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A Climate Transect through Tropical Montane Rain Forest in Hawaii
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Two years of climate data from a transect of three surface meteorological stations on the windward slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, are analyzed. The stations constitute a transect between 700 and 1640 m through the wet, montane rain forest zone ...
James O. Juvik; Dennis Nullet
Using biodiversity methods to assess the impacts of oil and gas development in tropical rain forests
Oil and gas development in tropical rain forests has attracted international attention because of the potentially adverse effects on the forest ecosystems. Biodiversity is a topic of particular concern, but is difficult to assess for small areas of disturbance. In July 1992 we used light traps to compare insect diversity at canopy and ground level as a means of detecting the impacts of an exploratory well site and related facilities within mature Amazonian rain forest in the Oriente Province of Ecuador. Replicate samples were collected at the well site, in a nearby area of agricultural development, and in a reference site within mature forest. Species richness was determined, and diversity indices were calculated for each set of samples. Results indicated that changes in diversity could be detected in the canopy and at ground level at the well site, but that the reduction in diversity was small. Biological diversity was substantially reduced in the area of agricultural development. Limitations and possible applications of this approach are discussed.
Reagan, D.P.; Silva del Poso, X. [Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Denver, CO (United States)]|[Sociedad Entomologica Ecuatoriana, Quito (Ecuador)
Current and Future Carbon Budgets of Tropical Rain Forest: A Cross Scale Analysis. Final Report
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
The goal of this project was to make a first assessment of the major carbon stocks and fluxes and their climatic determinants in a lowland neotropical rain forest, the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Our research design was based on the concurrent use of several of the best available approaches, so that data could be cross-validated. A major focus of our effort was to combine meteorological studies of whole-forest carbon exchange (eddy flux), with parallel independent measurements of key components of the forest carbon budget. The eddy flux system operated from February 1998 to February 2001. To obtain field data that could be scaled up to the landscape level, we monitored carbon stocks, net primary productivity components including tree growth and mortality, litterfall, woody debris production, root biomass, and soil respiration in a series of replicated plots stratified across the major environmental gradients of the forest. A second major focus of this project was on the stocks and changes of carbon in the soil. We used isotope studies and intensive monitoring to investigate soil organic stocks and the climate-driven variation of soil respiration down the soil profile, in a set of six 4m deep soil shafts stratified across the landscape. We measured short term tree growth, climate responses of sap flow, and phenology in a suite of ten canopy trees to develop individual models of tree growth to daytime weather variables.
Oberbauer, S. F.
Managing nontechnical risks associated with seismic operations in the tropical rain forests of Ecuador
Companies operating in sensitive areas are being challenged to address the environmental and social issues while preserving these areas for future generations. This increased international attention on environmental and sociocultural issues has led Amoco to focus efforts on developing new ideas and strategies to facilitate environmental and cultural management. In Ecuador, the major oil producing region is the Ecuadorian portion of the Amazon Basin, referred to locally as the Oriente. Amoco Ecuador BV recently completed a seismic acquisition program in the Oriente with minimum impact to the environment and the communities within the project area. The goal of this article is to describe Amoco`s experience in managing environmental, social, and public perception issues associated with seismic operations in the rain forests of Ecuador.
Barker, G.; Smith, G.R.; Vacas, F.J. [Amoco Corp., Houston, TX (United States); Swingholm, E.K.; Yuill, R.M.; Aleman, M.A.
In Search of the Rain Forest
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Review: In Search of the Rain Forest By Candace Slater (Candace Slater (Ed. ). In Search of the Rain Forest. Durham:
Hamilton-Smith, Elery
Comparison of Different Techniques for the Measurement of Precipitation in Tropical Montane Rain Forest Regions
Characteristics of different precipitation measurements in a tropical mountain valley in southern Ecuador are compared in this study to determine potential errors. The instruments are used for different ecological purposes like erosion studies, ...
R. Rollenbeck; J. Bendix; P. Fabian; J. Boy; W. Wilcke; H. Dalitz; M. Oesker; P. Emck
NPP Tropical Forest: Pasoh, Malaysia
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Pasoh, Malaysia, 1971-1973 Pasoh, Malaysia, 1971-1973 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Profile of the Pasoh Forest (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site) Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Kira, T., N. Manokaran, and S. Appanah. 1998. NPP Tropical Forest: Pasoh, Malaysia, 1971-1973. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Biomass and productivity of a lowland tropical forest in the Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia, were determined from 1971 to 1973, under the auspices of the International Biological Programme. From 1970 to 1978, intensive research on lowland rain forest ecology and dynamics took place under a joint research project between the University of Malaya (UM) and the
Effects of soil structure destruction on methane production and carbon partitioning between methanogenic pathways in tropical rain forest soils
weathered soils of Puerto Rico: 1. Morphology, formation andForest, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Interim Publica- tion),in subtropical forests in Puerto Rico, Biotropica, 27, 138 �
Teh, Y A; Silver, W L
SAR Imagery: Rain Forests, South America
Images of Rain Forests in South America Images of Rain Forests in South America The ORNL DAAC now offers a CD-ROM volume containing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery of the rain forest region of South America, including the Amazon Basin. The images were collected during 1995-1996 as part of an international project led by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) to map the world's rain forest regions to high resolution by means of SAR. The 4-disc volume--entitled "JERS-1 SAR Global Rain Forest Mapping Project: Vol. AM-1, South America"--is made available under the auspices of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA). These CDs can be ordered through the ORNL DAAC at http://daac.ornl.gov/prepaks.shtml (look for the "LBA" listings).
Effect of CH4 and O2 variations on rates of CH4 oxidation and stable isotope fractionation in tropical rain forest soils
Methane-oxidizing bacteria are the primary sink for CH{sub 4} in reduced soils, and account for as much as 90 percent of all CH{sub 4} produced. Methanotrophic bacteria strongly discriminate against the heavy isotopes of carbon, resulting in CH{sub 4} emissions that are significantly more enriched in {sup 13}C than the original source material. Previous studies have used an isotope mass balance approach to quantify CH{sub 4} sources and sinks in the field, based on the assumption that the fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation is a constant. This study quantifies the effect of systematic variations in CH{sub 4} and O{sub 2} concentrations on rates of CH{sub 4} oxidation and stable isotope fractionation in tropical rain forest soils. Soils were collected from the 0-15 cm depth, and incubated with varying concentrations of CH{sub 4} (100 ppmv, 500 ppmv, 1000 ppmv, and 5000 ppmv) or O{sub 2} (3 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, and 21 percent). The isotope fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation was calculated for each incubation using a Rayleigh fractionation model. Rates of CH{sub 4} oxidation varied significantly between CH{sub 4} treatments, with the 100 ppmv CH{sub 4} treatment showing the lowest rate of CH{sub 4} uptake, and the other 3 treatments showing similar rates of CH{sub 4} uptake. Rates of CH{sub 4} oxidation did not vary significantly between the different O{sub 2} treatments. The fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation varied significantly between the different CH{sub 4} treatments, with the 5000 ppmv CH{sub 4} treatment showing the largest {sup 13}C-enrichment of residual CH{sub 4}. In treatments where CH{sub 4} concentration was not rate-limiting (> 500 ppmv CH{sub 4}), the fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation was negatively correlated with CH{sub 4} oxidation rate (P activity or CH{sub 4} pool size.
Teh, Yit Arn; Conrad, Mark; Silver, Whendee L.; Carlson, Charlotte M.
Estimating Rainfall in the Tropics Using the Fractional Time Raining
The relationship between the fractional time raining and tropical rainfall amount is investigated using raingage data and a point process model of tropical rainfall. Both the strength and the nature of the relationship are dependent upon the ...
Mark L. Morrissey; Witold F. Krajewski; Michael J. McPhaden
Parameterization of Canopy Structure and Leaf-Level Gas Exchange for an Eastern Amazonian Tropical Rain Forest (Tapaj�s National Forest, Par�, Brazil)
Carbon flux of Amazonian primary forest vegetation has been shown to vary both spatially and temporally. Process-based models are adequate tools to understand the basis of such variation and can also provide projections to future scenarios. The ...
Tomas F. Domingues; Joseph A. Berry; Luiz A. Martinelli; Jean P. H. B. Ometto; James R. Ehleringer
SciTech Connect
Methane-oxidizing bacteria are the primary sink for CH{sub 4} in reduced soils, and account for as much as 90 percent of all CH{sub 4} produced. Methanotrophic bacteria strongly discriminate against the heavy isotopes of carbon, resulting in CH{sub 4} emissions that are significantly more enriched in {sup 13}C than the original source material. Previous studies have used an isotope mass balance approach to quantify CH{sub 4} sources and sinks in the field, based on the assumption that the fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation is a constant. This study quantifies the effect of systematic variations in CH{sub 4} and O{sub 2} concentrations on rates of CH{sub 4} oxidation and stable isotope fractionation in tropical rain forest soils. Soils were collected from the 0-15 cm depth, and incubated with varying concentrations of CH{sub 4} (100 ppmv, 500 ppmv, 1000 ppmv, and 5000 ppmv) or O{sub 2} (3 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, and 21 percent). The isotope fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation was calculated for each incubation using a Rayleigh fractionation model. Rates of CH{sub 4} oxidation varied significantly between CH{sub 4} treatments, with the 100 ppmv CH{sub 4} treatment showing the lowest rate of CH{sub 4} uptake, and the other 3 treatments showing similar rates of CH{sub 4} uptake. Rates of CH{sub 4} oxidation did not vary significantly between the different O{sub 2} treatments. The fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation varied significantly between the different CH{sub 4} treatments, with the 5000 ppmv CH{sub 4} treatment showing the largest {sup 13}C-enrichment of residual CH{sub 4}. In treatments where CH{sub 4} concentration was not rate-limiting (> 500 ppmv CH{sub 4}), the fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation was negatively correlated with CH{sub 4} oxidation rate (P < 0.003, r{sup 2} = 0.86). A multiple regression model that included initial CH{sub 4} concentration and CH{sub 4} oxidation rate as independent variables accounted for 94 percent of the variability in the isotope fractionation data, suggesting that both factors are important in determining the extent of isotopic fractionation (P < 0.002, r{sup 2} = 0.94). The fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation did not vary significantly between the different O{sub 2} treatments. These results challenge the assumption that the isotope fractionation factor for CH{sub 4} oxidation remains constant, regardless of metabolic activity or CH{sub 4} pool size.
NPP Tropical Forest: Marafunga, Papua New Guinea
Marafunga, Papua New Guinea, 1970-1971 Marafunga, Papua New Guinea, 1970-1971 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Profile of tropical forest at Marafunga (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site) Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Edwards, P. J., and P. J. Grubb. 1999. NPP Tropical Forest: Marafunga, Papua New Guinea, 1970-1971. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Biomass and nutrient content of different vegetation components and soil for a lower montane secondary rain forest were determined in 1970-71 at Marafunga in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. The only component of net primary production (NPP) determined at Marafunga was litterfall, although
NPP Tropical Forest: Khao Chong, Thailand
Khao Chong, Thailand, 1962-1965 Khao Chong, Thailand, 1962-1965 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Eye-level view of forest interior at Khao Chong (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site) Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Kira, T. 1998. NPP Tropical Forest: Khao Chong, Thailand, 1962-1965. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Productivity of a tropical rain forest was determined at the Khao Chong study site, under the auspices of the Joint Thai-Japanese Biological Expedition to South-East Asia. Biomass increment within a 40 m x 40 m study area for all trees greater than 4.5 cm dbh (diameter at breast height, 130 cm) was monitored between
Characteristics of Rain Integral Parameters during Tropical Convective, Transition, and Stratiform Rain at Gadanki and Its Application in Rain Retrieval
In the present study the characteristics of rain integral parameters during tropical convective (C), transition (T), and stratiform (S) types of rain are studied with the help of Joss�Waldvogel disdrometer (JWD), L-band, and very-high-frequency ...
Sanjay Sharma; Mahen Konwar; Diganta Kumar Sarma; M. C. R. Kalapureddy; A. R. Jain
NPP Tropical Forest: Atherton, Australia
Atherton, Australia, 1974-1985 Atherton, Australia, 1974-1985 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: View across the forest canopy near Atherton (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site) Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Stocker, G. C. 2001. NPP Tropical Forest: Atherton, Australia, 1974-1985. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Litterfall was determined over 3-4 years (1974/5-1978) for two tropical rainforest sites and for 5 years (1980-1985) for a third study site near Atherton, Queensland, in northeast Australia. Although net primary production (NPP) was not determined, the extensive site description data and the rarity of measurements on tropical forests south of the Equator
NPP Tropical Forest: Darien, Panama
Darien, Panama, 1967-1968 Darien, Panama, 1967-1968 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Tropical moist forest near Darien (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site). Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Golley, F. B. 1998. NPP Tropical Forest: Darien, Panama, 1967-1968. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Biomass and nutrient content of different vegetation components and soil for a transitional moist/dry tropical forest were determined in 1967-68 at Darien Province, Panama. NPP was not estimated. Situated about 160 km ESE of Panama City, close to the town of Santa Fe, the Darien study site consisted of two plots, about 8 km apart, one of
NPP Tropical Forest: Kade, Ghana
Kade, Ghana, 1957-1972 Kade, Ghana, 1957-1972 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Forest after clearing of secondary growth at the Kade site (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site). Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Nye, P. H., and D. J. Greenland. 1998. NPP Tropical Forest: Kade, Ghana, 1957-1972. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Biomass and nutrient content of different vegetation components and soil for a secondary tropical forest were determined in the late 1950s at the Kade Agricultural Research Station of the former University College, Ghana. Net primary production (NPP) was estimated on the basis of standing biomass accumulation and litter fall. Later studies on litter and wood fall and
NPP Tropical Forest: Chamela, Mexico
Chamela, Mexico, 1982-1995 Chamela, Mexico, 1982-1995 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Litter trap and throughfall collector in the Chamela forest (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site) Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Maass, M., and A. Martinez-Yrizar. 2001. NPP Tropical Forest: Chamela, Mexico, 1982-1995. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Net primary productivity (NPP) of a tropical dry deciduous forest was estimated, based on the integration of ecosystem data obtained in various years between 1982 and 1995, at the Chamela Biological Station of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The Biosphere Reserve Chamela-Cuixmala, Jalisco, is situated near the
Tropical Africa: Total Forest Biomass (By Country)
Tropical Africa: Total Forest Biomass (By Country) Tropical Africa: Total Forest Biomass (By Country) image Brown, S., and G. Gaston. 1996. Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates For 1980. ORNL/CDIAC-92, NDP-055. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. More Maps Calculated Actual Aboveground Live Biomass in Forests (1980) Maximum Potential Biomass Density Land Use (1980) Area of Closed Forests (By Country) Mean Biomass of Closed Forests (By County) Area of Open Forests (By Country) Mean Biomass of Open Forests (By County) Percent Forest Cover (By Country) Population Density - 1990 (By Administrative Unit) Population Density - 1980 (By Administrative Unit) Population Density - 1970 (By Administrative Unit)
oil extraction in Ecuador, the appropriation and industrialization of herbal medicine in the forests of Belize, a critical history
NPP Tropical Forest: Barro Colorado, Panama
Barro Colorado, Panama, 1969-1990 PHOTOGRAPH Photograph: Buttressed tree at the Barro Colorado tropical forest site (click on the photo to view a series of images from this...
NPP Tropical Forest: La Selva, Costa Rica
view a series of images from this site). Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Clark, D. A. 1998. NPP Tropical Forest: La Selva, Costa Rica, 1969-1985. Data set. Available...
Tropical Forest Foundation | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Tropical Forest Foundation Tropical Forest Foundation Jump to: navigation, search Logo: Tropical Forest Foundation Name Tropical Forest Foundation Address 2121 Eisenhower Ave. Suite 200 Place Alexandria, Virginia Zip 22314 Region Northeast - NY NJ CT PA Area Phone number 703.518.8834 Website http://tropicalforestfoundatio Coordinates 38.8013734°, -77.0668734° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":38.8013734,"lon":-77.0668734,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Stratiform Rain in the Tropics as Seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar
Across the Tropics (20�N�20�S), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) indicates that for reflectivities ?17 dBZ, stratiform precipitation accounts for 73% of the area covered by rain and 40% of the total rain ...
Courtney Schumacher; Robert A. Houze Jr.
Tropical Forest Trust | Open Energy Information
Tropical Forest Trust Tropical Forest Trust Name Tropical Forest Trust Address The Forest Trust 721 NW Ninth Avenue, Suite 195 Place Portland, Oregon Zip 97209 Region Pacific Northwest Area Year founded 1999 Website http://www.tft-forests.org/ Coordinates 45.5284073°, -122.6803494° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":45.5284073,"lon":-122.6803494,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
NPP Tropical Forest: Luquillo, Puerto Rico
Luquillo, Puerto Rico, 1963-1994 Luquillo, Puerto Rico, 1963-1994 Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Lugo, A. E., F. Scatena, and C. F. Jordan. 1999. NPP Tropical Forest: Luquillo, Puerto Rico, 1963-1994. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Productivity of lower montane tropical forest has been determined at various study sites within the Luquillo Experimental Forest from 1963 to the present. The Luquillo Experimental Forest is situated in the Luquillo Mountains of eastern Puerto Rico (18.32 N 65.82 W), about 35 km east-southeast of San Juan, and operates under the auspices of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Pedras, Puerto Rico. Its total area is about 11,000
NPP Tropical Forest: Manaus, Brazil [Amazonas]
Manaus, Brazil, 1963-1990 Manaus, Brazil, 1963-1990 Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Piedade, M. T. F., and W. J. Junk. 2001. NPP Tropical Forest: Manaus, Brazil, 1963-1990. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Biomass and components of productivity for several types of tropical forest were determined for a number of study sites around Manaus, Brazil, from 1963 to the present. The study sites include several (0.2 ha) stands of terra firme (dry land) forest at " 64" to the northeast of Manaus, towards Itacoatiara (approximately 3.0 S 59.7 W, near the " Egler" Reserve), riverine forest in the 10 km x 10 km " Reserve" (2.95 S 59.95 W, 26 km
Processes Influencing Rain-Field Growth and Decay after Tropical Cyclone Landfall in the United States
This study measured rain-field sizes for tropical cyclones (TCs) after U.S. landfall and related changes in size to the diurnal cycle and extratropical transition (ET). For 45 TC landfalls, the spatial properties of the rain fields were calculated ...
Corene J. Matyas
NPP Tropical Forest: Magdalena Valley, Colombia
Magdalena Valley, Colombia, 1970-1971 Magdalena Valley, Colombia, 1970-1971 Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Folster, H. 1999. NPP Tropical Forest: Magdalena Valley, Colombia, 1970-1971. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Biomass, litterfall, and nutrient content of above-ground vegetation and soil were determined for a tropical seasonal evergreen forest at Magdalena Valley, Colombia, during an 18-month period in 1970 and 1971. The study was sponsored by the German Research Foundation. Of primary interest were biomass and nutrient dynamics of a forest stand that had developed atop a perched water table on a typical valley terrace. Perched water tables give rise to pseudogley soils with low pH, prolonged
Tropical Africa: Mean Biomass of Closed Forests By Country
Forests By Country image Brown, S., and G. Gaston. 1996. Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates For 1980. ORNLCDIAC-92, NDP-055. Carbon Dioxide Information...
Tropical Africa: Mean Biomass of Open Forests By Country
Effects of nitrogen additions on above- and belowground carbon dynamics in two tropical forests
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is increasing rapidly in tropical regions, adding N to ecosystems that often have high background N availability. Tropical forests play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle, yet the effects of N deposition on C cycling in these ecosystems are poorly understood. We used a field N-fertilization experiment in lower and upper elevation tropical rain forests in Puerto Rico to explore the responses of above- and belowground C pools to N addition. As expected, tree stem growth and litterfall productivity did not respond to N fertilization in either of these Nrich forests, indicating a lack of N limitation to net primary productivity (NPP). In contrast, soil C concentrations increased significantly with N fertilization in both forests, leading to larger C stocks in fertilized plots. However, different soil C pools responded to N fertilization differently. Labile (low density) soil C fractions and live fine roots declined with fertilization, while mineral-associated soil C increased in both forests. Decreased soil CO2 fluxes in fertilized plots were correlated with smaller labile soil C pools in the lower elevation forest (R2 = 0.65, p\\0.05), and with lower live fine root biomass in the upper elevation forest (R2 = 0.90, p\\0.05). Our results indicate that soil C storage is sensitive to N deposition in tropical forests, even where plant productivity is not N-limited. The mineral-associated soil C pool has the potential to respond relatively quickly to N additions, and can drive increases in bulk soil C stocks in tropical forests.
Cusack, D.; Silver, W.L.; Torn, M.S.; McDowell, W.H.
Flux Measurements of Pulsating Rain with a Disdrometer and Doppler Radar during Phase II of the Joint Tropical Rain Experiment in Malaysia
During the Joint Tropical Rain Experiment of the Malaysian Meteorological Service and the University of Toronto, pulsating raindrop ensembles, hereafter pulses, were observed in and around Penang Island. Using a Doppler radar on 25 October 1990, ...
Greg M. McFarquhar; Roland List; David R. Hudak; Robert P. Nissen; J. S. Dobbie; N. P. Tung; T. S. Kang
Further Experiments on the Effect of Tropical Atlantic Heating Anomalies upon GCM Rain Forecasts over the Americas
A series of real-data experiments is performed with a general circulation model to study the sensitivity of extended range rain forecasts over the Americas to the structure and magnitude of tropical beating anomalies. The emphasis is upon heat ...
Julio Buchmann; Lawrence E. Buja; Jan Paegle; Robert E. Dickinson
A Comparison of Gamma and Lognormal Distributions for Characterizing Satellite Rain Rates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
This study investigates the spatial characteristics of nonzero rain rates to develop a probability density function (PDF) model of precipitation using rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The minimum ?2 ...
Hye-Kyung Cho; Kenneth P. Bowman; Gerald R. North
Benefits of Tropical Forest Management Under the New Climate Change
Benefits of Tropical Forest Management Under the New Climate Change Benefits of Tropical Forest Management Under the New Climate Change Agreement-A Case Study in Cambodia Jump to: navigation, search Name Benefits of Tropical Forest Management Under the New Climate Change Agreement-A Case Study in Cambodia Agency/Company /Organization United States Agency for International Development, Global Environment Facility, United Nations Development Programme Sector Land Focus Area Forestry Topics Policies/deployment programs, Background analysis Resource Type Lessons learned/best practices Website http://www.forestcarbonportal. Country Cambodia UN Region South-Eastern Asia References REDD Cambodia Case Study[1] Benefits of Tropical Forest Management Under the New Climate Change Agreement-A Case Study in Cambodia Screenshot
Quantifying Environmental Drivers of Future Tropical Forest Extent
Future changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, and their associated influences on climate, will affect the future sustainability of tropical forests. While dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) represent the processes by which ...
Peter Good; Chris Jones; Jason Lowe; Richard Betts; Ben Booth; Chris Huntingford
The Energy Balance of a Tropical Evergreen Forest
This study presents the radiation climate of a dry tropical forest. It is based on measurements of incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation at the top and floor of the forest canopy during five months spanning the monsoon cycle in ...
R. T. Pinker; O. E. Thompson; T. F. Eck
Watch Out for the Snakes! 21 Biologists and one Physicist in a Rain Forest
Watch Out for the Snakes! 21 Biologists and one Physicist in a Rain Forest Watch Out for the Snakes! 21 Biologists and one Physicist in a Rain Forest in Nicaragua Speaker(s): Donald Grether Date: June 29, 2007 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Don, his wife Becky, and their granddaughter Briana recently returned from spending almost three weeks at a field station in a rain forest in Nicaragua, along with UCLA faculty members, graduate students, and undergraduates. Our location was way off the beaten track, even for "eco-tourists", and could only be reached by a three-hour boat trip on Rio San Juan. No hot water or space heating or cooling, running water most but not all of the time, no electricity in our rooms, no windows, and no Internet. Sort of like a near-zero energy building. Don's presentation will include photos that give some sense of why we went, what it took to
The Role of Disturbance in Dry Tropical Forest Landscapes
Disturbance can be defined as 'any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment'. This definition requires that the spatial and temporal scales of the system and disturbance be determined. Disturbances are typically characterized by their size, spatial distribution, frequency or return time, predictability, and magnitude (which includes both intensity and severity). These disturbance attributes set the parameters for the suite of species, both plant and animal, that can persist within a given system. As such, an understanding of seasonally dry tropical forests in Asia requires an understanding of disturbance within the region. However, disturbances are relatively poorly understood in dry tropical forests, partly because of the weak seasonality in temperature and high tree species diversity of these forests relative to most forest systems of the world. There are about 1,048,700 km{sup 2} of dry tropical forests worldwide and that only 3% of this land is in conservation status. In other words, 97% of the world's seasonally dry tropical forest is at risk of human disturbance. About half of this forest occurs in South America, where most of the conservation lands are located. Satellite imagery based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data shows that only about 3.8% of the world's dry tropical forests are in Australia and South east Asia. The susceptibility of these forests to human disturbances is of great concern and is largely unstudied. Because natural disturbance regimes shape the ecosystem structure and are in many ways integral to these forest systems, it is critical to know how natural disturbance affects dry forest in order to understand the effects of human activities on these forests. Even basic information about disturbances in dry tropical forests is only recently available. Therefore this chapter brings together much of the available information from dry tropical forest throughout the world with the goal of developing an understanding of the role of disturbance in Asian dry forests. Most ecologists now recognize that disturbances, rather than being catastrophic agents of destruction, are a normal, perhaps even an integral, part of long-term system dynamics. The composition, structure, organization, and development and trophic dynamics of most forest systems are the products of disturbances. As an example, the forest composition for two disturbances in the Anaikatty Hills of Western Ghats were compared, where the low disturbance was from past logging followed by cutting and illicit felling and grazing and the high disturbance was due to human presence, past logging, and fuelwood collection. They found higher species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index for the low-disturbance forest (98 and 3.9, respectively) compared to the high-disturbance stand (45 and 2.71, respectively) as well as significant differences in mean basal area of trees, density of seedlings, number of species, density and diversity of shrubs, and number of species and diversity of herbs. Some ecological systems contain species that have evolved in response to disturbances. Adaptations typical of dry tropical forest plants are drought tolerance, seed dispersal mechanisms, and the ability to sprout subsequent to disturbance. In contrast, evidence was found that human disturbance in Kakamega Forest of western Kenya has significantly reduced allelic richness and heterozygosity, increased inbreeding, and slightly reduced gene flow in Prunus africana in the past century.
Dale, Virginia H [ORNL
NPP Tropical Forest: San Carlos De Rio Negro, Venezuela
San Carlos De Rio Negro, Venezuela, 1975-1984 San Carlos De Rio Negro, Venezuela, 1975-1984 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Cutting an experimental plot at San Carlos (click on the photo to view a series of images and a diagram of this site) Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Jordan, C. F., E. Cuevas, and E. Medina. 1999. NPP Tropical Forest: San Carlos de Rio Negro, Venezuela, 1975-1984. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Productivity of tropical forest was determined for a number of vegetation-soil associations at the San Carlos de Rio Negro study site, under the auspices of an international UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) project. The San Carlos study site (1.93 N 67.05 W) is situated 4 km east of the
Synoptic-Scale Environments of Predecessor Rain Events Occurring East of the Rocky Mountains in Association with Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclones
The synoptic-scale environments of predecessor rain events (PREs) occurring to the east of the Rocky Mountains in association with Atlantic basin tropical cyclones (TCs) are examined. PREs that occurred during 1988�2010 are subjectively classified ...
Benjamin J. Moore; Lance F. Bosart; Daniel Keyser; Michael L. Jurewicz
Distant Effects of a Recurving Tropical Cyclone on Rainfall in a Midlatitude Convective System: A High-Impact Predecessor Rain Event
Recent research has identified predecessor rain events (PREs), which are mesoscale regions of heavy rainfall that occur 1000 km poleward and downshear of recurving tropical cyclones (TCs). PREs typically occur 24�36 h prior to the arrival of the ...
Russ S. Schumacher; Thomas J. Galarneau Jr.; Lance F. Bosart
Monitoring Selective Logging in Tropical Evergreen Forests Using Landsat: Multitemporal Regional Analyses in Mato Grosso, Brazil
Selective logging degrades tropical forests. Logging operations vary in timing, location, and intensity. Evidence of this land use is rapidly obscured by forest regeneration and ongoing deforestation. A detailed study of selective logging ...
Eraldo A. T. Matricardi; David L. Skole; Mark A. Cochrane; Jiaguo Qi; Walter Chomentowski
Assessment of Tropical Forest Degradation with Canopy Fractional Cover from Landsat ETM+ and IKONOS Imagery
Tropical forests are being subjected to a wide array of disturbances in addition to outright deforestation. Selective logging is one of the most common disturbances ongoing in the Amazon, which results in significant changes in forest structure ...
Cuizhen Wang; Jiaguo Qi; Mark Cochrane
Why does air passage over forest yield more rain? Examining the coupling between rainfall, pressure and atmospheric moisture content
The influence of forest loss on rainfall remains poorly understood. Addressing this challenge Spracklen et al. recently presented a pan-tropical study of rainfall and land-cover that showed that satellite-derived rainfall measures were positively ...
A. M. Makarieva; V. G. Gorshkov; D. Sheil; A. D. Nobre; P. Bunyard; B.-L. Li
Tropical Plumes over Eastern North Africa as a Source of Rain in the Middle East
Tropical plumes (TPs) reflect tropical�extratropical interaction associated with the transport of moisture from the Tropics to extratropical latitudes. They are observed in satellite images as continuous narrow cloud bands ahead of upper-level ...
Shira Rubin; Baruch Ziv; Nathan Paldor
Comparisons of Interception Loss from Tropical and Temperate Vegetation Canopies
A multilayer crop model is used to investigate interception loss from oak, pine, wheat and grass canopies. It is shown that the evaporative properties of the full oak canopy are similar to those of the evergreen tropical rain forest. Evaporation ...
J. G. Lockwood; P. J. Sellers
Journal of Tropical Ecology (2002) 18:687705. Copyright 2002 Cambridge University Press The invasibility of tropical forests by exotic
forest location: the Hawaiian Islands. But the combination of Hawaii's extreme isolation and heavy human The invasibility of tropical forests by exotic plants PAUL V. A. FINE1 Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257S. 1400 East Rm. 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA (Accepted 20th September 2001) ABSTRACT
Fine, Paul V.A.
Benefits of Tropical Forest Management Under the New Climate...
plantation, forest-to-acacia plantation, forest-to-rubber plantation, and forest-to-oil palm plantation. We determined annual equivalent values for each option, and the...
Biogeography of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. Part II: Mapping of Orographic Cloud Immersion
This study details two unique methods to quantify cloud-immersion statistics for tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs). The first technique uses a new algorithm for determining cloud-base height using Moderate Resolution Imaging ...
Udaysankar S. Nair; Salvi Asefi; Ronald M. Welch; D. K. Ray; Robert O. Lawton; Vani Starry Manoharan; Mark Mulligan; Tom L. Sever; Daniel Irwin; J. Alan Pounds
Biogeography of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. Part I: Remote Sensing of Cloud-Base Heights
Cloud-base heights over tropical montane cloud forests are determined using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud products and National Centers for Environmental Prediction global tropospheric final analysis (FNL) fields. ...
Ronald M. Welch; Salvi Asefi; Jian Zeng; Udaysankar S. Nair; Qingyuan Han; Robert O. Lawton; Deepak K. Ray; Vani Starry Manoharan
Belowground nitrogen dynamics in relation to hurricane damage along a tropical dry forest chronosequence
1991). For instance, in Puerto Rico the nitrogen content ofof the tropical forests of Puerto Rico. Ecol Appl 9:555�572Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Biotro- pica 23:324�335
Hasselquist, Niles J.; Santiago, Louis S.; Allen, Michael F.
Superposition of the Neyman�Scott Rectangular Pulses Model and the Poisson White Noise Model for the Representation of Tropical Rain Rates
A point process model for tropical rain rates is developed through the derivation of the third moment expression for a combined point process model. The model is a superposition of a Neyman�Scott rectangular pulse model and a Poisson white noise ...
Mark L. Morrissey
The Effect of Tropical Atlantic Heating Anomalies upon GCM Rain Forecasts over the Americas
Severe droughts occurred over eastern sections of North America and central sections of South America in 1986 and 1988. We summarize data suggesting that both periods were characterized by above-normal tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures ...
Julio Buchmann; Jan Paegle; Lawrence E. Buja; Robert E. Dickinson
Evidence from Tropical Raindrop Spectra of the Origin of Rain from Stratiform versus Convective Clouds
An analysis of temporal variations in gamma parameters of raindrop spectra is presented utilizing surface-based observations from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Couple Ocean-Atmosphere Experiment. An observed dramatic change in the N0 ...
Ali Tokay; David A. Short
Land cover change and remote sensing: Examples of quantifying spatiotemporal dynamics in tropical forests
Research on human impacts or natural processes that operate over broad geographic areas must explicitly address issues of scale and spatial heterogeneity. While the tropical forests of Southeast Asia and Mexico have been occupied and used to meet human needs for thousands of years, traditional forest management systems are currently being transformed by rapid and far-reaching demographic, political, economic, and environmental changes. The dynamics of population growth, migration into the remaining frontiers, and responses to national and international market forces result in a demand for land to produce food and fiber. These results illustrate some of the mechanisms that drive current land use changes, especially in the tropical forest frontiers. By linking the outcome of individual land use decisions and measures of landscape fragmentation and change, the aggregated results shows the hierarchy of temporal and spatial events that in summation result in global changes to the most complex and sensitive biome -- tropical forests. By quantifying the spatial and temporal patterns of tropical forest change, researchers can assist policy makers by showing how landscape systems in these tropical forests are controlled by physical, biological, social, and economic parameters.
Krummel, J.R.; Su, Haiping [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States); Fox, J. [East-West Center, Honolulu, HI (United States); Yarnasan, S.; Ekasingh, M. [Chiang Mai Univ. (Thailand)
Tropical forest responses to increasing [CO2]: current knowledge and opportunities for future research
Elevated atmospheric [CO2] (ca) will undoubtedly affect the metabolism of tropical forests worldwide; however, critical aspects of how tropical forests will respond remain largely unknown. Here we review the current state of knowledge about physiological and ecological responses, with the aim of providing a framework that can help to guide future experimental research. Modelling studies have indicated that elevated ca can potentially stimulate photosynthesis more in the tropics than at higher latitudes, because suppression of photorespiration by elevated ca increases with temperature. However, canopy leaves in tropical forests could also potentially reach a high temperature threshold under elevated ca that will moderate the rise in photosynthesis. Belowground responses, including fine root production, nutrient foraging, and soil organic matter processing, will be especially important to the integrated ecosystem response to elevated CO2. Water-use efficiency will increase as ca rises, potentially impacting upon soil moisture status and nutrient availability. Recruitment may be differentially altered for some functional groups, potentially decreasing ecosystem carbon storage. Whole-forest CO2 enrichment experiments are urgently needed to test predictions of tropical forest functioning under elevated ca. Smaller scale experiments in the understory and in gaps would also be informative, and could provide stepping stones toward stand-scale manipulations.
Cernusak, Lucas [Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Winter, Klaus [Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Dalling, James [University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Holtum, Joseph [James Cook University; Jaramillo, Carlos [Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Korner, Christian [University of Basel; Leakey, Andrew D.B. [University of Illinois; Norby, Richard J [ORNL; Poulter, Benjamin [Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environement, France; Turner, Benjamin [Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Wright, S. Joseph [Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Characterization of Trapped Lignin-Degrading Microbes in Tropical Forest Soil
Lignin is often the most difficult portion of plant biomass to degrade, with fungi generally thought to dominate during late stage decomposition. Lignin in feedstock plant material represents a barrier to more efficient plant biomass conversion and can also hinder enzymatic access to cellulose, which is critical for biofuels production. Tropical rain forest soils in Puerto Rico are characterized by frequent anoxic conditions and fluctuating redox, suggesting the presence of lignin-degrading organisms and mechanisms that are different from known fungal decomposers and oxygen-dependent enzyme activities. We explored microbial lignin-degraders by burying bio-traps containing lignin-amended and unamended biosep beads in the soil for 1, 4, 13 and 30 weeks. At each time point, phenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activity was found to be elevated in the lignin-amended versus the unamended beads, while cellulolytic enzyme activities were significantly depressed in lignin-amended beads. Quantitative PCR of bacterial communities showed more bacterial colonization in the lignin-amended compared to the unamended beads after one and four weeks, suggesting that the lignin supported increased bacterial abundance. The microbial community was analyzed by small subunit 16S ribosomal RNA genes using microarray (PhyloChip) and by high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing based on universal primers targeting bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic communities. Community trends were significantly affected by time and the presence of lignin on the beads. Lignin-amended beads have higher relative abundances of representatives from the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria compared to unamended beads. This study suggests that in low and fluctuating redox soils, bacteria could play a role in anaerobic lignin decomposition.
DeAngelis, Kristen; Allgaier, Martin; Chavarria, Yaucin; Fortney, Julian; Hugenholtz, Phillip; Simmons, Blake; Sublette, Kerry; Silver, Whendee; Hazen, Terry
Comparing Tropical Forest Projections from Two Generations of Hadley Centre Earth System Models, HadGEM2-ES and HadCM3LC
Future changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and associated influences on climate could affect the future sustainability of tropical forests. The authors report on tropical forest projections from the new Hadley Centre Global ...
Peter Good; Chris Jones; Jason Lowe; Richard Betts; Nicola Gedney
Tropical forest soil microbial communities couple iron and carbon biogeochemistry
Luquillo mountains, Puerto Rico: I. Long-term versus short-Forest, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. US Department ofLuquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. U.S.D.A. Forest Service
Dubinsky, E.A.
Modest carbon price could save Borneo forests: study Reuters, 4 June 2009 -Tropical forests in Borneo under threat of conversion to palm oil
Modest carbon price could save Borneo forests: study Reuters, 4 June 2009 - Tropical forests if carbon credits were priced between $10 and $33 per tonne, a study has found. Forests soak up vast amounts of planet-warming carbon dioxide each year and are crucial in the fight to curb climate change. Many
dioxide fluxes from a very tall tower in a northern forest:67 m tall, 46 cm triangular cross section tower (model 55G;
Stream Discharge in Tropical Headwater Catchments as a Result of Forest Clearing and Soil Degradation
Tropical Africa is affected by intense land-use change, particularly forest conversion to agricultural land. In this study, the stream discharge of four small headwater catchments located within an area of 6 km2 in western Kenya was examined for 2 ...
John W. Recha; Johannes Lehmann; M. Todd Walter; Alice Pell; Louis Verchot; Mark Johnson
GNSS Precipitable Water Vapor from an Amazonian Rain Forest Flux Tower
Understanding the complex interactions between water vapor fields and deep convection on the mesoscale requires observational networks with high spatial (kilometers) and temporal (minutes) resolution. In the equatorial tropics, where deep ...
David K. Adams; Rui M. S. Fernandes; Jair M. F. Maia
Temporal variation in stable isotopic composition of rainfall and groundwater in a tropical dry forest in the northeastern Caribbean
Karst topography links rainfall to groundwater recharge, therefore possible changes in the hydrology can play an important role in ecosystem function especially in tropical dry forests where water is the most limiting resource. This study ...
Y. Govender; E. Cuevas; L. D. S. Sternberg; M. R. Jury
Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in Brazil
Porto Velho, RO 78900-000, Brazil. P. Artaxo, L. S. Borma,tropical forest to savanna in Brazil Humberto R. da Rocha, 1RIMA Editora, Sa�o Carlos, Brazil. Oliveira, R. , et al. (
Tropical Forest Fragments Enhance Pollinator Activity in Nearby Coffee Crops
accounted for >90% of all floral visits in distant sites. The gradient from the riparian strip showed visitation rates by over 50% in distant sites (where Apis was almost the only pollinator). In near sites dependence on a single introduced pollinator. Exploring the economic links between forest preservation
Vermont, University of
TROPICAL FOREST: MAUI, HAWAII, U.S.A., 1996-1997 TROPICAL FOREST: MAUI, HAWAII, U.S.A., 1996-1997 Get Data Summary: The objective of this study was to quantify net primary productivity as a function of rainfall in mesic to wet montane rainforests in Maui, Hawaii. The Maui Moisture Gradient is a sequence of six sites located on the island of Maui that range from 2200-mm to 5050-mm mean annual rainfall, while temperature and all other state factors (parent material, substrate age, organisms, and topography) that control NPP remain relatively constant. This data set contains annual estimates of net primary productivity made in 1996 and 1997. The data provided are estimates of the accumulation of biomass by plants for a given year, or net primary productivity (NPP). Estimates are given for aboveground and belowground productivity, and the sum as net primary
Biocomplexity of deforestation in the Caparo tropical forest reserve in Venezuela: An integrated multi-agent and cellular automata model
A multi-agent model of social and environmental complexity of deforestation was developed for the Caparo Forest Reserve, Venezuela. It includes three types of agents: settlers, government, and lumber concessionaires. Settlers represent people of limited ... Keywords: Biocomplexity, Deforestation, Multi-agents, Simulation, Tropical forests, Venezuela
Niandry Moreno; Raquel Quintero; Magdiel Ablan; Rodrigo Barros; Jacinto D�vila; Hirma Ram�rez; Giorgio Tonella; Miguel F. Acevedo
Advanced Rain/No-Rain Classification Methods for Microwave Radiometer Observations over Land
Seto et al. developed rain/no-rain classification (RNC) methods over land for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI). In this study, the methods are modified for application to other microwave radiometers. The ...
Shinta Seto; Takuji Kubota; Nobuhiro Takahashi; Toshio Iguchi; Taikan Oki
Mapping Tropical Forest Trees Using High-Resolution Aerial Digital Photographs Carol X. Garzon-Lopez1,5
-scale tree distri- butions. At Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we used high-resolution aerial digital is available in the online version of this article. Key words: Barro Colorado Island; high-resolution aerialMapping Tropical Forest Trees Using High-Resolution Aerial Digital Photographs Carol X. Garzon
Bermingham, Eldredge
Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE): Cloud and Rain Characteristics in the Australian Monsoon
The impact of oceanic convection on its environment and the relationship between the characteristics of the convection and the resulting cirrus characteristics is still not understood. An intense airborne measurement campaign combined with an extensive network of ground-based observations is being planned for the region near Darwin, Northern Australia, during January-February, 2006, to address these questions. The Tropical Warm Pool � International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) will be the first field program in the tropics that attempts to describe the evolution of tropical convection, including the large scale heat, moisture, and momentum budgets, while at the same time obtaining detailed observations of cloud properties and the impact of the clouds on the environment. The emphasis will be on cirrus for the cloud properties component of the experiment. Cirrus clouds are ubiquitous in the tropics and have a large impact on their environment but the properties of these clouds are poorly understood. A crucial product from this experiment will be a dataset suitable to provide the forcing and testing required by cloud-resolving models and parameterizations in global climate models. This dataset will provide the necessary link between cloud properties and the models that are attempting to simulate them. The experiment is a collaboration between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program, the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the European Commission DG RTD-1.2, and several United States, Australian, Canadian, and European Universities. This experiment will be undertaken over a 4-week period in early 2006. January and February corresponds to the wet phase of the Australia monsoon. This season has been selected because, despite Darwin�s coastal location, the convection that occurs over and near Darwin at this time is largely of maritime origin with a large fetch over water. Based on previous experiments, the convection appears typical of maritime convection with widespread convection that has complex organization, but is not as deep or as intense as continental or coastal convection. Therefore, it is expected that the convection and cloud characteristics will be representative of conditions typical for wide areas of the tropics.
PT May; C Jakob; JH Mather
Impact of post-mining subsidence on nitrogen transformation in southern tropical dry deciduous forest, India
The goal of our research was to assess the impact of post-mining land subsidence, caused due to underground coal mining operations, on fine root biomass and root tips count; plant available nutrient status, microbial biomass N (MBN) and N-mineralization rates of a Southern tropical dry deciduous forest of Singareni Coalfields of India. The changes were quantified in all the three (rainy, winter and summer) seasons, in slope and depression microsites of the subsided land and an adjacent undamaged forest microsite. Physico-chemical characteristics were found to be altered after subsidence, showing a positive impact of subsidence on soil moisture, bulk density, water holding capacity, organic carbon content, total N and total P. The increase in all the parameters was found in depression microsites, while in slope microsites, the values were lower. Fine root biomass and root tips count increased in the subsided depression microsites, as demonstrated by increases of 62% and 45%, respectively. Soil nitrate-N and phosphate-P concentrations were also found to be higher in depression microsite, showing an increase of 35.68% and 24.74%, respectively. Depression microsite has also shown the higher MBN value with an increase over control. Net nitrification, net N-mineralization and MBN were increased in depression microsite by 29.77%, 25.72% and 34%, respectively. There was a positive relation of microbial N with organic C, fine root biomass and root tips.
Tripathi, N.; Singh, R.S.; Singh, J.S. [Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad (India)
Plant and microbial controls on nitrogen retention and loss in a Humid Tropical Forest
Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Hydrological Processes 18:and productivity in Puerto-Rico's luquillo mountains.experimental forest Puerto Rico. US Forest Serv Gen Tech Rep
Templer, P.
Calibrating the Simple Biosphere Model for Amazonian Tropical Forest Using Field and Remote Sensing Data. Part I: Average Calibration with Field Data
This paper describes the operation and calibration of the simple biosphere model (SiB) of Sellers et al. using micrometeorological and hydrological measurements taken in and above tropical forest in the central Amazon basin. The paper provides:
Piers J. Sellers; W. James Shuttleworth; Jeff L. Dorman; Amnon Dalcher; John M. Roberts
Comparison of Rain Rates over the Ocean Derived from TRMM Microwave Imager and Precipitation Radar
Surface rain rates over the ocean derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and precipitation radar (PR) are compared and systematic differences between TMI-derived rain rates and PR-derived rain rates are ...
Junji Ikai; Kenji Nakamura
The Rain Profiling Algorithm Applied to Polarimetric Weather Radar
The algorithm developed in this paper for ground-based polarimetric radars is derived from those used for the spaceborne rain radar of TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission)�the so-called rain profiling algorithms. The characteristic of ...
Jacques Testud; Erwan Le Bouar; Estelle Obligis; Mustapha Ali-Mehenni
Forest Restoration Carbon Analysis of Baseline Carbon Emissions and Removal in Tropical Rainforest at La Selva Central, Peru
Conversion of tropical forest to agricultural land and pasture has reduced forest extent and the provision of ecosystem services, including watershed protection, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration. Forest conservation and reforestation can restore those ecosystem services. We have assessed forest species patterns, quantified deforestation and reforestation rates, and projected future baseline carbon emissions and removal in Amazon tropical rainforest at La Selva Central, Peru. The research area is a 4800 km{sup 2} buffer zone around the Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillen, Bosque de Proteccion San Matias-San Carlos, and the Reserva Comunal Yanesha. A planned project for the period 2006-2035 would conserve 4000 ha of forest in a proposed 7000 ha Area de Conservacion Municipale de Chontabamba and establish 5600 ha of natural regeneration and 1400 ha of native species plantations, laid out in fajas de enriquecimiento (contour plantings), to reforest 7000 ha of agricultural land. Forest inventories of seven sites covering 22.6 ha in primary forest and 17 sites covering 16.5 ha in secondary forest measured 17,073 trees of diameter {ge} 10 cm. The 24 sites host trees of 512 species, 267 genera, and 69 families. We could not identify the family of 7% of the trees or the scientific species of 21% of the trees. Species richness is 346 in primary forest and 257 in the secondary forest. In primary forest, 90% of aboveground biomass resides in old-growth species. Conversely, in secondary forest, 66% of aboveground biomass rests in successional species. The density of trees of diameter {ge} 10 cm is 366 trees ha{sup -1} in primary forest and 533 trees ha{sup -1} in secondary forest, although the average diameter is 24 {+-} 15 cm in primary forest and 17 {+-} 8 cm in secondary forest. Using Amazon forest biomass equations and wood densities for 117 species, aboveground biomass is 240 {+-} 30 t ha{sup -1} in the primary sites and 90 {+-} 10 t ha{sup -1} in the secondary sites. Aboveground carbon density is 120 {+-} 15 t ha{sup -1} in primary forest and 40 {+-} 5 t ha{sup -1} in secondary forest. Forest stands in the secondary forest sites range in age from 10 to 42 y. Growth in biomass (t ha{sup -1}) as a function of time (y) follows the relation: biomass = 4.09-0.017 age{sup 2} (p < 0.001). Aboveground biomass and forest species richness are positively correlated (r{sup 2} = 0.59, p < 0.001). Analyses of Landsat data show that the land cover of the 3700 km{sup 2} of non-cloud areas in 1999 was: closed forest 78%; open forest 12%, low vegetation cover 4%, sparse vegetation cover 6%. Deforestation from 1987 to 1999 claimed a net 200 km{sup 2} of forest, proceeding at a rate of 0.005 y{sup -1}. Of those areas of closed forest in 1987, only 89% remained closed forest in 1999. Consequently, closed forests experienced disruption in the time period at double the rate of net deforestation. The three protected areas experienced negligible deforestation or slight reforestation. Based on 1987 forest cover, 26,000 ha are eligible for forest carbon trading under the Clean Development Mechanism, established by the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Principal components analysis showed that distance to nonforest was the factor that best explained observed patterns of deforestation while distance to forest best explained observed patterns of reforestation, more significant than elevation, distance to rivers, distance to roads, slope, and distance to towns of population > 400. Aboveground carbon in live vegetation in the project area decreased from 35 million {+-} 4 million t in 1987 to 34 million {+-} 4 million t in 1999. Projected aboveground carbon in live vegetation would fall to 33 million {+-} 4 million t in 2006, 32 million {+-} 4 million t in 2011, and 29 million {+-} 3 million t in 2035. Projected net deforestation in the research area would total 13,000 {+-} 3000 ha in the period 1999-2011, proceeding at a rate of 0.003 {+-} 0.0007 y{sup -1}, and would total 33,000 {+-} 7000
Patrick Gonzalez; Benjamin Kroll; Carlos R. Vargas
Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Two Tropical Forests: Ecosystem-Level Patterns and Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization
and high elevation forests of Puerto Rico. Appl Soil Ecolthe Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23:386�92.hillslope Tabonuco forest, Puerto Rico. Biogeochemistry 46:
Cusack, Daniela F.; Silver, Whendee; McDowell, William H.
Geographical Distribution of Biomass Carbon in Tropical Southeast Asian Forests: A Database
A database was generated of estimates of geographically referenced carbon densities of forest vegetation in tropical Southeast Asia for 1980. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to incorporate spatial databases of climatic, edaphic, and geomorphological indices and vegetation to estimate potential (i.e., in the absence of human intervention and natural disturbance) carbon densities of forests. The resulting map was then modified to estimate actual 1980 carbon density as a function of population density and climatic zone. The database covers the following 13 countries: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia (Campuchea), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The data sets within this database are provided in three file formats: ARC/INFOTM exported integer grids, ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) files formatted for raster-based GIS software packages, and generic ASCII files with x, y coordinates for use with non-GIS software packages. This database includes ten ARC/INFO exported integer grid files (five with the pixel size 3.75 km x 3.75 km and five with the pixel size 0.25 degree longitude x 0.25 degree latitude) and 27 ASCII files. The first ASCII file contains the documentation associated with this database. Twenty-four of the ASCII files were generated by means of the ARC/INFO GRIDASCII command and can be used by most raster-based GIS software packages. The 24 files can be subdivided into two groups of 12 files each. These files contain real data values representing actual carbon and potential carbon density in Mg C/ha (1 megagram = 10{sup 6} grams) and integer-coded values for country name, Weck's Climatic Index, ecofloristic zone, elevation, forest or non-forest designation, population density, mean annual precipitation, slope, soil texture, and vegetation classification. One set of 12 files contains these data at a spatial resolution of 3.75 km, whereas the other set of 12 files has a spatial resolution of 0.25 degree. The remaining two ASCII data files combine all of the data from the 24 ASCII data files into 2 single generic data files. The first file has a spatial resolution of 3.75 km, and the second has a resolution of 0.25 degree. Both files also provide a grid-cell identification number and the longitude and latitude of the center-point of each grid cell. The 3.75-km data in this numeric data package yield an actual total carbon estimate of 42.1 Pg (1 petagram = 10{sup 15} grams) and a potential carbon estimate of 73.6 Pg; whereas the 0.25-degree data produced an actual total carbon estimate of 41.8 Pg and a total potential carbon estimate of 73.9 Pg. Fortran and SAS{trademark} access codes are provided to read the ASCII data files, and ARC/INFO and ARCVIEW command syntax are provided to import the ARC/INFO exported integer grid files. The data files and this documentation are available without charge on a variety of media and via the Internet from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC).
Brown, S
A database was generated of estimates of geographically referenced carbon densities of forest vegetation in tropical Southeast Asia for 1980. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to incorporate spatial databases of climatic, edaphic, and geomorphological indices and vegetation to estimate potential (i.e., in the absence of human intervention and natural disturbance) carbon densities of forests. The resulting map was then modified to estimate actual 1980 carbon density as a function of population density and climatic zone. The database covers the following 13 countries: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia (Campuchea), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The data sets within this database are provided in three file formats: ARC/INFO{trademark} exported integer grids, ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) files formatted for raster-based GIS software packages, and generic ASCII files with x, y coordinates for use with non-GIS software packages. This database includes ten ARC/INFO exported integer grid files (five with the pixel size 3.75 km x 3.75 km and five with the pixel size 0.25 degree longitude x 0.25 degree latitude) and 27 ASCII files. The first ASCII file contains the documentation associated with this database. Twenty-four of the ASCII files were generated by means of the ARC/INFO GRIDASCII command and can be used by most raster-based GIS software packages. The 24 files can be subdivided into two groups of 12 files each. These files contain real data values representing actual carbon and potential carbon density in Mg C/ha (1 megagram = 10{sup 6} grams) and integer- coded values for country name, Weck's Climatic Index, ecofloristic zone, elevation, forest or non-forest designation, population density, mean annual precipitation, slope, soil texture, and vegetation classification. One set of 12 files contains these data at a spatial resolution of 3.75 km, whereas the other set of 12 files has a spatial resolution of 0.25 degree. The remaining two ASCII data files combine all of the data from the 24 ASCII data files into 2 single generic data files. The first file has a spatial resolution of 3.75 km, and the second has a resolution of 0.25 degree. Both files also provide a grid-cell identification number and the longitude and latitude of the centerpoint of each grid cell. The 3.75-km data in this numeric data package yield an actual total carbon estimate of 42.1 Pg (1 petagram = 10{sup 15} grams) and a potential carbon estimate of 73.6 Pg; whereas the 0.25-degree data produced an actual total carbon estimate of 41.8 Pg and a total potential carbon estimate of 73.9 Pg. Fortran and SASTM access codes are provided to read the ASCII data files, and ARC/INFO and ARCVIEW command syntax are provided to import the ARC/INFO exported integer grid files. The data files and this documentation are available without charge on a variety of media and via the Internet from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC).
Brown, S.
Relationships between Rain Characteristics and Environment. Part I: TRMM Precipitation Features and the Large-Scale Environment over the Tropical Pacific
Differences in the characteristics of rain systems in the eastern Pacific (EP) intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the western Pacific (WP) warm pool are quantitatively examined in relation to the large-scale environment. This study mainly ...
Chie Yokoyama; Yukari N. Takayabu
Estimating Rain Rates from Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge Measurements
This paper describes the cubic spline�based operational system for the generation of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 1-min rain-rate product 2A-56 from tipping-bucket (TB) gauge measurements. A simulated TB gauge from a Joss�...
Jianxin Wang; Brad L. Fisher; David B. Wolff
U.S Markets for Certified and Non-Certified Hardwood Tropical Forest Products
Forest Products Development Center School of Renewable Natural Resources Louisiana State University Louisiana Forest Products Development Center School of Renewable Natural Resources Louisiana State, Malaysia, and Thailand. U.S. Imports of STWP were generally from China, Canada, and the EU (mainly Italy
A Synoptic Overview of a Heavy Rain Event in Southern China
The meteorological events surrounding the heavy rains of 23�25 June 1983 in the Yangtze River Valley of China are investigated. The rains developed along a persistent quasi-stationary frontal boundary that separated warm, moist tropical air from ...
Kai-Yu Ma; Lance F. Bosart
Comparisons of Instantaneous TRMM Ground Validation and Satellite Rain-Rate Estimates at Different Spatial Scales
This study provides a comprehensive intercomparison of instantaneous rain rates observed by the two rain sensors aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite with ground data from two regional sites established for long-term ...
David B. Wolff; Brad L. Fisher
Possible Misidentification of Rain Type by TRMM PR over Tibetan Plateau
Rain-type statistics derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) standard product show that some 70% of raining pixels in the central Tibetan Plateau summer are stratiform�a clear contradiction to the common ...
Yunfei Fu; Guosheng Liu
The Numerical Simulation of Clouds, Rains and Airflow over the Vosges and Black Forest Mountains: A Meso-? Model with Parameterized Microphysics
A three-dimensional meso-? model with parameterized microphysics is presented. The model is capable of simulating orographically forced clouds, rain, and airflow. Tests using a two-dimensional version confirm the ability of the model to replicate ...
Everett C. Nickerson; Evelyne Richard; Robert Rosset; David R. Smith
ATLAS Self-Siphoning Rain Gauge Error Estimates
This report describes sampling and error characteristics of self-siphoning rain gauges used on moored buoys designed and assembled at NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) for deployment in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans ...
Yolande L. Serra; Patrick A'Hearn; H. Paul Freitag; Michael J. McPhaden
Rain in Shallow Cumulus Over the Ocean: The RICO Campaign
Shallow, maritime cumuli are ubiquitous over much of the tropical oceans, and characterizing their properties is important to understanding weather and climate. The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field campaign, which took place during ...
Robert M. Rauber; Harry T. Ochs III; L. Di Girolamo; S. G�ke; E. Snodgrass; Bjorn Stevens; Charles Knight; J. B. Jensen; D. H. Lenschow; R. A. Rilling; D. C. Rogers; J. L. Stith; B. A. Albrecht; P. Zuidema; A. M. Blyth; C. W. Fairall; W. A. Brewer; S. Tucker; S. G. Lasher-Trapp; O. L. Mayol-Bracero; G. Vali; B. Geerts; J. R. Anderson; B. A. Baker; R. P. Lawson; A. R. Bandy; D. C. Thornton; E. Burnet; J-L. Brenguier; L. Gomes; P. R. A. Brown; P. Chuang; W. R. Cotton; H. Gerber; B. G. Heikes; J. G. Hudson; P. Kollias; S. K. Krueger; L. Nuijens; D. W. O'Sullivan; A. P. Siebesma; C. H. Twohy
Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Precipitation
The response of the precipitation field for tropical cyclones in relation to the surrounding environmental vertical wind shear has been investigated using 20 000 snapshots of passive-microwave satellite rain rates. Composites of mean rain rates, ...
Matthew T. Wingo; Daniel J. Cecil
ARMAR: An Airborne Rain-Mapping Radar
A new airborne rain-mapping radar (ARMAR) has been developed by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for operation on the NASA Ames DC-8 aircraft. The radar operates at 13.8 GHz, the frequency to be used by the radar on the Tropical Rainfall ...
S. L. Durden; E. Im; F. K. Li; W. Ricketts; A. Tanner; W. Wilson
Simulation of Water and Energy Fluxes in an Old-Growth Seasonal Temperate Rain Forest Using the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) Model
In the Pacific Northwest (PNW), concern about the impacts of climate and land cover change on water resources and flood-generating processes emphasizes the need for a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between forest canopies and ...
Timothy E. Link; Gerald N. Flerchinger; Mike Unsworth; Danny Marks
Rate Determination for Tropical Trees, Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA, 13 April, 1980. Yale University
Coley, Phyllis
TRMM Radar Observations of Shallow Precipitation over the Tropical Oceans
Observations from the precipitation radar aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite provide the first opportunity to map vertical structure properties of rain over the entire Tropics and subtropics. Storm height histograms reveal a ...
David A. Short; Kenji Nakamura
Rain Attenuation Prediction Model for Lagos at Millimeter Wave Bands
�Rain Attenuation Prediction Model for Lagos at Millimeter Wave bands� is the subject of this work. Lagos (geog. Lat. 6.350N and Long. 3.20E), is a coastal station in the rain forest area in the South-Western Nigeria with an altitude of 380 ...
Abayomi Isiaka Yussuff; Nor Hisham Haji Khamis
ARM - Instrument - rain
govInstrumentsrain govInstrumentsrain Documentation RAIN : Handbook RAIN : Instrument Mentor Monthly Summary (IMMS) reports RAIN : Data Quality Assessment (DQA) reports ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Instrument : Rain Gauge (RAIN) Beneficiary of Recovery Act funding. Instrument Categories Surface Meteorology General Overview The tipping bucket rain gauge was located next to the disdrometer. It was replaced with a weighing bucket rain gauge in FY2010. Please contact the instrument mentor, if you have any questions. Output Datastreams rain : Rain gauge Primary Measurements The following measurements are those considered scientifically relevant. Precipitation Locations Eastern North Atlantic
Carbon finance, tropical forests and the state : governing international climate risk in the Democratic Republic of Congo
This thesis examines how evolving norms of international climate change mitigation are translated into national forest governance policies and land management techniques in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The ...
Gray, Ian P
Satellite Microwave Surface Observations in Tropical Cyclones
Sea surface estimates of local winds, waves, and rain-rate conditions are crucial to complement infrared/visible satellite images in estimating the strength of tropical cyclones (TCs). Satellite measurements at microwave frequencies are thus key ...
Yves Quilfen; Bertrand Chapron; Jean Tournadre
An Investigation of the Consistency of TAO�TRITON Buoy-Mounted Capacitance Rain Gauges
The common use of remotely located, buoy-mounted capacitance rain gauges in the tropical oceans for satellite rainfall verification studies provides motivation for an in situ gauge bias assessment. A comparison of the biases in rainfall catchment ...
Mark L. Morrissey; Howard J. Diamond; Michael J. McPhaden; H. Paul Freitag; J. Scott Greene
The Second-Moment Climatology of the GATE Rain Rate Data
The first part of this paper presents the description of the GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Atlantic Tropical Experiment 1 rain-rate data and its two-dimensional spectral and correlation characteristics, which have made it possible to ...
Ilya Polyak; Gerald North
Use of Numerical Forecasts for Improving TMI Rain Retrievals over the Mountainous Area in Korea
Topographical influences on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) rain retrievals over the terrain area of the Korean peninsula were examined using a training dataset constructed from numerical mesoscale model ...
Eun-Han Kwon; Byung-Ju Sohn; Dong-Eon Chang; Myoung-Hwan Ahn; Song Yang
Bayesian Retrieval of Complete Posterior PDFs of Oceanic Rain Rate from Microwave Observations
A new Bayesian algorithm for retrieving surface rain rate from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) over the ocean is presented, along with validations against estimates from the TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR). The ...
J. Christine Chiu; Grant W. Petty
Uncertainties in Oceanic Radar Rain Maps at Kwajalein and Implications for Satellite Validation
The Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) ground validation radar has provided a multiyear three-dimensional radar dataset at an oceanic site. Extensive rain gauge networks are not feasible over the ocean and, ...
Robert A. Houze Jr; Stacy Brodzik; Courtney Schumacher; Sandra E. Yuter; Christopher R. Williams
The Tropical Dynamical Response to Latent Heating Estimates Derived from the TRMM Precipitation Radar
A 3-yr (1998�2000) climatology of near-surface rainfall and stratiform rain fraction observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) was used to calculate the four-dimensional distribution of tropical latent ...
Courtney Schumacher; Robert A. Houze Jr.; Ian Kraucunas
C-Band Attenuation by Tropical Rainfall in Darwin, Australia, Using Climatologically Tuned Ze-R Relations
The probability matching method (PMM) is used as a basis for estimating attenuation in tropical rains near Darwin, Australia. PMM provides a climatological relationship between measured radar reflectivity and rain rate, which includes the effects ...
David Atlas; Daniel Rosenfeld; David B. Wolff
Chlorophyll and acid rain
Chlorophyll and acid rain Chlorophyll and acid rain Name: beachbum Status: N/A Age: N/A Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: Around 1993 Question: A while ago I read an article that stated that after a plant received acid rain, there seemed to be less of chlorophyll a and b in the plant. I was wondering where does the chlorophyll go and what is the actual process (cell structure affected?). Replies: I think that less chlorophyll being present would be more likely a result of less being produced. Plant cell constantly turn over cell material, it will also constantly produce more. So if one compares a plant not exposed to acid rain (presumably producing a normal amount of chlorophyll and the exposed plant then one sees that the exposed plant has less chlorophyll than the unexposed plant. I do not think I can answer the rest of your question.
ARM - Datastreams - rain
Datastreamsrain Datastreamsrain Documentation Data Quality Plots Citation DOI: 10.5439/1025264 [ What is this? ] Generate Citation ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Datastream : RAIN Rain gauge Active Dates 2006.03.01 - 2014.01.09 Measurement Categories Atmospheric State Originating Instrument Rain Gauge (RAIN) Measurements Only measurements considered scientifically relevant are shown below by default. Show all measurements Measurement Units Variable Altitude above mean sea level m alt Base time in Epoch seconds since 1970-1-1 0:00:00 0:00 base_time Record with error unitless error_latch ( time ) Frequency average, sensor 1 Hz frequency1 ( time ) Frequency average, sensor 2 Hz frequency2 ( time )
(Acid rain workshop)
The traveler presented a paper entitled Susceptibility of Asian Ecosystems to Soil-Mediated Acid Rain Damage'' at the Second Workshop on Acid Rain in Asia. The workshop was organized by the Asian Institute of Technology (Bangkok, Thailand), Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, Illinois), and Resource Management Associates (Madison, Wisconsin) and was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, the United Nations Environment Program, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, and the World Bank. Papers presented on the first day discussed how the experience gained with acid rain in North America and Europe might be applied to the Asian situation. Papers describing energy use projections, sulfur emissions, and effects of acid rain in several Asian countries were presented on the second day. The remaining time was allotted to discussion, planning, and writing plans for a future research program.
Turner, R.S.
Convective and Rainfall Properties of Tropical Cyclone Inner Cores and Rainbands from 11 Years of TRMM Data
Convective and rainfall properties of tropical cyclones (TCs) are statistically quantified by using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data from December 1997 to December 2008. A semimanual method is used to divide the TC raining area into ...
Haiyan Jiang; Ellen M. Ramirez; Daniel J. Cecil
On the Differences in Storm Rainfall from Hurricanes Isidore and Lili. Part I: Satellite Observations and Rain Potential
It has been well known for years that the heavy rain and flooding of tropical cyclones over land bear a weak relationship to the maximum wind intensity. The rainfall accumulation history and rainfall potential history of two North Atlantic ...
Haiyan Jiang; Jeffrey B. Halverson; Joanne Simpson
Characteristic Features of Warm-Type Rain Producing Heavy Rainfall over the Korean Peninsula Inferred from TRMM Measurements
In contrast to the view that deep convection causes heavy rainfall, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements demonstrate that heavy rainfall (ranging from moderate to extreme rain rate) over the Korean peninsula is associated more ...
B. J. Sohn; Geun-Hyeok Ryu; Hwan-Jin Song; Mi-Lim Ou
Characteristic features of warm-type rain producing heavy rainfall over the Korean peninsula inferred from TRMM measurements
In contrast to the view that deep convection causes the heavy rainfall, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements demonstrate that heavy rainfall (ranging from moderate to extreme rain rate) over the Korean peninsula is associated ...
B.J. Sohn; Geun-Hyeok Ryu; Hwan-Jin Song; Mi-Lim Ou
Rain sampling device
DOE Patents (OSTI)
The present invention constitutes a rain sampling device adapted for independent operation at locations remote from the user which allows rainfall to be sampled in accordance with any schedule desired by the user. The rain sampling device includes a mechanism for directing wet precipitation into a chamber, a chamber for temporarily holding the precipitation during the process of collection, a valve mechanism for controllably releasing samples of the precipitation from the chamber, a means for distributing the samples released from the holding chamber into vessels adapted for permanently retaining these samples, and an electrical mechanism for regulating the operation of the device. 11 figures.
Nelson, D.A.; Tomich, S.D.; Glover, D.W.; Allen, E.V.; Hales, J.M.; Dana, M.T.
Singin' in the Rain
Singin' in Singin' in the Rain News Featured Articles 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Science Headlines Presentations & Testimony News Archives Contact Information Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585 P: (202) 586-5430 11.25.13 Singin' in the Rain Ultra water-repellent material developed at Brookhaven Lab may lead to many warming applications. Print Text Size: A A A Subscribe FeedbackShare Page Click to enlarge photo. Enlarge Photo Brookhaven Lab physicist Antonio Checco. Photo courtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory When it comes to designing extremely water-repellent surfaces, shape and size matter. That's the finding of a group of scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory, who investigated the
Optical Rain Gauge and Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge Comparisons
Rain Gauge and Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge Comparisons Rain Gauge and Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge Comparisons at the ARM Climate Research Facility TWP Sites Michael T. Ritsche 1 , Donna J. Holdridge 1 , Amanda Deieso 2 , Amy Kanta 2 , and Jenni Prell 2 1 Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 2 Department of Geography, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 1. Introduction Measurement of rainfall and precipitation is a difficult task even in the best of circumstances. Different types of gauges are used depending on the type of precipitation expected (solid or liquid) and the rate at which it falls. The ARM Program uses two types of precipitation sensors in its surface meteorological systems: the optical rain gauge (ORG) and the tipping bucket rain gauge (TBRG). The ORG was originally
Evironmental protection in Malaysia with sustainable forest management practices
Malaysia has achieved a very significant development socio-economically since independent in 1957. Large tracts of forest have been converted to give way to settlements and agricultural and industrial areas. Logging is still being carried out annually. ... Keywords: environmental protection, forest certification, forest harvesting, sustainable forest management, tropical forest resources
Dato'Hj Dahlan Hj. Taha; Hj. Kamaruzaman Jusoff
Rainfall Observation from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Satellite
National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) successfully launched the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observatory at 06:27 (JST) on Nov. 28, 1997. The TRMM satellite carries the first spaceborne Precipitation Radar (PR) which was developed ... Keywords: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), El Ni�o, Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), Precipitation Radar (PR), TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS), heavy rain, tropical cyclone
K. Hiroshima
Dispersion Parameters over Forested Terrain
A unique set of micrometeorological data was obtained during a 1967�70 multidisciplinary environmental field program in a tropical forest environment. The program was under the sponsorship of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) and was ...
R. T. Pinker; J. Z. Holland
Biases of Rain Retrieval Algorithms for Spaceborne Radar Caused by Nonuniformity of Rain
The biases of various rain retrieval algorithms for a spaceborne rain radar due to nonuniformity of rain are studied using simple models and an actual time sequence of rainfall rate. A conventional rain retrieval algorithm in which measured radar ...
Kenji Nakamura
Satellite Data Assimilation in Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Part II: Uses of Rain-Affected Radiances from Microwave Observations for Hurricane Vortex Analysis
A hybrid variational scheme (HVAR) is developed to produce the vortex analysis associated with tropical storms. This scheme allows for direct assimilation of rain-affected radiances from satellite microwave instruments. In the HVAR, the ...
Fuzhong Weng; Tong Zhu; Banghua Yan
A Space-Filling Algorithm to Extrapolate Narrow-Swath Instantaneous TRMM Microwave Rain-Rate Estimates Using Thermal IR Imagery
A space-filling algorithm (SFA) based on 2D spectral estimation techniques was developed to extrapolate the spatial domain of the narrow-swath near-instantaneous rain-rate estimates from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation ...
Ana P. Barros; Kun Tao
A Probability Distribution Model for Rain Rate
A systematic approach is suggested for modeling the probability distribution of rain rate. Rain rate, conditional on rain and averaged over a region, is modeled as a temporally homogeneous diffusion process with appropriate boundary conditions. ...
Benjamin Kedem; Harry Pavlopoulos; Xiaodong Guan; David A. Short
Estimation of Area-Averaged Rainfall over Tropical Oceans from Microwave Radiometry: A Single Channel Approach
This paper presents a new simple retrieval algorithm for estimating area-time averaged rain rates over tropical oceans by using single channel microwave measurements from satellites. The algorithm was tested by using the Nimbus-5 Electrically ...
Kyung-Sup Shin; Phil E. Riba; Gerald R. North
Some Tropical Rainfall Rate Characteristics at Ile-Ife for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Applications
Some characteristics of rainfall rate relevant to the evaluation of microwave attenuation due to tropical rainfall are presented, making use of rain rate data collected with a rapid response raingage at Ile-Ife between September 1979 and December ...
G. O. Ajayi; E. B. C. Ofoche
Warm Rain Study in Hawaii�Rain Initiation
More than 300 hours of aircraft flights were conducted in Hawaii from 1977 to 1979 to study precipitation mechanisms in warm rain. Airborne instruments were used to measure drop size distributions over the size range from cloud droplets to ...
Tsutomu Takahashi
Controlling acid rain : policy issues
The policy and regulatory ramifications of U.S. acid rain control programs are examined; particularly, the alternative of a receptor-oriented strategy as constrasted to emission-oriented proposals (e.g., the Mitchell bill) ...
Fay, James A.
Comparison of Drop Size Distribution Parameter (D0) and Rain Rate from S-Band Dual-Polarized Ground Radar, TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR), and Combined PR�TMI: Two Events from Kwajalein Atoll
The estimation of the drop size distribution parameter [median volume diameter (D0)] and rain rate (R) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) as well as from combined PR�TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) algorithms ...
V. N. Bringi; Gwo-Jong Huang; S. Joseph Munchak; Christian D. Kummerow; David A. Marks; David B. Wolff
A Revised Conceptual Model of the Tropical Marine Boundary Layer. Part I: Statistical Characterization of the Variability Inherent in the Wintertime Trade Wind Regime over the Western Tropical Atlantic
This paper investigates wintertime tropical marine boundary layer (TMBL) statistical characteristics over the western North Atlantic using the complete set of island-launched soundings from the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) experiment. The ...
Jennifer L. Davison; Robert M. Rauber; Larry Di Girolamo; Margaret A. LeMone
This paper investigates wintertime tropical marine boundary layer (TMBL) statistical characteristics over the western North Atlantic using the complete set of island-launched soundings from the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) Experiment. The ...
Statistical Error Decomposition of Regional-Scale Climatological Precipitation Estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
Monthly rainfall estimates inferred from the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite contain errors due to discrete temporal sampling and remote spaceborne rain retrievals. This paper develops a regional-scale error model that ...
Brad L. Fisher
Interactions between Rain and Wind Waves
Effects of rain on surface waves have been investigated in a circulating wind-wave tank. Surface displacement and slope spectra under different wind velocities were measured near the upwind and downwind edges of a region with simulated rains. ...
Ying-Keung Poon; Shih Tang; Jin Wu
Rain Rate Estimates from Differential Polarization Measurements
This paper presents an analysis of the accuracy of rain rate estimates from data observed with a radar that has alternating horizontal and vertical polarization. Theoretical accuracies of rain rates from the reflectivity, the differential ...
M. Sachidananda; D. S. Zrni?
NEWTON: Why Does It Rain
Why Does It Rain? Why Does It Rain? Name: Drama Status: student Grade: K-3 Location: FL Country: USA Date: Fall 2011 Question: Why does it rain? Replies: Drama, When water is heated it evaporates into the air. You cannot see the water in the air, but sometimes you can feel it (especially when it is hot outside). Have you ever noticed that on some warm days it is really humid (sticky and sweaty) and other warm days it feels dry? You might have also noticed that in the morning, when the air is cool, you might find dew or mist on the leaves and grass. This occurs because cold air cannot hold much of moisture. There is a limit to the amount of water that air can hold. This limit is known as the saturation limit (or dew point). When the air is completely saturated and cannot hold any more water, then it comes down as rain (and leaves all that heat in the air).
A Piezoelectrical Rain Gauge for Application on Buoys
Rain gauge systems are required to measure rainfall data on buoys at oceanic sites that are not suited for conventional rain sensors. A piezoelectrical rain gauge has been developed for use on buoys, to provide rain measurements just above the ...
J�rg F�rster; Giselher Gust; Siegfried Stolte
Forest Monitoring for Action (FORMA) | Open Energy Information
Forest Monitoring for Action (FORMA) Forest Monitoring for Action (FORMA) Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary LAUNCH TOOL Name: Forest Monitoring for Action (FORMA) Agency/Company /Organization: Center for Global Development Sector: Land, Climate Focus Area: Forestry Topics: GHG inventory, Resource assessment Resource Type: Maps Website: www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/forestmonitoringforactionfor Cost: Free Forest Monitoring for Action (FORMA) Screenshot References: FORMA[1] "Forest Monitoring for Action (FORMA) uses freely available satellite data to generate rapidly updated online maps of tropical forest clearing, providing useful information for local and national forest conservation programs, as well as international efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions by paying to keep forests intact."
Measuring Woody Encroachment along a Forest�Savanna Boundary in Central Africa
Changes in net area of tropical forest are the sum of several processes: deforestation, regeneration of previously deforested areas, and the changing spatial location of the forest�savanna boundary. The authors conducted a long-term (1986�2006) ...
E. T. A. Mitchard; S. S. Saatchi; F. F. Gerard; S. L. Lewis; P. Meir
Use of Forest Inventories and Geographic Information Systems To Estimate
Appendix B: Use of Forest Inventories and Geographic Information Systems To Appendix B: Use of Forest Inventories and Geographic Information Systems To Estimate Biomass Density of Tropical Forests: Application to Tropical Africa S. Brown and G. Gaston U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th St., Corvalis, OR 97333, USA Abstract One of the most important databases needed for estimating emissions of carbon dioxide resulting from changes in the cover, use, and management of tropical forests is the total quantity of biomass per unit area, referred to as biomass density. Forest inventories have been shown to be valuable sources of data for estimating biomass density, but inventories for the tropics are few in number and their quality is poor. This lack of reliable data has been overcome by use of a promising approach that produces
The Tropical Eastern Pacific Seasonal Cycle: Assessment of Errors and Mechanisms in IPCC AR4 Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere General Circulation Models
Warmer SST and more rain in the Northern Hemisphere are observed year-round in the tropical eastern Pacific with southerly wind crossing the equator toward the atmospheric heating. The southerlies are minimal during boreal spring, when two ...
Simon P. de Szoeke; Shang-Ping Xie
Evidence for an Oscillatory Rain Rate in a Midwestern Winter Rain
Rain rate during light precipitation in winter was measured with high temporal resolution optical systems at a site in Illinois. In addition to quasi-periodic variations, a clearly sinusoidal oscillation in rain rate was found imbedded in the ...
R. B. Fritz; R. J. Hill; J. T. Priestley; W. P. Schoenfeld
The Relation between the Area-Average Rain Rate and the Rain Cell Size Distribution Parameters
A review of the literature on the rain cell diameter distribution (RCDD) is first presented. It shows that RCDD, for a given rain-rate threshold ?, is accurately described by an exponential distribution with an exponential parameter ? weakly ...
Henri Sauvageot; Fr�d�ric Mesnard; Ricardo S. Ten�rio
Diurnal variation of tropical precipitation using five years TRMM data
The tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) data are used in this study to reveal diurnal variations of precipitation over the Tropics (30?S ? 30?N) from January, 1998, to December 2002. The TMI data were used for the regions over oceans and islands and the PR data was used over continents. The observations are sorted regionally to examine the difference in diurnal cycle of rainfall over ocean, island, and continental regions. The rain rate is averaged over individual two hour intervals of local time in each region to include more observations in order to reduce the sampling error. F-test is used to determine those regions whose diurnal cycle is detected at the 95% confidence level. In most oceanic regions there is a maximum at 0400 LST - 0700 LST. The amplitude of diurnal variation over ocean regions with small total rain is a little higher than that of the ocean regions with heavy total rain. The diurnal cycle peaks at 0700 LST - 0800 LST over islands with rainfall variation similar to surrounding oceanic regions. A maximum at 1400 LST - 1500 LST was found in areas over continents with heavy total rain, while the maximum occured at 1900 LST - 2100 LST over continents with lesser total rain. The amplitudes of variation over continents with heavy total rain and with small total rain do not show significant differences. The diurnal cycle in in JJA (June, July, August) and DJF (December, January, February) varies with latitude over continents. A seasonal cycle of diurnal cycle can also be found in some oceanic regions. The diurnal cycle annual change is not evident over continents, while the diurnal cycle annual change over oceans exists in some regions. Island regions in this paper exhibit no evident seasonal and annual diurnal change.
Wu, Qiaoyan
Urban Modification of Freezing-Rain Events
A new national database for freezing-rain occurrences during the 1945�2000 period provided an opportunity for a study of the potential urban effects on freezing-rain events. Numerous past studies of snowfall events in urban areas have defined ...
Stanley A. Changnon
Sources of Data on Freezing Rain and Resulting Damages
Freezing rain produces major damages each year in the United States, and various affected groups continue to seek data on the incidence and losses produced by freezing rain. The various kinds of data available about freezing rain and related ...
Stanley A. Changnon; Tamara G. Creech
NPP Tropical Forest: San Eusebio, Venezuela
Eusebio, Venezuela, 1970-1971 PHOTOGRAPH Photograph: General view of the San Eusebio site (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site) Data Citation Cite this...
NPP Tropical Forest: Gunung Mulu, Malaysia
Mulu World Heritage Site may be found on the Web pages maintained by UNESCO and the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center. Detailed data are available on biomass, different...
Tropical Africa: Calculated Actual Aboveground Live Biomass in Open and
Calculated Actual Aboveground Live Biomass in Open and Calculated Actual Aboveground Live Biomass in Open and Closed Forests (1980) image Brown, S., and G. Gaston. 1996. Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates For 1980. ORNL/CDIAC-92, NDP-055. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. More Maps Land Use Maximum Potential Biomass Density Area of Closed Forests (By Country) Mean Biomass of Closed Forests (By Country) Area of Open Forests (By Country) Mean Biomass of Open Forests (By County) Percent Forest Cover (By Country) Total Forest Biomass (By Country) Population Density - 1990 (By Administrative Unit) Population Density - 1980 (By Administrative Unit) Population Density - 1970 (By Administrative Unit) Population Density - 1960 (By Administrative Unit)
Formalism for Comparing Rain Estimation Designs
Space-time averages of rain rates are needed in several applications. Nevertheless, they are difficult to estimate because the methods invariably leave gaps in the measurements in space or time. A formalism is developed which makes use of the ...
Gerald R. North; Shoichiro Nakamoto
Temporal Sampling Requirements for Automatic Rain Gauges
Automatic rain gauges are needed to obtain rainfall statistics from remote locations and platforms. Many of these platforms cannot be serviced regularly, thus requiring unattended operations for many months. At such locations there is often a ...
Jeffrey A. Nystuen
The Hunter Region (Australia) Acid Rain Project
Field measurements for the Hunter Region Acid Rain Project were conducted as a major co-operative effort by the New South Wales State Pollution Control Commission, the Electricity Commission of New South Wales, and the University of Newcastle in ...
Howard A. Bridgman; Robert Rothwell; Christopher Pang Way; Peng-Hing Tio
Freezing Rain: An Observational and Theoretical Study
Data from a Doppler radar, an instrumented aircraft, and several rawinsonde observations during freezing rain and ice pellet events have been analyzed for this study. From these data, 34 soundings were obtained that characterized the vertical ...
Ryan J. Zerr
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1988
.The 1988 season produced 62 tropical waves, 19 tropical depressions and 12 tropical storms, 5 of which became hurricanes. Eighty-three percent of the tropical storms developed from African waves. A comparison with the past 21 years is included.
Lixion A. Avila; Gilbert B. Clark
Verification of TMI-Adjusted Rainfall Analyses of Tropical Cyclones at ECMWF Using TRMM Precipitation Radar
A validation of passive microwave�adjusted rainfall analyses of tropical cyclones using spaceborne radar data is presented. This effort is part of the one-dimensional plus four-dimensional variational (1D+4D-Var) rain assimilation project that is ...
A. Benedetti; P. Lopez; E. Moreau; P. Bauer; V. Venugopal
A Climatology of Inland Winds from Tropical Cyclones for the Eastern United States
Tropical cyclones pose a significant threat to life and property along coastal regions of the United States. As these systems move inland and dissipate, they can also pose a threat to life and property, through heavy rains, high winds, and other ...
Michael C. Kruk; Ethan J. Gibney; David H. Levinson; Michael Squires
Baroclinically Induced Tropical Cyclogenesis
The authors investigate the transition of numerous subtropical cyclones into late season tropical storms and hurricanes during the 2000 and 2001 Atlantic tropical cyclone seasons. In all transitioning cases (10), the 900�200-hPa wind shear was ...
Christopher A. Davis; Lance F. Bosart
Tropical observability and predictability
Many studies have investigated tropical data assimilation in the context of global models or specifically for tropical cyclones, but relatively few have focused on the mesoscale predictability and observability of the ...
Whitcomb, Timothy Robert
In order to check the effect of nuclear explosions on the atmosphere over Bangkok, rain water was evaporated and the radioactivity of the residue obtained was counted by a G. M. counter. The result shows that the radioactivity in the rain water began to rise from the normal level since 26 September 1961, reached the maximum on 10 November 1961, and then slowly declined. Because the level of radiation remained above that of the Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) for only a short time, it did not constitute a health hazard. Analysis of the residue of rain water indicates that the increase in radiation is caused by the fall-out from the Russian tests of nuclear weapons in the air from September to October 1961. (auth)
Sundara-vicharana, Y.; Bhodigen, S.; Hayodom, V.
Rain initiation time in turbulent warm clouds
We present a mean-field model that describes droplet growth due to condensation and collisions and droplet loss due to fallout. The model allows for an effective numerical simulation. We study how the rain initiation time depends on different parameters. We also present a simple model that allows one to estimate the rain initiation time for turbulent clouds with an inhomogeneous concentration of cloud condensation nuclei. In particular, we show that over-seeding even a part of a cloud by small hygroscopic nuclei one can substantially delay the onset of precipitation.
Falkovich, G; Vucelja, M
G. Falkovich; M. G. Stepanov; M. Vucelja
A Study of the Mechanisms of Acid Rain Formation
Samples of rain, snow, cloud water, aerosols and soil were collected in Colorado to study the mechanisms of acid rain formation. Chemical compositions of various types of samples were analyzed to investigate the stepwise incorporation of ...
Farn Parungo; Clarence Nagamoto; Robin Maddl
Estimation of Mean Rain Rate through Censoring
A mixed lognormal distribution is fit to rain-rate data to estimate the space�time average. To mitigate problems associated with biased data, data below a minimum and above a maximum threshold are treated as if they are at the respective ...
Donald Martin
Determination of Oceanic Rain Rate and Rain Cell Structure from Altimeter Waveform Data. Part I: Theory
The predominant effect of rain on altimeter data is through the attenuation it causes of radar pulses propagating through it. Both the ERS-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon have recorded sharp decreases in the observed backscatter ?0, which have been ...
Graham D. Quartly
A Probabilistic View on the Rain Drop Size Distribution Modeling: a Physical Interpretation of Rain Microphysics
The Rain Drop Size Distribution (RDSD) is defined as the relative frequency of raindrops per given diameter in a volume. This paper describes a mathematically-consistent modeling of the RDSD drawing on probability theory. It is shown that this ...
Francisco J. Tapiador; Ziad S. Haddad; Joe Turk
Principal Modes of Variation of Rain-Rate Probability Distributions
Radar or satellite observations of an area generate sequences of rain-rate maps. From a gridded map a histogram of rain rates can be obtained representing the relative areas occupied by rain rates of various strengths. The histograms vary with ...
Thomas L. Bell; R. Suhasini
Seasonal tropical cyclone forecasts
Seasonal forecasts of tropical cyclone activity in various regions have been developed since the first attempts in the early 1980s by Neville
Suzana J. Camargo; Anthony G. Barnston; Philip J. Klotzbach; Christopher W. Landsea
Microwave Radiometric Observations Near 19.35, 92 and 183 GHz of Precipitation in Tropical Storm Cora
Observations of rain cells in the remains of a decaying tropical storm were made by Airborne Microwave Radiometers at 19.35 and 92 GHz and three frequencies near 183 GHz. Extremely low brightness temperatures, as low as 140 K, were noted in the ...
T. T. Wilheit; A. T. C. Chang; J. L. King; E. B. Rodgers; R. A. Nieman; B. M. Krupp; A. S. Milman; J. S. Stratigos; H. Siddalingaiah
ARM - Black Forest News
GermanyBlack Forest News Black Forest Deployment AMF Home Black Forest Home Data Plots and Baseline Instruments CERA COPS Data University of Hohenheim COPS Website COPS Update,...
The greenhouse effect and acid rain
The concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides and chlorofluorocarbons is increasing in the earth's atmosphere. Increased concentrations of these trace gases could lead to global warming, increased acid rain and increased UV radiation on the earth's surface; however, the actual impacts are still uncertain and are also the subject of great debate. Application of clean'' energy sources such as geothermal are obviously desirable for decreasing these effects and improving our overall general environment. This paper briefly summarizes the global environment concerns, providing a backdrop for the following papers which describe the geothermal role in future environmental considerations. 5 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Traeger, R.K.
Evaluation and performance prediction of cooling tower rain zones.
??Cooling tower rain zone performance characteristics such as the loss coefficient and the Merkel number are evaluated and simulated. To this end the influence of� (more)
Pierce, Darren John
Clouds in Tropical Cyclones
Clouds within the inner regions of tropical cyclones are unlike those anywhere else in the atmosphere. Convective clouds contributing to cyclogenesis have rotational and deep intense updrafts but tend to have relatively weak downdrafts. Within the ...
Robert A. Houze Jr.
Clouds within the inner regions of tropical cyclones are unlike those anywhere else in the atmosphere. Convective clouds contributing to cyclogenesis have rotational and deep intense updrafts but tend to have relatively weak downdrafts. Within ...
Geographical Distribution of Biomass Carbon in Tropical Southeast Asian
Geographical Distribution of Biomass Carbon in Tropical Southeast Asian Geographical Distribution of Biomass Carbon in Tropical Southeast Asian Forests: A Database (NDP-068) DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/lue.ndp068 data Data PDF PDF Appendix A is reprint of Brown et al. paper in Geocarto International, Vol. 8; copyright 1993 Geocarto International Centre and reprinted with kind permission from the publisher) image Contributors Sandra Brown1 Louis R. Iverson2 Anantha Prasad2 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 1Present address: Winrock International, Arlington, Virginia 2Present address: United States Forest Service, Northeast Research Station, Delaware, Ohio Prepared by Tammy W. Beaty, Lisa M. Olsen, Robert M. Cushman, and Antoinette L. Brenkert Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
Information Forests
We describe Information Forests, an approach to classification that generalizes Random Forests by replacing the splitting criterion of non-leaf nodes from a discriminative one -- based on the entropy of the label distribution -- to a generative one -- based on maximizing the information divergence between the class-conditional distributions in the resulting partitions. The basic idea consists of deferring classification until a measure of "classification confidence" is sufficiently high, and instead breaking down the data so as to maximize this measure. In an alternative interpretation, Information Forests attempt to partition the data into subsets that are "as informative as possible" for the purpose of the task, which is to classify the data. Classification confidence, or informative content of the subsets, is quantified by the Information Divergence. Our approach relates to active learning, semi-supervised learning, mixed generative/discriminative learning.
Yi, Zhao; Dewan, Maneesh; Zhan, Yiqiang
Climate change and forests in India: note from the guest editors
Forestry is one of the most important sectors in the context of climate change. It lies at the center-stage of global mitigation and adaptation efforts. Yet, it is one of the least understood sectors, especially in tropical zones, which constitute a significant portion of the global forests. Recently, there has been a growing interest in forests in addressing global climate change. The IPCC Assessment Report 4 (2007) Chapters related to forests have highlighted the limited number of studies on the impact of climate change on forests at the regional, national and sub-national level, while policy makers need information at these scales. Further, implication of projected climate change on mitigation potential of forest sector is only briefly mentioned in the IPCC report, with limited literature to support the conclusions. India is one among the top ten nations in the world in terms of forest cover. It is also sixth among the tropical countries in terms of forested area. As IPCC Assessment Report 5 work is about to be initiated soon, studies on the impact of climate change on forests as well as the mitigation potential of the forest sector, particularly at regional and national level, will be of great interest to the scientific and policy community. In order to conserve the carbon stored in forests and to reduce CO2 emissions from the forest sector, the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) mechanism is now being finalized under the UNFCCC. In this context, climate change itself may affect the mitigation potential significantly, and it is important to understand how vulnerable the forest carbon stock (biomass and soil) in the tropics is to the projected climate change. In fact, there is a need to study the impact of climate change on forests for all the major forested countries
Ravindtranath, N.H.; Aaheim, Asbjporn
Microsoft PowerPoint - 16.0855_Raines Draft Rev 4 | Department...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
0855Raines Draft Rev 4 Microsoft PowerPoint - 16.0855Raines Draft Rev 4 Microsoft PowerPoint - 16.0855Raines Draft Rev 4 More Documents & Publications Earned Value (EV) Analysis...
Heavy Precipitation Associated with Southern Appalachian Cold-Air Damming and Carolina Coastal Frontogenesis in Advance of Weak Landfalling Tropical Storm Marco (1990)
An analysis is presented of Tropical Storm Marco (1990), a storm that dropped copious amounts of rain over the southeast United States. Marco was noteworthy because of its role in the formation and evolution of two distinct episodes of cold-air ...
Alan F. Srock; Lance F. Bosart
A Tropical Cyclone Genesis Parameter for the Tropical Atlantic
A parameter to evaluate the potential for tropical cyclone formation (genesis) in the North Atlantic between Africa and the Caribbean islands is developed. Climatologically, this region is the source of about 40% of the Atlantic basin tropical ...
Mark DeMaria; John A. Knaff; Bernadette H. Connell
Raindrop Size Distribution and Radar Parameters in Coastal Tropical Rain Systems of Northeastern Brazil
A dataset on raindrop size distribution (DSD) gathered in a coastal site of the Alagoas state in northeastern Brazil is used to analyze some differences between continental and maritime rainfall parameters. The dataset is divided into two subsets. ...
Ricardo Sarmento Ten�rio; Marcia Cristina da Silva Moraes; Henri Sauvageot
Strategies for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Metagenomic-based Enzyme Discovery in Lignocellulolytic Microbial Communities
rain forest soil in Puerto Rico, Kristen M. DeAngelis andthe tropical forest soils of Puerto Rico and municipal greenResearch program in Puerto Rico (18�18?N, 65�50?W). The
Acid rain: discerning the change in waters and woodlands
The research being done to establish the effects of acid rain on the earth's waters and woods is presented. It is pointed out that definitive answers cannot be possible because of the lack of scientifically credible, consistent, long-term data on trends. Various specific programs now under way to collect adequate data are highlighted. Researchers are not yet able to predict an area's susceptibility to acidic rain damage, but are more confident that acid rain is only a minimal threat to the earth's water and soil ecosystems. 13 figures.
Lihach, N.; Brocksen, R.; Goldstein, R.; Huckabee, J.; Kawaratani, R.; Mattice, J.; Murarka, I.; Perhac, R.
Tropical Cyclone Eye Thermodynamics
In intense tropical cyclones, sea level pressures at the center are 50�100 hPa lower than outside the vortex, but only 10�30 hPa of the total pressure fall occurs inside the eye between the eyewall and the center. Warming by dry subsidence ...
H. E. Willoughby
Tropical Cyclone Eye Dynamics
A new perspective of the dynamics of a tropical cyclone eye is given in which eye subsidence and the adiabatic warming accompanying it are accounted for directly from the equations of motion. Subsidence is driven by an adverse, axial gradient of ...
R. K. Smith
Tropical Cyclone Formation
The physics of tropical cyclone formation is not well understood, and more is known about the mature hurricane than the formative mechanisms that produce it. It is believed part of the reason for this can be traced to insufficient upper-level ...
Michael T. Montgomery; Brian F. Farrell
Tropical Cyclone Cloudbands
The outer cloudband structure of a tropical cyclone is kinematically treated as the manifestation of a forced set of waves stationary with respect to the cyclone. When the cyclone wind field is modeled as a Rankine vortex and the cloudbands are ...
Tom Beer; L. Giannini
Solar Decathlon: Rain and Shine | Department of Energy
Solar Decathlon: Rain and Shine Solar Decathlon: Rain and Shine Solar Decathlon: Rain and Shine October 20, 2009 - 7:00am Addthis Drew Bittner Web Manager, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Friday marked the end of the Solar Decathlon competition. Team Germany won (for the second time) in a very competitive field, in a ceremony marked by gray skies, cold temperatures and rain. For all the bad weather, however, the mood in DC was very upbeat. This was the fourth Solar Decathlon, an event that has seen great strides since its launch in 2002. The mission of the event is to promote solar energy and energy efficiency in buildings, through innovative engineering and scholarly dedication. I would venture to say that this year might mark the event's greatest success, with TWO teams from Canada, as well as returning
Freezing Rain Simulations for Fixed, Unheated Conductor Samples
The present paper reports on extensive experiments performed on short, fixed, unheated conductor samples in an outdoor freezing rain simulator. Their purpose is to relate the weight of ice (or, alternatively, the equivalent radial ice thickness) ...
M. L. Lu; N. Popplewell; A. H. Shah
A Rain-Rate Retrieval Algorithm for Attenuated Radar Measurements
A dynamic regularization scheme for rain-rate retrievals from attenuated radar measurements is presented. Most regularization techniques, including the optimal estimation method, use the state-space parameters to regularize the problem, which ...
Prabhat K. Koner; Alessandro Battaglia; Clemens Simmer
Relative Performance of Automatic Rain Gauges under Different Rainfall Conditions
Six different types of automatic rain gauges, including tipping bucket, weighing, capacitance, optical, disdrometer, and acoustical sensors, were deployed for 17 months (September 1993�January 1995) at the NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and ...
The Effects of Rain on ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data
An investigation into a potentially important, but little-studied effect on altimeter data�rain contamination�has been carried out using ERS-1. The method involves identifying large changes in the radar backscatter coefficient and relating these ...
Trevor H. Guymer; Graham D. Quartly; Meric A. Srokosz
The Effects of Rain on Topex Radar Altimeter Data
Rain has long been categorized as a contaminant of altimeter data, but little has been done previously to ascertain the magnitude and frequency of its effect or its geographical distribution. Proceeding from recent analysis of ERS-1 data, and the ...
G. D. Quartly; T. H. Guymer; M. A. Srokosz
The Development of Drop Size Distributions in Light Rain
A model of rain development based on the quasi-stochastic coalescence equation and including the sedimentation of drops has been used to study the formation of drop size distributions in conditions of weak updraft. Comparisons with �box model� ...
I. Zawadzki; E. Monteiro; F. Fabry
An Overview of Acid Rain Monitoring Activities in North America
The various forms of acidic components that may be deposited from the atmosphere are reviewed. These components are classified into three categories: wet deposition (rain and snow), dry deposition (particles and gases), and special events (dews, ...
Joe Wisniewski; John D. Kinsman
Variability of Space�Time Mean Rain Rate
A mixed lognormal distribution is fit to rain-rate data for the purpose of estimating the space�time mean. Using Fisher information, the large sample variance is obtained for grouped and ungrouped data estimates. The asymptotic variance results ...
B. Kedem; R. Pfeiffer; D. A. Short
Comparison of Dual-Polarization Radar Estimators of Rain
Several polarimetric radar estimators of rain rate R and rainwater content M are examined. The accuracy of the estimators is analyzed using a gamma drop size distribution (DSD) simulation and a radar wavelength of 11 cm. The estimators that use ...
A. V. Ryzhkov; D. S. Zrni?
Estimating the Uncertainty in Passive-Microwave Rain Retrievals
Current passive-microwave rain-retrieval methods are largely based on databases built offline using cloud models. Since the vertical distribution of hydrometeors within the cloud has a large impact on upwelling brightness temperatures, a forward ...
Doroth�e Coppens; Ziad S. Haddad; Eastwood Im
ARM - Field Campaign - Rain Microphysics Study with Disdrometer and
govCampaignsRain Microphysics Study with Disdrometer and Polarization govCampaignsRain Microphysics Study with Disdrometer and Polarization Radar Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Campaign : Rain Microphysics Study with Disdrometer and Polarization Radar 2005.04.28 - 2005.06.30 Lead Scientist : Guifu Zhang For data sets, see below. Description Understanding rain microphysics is important for accurate rainfall rate estimation and for improving parameterization in numerical weather prediction (NWP). The NCAR video disdrometer was installed at the ARM site at the Kessler farm. The disdrometer was also put side-by-side with the NSSL disdrometer for comparison/calibration and to study sampling effects. The disdrometer observations were used to verify KOUN polarimeteric radar
Climate mitigation and the future of tropical landscapes
Land use change to meet 21st Century demands for food, fuel, and fiber will occur in the context of both a changing climate as well as societal efforts to mitigate climate change. This changing natural and human environment will have large consequences for forest resources, terrestrial carbon storage and emissions, and food and energy crop production over the next century. Any climate change mitigation policies enacted will change the environment under which land-use decisions are made and alter global land use change patterns. Here we use the GCAM integrated assessment model to explore how climate mitigation policies that achieve a climate stabilization at 4.5 W m-2 radiative forcing in 2100 and value carbon in terrestrial ecosystems interact with future agricultural productivity and food and energy demands to influence land use in the tropics. The regional land use results are downscaled from GCAM regions to produce gridded maps of tropical land use change. We find that tropical forests are preserved only in cases where a climate mitigation policy that values terrestrial carbon is in place, and crop productivity growth continues throughout the century. Crop productivity growth is also necessary to avoid large scale deforestation globally and enable the production of bioenergy crops. The terrestrial carbon pricing assumptions in GCAM are effective at avoiding deforestation even when cropland must expand to meet future food demand.
Thomson, Allison M.; Calvin, Katherine V.; Chini, Louise Parsons; Hurtt, George; Edmonds, James A.; Bond-Lamberty, Benjamin; Frolking, Steve; Wise, Marshall A.; Janetos, Anthony C.
Understanding the Importance of Microphysics and Macrophysics for Warm Rain in Marine Low Clouds. Part II: Heuristic Models of Rain Formation
Two simple heuristic model formulations for warm rain formation are introduced and their behavior explored. The first, which is primarily aimed at representing warm rain formation in shallow convective clouds, is a continuous collection model ...
Robert Wood; Terence L. Kubar; Dennis L. Hartmann
Test of the Specific Differential Propagation Phase Shift (KDP) Technique for Rain-Rate Estimation with a Ku-Band Rain Radar
The variation in drop size distribution (DSD) and the attenuation at higher frequencies are the two major impairments for quantitative rain-rate estimation. The sensitivity of rain-rate estimators (such as reflectivity factor Z, differential ...
K. Isiah Timothy; Toshio Iguchi; Yuji Ohsaki; Hiroaki Horie; Hiroshi Hanado; Hiroshi Kumagai
Tropical Western Pacific
ARM-00-005 ARM-00-005 RPT(TWP)-010.006 LA-UR-004434 Tropical Western Pacific Site Science Mission Plan July - December 2000 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-36 Tropical Western Pacific Project Office Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group (EES-8) Earth and Environmental Sciences Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545 This report and previous versions are available electronically at the following web sites: http://www.arm.gov/docs/sites/twp/science_plan/archive.html http://www.twppo.lanl.gov/docs/office.html 2 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor an agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expresses or
Rain/No-Rain Classification Methods for Microwave Radiometer Observations over Land Using Statistical Information for Brightness Temperatures under No-Rain Conditions
One of the goals of the Global Precipitation Measurement project, the successor to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), is to produce a 3-hourly global rainfall map using several spaceborne microwave radiometers. It is important, ...
Shinta Seto; Nobuhiro Takahashi; Toshio Iguchi
The Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment
A comprehensive dataset describing tropical cloud systems and their environmental setting and impacts has been collected during the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) and Aerosol and Chemical Transport in Tropical ...
Peter T. May; James H. Mather; Geraint Vaughan; Keith N. Bower; Christian Jakob; Greg M. McFarquhar; Gerald G. Mace
Eastern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones of 1996
This paper is an annual summary of the Eastern Hemisphere tropical cyclones of 1996. The tropical cyclone statistics presented derive from records at the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Guam. Although the text focuses on the tropical cyclones that ...
Mark A. Lander; Eric J. Trehubenko; Charles P. Guard
Eastern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones of 1995
This paper is designed to be an annual summary of the Eastern Hemisphere tropical cyclones of 1995. The tropical cyclone statistics presented are those of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Guam. The text focuses primarily upon the tropical ...
Mark A. Lander; Michael D. Angove
Relation between hydrogen isotopic ratios of bone collagen and rain
The hydrogen isotopic value ([delta]D) of deer bone collagen is related to both [delta]D of rain during the growing season and growing season relative humidity (RH). With correction for the effects of RH, bone [delta]D is related to growing season rain [delta]D in a simple manner with a slope of 1.0. This indicates that, with RH correction, there are no additional sources of bias in the [delta]D of bone due to unaccounted for biologic or climatic effects. Due to a low sensitivity of bone [delta]D to RH effects, both yearly and growing season rain [delta]D can be estimated with considerable accuracy (R = 0.97 and R = 0.96) from bone collagen [delta]D and [delta][sup 15]N. Here, [delta][sup 15]N is used to correct bone [delta]D for the effects of RH. From these estimates of rain [delta]D, it may then be possible to evaluate temperature since the [delta]D of rain primarily reflects local temperature. Therefore, the measurement of bone collagen [delta]D has good potential for evaluating paleoclimates.
Cormie, A.B.; Schwarcz, H.P. (McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ontario (Canada)); Gray, J. (Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada))
NPP Tropical Forest: Cinnamon Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands
situated about 90 km east of Puerto Rico. The island was dominated by plantation agriculture in the 18th and 19th centuries, much of which was abandoned after the abolition of...
NPP Tropical Forest: Consistent Worldwide Site Estimates, 1967...
Consistent Worldwide Site Estimates, 1967-1999 Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Clark, D. A., S. Brown, D. W. Kicklighter, J. Q. Chambers, J. R. Thomlinson, J. Ni, and...
The cost-effectiveness of biodiversity surveys in tropical forests
Florestal and Jari Celulose at Jari for permissions and logistic support. We are very grateful to Fernando Z
Barlow, Jos
Are tropical forests near a high temperature threshold?
and a 30-m tall tower at km-83. The km-83 scaffold wasground level on a 67-m tall tower (Rohn 55G, Rohn, Peoria,field sites, working off a 45-m tall scaffold tower at km-67
Doughty, Christopher E.; Goulden, Michael L.
Effects of selective logging on tropical forest tree growth
State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12203,Albany, New York, USA. CENA, University of Sao Paulo, SaoResearch Center, State University of New York at Albany,
New biology of red rain extremophiles prove cometary panspermia
This paper reports the extraordinary biology of the microorganisms from the mysterious red rain of Kerala, India. These chemosynthetic organisms grow optimally at an extreme high temperature of 300 degrees C in hydrothermal conditions and can metabolize inorganic and organic compounds including hydrocarbons. Stages found in their life cycle show reproduction by a special multiple fission process and the red cells found in the red rain are identified as the resting spores of these microbes. While these extreme hyperthermophiles contain proteins, our study shows the absence of DNA in these organisms, indicating a new primitive domain of life with alternate thermostable genetics. This new biology proves our earlier hypothesis that these microbes are of extraterrestrial origin and also supports our earlier argument that the mysterious red rain of Kerala is due to the cometary delivery of the red spores into the stratosphere above Kerala.
Godfrey Louis; A. Santhosh Kumar
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1993
A total of 70 tropical waves (also known as African or easterly waves) were counted in the Atlantic basin during the 1993 hurricane season. These waves led to the formation of 9 of the 10 total number of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic ...
Lixion A. Avila; Richard J. Pasch
Incorporating Satellite Observations of �No Rain� in an Australian Daily Rainfall Analysis
Geostationary satellite observations can be used to distinguish potential rain-bearing clouds from nonraining areas, thereby providing surrogate observations of �no rain� over large areas. The advantages of including such observations are the ...
Elizabeth E. Ebert; Gary T. Weymouth
Rain Gauge and Disdrometer Measurements during the Keys Area Microphysics Project (KAMP)
Four impact disdrometers and 27 tipping bucket rain gauges were operated at 11 different sites during August and September 2001, as part of the Keys Area Microphysics Project. The rain gauge and disdrometer network was designed to study the range ...
Ali Tokay; David B. Wolff; Katherine R. Wolff; Paul Bashor
Estimation of Rain and Hail Rates in Mixed-Phase Precipitation
Precipitation comprising rain and hail is studied. Specifically, techniques to identify and quantify such precipitation in terms of rain and hail fall rates using dual polarized radar data, are presented. Included for consideration are ZH, the ...
N. Balakrishnan; D. S. Zrni?
Observations of Precipitation Size and Fall Speed Characteristics within Coexisting Rain and Wet Snow
Ground-based measurements of particle size and fall speed distributions using a Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer are compared among samples obtained in mixed precipitation (rain and wet snow) and rain in the Oregon Cascade ...
Sandra E. Yuter; David E. Kingsmill; Louisa B. Nance; Martin L�ffler-Mang
Optimal Thresholds for the Estimation of Area Rain-Rate Moments by the Threshold Method
Optimization of the threshold method, achieved by determination of the threshold that maximizes the correlation between an area-average rain-rate moment and the area coverage of rain rates exceeding the threshold, is demonstrated empirically and ...
David A. Short; Kunio Shimizu; Benjamin Kedem
The Supercooled Warm Rain Process and the Specification of Freezing Precipitation
About 30% of freezing precipitation cases are observed to occur in a subfreezing atmosphere (contrary to the classical melting ice model). We explain these cases with the concept of the �supercolled warm rain process� (SWRP): the warm rain ...
George J. Huffman; Gene Alfred Norman Jr.
Computer-Controlled Automated Rain Sampler (CCARS) for Rainfall Measurement and Sequential Sampling
The Computer-Controlled Automated Rain Sampler (CCARS) is a combination rain gage and sequential sampler for precipitation chemistry measurements. The primary objectives of the design are low cost, versatility of operational mode, and remote ...
Stan D. Tomich; M. Terry Dana
Sensitivity of the Estimated Monthly Convective Rain Fraction to the Choice of Z�R Relation
This study investigates the sensitivity of the estimated monthly convective rain fraction�that is, the percentage of the areal rain accumulation contributed by precipitation identified as convective�to variations of the Z�R parameters used in ...
Matthias Steiner; Robert A. Houze Jr.
Satellite Passive Microwave Rain Rate Measurement over Croplands during Spring, Summer and Fall
Rain rate algorithms for spring, summer and fall that have been developed from comparisons between the brightness temperatures measured by the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and rain rates derived from operational WSR-...
Roy W. Spencer
Comparison of Simulated Rain Rates from Disdrometer Data Employing Polarimetric Radar Algorithms
Disdrometer data collected during three spring days, with moderate to heavy rain in the Norman, Oklahoma region are used with various polarimetric radar algorithms to simulate rain rates. It is assumed that available measurables are 1) ...
N. Balakrishnan; D�san S. Zrni?; Julius Goldhirsh; John Rowland
On a New Approach for Instantaneous Rain Area Delineation in the Midlatitudes Using GOES Data
Using satellite and weather radar data, a simple clustering analysis has been used in order to differentiate between raining and nonraining clouds. Based on these results, a scheme is proposed for instantaneous rain area delineation in the ...
A. A. Tsonis; G. A. Isaac
Quantitative Measurements of Path-Integrated Rain Rate by an Airborne Microwave Radiometer over the Ocean
Data on the airborne microwave radiometer, which is one of the sensors of the airborne microwave rain-scatterometer/radiometer (AMRS) system, are analyzed to infer path-integrated rain rate measured from topside. The equation of radiative ...
Masaharu Fujita; Ken'ichi Okamoto; Harunobu Masuko; Takeyuki Ojima; Nobuyoshi Fugono
Tropical Cyclone Winds from Scatterometer Winds
this paper, wc demonstrate that accurate estimates of tropical cyclone intensity over data sparse ocean regions
Carol S. Hsu; W. Timothy Liu
Is Virga Rain That Evaporates before Reaching the Ground?
The visual phenomenon called virga, a sudden change in the brightness of a precipitation shaft below a cloud, is commonly attributed to evaporation of raindrops. It is said to be rain that does not reach the ground. The optical thickness of an ...
Alistair B. Fraser; Craig F. Bohren
The Effect of Rain in Calming the Sea
The effect of rain in damping surface waves appears to be significant in the estimation of wind speed from the backscatter of radar signal from the sea surface. The radar backscatter depends on the small-scale roughness of the sea surface. This ...
M. N. Tsimplis
Drop shapes and fall speeds in rain: two contrasting examples
Two rain events are analyzed using two collocated 2D-video disdrometers (2DVD) and a C band polarimetric radar at 15 km distance. Both events had moderate-to-intense rainfall rates, but the second event had an embedded convective line. For the ...
M. Thurai; V. N. Bringi; W. A. Petersen; P. N. Gatlin
Polarimetric Attenuation Correction in Heavy Rain at C Band
The ability of C-band polarimetric radar to account for strong attenuation/differential attenuation is demonstrated in two cases of heavy rain that occurred in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan area on 5 August 2008 and in central Oklahoma on ...
Ji-Young Gu; A. Ryzhkov; P. Zhang; P. Neilley; M. Knight; B. Wolf; Dong-In Lee
The Impacts of Different Satellite Data on Rain Estimation Schemes
Rain estimates for the Great Plains States were made for a one-month period, August 1979, using different combinations of satellite and other data. The data tested were as follows: 1) two satellite images per day without any other data, 2) four ...
Donald P. Wylie; Denise Laitsch
A Rain Gauge for the Measurement of Finescale Temporal Variations
A rain gauge is described that quantizes rainwater collected by a funnel into equal-sized drops. Using a funnel of 150-mm diameter, the quantization corresponds to 1/160 mm of rainfall, enabling the measurement of low rainfall rates and the ...
C. David Stow; Stuart G. Bradley; Keith E. Farrington; Kim N. Dirks; Warren R. Gray
Apparatus for the Simulation of Rain in the Laboratory
Simulated rains are produced by directing a jet of water toward the periphery of an automobile tire that rotates opposite to the flow of water. The air and mechanical turbulence created by the rotating tire surface break the jet up into a spray ...
David R. Derenzo; Bernard Vonnegut
Probing Hurricanes with Stable Isotopes of Rain and Water Vapor
Rain and water vapor were collected during flights in Hurricanes Olivia (1994), Opal (1995), Marilyn (1995), and Hortense (1995) and analyzed for their stable isotopic concentrations, or ratios, H218O:H2O and HDO:H2O. The spatial patterns and ...
Stanley Gedzelman; James Lawrence; John Gamache; Michael Black; Edward Hindman; Robert Black; Jason Dunion; Hugh Willoughby; Xiaoping Zhang
Relating Convective and Stratiform Rain to Latent Heating
The relationship among surface rainfall, its intensity, and its associated stratiform amount is established by examining observed precipitation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR). The results show ...
Wei-Kuo Tao; Stephen Lang; Xiping Zeng; Shoichi Shige; Yukari Takayabu
Forcing Versus Feedback: Epidemic Malaria and Monsoon Rains in Northwest India
Forcing Versus Feedback: Epidemic Malaria and Monsoon Rains in Northwest India Karina Laneri1 the monsoonal rains. Consideration of a more complex model with clinical immunity demonstrates the robustness Feedback: Epidemic Malaria and Monsoon Rains in Northwest India. PLoS Comput Biol 6(9): e1000898. doi:10
Pascual, Mercedes
Tropical Tropospheric Temperature Variations Caused by ENSO and Their Influence on the Remote Tropical Climate
The warming of the entire tropical free troposphere in response to El Ni�o is well established, and suggests a tropical mechanism for the El Ni�o�Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection. The potential impact of this warming on remote tropical ...
John C. H. Chiang; Adam H. Sobel
Interactions of the Tropical Oceans
The authors have investigated the interactions of the tropical oceans on interannual timescales by conducting a series of uncoupled atmospheric and oceanic general circulation experiments and hybrid-coupled model simulations. The results ...
M. Latif; T. P. Barnett
Climate and the Tropical Oceans
An attempt is made to determine the role of the ocean in establishing the mean tropical climate and its sensitivity to radiative perturbations. A simple two-box energy balance model is developed that includes ocean heat transports as an ...
Amy Clement; Richard Seager
Heating Rates in Tropical Anvils
The interaction of infrared and solar radiation with tropical cirrus anvils is addressed. Optical properties of the anvils are inferred from satellite observations and from high-altitude aircraft measurements. An infrared multiple-scattering ...
Thomas P. Ackerman; Kuo-Nan Liou; Francisco P. J. Valero; Leonhard Pfister
Microphysical Observations of Tropical Clouds
The results from airborne in situ sampling of convective tropical storms in the Amazon and Kwajalein are presented. Three cases from the Amazon and two from Kwajalein are compared and provide examples of the much larger dataset that was obtained ...
Jeffrey L. Stith; James E. Dye; Aaron Bansemer; Andrew J. Heymsfield; Cedric A. Grainger; Walter A. Petersen; Robert Cifelli
Historical Global Tropical Cyclone Landfalls
In recent decades, economic damage from tropical cyclones (TCs) around the world has increased dramatically. Scientific literature published to date finds that the increase in losses can be explained entirely by societal changes (such as ...
Jessica Weinkle; Ryan Maue; Roger Pielke Jr
Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change
Whether the characteristics of tropical cyclones have changed or will change in a warming climate � and if so, how � has been the subject of considerable investigation, often with conflicting results. Large amplitude ...
Knutson, Thomas R.
A Climatology of Tropical Anvil and Its Relationship to the Large-Scale Circulation
This dissertation uses multiple tools to investigate tropical anvil, i.e., thick, non-precipitating cloud associated with deep convection with the main objectives to provide a climatology of tropics-wide anvil properties and a better understanding of anvil formation, and to provide a more realistic assessment of the radiative impact of tropical anvil on the large-scale circulation. Based on 10 years (1998-2007) of observations, anvil observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation (PR) shows significant geographical variations, which can be linked to variations in the parent convection. Strong upper level wind shear appears to assist the generation of anvil and may further explain the different anvil statistics over land and ocean. Variations in the large-scale environment appear to play a more important role in anvil production in regions where convection regularly attains heights greater than 7 km. For regions where convection is less deep, variations in the depth of the convection and the large-scale environment likely contribute more equally to anvil generation. Anvil radiative heating profiles are estimated by extrapolating millimeter cloud radar (MMCR) radiative properties from Manus to the 10-year TRMM PR record. When the unconditional anvil areal coverage is taken into account, the anvil radiative heating becomes quite weak, increasing the PR latent heating profile by less than 1 percent at mid and upper levels. Stratiform rain and cirrus radiative heating contributions increase the upper level latent heating by 12 percent. This tropical radiative heating only slightly enhances the latent heating driven model response throughout the tropics, but more significantly over the East Pacific. These modest circulation changes suggest that previous studies may have overemphasized the importance of radiative heating in terms of Walker and Hadley circulation variations. Further, the relationship of cloud radiative heating to latent heating needs to be taken into account for more realistic studies of cloud radiative forcing on the large-scale circulation.
Li, Wei
Computing a Probability Distribution for the Start of the Rains from a Markov Chain Model for Precipitation
The start of the rains is defined to be the first day, or two-day rain spell, in which greater than a specified total amount of rain occurs. A method of calculating the probability distribution of the start of the rains from a Markov chain model ...
R. D. Stern
Tropical-Extratropical Interactions of Intraseasonal Oscillations
Tropical-extratropical interactions of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs), based on 30 yr (1979-2009) of northern winter observations and theory, are compared. The phase relationships between the tropical signal of the leading theoretical ISO for a ...
Jorgen S. Frederiksen; Hai Lin
The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF)
The U.S. Navy Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF) is an IBM-AT compatible software package developed for the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Guam. ATCF is designed to assist forecasters with the process of making tropical ...
Ronald J. Miller; Ann J. Schrader; Charles R. Sampson; Ted L. Tsui
Temperature Advection by Tropical Instability Waves
A numerical model of the tropical Pacific Ocean is used to investigate the processes that cause the horizontal temperature advection of tropical instability waves (TIWs). It is found that their temperature advection cannot be explained by the ...
Markus Jochum; Raghu Murtugudde
Diagnosing Forecast Errors in Tropical Cyclone Motion
This paper reports on the development of a diagnostic approach that can be used to examine the sources of numerical model forecast error that contribute to degraded tropical cyclone (TC) motion forecasts. Tropical cyclone motion forecasts depend ...
Thomas J. Galarneau Jr.; Christopher A. Davis
A Global Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports
In a recent paper, a climatology of tropical moisture exports (TMEs) to the Northern Hemisphere (NH) was constructed on the basis of 7-day forward trajectories, started daily from the tropical lower troposphere, which were required to reach a ...
Peter Knippertz; Heini Wernli; Gregor Gl�ser
Distribution of Tropical Tropospheric Water Vapor
Utilizing a conceptual model for tropical convection and observational data for water vapor, the maintenance of the vertical distribution of the tropical tropospheric water vapor is discussed. While deep convection induces large-scale subsidence ...
De-Zheng Sun; Richard S. Lindzen
Midlevel Ventilation's Constraint on Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Midlevel ventilation, or the flux of low-entropy air into the inner core of a tropical cyclone (TC), is a hypothesized mechanism by which environmental vertical wind shear can constrain a tropical cyclone�s intensity. An ...
Tang, Brian Hong-An
A Ventilation Index for Tropical Cyclones
An important environmental control of both tropical cyclone intensity and genesis is vertical wind shear. One hypothesized pathway by which vertical shear affects tropical cyclones is midlevel ventilation�or the flux of ...
Tang, Brian
12.811 Tropical Meteorology, Spring 2005
This course describes the behavior and dynamics of the tropical troposphere, from the large-scale energy balance down to cumulus convection and tropical cyclones. Topics include: Radiative-convective equilibrium; the Hadley ...
Emanuel, Kerry
Why Are There Tropical Warm Pools?
Tropical warm pools appear as the primary mode in the distribution of tropical sea surface temperature (SST). Most previous studies have focused on the role of atmospheric processes in homogenizing temperatures in the warm pool and establishing ...
Amy C. Clement; Richard Seager; Raghu Murtugudde
The Health of Colorado's Forests
, Fort Collins, Colo., and Aerial Survey Coordinator, Colorado State Forest Service (CSFS. Patricia M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Fort Collins, Colo. Brian Howell, Aerial SurveyThe Health of Colorado's Forests 2009 Report Special Issue: Threats to Colorado's Current
The Forest Preserve District
Forest Preserve District Forest Preserve District Nature Bulletin No. 109 March 29, 1947 Forest Preserve District of Cook County William N. Erickson, President Roberts Mann, Supt. of Conservation THE FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT Forest Preserve Districts, in Illinois, are separate municipal bodies governed by a Board of Forest Preserve Commissioners consisting of the elected county commissioners, as in Cook County, or by a committee of the county board of supervisors, as in 7 other counties. The legislative act which provided for such a district, if authorized by referendum vote of the people, became a law on July 1, 1914. Under that act, the commissioners are empowered to levy taxes, issue bonds, and to acquire lands containing forests "for the purpose of protecting and preserving the flora, fauna and scenic beauties.... and to restore, restock, protect and preserve the natural forests and said lands with their flora and fauna, as nearly as may be in their natural state and condition for the purpose of the education, pleasure and recreation of the public". A limit of 35,000 acres was set; later increased to 39,000.
Revealing the Winds Under the Rain. Part I. Passive Microwave Rain Retrievals Using a New, Observations-Based, Parameterization of Sub-Satellite Rain Variability and Intensity: Algorithm Description.
Scatterometer ocean surface winds have been providing very valuable information to researchers and operational weather forecasters for over ten years. However, the scatterometer wind retrievals are compromised when rain is present. Merely flagging ...
S. M. Hristova-Veleva; P. S. Callahan; R. S. Dunbar; B. W. Stiles; S. H. Yueh; J. N. Huddleston; S. V. Hsiao; G. Neumann; M. H. Freilich; B. A. Vanhoff; R. W. Gaston; E. Rodriguez; D. E. Weissman
Results of Seeding for Dynamic Effects on Rain-Cell Properties in FACE-2
Volume scan radar studies incorporating the use of an elaborate method of defining and tracking convective rain cells through their lifetime have been used to
Abraham Gagin; Daniel Rosenfeld; William L. Woodley; Raul E. Lopez
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1979
The 1979 hurricane season produced 85 �tropical system� of which 27 acquired the closed circulation of a depression 52 of these originated over the African Continent. African seedlings initiated 7 of the 8 named Atlantic storm and 7 of the 10 ...
Neil L. Frank; Gilbert Clark
Woodland Park Healthy Forest Initiative
whether we could get Colorado Springs to take some of it. The Mayor called the head of the electric plant Healthy Forest Initiative 1 1 Colorado Forest Restoration Institute Collaboration Case Study: Woodland Park Healthy Forest Initiative Corrie Knapp Prepared for the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute
PACIFIC SOUTHWEST Forest and Range
years with the Forest Survey at the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, he joined the Aerial Re, and is now a mathe- matical statistician. #12;C lassifying forest stand volumes on single aerial photographs is unique to the na- tionwide Forest Survey 1 -- stratifying volume on photographs is not. In fact, since
Standiford, Richard B.
Challenges to estimating carbon emissions from tropical deforestation
An accurate estimate of carbon fluxes associated with tropical deforestation from the last two decades is needed to balance the global carbon budget. Several studies have already estimated carbon emissions from tropical deforestation, but the estimates vary greatly and are difficult to compare due to differences in data sources, assumptions, and methodologies. In this paper, we review the different estimates and datasets, and the various challenges associated with comparing them and with accurately estimating carbon emissions from deforestation. We performed a simulation study over legal Amazonia to illustrate some of these major issues. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of considering land-cover dynamics following deforestation, including the fluxes from reclearing of secondary vegetation, the decay of product and slash pools, and the fluxes from regrowing forest. It also suggests that accurate carbon-flux estimates will need to consider historical land-cover changes for at least the previous 20 years. However, this result is highly sensitive to estimates of the partitioning of cleared carbon into instantaneous burning vs. long-timescale slash pools. We also show that carbon flux estimates based on �committed flux � calculations, as used by a few studies, are not comparable with the �annual balance � calculation method used by other studies.
Holly K. Gibbsw; Fr�d�ric Achardz; Ruth Defries; Jonathan A. Foleyw; R. A. Houghton
Heavy Rain Events over the South-Facing Slopes of Hawaii: Attendant Conditions
Heavy rain events (>100 mm day?1) over the southeast flank of Mauna Loa volcano on the island of Hawaii are examined using surface, rawinsonde, rain gauge, and satellite data. The events occur in the presence of four types of synoptic-scale ...
Kevin Kodama; Gary M. Barnes
Temporal and Spatial Variations of Freezing Rain in the Contiguous United States: 1948�2000
A new freezing-rain-days database was used to define the spatial and temporal distributions of freezing-rain days across the contiguous United States. The database contained 988 stations, spanning the period 1948�2000. Areas averaging one or more ...
Stanley A. Changnon; Thomas R. Karl
Correcting Active Scatterometer Data for the Effects of Rain Using Passive Radiometer Data
A model for the effects of rain on scatterometer data is proposed. Data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) and the SeaWinds scatterometer, both on the Midori-II satellite, are used. The model includes three basic rain effects: ...
K. A. Hilburn; F. J. Wentz; D. K. Smith; P. D. Ashcroft
Properties of the Threshold Method on a Radar Rain Cluster Basis
The average rain rate R is estimated with radar data at the radar beam height by measuring the fractional area F(?) of pixels above a preset rain-rate threshold ?. This work applies the �threshold method� to smaller areas. The threshold method ...
L. Li; S. S�n�si
Generalized Inversion of Tropical Atmosphere�Ocean Data and a Coupled Model of the Tropical Pacific
It is hypothesized that the circulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean and atmosphere satisfies the equations of a simple coupled model to within errors having specified covariances, and that the Tropical Atmosphere�Ocean array (TAO) measures the ...
Andrew F. Bennett; Boon S. Chua; D. Ed Harrison; Michael J. McPhaden
An Objective Algorithm for Detecting and Tracking Tropical Cloud Clusters: Implications for Tropical Cyclogenesis Prediction
An algorithm to detect and track global tropical cloud clusters (TCCs) is presented. TCCs are organized large areas of convection that form over warm tropical waters. TCCs are important because they are the �seedlings� that can evolve into ...
Christopher C. Hennon; Charles N. Helms; Kenneth R. Knapp; Amanda R. Bowen
Tropical Indian Ocean Influence on Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclones in Summer following Strong El Ni�o
In the summer following a strong El Ni�o, tropical cyclone (TC) number decreases over the Northwest (NW) Pacific despite little change in local sea surface temperature. The authors� analysis suggests El Ni�o�induced tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) ...
Yan Du; Lei Yang; Shang-Ping Xie
Climate change cripples forests
Climate Change Cripples Forests Climate Change Cripples Forests Climate change cripples forests A team of scientists concluded that in the warmer and drier Southwest of the near future, widespread tree mortality will cause forest and species distributions to change substantially. October 1, 2012 A dead pinon at the edge of the Grand Canyon, harbinger of the future for trees in the Southwest United States. Photo courtesy A. Park Williams. A dead pinon at the edge of the Grand Canyon, harbinger of the future for trees in the Southwest United States. Photo courtesy A. Park Williams. Contact Nancy Ambrosiano Communications Office (505) 667-0471 Email "There will still be wet winters, but they will more often be followed by warm summers, putting stress on trees and limiting their ability to respond
Nicholas DeForest
Nicholas DeForest Grid Integration Group Microgrids Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road MS 90R1121 Berkeley CA 94720 Office Location: 90-1139 (510) 486-6188...
Climate change cripples forests Climate change cripples forests Climate change cripples forests A team of scientists concluded that in the warmer and drier Southwest of the near future, widespread tree mortality will cause forest and species distributions to change substantially. October 1, 2012 A dead pinon at the edge of the Grand Canyon, harbinger of the future for trees in the Southwest United States. Photo courtesy A. Park Williams. A dead pinon at the edge of the Grand Canyon, harbinger of the future for trees in the Southwest United States. Photo courtesy A. Park Williams. Contact Nancy Ambrosiano Communications Office (505) 667-0471 Email "There will still be wet winters, but they will more often be followed by warm summers, putting stress on trees and limiting their ability to respond
UPDATE: Tropical Storm Isaac | Department of Energy
UPDATE: Tropical Storm Isaac UPDATE: Tropical Storm Isaac UPDATE: Tropical Storm Isaac August 27, 2012 - 6:30pm Addthis Satellite image of Tropical Storm Isaac. | Courtesy of NOAA. Satellite image of Tropical Storm Isaac. | Courtesy of NOAA. April Saylor April Saylor Former Digital Outreach Strategist, Office of Public Affairs Tropical Storm Isaac has impacted Florida and is expected to make landfall along the Gulf Coast by early morning on August 29. As thousands of Gulf Coast residents are without power, the Energy Department's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability will publish Emergency Situation Reports that provide details on customer outages and other energy sector impacts in the storm's path, as well as recovery and restoration activities being undertaken. The first Situation
Assessing the Relative Performance of Microwave-Based Satellite Rain-Rate Retrievals Using TRMM Ground Validation Data
Spaceborne microwave sensors provide critical rain information used in several global multisatellite rain products, which in turn are used for a variety of important studies, including landslide forecasting, flash flood warning, data assimilation,...
Non-Rayleigh Scattering Effect in Rain Observations by an X- and Ka-band Dual-Wavelength Radar
The effect of non-Rayleigh scattering appearing in a rain observation experiment using a dual-wavelength rain radar, is investigated. The non-Rayleigh scattering effect causes a small difference between the effective radar reflectivity factor and ...
Kenji Nakamura; Hideyuki Inomata
Idaho Panhandle National Forests
National Forests. The RNA features vegetation on dry cliffs that are embedded in mid-elevation moist western hemlock/western redcedar/grand fir forests. Immediately below the cliffs is riparian habitat that supports many wetland species, including a disjunct west coast moss, Ulota megalospora, whose first known occurrence in Idaho is in this RNA. This establishment report documents the boundaries of the RNA, the objectives for the RNA, its features, description of
United States; Forest Service; Priest River; Experimental Forest; Dennis E. Ferguson; Arthur C. Zack Ferguson; Dennis E. Zack
INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION COMISI�?N INTERAMERICANA DEL AT�?N TROPICAL 73RD MEETING The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC): Taking into account the FAO International Plan to evaluate the incidental mortality of seabirds during longline fishing operations for tunas and tuna
Tropical Cloud Life Cycle and Overlap Structure
Tropical Cloud Life Cycle and Overlap Structure Vogelmann, Andrew Brookhaven National Laboratory Jensen, Michael Brookhaven National Laboratory Kollias, Pavlos Brookhaven National...
Tropic, Utah: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
| Sign Up Search Page Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon Tropic, Utah: Energy Resources Jump to: navigation, search Equivalent URI DBpedia Coordinates...
Tropical Western Pacific: A Year in Darwin
Richland, Washington L. Jones, W. M. Porch, and A. Haruta Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico Introduction In March 2002, the third Tropical Western...
Influence of Tropical Tropopause Layer Cooling on Atlantic Hurricane Activity
Virtually all metrics of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity show substantial increases over the past two decades. It is argued here that cooling near the tropical tropopause and the associated decrease in tropical cyclone outflow temperature ...
Kerry Emanuel; Susan Solomon; Doris Folini; Sean Davis; Chiara Cagnazzo
Observed Antarctic Interannual Climate Variability and Tropical Linkages
This study reviews the mechanisms associated with Antarctic�tropical climate linkages and presents new analyses of the seasonality and spatial patterns of tropical climate signals in the Antarctic for the late 1950s to the present. Tropical ...
David P. Schneider; Yuko Okumura; Clara Deser
Adjustment of the Remote Tropical Climate to El Ni�o Conditions
The adjustment of the tropical climate outside the Pacific (the �remote Tropics�) to the abrupt onset of El Ni�o conditions is examined in a tropical atmosphere model that assumes simplified vertical structure and quasi-equilibrium (QE) ...
Benjamin R. Lintner; John C. H. Chiang
Impacts of Atmospheric Temperature Trends on Tropical Cyclone Activity
Impacts of tropical temperature changes in the upper troposphere (UT) and the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) on tropical cyclone (TC) activity are explored. UT and lower TTL cooling both lead to an overall increase in potential intensity (PI), ...
Gabriel A. Vecchi; Stephan Fueglistaler; Isaac M. Held; Thomas R. Knutson; Ming Zhao
Virtually all metrics of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity show substantial increases over the past two decades. It is argued here that cooling near the tropical tropopause and the associated decrease in tropical cyclone ...
Solomon, Susan
Long-Term Observations of Tropical Instability Waves
Reynolds sea surface temperature (SST) data showing tropical instability waves (TIWs) in the tropical Pacific are analyzed along with current measurements from the Tropical Atmosphere�Ocean (TAO) buoy array and wind speeds from the European ...
Robert F. Contreras
Observations of the Overland Reintensification of Tropical Storm Erin (2007)
Atlantic Tropical Depression Five (2007) briefly strengthened into Tropical Storm Erin over the western Gulf of Mexico shortly before making landfall as a tropical depression near Corpus Christi, Texas, on the morning of 16 August 2007. During ...
Derek S. Arndt; Jeffrey B. Basara; Renee A. McPherson; Bradley G. Illston; Gary D. McManus; David B. Demko
Ocean dynamics and thermodynamics in the tropical Indo- Pacific region
Ocean dynamics and thermodynamics in the tropical Indo-Ocean dynamics and thermodynamics in the tropical Indo-affect the dynam- ics and thermodynamics of the upper ocean.
Drushka, Kyla
Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates for...
Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates for 1990 image Brown, S., and G. Gaston. 1996. Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates For 1980. ORNL...
Carbon emissions and sequestration in forests: Case studies from seven developing countries
As part of the effort to understand the sources of carbon dioxide and other major greenhouse gases, the Tropical Forestry and Global Climate Change Research Network (F-7) was established. The countries taking part in the F-7 Network -- Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria and Thailand -- possess large tracts of tropical forests and together experience the bulk of large scale tropical deforestation. Integreation of work of indigenous researchers and institutions from the participating countries should allow for the gathering of on-site information into the more general and universally available base of knowledge. The information contained in this report represents the results of the first phase of the F-7 project, which had the explicit aim of providing quantitative data on forestry-related carbon emissions from India and China.
Makundi, W.; Sathaye, J. (eds.) (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)); Ravindranath, N.H.; Somashekhar, B.S.; Gadgil, M. (Indian Inst. of Science, Bangalore, (India). Center for Ecological Sciences and ASTRA); Deying, Xu (Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, (China). Research Inst. of Forestry)
Microwave radiative transfer in the mixed-phase regions of tropical rainfall
Current physically-based Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) algorithms for estimating oceanic rain use a very simplified hydrometeor profile that ignores the mixed-phase regions (Wilheit et al., 1977). However, to estimate hydrometeor profiles more reasonably in the tropical precipitation regions, understanding of the brightness temperature (Tb) variations in the mixed-phase regions is essential. Further, establishing physical assumptions for microwave radiative transfer in the mixed-phase regions is necessary for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties in the rainfall retrieval. Consequently, the objective of this study was to quantify uncertainties and to achieve a solid basis for improvement of the current rainfall retrieval, which is based on an RTM. To accomplish this, we examined data taken by the Convair-580 aircraft during the KWAJEX (Kwajalein Experiment). In order to calculate radiative transfer, the AMMR (Airborne Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer) data were combined with radiosonde data and aircraft microphysics data. Analyses were performed for the stratiform and convective rainfall regions respectively. In stratiform precipitation with a bright band, the main concern was to examine the needed physical assumptions for describing the abrupt change of Tb just below the freezing level. In the case of convective precipitation, the focus was to investigate the effective additional rain layer thickness corresponding to the super-cooled water layer above the freezing level. From the results, it was required to assume the bright-band (around 1/2 km below the FL) as having 2 times the absorption as the rain below to explain the Tb variation due to the phase change of hydrometeors. On the other hand, in the case of convective rainfall, it was suggested that approximately from 1/4km to 3km of super-cooled layer thickness should be considered to describe the additional hydrometeor layer due to the strong updrafts in the convective regions.
Jin, Kyoung-Wook
Forest Preserve Wildlife
Forest Preserve Wildlife Forest Preserve Wildlife Nature Bulletin No. 437-A December 11, 1971 Forest Preserve District of Cook County George W. Dunne, President Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation FOREST PRESERVE WILDLIFE The Forest Preserve District now comprises about 62,512 acres of native landscape, mostly wooded, acquired and held as the statute prescribes: for the purpose of protecting the flora, fauna and scenic beauties in their natural state and condition as nearly as may be. It is a huge wildlife sanctuary wherein no weapon may be carried and no hunting, trapping or molestation of any mammal or bird is permitted. Aside from fish management, the wildlife has been left alone to work out its own systems of checks and balances. There has been no attempt to remove surplus populations; no control of any predator other than wild cats and dogs. None is needed. Dead or hollow trees have been allowed to stand, or lie where they fall, because they furnish homes for many kinds of wildlife and go back into the soil to maintain the health of the woodland. There has been considerable reforestation of open tracts formerly farmed and, in some areas, planting of shrubs and vines which provide food for wildlife.
An important environmental control of both tropical cyclone intensity and genesis is vertical wind shear. One hypothesized pathway by which vertical shear affects tropical cyclones is midlevel ventilation�or the flux of low-entropy air into the center of ...
Brian Tang; Kerry Emanuel
Tropical cyclones and climate change review article
Whether the characteristics of tropical cyclones have changed or will change in a warming climate � and if so, how � has been the subject of considerable investigation, often with conflicting results. Large amplitude fluctuations in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones greatly complicate both the detection of long-term trends and their attribution to rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Trend detection is further impeded by substantial limitations in the availability and quality of global historical records of tropical cyclones. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether past changes in tropical cyclone activity have exceeded the variability expected from natural causes. However, future projections based on theory and high-resolution dynamical models consistently indicate that greenhouse warming will cause the globally averaged intensity of tropical cyclones to shift towards stronger storms, with intensity increases of 2�11 % by 2100. Existing modelling studies also consistently project decreases in the globally averaged frequency of tropical cyclones, by 6�34%. Balanced against this, higher resolution modelling studies typically project substantial increases in the frequency of the most intense cyclones, and increases of the order of 20% in the precipitation rate within 100 km of the storm centre. For all cyclone parameters, projected changes for individual basins show large variations between different modelling studies. The challenge for climate change detection and attribution research with regard to tropical cyclones is to determine whether an observed change in tropical cyclone activity
Thomas R. Knutson; John L. Mcbride; Johnny Chan; Kerry Emanuel; Greg Holl; Chris L; Isaac Held; James P. Kossin; A. K. Srivastava; Masato Sugi
Interannual Variation of the Tropical Easterly Jet
The 200-mb tropical wind fields analyzed at Florida State University for 1965�74 and the 200 and 700 mb tropical wind fields from the National Meteorological Center for 1979�82 were used to explore the mechanism for the interannual variation of ...
Tsing-Chang Chen; Harry van Loon
Tropical Cyclones as a Critical Phenomenon
It has been proposed that the number of tropical cyclones as a function of the energy they release is a decreasing power-law function, up to a characteristic energy cutoff determined by the spatial size of the ocean basin in which the storm occurs. This means that no characteristic scale exists for the energy of tropical cyclones, except for the finite-size effects induced by the boundaries of the basins. This has important implications for the physics of tropical cyclones. We discuss up to what point tropical cyclones are related to critical phenomena (in the same way as earthquakes, rainfall, etc.), providing a consistent picture of the energy balance in the system. Moreover, this perspective allows one to visualize more clearly the effects of global warming on tropical-cyclone occurrence.
Corral, A
Scaling of Tropical-Cyclone Dissipation
The influence of climate variability and global warming on the occurrence of tropical cyclones (TC) is a controversial issue. Existing historical databases on the subject are not fully reliable, but a more fundamental hindrance is the lack of basic understanding regarding the intrinsic nature of tropical cyclone genesis and evolution. It is known that tropical cyclones involve more than a passive response to changing external forcing, but it is not clear which dynamic behaviour best describes them. Here we present a new approach based on the application of the power dissipation index (PDI), which constitutes an estimation of released energy, to individual tropical cyclones. A robust law emerges for the statistics of PDI, valid in four different ocean basins and over long time periods. In addition to suggesting a novel description of the physics of tropical cyclones in terms of critical phenomena, the law allows to quantify their response to changing climatic conditions, with an increase in the largest PDI val...
Osso, Albert; Llebot, J E
Special Issue: High Elevation Forests
Resources, Colorado State University William Ciesla, Aerial Survey Coordinator, U.S. Forest Service (retired material for homes. They also capture, purify, and release water for our use. Recent aerial surveys confirmSpecial Issue: High Elevation Forests 2008 The Health of Colorado's Forests Report #12;David A
Majoring in Forest Resources & Conservation
Majoring in Forest Resources & Conservation University of Florida/IFAS School of Forest Resources & Conservation www.sfrc.ufl.edu ~ 352-846-0847 ~ email@example.com Business Management gives students a sound Management Summer B FOR3200C Foundations in Natural Resources and Conservation 3 credits FOR3434C Forest
Watson, Craig A.
Colorado Statewide Forest Resource Assessment
climate and slow-growing forests generally have prevented wood production from becoming a major state such as climate change, renewable energy, intense recreational use, billion dollar fire suppression costs and Implementation of Forest Management in Colorado #12;Acknowledgements The Colorado State Forest Service (CSFS
1974 FORESTER the world a
1974 FORESTER #12;#12;2 TREES make the world a better place in which to live! #12;TABLE OF CONTENTS . .... . .... . . . . . .....63 ADVERTISERS . . .. . . . . . .. ....... ....... .. 75 #12;FORESTER'S SALUTE TO DR. ERIC A. BOUROO. The Forester salutes Dean Bourdo for his accomplishments in advancing forestry at Michigan Tech, as a member
Research Report Forests and carbon
Research Report Forests and carbon: valuation, discounting and risk management #12;#12;Forests and carbon: valuation, discounting and risk management Gregory Valatin Forestry Commission: Edinburgh-0-85538-815-7 Valatin, G. (2010). Forests and carbon: valuation, discounting and risk management. Forestry Commission
Research Report Forests and carbon: a review of additionality #12;#12;Forests and carbon: a review. ISBN 978-0-85538-816-4 Valatin, G. (2011). Forests and carbon: a review of additionality. Forestry, baseline, carbon, climate change mitigation, forestry, quality assurance, sequestration. FCRP013/FC
Intercalibrated Passive Microwave Rain Products from the Unified Microwave Ocean Retrieval Algorithm (UMORA)
The Unified Microwave Ocean Retrieval Algorithm (UMORA) simultaneously retrieves sea surface temperature, surface wind speed, columnar water vapor, columnar cloud water, and surface rain rate from a variety of passive microwave radiometers ...
K. A. Hilburn; F. J. Wentz
Regional and Local Influences on Freezing Drizzle, Freezing Rain,and Ice Pellet Events
Regional and local influences on frequency and type of freezing precipitation (freezing drizzle, freezing rain, and ice pellets) are investigated via in-depth climatologies of six continental United States (CONUS) sounding sites. For each site, ...
Ben C. Bernstein
Influence of Rain-Rate Initialization, Cloud Microphysics, and Cloud Torques on Hurricane Intensity
This study examines the impact of rain-rate initialization (RINIT), microphysical modifications, and cloud torques (in the context of angular momentum) on hurricane intensity forecasts using a mesoscale model [the Advanced Research Weather ...
S. Pattnaik; C. Inglish; T. N. Krishnamurti
The Role of Giant and Ultragiant Aerosol Particles in Warm Rain Initiation
Giant and ultragiant aerosol particles can play an important role in warm rain initiation. Recent aerosol measurements have established that particles as large as 100 ?m are a regular part of the atmospheric aerosol. When ingested in growing ...
David B. Johnson
Model Rain and Clouds over Oceans: Comparison with SSM/I Observations
A comparison of global model cloud and rain parameterization output with satellite observed radiances was carried out. Hydrometeor profiles from ECMWF operational short-range forecasts were combined with a microwave radiative transfer model to ...
Fr�d�ric Chevallier; Peter Bauer
A Climatology of Freezing Rain in the Great Lakes Region of North America
A 15-yr climatology of freezing rain surrounding the Great Lakes region of North America has been constructed using data from rawinsondes, surface stations, and gridded reanalyses from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. This ...
John Cortinas Jr.
High-Resolution Imaging of Rain Systems with the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer
An Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) has been developed and flown in the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft for imaging various atmospheric and surface processes, primarily the internal structure of rain clouds. The AMPR is a ...
Roy W. Spencer; Robbie E. Hood; Frank J. Lafontaine; Eric A. Smith; Robert Platt; Joe Galliano; Vanessa L. Griffin; Elena Lobl
Improving Estimates of Heavy and Extreme Precipitation Using Daily Records from European Rain Gauges
The long-term variability in heavy precipitation characteristics over Europe for the period 1950�2000 is analyzed using high-quality daily records of rain gauge measurements from the European Climate Assessment (ECA) dataset. To improve the ...
Olga Zolina; Clemens Simmer; Konstantin Belyaev; Alice Kapala; Sergey Gulev
Rain Attenuation of Radar Echoes Considering Finite-Range Resolution and Using Drop Size Distributions
The classical rain attenuation correction scheme of Hitschfeld and Bordan (HIBO) and the newer iterative approach by Hildebrand (HL) are reconsidered. Although the motivation for the HL algorithm was an extension into ranges, where HIBO tends to ...
Gerhard Peters; Bernd Fischer; Marco Clemens
Real-Time Correction of Spatially Nonuniform Bias in Radar Rainfall Data Using Rain Gauge Measurements
A procedure for real-time correction of spatially nonuniform bias in radar rainfall data using rain gauge measurements is described. Developed to complement the existing gauge-based bias correction procedures used in the National Weather Service (...
Dong-Jun Seo; J. P. Breidenbach
Experimental 4D-Var Assimilation of SYNOP Rain Gauge Data at ECMWF
Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) experiments with 6-hourly rain gauge accumulations observed at synoptic stations (SYNOP) around the globe have been run over several months, both at high resolution in an ECMWF operations-...
Philippe Lopez
Australian Heavy-Rain Days and Associated East Coast Cyclones: 1958�92
The authors present a comprehensive climatology of heavy rain and east coast cyclones from January 1958 to September 1992. A total of 80 cyclones, including nondeveloping systems, were objectively identified from daily rainfall and surface wind ...
Linda C. Hopkins; Greg J. Holland
Rain Enhancement and Fog Elimination by Seeding with Charged Droplets. Part I: Theory and Numerical Simulations
A new method of droplet collision acceleration, with the purpose of rain enhancement and fog elimination, is proposed. According to the method, some fraction of the droplets is taken from clouds (or fog) themselves, charged, and then injected ...
A. Khain; V. Arkhipov; M. Pinsky; Y. Feldman; Ya Ryabov
Analysis of Short Space�Time-Scale Variability of Oceanic Rain Using TOPEX/Jason
Information on the spatial and temporal variability of rain rate is important not only for meteorology and hydrology but also for the design of remote sensing and in situ measuring or of millimeter wave communication systems. The Ocean Topography ...
J. Tournadre; S. Bhandari
Drop Shapes, Model Comparisons, and Calculations of Polarimetric Radar Parameters in Rain
Drop shapes derived from a previously conducted artificial rain experiment using a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) are presented. The experiment involved drops falling over a distance of 80 m to achieve their terminal velocities as well ...
M. Thurai; G. J. Huang; V. N. Bringi; W. L. Randeu; M. Sch�nhuber
On the Shape�Slope Relation of Drop Size Distributions in Convective Rain
The relation between the slope and shape parameters of the raindrop size distribution parameterized by a gamma distribution is examined. The comparison of results of a simple rain shaft model with an empirical relation based on disdrometer ...
Axel Seifert
Infrared and Visible Satellite Rain Estimation. Part II: A Cloud Definition Approach
This study examines the relationships between satellite infrared clouds and rainfall, and infrared-threshold visible clouds and rainfall. Clouds are defined by the outline of the 253 K isotherm. Cloud infrared area was highly correlated with rain ...
Andrew J. Negri; Robert F. Adler
A Physically Based, Nondimensional Parameter for Discriminating between Locations of Freezing Rain and Ice Pellets
A nondimensional parameter is presented that can he used to help distinguish between conditions favorable for the occurrence of freezing rain and ice pellets. The parameter was derived from the well-established condition that most incidents of ...
Robert R. Czys; Robert W. Scott; K. C. Tang; Ronald W. Przybylinski; Michael E. Sabones
A Numerical Study of the Warm Rain Process in Orographic Clouds
A technique for numerical simulation of a stationary, two-dimensional laminar flow process is described. Based on this technique, a model for warm rain microphysics in an orographic cloud was developed. The model includes condensation, ...
Naihui Song; John Marwitz
Intrinsic Ambiguities in the Retrieval of Rain Rates from Radar Returns at Attenuating Wavelengths
It is well known that there are significant deterministic ambiguities inherent in trying to determine the particular rain-rate profile that produced some given sequence of air- or spaceborne radar echo powers at a single attenuating frequency. ...
Ziad S. Haddad; Eastwood Im; Stephen L. Durden
Convective Rain Rates and their Evolution during Storms in a Semiarid Climate
Rain rates and their evolution during summertime convective storms were analyzed for the semiarid climate of the northern High Plains. Radar data from a total of 750 radar echo clusters from the 1980 and 1981 summer cloud seeding operations of ...
Andr�A. Doneaud; Stefano Ionescu-Niscov; James R. Miller Jr.
The Role of Visible Data in Improving Satellite Rain-Rate Estimates
Data from the first Algorithm Intercomparison Project(AIP/1) collected over Japan and surrounding waters in June, July, and August 1989 are used in this study to assess the importance of visible data in satellite rain estimation techniques. The ...
Patrick W. S. King; William D. Hogg; Philip A. Arkin
Rain Retrieval from TMI Brightness Temperature Measurements Using a TRMM PR�Based Database
This study focuses on improving the retrieval of rain from measured microwave brightness temperatures and the capability of the retrieved field to represent the mesoscale structure of a small intense hurricane. For this study, a database is ...
Nicolas Viltard; Corinne Burlaud; Christian D. Kummerow
Allowance trading activity and state regulatory rulings : evidence from the U.S. Acid Rain Program
The U.S. Acid Rain Program is one of the first, and by far the most extensive, applications of a market based approach to pollution control. From the beginning, there has been concern whether utilities would participate ...
Bailey, Elizabeth M.
An Examination of Radar and Rain Gauge�Derived Mean Areal Precipitation over Georgia Watersheds
Compared to conventional rain gauge networks, the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler provides precipitation estimates at enhanced spatial and temporal resolution that River Forecast Centers can use to improve streamflow forecasts. This study ...
Keith M. Stellman; Henry E. Fuelberg; Reggina Garza; Mary Mullusky
Doppler Polarimetric Radar Measurements of the Gamma Drop Size Distribution of Rain
The conversion of radar reflections into rain intensities is dependent upon assumptions regarding the drop size distribution. The gamma drop size distribution contains three unknown parameters; the number of parameters that can be obtained ...
H. W. J. Russchenberg
Evaluating Light Rain Drop Size Estimates from Multi-Wavelength Micropulse Lidar Network Profiling
We investigate multi-wavelength retrievals of median equivolumetric drop diameter, D0, suitable for drizzle and light rain, through collocated 355/527 nm Micro Pulse Lidar NETwork (MPLNET) observations collected during precipitation occurring 9 ...
Simone Lolli; Ellsworth J. Welton; James. R. Campbell
How Does Rain Affect Surface Pressure in a One-Dimensional Framework?
The process of hydrostatic adjustment in a vertical column is discussed in the context of rain formation and sedimentation. The authors assume an event of instantaneous condensation in a midatmospheric layer that removes mass from the gas phase ...
Thomas Spengler; Joseph Egger; Stephen T. Garner
Can a Descending Rain Curtain in a Supercell Instigate Tornadogenesis Barotropically?
This paper investigates whether the descending rain curtain associated with the hook echo of a supercell can instigate a tornado through a purely barotropic mechanism. A simple numerical model of a mesocyclone is constructed in order to rule out ...
Robert Davies-Jones
Rain Shedding and Rainwater Runoff Tests on Cast Iron Vented Manhole Covers for Con Edison
This report documents work EPRIsolutions performed for Con Edison that compares water penetration characteristics of two types of vented manhole covers with a solid cover and a manhole with no cover under typical and very heavy rain conditions.
Rain-Related Impacts on Selected Transportation Activities and Utility Services in the Chicago Area
An intensive meteorological study of summer precipitation in the Chicago area during 1976�78 furnished detailed data needed to perform a study of the impacts of rain on selected transportation-related activities and on certain utility services. ...
Jan Bertness
Probabilistic Parameterizations of Visibility Using Observations of Rain Precipitation Rate, Relative Humidity, and Visibility
This study analyzes the occurrence of the visibility (Vis) versus precipitation rates (PR) for rain and versus relative humidity (RH) from surface observations that were collected during the Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling (FRAM) field project, ...
I. Gultepe; J. A. Milbrandt
General Probability-matched Relations between Radar Reflectivity and Rain Rate
A method of deriving the relation between radar-observed reflectivities Ze and gauge-measured rain intensity, R is presented. It is based on matching the probabilities of the two variables. The observed reflectivity is often very different from ...
Daniel Rosenfeld; David B. Wolff; David Atlas
Intercomparison of Rain Gauge, Radar, and Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimates with Emphasis on Hydrologic Forecasting
This study compares mean areal precipitation (MAP) estimates derived from three sources: an operational rain gauge network (MAPG), a radar/gauge multisensor product (MAPX), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using ...
Koray K. Yilmaz; Terri S. Hogue; Kuo-lin Hsu; Soroosh Sorooshian; Hoshin V. Gupta; Thorsten Wagener
Climatologically Tuned Reflectivity-Rain Rate Relations and Links to Area-Time Integrals
Relations between either the point- or beam-averaged effective reflectivity, Ze, and surface rain rate, R, are determined by a probability matching method similar to that of Calheiros and Zawadzki, and Rosenfeld. The cumulative density functions (...
A Remote-Sensing View of a Freezing-Rain Storm
A destructive freezing-rain storm on 15 February 1990 was observed intensively with advanced ground-based remote sensors and conventional instruments by the Lake Ontario Winter Storms (LOWS) project in upstate New York. A deep layer of warm, ...
Brooks E. Martner; Jack B. Snider; Robert J. Zamora; Gregory P. Byrd; Thomas A. Niziol; Paul I. Joe
Analyses of 1-min Rain Rates Extracted from Weighing Raingage Recordings
A method for extracting 1-min rain rates from original weighing raingage recordings is described. The method allows the retrieval of rates for long periods at approximately 300 United States weather stations. The process combines magnification of ...
Paul Tattelman; Richard W. Knight
Monsoon variation and vegetative drought patterns in the Luni Basin in the rain-shadow zone
Drought has a significant impact on agricultural, ecological and socio-economic spheres. Poor and delayed monsoon, high temperature and insufficient water resources lead to recurrent drought in the Luni River basin located in the rain-shadow zone of ...
C. Bhuiyan; F. N. Kogan
Satellite and Numerical Model Investigation of Two Heavy Rain Events over the Central Mediterranean
Two heavy rain events over the Central Mediterranean basin, which are markedly different by genesis, dimensions, duration, and intensity, are analyzed. Given the relative low frequency of this type of severe storms in the area, a synoptic analysis ...
Sante Laviola; Agata Moscatello; Mario Marcello Miglietta; Elsa Cattani; Vincenzo Levizzani
Nimbus-7 37 GHz Radiances Correlated with Radar Rain Rates over the Gulf of Mexico
In a comparison between 37 GHz brightness temperatures from the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer and rain rates derived from the WSR-57 radars at Galveston, Texas and Apalachicola, Florida, it was found that the brightness ...
Roy W. Spencer; Barry B. Hinton; William S. Olson
Correction of Polarimetric Radar Reflectivity Measurements and Rainfall Estimates for Apparent Vertical Profile in Stratiform Rain
A method for correcting the vertical profile of reflectivity measurements and rainfall estimates (VPR) in plan position indicator (PPI) scans of polarimetric weather radars in the melting layer and the snow layer during stratiform rain is ...
John Kalogiros; Marios N. Anagnostou; Emmanouil N. Anagnostou; Mario Montopoli; Errico Picciotti; Frank S. Marzano
Climatological Characterization of Three-Dimensional Storm Structure from Operational Radar and Rain Gauge Data
Three algorithms extract information on precipitation type, structure, and amount from operational radar and rain gauge data. Tests on one month of data from one site show that the algorithms perform accurately and provide products that ...
Matthias Steiner; Robert A. Houze Jr.; Sandra E. Yuter
Data Transformation and Uncertainty in Geostatistical Combination of Radar and Rain Gauges
Geostatistics provides a popular framework for deriving high-resolution quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) by combining radar and rain gauge data. However, the skewed and heteroscedastic nature of precipitation is in contradiction to ...
Rebekka Erdin; Christoph Frei; Hans R. K�nsch
An Automated Synoptic Typing Procedure to Predict Freezing Rain: An Application to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Freezing rain is a major weather hazard that can compromise human safety, significantly disrupt transportation, and damage and disrupt built infrastructure such as telecommunication towers and electrical transmission and distribution lines. In ...
Chad Shouquan Cheng; Heather Auld; Guilong Li; Joan Klaassen; Bryan Tugwood; Qian Li
Synoptic-Scale Analysis of Freezing Rain Events in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Freezing rain is a major environmental hazard that is especially common along the St. Lawrence River valley (SLRV) in southern Quebec, Canada. For large cities such as Montreal, severe events can have a devastating effect on people, property, and ...
Gina M. Ressler; Shawn M. Milrad; Eyad H. Atallah; John R. Gyakum
Satellite Cloud Classification and Rain-Rate Estimation Using Multispectral Radiances and Measures of Spatial Texture
Twelve months of Southern Hemisphere (maritime) midlatitudes Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer local area coverage data at full radiometric and spatial resolution have been collocated with rain-rate data from three Doppler weather radars.
Michael J. Uddstrom; Warren R. Gray
Population and conservation genomics of forest trees: seeing the forest for the trees
DB, Kremer A: Forest tree genomics: Growing resources andPopulation and conservation genomics of forest trees: seeingPopulation and conservation genomics of forest trees: seeing
Eckert, Andrew
NPP Boreal Forest: Superior National Forest, U.S.A.
Superior National Forest, U.S.A., 1983-1984 Superior National Forest, U.S.A., 1983-1984 Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Hall, F. G. 1997. NPP Boreal Forest: Superior National Forest, U.S.A., 1983-1984. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Productivity of a boreal forest was determined at 31 spruce and 30 aspen forest stands in the Superior National Forest (SNF) near Ely, Minnesota, U.S.A., in 1983 and 1984 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the ability of remote sensing to provide estimates of biophysical properties of ecosystems, such as leaf area index (LAI), biomass and net primary productivity (NPP). These ground-based estimates of above-ground biomass
Sensitivity of WSR-88D Rainfall Estimates to the Rain-Rate Threshold and Rain Gauge Adjustment: A Flash Flood Case Study
A strong thunderstorm produced a flash flood on the evening of 12 July 1996 in Buffalo Creek, Colorado, that caused two deaths and significant property damage. Most of the rain fell in a 1-h time period from 2000 to 2100 MDT. The performance of ...
Richard A. Fulton
Factors that can influence the onset time of rapid intensification of tropical cyclones
The maximum intensity of tropical cyclones in axisymmetricsea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. part i: Steady1995), Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange
Bu, Yizhe
Experiments with a Spectral Tropical Cyclone Model
The three-layer balanced axisymmetric tropical cyclone model presented by Ooyama is generalized to dimensions and the resultant primitive equations are solved using the spectral (Galerkin) method with Fourier basis functions on a doubly-periodic ...
Mark DeMaria; Wayne H. Schubert
The Maximum Potential Intensity of Tropical Cyclones
A thermodynamic approach to estimating maximum potential intensity (MPI) of tropical cyclones is described and compared with observations and previous studies. The approach requires an atmospheric temperature sounding, SST, and surface pressure; ...
Greg J. Holland
Tropical Cyclone Lightning and Rapid Intensity Change
A large sample of Atlantic and eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone cases (2005�10) is used to investigate the relationships between lightning activity and intensity changes for storms over water. The lightning data are obtained from the ground-...
Mark DeMaria; Robert T. DeMaria; John A. Knaff; Debra Molenar
Dynamical Balances and Tropical Stratospheric Upwelling
The dynamical balances associated with upwelling in the tropical lower stratosphere are investigated based on climatological 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and NCEP�NCAR reanalysis data. Zonal mean upwelling is calculated from momentum balance ...
William J. Randel; Rolando Garcia; Fei Wu
Midlevel ventilation's constraint on tropical cyclone intensity
Midlevel ventilation, or the flux of low-entropy air into the inner core of a tropical cyclone (TC), is a hypothesized mechanism by which environmental vertical wind shear can constrain a TC's intensity. An idealized ...
A Statistical Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of tropical cyclone wind speeds are calculated using best track data from the North Atlantic and western North Pacific basins. Wind speeds are normalized by theoretical potential wind speeds derived from ...
Kerry Emanuel
Momentum Transports Associated with Tropical Cyclone Recurvature
This study attempts to investigate the linear momentum budget responsible for tropical cyclone (TC) recurvature. Using the operational analyses from the U.K. Meteorological Office global model, the environmental flow associated with recurving TCs ...
Y. S. Li; Johnny C. L. Chan
Building Blocks of Tropical Diabatic Heating
Rotated EOF analyses are used to study the composition and variability of large-scale tropical diabatic heating profiles estimated from eight field campaigns. The results show that the profiles are composed of a pair of building blocks. These are ...
Samson Hagos
Interannual Variability of Northwest Australian Tropical Cyclones
Tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the southeast Indian Ocean has been studied far less than other TC basins, such as the North Atlantic and northwest Pacific. The authors examine the interannual TC variability of the northwest Australian (NWAUS)...
Kevin H. Goebbert; Lance M. Leslie
Tropical Squall Lines of the Arizona Monsoon
Squall lines possessing nearly all the characteristics of tropical squall lines occasionally develop during the summer monsoon over southern Arizona and northwestern Mexico. Initial thunderstorm formation is over the Continental Divide in the ...
Walter P. Smith; Robert L. Gall
Tropical Transition of the 2001 Australian Duck
In March 2001, a hybrid low pressure system, unofficially referred to as Donald (or the Duck), developed in the Tasman Sea under tropical�extratropical influence, making landfall on the southeastern Australian coast. Here, it is shown that ...
Luke Andrew Garde; Alexandre Bernardes Pezza; John Arthur Tristram Bye
On Climate Prediction in the Tropics
Climatic disasters are common in many tropical regions, and rainfall anomalies in particular have a severe human impact. Accordingly, both the World Climate Programme and the U.S. National Climate Program have identified climate prediction as a ...
Stefan Hastenrath
Tropical Atlantic Biases in CCSM4
This paper focuses on diagnosing biases in the seasonal climate of the tropical Atlantic in the twentieth-century simulation of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4). The biases appear in both atmospheric and oceanic components. ...
Semyon A. Grodsky; James A. Carton; Sumant Nigam; Yuko M. Okumura
Tropical Storm Formation in a Baroclinic Environment
An analysis is presented of the large-scale conditions associated with the initial development of Tropical Storm Diana (September 1984) in a baroclinic environment. Ordinary extratropical wave cyclogenesis began along an old frontal boundary east ...
Lance F. Bosart; Joseph A. Bartlo
Geostationary Doppler Radar and Tropical Cyclone Surveillance
The potential usefulness of spaceborne Doppler radar as a tropical cyclone observing tool is assessed by conducting a high-resolution simulation of an intense hurricane and generating synthetic observations of reflectivity and radial velocity. The ...
William E. Lewis; Eastwood Im; Simone Tanelli; Ziad Haddad; Gregory J. Tripoli; Eric A. Smith
Tropical Cyclone Movement and Surrounding Flow Relationships
This paper presents results of a comprehensive study of the relationship between the movement of tropical cyclones and the large-scale circulation which surrounds them. Cyclones have been stratified by direction and speed of movement, latitude, ...
Johnny C. L. Chan; William M. Gray
Environmental Control of Tropical Cyclone Intensity
The influence of various environmental factors on tropical cyclone intensity is explored using a simple coupled ocean�atmosphere model. It is first demonstrated that this model is capable of accurately replicating the intensity evolution of ...
Kerry Emanuel; Christopher DesAutels; Christopher Holloway; Robert Korty
Environmental Factors Affecting Tropical Cyclone Power Dissipation
Revised estimates of kinetic energy production by tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and western North Pacific are presented. These show considerable variability on interannual-to-multidecadal time scales. In the Atlantic, variability on time ...
An Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Recurvature
Data for 21 years (1957�77) of North Pacific rawinsondes were examined to investigate the interaction between the synoptic-scale circulation and tropical cyclones prior to, and during, the recurvature process. This study is believed to be the ...
Stephen Hodanish; William M. Gray
Quasi-balanced Dynamics in the Tropics
We propose a quasi-balance dynamical system of equations for slowly evolving, large-scale motions in the tropics. Unlike other balance schemes, equatorially trapped Kelvin waves are included. Following the lead of Gill, this system is based on ...
Duane E. Stevens; Hung-Chi Kuo; Wayne H. Schubert; Paul E. Ciesielski
Potential Vorticity Dynamics of Tropical Instability Vortices
Tropical instability vortices (TIVs) in the equatorial Pacific exhibit energetic horizontal and vertical circulation characterized by regions of high Rossby number and low Richardson number. Their strong anticyclonic vorticity and vertical shear ...
Ryan M. Holmes; Leif N. Thomas; LuAnne Thompson; David Darr
Tropical Convective Variability as 1/f Noise
Evidence is presented that the tropical convective variability behaves as 1/f noise for a 1�30-day period. This behavior is shown by analyzing the time series of convective available potential energy, which measures the degree of convective ...
Jun-Ichi Yano; Klaus Fraedrich; Richard Blender
Radiation Budget of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation
This study examines the relationship between precipitation and radiative heating on intraseasonal time scales in the Tropics using collocated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and surface radiative flux measurements from special field program data [...
Jia-Lin Lin; Brian E. Mapes
Surface Radiation in the Tropical Pacific
Monthly surface radiative fluxes in the tropical Pacific between January 1970 and February 1978 have been calculated using a radiative transfer package which includes detailed treatments of the molecular and droplet absorptions and of the surface ...
Ming-Dah Chou
Adjoint Sensitivity and Predictability of Tropical Cyclogenesis
The sensitivity of tropical cyclogenesis and subsequent intensification is explored by applying small perturbations to the initial state in the presence of organized mesoscale convection and synoptic-scale forcing using the adjoint and tangent ...
James D. Doyle; Carolyn A. Reynolds; Clark Amerault; Jonathan Moskaitis
Lag Relationships Involving Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures
A long historical record (100 years) of monthly sea surface temperature anomalies from the Comprehensive Ocean�Atmosphere Data Set was used to examined the lag relationships between different locations in the global Tropics. Application of ...
John R. Lanzante
Raindrop Size Distribution Measurements in Tropical Cyclones
Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution in seven tropical cyclones have been studied through impact-type disdrometer measurements at three different sites during the 2004�06 Atlantic hurricane seasons. One of the cyclones has been ...
Ali Tokay; Paul G. Bashor; Emad Habib; Takis Kasparis
Nasa's Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes Experiment
In July 2005, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration investigated tropical cyclogenesis, hurricane structure, and intensity change in the eastern North Pacific and western Atlantic using its ER-2 high-altitude research aircraft. The ...
J. Halverson; M. Black; R. Rogers; S. Braun; G. Heymsfield; D. Cecil; M. Goodman; R. Hood; A. Heymsfield; T. Krishnamurti; G. McFarquhar; M. J. Mahoney; J. Molinari; J. Turk; C. Velden; D-L. Zhang; E. Zipser; R. Kakar
Inner Core Strength of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
The evolution of the wind field beyond the radius of maximum winds is studied for 18 Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) with 989 research and reconnaissance flight legs. Inner core strength, defined as the storm relative mean tangential wind from ...
Mark Croxford; Gary M. Barnes
Tropical Thermostats and Low Cloud Cover
The ability of subtropical stratus low cloud cover to moderate or amplify the tropical response to climate forcing such as increased CO2 is considered. Cloud radiative forcing over the subtropics is parameterized using an empirical relation ...
R. L. Miller
Rapid Filamentation Zones in Intense Tropical Cyclones
Intense tropical cyclones often possess relatively little convection around their cores. In radar composites, this surrounding region is usually echo-free or contains light stratiform precipitation. While subsidence is typically quite pronounced ...
Christopher M. Rozoff; Wayne H. Schubert; Brian D. McNoldy; James P. Kossin
Thermodynamic Aspects of Tropical Cyclone Formation
The thermodynamic aspects of tropical cyclone (TC) formation near the center of the wave pouch, a region of approximately closed Lagrangian circulation within the wave critical layer, are examined through diagnoses of a high-resolution numerical ...
Zhuo Wang
The Thermal Structure of Tropical Easterly Waves
A procedure is introduced to derive a general balance condition for synoptic-scale disturbances in the tropics. The condition describes a balance between the mean pressure and momentum fields, and the pressure forcing by cumulus clouds. A simple ...
Han-Ruo Cho; Mary Ann Jenkins
A Numerical Investigation of Tropical Island Thunderstorms
A version of the United Kingdom Meteorological Office mesoscale weather prediction model is used to simulate cases of deep tropical convection from the Island Thunderstorm Experiment off the north coast of Australia. Selected cases contrast ...
B. W. Golding
Climatic Regimes of Tropical Convection and Rainfall
Annual distribution and phase propagation of tropical convection are delineated using harmonic and amplitude-phase characteristics analysis of climatological pentad mean outgoing longwave radiation and monthly frequencies of highly reflective ...
Bin Wang
Regional Differences in Tropical Lightning Distributions
Observations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-based Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) are analyzed for variability between land and ocean, various ...
Dennis J. Boccippio; Steven J. Goodman; Stan Heckman
Method of determining forest production from remotely sensed forest parameters
A method of determining forest production entirely from remotely sensed data in which remotely sensed multispectral scanner (MSS) data on forest 5 composition is combined with remotely sensed radar imaging data on forest stand biophysical parameters to provide a measure of forest production. A high correlation has been found to exist between the remotely sensed radar imaging data and on site measurements of biophysical 10 parameters such as stand height, diameter at breast height, total tree height, mean area per tree, and timber stand volume.
Corey, J.C.; Mackey, H.E. Jr.
Carbon emissions and sequestration in forests: Case studies from seven developing countries. Volume 1, Summary: Draft
Forests are a major source of carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries, in most cases far exceeding the emissions from the energy sector. To date, however, efforts at quantifying forestry emissions have produced a wide range of results. In order to assist policymakers in developing measures to reduce emissions` levels and to increase carbon sequestration, the Tropical Forest Research Network (F-7) has undertaken this effort to improve the precision of emissions estimates and to identify possible response options in the forestry sector. This paper summarizes the results of one component of this work. The Tropical Forest Research Network (F-7) was established in 1990 as part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change`s (IPCC) activities in examining growing emissions of greenhouse gases and their potential impact on the global climate. Unlike past methods, this study relied on a network of participants from developing countries to prepare estimates of carbon emissions. The participating countries -- Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico and Thailand -- currently represent an estimated two-thirds of the annual deforestation of closed moist forests. This study gives an estimate of 837 million tonnes of carbon emissions from deforestation and logging in the F-7 countries in 1990. A proportional projection of these estimates to the tropical biome shows that the total carbon emissions are between 1.1 and 1.7 billion tonnes of carbon, with a working average of 1.4 billion tonnes per year. This work also provides estimates of emissions and uptake from China, which past studies rarely have included. This summary will be followed by individual reports by each of the participating countries, which will include detailed evaluations of possible response options. Estimates for Nigeria are also under preparation.
Makundi, W.; Sathaye, J. [eds.; Cerutti, O.M.
Forests are a major source of carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries, in most cases far exceeding the emissions from the energy sector. To date, however, efforts at quantifying forestry emissions have produced a wide range of results. In order to assist policymakers in developing measures to reduce emissions' levels and to increase carbon sequestration, the Tropical Forest Research Network (F-7) has undertaken this effort to improve the precision of emissions estimates and to identify possible response options in the forestry sector. This paper summarizes the results of one component of this work. The Tropical Forest Research Network (F-7) was established in 1990 as part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) activities in examining growing emissions of greenhouse gases and their potential impact on the global climate. Unlike past methods, this study relied on a network of participants from developing countries to prepare estimates of carbon emissions. The participating countries -- Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico and Thailand -- currently represent an estimated two-thirds of the annual deforestation of closed moist forests. This study gives an estimate of 837 million tonnes of carbon emissions from deforestation and logging in the F-7 countries in 1990. A proportional projection of these estimates to the tropical biome shows that the total carbon emissions are between 1.1 and 1.7 billion tonnes of carbon, with a working average of 1.4 billion tonnes per year. This work also provides estimates of emissions and uptake from China, which past studies rarely have included. This summary will be followed by individual reports by each of the participating countries, which will include detailed evaluations of possible response options. Estimates for Nigeria are also under preparation.
Makundi, W.; Sathaye, J. (eds.); Cerutti, O.M.
NPP Boreal Forest: J�dra�s, Sweden
low water storage capacity. Land use history in the region includes forest grazing, burning for crops and grazing, charcoal burning, tar-burning, logging and felling for paper...
Carbon emissions and sequestration in forests: Case studies from seven developing countries. Volume 3, India and China
Makundi, W.; Sathaye, J. [eds.] [Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States); Ravindranath, N.H.; Somashekhar, B.S.; Gadgil, M. [Indian Inst. of Science, Bangalore, (India). Center for Ecological Sciences and ASTRA; Deying, Xu [Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, (China). Research Inst. of Forestry
Tropical Cyclogenesis Factors in a Warming Climate
Understanding the underlying causes of tropical cyclone formation is crucial to predicting tropical cyclone behavior in a warming environment, given the Earth's current warming trend. This study examines two sets of simulations from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model version 3.1 (CAM3): one with aerosol forcings and one without. We looked at how four factors known to be important to tropical cyclone formation vary as carbon dioxde and the ensuing temperature changes increase to very high levels. These factors include Maximum Potential Intensity (MPI), mid-tropospheric moisture content, 200-850 mb vertical wind shear, and 850 mb absolute vorticity. We considered different representations of mid-tropospheric moisture by examining both relative humidity and chi, a non-dimensional measure of the saturation entropy deficit at 600 mb. We also looked at different combinations of these factors, including several variations of a Genesis Potential Index (GPI) and an incubation parameter, gamma, that is related to the length of time required to saturate the middle troposphere and aid tropical cyclogenesis. Higher MPI, lower saturation deficits and higher relative humidity, lower wind shear, and higher absolute vorticity all act to enhance the GPI and lower the incubation time, meaning larger environmental support for tropical cyclone development and intensification. In areas where tropical cyclone development is prevalent today, we found that shear generally decreased, but MPI decreased, absolute vorticity decreased, and the saturation deficit increases. Thus, in today's prevalent tropical cyclone regions, conditions become less favorable for development and intensification as the climate warms. On the other hand, genesis regions tend to push northward into the subtropics, as conditions become much more favorable for development up to ~40 degrees North due to both decreased wind shear and much higher MPI values.
Cathey, Stephen Christopher
APRIL 2006 F A LKOVICH ET AL. 591 Rain Initiation Time in Turbulent Warm Clouds
A mean field model is presented that describes droplet growth resulting from condensation and collisions and droplet loss resulting from fallout. The model allows for an effective numerical simulation. The numerical scheme that is conservative in water mass and keeps accurate count of the number of droplets is applied, and the way in which the rain initiation time depends on different parameters is studied. In particular, it is shown that the rain initiation time depends nonmonotonically (has a minimum) on the number of cloud condensation nuclei. Also presented is a simple model that allows one to estimate the rain initiation time for turbulent clouds with an inhomogeneous concentration of cloud condensation nuclei. It is argued that by overseeding even a part of a cloud by small hygroscopic nuclei one can substantially delay the onset of precipitation. 1.
Gregory Falkovich; Mikhail; G. Stepanov
Photo of the Week: Rain or Shine, Preparing for the 2013 Hurricane Season |
Rain or Shine, Preparing for the 2013 Hurricane Rain or Shine, Preparing for the 2013 Hurricane Season Photo of the Week: Rain or Shine, Preparing for the 2013 Hurricane Season May 15, 2013 - 1:16pm Addthis President Barack Obama listens to Acting Energy Secretary Daniel B. Poneman during a meeting with electric utility CEOs and trade association representatives at the Department of Energy in Washington, D.C., May 8, 2013. The group met to discuss lessons learned during the response to Hurricane Sandy, as well as the ongoing preparations for 2013 hurricane season, which begins June 1. | Official White House Photo by Pete Souza. President Barack Obama listens to Acting Energy Secretary Daniel B. Poneman during a meeting with electric utility CEOs and trade association representatives at the Department of Energy in Washington, D.C., May 8,
Mosquito Control in the Forest Preserves
Control in the Forest Preserves Nature Bulletin No. 454-A April 22, 1972 Forest Preserve District of Cook County George W. Dunne, President Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of...
Macroeconomic impacts of clean coal technologies and acid rain legislation: A comparative analysis
In 1987, the National Association of Manufacturers published a study documenting the negative macroeconomic impacts that could occur if proposed acid rain legislation were passed (NAM 1987). These negative impacts would result from the substantially higher electricity rates that would be needed to finance conventional pollution-control retrofits. The US Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy (DOE/FE) wanted to evaluate the macroeconomic impacts of nonregulatory approaches to reduce the emissions of acid rain precursors. DOE/FE therefore directed Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) to determine the potential for clean coal technologies (CCTs) to satisfy future electric load growth and achieve greater long-term reductions in emissions at a lower cost than could be achieved through a legislative mandate. This study documents the macroeconomic impacts of CCT deployment without acid rain legislation and compares these results with the corresponding impacts of using conventional technologies and meeting mandatory emission reductions. The Argonne Utility Simulation (ARGUS) model was used to determine the least-cost solution and incremental levelized system costs* over the period 1995-2030 for three scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, in which no acid rain controls are mandated and no CCTs are deployed; (2) an acid rain (AR) scenario, in which legislation (S. 1894, 100th Congress) is mandated but no CCTs are deployed; and (3) a CCT scenario, in which maximum CCT deployment (specifically, integrated gasification combined-cycle or IGCC technology in repowering and new or greenfield'' applications) occurs but no acid rain legislation is mandated. The Data Resources Inc. (DRI) annual macroeconomic model (which was extended from 2010 to 2030) was used to compute the macroeconomic impacts of the AR and CCT scenarios. 2 refs., 28 figs.
Edwards, B.K.; South, D.W.; Veselka, T.D. (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA). Environmental Assessment and Information Sciences Div.); Gault, N.J. (DRI/McGraw-Hill Energy Service, Lexington, MA (USA))
Majoring in Forest Resources & Conservation University of Florida/IFAS School of Forest Resources & Conservation www.sfrc.ufl.edu ~ 352-846-0847 ~ firstname.lastname@example.com Protected Areas Management is for students interested in managing lands for conservation and restoration purposes, usually on lands owned
A Model for Transport across the Tropical Tropopause
A model of convective and advective transport across the tropical tropopause is described. In this model overshooting convective turrets inject dehydrated tropospheric air into a tropical �tropopause layer� (TTL) bounded approximately by the 50- ...
Steven C. Sherwood; Andrew E. Dessler
Predicting Atlantic Basin Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity by 1 August
More than 90% of all seasonal Atlantic tropical cyclone activity typically occurs after 1 August. A strong predictive potential exists that allows seasonal forecasts of Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity to be issued by 1 August, prior to ...
William M. Gray; Christopher W. Landsea; Paul W. Mielke Jr.; Kenneth J. Berry
Physical Characterization of Tropical Oceanic Convection Observed in KWAJEX
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) was designed to obtain an empirical physical characterization of precipitating convective clouds over the tropical ocean. Coordinated datasets were collected by three ...
Sandra E. Yuter; Robert A. Houze Jr.; Eric A. Smith; Thomas T. Wilheit; Edward Zipser
An Alternative Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecast Verification Technique
The National Hurricane Center (NHC) does not verify official or model forecasts if those forecasts call for a tropical cyclone to dissipate or if the real tropical cyclone dissipates. A new technique in which these forecasts are included in a ...
Sim D. Aberson
Improvements to the Operational Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Probability Model
The National Hurricane Center Hurricane Probability Program, which estimated the probability of a tropical cyclone passing within a specific distance of a selected set of coastal stations, was replaced by the more general Tropical Cyclone Surface ...
Mark DeMaria; John A. Knaff; Michael J. Brennan; Daniel Brown; Richard D. Knabb; Robert T. DeMaria; Andrea Schumacher; Christopher A. Lauer; David P. Roberts; Charles R. Sampson; Pablo Santos; David Sharp; Katherine A. Winters
Aerosol Effects on Microstructure and Intensity of Tropical Cyclones
Improving the forecasts of the intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs) remains a major challenge. One possibility for improvement is consideration of the effects that aerosols have on tropical clouds and cyclones. The authors have been pursuing this under ...
Daniel Rosenfeld; William L. Woodley; Alexander Khain; William R. Cotton; Gustavo Carri�; Isaac Ginis; Joseph H. Golden
The Influence of Tropical heating Displacements on the Extratropical Climate
The hypothesis is advanced that a latitudinal shift in the tropical convective heating pattern can significantly alter temperatures in the extratropics. Results of a simplified GCM show that the shift of a prescribed tropical heating toward the ...
Arthur Y. Hou
A Global Climatology of Baroclinically Influenced Tropical Cyclogenesis
Tropical cyclogenesis is generally considered to occur in regions devoid of baroclinic structures; however, an appreciable number of tropical cyclones (TCs) form in baroclinic environments each year. A global climatology of these baroclinically ...
Ron McTaggart-Cowan; Thomas J. Galarneau Jr.; Lance F. Bosart; Richard W. Moore; Olivia Martius
An Algorithm for Tracking Eyes of Tropical Cyclones
A tropical cyclone (TC) eye tracking (TCET) algorithm is presented in this study to objectively identify and track the eye and center of a tropical cyclone using radar reflectivity data. Twelve typhoon cases were studied for evaluating the TCET ...
Pao-Liang Chang; Ben Jong-Dao Jou; Jian Zhang
On the Origin of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation
This study provides an explanation for the origin of the tropical intraseasonal (40�50 day) oscillation (TIO) based on a simple generalization of Gill's linear analytic model for tropical large-scale heat-induced circulation. The solution, which ...
Winston C. Chao
A Bayesian Forecast Model of Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Formation
A new and potentially skillful seasonal forecast model of tropical cyclone formation [tropical cyclogenesis (TCG)] is developed for the Australian region. The model is based on Poisson regression using the Bayesian approach. Predictor combinations ...
Angelika Werner; Neil J. Holbrook
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Rainbands to Ice-Phase Microphysics
A high-resolution tropical cyclone model with explicit cloud microphysics has been used to investigate the dynamics and energetics of tropical cyclone rainbands. As a first step, the model rainbands have been qualitatively compared with observed ...
Charmaine N. Franklin; Greg J. Holland; Peter T. May
Regional Variability in Tropical Convection: Observations from TRMM
Observation of the vertical profile of precipitation over the global Tropics is a key objective of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) because this information is central to obtaining vertical profiles of latent heating. This study ...
Walter A. Petersen; Steven A. Rutledge
On the size distribution of Atlantic tropical cyclones
The size of a tropical cyclone is known to vary considerably across storms, though little is understood about the environmental and internal factors that modulate it. Making use of newly available extended tropical cyclone ...
Emanuel, Kerry Andrew
Structure of Highly Sheared Tropical Storm Chantal during CAMEX-4
Tropical Storm Chantal during August 2001 was a storm that failed to intensify over the few days prior to making landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula. An observational study of Tropical Storm Chantal is presented using a diverse dataset including ...
G. M. Heymsfield; Joanne Simpson; J. Halverson; L. Tian; E. Ritchie; J. Molinari
On the Wave Spectrum Generated by Tropical Heating
Convective heating profiles are computed from one month of rainfall rate and cloud-top height measurements using global Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and infrared cloud-top products. Estimates of the tropical wave response to this heating ...
David A. Ortland; M. Joan Alexander; Alison W. Grimsdell
Intraseasonal Behavior of Clouds, Temperature, and Motion in the Tropics
The spectral character of tropical convection is investigated in an 11-yr record of outgoing longwave radiation from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer to identify interaction with the tropical circulation. Along the equator in the ...
Murry L. Salby; Harry H. Hendon
The Tropical Convective Spectrum. Part I: Archetypal Vertical Structures
A taxonomy of tropical convective and stratiform vertical structures is constructed through cluster analysis of 3 yr of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) �warm-season� (surface temperature greater than 10�C) precipitation radar (PR) ...
Dennis J. Boccippio; Walter A. Petersen; Daniel J. Cecil
Convective Precursors and Predictability in the Tropical Western Pacific
Conditions leading to convective outbreak in the Tropics are investigated by multivariate analysis of sounding and satellite data from the tropical western Pacific area. Circumstances that make the prediction problem difficult are discussed and ...
Steven C. Sherwood
Lagrangian Study of Tropical Instability Vortices in the Atlantic
Tropical instability waves and tropical instability vortices (TIVs) exert major controls on ocean dynamics, thermodynamics, and biology on intraseasonal to seasonal time scales. To understand the fundamental mechanisms at play, a Lagrangian ...
Pierre Dutrieux; Christophe E. Menkes; Jerome Vialard; Pierre Flament; Bruno Blanke
Tropical cyclone preparedness and response : opportunities for operations research
This thesis explores how operations research methods can be applied in the emergency response community by looking at two recent tropical storm disasters; tropical cyclone Yemyin in Pakistan, June 2007 and super typhoon ...
Murphy, Maurice D
Choosing a Boundary Layer Parameterization for Tropical Cyclone Modeling
The boundary layer in a tropical cyclone is in some respects unlike that elsewhere in the atmosphere. It is therefore necessary to evaluate boundary layer parameterizations for their suitability for use in tropical cyclone simulation. Previous ...
Jeffrey D. Kepert
Radar Signatures of Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes in Central North Carolina
During the tropical cyclone season of 2004, there were four tropical cyclones that spawned tornadoes in central North Carolina: Frances, Gaston, Ivan, and Jeanne. This study examines the environmental characteristics and radar signatures from ...
Douglas Schneider; Scott Sharp
Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Formation Associated with Monsoon Gyres
Large-scale monsoon gyres and the involved tropical cyclone formation over the western North Pacific have been documented in previous studies. The aim of this study is to understand how monsoon gyres affect tropical cyclone formation. An ...
Liguang Wu; Huijun Zong; Jia Liang
Comments on �Reexamination of Tropical Cyclone Wind�Pressure Relationship�
In their study on the wind�pressure relationship (WPR) that exists in tropical cyclones, Knaff and Zehr presented results of the use of the Dvorak Atlantic WPR for estimating central pressure and maximum wind speed of tropical cyclones. These ...
Shyamnath Veerasamy
Sensitivity of Tropical Tropospheric Temperature to Sea Surface Temperature Forcing
During El Ni�o, there are substantial tropospheric temperature anomalies across the entire tropical belt associated with the warming of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central and eastern Pacific. The quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation ...
Hui Su; J. David Neelin; Joyce E. Meyerson
A Technique for Combining Global Tropical Cyclone Best Track Data
Best track data generally consist of the positions and intensities during the life cycle of a tropical cyclone. Despite the widespread interest in the distribution, frequency, and intensity of tropical cyclones worldwide, no publicly available ...
Michael C. Kruk; Kenneth R. Knapp; David H. Levinson
ARM - Field Campaign - Year of Tropical Convection (YOTC)
govCampaignsYear of Tropical Convection (YOTC) govCampaignsYear of Tropical Convection (YOTC) Campaign Links Year of Tropical Convection Website Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Campaign : Year of Tropical Convection (YOTC) 2008.05.01 - 2010.04.30 Lead Scientist : Sally McFarlane Description Example of a sonde profile available from the ARM Archive The realistic representation of tropical convection in global atmospheric models is a long-standing challenge for weather and global climate models. The lack of fundamental knowledge in this area causes difficulties in modeling and predicting prominent phenomena of the tropical atmosphere such as the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ), El-Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), monsoons, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), tropical cyclones,
AMF Deployment, Black Forest, Germany
Germany Germany Black Forest Deployment AMF Home Black Forest Home Data Plots and Baseline Instruments CERA COPS Data University of Hohenheim COPS Website COPS Update, April 2009 Experiment Planning COPS Proposal Abstract and Related Campaigns Science Plan (PDF, 12.4M) Outreach COPS Backgrounder (PDF, 306K) Posters AMF Poster, German Vesion Researching Raindrops in the Black Forest News Campaign Images AMF Deployment, Black Forest, Germany Main Site: 48° 32' 24.18" N, 08° 23' 48.72" E Altitude: 511.43 meters In March 2007, the third deployment of the ARM Mobile Facility (AMF) will take place in the Black Forest region of Germany, where scientists will study rainfall resulting from atmospheric uplift (convection) in mountainous terrain, otherwise known as orographic precipitation. ARM
Frequency of Heavy Rainstorms on Areas from 10 to 10 000 km2, Defined Using Dense Rain Gauge Networks
Operation in Illinois of eight dense rain gauge networks of varying sizes, with each operating for 5�22 yr, provided data used to assess the temporal frequency of very heavy rain events on small- to moderate-sized areas. Initial testing reveals ...
Validation of the Rain Profiling Algorithm �ZPHI� from the C-Band Polarimetric Weather Radar in Darwin
An extensive application of a rain profiling algorithm (ZPHI) employing a C-band polarimetric radar (the C-POL radar of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre in Darwin) is presented. ZPHI belongs to the class of rain profiling ...
Erwan Le Bouar; Jacques Testud; Tom D. Keenan
An Approach to Estimate the Areal Rain-Rate Distribution from Spaceborne Radar by the Use of Multiple Thresholds
Estimates of rain rate derived from a spaceborne weather radar will be most reliable over an intermediate range of values. At light or heavy rain rates, where the signal-to-noise ratios are degraded either by small values of the backscattered ...
R. Meneghini; J. A. Jones
Simulations of the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones: Phasing between the Upper-Level Trough and Tropical Cyclones
Whether the tropical cyclone remnants will become a significant extratropical cyclone during the reintensification stage of extratropical transition is a complex problem because of the uncertainty in the tropical cyclone, the midlatitude ...
Elizabeth A. Ritchie; Russell L. Elsberry
Electrically Active Convection in Tropical Easterly Waves and Implications for Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Atlantic and East Pacific
In this study, the authors investigated the characteristics of tropical easterly wave convection and the possible implications of convective structure on tropical cyclogenesis and intensification over the Atlantic Ocean and the east Pacific Ocean. ...
Kenneth D. Leppert II; Walter A. Petersen; Daniel J. Cecil
Simulated Relationships between Sea Surface Temperatures and Tropical Convection in Climate Models and Their Implications for Tropical Cyclone Activity
The impact of enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentrations on tropical convection and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the global tropics is assessed using five fully coupled atmospheric�oceanic general circulation models (AOGCMs). Relationships ...
Jenni L. Evans; Jeffrey J. Waters
A Comparison of NEXRAD WSR-88D Radar Estimates of Rain Accumulation with Gauge Measurements for High- and Low-Reflectivity Horizontal Gradient Precipitation Events
Radar-estimated rainfall amounts from the NEXRAD Weather Surveillance Radar precipitation accumulation algorithm were compared with measurements from numerous rain gauges (1639 radar versus gauge comparisons). Storm total rain accumulations from ...
Gerard E. Klazura; Jessica M. Thomale; D. Scott Kelly; Paul Jendrowski
Torrential Rains on the Spanish Mediterranean Coast: Modeling the Effects of the Sea Surface Temperature
Torrential rains are a frequent meteorological risk in the Mediterranean Basin, and the work reported here is part of a long-term study that includes the analysis of the synoptic conditions involved in their genesis. This paper studies the role ...
Francisco Pastor; Mar�a J. Estrela; David Pe�arrocha; Mill�n M. Mill�n
Long-Lasting Trade-Wind Rain Showers in a Three-Dimensional Model
A three-dimensional warm rain model that included microphysics was used to study the reasons for ease of rainfall in Hawaiian clouds and the long-lasting rainfall from certain rainbands. It was found that drop recirculation occurs within these ...
Local and Synoptic Environments Associated with Freezing Rain in the Contiguous United States
Local and synoptic conditions associated with freezing-rain events in the continental United States, as well as the temporal and spatial variability of these conditions, have been documented for the period 1976�90. It had been postulated that the ...
Chris C. Robbins; John V. Cortinas Jr.
Comparison of Bulk and Bin Warm-Rain Microphysics Models Using a Kinematic Framework
This paper discusses the development and testing of a bulk warm-rain microphysics model that is capable of addressing the impact of atmospheric aerosols on ice-free clouds. Similarly to previous two-moment bulk schemes, this model predicts the ...
Hugh Morrison; Wojciech W. Grabowski
Synoptic and Mesoscale Structure of a Severe Freezing Rain Event: The St. Valentine's Day Ice Storm
A severe freezing rainstorm produced as much as 4.5 cm of freezing rain during an 18-h period at Champaign, Illinois, on 14�15 February 1990, resulting in over $12 million in damage, week-long power outages, and a federal disaster declaration. ...
Robert M. Rauber; Mohan K. Ramamurthy; Ali Tokay
Measurements of 7Be and 210Pb in Rain, Snow, and Hail
Measurements of the levels of 7Be and 210Pb are reported for rain, snow, and hail samples taken at Argonne, Illinois, and Socorro, New Mexico. These natural radioisotopes are indicators of the sources of the aerosols contributing materials to the ...
Jeffrey S. Gaffney; Kent A. Orlandini; Nancy A. Marley; Carl J. Popp
Climatology of Heavy Rain Events in the United States from Hourly Precipitation Observations
Flash flooding is frequently associated with heavy precipitation (defined here as ?1 in. h?1) occurring over a short period of time. To begin a study of flash flood�producing rain events, the Hourly Precipitation Dataset (HPD) is used to develop ...
Harold E. Brooks; David J. Stensrud
Heavy Rains and Flooding in Montana: A Case for Operational Use of Symmetric Instability Diagnosis
A strongly developing cyclone east of the Rockies moved northward along the Montana/North Dakota border between 24�26 September 1986 and deposited over 1 in. of rain throughout much of eastern Montana. Included in this area of precipitation was ...
Glenn R. Lussky
Study of a Heavy Rain Vortex Formed over the Eastern Flank of the Tibetan Plateau
A case of the heavy rain vortex which occurred during the period 14�15 July 1979 is studied using a limited-area mesoscale numerical model. This is a representative example of a group of warm southwest vortices that often form over the eastern ...
Bin Wang; Isidoro Orlanski
Soil Thermal and Ecological Impacts of Rain on Snow Events in the Circumpolar Arctic
Rain on snow (ROS) events are rare in most parts of the circumpolar Arctic, but have been shown to have great impact on soil surface temperatures and serve as triggers for avalanches in the midlatitudes, and they have been implicated in ...
Kevin J. Rennert; Gerard Roe; Jaakko Putkonen; Cecilia M. Bitz
The combined effect of rain and wind on airwater gas exchange: A feasibility study
rights reserved. 1. Introduction Airwater gas exchange is an important process on local, regional, and cycling of biogeochemically important trace gases. Gas exchange for slightly soluble gases is thought of the reduction. In order to examine the systematic effects of rain and wind on gas exchange in the natural
Ho, David
Polarimetric Estimates of a 1-Month Accumulation of Light Rain with a 3-cm Wavelength Radar
The authors evaluate rainfall estimates from the new polarimetric X-band radar at Bonn, Germany, for a period between mid-November and the end of December 2009 by comparison with rain gauges. The emphasis is on slightly more than 1-month ...
L. Borowska; D. Zrni?; A. Ryzhkov; P. Zhang; C. Simmer
The Ground-Truth Problem for Satellite Estimates of Rain Rate
In this paper a scheme is proposed to use a point raingage to compare contemporaneous measurements of rain rate from a single-field-of-view estimate based on a satellite remote sensor such as a microwave radiometer. Even in the ideal case the ...
Gerald R. North; Juan B. Vald�s; Eunho Ha; Samuel S. P. Shen
Measurements of the Transmission Loss of a Radome at Different Rain Intensities
Results on the transmission loss of a dry and a wet C-band weather radar radome at different rain intensities are presented. Two methods were used in the study, both carried out under laboratory conditions. In the first method, the complex ...
Mikko Kurri; Asko Huuskonen
Organization and Environmental Properties of Extreme-Rain-Producing Mesoscale Convective Systems
This study examines the radar-indicated structures and other features of extreme rain events in the United States over a 3-yr period. A rainfall event is defined as �extreme� when the 24-h precipitation total at one or more stations surpasses the ...
Russ S. Schumacher; Richard H. Johnson
Dynamics and Prediction of a Mesoscale Extreme Rain Event in the Baiu Front over Kyushu, Japan
A high-resolution version of the limited-area primitive equations model of the Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre is used to investigate the dynamics and prediction of the mesoscale, extreme rain event of 1 August 1993 over Kyushu. The model ...
Noel E. Davidson; Kazuo Kurihara; Teruyuki Kato; Graham Mills; Kamal Puri
The Heavy Rain Event of 29 October 2000 in Hana, Maui
On 29 October 2000, the Hana region of Maui received 700 mm of rain in 7 h. Radar analyses revealed that the storm consisted of seven cells that were initiated along the southeast slope of Haleakala volcano. One of these cells survived for nearly ...
Ryan E. Lyman; Thomas A. Schroeder; Gary M. Barnes
Analysis of Video Disdrometer and Polarimetric Radar Data to Characterize Rain Microphysics in Oklahoma
In this paper, data from three 2-dimensional video disdrometers (2DVDs) and an S-band polarimetric radar are used to characterize rain microphysics in Oklahoma. Sampling errors from the 2DVD measurements are quantified through side-by-side ...
Qing Cao; Guifu Zhang; Edward Brandes; Terry Schuur; Alexander Ryzhkov; Kyoko Ikeda
Proposal for a Spaceborne Dual-Beam Rain Radar with Doppler Capability
The potential characteristics and performances of a spaceborne dual-beam radar (or stereo radar) operating at 24 GHz, and devoted primarily to the retrieval of rain-rate structure by using the stereo-radar analysis, were presented in a previous ...
Paul Amayenc; Jacques Testud; Mongi Marzoug
A Combined Multisensor Optimal Estimation Retrieval Algorithm for Oceanic Warm Rain Clouds
The complicated interactions between cloud processes in the tropical hydrologic cycle and their responses to changes in environmental variables have been the focus of many recent investigations. Most studies that examine the response of the ...
Anita D. Rapp; G. Elsaesser; C. Kummerow
Climatological Validation of TRMM TMI and PR Monthly Rain Products over Oklahoma
This paper reports the results from a regional validation study of monthly precipitation products generated from sensor measurements aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The study analyzed 4 yr of precipitation ...
Functional Fits to Some Observed Drop Size Distributions and Parameterization of Rain
A data sample of optical spectrometer measurements that were obtained in two tropical cyclones is analyzed. The resultant drop size distributions are normalized and their shape is found to exhibit some curvature-departure from exponentiality. ...
Paul T. Willis
Improved Passive Microwave Retrievals of Rain Rate over Land and Ocean. Part II: Validation and Intercomparison
A new passive microwave rainfall retrieval algorithm for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) that relies on an a priori database derived from matchups between TMI brightness temperatures and precipitation radar (...
Grant W. Petty; Ke Li
Preliminary Results from Multiparameter Airborne Rain Radar Measurement in the Western Pacific
Preliminary results are presented from multiparameter airborne radar measurements of tropical storms. The experiment was conducted in the western Pacific in September 1990 with the NASA DC-8 aircraft that was equipped with a dual-wavelength radar ...
Hiroshi Kumagai; Robert Meneghini; Toshiaki Kozu
Improved Passive Microwave Retrievals of Rain Rate Over Land and Ocean. 2. Validation and Intercomparison
A new passive microwave rainfall retrieval algorithm for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) has been developed that relies on a prior database derived from matchups between TMI brightness temperatures and ...
Forest Carbon Portal | Open Energy Information
Forest Carbon Portal Forest Carbon Portal Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary Name: Forest Carbon Portal Agency/Company /Organization: United Nations Development Programme, United States Agency for International Development, United Kingdom Department for International Development, Forest Trends Sector: Land Focus Area: Forestry Topics: GHG inventory Resource Type: Lessons learned/best practices Website: www.forestcarbonportal.com/ Forest Carbon Portal Screenshot References: FCP[1] "Ecosystem Marketplace's Forest Carbon Portal is a clearinghouse of information, feature stories, event listings, project details, 'how-to' guides, news, and market analysis on forest-based carbon sequestration projects. Deforestation and land-use change are responsible for 17% of the
USDA Forest Products Laboratory | Open Energy Information
Forest Products Laboratory Forest Products Laboratory Jump to: navigation, search Name USDA Forest Products Laboratory Place Madison, WI Website http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/ References USDA Forest Products Laboratory [1] Information About Partnership with NREL Partnership with NREL Yes Partnership Type Test & Evaluation Partner Partnering Center within NREL Electricity Resources & Building Systems Integration LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! USDA Forest Products Laboratory is a company located in Madison, WI. References ↑ "USDA Forest Products Laboratory" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=USDA_Forest_Products_Laboratory&oldid=381741" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations Companies Organizations
Effect of Tropical Waves on the Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Upwelling
An initial-value problem is employed with a GCM to investigate the role of the convectively driven Rossby and Kelvin waves for tropopause transition layer (TTL) upwelling in the tropics. The convective heating is mimicked with a prescribed ...
Jung-Hee Ryu; Sukyoung Lee
The residual mean circulation in the tropical tropopause layer driven by tropical waves
We use latent heating estimates derived from rainfall observations to construct model experiments that isolate equatorial waves forced by tropical convection from mid-latitude synoptic-scale waves. These experiments are used to demonstrate that ...
David A. Ortland; M. Joan Alexander
Dynamical Tropical Cyclone Track Forecast Errors. Part I: Tropical Region Error Sources
All highly erroneous (>300 n mi or 555 km at 72 h) Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) and U.S. Navy version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model (GFDN) tropical cyclone track forecasts in the western ...
Lester E. Carr III; Russell L. Elsberry
Claes Hall Aracruz Celulose Sweden Sharon Haines International Paper United States Matti Karjula Stora; The World Bank, World Wildlife Fund; The Nature Conservancy; Aracruz Celulose; Forest and Paper Association
EOS, TRANSACTIONS, AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION Counting Atlantic Tropical
Climate variability and any resulting change in the characteristics of tropical cyclones (tropical storms, subtropical storms, and hurricanes) have become topics of great interest and research within the past 2 years [International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones, 2006]. An emerging focus is how the frequency of tropical cyclones has changed over time and whether any changes could be linked to anthropogenic global warming. The Atlantic is the one tropical cyclone basin that has quantitative records back to the midnineteenth century for the whole basin (i.e., North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico) [Jarvinen et al., 1984; Landsea et al.,
Cyclones Back To
Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Sea Surface Temperature
It is hypothesized that the effect of the SST on the intensity of tropical cyclones can be separated into two distinct contributions: one from the large-scale SST field that is in equilibrium with the atmosphere, and another one from a local ...
Lars R. Schade
Recent Advances in Tropical Climate Prediction
A review is given of the current status of long-range forecasting in the low latitudes. Promising leads have developed over the past five years in the seasonal forecasting for certain target regions of the Tropics. Various approaches are of ...
Radiative Forcing of Simulated Tropical Cloud Clusters
A number of field experiments and subsequent studies in the 1970s and 1980s have led to the belief that radiative processes play a more significant role in the evolution of tropical mesoscale convective systems (MCSS) than was once thought. In ...
Rosemary Auld Miller; William M. Frank
Rapid Intensification of a Sheared Tropical Storm
A weak tropical storm (Gabrielle in 2001) experienced a 22-hPa pressure fall in less than 3 h in the presence of 13 m s?1 ambient vertical wind shear. A convective cell developed downshear left of the center and moved cyclonically and inward to ...
John Molinari; David Vollaro
Tropical Cyclone Contribution to Rainfall over Australia
Tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall over the Australian continent is studied using observations from 41 TC seasons 1969/70 to 2009/10. A total of 318 storms, whose centers either crossed the coastline or were located within 500?km of the coast, are ...
Richard A. Dare; Noel E. Davidson; John L. McBride
Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes, 1950�2007
An expanded �climatology� of U.S. tropical cyclone (TC) tornadoes covering the period 1950�2007 is presented. A major climatology published in 1991 included data on 626 TC tornadoes. Since then, almost 1200 more TC tornado records have been ...
Lori A. Schultz; Daniel J. Cecil
The Interannual Variability of Tropical Cyclones
This paper examines the interannual variability of tropical cyclones in each of the earth�s cyclone basins using data from 1985 to 2003. The data are first analyzed using a Monte Carlo technique to investigate the long-standing myth that the ...
William M. Frank; George S. Young
Heat Budget of Tropical Ocean and Atmosphere
Heat budget estimates for the global tropics are derived from recent calculations of the oceanic heat budget and satellite measurements of net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. Annual mean heat export from the zone 30�N�30�S amounts to 101 ...
Nonlinear Response to Anomalous Tropical Forcing
We have investigated the nonlinear steady-state response of a barotropic model to an estimate of the observed anomalous tropical divergence forcing for the El Ni�o winter of 1982/83. The 400 mb climatological flow was made a forced solution of ...
R. J. Haarsma; J. D. Opsteegh
The Implications of Tropical Rossby Waves for Tropical Tropopause Cirrus Formation and for the Equatorial Upwelling of the Brewer�Dobson Circulation
This study puts forward a mechanism for the observed upwelling in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. In this hypothesis, the tropical upwelling is driven by momentum transport by Rossby waves that are generated by tropical ...
Matthew T. Boehm; Sukyoung Lee
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics | Open
Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics Jump to: navigation, search Name International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Place India Sector Biofuels Product Biofuels ( Academic / Research foundation ) References International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics is a company located in India . References ↑ "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi_Arid_Tropics&oldid=347036
Colombia-US Forest Service Program | Open Energy Information
Colombia-US Forest Service Program Jump to: navigation, search Name Colombia-US Forest Service Program AgencyCompany Organization United States Forest Service Sector Land Focus...
The multiple vortex nature of tropical cyclogenesis
This thesis contains an observational analysis of the genesis of Tropical Storm Allison (2001). Using a paradigm of tropical cyclone formation as the superposition of potential vorticity (PV) anomalies, the importance of different scales of PV merger to various aspects of Allison?s formation is discussed. While only the case of Allison is discussed in great detail, other studies have also documented PV superposition on various scales, and superposition could be important for most tropical cyclones. Preceding Allison?s genesis, PV superposition on the large scale destabilized the atmosphere and increased low-level cyclonic vorticity. This presented a more favorable environment for the formation of MCV-type PV anomalies and smaller, surface-based, meso-?-scale vortices. Although these vortices eventually merged to form a more concentrated vortex with stronger surface pressure gradients, the merger happened well after landfall of Allison and no strengthening ensued. The unstable, vorticity-rich environment was also favorable for the development of even smaller, meso-?-scale vortices that accompanied deep convective cells within one of Allison?s meso-?-scale vortices. The observations herein suggest that the meso-?- scale convective cells and vortices are the respective source of PV production and building blocks for the meso-?-scale vortices. Finally, this thesis discusses issues related to the multiple vortex nature of tropical cyclone formation. For instance, the tracking of developing tropical cyclones is greatly complicated by the presence of multiple vortices. For these cases, the paradigm of a single cyclone center is inappropriate and alternative tracking methods are introduced.
Sippel, Jason Allen
Laboratory Dynamos Professor Cary Forest
Dynamos Professor Cary Forest University of Wisconsin - Madison Wednesday, June 5, 2013 - 4:15PM MBG AUDITORIUM Refreshments at 4:00PM The PrinceTon Plasma Physics laboraTory is a...
Finding Tropical Cyclones on a Cloud Computing Cluster: Using Parallel Virtualization for Large-Scale Climate Simulation Analysis
Chang. Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, andSimulation of Future Tropical Cyclone Statistics in a High-Finding Tropical Cyclones on a Cloud Computing Cluster:
Hasenkamp, Daren
The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA)
LBA (Amazon) LBA (Amazon) The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) Overview [LBA Logo] The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) is an international research initiative conducted from 1995-2005 and led by Brazil. The LBA Project encompasses several scientific disciplines, or components. The LBA-ECO component focuses on the question: "How do tropical forest conversion, regrowth, and selective logging influence carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, trace gas fluxes, and the prospect for sustainable land use in Amazonia?" The Amazon rain forest or Amazonia, is the largest remaining expanse of tropical rain forest on Earth, harboring approximately one-third of all Earth's species. Although the rain forest's area is so large that it
Scaling Up Economic Instruments for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Conservation in the Tropics
Global conservation organizations are mainly consumers of expertise in economics. In this essay, I discuss the capacity gaps in economic analysis that prevent all conservation organizations from being more successful. This problem has some urgency because concern for climate change impacts has generated support for increased public investments to conserve natural systems in the tropics not seen since the Brundtland report (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987). Specific landscape management investments are widely recognized to be an efficient response to climate change mitigation and adaptation goals. Economic instruments that incorporate the costs of environmental externalities into private landuse decisions also hold great promise in guiding expansion of biofuel production, and avoiding irreversible losses from new infrastructure and commodity production (Chomitz 2007). Unfortunately, although great strides have been made in the theoretical and practical use of economic instruments for achieving environmental outcomes in tropical landscapes, there are not enough sufficiently trained people to guide or monitor the implementation of these policy tools inside public, private, and NGO-sector institutions in key developing countries (Bonine 2003). There are many more organic farming certifiers than people who know why a forest
Biodiversity; Keith Alger
Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests
and home-stead fields where animal manure was regularly applied. Carbon, N, lignin derived phenols and non-celulosic
Published online 11 February 2004 Concerted changes in tropical forest structure
- das de celulose. Para produzir essa celulose, são ne- cessários 127 metros cúbicos de madeira ou 924
Chave, Jérôme
Characterization of trapped lignin-degrading microbes in tropical forest soil
unamended beads after one and four weeks, suggesting that the lignin supported increased bacterial abundance. The microbial community was analyzed by small subunit 16S ribosomal RNA genes using microarray (PhyloChip) and by high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing based on universal primers targeting bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic communities. Community trends were significantly affected by time and the presence of lignin on the beads. Lignin-amended beads have higher relative abundances of representatives from the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria compared to unamended beads. This study suggests that in low and fluctuating redox soils, bacteria could play a role in anaerobic lignin decomposition.
DeAngelis, K.M.; Allgaier, M.; Chavarria, Y.; Fortney, J.L.; Hugenholz, P.; Simmons, B.; Sublette, K.; Silver, W.L.; Hazen, T.C.
Succession and management of tropical dry forests in the Americas: Review and new perspectives
Biologia Geral/CCBS, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil e Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil f Department of Environmental
Quesada Avendaño, Mauricio
Response of Humidity and Clouds to Tropical Deep Convection
Currently available satellite data can be used to track the response of clouds and humidity to intense precipitation events. A compositing technique centered in space and time on locations experiencing high rain rates is used to detail the ...
Mark D. Zelinka; Dennis L. Hartmann
Radiative and Convective Driving of Tropical High Clouds
Using satellite cloud data from the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and collocated precipitation rates from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), it is shown that rain rate is closely related to the amount ...
Terence L. Kubar; Dennis L. Hartmann; Robert Wood