Nantista, Christopher; /SLAC; Sprehn, Daryl; /SLAC; Vlieks, Arnold; /SLAC; Hamdi, Abdallah; /Saclay; Peauger, Franck; /Saclay; Kuzikov, Sergey; /Nizhnii Novgorod, IAP; Vikharev, Alexandr; /Nizhnii Novgorod, IAP
Cloud Properties Working Group Low Clouds Update
Cloud Properties Working Group Cloud Properties Working Group Low Clouds Update Low Clouds Update Jennifer Comstock Jennifer Comstock Dave Turner Dave Turner Andy Andy Vogelmann Vogelmann Instruments Instruments 90/150 GHz microwave radiometer 90/150 GHz microwave radiometer Deployed during COPS AMF Deployed during COPS AMF Exploring calibration w/ DPR ( Exploring calibration w/ DPR ( Crewell Crewell & & L L ö ö hnert hnert ) ) See COPS Breakout, Wednesday evening See COPS Breakout, Wednesday evening 183 GHz (GVR) deployed at the NSA 183 GHz (GVR) deployed at the NSA Neural network algorithm to retrieve PWV & LWP (Maria Neural network algorithm to retrieve PWV & LWP (Maria Cadeddu Cadeddu ) ) Potential VAP candidate (RPWG) Potential VAP candidate (RPWG)
Relative Accuracy of 1-Minute and Daily Total Solar Radiation Data for 12 Global and 4 Direct Beam Solar Radiometers
We evaluated the relative performance of 12 global and four direct beam solar radiometers deployed at a single site over a 12-month period. Test radiometer irradiances were compared with a reference irradiance consisting of either an absolute cavity radiometer (during calibrations) or a low uncertainty thermopile pyrheliometer (during the evaluation period) for pyrheliometers; and for pyranometers a reference global irradiance computed from the reference pyrheliometer and diffuse irradiance from a shaded pyranometer. One minute averages of 3-second data for 12 months from the test instrument measurements were compared with the computed reference data set. Combined uncertainty in the computed reference irradiance is 1.8% {+-} 0.5%. Total uncertainty in the pyranometer comparisons is {+-}2.5%. We show mean percent difference between reference global irradiance and test pyranometer 1 minute data as a function of zenith angle, and percent differences between daily totals for the reference and test irradiances as a function of day number. We offer no explicit conclusion about the performance of instrument models, as a general array of applications with a wide range of instrumentation and accuracy requirements could be addressed with any of the radiometers.
Myers, D.; Wilcox, S. M.
Radiometric Validation of ERS-1 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer Average Sea Surface Temperature in the Atlantic Ocean
The ERS-1 along-track scanning radiometer (ATSR) provides a half-degree latitude by half-degree longitude average sea surface temperature (ASST) measurement representative of the thermal skin layer of the ocean that is intended for use in global ...
Craig J. Donlon; Ian S. Robinson
Cloud Clearing over the Ocean in the Processing of Data from the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR)
Infrared radiometric measurements of surface parameters are prone to error if clouds are present in the observation path. The along-track scanning radiometer (ATSR) with its novel dual-view feature is able to correct for absorption effects in the ...
Albin M. Z�vody; Christopher T. Mutlow; David T. Llewellyn-Jones
Extragalactic Point Source Search in WMAP 61 and 94 GHz Data
We report the results of an extragalactic point source search using the 61 and 94 GHz (V- and W-band) temperature maps from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). Applying a method that cancels the ``noise'' due to the CMB anisotropy signal, we find in the $|b| > 10\\degr$ region 31 sources in the first-year maps and 64 sources in the three-year co-added maps, at a $5\\sigma$ level. The 1$\\sigma$ position uncertainties are 1.6' and 1.4' each. The increased detections and improved positional accuracy are expected from the higher signal-to-noise ratio of WMAP three-year data. All sources detected in the first-year maps are repeatedly detected in the three-year maps, which is a strong proof of the consistency and reliability of this method. Among all the detections, 21 are new, i.e. not in the WMAP three-year point source catalog. We associate all but two of them with known objects. The two unidentified sources are likely to be variable or extended as observations through VLA, CARMA and ATCA all show non-detection at the nominal locations. We derive the source count distribution at WMAP V-band by combining our verified detections with sources from the WMAP three-year catalog. Assuming the effect of source clustering is negligible, the contribution to the power spectrum from faint sources below 0.75 Jy is estimated to be $(2.4\\pm0.8) \\times 10^{-3} \\mu K^2$ sr for V-band, which implies a source correction amplitude $A = 0.012\\pm0.004 \\mu K^2$ sr.
Xi Chen; Edward L. Wright
A Theoretical Study of the Accuracy of Tomographic Retrieval of Cloud Liquid with an Airborne Radiometer
Prior studies of the technique of inferring the Liquid water distribution in a cloud with microwave cloud tomography have concentrated on the use of ground-based instruments. An extension of the technique to the analysis of measurements at 31.65 ...
J. F. Drake; J. Warner
Scaling studies and time-resolved microwave measurements on a relativistic backward-wave oscillator
The authors built a relativistic backward-wave oscillator (BWO) operating at a frequency near 8 GHz. In the experiments, the parameters of the 60-ns electron beam driving this microwave source were varied over the ranges 0.8--1.5 MV and 2--10 kA. Also, they tried several different annular cathodes for launching the electron beam varying the outer radius and shape. The axial magnetic field guiding the beam through the BWO was varied between 0.6 and 3 T. Finally, they investigated the power transfer downstream to an output waveguide as a function of the shape of the transition from the BWO to the waveguide. They discuss the scaling of the output power and frequency with these variations. In addition, they show time-resolved measurements of 2-ns-long segments of the microwave output. In observations of the microwave signal, they found the frequency shifted as the output power envelope passed through a sharp dip; they propose that this shift corresponds to a change in the longitudinal operating mode of the BWO.
Swegle, J.A.; Anderson, R.A.; Camacho, J.F.; Poole, B.R.; Rhodes, M.A.; Rosenbury, E.T.; Shaeffer, D.L. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States)
Hybrid Microwave Cavity Heat Engine
We propose and analyze the use of hybrid microwave cavities as quantum heat engines. A possible realization consists of two macroscopically separated quantum dot conductors coupled capacitively to the fundamental mode of a microwave cavity. We demonstrate that an electrical current can be induced in one conductor through cavity-mediated processes by heating up the other conductor. The heat engine can reach Carnot efficiency with optimal conversion of heat to work. When the system delivers the maximum power, the efficiency can be a large fraction of the Carnot efficiency. The heat engine functions even with moderate electronic relaxation and dephasing in the quantum dots. We provide detailed estimates for the electrical current and output power using realistic parameters.
Christian Bergenfeldt; Peter Samuelsson; Bj�rn Sothmann; Christian Flindt; Markus B�ttiker
From Microwave Anisotropies to Cosmology
Fluctuations in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background have now been detected over a wide range of angular scales, and a consistent picture seems to be emerging. This article describes some of the implications for cosmology. Analysis of all the published detections suggests the existence of a peak on degree scales of height 2.4 to 10 (90%CL) relative to the amplitude of the power spectrum at large angular scales. This result confirms an early prediction, implies that the universe did in fact recombine, and limits theories of structure formation. Illustrative examples are provided of how the comparison of microwave background and large-scale structure data will be a potentially powerful means of answering fundamental questions about the universe.
Douglas Scott; Joe Silk; Martin White
Microwave-enhanced chemical processes
A process for disposal of toxic wastes including chlorinated hydrocarbons, comprising, establishing a bed of non-metallic particulates having a high dielectric loss factor. Effecting intimate contact of the particulates and the toxic wastes at a temperature in excess of about 400.degree. C. in the presence of microwave radiation for a time sufficient to break the hydrocarbon chlorine bonds and provide detoxification values in excess of 80 and further detoxifying the bed followed by additional disposal of toxic wastes.
Varma, Ravi (Hinsdale, IL)
Microwave assisted hard rock cutting
An apparatus for the sequential fracturing and cutting of subsurface volume of hard rock (102) in the strata (101) of a mining environment (100) by subjecting the volume of rock to a beam (25) of microwave energy to fracture the subsurface volume of rock by differential expansion; and , then bringing the cutting edge (52) of a piece of conventional mining machinery (50) into contact with the fractured rock (102).
Lindroth, David P. (Apple Valley, MN); Morrell, Roger J. (Bloomington, MN); Blair, James R. (Inver Grove Heights, MN)
Microwave Tokamak Experiment: Overview and status
The Microwave Tokamak Experiment, now under construction at the Laboratory, will use microwave heating from a free-electron laser. The intense microwave pulses will be injected into the tokamak to realize several goals, including a demonstration of the effects of localized heat deposition within magnetically confined plasma, a better understanding of energy confinement in tokamaks, and use of the new free-electron laser technology for plasma heating. 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Investigation on Microstructural Characterization of Microwave ...
... substrate have been developed through home microwave oven at frequency ... On the Interrelationship of Applied Fields and Heating Rates during Electric�...
Innovative Microwave Technology - Energy Innovation Portal
Hadron Technologies, Inc. has signed an exclusive license for a Hybrid Microwave and Off-Gas Treatment System ... within the commercial and ... Buildi ...
Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest. ...
Page 1. Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest. XXVI. Acetic Acid �CH3COOH� ... 100 3. Acetic Acid Spectral Tables. . . . . ...
Process for microwave sintering boron carbide
A method of microwave sintering boron carbide comprises leaching boron carbide powder with an aqueous solution of nitric acid to form a leached boron carbide powder. The leached boron carbide powder is coated with a glassy carbon precursor to form a coated boron carbide powder. The coated boron carbide powder is consolidated in an enclosure of boron nitride particles coated with a layer of glassy carbon within a container for microwave heating to form an enclosed coated boron carbide powder. The enclosed coated boron carbide powder is sintered within the container for microwave heating with microwave energy.
Holcombe, C.E.; Morrow, M.S.
Microwave Application to Environmental Problems : Model ...
Difference between Life and Death of Bacterium against Microwave Power under ... Sintering and Plastic Deformation of Ceramics under Pulsed Electric Current.
Application of Microwave Heating for Reduction of ...
Rapid Baking of Friction Material with Microwaves
The curing is followed by baking in electrical oven with multistage heating for ... Difference between Life and Death of Bacterium against Microwave Power under
New Energy Efficiency Standards for Microwave Ovens to Save Consumers...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
New Energy Efficiency Standards for Microwave Ovens to Save Consumers on Energy Bills New Energy Efficiency Standards for Microwave Ovens to Save Consumers on Energy Bills May 31,...
EETD Assists in Analysis of Microwave Oven Energy Efficiency...
EETD Assists in Analysis of Microwave Oven Energy Efficiency Standard June 2013 The Department of Energy recently announced new energy efficiency standards for microwave ovens....
Near-Instantaneous Microwave Heating and Cooling for Microfluidic ...
home \\ technologies \\ microwave heating of microfluidics. Technologies: Ready-to-Sign Licenses: Software: Patents: Near-Instantaneous Microwave Heating and Cooling ...
NERSC Continues Tradition of Cosmic Microwave Background Data...
Tradition of Cosmic Microwave Background Data Analysis with the Planck Cluster NERSC Continues Tradition of Cosmic Microwave Background Data Analysis with the Planck...
Ice Cloud Retrievals and Analysis with the Compact Scanning Submillimeter Imaging Radiometer and the Cloud Radar System during CRYSTAL FACE
Submillimeter-wave radiometry is a new technique for determining ice water path (IWP) and particle size in upper-tropospheric ice clouds. The first brightness temperatures images of ice clouds above 340 GHz were measured by the Compact Scanning ...
K. Franklin Evans; James R. Wang; Paul E. Racette; Gerald Heymsfield; Lihua Li
Comparison of Column Water Vapor Measurements Using Downward-looking Near-Infrared and Infrared Imaging Systems and Upward-looking Microwave Radiometers
Remote soundings of precipitable water vapor from three systems are compared with each other and with ground truth from radiosondes. Ancillary data from a mesoscale network of surface observing stations and from wind-profiling radars are also ...
Bo-Cai Gao; Alexander F. H. Goetz; Ed R. Westwater; B. Boba Stankov; D. Birkenheuer
, but their presence in the liquid rather than the ice phase can lead to shortwave flux changes of about 100 W m 2 (NWP). In most operational NWP models, production of rain by collision and coalescence is parameterized
Reading, University of
Method of sintering materials with microwave radiation
A method of sintering ceramic materials following: A compacted article comprising inorganic particles coated with carbon is provided, the carbon providing improved microwave coupling. The compacted article is then heated by microwave radiation to a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to sinter the compacted article.
Kimrey, Jr., Harold D. (Knoxville, TN); Holcombe, Jr., Cressie E. (Farragut, TN); Dykes, Norman L. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Multi-wall carbon nanotubes in microwaves
The electromagnetic (EM) response of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) prepared by chemical vapor decomposition (CVD) method has been analyzed in the microwave frequency range. EM absorption properties of MWCNT depend on their medium diameter related ... Keywords: carbon nanotube, coating, electromagnetic absorption, microwave
S. Moseenkov; V. Kuznetsov; A. Usoltseva; I. Mazov; A. Ischenko; T. Buryakov; O. Anikeeva; A. Romanenko; P. Kuzhir; D. Bychenok; K. Batrakov; S. Maksimenko
Radiative Flux Estimation from a Broadband Radiometer Using Synthetic Angular Models in the EarthCARE Mission Framework. Part II: Evaluation
The instantaneous top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance-to-flux conversion for the broadband radiometer (BBR) on board the Earth Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) was assessed in Part I of this paper, by developing theoretical ...
Carlos Domenech; Ernesto Lopez-Baeza; David P. Donovan; Tobias Wehr
Scientific Basis and Initial Evaluation of the CLAVR-1 Global Clear/Cloud Classification Algorithm for the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
An algorithm for the remote sensing of global cloud cover using multispectral radiance measurements from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting ...
Larry L. Stowe; Paul A. Davis; E. Paul McClain
Design of a Shadowband Spectral Radiometer for the Retrieval of Thin Cloud Optical Depth, Liquid Water Path, and the Effective Radius
The design and operation of a Thin-Cloud Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (TCRSR) described here was used to measure the radiative intensity of the solar aureole and enable the simultaneous retrieval of cloud optical depth, drop effective radius, ...
M. J. Bartholomew; R. M. Reynolds; A. M. Vogelmann; Q. Min; R. Edwards; S. Smith
Performance of Commercial Radiometers in Very Low Temperature and Pressure Environments Typical of Polar Regions and of the Stratosphere: A Laboratory Study
Characterizing the performance of ground-based commercial radiometers in cold and/or low-pressure environments is critical for developing accurate flux measurements in the polar regions and in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Commercially ...
Wenying Su; Ellsworth Dutton; Thomas P. Charlock; Warren Wiscombe
Retrieval of Key Aerosol Optical Parameters from Spectral Direct and Diffuse Irradiances Observed by a Radiometer with Nonideal Cosine Response Characteristic
The spectral direct and diffuse irradiances observed by a radiometer with a horizontal surface detector have been frequently used to study aerosol optical parameters, such as aerosol optical thickness (?aer) and single scattering albedo (?). Such ...
Pradeep Khatri; Tamio Takamura; Akihiro Yamazaki; Yutaka Kondo
Microwave-triggered laser switch
A high-repetition rate switch for delivering short duration, high-power electrical pulses from a pulsed-charged dc power supply. The present invention utilizes a microwave-generating device such as a magnetron that is capable of producing high-power pulses at high-pulse repetition rates and fast-pulse risetimes for long periods with high reliability. The rail-gap electrodes provide a large surface area that reduces induction effects and minimizes electrode erosion. Additionally, breakdown is initiated in a continuous geometric fashion that also increases operating lifetime of the device.
Piltch, Martin S. (Los Alamos, NM)
This invention pertains to a process for disposal of toxic wastes including chlorinated hydrocarbons, comprising, establishing a bed of non-metallic particulates having a high dielectric loss factor. Effecting intimate contact of the particulates and the toxic wastes at a temperature in excess of about 400{degree}C. In the presence of microwave radiation for a time sufficient to break the hydrocarbon chlorine bonds and provide detoxification values in excess of 80 and further detoxifying the bed followed by additional disposal of toxic wastes.
Varma, R.
A high-repetition rate switch is described for delivering short duration, high-powered electrical pulses from a pulsed-charged dc power supply. The present invention utilizes a microwave-generating device such as a magnetron that is capable of producing high-power pulses at high-pulse repetition rates and fast-pulse risetimes for long periods with high reliability. The rail-gap electrodes provide a large surface area that reduces induction effects and minimizes electrode erosion. Additionally, breakdown is initiated in a continuous geometric fashion that also increases operating lifetime of the device.
Piltch, M.S.
A process is disclosed for the disposal of toxic wastes including chlorinated hydrocarbons, comprising, establishing a bed of non-metallic particulates having a high dielectric loss factor. Intimate contact of the particulates and the toxic wastes at a temperature in excess of about 400 C in the presence of microwave radiation for a time sufficient breaks the hydrocarbon chlorine bonds. Detoxification values in excess of 80 are provided and further detoxification of the bed is followed by additional disposal of toxic wastes. 1 figure.
Remotely Controlled, Continuous Observations of Infrared Radiance with the CSIRO/ARM Mark II Radiometer at the SGP CART Site
Remotely Controlled, Continuous Observations of Remotely Controlled, Continuous Observations of Infrared Radiance with the CSIRO/ARM Mark II Radiometer at the SGP CART Site C. M. R. Platt and R. T. Austin Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado C. M. R. Platt and J. A. Bennett Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Atmospheric Research Aspendale, Victoria, Australia Abstract The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization/Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (CSIRO/ARM) Program Mark II infrared (IR) filter radiometer operated continuously at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site for a period of five weeks. Data of high quality were obtained by remote operation and data transfer with no evidence of spurious
Microwave generated plasma light source apparatus
A microwave generated plasma light source including a microwave generator, a microwave cavity having a light reflecting member forming at least a portion of the cavity, and a member transparent to light and opaque to microwaves disposed across an opening of the cavity opposite the feeding opening through which the microwave generator is coupled. An electrodeless discharge bulb is disposed at a position in the cavity such that the cavity operates as a resonant cavity at least when the bulb is emitting light. In the bulb is encapsulated at least one discharge light emissive substance. The bulb has a shape and is sufficiently small that the bulb acts substantially as a point light source.
Yoshizawa, K.; Ito, H.; Kodama, H.; Komura, H.; Minowa, Y.
Tandem microwave waste remediation and decontamination system
The invention discloses a tandem microwave system consisting of a primary chamber in which microwave energy is used for the controlled combustion of materials. A second chamber is used to further treat the off-gases from the primary chamber by passage through a susceptor matrix subjected to additional microwave energy. The direct microwave radiation and elevated temperatures provide for significant reductions in the qualitative and quantitative emissions of the treated off gases. The tandem microwave system can be utilized for disinfecting wastes, sterilizing materials, and/or modifying the form of wastes to solidify organic or inorganic materials. The simple design allows on-site treatment of waste by small volume waste generators.
Wicks, George G. (North Aiken, SC); Clark, David E. (Gainesville, FL); Schulz, Rebecca L. (Gainesville, FL)
A Microwave Thruster for Spacecraft Propulsion
This presentation describes how a microwave thruster can be used for spacecraft propulsion. A microwave thruster is part of a larger class of electric propulsion devices that have higher specific impulse and lower thrust than conventional chemical rocket engines. Examples of electric propulsion devices are given in this presentation and it is shown how these devices have been used to accomplish two recent space missions. The microwave thruster is then described and it is explained how the thrust and specific impulse of the thruster can be measured. Calculations of the gas temperature and plasma properties in the microwave thruster are discussed. In addition a potential mission for the microwave thruster involving the orbit raising of a space station is explored.
Chiravalle, Vincent P [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Comparison of Historical Satellite-Based Estimates of Solar Radiation Resources with Recent Rotating Shadowband Radiometer Measurements: Preprint
The availability of rotating shadow band radiometer measurement data at several new stations provides an opportunity to compare historical satellite-based estimates of solar resources with measurements. We compare mean monthly daily total (MMDT) solar radiation data from eight years of NSRDB and 22 years of NASA hourly global horizontal and direct beam solar estimates with measured data from three stations, collected after the end of the available resource estimates.
Method to Calculate Uncertainty Estimate of Measuring Shortwave Solar Irradiance using Thermopile and Semiconductor Solar Radiometers
The uncertainty of measuring solar irradiance is fundamentally important for solar energy and atmospheric science applications. Without an uncertainty statement, the quality of a result, model, or testing method cannot be quantified, the chain of traceability is broken, and confidence cannot be maintained in the measurement. Measurement results are incomplete and meaningless without a statement of the estimated uncertainty with traceability to the International System of Units (SI) or to another internationally recognized standard. This report explains how to use International Guidelines of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) to calculate such uncertainty. The report also shows that without appropriate corrections to solar measuring instruments (solar radiometers), the uncertainty of measuring shortwave solar irradiance can exceed 4% using present state-of-the-art pyranometers and 2.7% using present state-of-the-art pyrheliometers. Finally, the report demonstrates that by applying the appropriate corrections, uncertainties may be reduced by at least 50%. The uncertainties, with or without the appropriate corrections might not be compatible with the needs of solar energy and atmospheric science applications; yet, this report may shed some light on the sources of uncertainties and the means to reduce overall uncertainty in measuring solar irradiance.
Reda, I.
Microwave combustion and sintering without isostatic pressure
In recent years interest has grown rapidly in the application of microwave energy to the processing of ceramics, composites, polymers, and other materials. Advances in the understanding of microwave/materials interactions will facilitate the production of new ceramic materials with superior mechanical properties. One application of particular interest is the use of microwave energy for the mobilization of uranium for subsequent redeposition. Phase III (FY98) will focus on the microwave assisted chemical vapor infiltration tests for mobilization and redeposition of radioactive species in the mixed sludge waste. Uranium hexachloride and uranium (IV) borohydride are volatile compounds for which the chemical vapor infiltration procedure might be developed for the separation of uranium. Microwave heating characterized by an inverse temperature profile within a preformed ceramic matrix will be utilized for CVI using a carrier gas. Matrix deposition is expected to commence from the inside of the sample where the highest temperature is present. The preform matrix materials, which include aluminosilicate based ceramics and silicon carbide based ceramics, are all amenable to extreme volume reduction, densification, and vitrification. Important parameters of microwave sintering such as frequency, power requirement, soaking temperature, and holding time will be investigated to optimize process conditions for the volatilization of uranyl species using a reactive carrier gas in a microwave chamber.
Ebadian, M.A.
Measuring Crystal Size in Cirrus Using 35- and 94-GHz Radars
Results are presented from a case study in which coincident 35- and 94-GHz radars located at Chilbolton, England, were used to measure crystal size in cirrus clouds. In the presence of larger crystals the 94-GHz radar scatters sufficiently beyond ...
Robin J. Hogan; Anthony J. Illingworth; Henri Sauvageot
Mobile and Personal Communications in the 60 GHz Band: A Survey
This paper intends to present a summary of the technical issues arising in the exploitation of the 60 GHz mm-wave band for mobile and personal communications. The most significant applications proposed so far are surveyed, with particular emphasis ... Keywords: 60 GHz communications, millimeter-wave communications, mobile radio communications, radio propagation
Filippo Giannetti; Marco Luise; Ruggero Reggiannini
Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager
Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) Global Gridded Products Agriculture Community Menu DATA APPS EVENTS DEVELOPER STATISTICS COLLABORATE ABOUT Agriculture You are here Data.gov » Communities » Agriculture » Data Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) Global Gridded Products Dataset Summary Description The SSM/I products are useful for evaluating the mean climate state, it's interannual and seasonal variations, and the detection of anomalies associated with ENSO and regional climatic variations. The Hydrology Team has assembled a time series of the entire SSM/I archive, now entering it's 16th year, which includes data from July 1987 to the present. Monthly average products are produced for precipitation, cloud liquid water, total precipitable water, snow cover, sea-ice cover, and oceanic surface wind speed.
Microwave radiative transfer in the mixed-phase regions of tropical rainfall
Current physically-based Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) algorithms for estimating oceanic rain use a very simplified hydrometeor profile that ignores the mixed-phase regions (Wilheit et al., 1977). However, to estimate hydrometeor profiles more reasonably in the tropical precipitation regions, understanding of the brightness temperature (Tb) variations in the mixed-phase regions is essential. Further, establishing physical assumptions for microwave radiative transfer in the mixed-phase regions is necessary for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties in the rainfall retrieval. Consequently, the objective of this study was to quantify uncertainties and to achieve a solid basis for improvement of the current rainfall retrieval, which is based on an RTM. To accomplish this, we examined data taken by the Convair-580 aircraft during the KWAJEX (Kwajalein Experiment). In order to calculate radiative transfer, the AMMR (Airborne Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer) data were combined with radiosonde data and aircraft microphysics data. Analyses were performed for the stratiform and convective rainfall regions respectively. In stratiform precipitation with a bright band, the main concern was to examine the needed physical assumptions for describing the abrupt change of Tb just below the freezing level. In the case of convective precipitation, the focus was to investigate the effective additional rain layer thickness corresponding to the super-cooled water layer above the freezing level. From the results, it was required to assume the bright-band (around 1/2 km below the FL) as having 2 times the absorption as the rain below to explain the Tb variation due to the phase change of hydrometeors. On the other hand, in the case of convective rainfall, it was suggested that approximately from 1/4km to 3km of super-cooled layer thickness should be considered to describe the additional hydrometeor layer due to the strong updrafts in the convective regions.
Jin, Kyoung-Wook
Measurements of Secondary Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies with the South Pole Telescope
We report cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum measurements from the first 100 sq. deg. field observed by the South Pole Telescope (SPT) at 150 and 220 GHz. On angular scales where the primary CMB anisotropy is dominant, ell ~ 50 at both frequencies. We combine the 150 and 220 GHz data to remove the majority of the point source power, and use the point source subtracted spectrum to detect Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) power at 2.6 sigma. At ell=3000, the SZ power in the subtracted bandpowers is 4.2 +/- 1.5 uK^2, which is significantly lower than the power predicted by a fiducial model using WMAP5 cosmological parameters. This discrepancy may suggest that contemporary galaxy cluster models overestimate the thermal pressure of intracluster gas. Alternatively, this result can be interpreted as evidence for lower values of sigma8. When combined with an estimate of the kinetic SZ contribution, the measured SZ amplitude shifts sigma8 from the primary CMB anisotropy derived constraint of 0.794 +/- 0.028 down t...
Lueker, M; Schaffer, K K; Zahn, O; Ade, P A R; Aird, K A; Benson, B A; Bleem, L E; Carlstrom, J E; Chang, C L; Cho, H M; Crawford, T M; Crites, A T; de Haan, T; Dobbs, M A; George, E M; Hall, N R; Halverson, N W; Holder, G P; Holzapfel, W L; Hrubes, J D; Joy, M; Keisler, R; Knox, L; Lee, A T; Leitch, E M; McMahon, J J; Mehl, J; Meyer, S S; Mohr, J J; Montroy, T E; Padin, S; Plagge, T; Pryke, C; Ruhl, J E; Shaw, L; Shirokoff, E; Spieler, H G; Staniszewski, Z; Stark, A A; Vanderlinde, K; Vieira, J D; Williamson, R
Planar slot coupled microwave hybrid
A symmetrical 180.degree. microwave hybrid is constructed by opening a slot line in a ground plane below a conducting strip disposed on a dielectric substrate, creating a slot coupled conductor. Difference signals propagating on the slot coupled conductor are isolated on the slot line leaving sum signals to propagate on the microstrip. The difference signal is coupled from the slot line onto a second microstrip line for transmission to a desired location. The microstrip branches in a symmetrical fashion to provide the input/output ports of the 180.degree. hybrid. The symmetry of the device provides for balance and isolation between sum and difference signals, and provides an advantageous balance between the power handling capabilities and the bandwidth of the device.
Petter, Jeffrey K. (Williston, VT)
Soil moisture modeling and scaling using passive microwave remote sensing
Soil moisture in the shallow subsurface is a primary hydrologic state governing land-atmosphere interaction at various scales. The primary objectives of this study are to model soil moisture in the root zone in a distributed manner and determine scaling properties of surface soil moisture using passive microwave remote sensing. The study was divided into two parts. For the first study, a root zone soil moisture assessment tool (SMAT) was developed in the ArcGIS platform by fully integrating a one-dimensional vadose zone hydrology model (HYDRUS-ET) with an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation capability. The tool was tested with dataset from the Southern Great Plain 1997 (SGP97) hydrology remote sensing experiment. Results demonstrated that SMAT displayed a reasonable capability to generate soil moisture distribution at the desired resolution at various depths of the root zone in Little Washita watershed during the SGP97 hydrology remote sensing experiment. To improve the model performance, several outstanding issues need to be addressed in the future by: including "effective" hydraulic parameters across spatial scales; implementing subsurface soil properties data bases using direct and indirect methods; incorporating appropriate hydrologic processes across spatial scales; accounting uncertainties in forcing data; and preserving interactions for spatially correlated pixels. The second study focused on spatial scaling properties of the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR)-based remotely sensed surface soil moisture fields in a region with high row crop agriculture. A wavelet based multi-resolution technique was used to decompose the soil moisture fields into larger-scale average soil moisture fields and fluctuations in horizontal, diagonal and vertical directions at various resolutions. The specific objective was to relate soil moisture variability at the scale of the PSR footprint (800 m X 800 m) to larger scale average soil moisture field variability. We also investigated the scaling characteristics of fluctuation fields among various resolutions. The spatial structure of soil moisture exhibited linearity in the log-log dependency of the variance versus scale-factor, up to a scale factor of -2.6 (6100 m X 6100 m) irrespective of wet and dry conditions, whereas dry fields reflect nonlinear (multi-scaling) behavior at larger scale-factors.
Das, Narendra N.
Tip Cal Methods for Ground-Based Microwave Tip Cal Methods for Ground-Based Microwave Radiometric Sensing of Water Vapor and Clouds Y. Han and E. R. Westwater CIRES, University of Colorado National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory Boulder, Colorado Introduction Ground-based Microwave Radiometers (MWRs) have been widely used to measure atmospheric water vapor and cloud liquid water. Frequencies on the 22.235-GHz water vapor absorption band and in the 31-GHz absorption window region are commonly used in these systems. These frequency channels differ in their response to water vapor and cloud liquid water and provide brightness temperature measurements from which precipitable water vapor (PWV) and integrated cloud liquid water are derived. Absolute calibration of the radiometer is fundamental in determining the accuracies of these
Combined Use of the Radar and Radiometer of TRMM to Estimate the Influence of Drop Size Distribution on Rain Retrievals
A combination of passive microwave and radar observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite is used to investigate the consistency between the two sensors. Rather than relying on some absolute �truth� to verify ...
Nicolas Viltard; Christian Kummerow; William S. Olson; Ye Hong
Satellite Microwave Surface Observations in Tropical Cyclones
Sea surface estimates of local winds, waves, and rain-rate conditions are crucial to complement infrared/visible satellite images in estimating the strength of tropical cyclones (TCs). Satellite measurements at microwave frequencies are thus key ...
Yves Quilfen; Bertrand Chapron; Jean Tournadre
Chemical vapor infiltration using microwave energy
This invention is comprised of a method for producing reinforced ceramic composite articles by means of chemical vapor infiltration and deposition in which an inverted temperature gradient is utilized. Microwave energy is the source of heat for the process.
Devlin, D.J.; Currier, R.P.; Laia, J.R.; Barbero, R.S.
Modulated microwave microscopy and probes used therewith
A microwave microscope including a probe tip electrode vertically positionable over a sample and projecting downwardly from the end of a cantilever. A transmission line connecting the tip electrode to the electronic control system extends along the cantilever and is separated from a ground plane at the bottom of the cantilever by a dielectric layer. The probe tip may be vertically tapped near or at the sample surface at a low frequency and the microwave signal reflected from the tip/sample interaction is demodulated at the low frequency. Alternatively, a low-frequency electrical signal is also a non-linear electrical element associated with the probe tip to non-linearly interact with the applied microwave signal and the reflected non-linear microwave signal is detected at the low frequency. The non-linear element may be semiconductor junction formed near the apex of the probe tip or be an FET formed at the base of a semiconducting tip.
Lai, Keji; Kelly, Michael; Shen, Zhi-Xun
Beamfilling Errors in Passive Microwave Rainfall Retrievals
There are currently large numbers of rainfall retrieval algorithms based upon passive microwave radiances. Most of these algorithms are physically based in that they use explicit physical assumptions to derive relationships between brightness ...
Christian Kummerow
Detection of contraband using microwave radiation
The present invention relates to a method and system for using microwave radiation to detect contraband hidden inside of a non-metallic container, such as a pneumatic vehicle tire. The method relies on the attenuation, retardation, time delay, or phase shift of microwave radiation as it passes through the container plus the contraband. The method is non-invasive, non-destructive, low power, and does not require physical contact with the container.
Toth, Richard P. (Albuquerque, NM); Loubriel, Guillermo M. (Albuquerque, NM); Bacon, Larry D. (Albuquerque, NM); Watson, Robert D. (Tijeras, NM)
Optimization and analysis of shape of coaxial electrode for microwave plasma in water
The effect of the shape of the electrode to generate 2.45 GHz microwave plasma in pure water is examined. Three variations of a common coaxial electrode are proposed, and compared according to the power required for plasma ignition and the position of plasma ignition in pure water at 6 kPa using a high-speed camera. These coaxial electrodes are calculated using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method calculations. The superior shape of coaxial electrode is found to be one with a flat plane on the tip of the inner electrode and dielectric substance located below the tip of the outer electrode. The position of the plasma ignition is related to the shape of the coaxial electrode. By solving the heat-conduction equation of water around the coaxial electrode taking into account the absorption of the microwave energy, the position of the plasma ignition is found to be not where electric field is the largest, but rather where temperature is maximized.
Hattori, Yoshiaki; Mukasa, Shinobu; Nomura, Shinfuku; Toyota, Hiromichi [Department of Engineering for Production and Environment, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577 (Japan)
Solid-State Dynamic Nuclear Polarization at 263 GHz: Spectrometer Design and Experimental Results
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) experiments transfer polarization from electron spins to nuclear spins with microwave irradiation of the electron spins for enhanced sensitivity in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ...
Rosay, Melanie
Microwave emissions from police radar
The purpose of this study was to evaluate police officers exposures to microwaves emitted by traffic radar units at the ocular and testicular level. Additionally, comparisons were made of the radar manufacturers published maximum power density specifications and actual measured power densities taken at the antenna face of those units. Four different speed enforcement agencies and one transportation research institute provided fifty four different radar units for evaluation. Of those units, nine dash mounted. five rear mounted, and three hand held models were included. During this study, only four of the 986 measurements taken exceeded the American National Standards Institute(ANSI) limit of 5 MW/CM2 , and none exceeded the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH), Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(IEEE), or Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) standard of 10 MW/CM2 . None of the 812 measurements taken at the officers seated ocular and testicular positions exceeded .04 MW/CM2. In fact, the highest reading observed in the drivers' position was .034 MW/CM2 taken at the 5th percentile testicular level, less than 1% of the lowest current safety standard. Because of the confusion that exists in the medical and scientific communities concerning non-ionizing radiation, the extent of health risks associated with long term exposure to police radar is not yet known. Until science has indisputably proven that long term, low power exposure is not harmful, it is recommended that police departments take steps to limit officer exposure. There are several ways that police departments can limit exposure cheaply and with minimal effort. The purchasing department should first consider radar units with the lowest published maximum power densities. New hand held radar units should not be purchased because they leave open the opportunity for operators to place their bodies in the radar beam path. Purchasing units whose antennae mount outside the patrol vehicle will also lower exposure to microwaves. Finally, training that stresses the importance of using the radar units' stand-by mode when not actually monitoring traffic will further limit exposure.
Fink, John Michael
Global distributions of total ozone during January and February 1979 as determined from DMSP multichannel filter radiometer measurements
The multichannel filter radiometer instrument (MFR) was first flown on a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Block 5D series satellite in 1977. Daily analyses of the global distribution of retrieved total ozone are presented for January and February 1979. The temporal and spatial averages and variability of ozone during this period are discussed. Retrieved total column ozone data derived from the MFR measurements for January 1979 are compared with preliminary SBUV measurements and with distributions of total ozone measured between 1958 and 1967.
Luther, F.M.; Ellis, J.S.; Lovill, J.E.; Sullivan, T.J.; Weichel, R.L.
Synthesis of macrocyclic polyaminocarboxylates and their use for preparing stable radiometal antibody immunoconjugates for therapy, spect and pet imaging
A simple method for the synthesis of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane N,N'N",N'"-tetraacetic acid and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetic acid involves cyanomethylating 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane or 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane to form a tetranitrile and hydrolyzing the tetranitrile. These macrocyclic compounds are functionalized through one of the carboxylates and then conjugated to various biological molecules including monoclonal antibodies. The resulting conjugated molecules are labeled with radiometals for SPECT and PET imaging and for radiotherapy.
Results of First Outdoor Comparison Between Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometer (ACP) and Infrared Integrating Sphere (IRIS) Radiometer at PMOD (Presentation)
The ACP and IRIS are developed to establish a world reference for calibrating pyrgeometers with traceability to SI units. The two radiometers are unwindowed with negligible spectral dependence, and traceable to SI units through the temperature scale (ITS-90). The first outdoor comparison between the two designs was held from January 28 to February 8, 2013 at the Physikalisch-Metorologisches Observatorium Davos (PMOD). The difference between the irradiance measured by ACP and that of IRIS was within 1 W/m2. A difference of 5 W/m2 was observed between the irradiance measured by ACP&IRIS and that of the interim World Infrared Standard Group (WISG).
Reda, I.; Grobner, J.; Wacker, S.; Stoffel, T.
Synthesis of macrocyclic polyaminocarboxylates and their use for preparing stable radiometal antibody immunoconjugates for therapy, SPECT and PET imaging
A simple method for the synthesis of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane N,N{prime}N{double_prime},N{prime}{double_prime}-tetraacetic acid and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane N,N{prime},N{double_prime},N{prime}{double_prime}-tetraacetic acid involves cyanomethylating 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane or 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane to form a tetranitrile and hydrolyzing the tetranitrile. These macrocyclic compounds are functionalized through one of the carboxylates and then conjugated to various biological molecules including monoclonal antibodies. The resulting conjugated molecules are labeled with radiometals for SPECT and PET imaging and for radiotherapy. 4 figs.
Neural networks and separation of Cosmic Microwave Background and astrophysical signals in sky maps
The Independent Component Analysis (ICA) algorithm is implemented as a neural network for separating signals of different origin in astrophysical sky maps. Due to its self-organizing capability, it works without prior assumptions on the signals, neither on their frequency scaling, nor on the signal maps themselves; instead, it learns directly from the input data how to separate the physical components, making use of their statistical independence. To test the capabilities of this approach, we apply the ICA algorithm on sky patches, taken from simulations and observations, at the microwave frequencies, that are going to be deeply explored in a few years on the whole sky, by the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) and by the {\\sc Planck} Surveyor Satellite. The maps are at the frequencies of the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) aboard the {\\sc Planck} satellite (30, 44, 70 and 100 GHz), and contain simulated astrophysical radio sources, Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, and Galactic diffuse emissions from thermal dust and synchrotron. We show that the ICA algorithm is able to recover each signal, with precision going from 10% for the Galactic components to percent for CMB; radio sources are almost completely recovered down to a flux limit corresponding to $0.7\\sigma_{CMB}$, where $\\sigma_{CMB}$ is the rms level of CMB fluctuations. The signal recovering possesses equal quality on all the scales larger then the pixel size. In addition, we show that the frequency scalings of the input signals can be partially inferred from the ICA outputs, at the percent precision for the dominant components, radio sources and CMB.
C. Baccigalupi; L. Bedini; C. Burigana; G. De Zotti; A. Farusi; D. Maino; M. Maris; F. Perrotta; E. Salerno; L. Toffolatti; A. Tonazzini
J. Plasma Fusion Res. SERIES, Vol. 8 (2009) Generation Technique and Sterilization Application of Microwave-excited Plasma inside a Medical Container
A novel technique of generating stable microwave-excited plasma inside a medical container is proposed. With this technique, sterilization process can be easily carried out with the medical instruments stored in the medical container without opening it just like the sterilization process what is carried out by autoclave. Biological indicator (BI) with 2.3?10 6 Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores are placed at the center bottom of the medical container to check the sterilizing effectiveness of the plasma excited by 2.45 GHz microwave launched from the plastic cover of the medical container. By using air plasma with gas flow rate of 50 sccm, when net microwave power is kept 400 W at pressure of 25 Pa, the BI samples are sterilized after 15 min plasma irradiation in the preliminary experiments. In the latest experiments, sterilization of the same BI samples can be realized after 15 min plasma irradiation at air flow rate of 200 sccm, when net microwave power is kept 300 W at pressure of 95 Pa.
Lei Xu; Yuya Fujioka; Akihisa Ogino; Masaaki Nagatsu
Retrieval of Cloud Microphysical Parameters from 94-GHz Radar Doppler Power Spectra
A technique is presented that uses Doppler spectra collected from a vertically pointing 94-GHz radar to reconstruct cloud and precipitation drop size distributions. A conceptual model describing the broadening of Doppler spectra by turbulence was ...
David M. Babb; Johannes Verlinde; Bruce A. Albrecht
An Evaluation of a 94-GHz Radar for Remote Sensing of Cloud Properties
The performance of a 94-GHz radar is evaluated for a variety of cloud conditions. Descriptions of the radar hardware, signal processing, and calibration provide an overview of the radar's capabilities. An important component of the signal ...
E. E. Clothiaux; M. A. Miller; B. A. Albrecht; T. P. Ackerman; J. Verlinde; D. M. Babb; R. M. Peters; W. J. Syrett
Enhanced Radar Backscattering due to Oriented Ice Particles at 95 GHz during StormVEx
Nonspherical atmospheric ice particles can enhance radar backscattering and attenuation above that expected from spheres of the same mass. An analysis of scanning 95 GHz radar data collected during the Storm Peak Laboratory cloud property ...
Roger Marchand; Gerald G. Mace; A. Gannet Hallar; Ian B. McCubbin; Sergey Y. Matrosov; Matthew D. Shupe
Retrieval of Clear Sky Moisture Profiles using the 183 GHz Water Vapor Line
A technique for retrieving vertical moisture profiles from downlooking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation near the 183 GHz water vapor line is described. A simulation experiment utilizing this retrieval technique and temperature ...
Ramesh K. Kakar
Calculation of wakefields in a 17 GHz beam-driven photonic band-gap accelerator structure
We present the theoretical analysis and computer simulation of the wakefields in a 17 GHz photonic band-gap (PBG) structure for accelerator applications. Using the commercial code CST Particle Studio, the fundamental ...
Hu, Min
Commissioning of the superconducting ECR ion source VENUS at 18 GHz
Commissioning of the Superconducting ECR ion source VENUS atQ Analyzed FC Current (euA) COMMISSIONING RESULTS AT 18 GHZIn 2002 and 2003 initial commissioning at 18 GHz was carried
Leitner, Daniela; Abbott, Steven R.; Dwinell, Roger D.; Leitner, Matthaeus; Taylor, Clyde E.; Lyneis, Claude M.
35-GHz Dual-Polarization Propagation Link for Rain-Rate Estimation
A 35-GHz dual-polarization propagation link (DPPL) is described and initial measurements are presented. The instrument is essentially a small, low-power, portable, dual linearly polarized pulsed radar that provides differential attenuation ...
Christopher S. Ruf; Kultegin Aydin; Savyasachee Mathur; Justin P. Bobak
Microwave quantum logic spectroscopy and control of molecular ions
A general method for rotational microwave spectroscopy and control of polar molecular ions via direct microwave addressing is considered. Our method makes use of spatially varying ac Stark shifts, induced by far off-resonant, ...
Drewsen, M
Satellite Rainfall Estimation Using Combined Passive Microwave and Infrared Algorithms
The development of a combined infrared and passive microwave satellite rainfall estimation technique is outlined. Infrared data from geostationary satellites are combined with polar-orbiting passive microwave estimates to provide 30-min rainfall ...
Chris Kidd; Dominic R. Kniveton; Martin C. Todd; Tim J. Bellerby
A Method for Combining Passive Microwave and Infrared Rainfall Observations
Passive microwave observations of rainfall offer the ability to obtain very accurate instantaneous estimates of rainfall. Because passive microwave instruments are confined to polar-orbiting satellites, however, such estimates must interpolate ...
Christian Kummerow; Louis Giglio
Some Comments on Passive Microwave Measurement of Rain
It is argued that because microwave radiation interacts much more strongly with hydrometeors than with cloud particles, microwave measurements from space offer a significant chance of making global precipitation estimates. Over oceans, passive ...
Thomas T. Wilheit
Passive-Microwave-Enhanced Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme
The formulation and testing of an enhanced Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) using new predictors derived from passive microwave imagery is presented. Passive microwave imagery is acquired for tropical cyclones in the ...
Thomas A. Jones; Daniel Cecil; Mark DeMaria
An Observationally Generated A Priori Database for Microwave Rainfall Retrievals
The combination of active and passive microwave sensors on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite have been used to construct observationally constrained databases of precipitation profiles for use in passive microwave ...
Christian D. Kummerow; Sarah Ringerud; Jody Crook; David Randel; Wesley Berg
Microwave Heating, Energy and Environment - Programmaster.org
Mar 7, 2013 ... Microwave Reflection Loss of Ferric Oxide: Zhiwei Peng1; ... heat rapidly by microwave (MW) irradiation generating plasma during oxidation of surfaces. .... Co-Gasification Behavior of Metallurgical Coke with High and Low�...
A Statistical Modeling Approach to Passive Microwave Rainfall Retrieval
A new empirical algorithm for retrieving rainfall rates from passive microwave (particularly Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) data is presented. Errors caused by spatial and temporal variation of surface temperature, emissivity, and atmospheric ...
Douglas M. Smith; Dominic R. Kniveton; Eric C. Barrett
Global estimation of precipitation using opaque microwave bands
This thesis describes the use of opaque microwave bands for global estimation of precipitation rate. An algorithm was developed for estimating instantaneous precipitation rate for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) ...
Chen, Frederick Wey-Min, 1975-
Microwave Effect on Densification Kinetics during the Sintering of ...
Symposium, Rustum Roy Memorial Symposium: Processing and Performance of Materials using Microwaves, Electric and Magnetic Fields, Ultrasound, Lasers,�...
A Novel Microwave Assisted Phosphate Coating Process for ...
Microstructural Characteristics of Nano Calcium Phosphates Doped with Fluoride and Titanium Ions � Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Nano Hydroxyapatite�...
Microwave Brazing of Gas Turbine Components - Programmaster.org
Presentation Title, Microwave Brazing of Gas Turbine Components ... A Breakthrough Application of Electricity at High Temperature for Steel Production: Molten�...
The Effect of Temperature on Dielectric Permitivity and Microwave ...
Dielectric property and microwave absorption property of anthracite were measured ... Effect of Continuous Cooling Rate on Microstructural Transformation of�...
Microwave off-gas treatment apparatus and process
The invention discloses a microwave off-gas system in which microwave energy is used to treat gaseous waste. A treatment chamber is used to remediate off-gases from an emission source by passing the off-gases through a susceptor matrix, the matrix being exposed to microwave radiation. The microwave radiation and elevated temperatures within the combustion chamber provide for significant reductions in the qualitative and quantitative emissions of the gas waste stream.
Schulz, Rebecca L. (Aiken, SC); Clark, David E. (Gainesville, FL); Wicks, George G. (North Aiken, SC)
Mechanism of Microwave Heating of Dielectric and Magnetic
New Saccharification Process of Cellulosic Biomass by Microwave Irradiation � Novel Lamination Method for Large Armor Panels � Raman Spectroscopy for�...
Reduction Behavior of TiO 2 during Microwave Heating
Microwave Heating Of Copper Powders in a Single Mode Cavity
An Explanation of Microwave Effects by Expansion of Transit State ...
... State Theories with Disturbed Velocity Distributions by Microwave. Author(s), Motoyasu Sato, Jun Fukushima, kyouichiro Kashimura, Sadatugu Takayama.
Processing and Performance of Materials using Microwaves, Electric ...
Microwave accelerator E-beam pumped laser
A device and method for pumping gaseous lasers by means of a microwave accelerator. The microwave accelerator produces a relativistic electron beam which is applied along the longitudinal axis of the laser through an electron beam window. The incident points of the electron beam on the electron beam window are varied by deflection coils to enhance the cooling characteristics of the foil. A thyratron is used to reliably modulate the microwave accelerator to produce electron beam pulses which excite the laser medium to produce laser pulse repetition frequencies not previously obtainable. An aerodynamic window is also disclosed which eliminates foil heating problems, as well as a magnetic bottle for reducing laser cavity length and pressures while maintaining efficient energy deposition.
Brau, Charles A. (Los Alamos, NM); Stein, William E. (Los Alamos, NM); Rockwood, Stephen D. (Los Alamos, NM)
Open Ended Microwave Oven for Packaging
A novel open waveguide cavity resonator is presented for the combined variable frequency microwave curing of bumps, underfills and encapsulants, as well as the alignment of devices for fast flip-chip assembly, direct chip attach (DCA) or wafer-scale level packaging (WSLP). This technology achieves radio frequency (RF) curing of adhesives used in microelectronics, optoelectronics and medical devices with potential simultaneous micron-scale alignment accuracy and bonding of devices. In principle, the open oven cavity can be fitted directly onto a flip-chip or wafer scale bonder and, as such, will allow for the bonding of devices through localised heating thus reducing the risk to thermally sensitive devices. Variable frequency microwave (VFM) heating and curing of an idealised polymer load is numerically simulated using a multi-physics approach. Electro-magnetic fields within a novel open ended microwave oven developed for use in micro-electronics manufacturing applications are solved using a de icated Yee sche...
Sinclair, K I; Desmulliez, M Y P; Goussetis, G; Bailey, C; Parrott, K; Sangster, A J
Apparatus for microwave heat treatment of manufactured components
An apparatus for heat treating manufactured components using microwave energy and microwave susceptor material. Heat treating medium such as eutectic salts may be employed. A fluidized bed introduces process gases which may include carburizing or nitriding gases. The process may be operated in a batch mode or continuous process mode. A microwave heating probe may be used to restart a frozen eutectic salt bath.
Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services Y-12, LLC (Oak Ridge, TN)
Methods for microwave heat treatment of manufactured components
Ripley, Edward B. (Knoxville, TN)
Numerical and experimental modelling of microwave applicators
area of use is for the processing of food, the tempering of fruit, meat, fish and dairy produce, for the heating and cooking of meals and for sterilisation and pasteurisation. The domestic microwave oven is now a common household appliance throughout... the world and many food producers are turning to microwave heating as a means of achieving the high quality products demanded by todays consumers. The sizes of these systems can range from a few hundred watts for a domestic oven to over 250 kilowatts for a...
Dibben, David
Synthesis of ultrafine powders by microwave heating
A method of synthesizing ultrafine powders using microwaves is described. A water soluble material is dissolved in water and the resulting aqueous solution is exposed to microwaves until the water has dissolved. The resulting material is an ultrafine powder. This method can be used to make Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, NiO /plus/ Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and NiO as well as a number of other materials including GaBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/. 1 tab.
Meek, T.T.; Sheinberg, H.; Blake, R.D.
Validation of Geolocation of Measurements of the Clouds and the Earth�s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Scanning Radiometers aboard Three Spacecraft
The Clouds and the Earth�s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument is a scanning radiometer for measuring Earth-emitted and -reflected solar radiation to understand Earth�s energy balance. One CERES instrument was placed into orbit aboard the ...
G. Louis Smith; Kory J. Priestley; Phillip C. Hess; Chris Currey; Peter Spence
Optimized ECR plasma apparatus with varied microwave window thickness
The present invention describes a technique to control the radial profile of microwave power in an ECR plasma discharge. In order to provide for a uniform plasma density to a specimen, uniform energy absorption by the plasma is desired. By controlling the radial profile of the microwave power transmitted through the microwave window of a reactor, the profile of the transmitted energy to the plasma can be controlled in order to have uniform energy absorption by the plasma. An advantage of controlling the profile using the window transmission characteristics is that variations to the radial profile of microwave power can be made without changing the microwave coupler or reactor design.
Berry, Lee A. (Oak Ridge, TN)
The present invention describes a technique to control the radial profile of microwave power in an ECR plasma discharge. In order to provide for a uniform plasma density to a specimen, uniform energy absorption by the plasma is desired. By controlling the radial profile of the microwave power transmitted through the microwave window of a reactor, the profile of the transmitted energy to the plasma can be controlled in order to have uniform energy absorption by the plasma. An advantage of controlling the profile using the window transmission characteristics is that variations to the radial profile of microwave power can be made without changing the microwave coupler or reactor design. 9 figs.
Berry, L.A.
History of the Pulsed Power, Beams, and Microwaves Laboratory The Directed Energy Microwave Laboratory is a 4100 square foot facility located in
History of the Pulsed Power, Beams, and Microwaves Laboratory The Directed Energy Microwave of the Directed Energy Microwave Laboratory is to: · educate MS and PhD scientists and engineers
Sen, Pradeep
Microwave instabilities in Booster and AGS
Microwave instabilities is evaluated for the Booster and AGS for the preparation of the relativistic heavy ion collider. We found that the Booster may require feedback system for the transverse instability at the high intensity proton operation. The coherent instability is not important for the nominal RhIC operational intensity.
Lee, S.Y.; Zhao, X.F.
Effects of Microwave Radiation on Oil Recovery
A variety of oil recovery methods have been developed and applied to mature and depleted reservoirs in order to improve the efficiency. Microwave radiation oil recovery method is a relatively new method and has been of great interest in the recent years. Crude oil is typically co?mingled with suspended solids and water. To increase oil recovery
Planar controlled zone microwave plasma system
Ripley, Edward B. (Knoxville, TN); Seals, Roland D. (Oak Ridge, TN); Morrell, Jonathan S. (Knoxvlle, TN)
Environmental assessment: South microwave communication facilities
Western Area Power Administration (Western) is proposing to construct, operate, and maintain eight microwave repeater stations in southwestern Colorado, southeastern Utah, and northern Arizona, in order to meet the minimum fade criteria established by the Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC) for the operation and protection of electric power systems. The proposed microwave facilities would increase the reliability of communication. This environmental assessment (EA) describes the existing environmental conditions and the impacts from construction of the eight microwave communication facilities. The EA was prepared in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the Council on Environmental Quality Regulations (40 CFR 1500-1508), and the Department of Energy Guidelines (52 FR 47662, December 15, 1987). The proposed project would consist of constructing eight microwave facilities, each of which would include a self-supported lattice tower, an equipment building, a propane tank, distribution lines to provide electric power to the sites, and access roads to the sites. The facilities would be constructed in San Miguel and Montezuma Counties in Colorado, San Juan County, Utah, and Navajo, Apache, Coconino, and Yavapai Counties in Arizona. 20 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.
Not Available
A 250 GHz Survey of High Redshift QSOs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
We present observations at 250 GHz (1.2 mm), 43 GHz, and 1.4 GHz of a sample of 41 QSOs at z > 3.7 found in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We detect 16 sources with a 250 GHz flux density greater than 1.4 mJy. The combination of centimeter and millimeter wavelength observations indicates that the 250 GHz emission is most likely thermal dust emission. Assuming a dust temperature of 50 K, the implied dust masses for the 16 detected sources are in the range 1.5e8 to 5.9e8 Msun, and the dust emitting regions are likely to be larger than 1 kpc in extent. The radio-through-optical spectral energy distributions for these sources are within the broad range defined by lower redshift, lower optical luminosity QSOs. We consider possible dust heating mechanisms, including UV emission from the active nucleus (AGN) and a starburst concurrent with the AGN, with implied star formation rates between 500 and 2000 Msun/year.
Carilli, C L; Rupen, M P; Fan, X; Strauss, M A; Menten, K M; Kreysa, E; Schneider, D P; Bertarini, A; Yun, M S; Zylka, R; Fan, Xiaohui; Strauss, Michael A.; Schneider, Donald P.
EXPANDED VERY LARGE ARRAY DETECTION OF 44.1 GHz CLASS I METHANOL MASERS IN SAGITTARIUS A
We report on the detection of 44 GHz Class I methanol (CH{sub 3}OH) maser emission in the Sagittarius A (Sgr A) complex with the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA). These EVLA observations show that the Sgr A complex harbors at least four different tracers of shocked regions in the radio regime. The 44 GHz masers correlate with the positions and velocities of previously detected 36 GHz CH{sub 3}OH masers, but less with 1720 MHz OH masers. Our detections agree with theoretical predictions that the densities and temperatures conducive for 1720 MHz OH masers may also produce 36 and 44 GHz CH{sub 3}OH maser emission. However, many 44 GHz masers do not overlap with 36 GHz methanol masers, suggesting that 44 GHz masers also arise in regions too hot and too dense for 36 GHz masers to form. This agrees with the non-detection of 1720 MHz OH masers in the same area, which are thought to be excited under even cooler and less dense conditions. We speculate that the geometry of the 36 GHz masers outlines the current location of a shock front.
Pihlstroem, Y. M. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, MSC07 4220, Albuquerque, NM 87131 (United States); Sjouwerman, L. O. [National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box O, 1003 Lopezville Rd., Socorro, NM 87801 (United States); Fish, V. L., E-mail: email@example.com [MIT Haystack Observatory, Route 40, Westford, MA 01886 (United States)
Apparatus and method for microwave processing of materials
Disclosed is a variable frequency microwave heating apparatus designed to allow modulation of the frequency of the microwaves introduced into a furnace cavity for testing or other selected applications. The variable frequency heating apparatus is used in the method of the present invention to monitor the resonant processing frequency within the furnace cavity depending upon the material, including the state thereof, from which the workpiece is fabricated. The variable frequency microwave heating apparatus includes a microwave signal generator and a high-power microwave amplifier or a microwave voltage-controlled oscillator. A power supply is provided for operation of the high-power microwave oscillator or microwave amplifier. A directional coupler is provided for detecting the direction and amplitude of signals incident upon and reflected from the microwave cavity. A first power meter is provided for measuring the power delivered to the microwave furnace. A second power meter detects the magnitude of reflected power. Reflected power is dissipated in the reflected power load. 10 figs.
Johnson, A.C.; Lauf, R.J.; Bible, D.W.; Markunas, R.J.
ARM - Datastreams - gvrp
Datastreamsgvrp Datastreamsgvrp Documentation Data Quality Plots Citation DOI: 10.5439/1025199 [ What is this? ] Generate Citation ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Datastream : GVRP G-band (183 GHz) Vapor Radiometer profiler: 15 microwave brightness temperatures from 170.0 to 183.3 GHz Active Dates 2008.04.01 - 2014.01.09 Measurement Categories Radiometric Originating Instrument G-band (183 GHz) Vapor Radiometer Profiler (GVRP) Measurements Only measurements considered scientifically relevant are shown below by default. Show all measurements Measurement Units Variable Mean radiating temperature K MRT ( frequency ) Noise diode temperature at Tkbb = 290 K K Tnd ( frequency ) Non-linearity correction coefficient None alpha ( frequency )
The Millimeter Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) Pilot Survey
We describe a pilot survey conducted with the Mopra 22-m radio telescope in preparation for the Millimeter Astronomy Legacy Team Survey at 90 GHz (MALT90). We identified 182 candidate dense molecular clumps using six different selection criteria and mapped each source simultaneously in 16 different lines near 90 GHz. We present a summary of the data and describe how the results of the pilot survey shaped the design of the larger MALT90 survey. We motivate our selection of target sources for the main survey based on the pilot detection rates and demonstrate the value of mapping in multiple lines simultaneously at high spectral resolution.
Foster, Jonathan B; Barris, Elizabeth; Brooks, Kate; Cunningham, Maria; Finn, Susanna C; Fuller, Gary A; Longmore, Steve N; Mascoop, Joshua L; Peretto, Nicholas; Rathborne, Jill; Sanhueza, Patricio; Schuller, Fr�d�ric; Wyrowski, Friedrich
Design of an efficient light-emitting diode with 10 GHz modulation bandwidth
We present a high-speed light-emitting-diode (LED) design for efficient modulation at speeds higher than 10 GHz. It relies on a tensile-strain GaAsPquantum well coupled with surface plasmon polaritons on a silversurface. We present optical pumping experiments showing a tenfold reduction in carrier lifetime when the quantum well is located 40 nm above the silversurface. We believe this represents the first step toward an efficient LED compatible with 10 GHz modulation speed for use in short distance optical communication systems.
D. Fattal; M. Fiorentino; M. Tan; D. Houng; S. Y. Wang; Raymond G. Beausoleil
We present the first three-frequency South Pole Telescope (SPT) cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra. The band powers presented here cover angular scales 2000 < l < 9400 in frequency bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. At these frequencies and angular scales, a combination of the primary CMB anisotropy, thermal and kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effects, radio galaxies, and cosmic infrared background (CIB) contributes to the signal. We combine Planck/HFI and SPT data at 220 GHz to constrain the amplitude and shape of the CIB power spectrum and find strong evidence for nonlinear clustering. We explore the SZ results using a variety of cosmological models for the CMB and CIB anisotropies and find them to be robust with one exception: allowing for spatial correlations between the thermal SZ effect and CIB significantly degrades the SZ constraints. Neglecting this potential correlation, we find the thermal SZ power at 150 GHz and l = 3000 to be 3.65 {+-} 0.69 {mu}K{sup 2}, and set an upper limit on the kinetic SZ power to be less than 2.8 {mu}K{sup 2} at 95% confidence. When a correlation between the thermal SZ and CIB is allowed, we constrain a linear combination of thermal and kinetic SZ power: D{sup tSZ}{sub 3000} + 0.5D{sub 3000}{sup kSZ} = 4.60 {+-} 0.63 {mu}K{sup 2}, consistent with earlier measurements. We use the measured thermal SZ power and an analytic, thermal SZ model calibrated with simulations to determine {sigma}{sub 8} = 0.807 {+-} 0.016. Modeling uncertainties involving the astrophysics of the intracluster medium rather than the statistical uncertainty in the measured band powers are the dominant source of uncertainty on {sigma}{sub 8}. We also place an upper limit on the kinetic SZ power produced by patchy reionization; a companion paper uses these limits to constrain the reionization history of the universe.
Reichardt, C. L.; George, E. M.; Holzapfel, W. L. [Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Shaw, L. [Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208210, New Haven, CT 06520-8120 (United States); Zahn, O. [Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, Department of Physics, University of California, and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Aird, K. A. [University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States); Benson, B. A.; Bleem, L. E.; Carlstrom, J. E.; Chang, C. L.; Crawford, T. M.; Crites, A. T.; Hoover, S. [Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States); Cho, H. M. [NIST Quantum Devices Group, 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305 (United States); De Haan, T.; Dobbs, M. A.; Dudley, J.; Holder, G. P. [Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8 (Canada); Halverson, N. W. [Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 (United States); Hou, Z., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (United States); and others
Enhanced production of ECR plasma by using pulse mode microwaves on a large bore ECRIS with permanent magnets
In order to enhance the efficiency of an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma for a broad and dense ion beam source at low pressure, the magnetic field configuration is constructed by all permanent magnets. By using the pulse mode, we aim at the generation of plasma with parameters that cannot be achieved in the CW mode at microwave frequencies of 11-13GHz, under the constraint of the same average incident microwave powers. It is found that the total beam currents are increased by the pulse mode operation compared with the case of the CW mode. According to probe measurements of the ECR plasma, it is found that the electron density in the pulse mode is larger than that in the CW mode, while the electron temperatures in the pulse mode are lower than that in the CW mode. These results are discussed from the viewpoint of relaxation times obtained on plasma parameters and ECR efficiency. The cause of the beam current increment and operational windows spread due to the pulse mode are also discussed on these parameters suitable to production of molecular/cluster ions.
Kato, Yushi; Kiriyama, Ryutaro; Takenaka, Tomoya; Kurisu, Yosuke; Nozaki, Dai; Yano, Keisuke; Sato, Fuminobu; Iida, Toshiyuki [Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Univ., 2-1 Ymadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871 (Japan)
ARM - Publications: Science Team Meeting Documents
Radiometer Measurements and Retrievals Using Time Series Analyses* Effect of Stratus on Solar Radiation: A Study using Millimeter Wave Cloud Radar and Microwave Radiometer Data...
A container for heat treating materials in microwave ovens
The efficiency of a microwave oven of a conventional two-source configuration and energy level is increased by providing the oven with a container for housing a refractory material to be treated. The container is formed to top and bottom walls transparent to microwaves while the sidewalls, in a circular configuration, are formed of a nonmetallic material opaque to microwave radiation for reflecting the radiation penetrating the top and bottom walls radially inwardly into the center of the container wherein a casket of heat-insulating material is provided for housing the material to be heat treated. The reflection of the microwave radiation from the sidewalls increases the concentration of the microwaves upon the material being heat treated while the concentration of the microwaves upon the material being heat treated while the casket retains the heat to permit the heating of the material to a substantially higher temperature than achievable in the oven without the container.
Holcombe, C.E.; Dykes, N.L.; Kimrey, H.D. Jr.; Mills, J.E.
Applications for Microwave Generators in the Process Industries
Microwaves find widespread use in radar applications, in telephonic communications, and in the generation of thermal energy for heating. It is this last use that is of interest here. The use of microwave generators to dry heat-sensitive materials and regenerate beds of solid adsorbents is currently being investigated at The University of Texas. This paper summarizes the first phase of this program, which involves microwave drying of various types of polymers. Future research goals and programs are also presented.
Humphrey, J. L.; Vasilakos, N. P.
Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Ozone near the Mesopause from Observations of the 11.072-GHz Line
Ground-based observations of the 11.072-GHz line of ozone were made from January 2008 through January 2009. These observations provide an estimate of the diurnal and seasonal variations of ozone in the mesopause region. The 11-GHz line is more ...
A. E. E. Rogers; M. Lekberg; P. Pratap
Variational Assimilation of Global Microwave Rainfall Retrievals: Physical and Dynamical Impact on GEOS Analyses
Global microwave rainfall retrievals from a five-satellite constellation, including the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager, Special Sensor Microwave Imager from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F13, F14, and F15, and ...
Xin Lin; Sara Q. Zhang; Arthur Y. Hou
A prototype system for measuring microwave frequency reflections from the breast
Microwave imaging of the breast is of interest for monitoring breast health, and approaches to active microwave imaging include tomography and radar-based methods. While the literature contains a growing body of work related to microwave breast imaging, ...
J. Bourqui; J. M. Sill; E. C. Fear
Integrated 2 GHz femtosecond laser based on a planar Er-doped lightwave circuit
An integrated passively mode-locked 2-GHz waveguide laser generating 285-fs pulses is demonstrated. It is based on a 500-MHz repetition rate laser integrated together with a pulse interleaver on a 45�50 mm silica waveguide chip.
Byun, Hyunil
Low emittance electron beam production and characterization with a 17 GHz photocathode RF gun
This thesis presents theoretical and experimental results of the production of very high brightness electron beams using a 17 GHz photocathode RF gun. A beam brightness of up to 8x 1013 A/([pi]m rad)2 was measured for a 1 ...
Brown, Winthrop Joseph
Physics Design of a 28 GHz Electron Heating System for the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade
A megawatt-level, 28 GHz electron heating system is being designed to support non-inductive (NI) plasma current (I{sub p}) start-up and local heating and current drive (CD) in H-mode discharges in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U). The development of fully NI I{sub p} start-up and ramp-up is an important goal of the NSTX-U research program. 28 GHz electron cyclotron (EC) heating is predicted to rapidly increase the central electron temperature (T{sub e}(0)) of low density NI plasmas generated by Coaxial Helicity Injection (CHI). The increased T{sub e}(0) will significantly reduce the Ip decay rate of CHI plasmas, allowing the coupling of fast wave heating and neutral beam injection. Also 28 GHz electron Bernstein wave (EBW) heating and CD can be used during the I{sub p} flat top in NSTX-U discharges when the plasma is overdense. Ray tracing and Fokker-Planck numerical simulation codes have been used to model EC and EBW heating and CD in NSTX-U. This paper presents a pre-conceptual design for the 28 GHz heating system and some of the results from the numerical simulations.
Automated Retrievals of Precipitation Parameters Using Non-Rayleigh Scattering at 95 GHz
Automated retrievals of vertical air motion and the drop size distribution (DSD) slope parameter from the surface to the base of the melting layer are presented using a technique for W-band (95 GHz) profiling radars. The technique capitalizes on ...
Scott E. Giangrande; Edward P. Luke; Pavlos Kollias
A 94-GHz Cloud Radar System on a NASA High-Altitude ER-2 Aircraft
The 94-GHz (W band) Cloud Radar System (CRS) has been developed and flown on a NASA ER-2 high-altitude (20 km) aircraft. The CRS is a fully coherent, polarimetric Doppler radar that is capable of detecting clouds and precipitation from the ...
Lihua Li; Gerald M. Heymsfield; Paul E. Racette; Lin Tian; Ed Zenker
A 5-WATT, 37-GHz MONOLITHIC GRID AMPLIFIER Blythe Deckman1
of the fabricated active grid. Thermal Management Previous grid amplifiers lacked a heat spreader, so Figure 1A 5-WATT, 37-GHz MONOLITHIC GRID AMPLIFIER Blythe Deckman1 , Donald S. Deakin, Jr.2 , Emilio Sovero has been demonstrated. The area of the grid am- plifier is 1 cm2, and there are 512 transistors
Rutledge, David B.
Determining Cloud Ice Water Path from High-Frequency Microwave...
Determining Cloud Ice Water Path from High-Frequency Microwave Measurements G. Liu Department of Meteorology Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida Introduction A better...
A Continuous Flow Microwave Reactor for Organic Synthesis.
??Microwave reactors are important tools in chemical synthesis, as they can lead to unprecedented reductions in reaction times and improved reaction yields. In order to� (more)
Sauks, Jennifer
Session Papers Preliminary Analysis of Ground-Based Microwave...
Analysis of Ground-Based Microwave and Infrared Radiance Observations During the Pilot Radiation OBservation Experiment E. R. Westwater, Y. Han, J. H. Churnside, and J. B....
Posters Preliminary Analysis of Ground-Based Microwave and Infrared...
Influence of Microwave Radiation on Phosphorus-removal Process ...
Microwave radiation on the ore fines was carried out using MW-HS ... A Pilot- plant Scale Test on DRI Preparation from High-alumina Limonite Ore by�...
??The research objectives proposed to study metal processing using a modular industrial microwave oven. The intent of the oven was to perform casting for metal� (more)
Warren, Brian C.
System to continuously produce carbon fiber via microwave ...
A system to continuously produce fully carbonized or graphitized carbon fibers using microwave-assisted plasma (MAP) processing comprises an elongated chamber in ...
Microwave Sintering of CaO Stabilized Nature Baddeleyite
Microwave sintering could fast heating and sintering. ... Characterization of Burrows from Mining District of Pachuca - Real Del Monte, in Hidalgo State and�...
Low Cost Processing: Plasma, Microwave, Laser, Melting and Casting
Mar 5, 2013 ... Cost Affordable Titanium IV: Low Cost Processing: Plasma, ... obtained by using microwave energy as the consolidation method of Mg-Ti alloys.
Investigation on a Microwave High-Temperature Air Heat Exchanger
In present paper, an energy efficient air heat exchanger, based on accumulation of the heat generated by microwave absorbing materials is presented according �...
2300 �C Ultra-high Temperature Microwave Assist Technology ...
The design is based on a traditional graphite furnace with graphite insulation and heating elements. A microwave transition was specially designed to deliver the�...
Using Microwave Radiation for Removing Heavy Metal Ions and ...
Presentation Title, Using Microwave Radiation for Removing Heavy Metal Ions and Producing Biofuels. Author(s), Aharon Gedanken. On-Site Speaker (Planned )�...
Microwave-assisted solvent extraction and gas chromatography ion ...
May 17, 2006 ... sistent organochlorine pesticides (POPs) in marine sedi- ment was ... variables microwave power, extraction time and tempera- ture, amount of�...
Synthesis of Divalent Sn Compounds under Microwave Non ...
Author(s), Hirotsugu Takizawa, Nozomi Sato, Jun Fukushima, Yamato Hayashi. On-Site Speaker (Planned), Hirotsugu Takizawa. Abstract Scope, Microwave�...
Simple microwave field imaging technique using hot atomic vapor cells
We demonstrate a simple technique for microwave field imaging using alkali atoms in a vapor cell. The microwave field to be measured drives Rabi oscillations on atomic hyperfine transitions, which are detected in a spatially resolved way using a laser beam and a CCD camera. Our vapor cell geometry enables single-shot recording of two-dimensional microwave field images with 350 {\\mu}m spatial resolution. Using microfabricated vapor cell arrays, a resolution of a few micrometers seems feasible. All vector components of the microwave magnetic field can be imaged. Our apparatus is simple and compact and does not require cryogenics or ultra-high vacuum.
B�hi, Pascal
We demonstrate a simple technique for microwave field imaging using alkali atoms in a vapor cell. The microwave field to be measured drives Rabi oscillations on atomic hyperfine transitions, which are detected in a spatially resolved way using a laser beam and a camera. Our vapor cell geometry enables single-shot recording of two-dimensional microwave field images with 350 {\\mu}m spatial resolution. Using microfabricated vapor cell arrays, a resolution of a few micrometers seems feasible. All vector components of the microwave magnetic field can be imaged. Our apparatus is simple and compact and does not require cryogenics or ultra-high vacuum.
Pascal B�hi; Philipp Treutlein
NIST Prototype 'Optics Table on a Chip' Places Microwave ...
... E. Zakka-Bajjani, F. Nguyen, M. Lee, LR Vale, RW Simmonds and J. Aumentado. Quantum superposition of a single microwave ...
Understanding Non-thermal Microwave Effects in Materials Processing
Exchange of Cs Ion in Clay Minerals by Microwave Application
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Nano Hydroxyapatite from Avian ...
Presentation Title, Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Nano Hydroxyapatite from Avian Eggshell Biowaste for Tissue Engineering. Author(s), Kajal K Mallick.
Micro Microwave Does Pinpoint Cooking for Miniaturized Labs
... Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and ... Based on classical theory of how microwave energy is absorbed ...
206 Preparation of Porous Mullite Composite by Microwave Sintering
During the microwave sintering, an insulation structure based on hybrid heating mode was well designed with the wall of mullite and the aided heaters of SiC�...
WIRELESS MICROWAVE ACOUSTIC SENSOR SYSTEM FOR CONDITION MONITORING IN POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTS Project DE-FE0007379TDD NETL, Morgantown, WV, March 14, 2012. DOE NETL Program:...
System to Continuously Produce Carbon Fiber via Microwave-Assisted ...
ORNL 2011-G00246/jcn UT-B ID 200501518 09.2011 System to Continuously Produce Carbon Fiber via Microwave-Assisted Plasma Processing Technology Summary
Microwave Brazing, An Energy Efficient Method for Joining ...
However, microwave brazing methods for joining ceramics to metals, with the ... Air Brazing of Nicrofer-6025HT to BSCF for Oxygen Separation Membranes.
Microwave heating for adsorbents regeneration and oil sands coke activation.
??Microwave heating has unique advantages compared to convection-radiation heating methods including fast heating rate and selective heating of objects. This thesis studied two applications of� (more)
Chen, Heng
Product Standards for Microwaves (Japan) | Open Energy Information
Product Standards for Microwaves (Japan) Product Standards for Microwaves (Japan) Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary LAUNCH TOOL Name: Product Standards for Microwaves (Japan) Focus Area: Appliances & Equipment Topics: Policy Impacts Website: www.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/pdf/tr_microwaveoven.pdf Equivalent URI: cleanenergysolutions.org/content/product-standards-microwaves-japan Language: English Policies: "Deployment Programs,Regulations" is not in the list of possible values (Deployment Programs, Financial Incentives, Regulations) for this property. DeploymentPrograms: Industry Codes & Standards Regulations: Appliance & Equipment Standards and Required Labeling This Energy Conservation Center Japan (ECCJ) document was created as a guide in response to its newly established set of standards and labelling
MAXIMA: an experiment to measure temperature anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background
We describe the MAXIMA experiment, a balloon-borne measurement designed to map temperature anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) from l=80 to l=800. The experiment consists of a 1.3 m diameter off-axis Gregorian telescope and a receiver with a 16 element array of bolometers cooled to 100 mK. The frequency bands are centered at 150, 240, and 410 GHz. The 10{sup {prime}} FWHM beam sizes are well matched to the scale of acoustic peaks expected in the angular power spectrum of the CMB. The first flight of the experiment in its full configuration was launched in August 1998. A 122 deg{sup 2} map of the sky was made near the Draco constellation during the 7 hour flight in a region of extremely low galactic dust contamination. This map covers 0.3{percent} of the sky and has 3200 independent beamsize pixels. We describe the MAXIMA instrument and its performance during the recent flight. {copyright} {ital 1999 American Institute of Physics.}
Lee, A.T.; Balbi, A.; Borrill, J.; Jaffe, A.H.; Oh, S.; Rabii, B.; Richards, P.L.; Smoot, G.F.; Winant, C.D. [Center for Particle Astrophysics, 301 LeConte Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States); Lee, A.T.; Jaffe, A.H.; Rabii, B.; Richards, P.L.; Smoot, G.F.; Winant, C.D. [Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States); Ade, P.; Hristov, V.; Lange, A.E.; Pascale, E. [Queen Mary and Westfield College, London (United Kingdom); Balbi, A.; Borrill, J. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States); Bock, J.; Crill, B.P.; Smoot, G.F. [Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 (United States); Bock, J.; Del Castillo, H. [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91125 (United States); Boscaleri, A. [IROE-CNR, Firenze (Italy); De Bernardis, P. [Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita La Sapienza, Roma (Italy); Ferreira, P. [CERN, Geneva (Switzerland); Ganga, K. [IPAC, Pasadena, California 91125 (United States); Hanany, S. [School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 (United States); Mauskopf, P. [University of Massachusetts, Amhurst, Massachusetts 01003 (United States); Netterfield, C.B. [Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Canada); Ruhl, J. [Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 (United States)
Near-field Microwave Scanning Probe Imaging of Conductivity Inhomogeneities in CVD Graphene
We have performed near-field scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. Due to the use of probe-sample capacitive coupling and a relatively high ac frequency of a few GHz, this scanning probe method allows mapping of local conductivity without a dedicated counter electrode, with a spatial resolution of about 50 nm. Here, the coupling was enabled by atomic layer deposition of alumina on top of graphene, which in turn enabled imaging both large-area films, as well as micron-sized islands, with a dynamic range covering a low sheet resistance of a metal film and a high resistance of highly disordered graphene. The structures of graphene grown on Ni films and Cu foils are explored, and the effects of growth conditions are elucidated. We present a simple general scheme for interpretation of the contrast in the SMM images of our graphene samples and other two-dimensional conductors, which is supported by extensive numerical finite-element modeling. We further demonstrate that combination of the SMM and numerical modeling allows quantitative information about the sheet resistance of graphene to be obtained, paving the pathway for characterization of graphene conductivity with a sub-100 nm special resolution.
Tselev, Alexander [ORNL; Lavrik, Nickolay V [ORNL; Vlassiouk, Ivan V [ORNL; Briggs, Dayrl P [ORNL; Rutgers, Maarten [Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA; Proksch, Roger [Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA; Kalinin, Sergei V [ORNL
Gas breakdown driven by L band short-pulse high-power microwave
High power microwave (HPM) driven gas breakdown is a major factor in limiting the radiation and transmission of HPM. A method that HPM driven gas breakdown could be obtained by changing the aperture of horn antenna is studied in this paper. Changing the effective aperture of horn antenna can adjust the electric field in near field zone, leading to gas breakdown. With this method, measurements of air and SF{sub 6} breakdowns are carried out on a magnetically insulated transmission-line oscillators, which is capable of generating HPM with pulse duration of 30 ns, and frequency of 1.74 GHz. The typical breakdown waveforms of air and SF{sub 6} are presented. Besides, the breakdown field strengths of the two gases are derived at different pressures. It is found that the effects of air and SF{sub 6} breakdown on the transmission of HPM are different: air breakdown mainly shortens the pulse width of HPM while SF{sub 6} breakdown mainly reduces the peak output power of HPM. The electric field threshold of SF{sub 6} is about 2.4 times larger than that of air. These differences suggest that gas properties have a great effect on the transmission characteristic of HPM in gases.
Yang Yiming; Yuan Chengwei; Qian Baoliang [College of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073 (China)
Continuous flow microwave heating : evaluation of system efficiency and enzyme inactivation kinetics.
??A continuous flow microwave heating system was set up by using one domestic microwave oven (1000W nominal output at 2450MHz). Water was run through the� (more)
Lin, Man Guang, 1966-
Preliminary Design of an Industrial/Commercial Microwave Clothes Dryer
Drying fabrics with microwave energy can reduce both the drying time and the drying temperature. This process provides a new level of fabric care to make all fabrics last longer and look better. The purpose of designing a 125-pound commercial/industrial microwave dryer was to perform cost exercises and calculate payback periods.
Microwave-Assisted Heterogeneous Catalytic Transesterification of Soybean Oil
Biodiesel, as a renewable bioenergy, recently has been researched in regard to biodiesel products. In this study, soybean oil was converted to biodiesel with methanol using several heterogeneous catalysts, furthermore, the process by means of microwave ... Keywords: Biodiesel, Transesterification, Microwave, Heterogeneous
Ming-Chien Hsiao; Pei-Hung Liao; Hsiu-Ling Hsu
GIMS-based method for vegetation microwave monitoring
The objective of this paper is threefold: (1) To present a working methodology for the combined use of modeling technology and microwave remote-sensing measurements in the assessment of attenuation of electromagnetic waves by the vegetation cover; (2) ... Keywords: GIMS, Microwave, Remote sensing, Vegetative cover
Vladimir F. Krapivin; Anatolij M. Shutko; Alexander A. Chukhlantsev; Sergei P. Golovachev; Gary W. Phillips
Microwave sintering of single plate-shaped articles
Apparatus and method for high temperature sintering of plate-shaped articles of alumina, magnesia, silica, yttria, zirconia, and mixtures thereof using microwave radiation. An article is placed within a sintering structure located within a sintering container which is placed in a microwave cavity for heating. The rates at which heating and cooling take place is controlled.
Katz, Joel D. (Los Alamos, NM); Blake, Rodger D. (Tucson, AZ)
Microwave sintering of sol-gel derived abrasive grain
A method is provided for making microwave-sintered, free flowing alpha alumina-based ceramic abrasive grain, under conditions effective to couple microwaves with calcined alpha alumina-based abrasive gain precursor and sinter it at a temperature of at least about 1150.degree. C.
Plovnick, Ross (St. Louis Park, MN); Celikkaya, Ahmet (Woodbury, MN); Blake, Rodger D. (Tuscon, AZ)
Microwave measurement of water content in flowing crude oil
A microwave method and a microwave device for measurement of water content in flowing crude oil are proposed. The method is based on measuring power of electromagnetic waves propagated through a transmission line and reflected from the load that is a ...
Yu. V. Makeev; A. P. Lifanov; A. S. Sovlukov
A hybrid-heating microwave oven provides the energy to heat small 10-gram samples of spent metal tritide storage bed material to release tenaciously held decay product {sup 3}He. Complete mass balance procedures require direct measurement of added or produced gases on a tritide bed, and over 1100 C is necessary to release deep trapped {sup 3}He. The decomposition of non-radioactive CaCO{sub 3} and the quantitative measurement of CO{sub 2} within 3% of stoichiometry demonstrate the capabilities of the apparatus to capture generated (released) gases.
Walters, T; Paul Burket, P; John Scogin, J
Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy
The theoretical basis for the prediction of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background is very well developed. Very low amplitude density and temperature perturbations produce small gravitational effects, leading to an anisotropy that is a combination of temperature fluctuations at the surface of last scattering and gravitational redshifts both at last scattering and along the path to the observer. All of the primary anisotropy can be handled by linear perturbation theory, which allows a very accurate calculation of the predicted anisotropy from different models of the Universe.
E. L. Wright
Coupled Electromagnetic and Thermal Modeling of Microwave Tissue Processing
This study deals with 3D finite element modeling of microwave tissue processing using Comsol software 4.0. Maxwell�s equations are coupled with heat conduction equation to determine electromagnetic field distribution and temperature profile within tissue sample in a reagent inside a domestic microwave oven. The microwave power generation term is calculated. Also, temperature distribution obtained is compared with experimental point measurements recorded in the centre of the tissue using a shielded K type thermocouple. Good agreement is found between numerical and experimental data. The effect of size of both reagent and tissue as well as tissue type on microwave heating patterns within tissue sample is investigated. Studies shows that the reagent volume has greater effect than other factors. The results of the study is considered as a basic foundation for development of coupled electromagnetic thermal models of microwave heating of tissue specimens. The model assists in choosing appropriate process parameters for achieving uniform temperature distribution within tissue specimen.
Osama A Hassan; Ahmed H K; Il Ences; Ahmed M El Bialy
Container for heat treating materials in microwave ovens
The efficiency of a microwave oven of a conventional two-source configuration and energy level is increased by providing the oven with a container for housing a refractory material to be treated. The container is formed of top and bottom walls transparent to microwaves while the sidewalls, in a circular configuration, are formed of a nonmetallic material opaque to microwave radiation reflecting the radiation penetrating the top and bottom walls radially inwardly into the center of the container wherein a casket of heat-insulating material is provided for housing the material to be heat treated. The reflection of the microwave radiation from the sidewalls increases the concentration of the microwaves upon the material being heat treated while the casket retains the heat to permit the heating of the material to a substantially higher temperature than achieveable in the oven without the container.
Holcombe, Cressie E. (Farragut, TN); Dykes, Norman L. (Oak Ridge, TN); Kimrey, Jr., Harold D. (Knoxville, TN); Mills, James E. (Knoxville, TN)
Microwave Plasma Monitoring System For Real-Time Elemental Analysis
Microwave Plasma Monitoring System For Real-Time Elemental Analysis Microwave Plasma Monitoring System For Real-Time Elemental Analysis Microwave Plasma Monitoring System For Real-Time Elemental Analysis The invention apparatus can also be used to monitor for the presence of halogens, sulfur and silicon. Available for thumbnail of Feynman Center (505) 665-9090 Email Microwave Plasma Monitoring System For Real-Time Elemental Analysis There has been invented a process for analyzing ambient air in a microwave induced plasma without use of an additional carrier gas. There has also been invented an apparatus for analyzing ambient air, other sample gas, or nebulized and desolvated liquids wherein a novel arrangement of plasma gas and sample gas conduits is used to enhance dependability of the plasma. This apparatus embodiment of the invention has a concentric arrangement of
Making Maps from Planck LFI 30GHz Data with Asymmetric Beams and Cooler Noise
The Planck satellite will observe the full sky at nine frequencies from 30 to 857 GHz. Temperature and polarization frequency maps made from these observations are prime deliverables of the Planck mission. The goal of this paper is to examine the effects of four realistic instrument systematics in the 30 GHz frequency maps: non-axially-symmetric beams, sample integration, sorption cooler noise, and pointing errors. They simulated one year long observations of four 30 GHz detectors. The simulated timestreams contained CMB, foreground component (both galactic and extra-galactic), instrument nolise (correlated and white), and the four instrument systematic effects. They made maps from the timelines and examined the magnitudes of the systematics effects in the maps and their angular power spectra. They also compared the maps of different mapmaking codes to see how they performed. They used five mapmaking codes (two destripers and three optimal codes). None of their mapmaking codes makes an attempt to deconvolve the beam from its output map. Therefore all our maps had similar smoothing due to beams and sample integration. This is a complicated smoothing, because every map pixel has its own effective beam. Temperature to polarization cross-coupling due to beam mismatch causes a detectable bias in the TE spectrum of the CMB map. The effects of cooler noise and pointing errors did not appear to be major concerns for the 30 GHz channel. The only essential difference found so far between mapmaking codes that affects accuracy (in terms of residual RMS) is baseline length. All optimal codes give essentially indistiguishable results. A destriper gives the same result as the optimal codes when the baseline is set short enough (Madam). For longer baselines destripers (Springtide and Madam) require less computing resources but deliver a noisier map.
The Planck CTP Working Group; Ashdown, M.A.J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Bartlett, J.G.; Borrill, J.; Cantalupo, C.; de Gasperis, G.; Gorski, K.M.; Hivon, E.; Huffenberger, K.; Keihanen, E.; Keskitalo, R.; Kisner, T.; Hurki-Suonio, H.; Lawrence, C.R.; Natoli, P.; Poutanen, T.; Prezeau, G.; Reinecke, M.; Rocha, G.; Sandri, M.; Stompor, R..; Villa, F.; Wandelt, B.; de Troia, G.
EARLY SCIENCE WITH THE KOREAN VLBI NETWORK: THE QCAL-1 43 GHz CALIBRATOR SURVEY
This paper presents the catalog of correlated flux densities in three ranges of baseline projection lengths of 637 sources from a 43 GHz (Q band) survey observed with the Korean VLBI Network. Of them, 14 objects used as calibrators were previously observed, but 623 sources have not been observed before in the Q band with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). The goal of this work in the early science phase of the new VLBI array is twofold: to evaluate the performance of the new instrument that operates in a frequency range of 22-129 GHz and to build a list of objects that can be used as targets and as calibrators. We have observed the list of 799 target sources with declinations down to -40 Degree-Sign . Among them, 724 were observed before with VLBI at 22 GHz and had correlated flux densities greater than 200 mJy. The overall detection rate is 78%. The detection limit, defined as the minimum flux density for a source to be detected with 90% probability in a single observation, was in the range of 115-180 mJy depending on declination. However, some sources as weak as 70 mJy have been detected. Of 623 detected sources, 33 objects are detected for the first time in VLBI mode. We determined their coordinates with a median formal uncertainty of 20 mas. The results of this work set the basis for future efforts to build the complete flux-limited sample of extragalactic sources at frequencies of 22 GHz and higher at 3/4 of the celestial sphere.
Petrov, Leonid [Astrogeo Center, Falls Church, VA 22043 (United States); Lee, Sang-Sung; Kim, Jongsoo; Jung, Taehyun; Oh, Junghwan; Sohn, Bong Won; Byun, Do-Young; Chung, Moon-Hee; Je, Do-Heung; Wi, Seog-Oh; Song, Min-Gyu; Kang, Jiman; Han, Seog-Tae; Lee, Jung-Won; Kim, Bong Gyu; Chung, Hyunsoo; Kim, Hyun-Goo, E-mail: email@example.com [Korean VLBI Network, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-348 (Korea, Republic of)
86 GHz polarimetry of OVV1633+382 after a major mm flare
The 18 mag QSO 1633+382 (4C38.41, z=1.807) showed a very pronounced outburst in 2001/2002. With a peak amplitude of more than 9 Jy at 90GHz, this flare was brighter than any known previous flare in this source (data available since 1980).During onset, the mm-flare was particulary fast, with an increase of more than 2 Jy at 230 GHz in less than 8 days. Since January 2002, the mm-flux of 1633+382 is decaying. During this decline, however, local flux variations with amplitudes of 1-3 Jy were seen, indicative of underlying and more rapid source activity on time scales of 1-2 months. After the main peak occurring in 2001.99, the 90 GHz flux showed secondary maxima at approximately half year intervals in 2002.3, 2002.7 and 2003.13. This kind of periodicity might be explained via the lighthouse model (Camenzind and Krockenberger 1992), which is based on the magnetic accelerator of Blanford and Payne (1982). At present the millimeter flux is nearly back to its quiescent level of 2-2.5 Jy, which the source had before ...
Sohn, B W; Agudo, I; Witzel, A; Zensus, J A; Ungerechts, H; Terasranta, H
Microsoft Word - cimini-d.doc
Microwave Radiative Models Study Microwave Radiative Models Study Based on Ground-Based Multichannel Radiometer Observations in the 20-60 GHz Band C. Cimini, F. S. Marzano, and P. Ciotti Center of Excellence CETEMPS Universita' dell'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy D. Cimini Science and Technology Corporation Hampton, Virginia E. R. Westwater Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory Boulder, Colorado Y. Han National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Office of Research and Application Camp Springs, Maryland S. J. Keihm National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Modeling of Microwave Ovens with Perforated Metal Walls Erin M. Kiley and Vadim V. Yakovlev
engineers developing new microwaveable products. This can be explained by the particularly complex nature, modeling. I. INTRODUCTION While historically, technological progress in microwave power engineering has microwave ovens - the most widespread microwave heating devices - have not yet been notably adopted by food
Yakovlev, Vadim
Backscattering Gain Measurements of Spherical Ice Hydrometeors at 35.8 GHz and Comparison to Numerical Computations
A 35.8-GHz scatterometer was tested and used for backscattering gain measurements of spherically shaped artificial hydrometeors varying in composition and size: homogeneous ice with 1.7 ? r ? 15 mm, different volume fractions of air bubbles ...
Franco Prodi; Alvise Moretti; Orazio Sturniolo
Functional and shunt states of bacteriorhodopsin resolved by 250 GHz dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced solid-state NMR
Observation and structural studies of reaction intermediates of proteins are challenging because of the mixtures of states usually present at low concentrations. Here, we use a 250 GHz gyrotron (cyclotron resonance maser) ...
Bajaj, Vikram S.
Microwave processing improvements for methane conversion to ethylene
This is the final report of a one-year, Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The project`s objective was to investigate microwave enhanced catalysis. Published work by others had demonstrated improved selectivity in microwave-driven catalytic conversion of 2-methylpentane to its isomers. We reproduced their experiment, discovering that there is no improvement in selectivity using microwaves. The selectivity at a given conversion was the same for both microwave heated and conventionally heated catalyst beds. Meetings with the authors of the previously published work led to the conjecture that their catalyst was not being prepared properly, leading to anomalously low selectivity for their conventional heating runs. An optical temperature diagnostic suitable for use on a microwave applicator was developed and characterized in this project. This pyrometer can measure the temperature of small scale features on the catalyst bed, and it has a fast response that can follow the rapid heating often encountered in a microwave processing system. The behavior of the microwave applicator system was studied, and theoretical models were developed to yield insight about the stability and control of the system.
Stringfield, R.; Ott, K.; Nelson, E.; Anderson, G.; Chen, Dye-Zone; Dyer, T. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Thomas, J. [Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA (United States)
Central symmetry and antisymmetry of the microwave background inhomogeneities on Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe maps
We performed a visual and numeric analysis of the deviation of the microwave background temperature on WMAP maps. We proved that the microwave background inhomogeneities possess the property of the central symmetry resulting from the two kinds of central symmetry of the opposite signs. After the computer modeling we have established the relation between the coefficient of the central symmetry and the values of the symmetrical and antisymmetrical components of the deviation of the temperature. The obtained distribution of the symmetry coefficient on the map of the celestial sphere in Mollweide projection testifies on a contribution of both kinds of central symmetry which is approximately equal on the average in absolute magnitude but opposite by sign and where one kind of the central symmetry prevails on some sections of the celestial sphere and another kind - on the others. The average resulting value of the symmetry coefficient on the sections with angular measures less than 15-200 varies within the range fr...
Kudriavtcev, Iurii
Generation of GHZ-type and \\emph{W}-type entangled coherent states of three-cavity fields
We present experimental schemes to prepare the three-cavity GHZ-type and \\emph{W}-type entangled coherent states in the context of dispersive cavity quantum electrodynamics. The schemes can be easily generalized to prepare the GHZ-type and \\emph{W}-type entangled coherent states of $n$-cavity fields. The discussion of our schemes indicates that it can be realized by current technologies.
Chun-Hua Yuan; Yong-Cheng Ou; Zhi-Ming Zhang
Electron beam collector for a microwave power tube
This invention relates to a cylindrical, electron beam collector that efficiently couples the microwave energy out of a high power microwave source while stopping the attendant electron beam. The interior end walls of the collector are a pair of facing parabolic mirrors and the microwave energy from an input horn is radiated between the two mirrors and reassembled at the entrance to the output waveguide where the transmitted mode is reconstructed. The mode transmission through the collector of the present invention has an efficiency of at least 94%.
Dandl, Raphael A. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Self-consistent microwave plasma heating rates
Under conditions within a hot overdense plasma corona where the field frequency is much less than the electron plasma frequency and the field period is much less than the hydrodynamic expansion time it is shown that electron field reversal heating can exceed the combined classical heating rates due to inverse bremsstrahlung (skin effect) and field pressure (PdV) by a factor approximately v/ sub e//2v/sub i/ (half the ratio of electron and ion thermal velocities). In particular this rate can exceed the inertial expansion cooling rate at a collisionless corona density of approximately 1 percent solid core density and could be realized experimentally at core temperatures approximately 3--5 keV and microwave field intensities approximately 1 MG. (auth)
Ensley, D.L.; White, R.H.
The design and operation of a Thin-Cloud Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (TCRSR) described here was used to measure the radiative intensity of the solar aureole and enable the simultaneous retrieval of cloud optical depth, drop effective radius, and liquid water path. The instrument consists of photodiode sensors positioned beneath two narrow metal bands that occult the sun by moving alternately from horizon to horizon. Measurements from the narrowband 415-nm channel were used to demonstrate a retrieval of the cloud properties of interest. With the proven operation of the relatively inexpensive TCRSR instrument, its usefulness for retrieving aerosol properties under cloud-free skies and for ship-based observations is discussed.
Bartholomew M. J.; Reynolds, R. M.; Vogelmann, A. M.; Min, Q.; Edwards, R.; Smith, S.
Microwave-Regenerated Diesel Exhaust Particulate Filter
Development of a microwave-regenerated particulate filter system has evolved from bench scale work to actual diesel engine experimentation. The filter system was initially evaluated on a stationary mounted 1.2-L diesel engine and was able to remove a significant amount of carbon particles from the exhaust. The ability of the microwave energy to regenerate or clean the filter was also demonstrated on this engine under idle conditions. Based on the 1.2-L experiments, improvements to the filter design and materials were implemented and the system was re-evaluated on a vehicle equipped with a 7.3-L diesel engine. The 7.3-L engine was selected to achieve heavy filter loading in a relatively short period of time. The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate filter-loading capacity, power requirements for regeneration, and filter regeneration efficiency. A more detailed evaluation of the filter was performed on a stationary mounted 1.9-L diesel engine. The effect of exhaust flow rate, loading, transients, and regeneration on filter efficiency was evaluated with this setup. In addition, gaseous exhaust emissions were investigated with and without an oxidation catalyst on the filter cartridge during loading and regeneration. (SAE Paper SAE-2001-01-0903 � 2001 SAE International. This paper is published on this website with permission from SAE International. As a user of this website, you are permitted to view this paper on-line, download this pdf file and print one copy of this paper at no cost for your use only. The downloaded pdf file and printout of this SAE paper may not be copied, distributed or forwarded to others or for the use of others.)
Nixdorf, Richard D. (Industrial Ceramic Solution, LLC); Green, Johney Boyd; Story, John M.; Wagner, Robert M. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
A Comparative Assessment of Surface Wind Speed and Sea Surface Temperature over the Indian Ocean by TMI, MSMR, and ERA-40
A 2-yr (June 1999�June 2001) observation of ocean surface wind speed (SWS) and sea surface temperature (SST) derived from microwave radiometer measurements made by a multifrequency scanning microwave radiometer (MSMR) and the Tropical Rainfall ...
Anant Parekh; Rashmi Sharma; Abhijit Sarkar
Heterogeneous breast phantom development for microwave imaging using regression models
As new algorithms for microwave imaging emerge, it is important to have standard accurate benchmarking tests. Currently, most researchers use homogeneous phantoms for testing new algorithms. These simple structures lack the heterogeneity of the dielectric ...
Camerin Hahn; Sima Noghanian
In situ noncombustive microwave processing of oil shale. Final report
A unified analytical examination of the products of microwave oil shale has been completed. A sample of subituminous Colorado coal was also included. Analysis systems have been planned, constructed and placed into operation so as to provide a definitive profile of the composition of gases, oil, and water released by the microwave heated oil shale and coal samples. In a previous NSF study, it was reported that microwave retorted oil shale produced large quantities of high BTU content gas. In the data presented in this report, using a modular microcoulometric analysis system, a definitive profile of the composition of the gases, oil, and water, released by the microwave retorted oil shale and coal show that the previous results are confirmed.
Wall, E.T.
Overland Precipitation Estimation from TRMM Passive Microwave Observations
Procedures for passive microwave precipitation estimation over land are investigated based on a large database of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations. The procedures include components for rain area delineation, convective/...
Mircea Grecu; Emmanouil N. Anagnostou
Degradation of Radar Reflectivity by Cloud Attenuation at Microwave Frequency
The main object of this paper is to emphasize that clouds�the nonprecipitating component of condensed atmospheric water�can produce a strong attenuation at operational microwave frequencies, although they present a low reflectivity preventing ...
Olivier Pujol; Jean-Fran�ois Georgis; Laurent F�ral; Henri Sauvageot
L4, Ultrafast Microwave-Stimulated Sculpting and Thermoelectric ...
... of sulfur doped, Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, and Sb2Te3 by microwave-stimulation. ... which acts as both a shape-mediating agent as well as for dopant delivery.
Analytical scanning evanescent microwave microscope and control stage
A scanning evanescent microwave microscope (SEMM) that uses near-field evanescent electromagnetic waves to probe sample properties is disclosed. The SEMM is capable of high resolution imaging and quantitative measurements of the electrical properties of the sample. The SEMM has the ability to map dielectric constant, loss tangent, conductivity, electrical impedance, and other electrical parameters of materials. Such properties are then used to provide distance control over a wide range, from to microns to nanometers, over dielectric and conductive samples for a scanned evanescent microwave probe, which enable quantitative non-contact and submicron spatial resolution topographic and electrical impedance profiling of dielectric, nonlinear dielectric and conductive materials. The invention also allows quantitative estimation of microwave impedance using signals obtained by the scanned evanescent microwave probe and quasistatic approximation modeling. The SEMM can be used to measure electrical properties of both dielectric and electrically conducting materials.
Xiang, Xiao-Dong; Gao, Chen; Duewer, Fred; Yang, Hai Tao; Lu, Yalin
A Bayesian Approach to Microwave Precipitation Profile Retrieval
A multichannel passive microwave precipitation retrieval algorithm is developed. Bayes theorem is used to combine statistical information from numerical cloud models with forward radiative transfer modeling. Amultivariate lognormal prior ...
K. Franklin Evans; Joseph Turk; Takmeng Wong; Graeme L. Stephens
Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide by Microwave Solid State Method and ...
In this work, titanium dioxide was synthetized by microwave solid-state ... Properties of Low-Carbon High-strength and Low-yield Ratio Bainitic Steels ... New Methodology of Enhancing Etching Factor of Copper Pattern for Advanced Packages.
Surface wave multipath signals in near-field microwave imaging
Microwave imaging techniques are prone to signal corruption from unwanted multipath signals. Near-field systems are especially vulnerable because signals can scatter and reflect from structural objects within or on the boundary of the imaging zone. These ...
Paul M. Meaney; Fridon Shubitidze; Margaret W. Fanning; Maciej Kmiec; Neil R. Epstein; Keith D. Paulsen
Using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager to Monitor Surface Wetness
The frequencies flown on the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) are sensitive to liquid water near the earth's surface. These frequencies are primarily atmospheric window channels, which receive the majority of their radiation from the ...
Alan Basist; Claude Williams Jr.; Thomas F. Ross; Matthew J. Menne; Norman Grody; Ralph Ferraro; Samuel Shen; Alfred T. C. Chang