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US 3413570 A Abstract available in Claims available in Description (OCR text may contain errors) NOV. 26, 1968 w B U E ET AL. 3,413,570 HIGH EFFICIENCY RF POWER AMPLIFICATION WITH MODULATION SWITCH VARIYED SIGNAL CONTROLLED "ON"-"OFF" AMPLIFIER DC POTENTIALS I SSheets-Sheet 1 Filed Feb. 23. 1966 15 3 /a I won PULSE MODULATED SIGNAL WIDTH Q 'EL QIf -FQS s+ To RF SOURCE MODULATOR AMPLIFIER CLOCK RATE GENERATOR LOw POWER ORIvER CLASS B OR LEVEL RF AMPLIFIER AB OUTPUT AMPLIFIER RF SIGNAL cLAss A P AMPLIFIER STAGE. 1 l9 MODULATING ENVELOPE SIGNAL DETECTOR 24 sOuRcE AND sYLLABIc FILTER 25 2 26 FEEDBACK REGULATOR 27 I POWER LOW-PASS POWER SUPPLY SUPPLY T FILTER MODULATOR 20 29 25 RF SWITCHING SIGNAL MODE sOuRcE AMPLIFIER -/2 l5 SWITCHING SIIIIIII sOuRcE v SUPPLY MODULATOR /0 DC HQ 3 POWER P SUPPLY INVENTORS WARREN B. BRUENE TOM L. DENNIS JR. EDGAR O. SCHOENIKE NOV. 26, 1968 w, BRUENE ET AL 3,413,570 HIGH EFFICIENCY RF POWER AMPLIFICATION WITH MODULATION SIGNAL CONTROLLED "ON""OFF" SWITCH VARIED AMPLIFIER DC POTENTIALS Filed Feb. 23. 1966 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG 4 POSITIVE VOLTAGE SUPPLY VOLTAGE 34 SUPPLY MINUS DC INVENTORS WARREN B. BRUENE TOM L. DENNIS JR. BY EDGAR O. SCHOENIKE Nov. 26, 1968 w. B. BRUENE ETAL 3,413,570 HIGH EFFICIENCY RP POWER AMPLIFICATION WITH MODULATION SIGNAL CONTROLLED "ON""OFF" SWITCH VARIED AMPLIFIER DC POTENTIALS Filed Feb. 23, 1966 3 Sheets-Sheet J AVERAGE DC AVERAGE DC AVERAGE 7 l- FIG 5 POSITIVE DC POWER SUPPLY /5 79 75 AUDIO SIGNAL LOW IMPEDANCE SOURCE L INVENTORS WATRgEN B. BRUENE M L. DENNIS JR. BY EDGAR O. SCHOENIKE United States Patent Ofiice 3,413,570 Patented Nov. 26, 1968 Iowa, a corporation of Iowa Filed Feb. 23, 1966, Ser. No. 529,380 18 Claims. (Cl. 332--) This invention relates in general to radio frequency amplifying systems, and in particular, to high efiiciency linear and nonlinear amplifiers with instantaneous RF amphfier DC potential voltages continuously varied to match signal level requirements to maintain high efficiency operation throughout the designed range of input signal levels. Speech, for example, presents a signal envelope varying in amplitude at the syllabic rate generally in the frequency range of .5 to 25 c.p.s. with the average being about c.p.s. The amplitude of such speech variations runs through a considerable amplitude range of variations throughout normal speech. When speech is translated to radio frequencies as a single or double sideband suppressed carrier signal, the RF envelope contains high audio frequency components as well as the low frequency syllab1c components. Class AB linear amplifiers are commonly used to amplify such signals in radio transmitters. Such amplifiers reach their peak efficiency only at peak output capability which is required for only a relatively small fraction of the time. Hence, most of the tune such amplifiers are operating at much less than peak efficiency. For a class B amplifier efficiency is given by the relation eif.=1re /4E with e the peak RF collector or plate voltage for a transistor amplifier or amplifier tube, and E 1s the collector or plate supply voltage. If E, can be vaned in accordance with the audio input signal so that it is just sufficient to maintain constant gain without clipping, the efficiency can be maintained nearly constant at a very high level over the entire variations in amplitude brought about by such speech or other audio input signals. Max1- mum efficiency is achieved when E follows the RF signal envelope. A very substantial improvement in efficiency, however, can still be achieved if E, just follows the low frequency syllabic component of a speech signal envelope. This compromise in efficiency is often most practical since circuit performance requirements are greatly reduced. In either case such RF linear amplifier distortion reducing means such as envelope or RF feedback can still be en ployed. Such increase in efficiency with power amplifiers results in a decrease of heat that must be dissipated thereby advantageously permitting denser packaging of electronic components and circuitry, longer component life and a reduction in blower requirements and/ or other heat sink or exchanger requirements. It also results in reduced power consumption which is very advantageous in battery powered equipment. It should be noted, however, that unless a variable supply voltage can be efficiently produced there would be no overall increase in system efficiency. For example, use of a losser type regulator with a transistor or tube in series with the voltage supply would dissipate in the regulator power saved by higher efiiciency in the RF amplifier. Therefore, obviously, a high efiiciency power supply modulator is necessary in order to make possible the attainment of high overall system operational efficiency. It is, therefore, a principal object of this invention, with such linear amplifying systems, to maintain RF amplifier substantially instantaneous DC voltage at such a variable value that it is just sufficient to accommodate the RF signal level at that instant without peak limiting. Another object is to provide a power supply modulator and linear amplifier system that does not require that the average value of DC voltage applied to the modulated tube elements or other amplifying device electrodes be constant. A still higher efiiciency means of providing linear amplification of a varying .amplitude signal employs a nonlinear RF power amplifier which is modulated by varying its supply voltages. With the new teaching, an 8513 signal may be amplified by using the SSB signal without limiting to drive a class C RF amplifier and modulating the plate of the amplifier with a voltage obtained by detecting the original SSB envelope. A switching type amplifier that has been developed using transistors is capable of much higher efiiciency than class C amplifiers. Efficiencies of have been achieved compared to typically 75% for class C amplifiers. A further object is to provide very high efiiciency linear amplifiers by using a high efficiency switching type amplifier modulated with a high efiiciency switching type modulator capable of including the DC component of the signal envelope. The efiiciency by such an approach has no theoretical limit under in the ideal case and can actually approach 100% with the practical limit due to circuit losses and saturation-resistance of the switching element. Various existing AM transmitters have employed amplitude modulation of the amplifier DC potentials with a low level audio amplifier driving a power amplifier so coupled as to provide that the DC on RF amplifier tube elements be varied in proportion to the applied audio signal. One early method was a so-called Heising modulat-ion method. Another method used employed a transformer coupled approach and a class B push-pull audio output stage. A third approach used was a combination of the other two in order to remove DC saturating current from the modulation transformer in a system normally applied to high power transmitters. A feature common to these three systems is that the varying audio frequency voltage is inserted across a low DC resistance transformer winding or choke, such that the average value of DC voltage applied to the modulated tube (or other amplifying device) elements is substantially constant. A further corn mon characteristic of such modulator circuits is that they operate with class A or push-pull class B audio amplifiers, and with the push-pull class B configuration obtain a maximum theoretical modulator efiiciency approximating 78.5 percent. This efiiciency is attained only with a singletone audio input with the plates of the push-pull modulator tubes swinging from zero volts to exactly the modulator DC voltage. Obviously, the peak plate voltage swing must be less than the DC plate voltage which reduces efficiency with such systems and with complex audio input signals operational efficiency is considerably reduced from the 78.5 percent maximum figure. There have been many modulation schemes devised in attempts to attain improved high operational efficiencies many of which are dependent upon outphasing arrangements requiring careful adjustment of the RF amplifiers and phase networks for each operating frequency. Class C amplifiers typically have a plate efiiciency of 75 percent and class B modulators have typical efliciencies of 65 percent with the formula for calculating the plate efliciency of such a power amplifier and modulator system producing a 100 percent sine wave modulated RF output signal being substantially as follows: Even this etliciency, however, falls short in the attainment of operational efficiencies desired. A further object is, therefore, to provide a high efficiency power supply modulator for an RF implifier thereby attaining high efiiciency generation of an amplitude modulated RF signal. Features of this invention useful in accomplishing the above objects include, with both nonlinear and high elfieiency linear amplifiers, on-otf switch determined resultant voltage modulation of RF amplifier DC potential voltages to continuously vary such instantaneous voltages to match modulating signal levels. This permits operation of the RF power amplifier stage at substantially 100 percent efficiency (using a nonlinear amplifier or approaching 78.5 percent using a linear amplifier) throughout the designed-for operational range of modulator signal input levels. A high efliciency power modulator and RF amplifier maybe adjusted for maintaining RF amplifier substantially instantaneous DC voltage at such a variable value that peak RF voltage at the corresponding moment of time nearly equals the instantaneous DC voltage of that time. Specific embodiments representing what are presently regarded as the best modes for carrying out the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings: FIGURE 1 represents a block diagram of a high efficiency modulator; FIGURE 2, a block diagram of a high efiiciency linear amplifier employing a high efiiciency modulator such as shown by FIGURE 1; FIGURE 3, a block diagram of a high etficiency modulated switching mode non-linear RF power amplifier also employing a modulator such as shown by FIGURE 1; FIGURE 4, a schematic of a high emciency linear amplifier and of a high etficiency modulator used as a part thereof; FIGURE 5, a, b and c voltage waveforms at the output of the transistor switch in the high efficiency modulator of FIGURE 1 as it may be used in the embodiments of FIGURES 2, 3, and 4; and, FIGURE 6, a schematic of a high efficiency linear an1- plifier using an alternate high efiiciency modulator embodiment with a substantially constant width on period and a variable width off period. Referring to the drawings: The high efiiciency modulator shown in block diagram form in FIGURE 1 may 'be adapted for use with the high efiiciency linear amplifier 11 shown in block diagram form in FIGURE 2 or in the high efficiency modulated switching mode amplifier 12 of FIGURE 3. The high eificiency modulator 1.0 of FIGURE 1 is shown to have a pulse width modulator 13 receiving an input from a clock rate generator 14 and audio input signal from audio signal source 15. The output of pulse width modulator 13 is applied as a controlling input to a switching element 16 which may actually be a transistor switch. The switching element 16 also received a DC power input from DC power supply 17 for switch controlling the circuit from DC power supply 17 to a low pass filter 18 in the modulator output path supplying, for example, modulated B+ to an RF amplifier. In the high efficiency linear amplifier 11 of FIGURE 2, the high efliciency modulator 10 as shown in FIGURE 1 is so adapted to the high efficiency linear amplifier circuit that the audio signal source includes a modulating signal source 19 modulating an RF signal source 20 providing a modulated input to a low power level RF class A amplifier 21 having an output which may be applied directly to a class B or class AB output amplifier 22 or through an intermediate class A or class AB driver amplifier stage 23 as shown to the output amplifier 22. The audio signal source 15 also includes an envelope detector and syllabic filter 24 the input connection of which may be connected directly to the output of the low power level class A amplifier 2-1 or, if these is also a driver amplifier stage 23, alternately to the output of the driver amplifier stage 23 as may be appropriate or as desired. Furthermore, in the embodiment 11 indicated, the switching type modulator output passed through low pass filter 18 is provided with a feedback circuit through feed back regulator 25 to a mixer 26 included also as a part of the audio signal source circuit 15 between envelope detector and syllabic filter 24 and the switching type power supply modulator portion 27 of the high efficiency modulator 10. The switching type modulator output passed through low pass filter 18 is also connected as a modulated B-ltype voltage to the class B or AB output RF amplifier 22, and may also be connected in like manner as a modulated voltage for the driver amplifier stage 23. In this embodiment, the signal from RF signal source 2! is fed to a low level class A amplifier 21 with the input from RF signal source 20 being typically, as an example, a single sideband speech RF signal. After amplification the signal is fed to the driver stage 23 and through the driver stage with further amplification to the class B or AB output RF amplifier 22, the output of which is passed to antenna 28 or some other load, as may 'be the case. At some point in the amplification chain, the envelope detector and syllabic filter 24 may be connected possibly between driver stage 23 and amplifier 22 rather than between low power class A amplifier 21 and the driver stage 23, as shown, for extracting the syllabic envelope as an appropriate audio input to the switching type power supply modulator circuit 27. This modulator maybe preset, if desired, to put out a minimum DC voltage even in the absence of a signal with this setting used, for example, when for sake of simplicity it is desired to vary only the plate voltage of a tetrode or pentode final amplifier in the output amplifier circuit 22. With such a setting, the modulator circuit 27 would be preset to insure that the minimum plate voltage slightly exceeded the screen voltage where tubes are used in such an output amplifier and in like manner for the corresponding electrodes of solid state devices such as final amplifier transistors. Although such a setting decreases the available circuit efficiency somewhat, a preset minimum output voltage also helps to compensate for unavoidable time delay in the detector modulator path. As shown and as referred to before, the envelope detector precedes the driver and both driver and output stages have variable supply voltages applied although it might 'be desirable to feed the driver from fixed supply voltages and envelope detect the output of the driver 23. The low pass filter 18 is in effect a choke input low pass filter filtering out the switching frequency and its harmonies leaving only the syllabic varying DC as a B+ type voltage for output amplifier 22. In the embodiment of FIGURE 2, the feedback regulator 25 introduces a fraction of the output voltage out of low pass filter '18 back to mixer 26 in antiphase such as to improve output regulation with changes in power input voltage and load impedance, to reduce distortion by conventional negative feedback, and also to minimize power supply ripple. When there are no significant very low frequency amplitude variations in the RF signal from RF signal source 20, as for example, a multi-tone FSK signal (frequency shift keying signal), or when it is desirable to increase the efiiciency of a speech SSB system still further, it is necessary to preserve more of the fine structure of the SSB envelope in the power supply modulator circuit 27. When the sideband RF signal is rectified and the RF fil tered off by envelope detector and syllabic filter 24, the remaining audio components consist of frequencies resulting from intermodulation of the voice harmonics with the significant portion of the spectrum remaining being a function of the amplitude of various translated frequency components. Since the bandwidth in such a system may be restricted to one and one-third times the audio signal bandwidth, at typical SSB speech system might have a speech bandwidth of 2.4 kc. and the post envelope detector filter 24 circuitry would then have a bandwidth of 0 to 3.2 kc. The minimum clock switching rate of the switching type pulse width modulator circuit 27 could be as low as 6.4 kc. but a more typical switching rate would be approximately 50 kc. in order to minimize filter problems and permit simplification of filter design. It should be noted that in the case of tetrode amplifiers in such a system, screen and bias voltages and corresponding electrode voltages with other amplifying devices that may be used may also be varied by similar means in accordance with the input signal amplitude so that top efficiency and constant gain may be maintained over an entire dynamic range. The essence of these first two methods of producing high efficiency in linear RF amplifiers is to vary the electrode potentials of an inherently linear amplifier in such a manner as to keep its etiiciency high. However, it is not meant to imply that the power supply voltage must either follow only the gross syllable envelope (as of speech) or else follow the fine structure of the envelope perfectly. These are merely the limits of operation. Any frequency response intermediate between these limits may be used with intermediate values of efiiciency as long as the power supply is able to respond to the need for increased voltage as fast as the output stage demands it without an excessive amount of instantaneous overload. With the high efficiency modulated switching mode non-linear RF power amplifier embodiment of FIGURE 3, an RF signal source 20 is connected for feeding an RF signal input to switching mode amplifier 29 from which an output is provided to antenna 28 or other appropriate load. This embodiment illustrates a switching type power modulator circuit 27' receiving inputs from an independent audio signal source and a DC power supply 17 for developing an audio signal modulated output applied as an additional switching mode control input to the switching mode amplifier 29. The switching mode amplifier 29 and the switching modulator circuit 27 both approach 100 percent efficiency as the saturation resistance and switching time go to zero. An important aspect of this invention with various cm bodiments is the provision of an improved method for amplifying an SSB signal by means of envelope modulation of the final RF amplifier. In contrast to some earlier developed techniques, it does not require limiting of the signal in earlier stages of the amplifier. In fact, it is preferable not to saturate the driver output to the power amplifier in the embodiment such as shown in FIGURE 2 since it needlessly burns up power in the input circuit of the power amplifier, thereby not only causing a wastage of power but also causing thermal dissipation of power in the power amplifier input junctions and/or electrodes. Peak drive is only required at the peak of the envelope and this will be supplied by a more or less linear driver. At the same time, perfect linearity of drive is not necessary since the envelope is reshaped by the output modulation process. In this case, however, in contrast to the class B linear amplifier with varying supply voltage, the modulated power supply must be very linear since any frequency, phase or amplitude distortion will cause imperfeet envelope restoration, thus resulting in IM distortion generation. Referring now the more detailed schematic of a high efficiency linear amplifier and of a high efficiency modulator embodiment of FIGURE 4, an individual audio signal source 15 is indicated just as in FIGURE 1 although it could be the sort of audio detecting and filtering system as employed in the embodiment of FIGURE 2. This provides an output through an adjustable tap 30 equipped voltage divider resistor 31, connected to ground, and through resistor 32 from the adjustable tap 30 as an input connection to a switching type power supply modulator circuit 27". In this circuit the clock rate generator is included as an integral part of the switching type power supply modulator circuit 27" instead of being a separate clock rate generator 14 as shown in FIGURE 1. The audio input through resistor 32 is a connection to an audio frequency amplifier section including PNP transistor 33. This transistor 33 amplifier section includes an input connection through the resistor 32 to the base of transistor 33, a collector connection to minus DC voltage supply 34 through resistor 35, a capacitor 36 connected between the base and collector of transistor 33, and a base connection through resistor 37 to ground. The emitter of transistor 33 is connected to positive DC voltage supply 38 through resistor 39 and also through capacitor 40 to ground. The collector output of the audio frequency amplifier section is connected through resistor 41 to the base of NPN transistor 42 in the clock generator and pulse width modulating section ofthe switching type power supply modulator circuit 27". The emitter of transistor 42 is connected to ground while the junction of resistor 41 and the base of transistor 42 is connected to positive DC voltage supply 38 through resistor 3. The junction of resistor 41 and the base of NPN transistor 42. also is connected through resistor 44 and capacitor 45, in parallel, to the collector of PNP transistor 46 and through series connected resistors, successively, 47, 43 and 49 to ground. The collector of transistor 42 is connected through resistor 5t) and capacitor 51, in parallel, to the base of PNP transistor 46. The collector of transistor 42 is also provided with a voltage bias connection through resistor 52 to positive DC voltage supply 38. The positive DC voltage sup-ply 38 is also connected to the emitter of PNP transistor The common junction of resistors 47 and 48 is con nected through a capacitor 53 to a common connection with the bases of PNP transistor 54 and NPN transistor 55 in a driver amplifier section of the switching type power supply modulator circuit 27". The collector of PNP transistor 54 is connected to minus DC voltage supply 34 and the collector of NPN transistor 55 is connected to positive DC voltage supply 38. The common junction of resistors 48 and 49 is connected through capacitor 56 to a line 57 having a common connection with the emitters of PNP transistor 54- and NPN transistor 55'. This line is extended to the primary coil 58 of a modulator output signal transformer 59. The signal output line 57 of the switching type power supply modulator circuit 27" is also provided with a feedback extension 57A to and through resistor 60 back to the junction of resistor 32. and the base of PNP transistor 33 at the input end of the switching type power supply modulator circuit 27". The secondary coil 61 of the modulator circuit 27 signal output transformer 54B is connected hetwcen the base and emitter of the NPN transistor switch 16', the collector of which is connected to positive DC power supply 17. The emitter of NPN switching type transistor 16' is connected to the cathode of a diode 62 having an anode connection to ground and also to and through a low pass filter circuit 63 including signal path series connected coils 64 and 65, and from the junction of coils 64 and 65 through capacitor 66 to ground. A further coil -67 may be provided in the output path to a tube as used in an output power amplifier circuit or, in lieu thereof, with other power amplifiers to, for example, the collector of an NPN transistor 68 having an emitter connection to ground and a base connection to an RF signal source 20'. The output connection from the collector of RF power amplifier transistor 68 could be, as shown, through transmission line circuitry including capacitor 69 and coil 70 to antenna 28, and with the junction of coil 70 and the antenna lead connected through capacitor 71 to ground. It should he noted that separate voltage and/or power supplies were indicated in this embodiment since both the minus and positive biasing voltages for the switching type power supply modulator circuit 27 are of relatively low power requirements. Whereas, on the other hand, the positive DC power supply 17 must be of snflicient power capability to supply the maximum power needs of 7 the RF power output amplifier which in the embodiment of FIGURE 4 is NPN transistor 68 and the circuitry immediately associated therewith. Referring also to FIGURE 5 for switching type power supply modulator waveforms, the average DC dashed line associated with waveform a is the average DC output for a transistor switch 16' closed 95 percent of the time which for a certain adjustment of the circuitry corresponds to a positive peak of the input of the audio signal cycle with a substantially maximum width pulse providing a relatively high limit DC voltage output. With the average pulse width waveform b, the average DC line as indicated by a dashed line would be the waveform signal DC level corresponding to no audio input when the modulator is used in standard AM applications. Referring now to waveform of FIGURE 5, the average DC output is indicated for the case when the transistor switch 16' is closed only approximately percent of the time in a modulated condition corresponding to a negative peak of an input audio cycle in standard AM applications and to what would be a no audio input when such circuitry is used as a DC amplifier (as a high efficiency linear amplifier, for example). Referring generally to these various embodiments and to the waveforms of FIGURE 5, the syllabic envelope may be derived in some of the embodiments by detecting either the audio, DSB, or $53 signal, since they are practically identical as far as detected envelopes are concerned. The DC and syllabic envelope components are retained while audio and RF components are filtered out. In order that the highest efficiency may be attained, the pulse width at the output of a pulse width modulator as shown in FIGURE 4 is zero when the syllabic envelope is zero. That is, when no speech signals are present, the pulse width is substantially zero and the B+ output voltage is substantially zero. The syllabic envelope contains frequencies up to about 25 c.p.s., therefore, from information theory, the clock pulse rate must be at least 50 cycles per second. This produces a modulated B+ output s ectrum which contains the original syllabic spectrum and also sidebands produced about the odd harmonics of the clock frequency. Since the first order sideband extends down from the clock frequency by the maximum frequency in the syllabic ens velope it extends down to 25 c.p.s. In order to eliminate this sideband with a clock pulse rate of 50 c.p.s. a substantially perfect low pass filter with an infinitely sharp cut off of 25 c.p.s. is required, however, to simplify filter design, the clock rate may be increased and as a practical matter, generally is increased to levels approximating 50 kc. It should be noted that a voltage regulator could be provided either as a part of positive DC power supply 17 in the embodiment of FIGURE 4 or between the power supply 17 and the switching transistor 16' in order to maintain a constant B+ input voltage to the switching transistor 16 at a level at at least the maximum peak B-lrequired during power supply modulating action of transistor switch 16' in providing the required power input levels through the switching transistor 16 for a power amplifier circuit including NPN transistor 68. Here again, it might be noted that for ideal zero bias class B triode operation, the gain is substantially constant from zero to the maximum DC plate or collector voltage, with only the plate overload point varying in proportion to the DC voltage. In :a practical case since the plate current varies as the power of voltage, it becomes necessary to vary the grid voltage to maintain constant linear amplifier gain. When using the syllabic filter with speech signals this may generally be neglected since it only involves a slight amount of syllabic compression or expansion to generally unnoticeable levels. In the embodiments hereinbefore discussed, the transistor switches, actually may be replaced by three-element silicon controlled rectifiers and still be considered within applicants, teachings, operate at a fixed rate of speed in excess of the highest frequency to be amplified. Information theory indicates that this speed should be at least twice the highest frequency to beamplified and as pointed out hereinbefore, approximately 50 kc. as a practical matter has been shown to be optimum for normal voice or music since transistor switches, and the operational equivalent of such transistor switches, are available which operate at this speed and since operation at such higher switching speeds leads to filter design simplification. Obviously, restricted bandwidth systems allow lower switching frequencies for speech signal handling capabilities. In the previously discussed embodiments, the audio input signal varies pulse width of the on period for the transistor switches and further, the frequency of the audio input signal varies the rate of pulse width change, while the amplitude of the audio input signal controls the amount of pulse width change. In a further embodiment such as shown in FIGURE 6, a high efliciency linear amplifier is provided using a high efficiency modulator with a substantially constant width on period and variable width off period. This, obviously, with signal variation, results in frequency change in the operation of the switching transistor or its equivalent. This suggests other variations in workable systems where, for example, an off period could be constant with the pulse width on period varied in accordance with the audio input signal, and others could be provided with both on and off pulse portions of the signal being varied in accordance with the audio input signal. Please refer to FIGURE 6 for specific details of a high efi'iciency amplifier 72 using a high efficiency modulator circuit 73 providing a constant width on pulse period and variable width off period. In this embodiment, just as with other embodiments, NPN transistor 16" is in efiect a series switch supplying current from positive DC power supply 17' at a controlled rate to the filter coil 64' in the 13+ voltage supply path to the B+ modulated RF amplifier 22 receiving an RF signal input from RF signal source 20. Diode 62, just as in the other embodiments, is a commutating diode that conducts when the NPN switching transistor 16" shuts off, maintaining current flow in coil 64 and preventing the generation of large breakdown voltages across the NPN transistor 16". In the einbodi ment, resistors 74 and 75 series connected between the input of RF power amplifier 22' and ground form a voltage divider with the common junction of the resistors 74 and 75 connected to the base of PNP transistor 76 in the high efficiency modulator circiut 73. The resulting voltage applied from this voltage divider :at the base of transister 76 is proportional to the output voltage applied as a 13+ voltage for the B+ modulated RF power amplifier 22. Audio signal low impedance source 15 provides an output fed through Zener diode 77 and/ or Zener diode 78 to the emitter of PNP transistor 76. Bypass switch 79 is provided in order that Zener diode 77 may be effectively in this circuit or not depending upon switch 79 being opened or closed in the signal input line from audio signal source 15' to the emitter of transistor 76. The Zener diodes 77 and 78 are serially connected in the circuit, anodes toward the audio signal source 15' and cathodes toward the emitter PNP transistor 76. Further, the common junction of Zener diode 78 and the emitter of PNP transistor 76 is serially connected through resistors 80 and 81 to positive DC power supply 17. The common junction of resistors 80 and 81 is connected through resistor 82 to the collector of NPN transistor S3 of the asymmetrical multivibrator circuit 84 portion of the high efiiciency modulator circuit 73, and also through resistor '85 to the collector of NPN transistor 86 of the multivibrator circuit 84. The common junction of resistors 80 and 81 is also connected through resistor 87 to the base of NPN transistor 83 the emitter of which is connected to ground. The base of transistor '86 is connected to the collector of PNP transistor 76 as a controlling signal source input thereto and also through capacitor 88 to the collector of NPN transistor 83. The base of NPN transistor 83 is in turn connected through capacitor 89 to the collector of NPN transistor 86 and from the common junction of capacitor 89 and the collector of NPN transistor 86 through resistor 90 as an output signal modulating control signal path to the base of NPN transistor 91. The emitter of transistor 91 is connected to ground and the collector output is connected to the base of NPN switching transistor 16". A resistor 92 is connected between the base and the collector of NPN switching transistor 16". During operation of the embodiment of FIGURE 6, the base-emitter junction of transistor 76 sums the modulating :and regulating voltages that are amplified in transistor 76 and applied to the base of NPN transistor 86 of the asymmetrical multivibrator circuit 84 including transistors 86 and 83, resistors 82, 85, and 87, and capacitors 88 and 89. Capacitor 89 is made much smaller than capacitor 88 so that with no current How in transistor 76 the ratio of on to off time of NPN transistor '86 is low. The heavier PNP transistor 76 conducts the faster capacitor 88 discharges and the shorter the off period of NPN transistor 86. Thus, by control of the current through PNP transistor 76 the on to 011 time to transistor 86 is varied. The signal output of transistor 86 and of the asymmetrical multivibrator circuit 84 is coupled to NPN transistor amplifier 91 by the connection of the collector of transistor 86 through resistor 90 to the base of amplifier transistor 91 to in turn drive the base of switching NPN transistor 16". It should be noted that the Zener diode 93 connected cathode to common junction of resistors 80 and 81 and anode to ground insures a regulated supply voltage level at the junction of resistors 80 and 81 for the asymmetrical multivibrator circiut 84. When AM modulator type operation is desired, switch 79 is controlled so that Zener diode 77 is effectively in the input signal circuit with a voltage drop across Zener diode 77 and Zener diode 78 greater than the resistive value of resistor 74 divided by the sum of the values of resistors 74 and 75 overall quantity times the output B+ voltage as it is applied as the B+ modulating voltage for the RF amplifier 22' so that PNP transistor 76 conducts. The current flowing in transistor 76 is such that the on-off duty cycle of switching transistor 16" produces the DC B+ output voltage required for the desired RF carrier output. In order for full modulation to be attainable, the output B+ voltage under carrier only conditions must be produced by, at most, a 50 percent duty cycle. Full modulation is only possible with less than '50 percent carrier duty cycle, otherwise clipping and distortion problems may be encountered and upward of 100 percent modulation is impossible. The regulating output is provided with an increase in the voltage level of possible DC power supply 17 resulting in an increase in the output B+ voltage being applied to RF amplifier 22. This results in a corresponding decrease in the current in PNP transistor 76 and thereby a longer off time for NPN transistor 86. This increases the on time of NPN transistor 91 and thereby decreases the on time of NPN switching transistor 16" to thereby lower the output B+ voltage being applied to RF amplifier 22' toward the original B+ voltage value. Modulation voltage applied from signal source 15 to the emitter of transistor 76 through Zener diodes 77 and 78 ideally swings the output B+ voltage between zero and double the available B+ voltage value for the particular moment time interval involved. During the negative half cycle of the modulating signal wave, the emitter voltage of transistor 76 is lowered thereby reducing the current in transistor 76. This lengthens the oil period of transistor 86 thereby in turn shortening the off period of transistor 91 and lengthening it in the switching transistor 16" thereby reducing the output B+ voltage supplied to RF amplifier 22' and correspondingly reducing the voltage at the base of transistor 76. This in effect is a negative feedback for the modulating voltage with a beneficial reduction of signal distortion in the system. In like manner, the positive half cycle of the modulating wave increases the level of emitter voltage on transistor 76 thereby increasing the current through transistor 76. This shortens the off period of transistor 86 thereby lengthening the off period of transistor 91 and shortening the off period of switching transistor 16" thereby raising the level of the output 13-}- voltage applied to -RF amplifier 22'. A unidirectional modulation voltage is employed for SSB operation with this modulation voltage obtained by rectification of either audio or SSB signal in accord with such methods as hereinbefore described. It should be noted that signal sources 20' may be an SSB, or DSBSC, generator as previously described. With such usage, it is desired that the DC output B+ voltage be substantially zero with zero modulating voltage. This is accomplished with the embodiment of FIGURE 6 by closing switch 79 to short out Zener diode 77 and thereby lowering the voltage level at the emitter of PNP transistor 76 to cutoff with no modulation voltage signal input. With transistor 76 at this cutofl condition, the OE period of transistor 86 is lengthened and the output B+ voltage applied to RF amplifier 22 drops to a low value. With this condition of operation, a positive unidirectional voltage applied to the emitter input of transistor 76 through Zener diode 78 causes a proportional amount of current flow through transistor 76 resulting in an output B+ voltage applied to RF amplifier 22' proportional to the unidirectional modulating voltage input applied by audio signal source 15 through Zener diode 78. Whereas this invention is here illustrated and described with respect to several embodiments thereof, it should be realized that various changes may be made without departing from essential contributions to the art made by the teachings hereof. We claim: 1. In a high efiiciency RF power amplifier and modulation system: an RF power amplifier; an RF signal source; a circuit interconnection between said RF signal source and said RF power amplifier; a DC power supply; electrode means in said RF power amplifier; circuit means interconnecting said DC power supply and said electrode means; an on-off switch in the circuit means interconnecting said DC power supply and electrode means in said RF power amplifier; a modulating signal source; and a modulation circuit interconnecting said modulating signal source and said on-off switch for control drive of said switch and variance of the on to off time of said switch in accordance with the sig nal from the modulating signal source. 2. The high efficiency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim '1, wherein said on-oif switch in the circuit means interconnecting said -DC power supply and electrode means in said RF power amplifier is a solid state electronic type switch. 3. The high efficiency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 2, wherein said on-ofi switch is a transistor. 4. The high efliciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 1, including iieedback circuit means from a portion of the circuit means interconnecting said DC power supply and said electrode means adjacent said electrode means of the RF power amplifier to the modulation circuit interconnecting said modulating signal source and said on-ofi switch. 5. The high efficiency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 4, including a low pass filter in the circuit between said on-ofi switch and electrode means of said RF power amplifier and with the feedback circuit means connected to the portion of the circuit between said low pass filter and said electrode means. 6. The high efiiciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 1, wherein the modulator circuit includes a pulse width modulator with cycle timing circuit means. 7. The high efiiciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 6, wherein the cycle timing circuit means is set to provide a minimum pulse cycle rate of at least fifty cycles per second. 8. The high efiiciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 6, wherein the cycle timing circuit means is set at a clock pulse cycle rate of approximately 50 kc. per second. 9. The high efiiciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 1, wherein the modulation circuit includes an asymmetrical multivibrator circuit to vary the width of off periods in accordance with the modulating input signal from the modulating signal source. 10. The high efiiciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 1, wherein said modulating signal source is connected to provide a modulating signal input directly to said RF signal source; and an envelope detector and syllabic filter circuit is connected to the circuit interconnecting said RF signal source and said RF power amplifier and to the modulation circuit for feeding the detected and syllabic filter passed signal as the modulating signal input to said modulation circuit. 11. The high efliciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 10, with the connection from the envelope detector and syllabic filter circuit to the modulation circuit including a signal mixer; a low pass filter in the circuit between said on-ofl switch and the electrode means of said RF power amplifier; and a feedback circuit including a feedback regulator connected between the portion of the circuit between said low pass filter and said electrode means, and said signal mixer. 12. The high eificiency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 11, including a low power level RF class A amplifier in the circuit interconnecting said RF signal source and said RF power amplifier between the RF signal source and the connection with said envelope detector and syllabic filter circuit. 13. The high efiiciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 12, including a driver amplifier stage in the circuit interconnecting said RF signal source and said RF power amplifier between the low power level RF class A amplifier and said RF power amplifier. 14. The high efficiency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 13, wherein said low pass filter has an output connection with both said electrode means of said RF power amplifier, and said driver amplifier stage. 15. The high eificiency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 1, wherein the modulator circuit includes a multivibrator circuit; multiple impedance means are included in a circuit between said modulating signal source and said modulator circuit; and switch means is provided for controlled switching of one of said multiple impedance means effectively into or out of the circuit for selective shifting of ranges of modulation operation. 16. The high efliciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 15, wherein said multiple impedance means are series connected Zener diodes; and at least one of said Zener diodes is paralleled 'by a shorting switch as the switch means for controlled switching of one of said multiple impedance means effectively into or out of the circuit. 17. The high efliciency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 16, wherein the modulation circuit is set to provide substantially Zero DC output voltage at the electrode means of said RF power amplifier when the shortening switch is thrown to short out a Zener diode. 18. The high efficiency RF power amplifier and modulation system of claim 17, wherein the modulation circuit is set to provide a maximum -DC output voltage at the electrode means of said power amplifier when the shorting switch is thrown to include all Zener diodes effectively in the circuit between said modulating signal source and said modulating circuit that insures, at most, a maximum percent duty cycle and full modulation in operation of the system. References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,968,010 1/ 1961 Case 332-9 X 3,072,854 1/1963 Case 3329 X 3,252,100 5/1966 Webb 307-465 3,290,617 12/1966 Bellem '332-14 ALFRED L. BRODY, Primary Examiner. Patent Citations
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No spittin', no swearin', no instigatin'...
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Return to Baseball Leftovers
Moderator: Baseball Moderators
by JoeMoney19 » Wed May 17, 2006 1:49 pm
by rentz » Wed May 17, 2006 2:08 pm
by McBain » Wed May 17, 2006 2:08 pm
Madison wrote:A suggestion though is that anyone who frequents this board should get into private leagues .
by tinfoilxtouch » Wed May 17, 2006 2:33 pm
by bleach168 » Wed May 17, 2006 2:39 pm
McBain wrote:Madison wrote:A suggestion though is that anyone who frequents this board should get into private leagues . So far my experience with Yahoo leagues is rather poor. I can't say for certain that I will be playing in the future.The first league I played was a custom-scored private league. It was a mix of knowledgeable veterans and newbies, of which I was one. I was leading for months when one manager released ALL of his cuttable players right around the trade deadline. Being new to the game, I expected the commish to intercede. He didn't -- and after a few days I was left to grab at what was left, which wasn't much. Somehow I was able to hold my lead by a few points, but it killed the enjoyment. The player claimed he did it because he didn't have the time to manage his team, but the reality was he had an axe to grind.This year I am in two Yahoo public leagues, and while one is great, the second has a guy who was in colllusion with another player to get Pujols -- and succeeded -- and now is in first place. This guy also picks up players and drops them immediately to keep them away from others. The manager he is in collusion with -- which is probably his second team -- does it also. I complained to Yahoo! but they did nothing. Too much juvenile behavior and cheating in Yahoo! leagues for my taste.
by OneLoveBoomer » Wed May 17, 2006 6:20 pm
by kaveman » Wed May 17, 2006 7:10 pm
by Madison » Wed May 17, 2006 8:33 pm
tinfoilxtouch wrote:Whether or not you want to believe it, I'm sure O-rank have some psychological impact when evaluating trade offers, even for veterans. When you can't view the trade screen without having "O-rank" as the first thing listed after a players name, it's hard to avoid. Even if you know you're winning a trade, seeing that you are giving up a top-50 O-rank player for someone outside the top 150 is rough... even if you think the numbers are meaningless.
by BigZ38 » Wed May 17, 2006 9:01 pm
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[video] GM: Six Years Ahead of Tesla
NEW YORK (TheStreet) --When is 90% good enough? How much are you willing to pay for the last 10% of anything? In this article I make the argument that General Motors (GM - Get Report) beat Tesla (TSLA - Get Report) by at least six years to make the $40,000 de facto electric car.
The main product goal for Tesla is to deliver the cost-reduced, smaller version of the current Model S. This car would have a range of 200 miles (when new) and cost something like $40,000, before tax adjustments.
Originally, this "Generation 3" $40,000 Tesla car was meant for 2015. Then it became 2016. Now it looks like perhaps 2017. Judging from the commentary on a recent Tesla quarterly earnings call, Tesla remains mostly busy perfecting the current Model S, and finalizing the Model X which could reach volume production as early as 2015. Significant resources spent on the "Generation 3 program" would begin in 2014.
Meanwhile, GM showed the original Chevrolet Volt prototype in January 2007, the final design in September 2008 and production started in November 2010. The car cost approximately $40,000. Lets first establish the timeline here: Tesla will have its $40,000 car in late 2016, at best. The Volt entered production in November 2010. That means that in terms of reaching that magic $40,000 price point, GM will have been at an absolute bare minimum six years ahead of Tesla. I can hear the protestations from the Tesla fan club already. Let's deal with these objections in turn: "But the Tesla is 100% electric; the Volt isn't." The Volt goes an average of 38 miles on 100% electric power, then another 342 miles using a fairly regular gasoline engine for a total of 380 miles worth of range. In contrast, the current Tesla Model S can go 265 miles on its only electric/battery power source; the third-generation car for 2017 would be able to hit 200 miles. Based on this, Tesla fans cry foul: "A pure electric car isn't the same thing as a car that can only go 38 miles on electric." Per definition, they are right -- but I also argue that for most people, this doesn't matter much, if at all. Why?Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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DJ Qualls, Hollywood's go-to actor for all its "awkward dork" casting needs, showed paparazzi outside of an LA nightclub just what kind of stone pimp he actually is. In the course of the two minute clip, Qualls lights a cigarette, struts with a young starlet on each arm, kisses one of them, then finally hits a paparazzi homerun by giving the obligatory comment on his thoughts about Lindsay Lohan, to whom he has no discernible relation. While his description of her as "not a nice girl" is a far cry from the oratory eloquence of Brandon Davis' "firecrotch", it's hard not to find DJ's earnest "Haha, me too, right guys? Lohan sucks, check out my ladies, call me sometime Paris!" eagerness to be part of Hollywood's clique of popular party kids at least mildly charming.
Keira Knightley: Dead Man's Chest
Check out this picture taken of Keira Knightley in London a few days ago. We're not sure if Keira was a feral child, raised by topless, chunky-belted wolves in an alley somewhere, but someone should really get the memo to her that a skirt belted around the human xylophone that is her rib cage does NOT constitute a dress. Maybe it's just a clever ruse to divert attention from the "Knightley Jaw." And check out her boyf! Attractive, in a Matthew Mcconaughey as a vampire kind of way — which, on second thought, is exactly our type.
While You Were Stalking Colin Farrell
- Madonna is so paranoid about germs she demands a new toilet seat in her dressing room every night while on tour. She doesn't want to spread whatever it is she has.
- Nicolas Cage believes his "regular guy" appeal will secure the success of his controversial new film World Trade Center. The fact that the movie is about the greatest tragedy in our nation's history is secondary.
- Christie Brinkley's estranged husband has apologized for being "stupid" and cheating on her with an 18-year-old. He promises that the next time he strays he'll have enough class to do it with a model in her early 20′s.
- Kimberly Stewart says hiking makes her sane. And I say it's boring quotes like that that make Kimberly Stewart forgettable.
- Lionel Richie is saddened by the media's obsession with his daughter's weight. He wants to know why nobody notices he's really thin too. Doesn't ANYBODY care???
Best Night Ever: Monday, July 24th
It's Best Night Ever for Monday, July 24th! Claudia is here to walk you through the best of Monday night tv, including Miami: Beach Patrol, Tabloid Wars, and Hell's Kitchen!
…Of The Day
- GEEK LOVE: These videos from Comic-Con make me wish I was as popular as Johnny Drama. (Bam! Kapow!)
- SINGING RICHIE: Sorry Lionel, there's a new musician in the family and her name's Nicole. Seriously. (D-Listed)
- GIF (NOT RELATED TO MATTHEW MCCONAUGHEY): Jessica Simpson + bikini photos + animation = why the internet was created. (Egotastic)
- POLL: Who would cheat on George Clooney? Well, only lunatics, liars, and lesbians, naturally. (Gawker)
- PLANK: Bai Ling, proving that just because Pirates Of The Carribbean 2 is a success, not everything with a pirate hat is worth your time. (Mollygood)
LISTEN UP: BWE's Daily Dose of the Best Music Ever
- I Am Fuel, You Are Friends is starting the week off right with a Monday mix including Pete Yorn, Rooney, Girl Talk, R.E.M. and more.
- Speaking of Michael Stipe and co., Feed me Good Tunes has a bunch of old tracks from a handful of albums. Download them all.
- Pop Tarts Suck Toasted has a mix today that features tracks by Of Montreal, The Hold Steady, and a few other bands passing through New York this week. You know I'll be at the OM show Sunday.
- Disco-Not-Disco posted four great tracks today, including songs by Clipse and Beck, so I'm willing to overlook the positive review for Johnny Knoxville's The Ringer. But it wasn't easy.
- And finally, if you've never listened to Voxtrot head on over to Obscure Sound asap. Let me know what you think.
ICYMI: The Ballad of Crazy Colin Farrell Stalker
Now that the dust has finally settled on the set of The Tonight Show after last week's onstage confrontation of Colin Farrell by his assumed stalker, we've finally been able to get the other side of the story straight from the horse's crazy person's mouth. You should check out her entire rambling manifesto, but here's a little sample of the fun:
"The camera that we strolled pass was still taping at the time because the red light was still on and it turned with us as we walked by obviously still recording colin and I interacting. The whole studio was quite and no one was alarmed, because Colin's reaction was too inviting toward seeing me. Security never came over to us, and Mr. Leno never moved from his seat nor summons his security because Colin was talking to me comfortably with his whole arm draped around me extreamly close.
Now that her rhetorical genius has whet your appetite for lunacy, head over to her MySpace page and rock out to the single she recorded, which will obviously be the breakout hit of the summer – "Colin Farrell Is My Bitch".
ICYMI: Barbara Learns More About Black Women, Hair
Barbara Walters just keeps going and going and going. Give this woman a black co-host (not named Star Jones) and she's bound to do something embarrassing. After the way she harrassed Brandy and pulled on Tanika Ray's hair, you'd think she would've learned her lesson by now. Well, she hasn't. Cue Mo'Nique.
So what did Barbara learn from Mo'Nique on The View today?
1) Black women DO NOT shave their legs
2) Black women DO shave their underarms
3) Black women DO NOT appreciate it when you call their children "creatures"
4) Black women DO NOT enjoy being double teamed by two old white women
What an episode. Future co-hosts, you've been warned: You come and go- they stay. They. Stay.
ICYMI: Gwyneth Paltrow, Rice Queen?
Crush-of-the-Day Daniel Henney, the Zoolander of Asia, takes on Gwyneth Paltrow in a 2005 commercial for the appropriately named Bean Pole International clothing line. The two were back in London this week filming another commercial, but in case you missed the first one, here it is. It's too bad Chris Martin is in the picture — these two would birth a litter of Benetton models if given the chance.
Deciphering the Douchebag Rosetta Stone
Obsessed Project Runway folks, listen up. Those of you wondering what the cursive tattoo on contestant Jeffrey Sebelia's monster-neck says cab putt your D-Bag Decoder Rings down: People Mag cracked the case! The illegible scrawling says "Harrison Detroit", the name of Jeffrey's son, with "l'amor de la mia vita" underneath (translation: "is the love of my life"). While the sentiment may be nice, what's gonna happen in a few years when little Harrison grows up to be the troubled son of a failed reality show designer, preferring life on the streets to that of the runway? We imagine Sebelia could always change "Harrison Detroit" to "Harrison Ford", and just tell people that Hollywood Homicide is his favorite movie ever. (Update: Jeffrey's son is adoooorable. If we weren't completely sterile, we'd tattoo his name on our necks also.)


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Where to Study Folklore in the US and Canada |
The Folklore WIki > About Folklore Studies / Resources for Folklorists > Where to Study Folklore in the US and Canada A number of universities have folklore departments, programs, or centers that offer coursework in folklore leading to PhD or MA degrees, or BA-level majors or minors. Since many faculty and students at these programs do fieldwork in the regions where their university is located, these programs can also be good sources for information about local folk traditions. To begin to learn about these folklore departments, programs, and centers, please click on the links below to connect to their web sites. Remember, though, that in planning your education a web search is not enough; you should follow up by making personal contact with faculty members and department administrators to learn the specific circumstances, strengths, and opportunities of the departments that interest you. Remember, too, that folklorists teach folklore courses at many universities that do not offer undergraduates majors or minors, or graduate degrees--check your university's web site for details. Universities with PhD Programs in Folklore The George Washington UniversityIndiana University Memorial
University of Newfoundland George Mason University Arkansas State University Memorial University of Newfoundland University of Hawai'i at Manoa University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of Southern California University of Sudbury/Université de Sudbury |
3/13/2015 » 3/14/2015
"Peaks and Valleys": SEMSEC 2015 Annual Meeting
3/23/2015 » 3/28/2015
"Vernacular Religion, Folk Belief, and Traditions of the Supernatural" International Conference
3/25/2015 » 3/28/2015
2015 Society for Applied Anthropology: "Continuity and Change"
3/26/2015 » 3/28/2015
The Supernatural in Literature and Film


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May 18, 2012 | 8 a.m.
By Suzanne Yonker GS '09
Bethel representatives meet the faculty of the Southwest University of Political Science and Law in Chongquing, P.R.C. (From left to right) Richard Crombie, vice president and dean of CAPS/GS; David Clark, provost; Duncan McCampbell, MBA program director; and Helen Huang, MBA student. (Photo credit: Duncan McCampbell)
Three Bethel University administrators traveled to China this spring to begin establishing relationships with Chinese universities and to promote the Master of Business Administration (MBA) program. David Clark, Bethel University provost; Dick Crombie, vice president and dean of the College of Adult & Professional Studies and Graduate School (CAPS/GS); and Duncan McCampbell, MBA program director, held meetings with administrators at five universities in four provinces in China.
The goal of each meeting was to begin formalizing a professional relationship between Bethel and each school in regard to the MBA program. "The objective of the trip was to explain who we are and why we were there—to begin talks about possible partnerships with their schools as an unapologetically Christian institution, a school that is about relationship with God, not religion," says Crombie. "Connections such as these can stretch our understanding of global matters and develop relationships where we interact with those from around the world. This trip was an important step in that direction."
Clark believes it is important for MBA learners and all of Bethel to interact with students from around the world to expand their worldview and give them a better understanding of global business. "Understanding the cultural diversity of our world and gaining skills to work well in diverse cultures, while retaining a solid sense of who we are as Christ-followers, are critical to the challenge of being world-changers," Clark says. For business students, especially those pursuing the new global MBA concentration, direct engagement with the world's largest nation is one very important strategy for meeting these critical educational goals. Working with Chinese students will enrich the value of a Bethel education for students here."
During the trip, McCampbell also interviewed several highly qualified MBA learners and accepted five students. Some will attend the Global Language Institute for six months first to learn commercial English, while others are ready to enroll right away. At least two students from China will begin in the fall.
Representatives from Bethel hope to return to China in the fall to continue discussions.
Read the current issue.


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Nike Kobe 8 "Findlay Prep" PE on eBay by John Kim 0 Comments
May 13, 2013 BY Brendan Dunne / 5
First overall pick in the WNBA and brand new Nike athlete Brittney Griner is already being well taken care of by the Swoosh folks. Shown here is a player exclusive version of the Nike Kobe 8 made for Griner, one that of course lines up with the colors of the Phoenix Mercury, the squad that was lucky enough to pick her up in the recent draft. Let us know what you think of PE pairs like this hitting the WNBA and stay tuned to see which other women in the league get outfitted with unique sneakers going forward.
Filed under: Basketball Kobe Upcoming Sneakers
Tags: Brittany Griner Kobe 8 Nike Kobe 8
Nike Kobe 8 "Findlay Prep" PE on eBay by John Kim 0 Comments
NIKEiD Kobe 8 Autographed by Swaggy P on eBay by Brendan Dunne 3 Comments
Nike Kobe 8 "Last Chapter" Promo Sample by Brendan Dunne 66 Comments
Sneaker News NINE@NINE: Easter Edition by Aaron Hope 7 Comments
Another Unreleased Nike Kobe 8 Colorway Appears by Aaron Hope 6 Comments


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Charleys' restaurants, known for Charley's Grilled Subs and Charleys Philly Steaks, has added the Bacon Swiss Steakhouse Crunch to its menus. It will be available as a limited-time offering through Jan. 1.
"We've pulled out all the stops," said Dick Falcone, R&D director for Charleys. "It's loaded with 100 percent USDA choice steak, crispy bacon, melty Swiss cheese, grilled mushrooms and onions – and we didn't stop there. We topped it with crispy fried onions and smothered it in our signature steak sauce, all served on our hearty bakery-style bread."
Read more about new menu items.
Topics: Food & Beverage


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As a leader I am sure you will either consciously or unconsciously know what you require of your followers, over and above their job role. But do you articulate those wants, or do you get frustrated because your followers don't actually follow very well? If you are a follower, do you know what your leader expects of you, and if not would you like to know? Read on…
Do Followers Know What Their Leaders Want? |
| Leadership Development |


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Sam Moloney
wants to
Ban Animal Cruelty On Facebook
Stop Animal Abuse online
Stop Animal Abuse online
The Peoples Alliance for Government Economic Recovery is an Agency of citizens of the United States of America. PAGER
A good thing should be shared by everyone... If ObamaCare is good for average Americans, ObamaCare should be good
There are feed lots around the US that trasports horses to canada for slaughter. Most of them are good healthy horses,
The dolphins are being slaughtered for meat products, and gain profit.
This project I want to start and be head of, will in future years to come, bring an end to all forms of discrimination.


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Bart Sears Archives - Comics Should Be Good! @ Comic Book Resources
Frantic as a cardiograph scratching out the lines, Day 17: The Path #4
Every day this month, I will be examining the first pages of random comics. Today's page is from The Path #4, which was published by CrossGen and is cover dated July 2002. Enjoy!
Continue Reading »
Comics You Should Own – Justice League Europe #1-28
Hey, it's a spin-off … just like Joanie Loves Chachi!
Continue Reading »


text: Hoody Gee - Aint Gun let em Feat. Thero By Hoody Gee Posted Jan 13, 2011 at 12:00 AM 0 0 0Comments 22 Views Hoody Gee ft Thero on Yola instrumental. The Redsox/ The Bulls Mixtapes droppin soon Share Tweet gplus thumblr pinterest 1 Aint Gun let em Hoody Gee feat. Thero Follow Artist Embed Me To Playlist Download Songs Mixtapes Videos 0 0 0 22 Powered By HOTNEWHIPHOPhotnewhiphop.com Edit Colors Full Player Simple Player Embed Script Copy Short Link Copy Iframe Copy Preview Full Player Simple Player Embed Code Copy NOTE: Minimum player width is 370 pixels, height is 50 pixels. Back Full Player Simple Player NOTE: Player width is 450 pixels, height is 50 pixels. Title Artist Back 01:23 04:56 Embed Code Copy


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What does AANP stand for?
What does AANP mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: AANP.
We've found a total of 5 definitions for AANP:
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AANP | American Academy of Nurse Practitioners | ||||
AANP | Alberta Association of Naturopathic Practitioners (renamed CNDA August 1st, 2012) | ||||
AANP | American Absorbing National Products | ||||
AANP | American Association of Naturopathic Physicians | ||||
AANP | America Academy of Nurse Practitioners |
Still can't find the acronym definition you were looking for? Use our Power Search technology to look for more unique definitions from across the web!
"AANP." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/AANP>.


text: If you are a football fan you've probably already spent a few afternoons gathered around the television cheering on your favorite team. But football watching calls for snacks! And after a few rounds of greasy chips, high-fat dips and XL cheesy pizzas you may be feeling a bit less than energized. Pace yourself, you have a long season ahead of you! That's why I'm offering up a few football-approved snack ideas that are totally vegan. You'll find something for everyone: cheesy, savory, crunchy, crispy, dipp-able and more – but these snacks are plant-based and a bit healthier than traditional football snacking fare. So load up your snack tray – and get ready for football season! Slideshow featuring eleven recipes ahead..


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Johnson lifts the lid
Birmingham defender Roger Johnson has revealed his spat with Hugo Rodallega on Saturday was fuelled by memories of a previous challenge by the Wigan striker.Johnson confronted the Colombian during the first half of the goalless draw at St Andrew's after being caught by the forward's arm.Rodallega reacted by twice pushing his forehead towards Johnson's chin, with both players picking up a yellow card from referee Mark Clattenburg for the incident.And Johnson claimed it was not the first time Rodallega had caught him in such a manner.Johnson told the Birmingham Mail: "That's the only reason I got the hump. He did me last year and cut me. It was exactly the same challenge again. I think I was within my rights to have a word with him."The ref's come in and it was a harsh booking for me, to be honest. It it happens on the street, then you go and have a word with whoever did it."
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God Bless America (Americans for Christ)
This petition is for those who want to take a stand against the removal of any item, entity, practice or otherwise that originiated with our founding fathers who founded this country on God. Any language, practice, song, hymnal, monetary item, legal document, or otherwise, should not be altered where the name God is concerned. Remember that is why America has been so blessed all of these years. God Bless America!
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Expert Predictions: Wisconsin at Michigan St Edition
Poll Positions: Will Butler/Nevada Get Screwed?
Poll Positions: Projecting The #1 Seeds
Poll: Who is the Best One Loss Team?
Daily Dribble: 12/16
This is a rare Saturday evening edition of the Dribble.. including all the results from a jam packed Saturday afternoon.
The big "upset" was #2 Pittsburgh falling to #7 Wisconsin. But this isn't really a big deal.. Wisconsin is supposed to beat a Pitt team playing a Top 50 team all season. Yes, Aaron Gray wasn't feeling 100% with stre throat, but I don't think that really altered the outcome of the game. Brian Butch went off for 27 points and 12 boards, the type of numbers Wisconsin fans have been waiting for since the heralded Butch signed there. Perhaps a 100% Gray could have done a better job on Butch, but Butch's numbers have more to do with a hot shooting touch and a difference of style. Alando Tucker was rock solid as always with 32 and 10.
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There's a hallucinogenic sheen to Alvarez's imagery, which is often so vibrant that it threatens to dance off the canvas. The same can be said for Fred Tomaselli's big mixed-media collages, which sometimes incorporate the literal trappings of psychedelia — pills, marijuana leaves, magic mushrooms — into forms that resemble gigantic mandalas or massive strands of DNA. And then there's Leo Villareal's trippy ceiling installation of intricately programmed flashing lights, best seen when you're lying on your back.
1451 S. Olive Ave.
West Palm Beach, FL 33401
Category: Museums
Region: West Palm Beach
In terms of ideas, we're talking cosmic here, as in the expanding universe and spirituality and the portals of perception. These three American artists seek not so much to re-create drug-induced experiences as to tap into higher visionary realms. Their visual extravagance is balanced by the presence of Yayoi Kusama, an octogenarian Japanese woman who takes a more austere but no less contemplative approach. Together they make up a quartet whose work delights the eye and stimulates the mind and spirit — not a bad combination at all.
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First of, when my family and I arrived at the hotel, our rooms were not ready. So when we returned a few hours later the manager or whoever he was, tried to let us in the rooms and our room key didn't work. Once my family and I were settled into our rooms, we noticed that the carpets were leaving... More
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Product Description
Available while supplies last.
Danze has created a showerhead product selection that has classic to contemporary styles and everything in between. You only get so many opportunities to relax. Which is precisely why Danze is always creating luxurious new showerheads. As functional as they are beautiful. With easy to clean jets, adjustable sprays and premium components.
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Investors in Dubai's Remraam Community have petitioned the emirate's ruler to intervene in a dispute with the project's developer, after they were told they risked fines if they failed to accept the handover of properties in the unfinished complex.
The Dubai Properties Group development was scheduled to complete in June 2010, complete with pools, malls, landscaping and retail features. But owners said in a petition to the Ruler's Court that they were being forced to accept properties without water and electricity connections.
The document, seen by Arabian Business and signed by 37 buyers, asked the court to intervene to insist DPG commit to connecting homes to utilities and developing promised infrastructure.
Buyers have also asked for compensation for losses incurred during the delay of the handover, such as interest on mortgage payments.
"We are being forced to take possession of half-baked apartments and communities in Remraam, which is in the middle of the desert with no amenities and no DEWA. The electricity is provided through generators [and water tanks]," a spokesperson for the group told Arabian Business.
"DPG needs to commit to the completion of facilities and proper infrastructure. Non-completion makes Remraam an unlivable community."
DPG, the company behind the stalled mega-resort Dubailand, said in emails to buyers that they faced penalties if they failed to accept the handover of the properties in their existing state.
"We understand that you may wish to defer your own occupation of the property until the community has matured and of course this is your right," said one email. "However, you are contractually obliged to complete the handover process within 30 days of the completion date."
Another email, dated Jan 4, said: "The final date to complete handover formalities, without penalties, is January 16, 2012 so we recommend that you schedule your appointments without further delay."
Investors have also been issued with service fees before the handover of their properties, a charge they are contesting. One couple, yet to take possession of their property, received a letter requesting AED1,682 in maintenance charges for the period Jan 5 to March 31, 2012.
"This is total injustice – they can't just barge over people like this. This is our hard-earned money," one investor, who asked not to be named, told Arabian Business.
"We just want DPG to give us what they showed us on the brochure – to give us a community that is livable for families so we can get some return on our investment."
In a statement to Arabian Business, DPG said the basic infrastructure for the project was in place, and denied charging homeowners service fees before their units had been transferred.
The company also highlighted its attempt to help customers who were struggling financially.
"We have offered a series of initiatives to help our customers that include but are not limited to; price reductions, unit upgrades, late payment fee waivers, family consolidations, deferred payment plans etc," the statement said.
Disclaimer:The view expressed here by our readers are not necessarily shared by Arabian Business, its employees, sponsors or its advertisers.
Please post responsibly. Commenter Rules
Posted by: Richard Sunday, 10 June 2012 7:44 PM[UAE] - united kingdomWhere is Sunset Gardens B Jumeirah Village South plot 609 it is a project registered at RERA but it has vanished off there books and I am told money has been taken and there is not much left I paid 70 percent for my apartment and now I am not even told it is canceled its just gone and that is it,
What do I do to get my money back ,or if it is canceled as it has vanished off the radar in any form why was I not even told after waiting 4 years for it to be built, RERA gave me the confidance to buy as it is registered with them I am on the system but not a word I paid 5000 AED to pre register on the registration system ,
try to find it Sunset Gardens B Jumeirah Village South.
It is all over the internet if you search for Sunset Gardens B but it has gone on RERA books,
Posted by: Rashid Wednesday, 7 March 2012 4:23 PM[UAE] - United arab emiratesTOTALLY APPALLED AND PAINFUL
I am an investor and I got this link forwarded to me & I only now I read this article. I am appalled at this sorry state of affairs. Till now there has been no action and we are forced ON DAILY BASIS BY DEVELOPER AND BANKS TO TAKE POSSESSION. Why is nobody doing anything?? Media should help us by publishing an updated article on the ground reality which could add more pressurePosted by: Salsa Sunday, 18 March 2012 9:46 AM[UAE] - KSAAnyone that does not assits these people to is doing something against the law. Where is RERA?
Posted by: Hapless investors Monday, 20 February 2012 2:43 PM[UAE] - UAEClose to a month now after this article was published and the developer and banks are still forcing us to take handover despite the ground reality remaining worse than ever. Does anyone know where else we can go and request for HELP???
Hapless Remraam Investors
Posted by: QdYKJfHWRBtJfIF Tuesday, 14 February 2012 2:32 PM[UAE] - qDiBjYZQcCKmIiDDArtciels like this make life so much simpler.
Posted by: Remraam investors Sunday, 12 February 2012 8:18 AM[UAE] - UAEThe most disgusting and frustrating part of all this is that we are still been forced on a daily basis to take over the handover despite sending them all the media articles, messages, pleas/petition, showing them snag reports which has more than 50-60 CRITICAL repairs needed.
What kind of justice is this??
There is total lack of action and absolutely no reaction from the mortgage institutions-banks and developer
Remraam suffering group of investorsPosted by: Mark Tuesday, 17 April 2012 4:49 PM[UAE] - UAERemraam Investors, how can i join your group. I am in the same position with major snags outstanding and being forced to accept handover.
Is there any feedback with regard to the petition submitted to the Ruler's Court?Posted by: Gavin Sunday, 12 February 2012 2:57 PM[UAE] - U.KDear Ku Rouis,
RERA has also not taken any action as far as we know since this development and handover issues are been notified to RERA all this while. That is why our painful reaction. We are all undergoing tremendous amount of stress as our monthly salary is automatically getting deducted to pay for this apartment which is in the middle of the desert with no landscaping, no proper roads, no grocery stores, no electricity (run by generators) and worse of all is THE APARTMENT ITSELF IS IN NEED OF CRITICAL REPAIRS-MORE THAN 60 REPAIRS NEEDED DURING SNAG INSPECTION..Posted by: Ku Rouis Sunday, 12 February 2012 12:38 PM[UAE] - IndiaWhat RERA says about this? I suppose when it comes to DPG abuses RERA just keeps quite? Maybe investors in Remraam have not approached RERA officially neither? Do investors deal with DPG or with their company Taziz?


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Play for EmilyPlay for Emily raises over $100,000Submitted by Katelyn Supa on Mon, 09/24/2012 - 4:22pm.READ MORE:
The 7th annual "Play for Emily" took place on Monday at the Landfall Country Club. When Emily Ann Wade was diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor, Emily and her family were helped out by the Ronald McDonald House Charity.
Full story... » Sharks back in first on Play for Emily nightSubmitted by Jesse Jones on Fri, 07/22/2011 - 10:00pm.READ MORE:
The Wilmington Sharks were sporting new shirts tonight. Each shirt was auctioned off, and the Ronald McDonald House donated the money to the Play for Emily golf tournament.
Full story... » Golfers honor girl's memory, support good causeSubmitted by Jesse Jones on Mon, 09/20/2010 - 3:13pm.READ MORE:
More than 120 golfers took advantage of the nice weather today to hit the links at Landfall for a good cause.
Full story... » |
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Source: Eurekalert & others
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
It is common sense to take a method and try it; if it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something.
-- Franklin D. Roosevelt


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First of all: Niille parille ihmiselle joille mä juttelin viimeyönä ennen yhtäkkistä katoomistani... sori jos mä sanoin jotain outoo/mahdollisesti loukkaavaa. Mä en oo iha varma mikä mua vaivas. Joku random emotionaalinen outburst varmaan osittain väsymyksestä johtuva. Pahoitteluni. En tarkottanu puoliakaan siitä mitä mä sepustin.
Back to using English.
The creepiest thing happened to me last night as I went to take a shower. Or actually after I had taken the shower. I just switched off the tap and shoved the shower curtains aside when something struck me. My eyesight blurred and was suddenly filled with weird little orbs of light, like that of a static on TV. I figured it must have been just dizziness caused by me suddenly standing up after having been sitting on the shower floor for a while. Thinking that I thought that it would fade in a second... but it didn't.
In a matter of seconds it only became worse. My ears started ringing with a loud, high-pitched sound that made my head ache horribly. I was still thinking that it'd be over in a minute or so and just grabbed my towel, drying myself up and after that somewhat managing to put my pajamas on. I noticed soon enough that not only was I feeling dizzy but my feet could hardly carry me. In fear of tripping over and hitting my head on something hard I took the rest of my clothes and wobbled weakly to my bed while the ringing in my ears became worse each second. Damn it hurt.
So I managed to fall on my bed and not on the floor. As I did I realized that for a while I couldn't move a muscle and just laid there, feeling horrible and wanting to vomit. In the corner of my eyes I could see the lights in the room flickering but since I knew that they couldn't possibly be flickering that must have meant I was seriously going to pass out. I blinked many times, the ringing in my ears becoming even worse for a short while until I closed my eyes for a while and took a deep breath.
Luckily the ringing faded after that somewhat and I could move my muscles again. Even so I felt weak and only managed to turn to my other side on the bed. As I did so I became overwhelmed with paranoia and was certain that I could see figures dancing around in the room and on the ceiling. I whimpered and hid under my blanket, encouraging myself a couple times before I stood up to go and finish the things I needed to finish before going to sleep. I was surprised that I could actually manage that much.
Nothing similar to this has ever happened to me before. It really freaked me out. ._.'


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ESPN experts predict Eagles-Steelers
October, 6, 2012
Jamison Hensley | ESPN.com
In the video, Mark Schlereth and Jerry Rice make their predictions for the Eagles at the Steelers.
Here's what the other ESPN experts predict:
Eric Allen: Eagles
Mike Golic: Eagles
Merril Hoge: Steelers
Ron Jaworski: Steelers
Chris Mortensen: Steelers
Adam Schefter: Steelers
Mark Schlereth: Steelers
Seth Wickersham: Steelers
Tom Jackson: Steelers
Keyshawn Johnson: Eagles
Mike Ditka: Eagles
Cris Carter: Steelers
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I have a set of 4 TRD Sport rims off of a 2003 4Runner. I bought them with the thought of cleaning them up and putting them on my truck, but decided to stay with 16" rims since I have a new set of Bridgestones on the truck.
The good:
These were bubbled up pretty bad on the inside spokes (like a lot of the TRD Sports do.), but I sanded, primed (2 coats), painted (3 coats) and clear-coated(2 coats) the spokes. It is not perfect, but at more than two feet I challenge you to find the imperfections.
The bad:
I did nothing to the surface part of the rims (I was going to Plasti-Coat them). They have marks where the weights were, rock marks and other imperfections/scuff marks. Some could probably be buffed out, but others are pretty deep (that's why I was going to Plasti-Coat).
If you are looking for show-room condition rims - keep looking. But if you are looking for a small project here you go.
Sorry to be long-winded but I wanted to be as accurate as I could so there are no surprises. Prefer local pickup but will considering shipping on your dime.
If I am off base on the $$$, feel free to shoot me a PM - you won't hurt my feelings.