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Economy of Malaysia
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Economy of Malaysia | |
Kuala Lumpur, financial centre of Malaysia.
Currency | Ringgit |
Calendar year | |
Trade organisations
Statistics | |
GDP | $800.169 billion (PPP 2015 est.) $375.633 billion (Nominal 2015 est.)1 |
GDP growth
6.0% (2014)2 |
GDP per capita
$25,833.204 (PPP, 2015 est.) $12,127.206 (nominal, 2015 est.)1 |
GDP by sector
agriculture: 11.2% industry: 40.6% services: 48.1% (2013 est.) |
3.3%(Aug 2014) | |
Population below poverty line
1.7% (2012 est.) |
43.1 (2009 est.) | |
Labour force
13.19 million (2013 est.) |
Labour force by occupation
agriculture: (11.1%), industry: (36%), services: (53.5%) (2012 est.) |
Unemployment | 3.1% (2013 est.) |
Main industries
Peninsular Malaysia – rubber and palm oil processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, medical technology, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging, timber processing; Sabah – logging, petroleum production; Sarawak – agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging |
6th3 | |
External | |
Exports | $230.7 billion (2013 est.)4 |
Export goods
electrical & electronic products, palm oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum, chemicals, machinery, optical & scientific equipment, manufactures of metal, rubber, wood and wood products |
Main export partners
Singapore 13.6% China 12.6% Japan 11.8% United States 8.7% Thailand 5.4% Hong Kong 4.3% India 4.2% Australia 4.1% (2012 est.)5 |
Imports | $192.9 billion (2013 est.)4 |
Import goods
electrical & electronic products, machinery, chemicals, petroleum, plastics, vehicles, manufactures of metal, iron and steel products |
Main import partners
China 15.1% Singapore 13.3% Japan 10.3% United States 8.1% Thailand 6.0% Indonesia 5.1% South Korea 4.1% (2012 est.)6 |
FDI stock
$77.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.) |
Gross external debt
$100.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.) |
Public finances | |
53% of GDP (2012 est.)7 | |
Revenues | $65.72 billion (2013 est.) |
Expenses | $79.4 billion (2013 est.) |
Economic aid | $31.6 million (2005 est.) |
Foreign reserves
US$139.651 billion (May 2013)11 |
Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, which is relatively open and state-oriented.1213 The state plays a significant, but declining role in guiding economic activity through macroeconomic plans. Malaysia's economy in 2014-2015 was one of the most competitive in Asia, ranking 6th in Asia and 20th in the world, higher than countries like Australia, France and South Korea.14 In 2014, Malaysia's economy grew 6%, the second highest growth in ASEAN behind Philippines' growth of 6.1%.2The economy of Malaysia (GDP PPP) in 2014 was $746.821 billion, the third largest in ASEAN behind more populous Indonesia and Thailand and the 28th largest in the world.15 In 2009, the PPP GDP was US$383.6 billion, about half the 2014 amount, and the PPP per capita GDP was US$8,100, about one third the 2014 amount. .16
The Southeast Asian country experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development during the late 20th century and has GDP per capita (nominal) of US$11,062.043 today, to be considered a newly industrialised country.41718 On the income distribution, there are 5.8 million households in 2007. Of that, 8.6% have a monthly income below RM1,000, 29.4% had between RM1,000 and RM2,000, while 19.8% earned between RM2,001 and RM3,000; 12.9% of the households earned between RM3,001 and RM4,000 and 8.6% between RM4,001 and RM5,000. Finally, around 15.8% of the households have an income of between RM5,001 and RM10,000 and 4.9% have an income of RM10,000 and above.19
As one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in its economy.20 At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world.21 Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy.22 Malaysia is the world's largest Islamic banking and financial centre.
Since it became independent in 1957, Malaysia's economic performance has been one of Asia's best. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew by an average of 6.5% per year from 1957 to 2005. Performance peaked in the early 1980s through the mid-1990s, as the economy experienced sustained rapid growth averaging almost 8% annually. High levels of foreign and domestic private investment played a significant role as the economy diversified and modernised. Once heavily dependent on primary products such as rubber and tin, Malaysia today is a middle-income country with a multi-sector economy based on services and manufacturing. Malaysia is one of the world's largest exporters of semiconductor components and devices, electrical goods, solar panels, and information and communication technology (ICT) products.23
Malaysia's capital market crossed the RM2 trillion threshold for the first time at the end of 2010. The capital market had achieved an annual compounded growth rate of 11% from RM717bil in 2000 due to rapid economic expansion and strong regulatory oversight that underpinned investor confidence in the Malaysian capital market.24
In 1991, former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir bin Mohamad outlined his ideal, Vision 2020 in which Malaysia would become a self-sufficient industrialised nation by 2020.25 Tan Sri Nor Mohamed, a government minister, said Malaysia could attain developed country status in 2018 if the country's growth remains constant or increases.26
According to a report of HSBC, Malaysia will become the world's 21st largest economy by 2050, with a GDP of $1.2 trillion (Year 2000 dollars) and a GDP per capita of $29,247 (Year 2000 dollars). The report also says "The electronic equipment, petroleum, and liquefied natural gas producer will see a substantial increase in income per capita. Malaysian life expectancy, relatively high level of schooling, and above average fertility rate will help in its rapid expansion." Viktor Shvets, the managing director of Credit Suisse, has said "Malaysia has all the right ingredients to become a developed nation."27
Early and colonial history
The Malay Peninsula and indeed Southeast Asia has been a centre for trade for centuries. Various items such as porcelain and spice were actively traded even before Malacca and Singapore rose to prominence. The Malacca Sultanate controlled the Straits of Malacca from its founding in 1402 to the 1511 invasion by Portugal. All the trade in the Straits, and especially the spices from the Celebes and the Moluccas, moved under its protection and through its markets.28
In the 17th century, porcelain and spices were found in several Malay states and were actively traded. Large deposits of tin were found in several Malay states. Later, as the British started to take over as administrators of Malaya, rubber and palm oil trees were introduced for commercial purposes.citation needed Instead of relying on the local Malays as a source of labour, the British brought in Chinese and Indians to work in the mines and plantations and provide professional expertise. Although many of them returned to their respective home countries after their agreed tenure ended, some remained in Malaysia and settled permanently.citation needed These three commodities along with other raw materials firmly set Malaysia's economic tempo well into the mid-20th century. As Malaya moved towards independence, the government began implementing economic five-year plans, beginning with the First Malayan Five Year Plan in 1955. Upon the establishment of Malaysia, the plans were re-titled and renumbered, beginning with the First Malaysia Plan in 1965.
In the 1970 s, Malaysia began to imitate the four Asian Tiger economies (South Korea, Taiwan, the then British Crown Colony of Hong Kong, and Singapore) and committed itself to a transition from being reliant on mining and agriculture to an economy that depends more on manufacturing. In the 1970s, the predominantly mining and agricultural based Malaysian economy began a transition towards a more multi-sector economy. Since the 1980s the industrial sector has led Malaysia's growth.citation needed High levels of investment played a significant role in this.23 With Japanese investment, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian exports became the country's primary growth engine.citation needed Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% GDP growth along with low inflation in the 1980s and the 1990s.29
Central planning has been a major factor in the Malaysian economy, as government expenditure was often used to stimulate the economy. Since 1955, with the commencement of the First Malayan Five Year Plan, the government has used these plans to intervene in the economy to achieve such goals as redistribution of wealth and investment in, for instance, infrastructure projects.30
A legacy of the British colonial system was the division of Malaysians into three groups according to ethnicity. The Malays were concentrated in their traditional villages, focusing mainly on agricultural activities, while the Chinese dominated Malaysian commerce. Educated Indians took up professional roles such as those of doctors or lawyers, while the less better-off worked the plantations.3132 Chinese businesses in Malaysia developed as part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.33 The Reid Commission which drafted the Malaysian Constitution made a provision for limited affirmative action through Article 153, which gave the Malays special privileges, such as 60% of university entrance (quota). However, after the May 13 incident of racial rioting in the federal capital of Kuala Lumpur, the government initiated more aggressive programmes aimed at actively establishing a Malay entrepreneurial class through direct intervention in the economy, aimed at alleviating poverty. This was done with the controversial New Economic Policy (NEP).34 Its main objective was the elimination of the association of race with economic function, and the first five-year plan to begin implementing the NEP was the Second Malaysia Plan. The success or failure of the NEP is the subject of much debate, although it was officially retired in 1990 and replaced by the National Development Policy (NDP).
Current GDP per capita grew 31% in the Sixties and 358% in the Seventies, but this proved unsustainable and growth scaled back sharply to 36% in the Eighties. It rose again to 59% in the Nineties led primarily by export-oriented industries.35 This increase in GDP was brought about due to a shift from the traditional agricultural and resource based economy to one based on manufactured goods. From 1988 to 1996, Malaysia's economy expanded at 8 per cent, the second fastest after China, resulting in manufactured goods such as microchips and semiconductors making up 80 per cent of exports. Per capita income doubled from 1990 to 1996. Infrastructure projects were greatly increased in this time. Other countries looked to Malaysia at the time as an example for economic reform.36
The rate of poverty in Malaysia also fell dramatically over the years. However, its precipitous drop has been questioned by critics who suggest that the poverty line has been drawn at an unreasonably low level.37 The rapid economic boom led to a variety of supply problems. Labour shortages soon resulted in an influx of millions of foreign workers, many illegal. Cash-rich PLCs and consortia of banks eager to benefit from increased and rapid development began large infrastructure projects.citation needed
Tiger economy
Macro-economic trend
This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Malaysia at market prices38 estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Malaysian Ringgit.
Year | GDP (in millions) 35567980 |
Exchange (1 USD to MYR) |
Inflation Index (2005=100) |
Nominal Per Capita GDP (as % of USA) |
PPP Per Capita GDP (as % of USA) |
1980 | 54,285 | 2.17 | 47 | 14.78 | 19.19 |
1985 | 78,890 | 2.48 | 60 | 11.44 | 19.33 |
1990 | 119,082 | 2.70 | 65 | 10.47 | 20.87 |
1995 | 222,473 | 2.50 | 79 | 15.69 | 27.02 |
2000 | 343,216 | 3.80 | 92 | 11.47 | 26.01 |
2005 | 494,544 | 3.78 | 100 | 12.67 | 26.67 |
2010 | 765,966 | 3.04 | 113 | 17.81 | 31.03 |
For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 1.71 Ringgit only. Mean wages were $6.95 per manhour in 2009.
From 1988 to 1997, the economy experienced a period of broad diversification and sustained rapid growth averaging 9% annually.citation needed
By 1999, nominal per capita GDP had reached $3,238. New foreign and domestic investment played a significant role in the transformation of Malaysia's economy. Manufacturing grew from 13.9% of GDP in 1970 to 30% in 1999, while agriculture and mining which together had accounted for 42.7% of GDP in 1970, dropped to 9.3% and 7.3%, respectively, in 1999.citation needed Manufacturing accounted for 30% of GDP (1999). Major products include electronic components – Malaysia is one of the world's largest exporters of semiconductor devices – electrical goods and appliances.citation needed
During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with a controversial race-conscious positive program called New Economic Policy (NEP). First established in 1971 following race riots, commonly known in Malaysia as the May 13 Incident, it sought to eradicate poverty and end the identification of economic function with ethnicity. In particular, it was designed to improve the distribution of wealth among the country's population.. The NEP ostensibly ended in 1991.
The influx of foreign investment led to the KLSE Composite index trading above 1,300 in 1994 and the Ringgit trading above 2.5 in 1997. At various times the KLSE was the most active exchange in the world, with trading volume exceeding even the NYSE. The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Malaysia was valued at $181,236 million in 2005 by the World Bank.39
Some of the more visible projects from that period are Putrajaya, a new international airport (Kuala Lumpur International Airport), a hydroelectric dam (Bakun dam), the Petronas Towers and the Multimedia Super Corridor. Proposals that were eventually cancelled include the 95 km Sumatra–Malaysia bridge (would have been world's longest), the Mega International Sea and Air port on reclaimed land in Kedah (would have been world's biggest) and the KL Linear City (would have been the world's longest mall and the world's first city built over a river).
Concerns were raised during the time about the sustainability of the rapid growth and the ballooning current account. The mainstream opinion prevalent at that time was that the deficit was temporary and would reverse once imported equipment started producing for export. In spite of that, measures were taken to moderate growth especially when it threatened to overheat into the double digits. The main target was asset prices, and restrictions were further tightened on foreign ownership of local assets. Exposure of local banks to real estate loans were also capped at 20%.
As was widely expected, the current account deficit did narrow steadily, year to year, from 9% to 5% of GDP.
Malaysia has the largest operational stock of industrial robots in the Muslim world.40
Asian financial crisis and recovery
The year 1997 saw drastic changes in Malaysia. There was speculative short-selling of the Malaysian currency, the ringgit. Foreign direct investment fell at an alarming rate and, as capital flowed out of the country, the value of the ringgit dropped from MYR 2.50 per USD to, at one point, MYR 4.80 per USD.The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange's composite index fell from approximately 1300 to nearly merely 400 points in a few short weeks. After the controversial sacking of finance minister Anwar Ibrahim, a National Economic Action Council was formed to deal with the monetary crisis. Bank Negara imposed capital controls and pegged the Malaysian ringgit at 3.80 to the US dollar. In addition, it also fully suspended the trading of CLOB (Central Limit Order Book) counters, indefinitely freezing approximately US$4.47 billion worth of shares and affecting 172,000 investors, most of them Singaporeans.414243
Malaysia refused economic aid packages from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, surprising many analysts.citation needed By refusing aid and thus the conditions attached thereof from the IMF, Malaysia was not affected to the same degree in the Asian Financial Crisis as Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines.
Regardless, the GDP suffered a sharp 7.5% contraction in 1998. It however rebounded to grow by 5.6% in 1999.citation needed
To rejuvenate the economy, massive government spending was made and Malaysia continuously recorded budget deficits in the years that followed. Economic recovery has been led by strong growth in exports, particularly of electronics and electrical products, to the United States, Malaysia's principal trade and investment partner. Inflationary pressures remained benign, and, as a result, Bank Negara Malaysia, the central bank, had been able to follow a low interest rate policy. The Malaysian economy recovered from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis sooner than neighbouring countries, and has since recovered to the levels of the pre-crisis era with a GDP per capita of $14,800.4445
The post Y2K slump of 2001 did not affect Malaysia as much as other countries.citation needed
The fixed exchange rate was abandoned on 21 July 2005 in favour of a managed floating system within an hour of China announcing the same move.46 In the same week, the ringgit strengthened a percent against various major currencies and was expected to appreciate further. As of December 2005, however, expectations of further appreciation were muted as capital flight exceeded US$10 billion.46 According to Bank Negara's published figures, Malaysia's foreign exchange reserves increased steadily since the initial capital flight, from US$75.2 billion as at 15 July 2005 (just before the peg was removed) to peak at $125.7 billion as at 31 July 2008, a few months before the global credit crisis that started in September 2008. As at 29 May 2009, the reserves stood at $88.3 billion. In spite of the large positive current account surplus, foreign reserves have started to fall at a rapid rate. Official statistics released in March 2006, confirmed capital flight of more than US$10 billion. However, as of the 4th fiscal year, a surge of FDI has pushed the KLSE above 1200 points, and is expected to strengthen to pre 1997 levels.citation needed
In September 2005, Sir Howard J. Davies, director of the London School of Economics, at a meeting in Kuala Lumpur, cautioned Malaysian officials that if they want a flexible capital market, they will have to lift the ban on short-selling put into effect during the crisis. In March 2006, Malaysia removed the ban on short selling.47 It is interesting to note that some of the measures taken by the Malaysian government in response to the Asian crisis, such as the ban on short selling, were swiftly adopted by the very countries that had previously been critical of the Malaysian response.
Regardless of cause and effect claims, rejuvenation of the economy also coincided with massive government spending and budget deficits in the years that followed the crisis. Later, Malaysia enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbours. The country has recovered to the levels of the pre-crisis era – as an example, the KLCI Composite Index hit an all-time high of 1,386 on 20 June 2007 which is approximately 100 points higher than the pre-crisis record of 1,275 in 1993.citation needed While the pace of development today is not as rapid, it is seen to be more sustainable. Although the controls and economic housekeeping may or may not have been the principal reasons for recovery, there is no doubt that the banking sector has become more resilient to external shocks. The current account has also settled into a structural surplus, providing a cushion to capital flight. Asset prices are generally back to their pre-crisis heights, despite the effects of the global financial crisis. As of 21 May 2007, the Ringgit touched a nine-year high record at 3.39 against the US dollar. Bank Negara governor Tan Sri Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz says the Ringgit moves up on its own merit and in line with the Malaysian economy and not in tandem with the Chinese Yuan. Malaysia has shown the ability to absorb the crude oil price increases and most economies have shown high resilience in absorbing higher energy prices. Malaysia is the world's largest Islamic banking and financial centre. 48
Economic policies
Like many other independent nations, Malaysia's economic policies were shaped by various events in the nation's history since independence.
Monetary policy
Prior to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the Malaysian ringgit was an internationalised currency, which was freely traded around the world. Just before the crisis, the Ringgit was traded RM2.50 at the dollar. Due to speculative activities, the Ringgit fell to as much as RM4.10 to the dollar in matter of weeks. Bank Negara Malaysia, the nation's central bank, decided to impose capital controls to prevent the outflow of the Ringgit in the open market. The Ringgit is not traded internationally; a traveller needs to declare to the central bank if taking out more than RM10,000 out of the country and the Ringgit itself was pegged at RM3.80 to the US dollar.
The fixed exchange rate was abandoned in favour of the floating exchange rate in July 2005, hours after China announced the same move.49 At this point, the Ringgit was still not internationalised. The Ringgit continued to strengthen to 3.18 to the dollar by March 2008. Meanwhile, many aspects of capital control have been slowly relaxed by Bank Negara Malaysia. However, the government continues to not internalise the Ringgit. The government stated that the Ringgit will be internationalised once it is ready.50
Bank Negara Malaysia for the time being, uses interest rate targeting. The Overnight Policy Rate (OPR) is their policy instrument, and is used to guide the short term interbank rates which will hopefully influence inflation and economic growth.
Affirmative action
Tun Abdul Razak, who was then the Prime Minister, implemented the affirmative action policy named as New Economic Policy soon after May 13 Incident in 1969.51 Prior to the incident, the poverty rates among Malays were extremely high (at 65%) as was discontent between races, particularly towards the Chinese, who controlled 34% of the economy at the time.5253 The Chinese minority still accounts for 70 percent of the country's market capitalisation.54
Through NEP, Bumiputera quotas are placed in housing developments, scholarship admission and also for ownership of publicly listed companies. The quota system has been relaxed recently since the 8 March 2008 General election. Bumiputera equity requirement for publicly listed companies has been relaxed since 12 November 2008 by allowing those companies to remove the quota once after IPO has been done.55 Further liberalisation in the retail sector is expected to remove the present 30% Bumiputera listing requirements. According to the Secretary-General of Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Datuk Mohd Zain Mohd Dom said, the amendments is reflective of Malaysia "moving towards progressive liberalisation"56
The Malaysian New Economic Policy was created in 1971 with the aim of bringing Malays a 30% share of the economy of Malaysia and eradicating poverty amongst Malays, primarily through encouraging enterprise ownership by Bumiputeras. After 30 years of the program, the NEP had somewhat met some of its goals. Bumiputera ownership increased to 18.9% in 2004 against 2.4% in 1970 and poverty decreased to 8.3% in 2004 against 64.8% in the 1970s.525758
The NEP is accused of creating an oligarchy, and creating a 'subsidy mentality'.59 Political parties such as Parti Keadilan Rakyat and Democratic Action Party have proposed a new policy which will be equal for every Malaysian, regardless of race.60 When the Democratic Action Party was elected in the state of Penang in 2008, it announced that it will do away with the NEP, claiming that it "... breeds nepotism, corruption and systemic inefficiency".61
On 21 April 2009, the prime minister Najib Tun Razak has announced the liberalisation of 27 services sub-sector by abolishing the 30% bumiputera requirement. The move is seen as the government efforts to increase investment in the service sector of the economy. According to the premier, many more sectors of the economy will be liberalised.62 On 30 June 2009, the premier announces further liberation moves including the dismantling of the Bumiputera equity quotas and repealing the guidelines of the Foreign Investment Committee, which was responsible to monitor foreign shareholding in Malaysian companies. However, any Malaysian companies that wishes to list in Malaysia would still need to offer 50 percent of public shareholding spread to Bumiputera investors.63
Subsidies and price controls
- See also Gas subsidies
The Malaysian government subsidises and controls prices on a lot of essential items to keep the prices low. Prices of items such as palm oil cooking oil, petrol, flour, bread, rice and other essentials have been kept under market prices to keep cost of living low. In 2008, the government announced that it has spent RM40.1 billion in 2007 in subsidies to keep prices levelled.64 As of 2009, 22 per cent of government expenditures were subsidies, with petrol subsidies alone taking up 12 per cent.65
Smuggling and hoarding, which leads to shortages, is a prominent problem in Malaysia due to the subsidies. For example, cooking oil is subsidised for domestic use only. This situation creates an environment where industrial players hoard domestic cooking oil for industrial use. During shortage time, such as the January 2008 cooking oil crisis, the government imposed a 5 kg limit for each purchase to relief domestic demand. However, the limited purchase has created more panic buying, which prompt the Government to negotiate with cooking oil manufacturers to increase their production capacity, and the situation reverted to normal within one week.66 Another example is when vehicles in Thailand come to Malaysia to smuggle cheap petrol and diesel out of the country. The government also looking into restructuring the fuel subsidy so that the selected needy group will get the subsidy. The government is considering removing subsidies on diesel for general consumers while maintaining subsidies for suitable groups, such as those involved in public transport.67
On January 2010, the government announce dual price structure for fuel, based on citizenship. Foreigners are expected to pay market price for fuel while citizens will have subsidy allocations based to engine capacity. The dual pricing structure is expected to begin on 1 May 2010.68
The government has considered to remove the subsidies but a formal plan had yet to materialised as of 2007.69 In 2008, the government is considering to remove price controls on construction materials such as cement and steel bars while banning exports to ensure steady supply.70 The government is experimenting with the idea through allowing Sabah and Sarawak construction players to import steel and cement since February 2008.71 The government then, on 12 May 2008 removed ceiling prices on steel bars and billets and removed import duties on selected items under HS Code 7214.10 110 and 7214.20 910, which do not fully cover steel bars use by the construction industry.72 The government then further liberalised the cement industry by abolishing ceiling prices on 5 June 2008.73
Another strategic item which is heavily subsidised but moving towards a market based approach is natural gas which is used in the industrial sector. Beginning 1 July 2008, the government is expected to reduce the gas subsidy 5% to 10% per annum over 11 years, in which the gas price will reflect market price.74
Sovereign wealth funds
The government owns and operates several sovereign wealth funds that invests in local companies and also foreign companies. One such funds are Khazanah Nasional Berhad which was established in 1993.75 Its objective is to help shape selected strategic industries in Malaysia and develop those investment for the benefit of Malaysia.76 The fund invest in major companies in Malaysia such as Proton Holdings in the automotive sector, CIMB in the banking sector, Pharmaniaga in the medical sector, UEM Group in the construction sector, Telekom Malaysia in the communications industry and many other companies in many other industries.77 It is estimated that the fund size of Khazanah Nasional stands at around US$19 billion.75
Another fund that is owned by the Malaysian government is the Employees Provident Fund which is claimed to be the fourth largest state run pension fund in Asia.78 Like Khazanah Nasional, the EPF invests and sometimes owns several major companies in Malaysia such as RHB Bank.78 EPF investment is diversified over a number of sectors but almost 40% of their investment are in the services sector.79 Fund size in 2007 is estimated at US$100 billion.80
Permodalan Nasional Berhad is a major fund manager controlled by the Malaysian Government. It offers capital guaranteed mutual funds such as Amanah Saham Bumiputera and Amanah Saham Wawasan 2020 which are open only to Malaysian and in some cases, Bumiputeras.81 As of April 2008, it manages MYR120 billion of funds (36 billion USD), of which MYR76 million is unit trust funds.82 The fund manager is a sizeable investor in strategic companies such as MMC Corporation Berhad,83 Maxis Communications Berhad84 and TM International Berhad85 among others.
Other than federal government funds, some states have created their own investment authority to manage state-owned sovereign wealth funds. First of such funds are launched by the state of Terengganu through the establishment of Terengganu Investment Authority in December 2008. It initial fund size will be around US$3 billion and derived from its oil royalties.86
Government influence
Although the federal government promotes private enterprise and ownership in the economy, the economic direction of the country is heavily influenced by the government though five years development plans since independence. The economy is also influenced by the government through agencies such as the Economic Planning Unit and government-linked wealth funds such as Khazanah Nasional Berhad, Employees Provident Fund and Pemodalan Nasional Berhad.
The government's development plans, called the Malaysian Plan, currently the Ninth Malaysia Plan, started in 1950 during the British colonial rule.87 The plans were largely centred around accelerating the growth of the economy by selectively investing in selective sectors of the economy and building infrastructure to support said sectors.87 For example, in the current national plan, three sectors – agriculture, manufacturing and services, will receive special attention to promote the transition to high value-added activities in the respective areas.88 Other than the generalised plans like the Ninth Malaysia Plan, the government also have a development plan that are targeted to improve the manufacturing sector which is called the Industrial Master Plan. Currently, the plan is called the Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3) which covers a period from 2006 to 2020. The industrial plans aim to make Malaysia a major trading nation and build up the country's economy and human capital.89
Economic Planning Unit (Malay: Unit Perancang Ekonomi), established in 196190 was instrumental in steering Malaysia to recovery from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. The unit is an agency under the Prime Minister's Department responsible for steering Malaysia's socio-economic development towards achieving a developed-nation status by the year 2020 through various measures such as preparing policies and strategies for socio-economic development, prepare medium and long term plans for the government and most importantly, advise the government on economic issues.91
Government-linked investment vehicles such as Khazanah Nasional Berhad, Employees Provident Fund and Pemodalan Nasional Berhad invest and sometimes own major companies in major sectors of the Malaysian economy. For example, Khanazah Nasional is a major shareholder in Proton Holdings, an automaker and CIMB banking group in the financial sector.92 The government, however, is keen to sell stakes in their companies such as Malaysia Airlines to let the companies remain globally competitive93
The only legal tender in Malaysia is the Malaysian Ringgit. As of 18 November 2014, the Ringgit is traded at MYR 3.35 at the US dollar.94 The Ringgit has not been internationalised since September 1998, an effect due to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis in which the central bank impose capital controls on the currency.95 As a part of series of capital controls, the currency was pegged between September 1998 to 21 July 2005 at MYR 3.80 to the dollar.96 In recent years, Bank Negara Malaysia beginning to relax certain rules to the capital controls although the currency itself is still not traded internationally yet. According to the Bank Governor, the Ringgit will be internationalised when it's ready.97
On September 2010, in an interview with CNBC, Dato' Seri Najib Tun Razak, which is the Prime Minister of Malaysia and also the Finance Minister said that the government is open to open up the Ringgit to off shore trading if the move will help the economy. He further added that before such a move to be made, it will ensure that rules and regulation will be in place so the currency will not be abused.98
Natural resources
Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry and minerals. It is an exporter of natural and agricultural resources, the most valuable exported resource being petroleum.23 At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world.99 In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is one of the top exporters of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawn logs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper, pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major generator of foreign exchange.citation needed
Logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today, an estimated 59% of Malaysia remains forested.citation needed The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources.citation needed
In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reforestation of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 312.30 square kilometres (120.5 sq mi) of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an inter crop.citation needed To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as meranti tembaga, merawan and sesenduk are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export. As of 2014[update] Malaysia produces 60% of the world's supply of rubber gloves.100
Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s.citation needed In the 19th and 20th century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas discoveries in oil fields off Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy. Oil and gas resources are managed by Petronas, the state controlled oil company which forms production sharing contracts with other players like Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell to explore oil fields in Malaysia. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.citation needed
Malaysia's broad and shallow continental shelf consists of several deep water prospective areas. Malaysia has 500,000 km2 available for oil and gas exploration. 51 of the 70 producing fields in Malaysia are oil fields. In January 2004, Malaysia's oil reserves were estimated to be 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3), while natural gas reserves stood at 87 trillion standard cubic feet (2,460 km3). The country produces about 0.00075 billion barrels (119,000 m3) barrels of crude oil every day and 2.20 trillion standard cubic feet (60 km3) of natural gas condensates per year.101 In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels (769,000,000 m3) while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2%.citation needed As of 1 January 2007, Petronas reported that oil and gas reserve in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels (3.208×109 m3) equivalent.102 In January 2008, the Malaysian natural gas reserves holds up to 14,670,000,000 barrels (2.332×109 m3) of oil equivalent.103 As of January 2009, Malaysia has proven oil reserves of up to 4 billion barrels (640×10 6 m3).104
The government estimates that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004, Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.105
Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.
Business environment
According to a June 2013 report by the World Bank, Malaysia ranks 6th in Ease of doing business. Malaysia's strengths in the rank includes getting credit (rank 1st), protecting investors (ranked 4th) and doing trade across borders (ranked 5th).106 Weaknesses include dealing with construction permits (ranked 43rd). The study ranks 189 countries in all aspect of doing business.107 In the investor protection category of the survey, Malaysia had scored a perfect 10 for the extent of disclosure, nine for director liability and seven for shareholder suits. Malaysia is behind Singapore, Hong Kong and New Zealand in investor protection category of the survey.108
The government is moving towards a more business friendly environment by setting up a special task force to facilitate business called PEMUDAH, which means "simplifier" in Malay.109 Highlights includes easing restrictions and requirement to hire expatriates, shorten time to do land transfers and increasing the limit of sugar storage (a controlled item in Malaysia) for companies.110 The Government aims to be in the top 10 in the Ease of doing business survey before 2010 to attract even more foreign investors.111
The efforts of PEMUDAH is beginning to show fruits as their ranking improved to number 20 in 2009, with marked improvement in four areas: getting credit; dealing with construction permits; paying taxes; and enforcing contracts.112
External trade
Malaysia's largest trading partner is China. Malaysia has been China's top trading partner within ASEAN for five years in a row since 2008.113 The two-way trade volume between China and Malaysia in 2013 reached $106 billion, making Malaysia China's third-largest trade partner in Asia, just behind Japan and South Korea and eighth largest overall.114 On 31 May 2014, during Najib Razak's visit to China where he was welcomed by China's Premier Li Keqiang, China and Malaysia pledged to increase bilateral trade to US$160 billion by 2017. They also agreed to upgrade economic and financial cooperation, especially in the production of halal food, water processing and railway construction.115
Malaysia's second largest trading partner is Singapore and Malaysia is Singapore's biggest trading partner, with bilateral trade totalling roughly $91 billion US dollars in 2012, accounting for over a fifth of total trade within ASEAN. 116117
Malaysia is an important trading partner for the United States. In 1999, two-way bilateral trade between the US and Malaysia totalled US$30.5 billion, with US exports to Malaysia totalling US$9.1 billion and US imports from Malaysia increasing to US$21.4 billion. Malaysia was the United States' 10th-largest trading partner and its 12th-largest export market. During the first half of 2000, US exports totalled US$5 billion, while US imports from Malaysia reached US$11.6 billion.
The Malaysian Government encourages Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). According to Malaysian statistics, in 1999, the US ranked first among all countries in approved FDI in Malaysia's manufacturing sector with approved new manufacturing investments totalling RM5.2 billion (US$1.37 billion). Principal US investment approved by the Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) was concentrated in the chemicals, electronics, and electrical sectors. The cumulative value of US private investment in Malaysia exceeded $10 billion, 60% of which is in the oil and gas and petrochemical sectors with the rest in manufacturing, especially semiconductors and other electronic products.citation needed
Free trade efforts
Malaysia is a member of the ASEAN Free Trade Area which was established in 1992 to promote trade among ASEAN members. Most tariffs among the first generation member states were scrapped in 2007. ASEAN itself is increasingly playing a large role in free trade negotiation on behalf of its members. ASEAN as a group hopes to establish a free trade agreement with the European Union by 2009.118
The Malaysian Government is negotiating free trade deals with Australia, Chile and India,119 but has suspended negotiation of free trade deal with United States indefinitely after eight rounds of negotiation. Malaysia is seeking membership into the Trans Pacific Partnership, a regional trade pact between the United States and countries in the Pacific Rim.120 As of October 2010, TPP members has agree to allow Malaysia to join as a full negotiation member of the group. Malaysia will join the third round of negotiations in Brunei.121122123
Officials have expressed desire for free trade agreements their ASEAN members Singapore and Thailand. The Malaysian Trade Ministry released a statement in Vietnam saying that the FTA "has the potential to increase trade, investment cross flows and economic cooperation between the two countries. The agreement would also serve to make Chile a gateway for Malaysia's exports to the Latin American market."124
Malaysia signed a Japan-Malaysia Economic Partnership Agreement with Japan on 13 December 2005.125 This leads to a Free trade agreement which was in effect from 13 July 2006 and expected to be fully realised in 2016.126 The agreement itself is an extension of an FTA between ASEAN and Japan, which is called Asean-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership.127
On 8 November 2007, Malaysian and Pakistan signed a bilateral Free Trade Agreement which will come in force on 1 January 2008. Malaysia will cut tariffs on 140 lines while Pakistan will cut 124 lines. Most tariffs and duty is expected to be eliminated by 2012.128
On 26 October 2009, Malaysia and New Zealand signed a bilateral Free Trade Agreement. New Zealand will cut tariffs on 99.5 percent of goods sent to Malaysia beginning 2010. This agreement itself is an extension of the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement.129
Other 'economic areas' showing an interest in establishing free-trade agreements with Malaysia are the European Union and Hong Kong. However, before any talks can be initiated regarding new FTAs, Joint Economic Co-operation deals need to be concluded. International Trade and Industry Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin has expressed the hope that talks will be concluded by the end of 2008.130
Foreign direct investment
Malaysia received RM46.1 billion foreign direct investment (FDI), which was all time high, for the whole of 2008. The foreign investments accounted for 73.4 percent of the total investments of RM62.8 billion approved for 2008.
The Minister of International Trade and Industry, Datuk Mustapa Mohamed announced that there was a sharp reduction in FDI and Malaysia only received RM4.2 billion FDI, about 78% reduction, for the first five months of 2009.131
On the other hand, FDI in other Asean countries has grown rapidly overtaking Malaysia in recent years.
According to A.T Kearney, a global management consulting firm, Malaysia was ranked 15th in the 2014 Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index, 9th in 2012, 16th in 2007 and 21st in 2010. The index assesses the impact of political, economic and regulatory changes on the FDI intentions and preferences of the leaders of top companies around the world. 132133
Rank 2007 |
Rank 2010 |
Rank 2012 |
Rank 2014 |
Country | FDI Confidence Index |
3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | United States | 2.16 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | China | 1.95 |
– | 9 | 20 | 3 | Canada | 1.93 |
4 | 10 | 8 | 4 | United Kingdom | 1.91 |
6 | 4 | 3 | 5 | Brazil | 1.91 |
10 | 5 | 5 | 6 | Germany | 1.84 |
5 | 3 | 2 | 7 | India | 1.81 |
11 | 7 | 6 | 8 | Australia | 1.76 |
7 | 24 | 7 | 9 | Singapore | 1.75 |
8 | 13 | 17 | 10 | France | 1.74 |
20 | 11 | 15 | 11 | United Arab Emirates | 1.74 |
19 | 8 | – | 12 | Mexico | 1.72 |
18 | – | 11 | 13 | South Africa | 1.70 |
– | – | 22 | 14 | Switzerland | 1.68 |
16 | 21 | 10 | 15 | Malaysia | 1.65 |
– | – | - | 16 | Sweden | 1.64 |
– | – | – | 17 | Chile | 1.64 |
- | – | 24 | 18 | Spain | 1.63 |
– | – | 21 | 19 | Japan | 1.62 |
- | - | - | 20 | Italy | 1.61 |
12 | – | 16 | 21 | Belgium | 1.61 |
6 | 6 | 23 | 22 | Netherlands | 1.61 |
– | – | 18 | 23 | Denmark | 1.61 |
13 | – | 19 | 24 | Turkey | 1.60 |
18 | 23 | 13 | 25 | Indonesia | 1.60 |
Malaysia industrial sector accounts for 48.1 percent of total GDP or 63.4 billion US dollars. The industrial output is ranked 32nd in the world. The industrial sector is regulated and promoted by Malaysia Industrial Development Authority.134 International trade, facilitated by the adjacent Strait of Malacca shipping route and manufacturing are both key sectors of the country's economy.135136137 Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy,138 although Malaysia's economic structure is moving away from it.139
Malaysia has 17 companies that rank in the Forbes Global 2000 ranking for 2014.140
World Rank | Company | Industry | Revenue (billion $) |
Profits (billion $) |
Assets (billion $) |
Market Value (billion $) |
326 | Maybank | Banking | 9.7 | 2.1 | 171.1 | 26.3 |
443 | Tenaga Nasional | Utilities | 12 | 1.6 | 31.3 | 20.7 |
460 | CIMB Group Holdings | Banking | 6.8 | 1.4 | 113.2 | 18.1 |
585 | Public Bank Berhad | Banking | 4.6 | 1.3 | 93.3 | 20.6 |
598 | Sime Darby | Conglomerates | 14.4 | 1.1 | 15.2 | 17.1 |
861 | Axiata Group | Telecommunications Services | 5.8 | 0.8 | 13.3 | 17.7 |
915 | Genting | Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure | 5.6 | 0.6 | 21.8 | 11.4 |
1052 | RHB Capital | Banking | 3.0 | 0.6 | 58.3 | 6.6 |
1062 | Petronas Chemical | Oil & Gas Operations | 4.8 | 1 | 8.5 | 16.7 |
1121 | AMMB Holdings | Banking | 2.6 | 0.5 | 40 | 6.6 |
1246 | Hong Leong Financial Group | Banking | 2.5 | 0.5 | 56 | 5.1 |
1276 | MISC Berhad | Transportation | 2.8 | 0.7 | 12.3 | 9.4 |
1308 | Petronas Gas | Oil & Gas Operations | 1.2 | 0.7 | 4 | 14.7 |
1333 | YTL | Utilities | 6.3 | 0.5 | 18.5 | 4.9 |
1344 | Maxis | Telecommunications Services | 2.9 | 0.6 | 5.3 | 16 |
1481 | Petronas Dagangan | Oil & Gas Operations | 10.3 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 9.3 |
1567 | IOI Group | Food, Drink & Tobacco | 3.9 | 0.5 | 7.8 | 9.3 |
Finance and banking
Finance and Banking sector in Malaysia is regulated by Bank Negara Malaysia. The central bank limits foreign participation through licensing limits. The central bank launched a Financial Sector Master plan in 2001 to revamp the finance sector following the Asian Financial Crisis. The master plan calls for emphasis on Islamic Banking,141 of which Malaysia has become a centre of. Malaysia has the highest number of female workers in Islamic banking.142
Maybank is Asia-Pacific's largest Islamic banking service provider with US$6.4 billion (RM22.48 billion) Syariah-compliant assets.143 Malaysia also accounts for two-thirds of global $82.2 billion sukuk market in 2007.144 Khazanah Nasional owns the largest retakaful company in the world, ACR Retakaful Holdings Limited, with capital base amounting to 300 million US Dollars.145
A quarterly report prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit on behalf of Barclays Wealth in 2007 estimated that there were 48,000-dollar millionaires in Malaysia (over twice that of China).146
In April 2009, the government announce new licenses will be issued for investment banking Islamic banking, takaful and insurance business between 2009 to 2011. It also announced that the threshold foreign equity ownership has been raised from 49% to 70% and allowed foreign banks to open up new branches and micro-credit facilities. This move was done as an attempt to put Malaysia in as centre for Islamic banking and also to liberalise the financial sector.147
Oil and gas
Malaysia has a vibrant oil and gas industry. The national oil company, Petronas, provides about 40% of the federal budget in taxes, dividends and royalties.148 The oil company ranked 121 in Fortune Global 500 list of companies in 2007. It also ranked 18 in the industry of the same list.149 The company has ove up to the rank by being 95th in 2008 in terms of revenue and 8th most profitable company in the world and the most profitable in Asia.150151 Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents a 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue.152
Petronas is also the custodian of oil and gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and gas activities are regulated by Petronas. Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. Currently, many major oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Nippon Oil, and Murphy Oil are involved in such contracts.153 As a result, 40% of oil fields in Malaysia are developed.154
Malaysia and Thailand has a wedge shaped area 150 km from Kota Bharu, Kelantan and 260 km from the shores of Songkhla, Thailand which is jointly developed by Petronas and its Thailand counterpart. The area, which is called Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area, has 4.5 trillion cubic feet (130 km3) of proven reserves.155
In an effort to diversify the economy and make Malaysia's economy less dependent on exported goods, the government has pushed to increase tourism in Malaysia. As a result tourism has become Malaysia's third largest source of income from foreign exchange.156 The majority of Malaysia's tourists come from its bordering country, Singapore. In 1999, Malaysia launched a worldwide marketing campaign called "Malaysia, Truly Asia" which was largely successful in bringing in over 7.4 million tourists.157 In recent years tourism has been threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy, with large amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation affecting tourism.158
The Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism (MOCAT) was established in 1987 under which the TDC was incorporated. TDC existed from 1972 to 1992, when it became the Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board (MTPB), through the Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board Act, 1992.159 Tourism Malaysia aims to market Malaysia as a premier destination of excellence in the region.citation needed
Science and technology
Science Policy in Malaysia is regulated by the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment. Other ministries, such as the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Health also have science departments. Training in scientific areas was promoted during the 1970s and 1980s. From 1987–1997 research and development used 0.24% of GNP, and in 1998 high-tech exports made up 54% of Malaysia's manufactured exports.160 The country is one of the world's largest exporters of semiconductor devices, electrical goods, and information and communication technology products.23
In 2002 the Malaysian National Space Agency (Angkasa) was formed to deal with all of Malaysia's activities in space, and to promote space education and space experiments. It is focused on developing the "RazakSAT" satellite, which is a remote sensing satellite with CCD cameras.161 In early 2006, Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor and three other finalists were selected for the Angkasawan spaceflight programme. This programme came about when Russia agreed to transport one Malaysian to the International Space Station as part of a multi-billion dollar purchase of 18 Russian Sukhoi Su-30MKM fighter jets by the Royal Malaysian Air Force.162
In an effort to create a self-reliant defensive ability and support national development Malaysia privatised some of its military facilities in the 1970s. This has created a defence industry, which in 1999 was brought under the Malaysia Defence Industry Council. The government continues to try to promote this sector and its competitiveness, actively marketing the defence industry. One way it does this is through the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition, one of the largest defence and civil showcases in the Asia Pacific, regularly attended by over 500 companies.163 The Malaysian Armed Forces relies heavily on local military technology and high-tech weapons systems designed and manufactured by foreign countries.
Knowledge-based services are expanding in Malaysia.139 Malaysia is being promoted as a destination for Medical tourism, regionally and internationally.164
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- ^ Rupa Damodaran (31 July 2010). "Malaysia seeks TPP members' nod to join pact". Business Times Malaysia.dead link
- ^ "Trans-Pacific Partnership talks to include KL". Business Times Malaysia. 6 October 2010.dead link
- ^ "Progress Continues in Trans-Pacific Partnership Talks - Office of the United States Trade Representative". Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): 19th Round of Negotiations Set for Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei—August 23–30, 2013 - Office of the United States Trade Representative". Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ Malaysia, Chile to start free trade talks Channel NewsAsia
- ^ "Japan-Malaysia Economic Partnership Agreement". Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "Japan, Malaysia FTA takes effect". Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ Hamisah Hamid. "Malaysia expects investment influx". Business Times. Retrieved 15 April 2008.dead link
- ^ "Malaysia Business & Finance News, Stock Updates - The Star Online". Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ^ "Malaysia – New Zealand Free Trade Agreement, NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs".
- ^ Mohd Arshi Mat Daud (25 July 2008). "Europe and Hong Kong keen on FTA with Malaysia". Bernama / New Straits Times. Retrieved 25 July 2008.dead link
- ^ "Bernama news: RM4.2 Billion of FDI From Jan–May in 2009".
- ^ "2012 Top 25 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Confidence Index Countries". 1-million-dollar-blog. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ^ Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index – A.T. Kearney
- ^ MIDA. "Functions of MIDA". Retrieved 5 May 2008.dead link
- ^ "The Security of The Straits of Malacca and Its Implications to The South East Asia Regional Security". Office of The Prime Minister of Malaysia. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ "BNM National Summary Data Page". Bnm.gov.my. 30 September 2003. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
- ^ Schuman, Michael (22 April 2009). "How to Defeat Pirates: Success in the Strait". Time.
- ^ "BNM National Summary Data Page". Bnm.gov.my. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
- ^ a b "WHO Western Pacific Region – 2006 – Malaysia – Political and socioeconomic situation". Wpro.who.int. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ "The World's Biggest Public Companies". Forbes. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ Bank Negara Malaysia. "The Financial Sector Masterplan". Bank Negara Malaysia. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
- ^ Liz Gooch (September 2010). "A Path to Financial Equality in Malaysia". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ "Maybank largest in Islamic banking in Asia-Pacific". The Edge. Archived from the original on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
- ^ Wayne Arnold (22 November 2007). "Adapting Finance to Islam". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
- ^ "Khazanah accord on world's largest retakaful group". The Star. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
- ^ Barclay's Wealth Insights Volume 5: Evolving Fortunes 5. Barclays Wealth. p. 49.dead link
- ^ Anna Taing (28 April 2009). "A wake-up call for domestic banks". The Edge.dead link
- ^ Hardev Kaur (13 June 2008). "Prudent spending critical for long-term survival". New Straits Times, E-media. Retrieved 22 June 2008.dead link
- ^ "Fortune Global 500 2007: Petronas". Fortune. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
- ^ "Global 500 2008:Petronas". Fortune. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
- ^ "Global 500 2008: Top Performers – Most Profitable". Fortune. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
- ^ Joseph Chin (15 July 2008). "Petronas posts record profit, declares RM6b dividend to govt". The Star. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
- ^ Petronas. "Petronas Corperate Milestones 1974–2002". Retrieved 28 June 2008.
- ^ Malaysia Trade Mission to US (2005). "Oil and Gas opportunity in Malaysia". Retrieved 27 June 2008.
- ^ "Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area summary". Department of Mineral Fuels Thailand. Retrieved 28 June 2008.dead link
- ^ Heidi, Munan; Yee, Foo Yuk (2001). Malaysia. New York: Benchmark Books. pp. 28, 36–37. ISBN 0-7614-1351-0.
- ^ Munan, Heidi. Malaysia. New York: Benchmark Books, 2002. pp. 29.
- ^ Munan, Heidi. Malaysia. New York: Benchmark Books, 2002. pp. 36–37.
- ^ "Tourism Malaysia About Us". Tourism.gov.my. Retrieved 24 September 2010.dead link
- ^ "Malaysia – Science and technology". Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ "Malaysian National Space Agency MSNA". Theknowledgeworld.com. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- ^ "Malaysian astronaut to fly to ISS in 2007". RIA Novosti. 19 May 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ John Pike. "Malaysia Defence Industry". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- ^ "The Official Site of Malaysia Healthcare Travel & Medical Tourism". Myhealthcare.gov.my. 3 July 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
External links
- Mahathir bin Mohamad's interview with the PBS series "Commanding Heights" on the subject of East Asian economic development.
- Key Statistics for Malaysiadead link
- Economic Outlook by Economist Intelligence Unit
- Banking in Malaysia
- World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Malaysia
- Tariffs applied by Malaysia as provided by ITC's Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.
- Malaysia Largest Online Price Comparison Web Site


text:
i was looking at the manual online and i cannot find anything that talks about this icon (maybe i missed it.) so, can someone please tell me if they know what the icon means? it would be nice if motorola added a listing of icons on their manual. it's really annoying that they don't. thanks for the help guys! View attachment 60829
It's an indication that your phone is using a home Network extender, from what I recall. Sent from my DROID RAZR using Tapatalk 2

subset: commoncrawl


text:
this wiki
Welcome to Mu Online Wiki!, the first MU Online encyclopedia!
Here, you will be able to read a collection of information about the characters, gameplay, items, and all you want to know about MU! And PLEASE, do not edit pages randomly! We would be more than happy if you would let us to introduce you in this wiki! Enjoy your stay! ciao 30 articles since December 21, 2008! |
Featured articlesEditCharacters EditMain Page: Characters
Playing the game EditContents (all pages) Edit
External linksEditHelp Us Out! EditTo write a new article, just enter the title in the box below. There are minor guidelines here. I suggest this wiki be full creation. That means no Wikipedia pastes or random edits, please. I expect you make some good creations of nice quality. The best articles will be placed in the Featured articles section.
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text:
Results: 1 - 10 of 99
The Feed
You're Going to See a Lot of Videos of Obama's "Sick Burn" From Last Night's State of the Union Over 90s Hip-Hop Today
By now you've probably seen the epic putdown President Obama pulled out during last night's State of the Union address. It happened when he nonchalantly declared that he has "no more campaigns left to... read more
Wednesday, 1/21/2015 at 10:47AM
- Tags:
- Obama,
- Politics,
- State of the Union
The Feed
How Obama's New Cuba Policy Could Usher in the Next Yasiel Puig
Photo: Atsushi Tomura/Getty Images In the 24 hours between Gilberto Suarez's guilty plea in a Miami courtroom Tuesday and President Obama's announcement today that the United States would restore full diplomatic relations with Cuba,... read more
Wednesday, 12/17/2014 at 4:58PM
- Tags:
- Baseball,
- Cuba,
- Newsmakers,
- Obama,
- Politics
The Feed
Obama Compares Himself to a Dirty Old Garbage Car
Credit: Spencer Platt/Getty Images Over the weekend, President Obama spoke with ABC's This Week (that's the George Stephanopoulos one) about the 2016 election and how involved he expects to be. Not very, he said,... read more
Monday, 11/24/2014 at 3:00PM
The Feed
Broken Accordion Ben Stein Calls Obama the "Most Racist President" Ever
Conservative pundit, game show host, and animatronic potato Ben Stein took to Fox News on Sunday to address a topic on which he has boundless experience: what it's like to be black in America.... read more
Tuesday, 11/4/2014 at 5:25PM
The Feed
Ebola! Paranoia! Are We Sure I Can't Get It Through My TV Set?
Photo: Pascal Guyot/Getty Images Welcome to Make It Stop, where we count down the four things this week that must stop.... read more
Friday, 10/3/2014 at 1:35PM
- Tags:
- Adam Sandler,
- Football,
- Make It Stop,
- Obama
The Feed
The Inner Politics of the Secret Service and Julia Pierson's Last Days
Photo: Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images After her cringe-inducing testimony before Congress yesterday, Julia Pierson, the 23rd director of the United States Secret Service, holed up in her 8th floor office at Secret Service headquarters in... read more
Wednesday, 10/1/2014 at 7:35PM
- Tags:
- Obama,
- Politics,
- Secret Service
News + Politics
White House Chief of Staff Denis McDonough to GQ Readers: You Know You're Not Invincible, Right?
The president wants you, young manbecause you're not listening. Obama's chief of staff on 1600 Penn's pursuit of bros read more
March 2014
- Tags:
- News,
- Newsmakers,
- Politics,
- Obama,
- Healthcare
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
Your Daily Eye Queue: The Secret to Floyd Mayweather's Success, Inside Sneaker Designer Jon Buscemi's World, and More
Life True grit—Floyd Mayweather became the world's highest paid athlete without lending his signature to a single endorsement deal. (T Magazine) Style Inside the world of sneaker designer Jon Buscemi. ( " target="_blank">Business of... read more
Wednesday, 3/5/2014 at 5:00PM
- Tags:
- Air Tie,
- Denim,
- Floyd Mayweather,
- Menswear,
- Obama
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
GQ Endorses Obama's Mom-Jeans Diplomacy. Palin and Putin's Bear Wrestling Chic? Not So Much
In comments to Fox "News" host Sean Hannity on Saturday, former Alaska governor Sarah Palin criticized Commander-in-Chief and #Normcore practitioner Barack Obama's sartorial choices. Particularly the president's affinity for so-called "mom-jeans." She was blaming... read more
Wednesday, 3/5/2014 at 10:15AM
Results: 1 - 10 of 99
- Cole Haan Teamed Up With Todd Snyder on Wingtips, Loafers, and Espadrilles
- Dear Rapidly Growing Sales of Men's Clothing Online: You're Welcome
- Celebrate Tyler, The Creator's Personal Style on His Birthday
- How to Wash Your Face for Spring
- Rugby Star Pleads Guilty to Cocaine Possession, Is Incidentally Really Well-Dressed
- Occasional Actor Mickey Rourke Walks Dog, Resembles Graffiti
News + Politics
How To
Food + Travel
- David Chang's Kitchen: Don't Get All "Fresh" with Me
- David Chang's Kitchen: Your Idea of Bologna is Total Baloney
- Chart: The Family Tree of Bourbon Whiskey
- Recipe: Semi-Summer Salad - Chef Jeff Taibe of Oak + Almond
- The Great Franco-Italian Pasta Experiment
- How to Pick from an Overpriced Restaurant Wine List


text:
Learn why earthworms are good for the garden
Earthworms aren't always the most desirable pets, but a program at the Haywood County Public Library will explore their use as helpers in the garden and discuss how to raise them.
Avid gardener and former high school teacher Mary Ann Smith will share her knowledge about vermicomposting from 3 to 4 p.m. Monday, March 9, at the Waynesville Library Auditorium.
Worm excrement, called castings, fertilizes soil, and the channels worms make when moving through the soil aerate it and keep its density down. All of that is good for the garden.
Refreshments and door prizes will be part of this Friends of the Library event. 828.356.2507.
Grow potatoes, share the harvest
Seed potatoes are being given out to gardeners and growers in Haywood County who are willing to share a portion of their harvest to help the needy, donating part of their potato harvest to food pantries, soup kitchens or neighbors in need.
The seed potato project is an initiative of the Haywood Gleaners, which connects the disadvantaged with surplus produce.
Prospective potato growers can pick up potatoes 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Friday, March 13 at Crabtree Community Center on Crabtree Road or 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Saturday, March 14, at Ingles in Waynesville. The rain date for the Ingles pick-up is 5-7 p.m. Monday, March 16.
Mary Alice Lodico, 828.452.0513 or Marian Phalin, 407.492.6861.
Get growing at Jackson community gardens
Community gardens in Sylva and Cullowhee are seeking growers and volunteers.
The gardens offer individual plots — and the tools necessary to cultivate them — for those who want a way to grow their own organic veggies and meet people who enjoy doing the same. Plots are free with the stipulation that half the produce gets donated to people in need.
Volunteers are also invited to weekly workdays to keep the gardens in tip-top shape. Year round, volunteers meet at the Cullowhee Community garden on South Painter Road on Wednesdays from 3 p.m. to dusk and on Saturdays from 10 a.m. to noon. In Sylva, workdays are held Thursdays from 4 p.m. to dusk between March and November at the garden on Storybook Lane.


text:
National Gambling Impact Study Commission:
Selected Operational Practices
GGD-99-46: Published: Apr 16, 1999. Publicly Released: Apr 19, 1999.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
(202) 512-4232
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed selected operational practices of the National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC), focusing on: (1) whether NGISC is subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) and, if so, whether NGISC followed FACA with respect to three specific meetings; (2) what contracting procedures were used in NGISC's award of three major contracts; (3) why NGISC contracted for legal counsel instead of using government legal support; (4) whether NGISC attempted to interfere with the work of one of its contractors; (5) how Regent University employees were involved in NGISC activities; (6) whether NGISC has paid for relocating any staff; and (7) whether NGISC employees are allowed to work at a location other than the NGISC office.
GAO noted that: (1) FACA applies to NGISC; (2) for one of the three meetings, NGISC did not provide the 15-day advance notice in the "Federal Register" that is required under FACA and its implementing regulations; (3) a 2-day notice faxed to about 730 people from the media and general public allowed them to participate; (4) for another meeting, NGISC published notice of the meeting in the "Federal Register" more than 15 days in advance, but did not publish a summary of the agenda in the time required by FACA's implementing regulations; (5) information obtained from procurement records and NGISC indicated that NGISC sought competition in the award of two of the three major contracts that GAO reviewed and awarded the third on a sole-source basis after determining that one source was uniquely qualified; (6) however, NGISC did not document its efforts to seek competition for one of the three contracts, which left no record to assess NGISC's efforts; (7) NGISC contracted for legal counsel instead of using government legal support because the federal agencies from which NGISC sought legal assistance either could not or would not provide it, and NGISC determined that it would not be feasible to hire in-house counsel with the variety of expertise desired; (8) a National Research Council official involved in the administration of the NGISC's contract said that NGISC did not attempt to interfere in the Academy's contract work; (9) GAO identified six persons affiliated with Regent University, in addition to NGISC's Chair, who had some involvement in NGISC's work; (10) two of these persons were Regent University graduate students and a third was a graduate, all of whom volunteered their services for 2 days in August 1997 to assist in meeting preparations; (11) a fourth person, another Regent University graduate, worked part-time for NGISC for approximately 2 weeks in June 1997 to assist in NGISC's establishment; (12) the fifth and sixth individuals were Regent University employees who worked for NGISC's Chair in her capacity as Dean of Regent University's Robertson School of Government; (13) NGISC records did not indicate that it had paid for the relocation costs for any employee; (14) according to NGISC, two employees worked at locations other than NGISC's office for part of their regular work schedule for some period of time; (15) GAO found some confusion among NGISC staff concerning the details of one of the three employees, thus GAO believes that NGISC's internal controls over time and attendance were insufficient to prevent misunderstandings; and (16) NGISC improved these controls in early 1999.
Feb 23, 2015
Whistleblower Protection:
Additional Actions Needed to Improve DOJ's Handling of FBI Retaliation ComplaintsGAO-15-112: Published: Jan 23, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 23, 2015.
Dec 11, 2014
Professional Misconduct:
DOJ Could Strengthen Procedures for Disciplining Its AttorneysGAO-15-156: Published: Dec 11, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 11, 2014.
Dec 10, 2014
Immigration Benefits:
Improvements Needed to Fully Implement the International Marriage Broker Regulation ActGAO-15-3: Published: Dec 10, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 10, 2014.
Nov 18, 2014
Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act:
Additional Outreach and Notification of Tribes about Offenders Who Are Released from Prison NeededGAO-15-23: Published: Nov 18, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 18, 2014. -
Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act:
Survey of Federally Recognized Tribes on Implementation of the Act (GAO-15-30SP, November 2014), an E-supplement to GAO-15-23GAO-15-30SP: Published: Nov 18, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 18, 2014.
Nov 13, 2014
Alternatives to Detention:
Improved Data Collection and Analyses Needed to Better Assess Program EffectivenessGAO-15-26: Published: Nov 13, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 13, 2014.
Oct 10, 2014
Immigration Detention:
Additional Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and Oversight of Facility Costs and StandardsGAO-15-153: Published: Oct 10, 2014. Publicly Released: Oct 10, 2014.
Sep 30, 2014
Bureau of Prisons:
Information on Efforts and Potential Options to Save CostsGAO-14-821: Published: Sep 30, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 30, 2014.
Sep 22, 2014
Bureau of Prisons:
Management of New Prison Activations Can Be ImprovedGAO-14-709: Published: Aug 22, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 22, 2014.
Jul 9, 2014
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives:
Enhancing Data Collection Could Improve Management of InvestigationsGAO-14-553: Published: Jun 30, 2014. Publicly Released: Jul 9, 2014.
Looking for more? Browse all our products here


text:
Monthly Archive for October, 2010
Roddick carries a Big Stick!!! (Literally)
Imagine trying to hit a return or serve with this thing. I feel sorry for the guy/girl that has to string this racket up. Not sure if there is a special stringing machine for this racket. Check out Roddick's Twitter page as he has some "colorful" things to say. https://twitter.com/andyroddick
[Read More]
WTA Championships Live on TV today
The WTA Singles Championship will be televised live today on the Tennis Channel at 11 AM. A tape delay will be played on ESPN2 at 1 PM. The Doubles Final will be televised at 1 PM on the Tennis Channel.
[Read More]
Clijsters and Wozniacki meet in WTA Championship Finals
Kim Clijsters received a bit of a scare prior to her semifinal match against Samantha Stosur. Clijsters was involved in a car accident on the way over to the Doha venue. Luckily no one was seriously injured, however the courtesy car she was in looks to be totaled. Clijsters was able to regroup and focus […]
[Read More]
Schuyler Meadows Fall Classic Results
Below are the results from this past weekend's tournament at Schuyler Meadows provided by Bill DeMars, Tournament Director: Men's Open Singles: Finals (2) Jonathan Clair d. (1) Sean Jardinico 6-3, 6-3 SemiFinals (2) Jonathan Clair d. Justin Salkin 6-2, 7-5 (1) Sean Jardinico d. Rohin Bose 6-2, 6-0 Men's 35 Singles: Finals (1) Nick Zacharczenko […]
[Read More]
Elena Dementieva Retires!!!
Elena Dementieva, the 29 year-old Russian , in a stunning move, announced her retirement from tennis at the Doha WTA Championships. She had been eliminated in the Round Robin group event. She was the Olympic champion at the Beijing Olympics. She had struggled with injuries throughout this year. Maybe there is a need to cut […]
[Read More]
IMG CEO accused of betting against Federer payed "Hush" money
An article in Fanhouse was released accusing of the IMG CEO, Teddy Forstmann, of paying "hush" money to Jim Agate who was a "go-between" to Forstmann and Costa Rican gambling houses. Forstmann had placed a bet against Roger Federer, who is an IMG client, prior to the 2007 French Open Final against Rafael Nadal. Fortsmann upped […]
[Read More]
Wozniacki secures year-end #1 Ranking
Caroline Wozniacki secured the end of year #1 ranking after rallying to defeat Francesca Schiavone 3-6, 6-1, 6-1 at the WTA Championship in Doha, Qatar. With the win over Schiavone in the Maroon Group, Wozniacki moves on to the Semifinals and will take on the winner of the Sam Stosur/Kim Clijsters match. The winner of […]
[Read More]
Since we will be reviewing and testing strings, I wanted to find out from all of you if there is a certain string that you are curious in trying out or has peaked your interest. Several string companies have sent me samples of their strings for our testing and hopefully in the near future, we […]
[Read More]
Attention!!! USTA workshop for Beginning Tennis Teachers
The USTA is offering a workshop to those that are interested in teaching tennis to kids 10 years old and younger. It's a three hour workshop to help implement the Quick Start play format. On-court training provided. Please see below for more details.
[Read More]
Isner hits 999th ace for the year
John Isner blasted 27 aces in his 2nd round match at the Open Sud de France Tournament in Montpelier. With those 27 aces, it gave Isner 999 for the year. Talk about quick and easy points. Next opponent, the winner of the Gael Monfils – Steve Darcis match.
[Read More]
Show More


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What Does DogFriendly.com Offer? Select From Our Pull-Down Menu Dog-Friendly Hotels & Lodging Dog-Friendly City Guides ...Attractions, Restaurants & More Dog-Friendly Ski Resorts Dog-Friendly Camping/RV Parks Dog-Friendly Beach Guide Dog-Friendly Outdoor Dining Dog-Friendly Attraction Guide Dog-Friendly Park Guide Off-Leash Dog Parks Public Transportation & Dogs Dog Camps Dog-Friendly Events Dog Photo Gallery Dog & Pet Store Dog Travel Guide Books Top 10 Dog-Friendly Cities Top 10 Dog-Friendly Resorts DogFriendly.com's Newsletter Book Reseller Information Advertise with DogFriendly.com Online Press Kit About Us/Contact Us
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Town House MotelDog-Friendly Hotels444 US H 101SCrescent City,California 95531 707-464-4176 Get Map or Directions Well behaved and friendly dogs are allowed. There is a $10 per night per pet fee and there is only 1 pet friendly room available. There are some breed restrictions.
=indicates DogFriendly.com's dog-friendly advertisers!
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text:
- Join Date
- Nov 2002
- Location
- oxford,wi,usa
- Posts
- 265
DNR not responding to wildland fires?
Is DNR responding to wildland fires in your area? We had one last Sunday that our local DNR did not respond to because of budger issues. This was in a extensive area, they brought in units from other areas. Just had another mutual aid call in an intensive area Ranger arrived 1.5 hours latter and heavy unit 2 hours, this was at 2:00.
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Find Out What's New from Zero Tolerance This Year
FAAC Incorporated is headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan. For more than 30 years FAAC has provided systems engineering and software products to the United States government and private industry. Additionally, we have committed ourselves to the principles of customer satisfaction, concern for employees, business integrity, and community involvement. FAAC's police driver training simulators are designed for the serious business of training law enforcement personnel.


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Convenience, Not Cost, Causes Weight Gain
by Toby Amidor in Food News, September 11, 2012
When I heard the results of this recent study, I wasn't too surprised. For years, I've been privately counseling folks who fall both above and below the poverty line. I've seen the patterns and am glad there is now statistical data to prove it. Cost has always been blamed for poor eating habits, but it's the middle class folks who are most obese. They're spending their hard earned money on fast food and other convenience cuisine.
The Stats
Findings for the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found:
- Thirty million (or 41%) of obese adults have an income at or above 250% of the poverty level and over 28 million (39%) of obese adults have incomes between 130%-350% of the poverty level while fifteen million adults (20%) of obese adults have an income below 130% of the poverty level.
- For men, there was no significant difference between education level and the prevalence of obesity. For women, however, the prevalence of obesity increased as education level decreased.
- Middle income folks eat at fast food joints most often while 80% of those with a low income cook at home at least 5 times a week.
What Does This Mean?
What these statistics could be telling us is kind of scary. Many middle-income families survive by having both parents work. This makes it tougher (but not impossible) for mom or dad to cook dinner. Instead, they opt for the convenience of fast food joints to make it quick and easy to feed their family. Even more interesting is that these folks know very well that they aren't making the healthiest food decisions.
What's To Be Done?
There are many steps that can be taken on various levels:
- Families: Mom and dad probably understand the consequences of their actions. What they probably don't know is that you CAN cook super quick and healthy meals at home (even if you're exhausted from work). Careful planning is also imperative—such as cooking double batches so you can freeze half for later.
- Restaurants: Although we have seen some action taken, more establishments need to offer healthy AND delicious options. This also goes for mom-and-pop joints. In addition, having the nutrition information available at these smaller locations (not just chain restaurants) can help folks make healthier choices.
- Convenience foods: Markets that sell convenience foods (like tuna salad or ready to cook marinated chicken) should offer options that go along with the MyPlate guidelines. Having the nutrition information available for these options could also help families make healthier choices.
TELL US: In light of this information, how do you think obese folks families can become healthier?
Toby Amidor, MS, RD, CDN, is a registered dietitian , consultant and owner of Toby Amidor Nutrition, Inc., who specializes in food safety and culinary nutrition. See Toby's full bio »
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Do you think wearing on-body cameras on duty should be mandatory?
A New Mexico State Police trooper and several bystanders lifted an overturned vehicle and pulled an 8-year-old girl to safety at an accident scene. Read the full story here.
Three Pennsylvania troopers helped a hospital security guard save a suicidal patient who attempted to throw himself off a parking garage. Read the full story here.
Agent Travis Creteau was able to retrieve two little girls from a fully submerged vehicle after it crashed into a San Diego-area reservoir. Unfortunately, the children did not survive. For his efforts, agent Creteau has been named the May 2013 NLEOMF Officer of the Month.
Officer Randall Courson noticed a late-night crash and kept up the spirits of a teen trapped in his overturned and water-filled truck until more help arrived.
Three Euclid (Ohio) Police officers pulled a man out of a burning, smoke-filled truck on Saturday hit a utility pole and stopped next to a brick building. Watch the officer's raw TASER Axon video, then read the full story here.
Ames (Iowa) Police Officer John Barney jumped into the icy water to save 16-year-old Elizabeth Funk, who was trapped in an overtuned vehicle. Read the full story here.
An Urbandale (Iowa) Police officer pulled an unconscious teen from his burning vehicle late Sunday, after the teen struck an AC unit in a church parking lot. Read the full story here.
Forest Park (Ga.) Police Officer Christopher Simmons used CPR to revive a 41-year-old man who had passed out as he mother drove him to the hospital. A convenience store's video camera captured the incident. Read the full story here.


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text: Okay guys, I've thought it over and tomorrow I'm gonna try and cancel the order for the video card. I'll wait a while and think harder about the video card before I buy one. I hope I can cancel it, because I'm really divided on this issue myself! Joe -- Unsubscribe: send email to listar at linuxfromscratch.org and put 'unsubscribe lfs-chat' in the subject header of the message