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Vertical axis wind turbines
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A vertical axis wind turbine is described. The wind turbine can include a top ring, a middle ring and a lower ring, wherein a plurality of vertical airfoils are disposed between the rings. For example, three vertical airfoils can be attached between the upper ring and the middle ring. In addition, three more vertical airfoils can be attached between the lower ring and the middle ring. When wind contacts the vertically arranged airfoils the rings begin to spin. By connecting the rings to a center pole which spins an alternator, electricity can be generated from wind.
Krivcov, Vladimir (Miass, RU); Krivospitski, Vladimir (Miass, RU); Maksimov, Vasili (Miass, RU); Halstead, Richard (Rohnert Park, CA); Grahov, Jurij (Miass, RU)
Vertical axis wind turbine airfoil
A vertical axis wind turbine airfoil is described. The wind turbine airfoil can include a leading edge, a trailing edge, an upper curved surface, a lower curved surface, and a centerline running between the upper surface and the lower surface and from the leading edge to the trailing edge. The airfoil can be configured so that the distance between the centerline and the upper surface is the same as the distance between the centerline and the lower surface at all points along the length of the airfoil. A plurality of such airfoils can be included in a vertical axis wind turbine. These airfoils can be vertically disposed and can rotate about a vertical axis.
Krivcov, Vladimir; Krivospitski, Vladimir; Maksimov, Vasili; Halstead, Richard; Grahov, Jurij Vasiljevich
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Foundation parameter study
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
The dynamic failure criterion governing the dimensions of prototype Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Foundations is treated as a variable parameter. The resulting change in foundation dimensions and costs is examined.
Lodde, P.F.
A low order model for vertical axis wind turbines
E-Print Network (OSTI)
A new computational model for initial sizing and performance prediction of vertical axis wind turbines
Drela, Mark
Vertical axis wind turbine control strategy
Early expensive in automatic operation of the Sandia 17-m vertical axis research wind turbine (VAWT) has demonstrated the need for a systematic study of control algorithms. To this end, a computer model has been developed that uses actual wind time series and turbine performance data to calculate the power produced by the Sandia 17-m VAWT operating in automatic control. The model has been used to investigate the influence of starting algorithms on annual energy production. The results indicate that, depending on turbine and local wind characteristics, a bad choice of a control algorithm can significantly reduce overall energy production. The model can be used to select control algorithms and threshold parameters that maximize long-term energy production. An attempt has been made to generalize these results from local site and turbine characteristics to obtain general guidelines for control algorithm design.
McNerney, G.M.
Vertical axis wind turbine with continuous blade angle adjustment
The author presents a concept for a vertical axis wind turbine that utilizes each blade's entire rotational cycle for power generation. Each blade has its own vertical axis of rotation and is constrained to rotate at the ...
Weiss, Samuel Bruce
Airfoil treatments for vertical axis wind turbines
SciTech Connect
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has taken three airfoil related approaches to decreasing the cost of energy of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) systems; airfoil sections designed specifically for VAWTs, vortex generators (VGs), and ''pumped spoiling.'' SNL's blade element airfoil section design effort has led to three promising natural laminar flow (NLF) sections. One section is presently being run on the SNL 17-m turbine. Increases in peak efficiency and more desirable dynamic stall regulation characteristics have been observed. Vane-type VGs were fitted on one DOE/Alcoa 100 kW VAWT. With approximately 12% of span having VGs, annual energy production increased by 5%. Pumped spoiling utilizes the centrifugal pumping capabilities of hollow blades. With the addition of small perforations in the surface of the blades and valves controlled by windspeed at the ends of each blade, lift spoiling jets may be generated inducing premature stall and permitting lower capacity, lower cost drivetrain components. SNL has demonstrated this concept on its 5-m turbine and has wind tunnel tested perforation geometries on one NLF section.
Klimas, P.C.
IntroductionIntroduction The use of small scale vertical axis wind turbinesThe use of small scale vertical axis wind turbines
IntroductionIntroduction The use of small scale vertical axis wind turbinesThe use of small scale vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) is being studied at McMaster University using(VAWT) is being studied
Tullis, Stephen
Response of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine to Time Varying Wind Conditions found within the Urban
Response of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine to Time Varying Wind Conditions found within the Urban, 2010 PP 389401 389 ABSTRACT Experimental testing of a vertical axis wind turbine within the urban of the turbine. Temporal variation of the wind with respect to the direction and velocity fluctuations
Vertical-axis wind turbines -- The current status of an old technology
Vertical-axis wind turbine technology is not well understood, even though the earliest wind machines rotated about a vertical axis. The operating environment of a vertical-axis wind turbine is quite complex, but detailed analysis capabilities have been developed and verified over the last 30 years. Although vertical-axis technology has not been widely commercialized, it exhibits both advantages and disadvantages compared to horizontal-axis technology, and in some applications, it appears to offer significant advantages.
Berg, D.E.
Torque ripple in a Darrieus, vertical axis wind turbine
Interaction between a steady wind and a rotating, Darrieus, vertical axis wind turbine produces time periodic aerodynamic loads which cause time dependent torque variations, referred to as torque ripple, to occur in the mechanical link between the turbine and the electrical generator. There is concern for the effect of torque ripple upon fatigue life of drive train components and upon power quality. An analytical solution characterizing the phenomenon of torque ripple has been obtained which is based upon a Fourier expansion of the time dependent features of the problem. Numerical results for torque ripple, some experimental data, determination of acceptable levels and methods of controlling it, are presented and discussed.
Reuter, R.C. Jr.
Blade Offset and Pitch Effects on a High Solidity Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
ABSTRACT A high solidity, small scale, 2.5m diameter by 3m high Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT, performance 1. INTRODUCTION Small scale vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) show potential for urban rooftop turbines. Keywords: Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, VAWT, airfoil, pitch, blade, mount, offset, high solidity
Performance Testing of a Small Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine , S. Tullis2
Performance Testing of a Small Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine R. Bravo1 , S. Tullis2 , S. Ziada3 of electric production [1]. Although most performance testing for small-scale wind turbines is conducted vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT) in urban settings, full-scale wind tunnel testing of a prototype 3.5 k
of a building was explored [2]. Referred to such applications, a VAWT can be so small in physical size that its by the present authors to study the aerodynamic performance of small VAWTs using the experimental and numerical1 WIND-TUNNEL STUDY ON AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SMALL VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINES J. J. Miau*1
Leu, Tzong-Shyng "Jeremy"
Mesh Requirement Investigation for 2D and 3D Aerodynamic Simulation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines.
??The accuracy of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to capture the complex flow around a small vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) on 2D and� (more)
Naghib Zadeh, Saman
Modelling the aerodynamics of vertical-axis wind turbines.
??The current generation of wind turbines that are being deployed around the world features, almost exclusively, a three-bladed rotor with a horizontal-axis configuration. In recent� (more)
Scheurich, Frank
Simulation of winds as seen by a rotating vertical axis wind turbine blade
The objective of this report is to provide turbulent wind analyses relevant to the design and testing of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT). A technique was developed for utilizing high-speed turbulence wind data from a line of seven anemometers at a single level to simulate the wind seen by a rotating VAWT blade. Twelve data cases, representing a range of wind speeds and stability classes, were selected from the large volume of data available from the Clayton, New Mexico, Vertical Plane Array (VPA) project. Simulations were run of the rotationally sampled wind speed relative to the earth, as well as the tangential and radial wind speeds, which are relative to the rotating wind turbine blade. Spectral analysis is used to compare and assess wind simulations from the different wind regimes, as well as from alternate wind measurement techniques. The variance in the wind speed at frequencies at or above the blade rotation rate is computed for all cases, and is used to quantitatively compare the VAWT simulations with Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) simulations. Qualitative comparisons are also made with direct wind measurements from a VAWT blade.
George, R.L.
Though wind turbines and windmills have been used for centuries, the application of aerodynamics technology to improve reliability and reduce costs of wind-generated energy has only been pursued in earnest for the past 40 years. Today, wind energy is mainly used to generate electricity. Wind is a renewable energy source. Power production from wind turbines is affected by certain conditions: wind speed, turbine speed, turbulence and the changes of wind direction. These conditions are not always optimal and have negative effects on most turbines. The present turbine is supposed to be less affected by these conditions because the blades combine a rotating movement around each own axis and around the nacelle�s one. Due to this combination of movements, flow around this turbine can be more highly unsteady, because of great blade stagger angles. The turbine has a rotor with three straight blades of symmetrical airfoil. Paper presents unsteady simulations that have been performed for one wind velocity, and different initial blades stagger angles. The influence of interaction of blades is studied for one specific constant rotational speed among the four rotational speeds that have been studied.
A. C. Bayeul-lain�; G. Bois
Blade shape for a tropskien type of vertical-axis wind turbine
The equations derived to define a troposkien (the shape a completely flexible cable assumes when it is spun at a constant angular velocity about a vertical axis to which its two ends are attached) are described. The implications of the solutions on the design of a vertical-axis wind turbine are discussed for cases where gravity is neglected.
Blackwell, B.F.; Reis, G.E.
Innovative wind turbines. Circulation controlled vertical axis wind turbine. Progress report, March 1-December 31, 1976
Theoretical and experimental research efforts in evaluating an innovative concept for vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are described. The concept is that of using straight blades composed of circulation controlled airfoil sections. The theoretical analysis has been developed to determine the unsteady lift and moment characteristics of multiple-blade cross-flow wind turbines. To determine the drag data needed as input to the theoretical analysis, an outdoor test model VAWT has been constructed; design details, instrumentation, and calibration results are reported. Initial testing is with fixed pitch blades having cross-sections of conventional symmetrical airfoils. Costs of building the test model are included, as well as estimates for blades constructed with composite materials. These costs are compared with those of other types of wind turbines.
Walters, R. E.; Fanucci, J. B.; Hill, P. W.; Migliore, P. G.; Squire, W.; Waltz, T. L.
Vertical axis wind turbine development. Executive summary. Final report, March 1, 1976-June 30, 1977
Information is presented concerning the numerical solution of the aerodynamics of cross-flow wind turbines; boundary layer considerations for a vertical axis wind turbine; WVU VAWT outdoor test model; low solidity blade tests; high solidity blade design; cost analysis of the WVU VAWT test model; structural parametric analysis of VAWT blades; and cost study of current WECS.
Walters, R. E.; Fanucci, J. B.; Hill, P. W.; Migliore, P. G.
Sandia Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Program. Technical quarterly report, July--September 1976. [USA
This quarterly report describes the activities of the Sandia Laboratories' Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) project during the period July to September 1976, transitional quarter of fiscal year 1976. Included are the highlights of the quarter; review of the status of general design efforts in the areas of aerodynamics, structures, and testing.
Grover, R.D.; Veneruso, A.F. (eds.)
Test plan for the 34 meter vertical axis wind turbine test bed located at Bushland, Texas
A plan is presented for the testing and evaluation of a new 500 kw vertical axis wind turbine test bed. The plan starts with the initial measurements made during construction, proceeds through evaluation of the design, the development of control methods, and finally to the test bed phase where new concepts are evaluated and in-depth studies are performed.
Stephenson, W.A.
Effects of blade configurations on flow distribution and power output of a Zephyr vertical axis wind turbine
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Numerical simulations with FLUENT software were conducted to investigate the fluid flow through a novel vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). Simulation of flow through the turbine rotor was performed with the aim of predicting the performance characteristics ... Keywords: blade configuration, power output, rotor, simulation, vertical axis wind turbine
J. O. Ajedegba; G. F. Naterer; M. A. Rosen; E. Tsang
United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. Final report May 77-Sep 80
This report describes the design, fabrication, installation and testing of a small variable-speed vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). This VAWT is unique in its installation using hand tools only; unconventional and simple support system; and variable speed operation under microprocessor control. Initial testing confirmed that the turbine can be controlled by commanded alternator field modulation. Further studies will be directed toward determination of an optimum control algorithm.
Kullgren, T.E.; Wiedemeier, D.W.
Fish schooling as a basis for vertical axis wind turbine farm design
Most wind farms consist of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) due to the high power coefficient (mechanical power output divided by the power of the free-stream air through the turbine cross-sectional area) of an isolated turbine. However when in close proximity to neighbouring turbines, HAWTs suffer from a reduced power coefficient. In contrast, previous research on vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) suggests that closely-spaced VAWTs may experience only small decreases (or even increases) in an individual turbine's power coefficient when placed in close proximity to neighbours, thus yielding much higher power outputs for a given area of land. A potential flow model of inter-VAWT interactions is developed to investigate the effect of changes in VAWT spatial arrangement on the array performance coefficient, which compares the expected average power coefficient of turbines in an array to a spatially-isolated turbine. A geometric arrangement based on the configuration of shed vortices in the wake of schooli...
Whittlesey, Robert W; Dabiri, John O
Order-of-magnitude enhancement of wind farm power density via counter-rotating vertical-axis wind turbine arrays
Modern wind farms require significant land resources to separate each wind turbine from the adjacent turbine wakes. These aerodynamic constraints limit the amount of power that can be extracted from a given wind farm footprint. We conducted full-scale field tests of vertical-axis wind turbines in counter-rotating configurations under natural wind conditions. Whereas wind farms consisting of propeller-style turbines produce 2 to 3 watts of power per square meter of land area, these field tests indicate that power densities approaching 100 W m^-2 can be achieved by arranging vertical-axis wind turbines in layouts that enable them to extract energy from adjacent wakes. In addition, we calculated that the global wind resource available to 10-m tall turbines based on the present approach is approximately 225 trillion watts (TW), which significantly exceeds the global wind resource available to 80-m tall, propeller-style wind turbines, approximately 75 TW. This improvement is due to the closer spacing that can be a...
Dabiri, John O
Proceedings of the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) design technology seminar for industry
The objective of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) Program at Sandia National Laboratories is to develop technology that results in economical, industry-produced, and commercially marketable wind energy systems. The purpose of the VAWT Design Technology Seminar or Industry was to provide for the exchange of the current state-of-the-art and predictions for future VAWT technology. Emphasis was placed on technology transfer on Sandia's technical developments and on defining the available analytic and design tools. Separate abstracts are included for presented papers.
Johnston, S.F. Jr. (ed.)
Proceedings of the Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Technology Workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, May 18--20, 1976
Separate abstracts are included for twenty-nine of the thirty papers presented concerning vertical axis wind turbines. One paper has previously been abstracted and included in the ERDA Energy Data Base and Energy Research Abstracts journal.
Not Available
Vertical axis wind turbine development. Final report, March 1, 1976-June 30, 1977
Theoretical and experimental research accomplished in evaluating an innovative concept for vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) is described. The concept is that of using straight blades composed of circulation controlled airfoil sections. The theoretical analysis has been developed to determine the unsteady lift and moment characteristics of multiple-blade cross-flow wind turbines. To determine the drag data needed as input to the theoretical analysis, an outdoor test model VAWT has been constructed; design details, instrumentation, calibration results, and initial test results are reported. Initial testing was with fixed pitch blades having cross-sections of conventional symmetrical airfoils. Costs of building the test model are included, as well as cost estimates for blades constructed with composite materials. These costs are compared with those of other types of wind turbines.
� IC-EpsMsO NUMERICAL SIMULATION IN VERTICAL WIND AXIS TURBINE WITH PITCH
energy, pitch controlled blades Abstract: Wind energy is more and more used as a renewable energy source character. The present wind turbine is a small one which allows to be used on roofs or in gardens to light small areas like publicity boards, parking, roads or for water pumping, heating... The present turbine has a vertical axis. Each turbine blade combines a rotating movement around its own axis and around the main rotor axis. Due to this combination of movements, flow around this turbine is highly unsteady and needs to be modeled by unsteady calculation. One of the main problems of such geometry is to simulate the two combined movements. The present work is an extended study of one�s made in 2009. In the previous study, some results like contours of pressure and velocity fields were presented for elliptic blades for one specific constant rotational speed and benefits of combined rotating blades was shown. The present paper points up the influence of two different blades geometries for different rotational speeds, different blade stagger angles and different Reynolds numbers related to a wider range of wind speeds. 1
Controlled Blades; Bayeul-lain� Annie-claude; Dockter Aurore; Bois G�rard; Simonet Sophie
Vertical axis wind turbine power regulation through centrifugally pumped lift spoiling
This paper describes an approach for lowering the rated windspeeds of Darrieus-type vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) whose blades are hollow aluminum extrusions. The blades, which when rotating act as centrifugal pumps, are fitted with a series of small perforations distributed along a portion of the blades' span. By valving the ends of the hollow blades, flow into the blade ends and out of the perforations may be controlled. This flow can induce premature aerodynamic stall on the blade elements, thereby reducing both the rated power of the turbine and its cost-of-energy. The concept has been proven on the Sandia National Laboratories 5-m diameter research VAWT and force balance and flow visualization wind tunnel tests have been conducted using a blade section designed for the VAWT application.
Klimas, P.C.; Sladky, J.F. Jr.
The Influence of Aerodynamic Stall on the Performance of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines.
??There is currently an increasing desire for local small-scale sustainable energy generation. This has lead to increased interest in the concept of the vertical axis� (more)
Edwards, Jonathan
Customized airfoils and their impact on VAWT (Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine) cost of energy
Sandia National Laboratories has developed a family of airfoils specifically designed for use in the equatorial portion of a Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) blade. An airfoil of that family has been incorporated into the rotor blades of the DOE/Sandia 34-m diameter VAWT Test Bed. The airfoil and rotor design process is reviewed. Comparisons with data recently acquired from flow visualization tests and from the DOE/Sandia 34-m diameter VAWT Test Bed illustrate the success that was achieved in the design. The economic optimization model used in the design is described and used to evaluate the effect of modifications to the current Test Bed blade. 1 tab., 11 figs., 13 refs.
The Influence of Unsteady Wind on the Performance and Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines.
??Interest in small�scale wind turbines as energy sources in the built environment has increased due to the desire of consumers in urban areas to reduce� (more)
Danao, Louis Angelo
Medium-solidity Vertical Axis Wind Turbines for use in Urban Environments S. Tullis, A. Fiedler, K. McLaren, S. Ziada
Vertical axis wind turbines are currently experiencing a renewed interest in small- scale applications in urban environments. However, vibration is a large issue with VAWTs due to their highly variable blade. A prototype of a commercially available 2.5 kW VAWT was wind tunnel tested to investigate its power
Addendum to a proposal to NSF to sponsor a vertical-axis wind turbine research program
Information is presented concerning the performance evaluation of a 15 foot-diameter test bed Darrieus rotor, Darrieus rotor wind tunnel tests, Savonius rotor wind tunnel tests, blade manufacturing techniques for 15 foot-diameter and 35 foot-diameter wind turbines, static and dynamic structural analysis, production prototype design of a 15 foot-diameter turbine, production prototype design of 35 foot-diameter turbine, and aerodynamic performance studies.
Blackwell, B.F.; Feltz, L.V.; Rightley, E.C.
Axis Ratios of Water Drops Levitated in a Vertical Wind Tunnel
The shapes of falling raindrops are often significantly altered by drop oscillations, complicating dual-polarization radar methods that rely on a predictable, monotonic variation of drop axis ratio ? with equivolume drop diameter d. This ...
B. K. Jones; J. R. Saylor
Design and construction of vertical axis wind turbines using dual-layer vacuum-forming
How does one visualize wind? Is it the way trees bend in a strong gust or the way smoke is carried in a breeze? What if wind could be visualized using design, technology, and light? This thesis documents the design of a ...
Carper, Christopher T
Approach to the fatigue analysis of vertical-axis wind-turbine blades
A cursory analysis of the stress history of wind turbine blades indicates that a single stress level at each wind speed does not adequately describe the blade stress history. A statistical description is required. Blade stress data collected from the DOE/ALCOA Low Cost experimental turbines indicate that the Rayleigh probability density function adequately describes the distribution of vibratory stresses at each wind speed. The Rayleigh probability density function allows the distribution of vibratory stresses to be described by the RMS of the stress vs. time signal. With the RMS stress level described for all wind speeds, the complete stress history of the turbine blades is known. Miner's linear cumulative damage rule is used as a basis for summing the fatigue damage over all operating conditions. An analytical expression is derived to predict blade fatigue life.
Veers, P.S.
ERRATUM Energy exchange in an array of vertical-axis wind turbines
The calculation of the planform kinetic energy flux in this paper contains an error. The equation stated in the manuscript, Pvert ???Aplanu , is correct. However, a typographical error in the data processing code had the effect of calculating the planform kinetic energy flux using u 2 instead of u. This error caused a quantitative change in the planform kinetic energy flux as can be seen in the revised version of Figure 7. Figure 7. Contours of the power transport due to the planform kinetic energy flux along the centre of the turbine array. The three turbine pairs are indicated as vertical bars. Upon correction, the planform kinetic energy flux is lower than originally stated. In the region in front of the turbine array, it is 2.2 W/m 2 instead of 17 W/m 2. The average planform kinetic energy flux into the turbine array from 2 D downwind of the second turbine pair to 7.5 D downwind of the third sensor pair is 3.4 W/m 2 for the highest sensor position and 0.03 W/m 2 for the lowest sensor position; values of 22 W/m 2 and 0.4 W/m 2, respectively, were stated in the paper. The correction leads to a planform kinetic energy flux of 316 W per turbine pair which is approximately one-third of the power that is extracted by the turbine pair. Furthermore, the corrected results lead to the conclusion that the Frandsen formula gives the better estimate of the planform kinetic energy flux. The Frandsen estimate is off by 76 % while the Lettau is off by a factor of 8.5. While the conclusions of the manuscript are largely unchanged, the corrected data indicate that the planform kinetic energy flux is not sufficient to account for the total power
Matthias Kinzel; Quinn Mulligan; John O. Dabiri
Control system for a vertical axis windmill
A vertical axis windmill having a rotating structure is provided with a series of articulated vertical blades whose positions are controlled to maintain a constant RPM for the rotating structure, when wind speed is sufficient. A microprocessor controller is used to process information on wind speed, wind direction and RPM of the rotating structure to develop an electrical signal for establishing blade position. The preferred embodiment of the invention, when connected to a utility grid, is designed to generate 40 kilowatts of power when exposed to a 20 mile per hour wind. The control system for the windmill includes electrical blade actuators that modulate the blades of the rotating structure. Blade modulation controls the blade angle of attack, which in turn controls the RPM of the rotor. In the preferred embodiment, the microprocessor controller provides the operation logic and control functions. A wind speed sensor provides inputs to start or stop the windmill, and a wind direction sensor is used to keep the blade flip region at 90.degree. and 270.degree. to the wind. The control system is designed to maintain constant rotor RPM when wind speed is between 10 and 40 miles per hour.
Brulle, Robert V. (St. Louis County, MO)
Aerodynamic characteristics of seven symmetrical airfoil sections through 180-degree angle of attack for use in aerodynamic analysis of vertical axis wind turbines
When work began on the Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) program at Sandia National Laboratories, it was recognized that there was a paucity of symmetrical airfoil data needed to describe the aerodynamics of turbine blades. Curved-bladed Darrieus turbines operate at local Reynolds numbers (Re) and angles of attack (..cap alpha..) seldom encountered in aeronautical applications. This report describes (1) a wind tunnel test series conducted at moderate values of Re in which 0 less than or equal to ..cap alpha.. less than or equal to 180/sup 0/ force and moment data were obtained for four symmetrical blade-candidate airfoil sections (NACA-0009, -0012, -0012H, and -0015), and (2) how an airfoil property synthesizer code can be used to extend the measured properties to arbitrary values of Re (10/sup 4/ less than or equal to Re less than or equal to 10/sup 7/) and to certain other section profiles (NACA-0018, -0021, -0025).
Sheldahl, R E; Klimas, P C
Effects of blade configuration on flow distribution and power output of a zephyr vertical axis wind turbine.
??Worldwide interest in renewable energy systems has increased dramatically, due to environmental concerns like climate change and other factors. Wind power is a major source� (more)
Ajedegba, John Oviemuno
Optimization of a Savonius rotor vertical-axis wind turbine for use in water pumping systems in rural Honduras
The D-lab Honduras team designed and constructed a wind-powered water pump in rural Honduras during IAP 2007. Currently, the system does not work under its own power and water must be pumped by hand. This thesis seeks to ...
Zingman, Aron (Aron Olesen)
Control system for a vertical-axis windmill
A vertical-axis windmill having a rotating structure is provided with a series of articulated vertical blades whose positions are controlled to maintain a constant RPM for the rotating structure, when wind speed is sufficient. A microprocessor controller is used to process information on wind speed, wind direction and RPM of the rotating structure to develop an electrical signal for establishing blade position. The preferred embodiment of the invention, when connected to a utility grid, is designed to generate 40 kilowatts of power when exposed to a 20 mile per hour wind. The control system for the windmill includes electrical blade actuators that modulate the blades of the rotating structure. Blade modulation controls the blade angle of attack, which in turn controls the RPM of the rotor. In the preferred embodiment, the microprocessor controller provides the operation logic and control functions. A wind speed sensor provides inputs to start or stop the windmill, and a wind direction sensor is used to keep the blade flip region at 90 and 270/sup 0/ to the wind. The control system is designed to maintain constant rotor RPM when wind speed is between 10 and 40 miles per hour.
Brulle, R.V.
A General Method for Fatigue Analysis of Vertical Axis
The fatigue life of wind turbine blades that are exposed to the random loading environment of atmospheric winds is described with random data analysis procedures. The incident wind speed and the stresses caused by these winds are expressed in terms of probability density functions, while the fatigue life vs stress level relationship is treated deterministically. This approach uses a "damage density function" to express fatigue damage as a function of wind speed. By examining the constraints on the variables in the damage density expression, some generalizations of the wind turbine fatigue problem are obtained. The area under the damage density function is inversely related to total fatigue life. Therefore, an increase in fatigue life caused by restricted operation in certain wind regimes is readily visualized. An "on parameter", which is the percentage of total time at each wind speed that the turbine actually operates, is introduced for this purpose. An example calculation is presented using data acquired from the DOE 100-kW turbine program. *This work was performed at Sandia National Laboratories and was supported by the US Department of Energy under Contract Number DE-AC04-76DP00789. Acknowledgments The calculations required to produce the figures in this paper would not have been possible without the work of Jerry McNerney and Tim Leonard in developing the AUTOSYM computer simulation, The efforts of Nolan Clark and Ron Davis in collecting data for the DOE 100-kW turbine at the USDA station in Bushland, TX are greatly appreciated. of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Blades
Paul S. Veers
Statistics on Vertical Wind Shear over Oceans
Statistics on boundary layer vertical wind shear were gathered from rawinsonde soundings taken from three small islands and one weather ship. These soundings show a high correlation between surface and 1829 m altitude wind directions. Wind speeds ...
Donald P. Wylie; Barry B. Hinton; Kellie M. Millett
Review of wind simulation methods for horizontal-axis wind turbine analysis
This report reviews three reports on simulation of winds for use in wind turbine fatigue analysis. The three reports are presumed to represent the state of the art. The Purdue and Sandia methods simulate correlated wind data at two points rotating as on the rotor of a horizontal-axis wind turbine. The PNL method at present simulates only one point, which rotates either as on a horizontal-axis wind turbine blade or as on a vertical-axis wind turbine blade. The spectra of simulated data are presented from the Sandia and PNL models under comparable input conditions, and the energy calculated in the rotational spikes in the spectra by the two models is compared. Although agreement between the two methods is not impressive at this time, improvement of the Sandia and PNL methods is recommended as the best way to advance the state of the art. Physical deficiencies of the models are cited in the report and technical recommendations are made for improvement. The report also reviews two general methods for simulating single-point data, called the harmonic method and the white noise method. The harmonic method, which is the basis of all three specific methods reviewed, is recommended over the white noise method in simulating winds for wind turbine analysis.
Powell, D.C.; Connell, J.R.
MHK Technologies/Vertical Axis Venturi System | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Axis Venturi System Axis Venturi System < MHK Technologies Jump to: navigation, search << Return to the MHK database homepage 275px Technology Profile Primary Organization Warrior Girl Corporation Technology Resource Click here Current Technology Type Click here Axial Flow Turbine Technology Readiness Level Click here TRL 1 3 Discovery Concept Def Early Stage Dev Design Engineering Technology Description The proprietary venturi system uses two venturies one on the upstream side of the vertical axis turbine to force the water flow into the turbine and one at the downstream side of the turbine which creates a lower pressure region that pulls the water through the turbine The vertical axis orientation of the turbine is believed by the company to allow for efficiency gains
Development and Test Plans for a small Vertical Axis Turbine Designed and
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Development and Test Plans for a small Vertical Axis Turbine Designed and Development and Test Plans for a small Vertical Axis Turbine Designed and Built by the Russian State Rocket Center under Berkeley Lab auspices Speaker(s): Anthony Radspieler Jr. Glen Dahlbacka Joseph Rasson Date: March 4, 2010 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Berkeley Lab Engineering Division teamed with Empire Magnetics, Rohnert Park and the Makeyev State Rocket Center under a DOE NNSA non-proliferation project to develop and test a series of small wind turbines of vertical axis design. Over the years, about 100 Russian scientists and engineers worked on the project and the hydrodynamic, aerodynamic and mechanical test facilities of the SRC were used. The objective was to create a highly manufacturable Darieus unit with a modest Tip Speed Ratio (quiet and low
Yaw dynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines
Designers of a horizontal axis wind turbine yaw mechanism are faced with a difficult decision. They know that if they elect to use a yaw- controlled rotor then the system will suffer increased initial cost and increased inherent maintenance and reliability problems. On the other hand, if they elect to allow the rotor to freely yaw they known they will have to account for unknown and random, though bounded, yaw rates. They will have a higher-risk design to trade-off against the potential for cost savings and reliability improvement. The risk of a yaw-free system could be minimized if methods were available for analyzing and understanding yaw behavior. The complexity of yaw behavior has, until recently, discouraged engineers from developing a complete yaw analysis method. The objectives of this work are to (1) provide a fundamental understanding of free-yaw mechanics and the design concepts most effective at eliminating yaw problems, and (2) provide tested design tools and guidelines for use by free-yaw wind systems manufacturers. The emphasis is on developing practical and sufficiently accurate design methods.
Hansen, A.C. (Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, UT (United States))
Helical-axis stellarator with helical windings
The equilibrium and stability of the plasma in a stellarator with a helical geometric axis and with helical external fields are analyzed.
Mikhailov, M.I.; Pustovitov, V.D.
Experimental and theoretical study of horizontal-axis wind turbines
in many of the large machines which are now operating . 1.2 Recent developments (prior to 1978) Since 1973 wind power has grown at a very rapid rate in both Europe and America. The number of horizontal-axis wind turbines which have been built... .1 Introduction 9.2 Wind velocity measurement 9.3 Concluding remarks re wind velocity measurement 9.4 Power vs. wind speed 9.5 POWer coefficient vs. tip speed ratio 9.6 Conclusions Chapter 10. Summary of conclusions and suggestions for further research...
Anderson, Michael Broughton
Wind Turbines
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Although all wind turbines operate on similar principles, several varieties are in use today. These include horizontal axis turbines and vertical axis turbines.
Spin-stabilized magnetic levitation without vertical axis of rotation
The symmetry properties of a magnetic levitation arrangement are exploited to produce spin-stabilized magnetic levitation without aligning the rotational axis of the rotor with the direction of the force of gravity. The rotation of the rotor stabilizes perturbations directed parallel to the rotational axis.
Romero, Louis (Albuquerque, NM); Christenson, Todd (Albuquerque, NM); Aaronson, Gene (Albuquerque, NM)
Environmental Vertical Wind Shear with Hurricane Bertha (1996)
Hurricane Bertha (1996) was influenced by vertical wind shear with highly variable direction and magnitude. The paper describes a unique method for determining the vertical tilt of a tropical cyclone vortex using satellite and aircraft data. ...
Raymond M. Zehr
Mean Vertical Motions Seen by Radar Wind Profilers
Radar wind profilers have been used to measure directly the vertical motion above the radar site. Mean values of vertical motions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere reported at sites in and near mountains are often several centimeters per ...
G. D. Nastrom; T. E. VanZandt
Observations of Vertical Wind Shear Heterogeneity in Convective Boundary Layers
Dual-Doppler wind syntheses from mobile radar observations obtained during the International H2O Project document some of the spatial variability of vertical wind profiles in convective boundary layers. Much of the variability of popular ...
Paul Markowski; Yvette Richardson
Combined Experiment Phase 1. [Horizontal axis wind turbines: wind tunnel testing versus field testing
How does wind tunnel airfoil data differ from the airfoil performance on an operating horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) The National Renewable Energy laboratory has been conducting a comprehensive test program focused on answering this question and understanding the basic fluid mechanics of rotating HAWT stall aerodynamics. The basic approach was to instrument a wind rotor, using an airfoil that was well documented by wind tunnel tests, and measure operating pressure distributions on the rotating blade. Based an the integrated values of the pressure data, airfoil performance coefficients were obtained, and comparisons were made between the rotating data and the wind tunnel data. Care was taken to the aerodynamic and geometric differences between the rotating and the wind tunnel models. This is the first of two reports describing the Combined Experiment Program and its results. This Phase I report covers background information such as test setup and instrumentation. It also includes wind tunnel test results and roughness testing.
Butterfield, C.P.; Musial, W.P.; Simms, D.A.
Study on Aerodynamic Design of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Generator System
In this paper the choosing principles of design parameters and multi-airfoils in horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) generator system aerodynamic design are introduced. On the basis of the comparison analysis of wind turbine aerodynamic design method ... Keywords: Schmitz, airfoil, partial load, horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), blade tip speed ratio (BTSR)
Li Dong; Mingfu Liao; Yingfeng Li; Xiaoping Song; Ke Xu
Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Precipitation
The response of the precipitation field for tropical cyclones in relation to the surrounding environmental vertical wind shear has been investigated using 20 000 snapshots of passive-microwave satellite rain rates. Composites of mean rain rates, ...
Matthew T. Wingo; Daniel J. Cecil
A Vertical Wind Tunnel for Snow Process Studies
A vertical wind tunnel using an artificially generated supercooled cloud was constructed to study snowfall processes. It is 18 m high and operates to a temperature as low as ?25�C. Ultrasonic atomizers supply the supercooled water droplets, and ...
Tsuneya Takahashi; Chikara Inoue; Yoshinori Furukawa; Tatsuo Endoh; Renji Naruse
Simulation and modeling of flow field around a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) using RANS method.
??The principal objective of the proposed CFD analysis is to investigate the flow field around a horizontal axis wind turbine rotor and calculate the turbine's� (more)
Sargsyan, Armen.
On the Vertical Structure of Wind-Driven Sea Currents
The vertical structure of wind-driven sea surface currents and the role of wind-wave breaking in its formation are investigated by means of both field experiments and modeling. Analysis of drifter measurements of surface currents in the uppermost ...
Vladimir Kudryavtsev; Victor Shrira; Vladimir Dulov; Vladimir Malinovsky
Effect of winglets on a vertical-axis wind turbine.
??An helical rotor blade configuration, made of a NACA 0021 airfoil, is defined and three candidate winglets, characterized by a wingtip extension of 1.00 blade� (more)
Gasparoni, Lorenzo
Vertical Wind Shear Associated with Left-Moving Supercells
Vertical wind shear parameters are presented for 60 left-moving supercells across the United States, 53 of which produced severe hail (?1.9 cm). Hodographs corresponding to environments of left-moving supercells have a tendency to be more linear ...
Matthew J. Bunkers
Modelling the Vertical Wind Speed and Turbulence Intensity Profiles at Prospective Offshore Wind Farm Sites
Monin-Obukhov theory predicts the well-known log-linear form of the vertical wind speed profile. A turbulence intensity profile can be estimated from this by assuming that the standard deviation of the wind speed is proportional to the friction velocity. Two parameters, namely the aerodynamic surface roughness length and the MoninObukhov length, are than needed to predict the vertical wind speed and turbulence intensity profiles from a measurement at one height. Different models to estimate these parameters for conditions important for offshore wind energy utilisation are compared and tested: Four models for the surface roughness and three methods to derive the Monin-Obukov-length from measurements. They have been tested with data from the offshore field measurement Rdsand by extrapolating the measured 10 m wind speed to 50 m height and comparing it with the measured 50 m wind speed.
Bernhard Lange; S�ren Larsen; J�rgen H�jstrup; Rebecca Barthelmie; Ulrich Focken
Vertical Wind Variability Observed by VHF Radar in the Lee of the Colorado Rockies
During March 1981 the Sunset and Platteville VHF clear-air radars located in Colorado to the east of the continental divide observed vertical winds continuously over a three-week period. The vertical winds at these locations contain fluctuations ...
W. L. Ecklund; K. S. Gage; B. B. Balsley; R. G. Strauch; J. L. Green
Study of Composite Materials Application for Horizontal Axis Wind ...
Since the specific velocity is directly related to the coefficient of power Cp of a wind rotor, this article presents a comparative study with different materials and�...
Determination of Elastic Twist in Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
This report presents the results of a project at the Alternative Energy Institute (AEI) which measured and calculated the elastic twist of three representative composite horizontal-axis blades: Carter 300, Gougeon ESI 54, and UTRC 8 kW.
Stoddard, F.; Nelson, V.; Starcher, K.; Andrews, B.
Lidar Measurement of Turbulence Encountered by Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
We used a continuous-wave (CW) Doppler lidar to measure wind velocity turbulence from a moving frame of reference. By directing the lidar beam to trace the perimeters of vertical-plane disks about horizontal axes parallel to the mean wind ...
R. M. Hardesty; B. F. Weber
An Algorithm for Retrieving Vertical Wind Profiles from Satellite-Observed Winds over the Indian Ocean Using Complex EOF Analysis
With an aim to exploit current satellite observations for determining vertical wind profiles, the authors have carried out a complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis of a large number of radiosonde observations of wind fields over ...
C. M. Kishtawal; Sujit Basu; F. C. Pandey
The Dependence of Numerically Simulated Convective Storms on Vertical Wind Shear and Buoyancy
The effects of vertical wind shear and buoyancy on convective storm structure and evolution are investigated with the use of a three-dimensional numerical cloud model. By varying the magnitude of buoyant energy and one-directional vertical shear ...
M. L. Weisman; J. B. Klemp
Wind Profiler Observations of Vertical Motion and Precipitation Microphysics of a Tropical Squall Line
Data from a wind profiler located at Darwin, Australia, have been used to examine the vertical motions and precipitation microphysics in a well-developed squall line. Both a mature and developing convective cell are well sampled. The vertical ...
Peter T. May; Deepak K. Rajopadhyaya
The Vertical Resolution of the Kennedy Space Center 50-MHz Wind Profiler
The effective vertical resolution of the Kennedy Space Center 50-MHz Doppler radar wind profiler is determined using vertical wavenumber spectra and temporal coherence. The resolution ranges from being Nyquist limited at 300 m to as coarse as 900 ...
Francis J. Merceret
Effects of Small-Scale Vertical Motion on Radar Measurements of Wind and Temperature Profiles
Vertical velocities were observed during the month of June 1990 with two side-by-side wind profilers at Platteville, Colorado. Many of the observations reveal strong wave motion, probably mountain lee waves, that sometimes caused vertical ...
B. L. Weber; D. B. Wuertz; D. C. Law; A. S. Frisch; J. M. Brown
Use of a Vertical Vorticity Equation in Variational Dual-Doppler Wind Analysis
The utility of the anelastic vertical vorticity equation in a weak-constraint (least squares error) variational dual-Doppler wind analysis procedure is explored. The analysis winds are obtained by minimizing a cost function accounting for the ...
Alan Shapiro; Corey K. Potvin; Jidong Gao
Power in the Vertical: Using Wind Profiler Data to Study Precipitation
in the Vertical: Using Wind Profiler Data to Study Precipitation For original submission and image(s), see ARM Research Highlights http:www.arm.govsciencehighlights Research...
Wind turbine | Open Energy Information
turbine turbine Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Wind turbine: A machine that converts wind energy to mechanical energy; typically connected to a generator to produce electricity. Other definitions:Wikipedia Reegle Contents 1 Types of Wind Turbines 1.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 1.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines 2 Wind Turbine Sizes 3 Components of a Wind Turbine 4 References Types of Wind Turbines There are two basic wind turbine designs: those with a vertical axis (sometimes referred to as VAWTs) and those with a horizontal axis (sometimes referred to as HAWTs). There are several manufacturers of vertical axis turbines, but they have not penetrated the "utility scale" (100 kW capacity and larger) market to the same degree as horizontal axis turbines.[1]
Low-Maintenance Wind Power System
with widespread adoption of wind energy. The project hasProject: Low-Maintenance Wind Power System Summary of theImproved Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Aerodynamic Control
Rasson, Joseph E
Theoretical and experimental power from large horizontal-axis wind turbines
A method for calculating the output power from large horizontal-axis wind turbines is presented. Modifications to the airfoil characteristics and the momentum portion of classical blade element-momentum theory are given that improve correlation with measured data. Improvement is particularly evident at low tip speed ratios where aerodynamic stall can occur as the blade experiences high angles of attack. Output power calculated using the modified theory is compared with measured data for several large wind turbines. These wind turbines range in size from the DOE/NASA 100 kW Mod-O (38 m rotor diameter) to the 2000 kW Mod-1 (61 m rotor diameter). The calculated results are in good agreement with measured data from these machines.
Viterna, L A; Janetzke, D C
A Note on the Effect of Wind Waves on Vertical Mixing in Franks Tract, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California
Wang W, Huang RX. 2004. Wind energy input to the surfacecoefficient variability under wind waves in a tidal estuary.2008. A Note on the Effect of Wind Waves on Vertical Mixing
Jones, Nicole L; Thompson, Janet K; Monismith, Stephen G
Vertical Mixing and the Temperature and Wind Structure of the Tropical Tropopause Layer
We show that vertical mixing can lead to significant momentum and heat fluxes in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and that these momentum and heat fluxes can force large climatological temperature and zonal wind changes in the TTL. We present ...
Thomas J. Flannaghan; Stephan Fueglistaler
Asymmetric Hurricane Boundary Layer Structure from Dropsonde Composites in Relation to the Environmental Vertical Wind Shear
This study investigates the asymmetric structure of the hurricane boundary layer in relation to the environmental vertical wind shear in the inner core region. Data from 1878 GPS dropsondes deployed by research aircraft in 19 hurricanes are ...
Jun A. Zhang; Robert F. Rogers; Paul D. Reasor; Eric W. Uhlhorn; Frank D. Marks Jr.
Vertical Wind Shear Influences on Tropical Cyclone Formation and Intensification during TCM-92 and TCM-93
Vertical wind shears between 200 and 850 mb are calculated from operational analyses and special interactive analyses for Tropical Storm Steve during the Tropical Cyclone Motion (TCM-93) field experiment and for Typhoon Omar at the end of the TCM-...
Russell L. Elsberry; Richard A. Jeffries
Effects of Vertical Wind Shear and Storm Motion on Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Asymmetries Deduced from TRMM
Vertical wind shear and storm motion are two of the most important factors contributing to rainfall asymmetries in tropical cyclones (TCs). Global TC rainfall structure, in terms of azimuthal distribution and asymmetries relative to storm motion, ...
Shuyi S. Chen; John A. Knaff; Frank D. Marks Jr.
Organization of Tropical Convection in Low Vertical Wind Shears: The Role of Water Vapor
A modeling study is conducted to gain insight into the factors that control the intensity and organization of tropical convection, and in particular to examine if organization occurs in the absence of factors such as vertical wind shear or ...
Adrian M. Tompkins
Effect of Vertical Wind Shear on Numerically Simulated Multicell Storm Structure
A strictly two-dimensional cloud model was used to gauge the effect of vertical wind shear on the mature phase behavior of model-simulated multicellular storms, extending the previous work of the authors. We specifically examined the propagation ...
Robert G. Fovell; Yoshi Ogura
The Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on the Distribution of Convection in Tropical Cyclones
The influence of vertical wind shear on the azimuthal distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning in tropical cyclones was examined using flash locations from the National Lightning Detection Network. The study covers 35 Atlantic basin tropical ...
Kristen L. Corbosiero; John Molinari
Structural effects of unsteady aerodynamic forces on horizontal-axis wind turbines
Due to its renewable nature and abundant resources, wind energy has the potential to fulfill a large portion of this nation`s energy needs. The simplest means of utilizing wind energy is through the use of downwind, horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) with fixed-pitch rotors. This configuration regulates the peak power by allowing the rotor blade to aerodynamically stall. The stall point, the point of maximum coefficient of lift, is currently predicted using data obtained from wind tunnel tests. Unfortunately, these tests do not accurately simulate conditions encountered in the field. Flow around the tower and nacelle coupled with inflow turbulence and rotation of the turbine blades create unpredicted aerodynamic forces. Dynamic stall is hypothesized to occur. Such aerodynamic loads are transmitted into the rotor and tower causing structural resonance that drastically reduces the design lifetime of the wind turbine. The current method of alleviating this problem is to structurally reinforce the tower and blades. However, this adds unneeded mass and, therefore, cost to the turbines. A better understanding of the aerodynamic forces and the manner in which they affect the structure would allow for the design of more cost effective and durable wind turbines. Data compiled by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for a downwind HAWT with constant chord, untwisted, fixed-pitch rotors is analyzed. From these data, the actual aerodynamic characteristics of the rotor are being portrayed and the potential effects upon the structure can for the first time be fully analyzed. Based upon their understanding, solutions to the problem of structural resonance are emerging.
Miller, M.S.; Shipley, D.E. [Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). BioServe Space Technologies
A Simple Technique for Simultaneous Suspension of Multiple Drops in a Small Vertical Wind Tunnel
A simple technique is described by which multiple millimeter-size water drops can be simultaneously suspended in an air stream above the test section of a 12 � 12 cm cross section of a vertical wind tunnel. Horizontal profiles of the vertical air ...
A. K. Kamra; D. V. Ahire
GPS Dropwindsonde and WSR-88D Observations of Tropical Cyclone Vertical Wind Profiles and Their Characteristics
The characteristics of tropical cyclone vertical wind profiles and their associated wind speed peaks below 1.5 km were examined through the use of a large number of GPS dropwindsondes (GPS sondes) and radar-derived velocity�azimuth display (VAD) ...
Ian M. Giammanco; John L. Schroeder; Mark D. Powell
On the Vertical Extrapolation of Mean Wind Power Density
A simple method of estimating the height variation of the mean wind power density is presented which accounts for the variation of the exponent p of the wind speed power law, with stability and roughness. Measurements are used to compare the new ...
Leon Sedefian
Evaluation Of Models For The Vertical Extrapolation Of Wind Speed Measurements At Offshore Sites
Monin-Obukhov theory predicts the well-known log-linear form of the vertical wind speed profile. Two parameters, namely the aerodynamic surface roughness length and the Monin-Obukhov-length, are needed to predict the vertical wind speed profile from a measurement at one height. Different models to estimate these parameters for conditions important for offshore wind energy utilisation are discussed and tested: Four models for the surface roughness and three methods to derive the Monin-Obukov-length from measurements are compared. They have been tested with data from the offshore field measurement Rdsand by extrapolating the measured 10 m wind speed to 50 m height and comparing it with the measured 50 m wind speed. The mean
Bernhard Lange; J�rgen H�jstrup; S�ren Larsen; Rebecca Barthelmie
The Extrapolation of Vertical Profiles of Wind Speed within the Marine Atmospheric Surface layer Using the p Formula
Values of p for the exponent-type wind profile formulation, used in vertical extrapolations of wind speed, were derived for the marine atmospheric surface layer. Nomograms were constructed providing p values as dependent on a single elevation ...
M. Segal; R. A. Pielke
The Case of Sharp Velocity Transitions in High Vertical Wind Shear When Measuring Doppler Velocities with Narrow Nyquist Intervals
An investigation was launched following unexpected observations of step-function transitions in Doppler velocities from scanning radars in regions of high vertical wind shear. It revealed that, if wind velocity transitions are sufficiently sharp ...
Fr�d�ric Fabry; Clotilde Augros; Aldo Bellon
Horizontal-axis wind-system rotor performance model comparison: a compendium
This compendium consists of four reports, the purpose of which is to evaluate performance prediction methods for horizontal-axis wind turbines. The reports were prepared by four separate contractors. Oregon State University, AeroVironment, Inc., Aerospace Systems, Inc., and United Technologies Research Center (UTRC). Three of the four contractors used a blade-element/momentum analysis, while the fourth (UTRC) utilized a lifting line/prescribed wake analysis. These contractors were to apply their prediction methods to two rotors, that of the Enertech 1500 and that of the 1/3-scale UTRC 8 kW turbines. Results from the four prediction methods are compared with actual test data gathered via Controlled Velocity Testing (CVT), carried out by the Rocky Flats Wind Energy Research Center, operated by Rockwell International for the US Department of Energy. The conclusions of the four reports are reviewed in an introduction prepared by Rockwell International. For the Enertech 1500, rotor performance predictions closely agreed with CVT data. Yet, because of the lack of high tip speed ratio data, verification of the Glauert momentum theory was not possible. Predictions regarding the UTRC 1/3 scale 8 kW rotor did not agree well with test results. The reasons cited for the discrepancies center on inadequate airfoil section data and the varying blade pitch angles of the unique UTRC flexbeam rotor.
Drop Shapes and Axis Ratio Distributions: Comparison between 2D Video Disdrometer and Wind-Tunnel Measurements
Comparisons of drop shapes between measurements made using 2D video disdrometer (2DVD) and wind-tunnel experiments are presented. Comparisons are made in terms of the mean drop shapes and the axis ratio distributions. Very close agreement of the ...
M. Thurai; V. N. Bringi; M. Szak�ll; S. K. Mitra; K. V. Beard; S. Borrmann
The Coherence Time of Midtropospheric Wind Features as a Function of Vertical Scale from 300 m to 2 km
The coherence between vertical wind profiles separated by a time lag is measured as a function of vertical scale from Doppler radar wind profiler data. Each profile covers altitudes from 6811 m to 16?261 m and is Fourier transformed over a ...
Precipitation Identification from Radar Wind Profiler Spectral Moment Data: Vertical Velocity Histograms, Velocity Variance, and Signal Power�Vertical Velocity Correlations
Correlations between range-corrected signal power Src and radial vertical velocity Vr, from the vertical beam of a UHF wind profiler can be used to distinguish between air- and precipitation-dominated echoes using an Src�Vr correlation diagram. ...
F. Martin Ralph; Paul J. Neiman; Dominique Ruffieux
Wind Turbine Basics | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Wind Turbine Basics Wind Turbine Basics Wind Turbine Basics July 30, 2013 - 2:58pm Addthis Energy 101: Wind Turbines Basics This video explains the basics of how wind turbines operate to produce clean power from an abundant, renewable resource-the wind. Text Version Wind turbine assembly Although all wind turbines operate on similar principles, several varieties are in use today. These include horizontal axis turbines and vertical axis turbines. Horizontal Axis Turbines Horizontal axis turbines are the most common turbine configuration used today. They consist of a tall tower, atop which sits a fan-like rotor that faces into or away from the wind, a generator, a controller, and other components. Most horizontal axis turbines built today are two- or three-bladed. Horizontal axis turbines sit high atop towers to take advantage of the
Measurements of television interference caused by a vertical-axis wind machine. Final subcontract report
The electromagnetic interference to television reception caused by the 17 m Darreius at Albuquerque, NM, has been studied by carrying out measurements at a number of sites in the vicinity of the VAWT. The rf sources used were the commercial vhf and uhf TV signals available in the area. Ambient field-strength measurements showed that the signals on all TV channels except one were strong, and provided good reception at all test sites. With the antenna (properly) oriented for maximum direct signal, unacceptable interference was observed on some channels at sites out to 33 m from the WT in the forward and backward regions. With the antenna beam directed at the WT, interference varying from slight to violent were observed at all sites on some or all TV channels. A simple theoretical model has been developed for analyzing the TVI produced by a VAWT like the Darrieus. Using the model in conjunction with measured data, an approximate expression for the equivalent scattering area A of the Darrieus has been developed. It is found that A is wavelength (lambda) dependent and varies as lambda/sup 1/2/.
Sengupta, D L; Senior, T B.A.; Ferris, J E
report was prepared as a result of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission (Commission). It does not necessarily represent the views of the Commission, its employees, or the state of California. The Commission, the state of California, its employees, contractors, and subcontractors make no warranty, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the use of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the Commission nor has the Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. PREFACE The Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program supports public interest energy research and development that will help improve the quality of life in California by bringing environmentally safe, affordable and reliable energy services and products to the marketplace. The PIER Program, managed by the California Energy Commission (Commission), annually awards up to $62 million of which $2 million/year is allocated to the Energy Innovation Small Grant (EISG) Program for grants. The EISG Program is administered by the San Diego State
Hamid R. Rahai; Eisg Awardee
Sandia Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Program. Technical quarterly report, October--December 1975
Information is presented concerning: review of the status of general design efforts in the areas of aerodynamics, structures, systems analysis, and testing; summary of preliminary design details of the proposed 17-m turbine/60-kW generator system for power grid application; and structural analysis and operational test results for the existing 5-m turbine.
Banas, J.F.; Sullivan, W.N. (eds.)
User's manual for the vertical axis wind turbine performance computer code darter
The computer code DARTER (DARrieus, Turbine, Elemental Reynolds number) is an aerodynamic performance/loads prediction scheme based upon the conservation of momentum principle. It is the latest evolution in a sequence which began with a model developed by Templin of NRC, Canada and progressed through the Sandia National Laboratories-developed SIMOSS (SSImple MOmentum, Single Streamtube) and DART (SARrieus Turbine) to DARTER.
Klimas, P. C.; French, R. E.
Computer subroutine for estimating aerodynamic blade loads on Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines. [FORCE code
An important aspect of structural design of the Darrieus rotor is the determination of aerodynamic blade loads. This report describes a load generator which has been used at Sandia for quasi-static and dynamic rotor analyses. The generator is based on the single streamtube aerodynamic flow model and is constructed as a FORTRAN IV subroutine to facilitate its use in finite element structural models. Input and output characteristics of the subroutine are described and a complete listing is attached as an appendix.
Sullivan, W. N.; Leonard, T. M.
Implementation of a Two-Axis Servo-Hydraulic System for Full-Scale Fatigue Testing of Wind Turbine Blades
Recently, the blade fatigue testing capabilities at NREL were upgraded from single-axis to two-axis loading. To implement this, several practical challenges were addressed, as hardware complexity increased dramatically with two actuators applying the loads at right angles to each other. A custom bellcrank was designed and implemented to minimize the load angle errors and to prevent actuator side loading. The control system was upgraded to accept load and displacement feedback from two actuators. The inherent long strokes uniquely associated with wind turbine blade-tests required substantial real-time corrections for both the control and data systems. A custom data acquisition and control system was developed using a National Instruments LabVIEW platform that interfaces with proprietary servo-hydraulic software developed by MTS Corporation. Before testing, the program is run under quasi-static (slow speed) conditions and iterates to determine the correct operational control parameters for the controller, taking into consideration geometry, test speed, and phase angle errors between the two actuators. Comparisons are made between single-axis and two-axis test loads using actual test load data and load uncertainties are qualitatively described. To date, two fatigue tests have been completed and another is currently ongoing using NREL's two-axis capability.
Hughes, S. D.; Musial, W. D. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (US); Stensland, T. [Stensland Technologies (US)
The Determination of Surface-Layer Stability and Eddy Fluxes Using Wind Speed and Vertical Temperature Gradient Measurements
Analytical relations are developed that relate the Monin-Obukhov parameter to a modified bulk Richardson number expressed in terms of measured wind speed and vertical temperature difference. Measured Monin-Obukhov parameters and Richardson ...
I. T. Wang
Mountain Waves in the Tropical Pacific Atmosphere: A Comparison of Vertical Wind Fluctuations over Pohnpei and Christmas Island Using VHF Wind Profilers
We compare vertical wind fluctuations observed by VHF radar wind profilers in the tropical troposphere over a large, mountainous island (Pohnpei, at 7�N, 158�E) and a large, low-profile atoll (Christmas Island, at 2�N, 157�W). The major ...
Ben B. Balsley; David A. Carter
Direct Measurements of Vertical-Velocity Power Spectra with the Sousy-VHF-Radar Wind Profiler System
We present power spectra of vertical velocities measured with the SOUSY-VHF-Radax wind profiler.over a 5-day period in October and November 1981. Most of the data consist of hourly vertical velocity profiles based on 12-rain averages, but, for ...
M. F. Larsen; J. Rutger; D. N. Holden
Turbine Basics Turbine Basics Wind Turbine Basics July 30, 2013 - 2:58pm Addthis Energy 101: Wind Turbines Basics This video explains the basics of how wind turbines operate to produce clean power from an abundant, renewable resource-the wind. Text Version Wind turbine assembly Although all wind turbines operate on similar principles, several varieties are in use today. These include horizontal axis turbines and vertical axis turbines. Horizontal Axis Turbines Horizontal axis turbines are the most common turbine configuration used today. They consist of a tall tower, atop which sits a fan-like rotor that faces into or away from the wind, a generator, a controller, and other components. Most horizontal axis turbines built today are two- or three-bladed. Horizontal axis turbines sit high atop towers to take advantage of the
Development of a Digital Controller for a Vertical Wind Tunnel (VWT) Prototype to Mitigate Ball Fluctuations
The objective of this research was to mitigate fluctuations of a levitated ping pong ball within a vertical wind tunnel (VWT) prototype. This was made possible by remodeling the VWT system with its inherent nonlinear characteristics instead of assuming constant parameter relationships. By considering these nonlinearities a more accurate model was developed that better represented the actual system. The gain scheduling controller technique was chosen to control the ball�s vertical displacement within VWT prototype. After remodeling the VWT�s dynamics, the transfer function gain, for three different specified equilibrium points, were found to be within �35% of the original system dynamics� gain which explain why ball fluctuation was present. Also, three different controllers were developed to mitigate fluctuations at 0.10m, 0.15m and 0.20m. The three controllers were combined to create the gain scheduled controller; however, no testing has been done due to sudden, last minute hardware malfunction.
Silva, Ramon A.
Integral-Field Spectroscopy of the Post Red Supergiant IRC +10420: evidence for an axi-symmetric wind
We present NAOMI/OASIS adaptive-optics assisted integral-field spectroscopy of the transitional massive hypergiant IRC +10420, an extreme mass-losing star apparently in the process of evolving from a Red Supergiant toward the Wolf-Rayet phase. To investigate the present-day mass-loss geometry of the star, we study the appearance of the line-emission from the inner wind as viewed when reflected off the surrounding nebula. We find that, contrary to previous work, there is strong evidence for wind axi-symmetry, based on the equivalent-width and velocity variations of H$\\alpha$ and Fe {\\sc ii} $\\lambda$6516. We attribute this behaviour to the appearance of the complex line-profiles when viewed from different angles. We also speculate that the Ti {\\sc ii} emission originates in the outer nebula in a region analogous to the Strontium Filament of $\\eta$ Carinae, based on the morphology of the line-emission. Finally, we suggest that the present-day axisymmetric wind of IRC +10420, combined with its continued blueward evolution, is evidence that the star is evolving toward the B[e] supergiant phase.
Ben Davies; Ren� D. Oudmaijer; Kailash C. Sahu
We present NAOMI/OASIS adaptive-optics assisted integral-field spectroscopy of the transitional massive hypergiant IRC +10420, an extreme mass-losing star apparently in the process of evolving from a Red Supergiant toward the Wolf-Rayet phase. To investigate the present-day mass-loss geometry of the star, we study the appearance of the line-emission from the inner wind as viewed when reflected off the surrounding nebula. We find that, contrary to previous work, there is strong evidence for wind axi-symmetry, based on the equivalent-width and velocity variations of H$\\alpha$ and Fe {\\sc ii} $\\lambda$6516. We attribute this behaviour to the appearance of the complex line-profiles when viewed from different angles. We also speculate that the Ti {\\sc ii} emission originates in the outer nebula in a region analogous to the Strontium Filament of $\\eta$ Carinae, based on the morphology of the line-emission. Finally, we suggest that the present-day axisymmetric wind of IRC +10420, combined with its continued blueward...
Davies, Ben; Sahu, Kailash C
A study of pitch oscillation and roughness on airfoils used for horizontal axis wind turbines
Under subcontract XF-1-11009-3 the Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory (OSU/AARL) with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) developed an extensive database of empirical aerodynamic data. These data will assist in the development of analytical models and in the design of new airfoils for wind turbines. To accomplish the main objective, airfoil models were designed, built and wind tunnel tested with and without model leading edge grit roughness (LEGR). LEGR simulates surface irregularities due to the accumulation of insect debris, ice, and/or the aging process. This report is a summary of project project activity for Phase III, which encompasses the time period from September 17, 1 993 to September 6, 1 994.
Gregorek, G.M.; Hoffmann, M.J.; Ramsay, R.R.; Janiszewska, J.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Availability of wind power
Meteorological studies of available wind power were begun at Sandia in 1973 to support the development of a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT, ''egg-beater''). This presentation reviews work to date. Copies of seven source reports were provided to ELETROBRAS; Scientia, Ltda., has included them in an extensive bibliography that was distributed at the seminar. This report summarizes those climatological studies that are needed to assist and promote wind energy exploitation in Brazil.
Reed, J.W.
Analysis and test results for a two-bladed, passive cycle pitch, horizontal-axis wind turbine in free and controlled yaw
This report surveys the analysis and tests performed at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, on a horizontal-axis, two-laded wind turbine with teeter hub. The introduction is a brief account of results obtained during the 5-year period ending December 1985. The wind tunnel model and the test turbine (7.6 m [25 ft.] in diameter) at Washington University`s Tyson Research Center had a 67{degree} delta-three angle of the teeter axis. The introduction explains why this configuration was selected and named the passive cycle pitch (PCP) wind turbine. Through the analysis was not limited to the PCP rotor, all tests, including those done from 1986 to 1994, wee conducted with the same teetered wind rotor. The blades are rather stiff and have only a small elastic coning angle and no precone.
Holenemser, K.H. [Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States)
Numerical Simulation Of Sea Breezes with Vertical Wind Shear during Dry Season at Cape of Three Points, West Africa
The airflow over Cape of Three Points (Gulf of Guinea: 4.5�N, 2�W) has been simulated using a three-dimensional mesoscale model in order to investigate the sea breeze developing in synoptic vertical wind shears during the 1979 dry season. Two ...
S. Cautenet; R. Rosset
An Observational Study of Strong Vertical Wind Shear over North America during the 1983/84 Cold Season
The phenomenon of strong vertical wind sheer (SWS) over the North American continent is documented with conventional rawinsonde data for the period 1 October 1983 through 31 March 1984. One of the objectives of this work is to describe the three-...
John R. Gyakum; Ming Cai
Average Vertical Motions in the Tropical Atmosphere Observed by a Radar Wind Profiler on Pohnpei (7�N Latitude, 157�E Longitude)
Average vertical profiles of the vertical wind obtained under clear sky conditions as weal as under conditions of both light-to-moderate and heavy rainfall am presented from data obtained using a radar wind profiler located on the island of ...
B. B. Balsley; W. L. Ecklund; D. A. Carter; A. C. Riddle; K. S. Gage
Mass Flux and Vertical Distribution of Currents Caused by Strong Winds in a Wave Tank
The velocity fields of wind-driven currents under strong winds were measured in a wind-wave tank with a double bottom. The tank has the characteristics to satisfy partially the continuity of the mass flux and to reduce return-flow effects on the ...
Toshinori Ogasawara; Takashi Yasuda
On the Vertical Decay Rate of the Maximum Tangential Winds in Tropical Cyclones
In this study, it is shown that the maximum tangential winds within tropical cyclones decrease with height at a percentage rate that is nearly independent of both the maximum wind speed and the radius of maximum winds (RMW). This can be seen by ...
Daniel P. Stern; David S. Nolan
A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Effect of an External, Vertical Electric Field on the Shape of Electrically Uncharged Rain Drops
Results are presented of a recent wind tunnel experiment in which electrically unchanged water drops of 1000�3000 ?m equivalent radius were freely suspended in the vertical air stream of the UCLA Cloud Tunnel. During their suspension, the drops ...
R. Rasmussen; C. Walcek; H.R. Pruppacher; S.K. Mitra; J. Lew; V. Levizzani; P.K. Wang; U. Barth
Variational Analysis for Airborne Conically Scanned Doppler Lidar to Retrieve Mesoscale Wind Fields
An airborne pulsed Doppler lidar implementing a downlooking conical scan rotating around the vertical axis is under development. The information contained in the measured radial velocities is studied to assess the capacity to retrieve the 3D wind ...
Alain Dabas; Julie P�rin; Pierre H. Flamant
The vertical structure of Jupiter's equatorial zonal wind above the cloud deck, derived using mesoscale gravity waves
Data from the Galileo Probe, collected during its descent into Jupiter's atmosphere, is used to obtain a vertical profile of the zonal wind from $\\mathbf{\\sim 0.5}$ bar (upper troposphere) to $\\mathbf{\\sim 0.1\\, \\mu{bar}}$ (lower thermosphere) at the probe entry site. This is accomplished by constructing a map of gravity wave Lomb-Scargle periodograms as a function of altitude. The profile obtained from the map indicates that the wind speed above the visible cloud deck increases with height to $\\mathbf{\\sim 150}$ m\\,s$\\mathbf{^{-1}}$ and then levels off at this value over a broad altitude range. The location of the turbopause, as a region of wide wave spectrum, is also identified from the map. In addition, a cross-equatorial oscillation of a jet, which has previously been linked to the quasi-quadrennial oscillation in the stratosphere, is suggested by the profile.
Watkins, C
Horizontal Divergence and Vertical Velocity Retrievals from Doppler Radar and Wind Profiler Observations
Vertical motion profiles can be diagnosed with the mass continuity equation using horizontal divergence fields derived from various single-Doppler radar techniques such as EVAD (extended velocity-azimuth display), CEVAD (concurrent extended ...
Robert Cifelli; Steven A. Rutledge; Dennis J. Boccippio; Thomas Matejka
Horizontal wind/water wheel with vertical lift a superior protype model
A rotary device is described for capturing fluid flow and converting it to rotary mechanical energy, comprising: a single sheet of thin material having two relatively inverted generally right triangular portions, each having an hypotenuse-like base one-half of which, nearest a central axis point, has a tab-like extension that is partially perforated near the central axis point comprising an angle of slightly less than 180/sup 0/ with the remaining portion of the hypotenuse-like base, with the corresponding edges of each portion parallel to the other and slightly spaced apart from each other, the generally triangular portions each having a crease line extending from the hypotenuse-like base to the right angle vertex slightly offset towards the central axis point, the generally triangular portions being symmetrical about the central axis point and joined together by a generally parallelogram-shaped midsection with a pair of longer edges joined at an angle to a pair of shorter edges, the longer edges being collinear with the sides of the generally triangular portions nearest the central axis point, the shorter edges being respective extensions of the hypotenuse-like bases of the generally triangular portions having the tab-like extensions partially perforated near the central axis point to accommodate folded portions of the thin material; a rectangular-shaped tab, extending perpendicularly from the base of one of the generally triangular portions from near its distal vertex to a point short of the right angle vertex crease line to an outer edge parallel to the base, the tab having perforations along the base and along the outer edge.
Wittwer, J.J.
Method for Estimation of Surface Roughness and Similarity Function of Wind Speed Vertical Profile
This study is aimed at identifying and refining a method suitable to estimate the surface roughness length (z0) and the universal similarity function of the wind speed profile (?M) based on ultrasonic anemometer measurements carried out at only ...
Roberto Sozzi; Maurizio Favaron; Teodoro Georgiadis
A Summary of Convective Core Vertical Velocity Properties Using ARM UHF Wind Profilers in Oklahoma
This study presents a summary of deep convective updraft and downdraft core properties over the central plains of the United States, accomplished using a novel and now-standard ARM scanning mode for a commercial wind profiler system. A unique ...
Scott E. Giangrande; Scott Collis; Jerry Straka; Alain Protat; Christopher Williams; Steven Krueger
Investigating the Influence of the Added Mass Effect to Marine Hydrokinetic Horizontal-Axis Turbines Using a General Dynamic Wake Wind Turbine Code
This paper describes a recent study to investigate the applicability of a horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) structural dynamics and unsteady aerodynamics analysis program (FAST and AeroDyn respectively) to modeling the forces on marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines. This paper summarizes the added mass model that has been added to AeroDyn. The added mass model only includes flow acceleration perpendicular to the rotor disc, and ignores added mass forces caused by blade deflection. A model of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment (UAE) Phase VI wind turbine was analyzed using FAST and AeroDyn with sea water conditions and the new added mass model. The results of this analysis exhibited a 3.6% change in thrust for a rapid pitch case and a slight change in amplitude and phase of thrust for a case with 30{sup o} of yaw.
Maniaci, D. C.; Li, Y.
Investigating the Influence of the Added Mass Effect to Marine Hydrokinetic Horizontal-Axis Turbines Using a General Dynamic Wake Wind Turbine Code: Preprint
This paper describes a recent study to investigate the applicability of a horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) structural dynamics and unsteady aerodynamics analysis program (FAST and AeroDyn respectively) to modeling the forces on marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines. It summarizes the added mass model that has been added to AeroDyn. The added mass model only includes flow acceleration perpendicular to the rotor disc, and ignores added mass forces caused by blade deflection. A model of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment (UAE) Phase VI wind turbine was analyzed using FAST and AeroDyn with sea water conditions and the new added mass model. The results of this analysis exhibited a 3.6% change in thrust for a rapid pitch case and a slight change in amplitude and phase of thrust for a case with 30 degrees of yaw.
A comparison of spanwise aerodynamic loads estimated from measured bending moments versus direct pressure measurements on horizontal axis wind turbine blades
Two methods can be used to determine aerodynamic loads on a rotating wind turbine blade. The first is to make direct pressure measurements on the blade surface. This is a difficult process requiring costly pressure instrumentation. The second method uses measured flap bending moments in conjunction with analytical techniques to estimate airloads. This method, called ALEST, was originally developed for use on helicopter rotors and was modified for use on horizontal axis wind turbine blades. Estimating airloads using flap bending moments in much simpler and less costly because measurements can be made with conventional strain gages and equipment. This paper presents results of airload estimates obtained using both methods under a variety of operating conditions. Insights on the limitations and usefulness of the ALEST bending moment technique are also included. 10 refs., 6 figs.
Simms, D A; Butterfield, C P
Establishing a Comprehensive Wind Energy Program
This project was directed at establishing a comprehensive wind energy program in Indiana, including both educational and research components. A graduate/undergraduate course ME-514 - Fundamentals of Wind Energy has been established and offered and an interactive prediction of VAWT performance developed. Vertical axis wind turbines for education and research have been acquired, instrumented and installed on the roof top of a building on the Calumet campus and at West Lafayette (Kepner Lab). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations have been performed to simulate these urban wind environments. Also, modal dynamic testing of the West Lafayette VAWT has been performed and a novel horizontal axis design initiated. The 50-meter meteorological tower data obtained at the Purdue Beck Agricultural Research Center have been analyzed and the Purdue Reconfigurable Micro Wind Farm established and simulations directed at the investigation of wind farm configurations initiated. The virtual wind turbine and wind turbine farm simulation in the Visualization Lab has been initiated.
Fleeter, Sanford [Purdue University
Statistical Analysis of Sodium Doppler Wind�Temperature Lidar Measurements of Vertical Heat Flux
A statistical study is presented of the errors in sodium Doppler lidar measurements of wind and temperature in the mesosphere that arise from the statistics of the photon-counting process that is inherent in the technique. The authors use data ...
Liguo Su; Richard L. Collins; David A. Krueger; Chiao-Yao She
Wind turbine spoiler
An aerodynamic spoiler system for a vertical axis wind turbine includes spoilers on the blades initially stored near the rotor axis to minimize drag. A solenoid latch adjacent the central support tower releases the spoilers and centrifugal force causes the spoilers to move up the turbine blades away from the rotor axis, thereby producing a braking effect and actual slowing of the associated wind turbine, if desired. The spoiler system can also be used as an infinitely variable power control by regulated movement of the spoilers on the blades over the range between the undeployed and fully deployed positions. This is done by the use of a suitable powered reel and cable located at the rotor tower to move the spoilers.
Sullivan, William N. (Albuquerque, NM)
Investigating the Influence of Investigating the Influence of the Added Mass Effect to Marine Hydrokinetic Horizontal-Axis Turbines Using a General Dynamic Wake Wind Turbine Code D.C. Maniaci Pennsylvania State University Y. Li National Renewable Energy Laboratory Presented at the Oceans 11 Conference Kona, Hawaii September 19-21, 2011 Conference Paper NREL/CP-5000-52306 October 2011 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (Alliance), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Accordingly, the US Government and Alliance retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes.
Vertical Reynolds Stress Divergence in the Upper Ocean Associated with Linear Wind-Driven, Near-Inertial Waves of Finite Wavelength
Study of a schematic linear, wind-driven, inertio�gravity wave model in the upper ocean finds resonant, near-inertial waves of finite horizontal wavelength to have both horizontal and vertical motions. The mean product of these horizontal motions ...
Warren B. White
High Horizontal and Vertical Resolution Limited-Area Model: Near-Surface and Wind Energy Forecast Applications
As harvesting of wind energy grows, so does the need for improved forecasts from the surface to the top of wind turbines. To improve mesoscale forecasts of wind, temperature, and dewpoint temperature in this layer, two different approaches are ...
Natacha B. Bernier; St�phane B�lair
Microsoft Word - WACM wind.doc
WACM Wind Production WACM Wind Production Summary Overview October 2006 Summary by Joseph Liberatore 2 The following report is designed to give a graphical representation of the wind production on Western's transmission system in the Western Area Colorado/Missouri (WACM) control area for five (5) wind farms. A map and the general locations of the various farms is shown in figure A. Production output graphs of farms A, B, C, D and E were created to be read as follows The horizontal (X) axis is hour of day in military time and The vertical (Y) axis is month of year from January thru December, 1 thru 12 respectively. Color variations are to be interpreted as follows: Dark blue areas represent little or no wind production and are graduated to bright red which depict maximum wind farm output. All levels are normalized
Wind driven gas generator
A means is provided to convert wind energy into electrical energy which, through electrolysis, forms gases to be stored under pressure, giving a form of stored energy for use at some future time by the use of a high torque, low speed vertical axis wind machine connected by direct drive to homopolar direct current generators so as to create direct current for the electrolysis of water, resulting in the breakdown of water into its basic components of hydrogen and oxygen, which are then stored under pressure until necessary for use as a source of energy.
Crehore, R.
NREL: Wind Research - Mariah Power's Windspire Wind Turbine Testing and
Mariah Power's Windspire Wind Turbine Testing and Results Mariah Power's Windspire Wind Turbine Testing and Results A video of Mariah Power's Windspire wind turbine. Text Version As part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and U.S. Department of Energy (NREL/DOE) Independent Testing project, NREL tested Mariah Power's Windspire Giromill small wind turbine at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) through January 14, 2009 when NREL terminated its testing. Read a chronology of events and letter from Mariah Power to NREL. The Windspire is a 1.2-kilowatt (kW) vertical-axis small wind turbine. The turbine tower is 9.1 meters tall, and its rotor area is 1.2 by 6.1 meters. The turbine has a permanent-magnet generator with a single-phase output at 120 volts AC. Testing Summary Testing was terminated January 14, 2009. Published test reports include
Energy age wind ltd Co KG | Open Energy Information
age wind ltd Co KG age wind ltd Co KG Jump to: navigation, search Name energy-age-wind ltd & Co. KG Place Telgte, Germany Zip 48291 Sector Wind energy Product Energy-age-wind aims to develop small scale vertical-axis wind turbines. References energy-age-wind ltd & Co. KG[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. energy-age-wind ltd & Co. KG is a company located in Telgte, Germany . References ↑ "energy-age-wind ltd & Co. KG" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_age_wind_ltd_Co_KG&oldid=344826" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations Companies Organizations Stubs What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version
Variational Pseudo-Multiple-Doppler Wind Retrieval in the Vertical Plane for Ground-Based Mobile Radar Data
A variational procedure is developed that utilizes mobile ground-based range�height indicator (RHI) Doppler radar velocity data for the synthesis of two-dimensional, RHI plane wind vectors. The radial component winds are obtained with the radar ...
Christopher C. Weiss; Howard B. Bluestein; Robert Conzemius; Evgeni Fedorovich
Vertax Wind | Open Energy Information
Vertax Wind Vertax Wind Jump to: navigation, search Name Vertax Wind Place Surrey, United Kingdom Zip RH2 7LD Sector Wind energy Product Vertax is a British company that develops vertical axis wind turbines Coordinates 48.231575°, -101.134114° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":48.231575,"lon":-101.134114,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Rotationally sampled wind characteristics and correlations with MOD-OA wind turbine response
This report presents results of a comprehensive wind and wind turbine measurement program: the Clayton, New Mexico, vertical plane array/MOD-OA project. In this experiment, the turbulent wind was measured for a large array of fixed anemometers located two blade diameters upwind of a 200-kW horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT). Simultaneously, key wind turbine response parameters were also measured. The first of two major objectives of this experiment was to determine the turbulent wind, rotationally sampled to emulate the motion of the wind turbine blade, for the range of different wind speeds and stability classes actually experienced by the wind turbine. The second major objective was to correlate this rotationally sampled wind with the wind turbine blade stress and power, in order to assess the usefulness of the wind measurements for wind turbine loads testing a prediction. Time series of rotationally sampled winds and wind turbine blade bending moments and power were converted to frequency spectra using Fourier transform techniques. These spectra were used as the basis for both qualitative and quantitative comparisons among the various cases. A quantitative comparison between the rotationally sampled wind input and blade bending response was made, using the Fourier spectra to estimate the blade transfer function. These transfer functions were then used to calculate an approximate damping coefficient for the MOD-OA fiberglass blade.
George, R.L.; Connell, J.R.
TMA Global Wind Energy Systems | Open Energy Information
TMA Global Wind Energy Systems TMA Global Wind Energy Systems Jump to: navigation, search Name TMA Global Wind Energy Systems Place Cheyenne, Wyoming Zip 82001 Sector Wind energy Product Involved in the development, manufacture, and marketing of vertical axis wind energy turbines and hybrid energy systems. References TMA Global Wind Energy Systems[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. TMA Global Wind Energy Systems is a company located in Cheyenne, Wyoming . References ↑ "TMA Global Wind Energy Systems" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=TMA_Global_Wind_Energy_Systems&oldid=352301" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations Companies Organizations
Combined Wind Profiler/Polarimetric Radar Studies of the Vertical Motion and Microphysical Characteristics of Tropical Sea-Breeze Thunderstorms
An experiment combining wind profiler and polarimetric radar analyses of intense, but shallow, tropical thunderstorms has been performed. These storms are important as they are very common along many tropical coasts and islands and are sometimes ...
Peter T. May; A. R. Jameson; Thomas D. Keenan; Paul E. Johnston; Chris Lucas
SERI Advanced and Innovative Wind-Energy-Concepts Program
In 1978 the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) was given the responsibility of managing the Advanced and Innovative Wind Energy Concepts (AIWEC) Task by the US Department of Energy (DOE). The objective of this program has been to determine the technical and economic potential of advanced wind energy concepts. Assessment and R and D efforts in the AIWEC program have included theoretical performance analyses, wind tunnel testing, and/or costing studies. Concepts demonstrating sufficient potential undergo prototype testing in a Proof-of-Concept research phase. Several concepts, such as the Dynamic Inducer, the Diffuser Augmented wind Turbine, the Electrofluid Dynamic Wind-Driven Generator, the Passive Cyclic Pitch concept, and higher performance airfoil configurations for vertical axis wind turbines, have recently made significant progress. The latter has currently reached the Proof-of-Concept phase. The present paper provides an overview of the technical progress and current status of these concepts.
Mitchell, R.L.; Jacobs, E.W.
Energy Basics: Wind Turbines
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Photo of a crane lifting the blades onto a wind turbine that reads 'U.S. Department of Energy, NREL.' You can learn more about horizontal axis turbines from the EERE Wind Program's...
32 JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 29 Impact of a Vertical Vorticity Constraint in Variational Dual-Doppler Wind Analysis: Tests with Real and Simulated Supercell Data
One of the greatest challenges to dual-Doppler retrieval of the vertical wind is the lack of low-level divergence information available to the mass conservation constraint. This study examines the impact of a vertical vorticity equation constraint on vertical velocity retrievals when radar observations are lacking near the ground. The analysis proceeds in a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) framework with the anelastic form of the vertical vorticity equation imposed along with traditional data, mass conservation, and smoothness constraints. The technique is tested using emulated radial wind observations of a supercell storm simulated by the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS), as well as real dual-Doppler observations of a supercell storm that occurred in Oklahoma on 8 May 2003. Special attention is given to procedures to evaluate the vorticity tendency term, including spatially variable advection correction and estimation of the intrinsic evolution. Volume scan times ranging from 5 min, typical of operational radar networks, down to 30 s, achievable by rapid-scan mobile radars, are considered. The vorticity constraint substantially improves the vertical velocity retrievals in our experiments, particularly for volume scan times smaller than 2 min. 1.
Corey K. Potvin
Direct Determination of Wind Shears from the Gradients of Satellite Radiance Observations
To the extent that the stratosphere wind field is close to geostrophic, the thermal wind is a good approximation to the vertical wind shear (vertical variation of the horizontal wind). And since the thermal wind is proportional to the horizontal ...
George Ohring; Binyamin Neeman; Louis D. Duncan
Wind turbine generator with improved operating subassemblies
A wind turbine includes a yaw spring return assembly to return the nacelle from a position to which it has been rotated by yawing forces, thus preventing excessive twisting of the power cables and control cables. It also includes negative coning restrainers to limit the bending of the flexible arms of the rotor towards the tower, and stop means on the rotor shaft to orient the blades in a vertical position during periods when the unit is upwind when the wind commences. A pendulum pitch control mechanism is improved by orienting the pivot axis for the pendulum arm at an angle to the longitudinal axis of its support arm, and excessive creep is of the synthetic resin flexible beam support for the blades is prevented by a restraining cable which limits the extent of pivoting of the pendulum during normal operation but which will permit further pivoting under abnormal conditions to cause the rotor to stall.
Cheney, Jr., Marvin C. (24 Stonepost Rd., Glastonbury, CT 06033)
Plan for the Wind Power Device to Make the Best of Earth Wind Energy
To make the best of wind energy resources on the earth surface, the plan for a new type of wind power device, named Multiple wind wheel Wind power Device, MWD in short, was put forward. MWD composes steel tower, trusses, generator, long axis, wind turbines ... Keywords: clean renewable sources, wind energy, wind power, wind turbine
Bingwen Zhang; Yingjin Zhang
Aeroelastic stability analysis of a Darrieus wind turbine
An aeroelastic stability analysis has been developed for predicting flutter instabilities on vertical axis wind turbines. The analytical model and mathematical formulation of the problem are described as well as the physical mechanism that creates flutter in Darrieus turbines. Theoretical results are compared with measured experimental data from flutter tests of the Sandia 2 Meter turbine. Based on this comparison, the analysis appears to be an adequate design evaluation tool.
Popelka, D.
Zhongshan Yixiong Wind Power Co Ltd | Open Energy Information
Yixiong Wind Power Co Ltd Yixiong Wind Power Co Ltd Jump to: navigation, search Name Zhongshan Yixiong Wind Power Co Ltd Place Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China Sector Wind energy Product A producer for vertical axis wind turbine. Coordinates 22.516701°, 113.366699° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":22.516701,"lon":113.366699,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Enclosed, off-axis solar concentrator
A solar concentrator including a housing having receiving wall, a reflecting wall and at least two end walls, the receiving, reflecting and end walls defining a three-dimensional volume having an inlet, wherein a vertical axis of the housing is generally perpendicular to the inlet, a receiver mounted on the receiving wall of the housing, the receiver including at least one photovoltaic cell, wherein a vertical axis of the receiver is disposed at a non-zero angle relative to the vertical axis of the housing, at least one clip disposed on the reflecting wall an optical element received within the three-dimensional volume, the optical element including at least one tab, the tab being engaged by the clip to align the optical element with the receiver, and a window received over the inlet to enclose the housing.
Benitez, Pablo; Grip, Robert E; Minano, Juan C; Narayanan, Authi A; Plesniak, Adam; Schwartz, Joel A
Model for simulating rotational data for wind turbine applications
This document describes a wind simulation model to be used in relation to wind turbine operations. The model is a computer code written in FORTRAN 77. The model simulates turbulence and mean wind effects as they are experienced at a rotating point on the blade of either a horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) or a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT). The model is fast, requiring 15 to 120 seconds of VAX execution time to produce a simulation and related statistics. The model allows the user to set a number of wind parameters so that he may evaluate the uncertainty of model results as well as their typical values. When this capability is combined with short execution time, the user can quickly produce a number of simulations based on reasonable variation of input parameters and can use these simulations to obtain a range of wind turbine responses to the turbulence. This ability is important because some of the wind parameters that cannot be precisely evaluated should be prescribed over a range of values. This document is essentially a user's guide. Its features include theoretical derivations, samples of output, comparisons of measured and modeled results, a listing of the FORTRAN code, a glossary for the code, and the input and output of a sample run.
Aerodynamic interference between two Darrieus wind turbines
The effect of aerodynamic interference on the performance of two curved bladed Darrieus-type vertical axis wind turbines has been calculated using a vortex/lifting line aerodynamic model. The turbines have a tower-to-tower separation distance of 1.5 turbine diameters, with the line of turbine centers varying with respect to the ambient wind direction. The effects of freestream turbulence were neglected. For the cases examined, the calculations showed that the downwind turbine power decrement (1) was significant only when the line of turbine centers was coincident with the ambient wind direction, (2) increased with increasing tipspeed ratio, and (3) is due more to induced flow angularities downstream than to speed deficits near the downstream turbine.
Schatzle, P.R.; Klimas, P.C.; Spahr, H.R.
A Brief Climatology of Vertical Wind Variability in the Troposphere and Stratosphere as Seen by the Poker Flat, Alaska, MST Radar
A statistical analysis of vertical air motion has been performed for data taken in the 3-20 km altitude range by the Poker Flat MST radar during the period September 1979-January 1982. The variability of vertical velocities is analyzed as a ...
G. D. Nastrom; K. S. Gage
Jet spoiler arrangement for wind turbine
An air jet spoiler arrangement is provided for a Darrieus-type vertical axis wind-powered turbine. Air is drawn into hollow turbine blades through air inlets at the ends thereof and is ejected in the form of air jets through small holes or openings provided along the lengths of the blades. The air jets create flow separation at the surfaces of the turbine blades, thereby inducing stall conditions and reducing the output power. A feedback control unit senses the power output of the turbine and controls the amount of air drawn into the air inlets accordingly.
Cyrus, Jack D. (Corrales, NM); Kadlec, Emil G. (Albuquerque, NM); Klimas, Paul C. (Albuquerque, NM)
An air jet spoiler arrangement is provided for a Darrieus-type vertical axis wind-powered turbine. Air is drawn into hollow turbine blades through air inlets at the end thereof and is ejected in the form of air jets through small holes or openings provided along the lengths of the blades. The air jets create flow separation at the surfaces of the turbine blades, thereby including stall conditions and reducing the output power. A feedback control unit senses the power output of the turbine and controls the amount of air drawn into the air inlets accordingly.
Cyrus, J.D.; Kadlec, E.G.; Klimas, P.C.
Aerodynamic testing of a rotating wind turbine blade
Aerodynamic, load, flow-visualization, and inflow measurements were taken on a downwind horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT). A video camera mounted on the rotor recorded video images of tufts attached to the low-pressure side of the blade. Strain gages, mounted every 10% of the blade's span, provided load and pressure measurements. Pressure taps at 32 chordwise positions recorded pressure distributions. Wind inflow was measured via a vertical-plane array of anemometers located 10 m upwind. The objectives of the test were to address whether airfoil pressure distributions measured on a rotating blade differed from those measured in the wind tunnel, if radial flow near or in the boundary layer of the airfoil affected pressure distributions, if dynamic stall could result in increased dynamic loads, and if the location of the separation boundary measured on the rotating blade agreed with that measured in two-dimensional flow in the wind tunnel. 6 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
Butterfield, C.P.; Nelsen, E.N.
The Vertical Profile of Wind and Temperature in Cyclones and Anticyclones over the Eastern Two-Thirds of the United States: A Climatology
A climatological analysis, based upon operational surface and upper-air data from 1957 to 1994, of the wind and temperature profiles composited with respect to each quadrant of surface cyclones and anticyclones, is presented for the eastern two-...
Howard B. Bluestein; Peter C. Banacos
Observation of 3�6-Day Meridional Wind Oscillations over the Tropical Pacific, 1973�1992: Vertical Structure and Interannual Variability
Rawinsonde data from tropical Pacific stations were examined for westward-propagating 3�6-day meridional wind oscillations in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, 1973�1992. Four types were identified from cross- spectrum and principal ...
Timothy J. Dunkerton
Steerable vertical to horizontal energy transducer for mobile robots
The present invention provides a steerable vertical to horizontal energy transducer for mobile robots that less complex and requires less power than two degree of freedom tilt mechanisms. The present invention comprises an end effector that, when mounted with a hopping actuator, translates along axis (typically vertical) actuation into combined vertical and horizontal motion. The end effector, or foot, mounts with an end of the actuator that moves toward the support surface (typically a floor or the earth). The foot is shaped so that the first contact with the support surface is off the axis of the actuator. Off-axis contact with the support surface generates an on-axis force (typically resulting in vertical motion) and a moment orthogonal to the axis. The moment initiates a horizontal tumbling motion, and tilts the actuator so that its axis is oriented with a horizontal component and continued actuation generates both vertical and horizontal force.
Spletzer, Barry L. (Albuquerque, NM); Fischer, Gary J. (Albuquerque, NM); Feddema, John T. (Albuquerque, NM)
Horizontal-axis clothes washer market poised for expansion
The availability of energy- and water-efficient horizontal-axis washing machines in the North American market is growing, as US and European manufacturers position for an expected long-term market shift toward horizontal-axis (H-axis) technology. Four of the five major producers of washing machines in the US are developing or considering new H-axis models. New entrants, including US-based Staber Industries and several European manufacturers, are also expected to compete in this market. The intensified interest in H-axis technology is partly driven by speculation that new US energy efficiency standards, to be proposed in 1996 and implemented in 1999, will effectively mandate H-axis machines. H-axis washers typically use one-third to two-thirds less energy, water, and detergent than vertical-axis machines. Some models also reduce the energy needed to dry the laundry, since their higher spin speeds extract more water than is typical with vertical-axis designs. H-axis washing machines are the focus of two broadly-based efforts to support coordinated research and incentive programs by electric, gas, and water utilities: The High-Efficiency Laundry Metering/Marketing Analysis (THELMA), and the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) High-Efficiency Clothes Washer Initiative. These efforts may help to pave the way for new types of marketing partnerships among utilities and other parties that could help to speed adoption of H-axis washers.
George, K.L.
Wind lift generator
A wind lift generator includes a housing structure formed by a pair of spaced apart plates mounted on support structure for pivotal rotation about a vertical axis at the forward end thereof for orienting into the wind, and said plates supporting a plurality of coaxially disposed sprockets arranged to support a pair of spaced apart drive chains in a quadrilateral configuration with lift foils connected and supported between the chains with the quadrilateral chain configuration supporting the chain for an initial lift mode at the forward end of the housing, followed by a direct impact mode extending from the front of the housing upward and backward to the rear of the housing and a negative lift mode extending from the top rear of the housing to the bottom with the vanes returning via a neutral mode to the front of the housing for repeating the lift cycle. A suitable electrical generator is driven from one or more shafts of the assembly driven by the drive chains.
Herman, G. R.; Martin, W. A.
Principal Component Analysis of Wind Profiler Observations
Principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to wind profiler observations to study the vertical profile of the wind field and its temporal evolution. The rationale for decomposing time�height wind profiler data using PCA is twofold. The ...
Christopher R. Williams
Wind Regimes in Complex Terrain of the Great Valley of Eastern Tennessee
This research was designed to provide an understanding of physical wind mechanisms within the complex terrain of the Great Valley of Eastern Tennessee to assess the impacts of regional air flow with regard to synoptic and mesoscale weather changes, wind direction shifts, and air quality. Meteorological data from 2008 2009 were analyzed from 13 meteorological sites along with associated upper level data. Up to 15 ancillary sites were used for reference. Two-step complete linkage and K-means cluster analyses, synoptic weather studies, and ambient meteorological comparisons were performed to generate hourly wind classifications. These wind regimes revealed seasonal variations of underlying physical wind mechanisms (forced channeled, vertically coupled, pressure-driven, and thermally-driven winds). Synoptic and ambient meteorological analysis (mixing depth, pressure gradient, pressure gradient ratio, atmospheric and surface stability) suggested up to 93% accuracy for the clustered results. Probabilistic prediction schemes of wind flow and wind class change were developed through characterization of flow change data and wind class succession. Data analysis revealed that wind flow in the Great Valley was dominated by forced channeled winds (45 67%) and vertically coupled flow (22 38%). Down-valley pressure-driven and thermally-driven winds also played significant roles (0 17% and 2 20%, respectively), usually accompanied by convergent wind patterns (15 20%) and large wind direction shifts, especially in the Central/Upper Great Valley. The behavior of most wind regimes was associated with detectable pressure differences between the Lower and Upper Great Valley. Mixing depth and synoptic pressure gradients were significant contributors to wind pattern behavior. Up to 15 wind classes and 10 sub-classes were identified in the Central Great Valley with 67 joined classes for the Great Valley at-large. Two-thirds of Great Valley at-large flow was defined by 12 classes. Winds flowed on-axis only 40% of the time. The Great Smoky Mountains helped create down-valley pressure-driven winds, downslope mountain breezes, and divergent air flow. The Cumberland Mountains and Plateau were associated with wind speed reductions in the Central Great Valley, Emory Gap Flow, weak thermally-driven winds, and northwesterly down sloping. Ridge-and-valley terrain enhanced wind direction reversals, pressure-driven winds, as well as locally and regionally produced thermally-driven flow.
Birdwell, Kevin R [ORNL
Fatigue analysis of WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) components using a rainflow counting algorithm
A rainflow counting algorithm'' has been incorporated into the LIFE2 fatigue/fracture analysis code for wind turbines. The count algorithm, with its associated pre- and post-count algorithms, permits the code to incorporate time-series data into its analysis scheme. After a description of the algorithms used here, their use is illustrated by the examination of stress-time histories from the Sandia 34-m Test Bed vertical axis wind turbine. The results of the rainflow analysis are compared and contrasted to previously reported predictions for the service lifetime of the fatigue critical component for this turbine. 14 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.
Sutherland, H.J.; Schluter, L.L.
Lidar Observations of the Vertical Aerosol Flux in the Planetary Boundary Layer
The vertical aerosol transport in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is investigated with lidars. Profiles of the vertical wind velocity are measured with a 2-?m Doppler wind lidar. Aerosol parameters are derived from observations with an aerosol ...
Ronny Engelmann; Ulla Wandinger; Albert Ansmann; Detlef M�ller; Egidijus �eromskis; Dietrich Althausen; Birgit Wehner
The vertical-mill stage : design of a vertical movement stage for surface machining
To allow the widespread use of three dimensional patterns on walls, the manufacturing cost must be reduced. The goal of this project is to design a machine for vertical axis movement which can be measured and controlled. ...
Herrera, Juan, Jr
Performance of a Wind-Profiling Lidar in the Region of Wind Turbine Rotor Disks
As the wind energy sector continues to grow, so does the need for reliable vertical wind profiles in the assessment of wind resources and turbine performance. In situ instrumentation mounted on meteorological towers can rarely probe the atmosphere ...
Matthew L. Aitken; Michael E. Rhodes; Julie K. Lundquist
New Insights Into Deep Convective Core Vertical Velocities Using...
Insights Into Deep Convective Core Vertical Velocities Using ARM UHF Wind Profilers For original submission and image(s), see ARM Research Highlights http:www.arm.govscience...
The Economic Optimization of Wind Turbine Design .
??This thesis studies the optimization of a variable speed, three blade, horizontal-axis wind turbine. The design parameters considered are the rotor diameter, hub height and� (more)
Schmidt, Michael Frank
Wind Energy Innovative Systems conference proceedings
Separate abstracts are included for 20 of the 22 papers presented concerning innovative wind turbines which vary in design from the standard horizontal-axis propellor-type wind turbines. Two papers have been previously included in the data base.
Vas, I. E. [ed.
Development and Test Plans for a small Vertical Axis Turbine...
and Transport Urban and Regional Air Quality Research Facilities Advanced Windows Test Facility BATT Fabrication Laboratory Cookstove Efficiency and Emissions Testing...
Dynamic stall of small wind systems
Aerospace Systems, Inc. (ASI) conducted a study of dynamic stall in order to define its influence on the airfoil force and moment coefficients so that these effects can be included in the calculation of small wind energy conversion system (SWECS) loads and response. The effort includes a review of past work to determine its applicability to SWECS requirements, a definition of a dynamic stall theory for use in SWECS design, and computer implementation of the theory in SWECS loads and dynamic response analyses. Sample calculations are made for representative vertical-axis (VAWT) and horizontal-axis (HAWT) wind turbines. The basic results for the fixed-pitch HAWT show that dynamic stall effects may increase normal loads and moments by about ten percent. For the cyclic pitch VAWT, the peak normal load may be slightly underestimated but the peak moment may be significantly underestimated. The consequences of dynamic stall may be a change in performance with resultant mismatch of selected components or a reduction in the fatigue life of the SWECS structure. Semiempirical methods are used for the practical estimation of the forces and moments on oscillating airfoils or airfoils in an oscillating airstream. The dynamic stall method presented in this report is applicable primarily to large amplitude oscillations of the airfoil. Fully-developed dynamic stall is presumed and, therefore, the method may not be adequate for predicting aerodynamic loads and moments for incipient or light stall.
Noll, R.B.; Ham, N.D.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Dynamic wind loads and wake characteristics of a wind turbine
RESEARCH ARTICLE Dynamic wind loads and wake characteristics of a wind turbine model of the unsteady vortex and turbulent flow structures in the near wake of a horizontal axis wind turbine model.e., aerodynamic forces and bending moments) acting on the wind turbine model by using a high-sensitive force
Hu, Hui
Control algorithms for effective operation of variable-speed wind turbines
This report describes a computer code, called ASYM and provides results from its application in simulating the control of the 34-m Test Bed vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) in Bushland, Texas. The code synthesizes dynamic wind speeds on a second-by-second basis in the time domain. The wind speeds conform to a predetermined spectral content governed by the hourly average wind speed that prevails at each hour of the simulation. The hourly average values are selected in a probabilistic sense through the application of Markov chains, but their cumulative frequency of occurrence conforms to a Rayleigh distribution that is governed by the mean annual wind speed of the site selected. The simulated wind speeds then drive a series of control algorithms that enable the code to predict key operational parameters such as number of annual starts and stops, annual energy production, and annual fatigue damage at a critically stressed joint on the wind turbine. This report also presents results from the application of ASYM that pertain to low wind speed cut-in and cut-out conditions and controlled operation near critical speed ranges that excite structural vibrations that can lead to accelerated fatigue damage.
Wind shear for large wind turbine generators at selected tall tower sites
The objective of the study described in this report is to examine the nature of wind shear profiles and their variability over the height of large horizontal-axis wind turbines and to provide information on wind shear relevant to the design and opertion of large wind turbines. Wind turbine fatigue life and power quality are related through the forcing functions on the blade to the shapes of the wind shear profiles and their fluctuations over the disk of rotation.
Elliott, D.L.
VERTICAL GARDEN DIY CHECKLIST Vertical greenery is not a new concept; it dates back thousands-growingvarietiesbecome established. Theneedforpermissionfromcouncil, strataetc. #12;VERTICAL GARDEN DIY CHECKLIST THE PLAN
Peters, Richard
Wind turbine data acquisition and analysis system
Under Department of Energy (DOE) sponsorship, Sandia Laboratories has implemented a program to develop vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) systems. One aspect of this program has been the development of an instrumented test site adjacent to Sandia Laboratories' Technical Area I on Kirtland Air Force Base. Three VAWTs are now in operation on this test site. This paper describes the data acquisition and analyses system developed to meet the needs of the VAWT test site. The system employs a 16-bit work-length minicomputer as the major element in a stand-alone configuration. A variety of peripheral devices perform the required data acquisition functions and provide for data display and analysis. Included is a disk-based software operating system that supports a mass storage-file system, high-level language, and auxiliary software procedures.
Stiefeld, B.
Building Scale DC Microgrids
a 10 kW vertical axis wind turbine, and Fig. 4 shows one ofgrid Fig. 3. Vertical axis wind turbine in the AIT DC �grid
Marnay, Chris
Wind Gyres in Circumpolar Oceans
The interaction between a close wind-gyre and a neighboring eastward current is investigated using a hierarchy of increasingly complex analytical models. The method used to determine the vertical structure is that proposed earlier by Rhines and ...
Peter H. Haynes
Maintenance and operation of a small wind generator in the marine environment. Final report
This report discusses the maintenance and operation of a wind-turbine generator that has been undergoing tests as a source of energy for remote Coast Guard lighthouses. The report documents both the effects of operating the wind machine in the marine environment and the maintenance that it required. Design parameters and performance records of the generator are also evaluated. The HR2 is a horizontal-axis, upwind-oriented, three-bladed wind machine. It is equipped with a direct-drive system that allows the kinetic force captured by the propeller to be converted directly into rotational force driving the main shaft. The HR2 alternator and blade/hub system are allowed to tilt out of a near-vertical plane about a shaft and bearing mechanism. The VARCS is a torsion spring- and hinge-mechanism that acts against the lifting dynamics of the spinning blades. As high winds or gusts tilt the alternator about the hinge, the VARCS's spring opposes this force and regulates the blades angle of attack into the wind; the propeller's RPM drop when tilted because of the feathering action. If the wind subsides, the force of the VARCS spring drives the alternator assembly down and presents the blades back into the wind.
Heerlein, W.
Comparison of Wind-Turbine Aeroelastic Codes Used for Certification: Preprint
NREL created aeroelastic simulators for horizontal-axis wind turbines accepted by Germanischer Lloyd (GL) WindEnergie GmbH for manufacturers to use for on-shore wind turbine certification.
Buhl, M. L., Jr.; Manjock, A.
Wind Fins: Novel Lower-Cost Wind Power System
This project evaluated the technical feasibility of converting energy from the wind with a novel �wind fin� approach. This patent-pending technology has three major components: (1) a mast, (2) a vertical, hinged wind structure or fin, and (3) a power takeoff system. The wing structure responds to the wind with an oscillating motion, generating power. The overall project goal was to determine the basic technical feasibility of the wind fin technology. Specific objectives were the following: (1) to determine the wind energy-conversion performance of the wind fin and the degree to which its performance could be enhanced through basic design improvements; (2) to determine how best to design the wind fin system to survive extreme winds; (3) to determine the cost-effectiveness of the best wind fin designs compared to state-of-the-art wind turbines; and (4) to develop conclusions about the overall technical feasibility of the wind fin system. Project work involved extensive computer modeling, wind-tunnel testing with small models, and testing of bench-scale models in a wind tunnel and outdoors in the wind. This project determined that the wind fin approach is technically feasible and likely to be commercially viable. Project results suggest that this new technology has the potential to harvest wind energy at approximately half the system cost of wind turbines in the 10kW range. Overall, the project demonstrated that the wind fin technology has the potential to increase the economic viability of small wind-power generation. In addition, it has the potential to eliminate lethality to birds and bats, overcome public objections to the aesthetics of wind-power machines, and significantly expand wind-power�s contribution to the national energy supply.
David C. Morris; Dr. Will D. Swearingen
Intercomparison of Wind Measurements from Two Acoustic Doppler Sodars, a Laser Doppler Lidar, and In Situ Sensors
Intercomparative measurements of wind speed, wind direction, wind direction standard deviation, and vertical wind standard deviation from two acoustic Doppler sodars and a laser Doppler lidar are studied, using the BAO tower to provide reference ...
Prasan Chintawongvanich; Robert Olsen; Christopher A. Biltoft
NREL: Wind Research Home Page
Photo of the non-torque loading system at the National Wind Technology Center. Photo of the non-torque loading system at the National Wind Technology Center. New NWTC Test Facility to Improve Wind Turbines Testing the performance of multimegawatt wind turbine drivetrains Illustration showing mountains, several wind turbines, a power plant, a crane setting up a turbine blade, and two semi-trucks carrying turbine blades. The concept is to show all the pieces and parts of a complete wind energy system and how they work together. NWTC Systems Engineering Initiative Analysis Platform New platform helps analyze and integrate entire wind energy systems Short video featuring Fort Felker, Center Director of the National Wind Technology Center, highlighting the NWTC's dual-axis resonant blade testing capabilities. Images from this video include Fort speaking, the static turbine blade in the testing facility, and flapwise and edgewise testing in action.
A Comparison of Vertical Velocity in Cirrus Obtained from Aircraft and Lidar Divergence Measurements during FIRE
Techniques are presented to obtain vertical velocity in cirrus clouds from in situ aircraft lateral wind measurements and from ground-based remote Doppler lidar measurements. In general, direct measurements of absolute vertical velocity w from ...
I. Gultepe; A. J. Heymsfield; D. H. Lenschow
Vertical Motions Estimated Using Data from a Single Station and a Form of the Adiabatic Method
The so-called adiabatic method for estimating vertical air motions under isentropic flow conditions can be used with wind and temperature data from a single station. With the advent of radio acoustic sounding systems, wind and temperature ...
G. D. Nastrom; J. M. Warnock
Measurement of turbulent wind velocities using a rotating boom apparatus
The present report covers both the development of a rotating-boom facility and the evaluation of the spectral energy of the turbulence measured relative to the rotating boom. The rotating boom is composed of a helicopter blade driven through a pulley speed reducer by a variable speed motor. The boom is mounted on a semiportable tower that can be raised to provide various ratios of hub height to rotor diameter. The boom can be mounted to rotate in either the vertical or horizontal plane. Probes that measure the three components of turbulence can be mounted at any location along the radius of the boom. Special hot-film sensors measured two components of the turbulence at a point directly in front of the rotating blade. By using the probe rotated 90/sup 0/ about its axis, the third turbulent velocity component was measured. Evaluation of the spectral energy distributions for the three components of velocity indicates a large concentration of energy at the rotational frequency. At frequencies slightly below the rotational frequency, the spectral energy is greatly reduced over that measured for the nonrotating case measurements. Peaks in the energy at frequencies that are multiples of the rotation frequency were also observed. We conclude that the rotating boom apparatus is suitable and ready to be used in experiments for developing and testing sensors for rotational measurement of wind velocity from wind turbine rotors. It also can be used to accurately measure turbulent wind for testing theories of rotationally sampled wind velocity.
Sandborn, V.A.; Connell, J.R.
Stable Schemes for Nonlinear Vertical Diffusion in Atmospheric Circulation Models
The intensity of vertical mixing in atmospheric models generally depends on wind shear and static stability, making the diffusion process nonlinear. Traditional implicit numerical schemes, which treat the variables to be diffused implicitly but ...
Claude Girard; Yves Delage
Offshore Wind Turbine Wakes Measured by Sodar
A ship-mounted sodar was used to measure wind turbine wakes in an offshore wind farm in Denmark. The wake magnitude and vertical extent were determined by measuring the wind speed profile behind an operating turbine, then shutting down the ...
R. J. Barthelmie; L. Folkerts; F. T. Ormel; P. Sanderhoff; P. J. Eecen; O. Stobbe; N. M. Nielsen
Vertically stabilized elongated cross-section tokamak
This invention provides a vertically stabilized, non-circular (minor) cross-section, toroidal plasma column characterized by an external separatrix. To this end, a specific poloidal coil means is added outside a toroidal plasma column containing an endless plasma current in a tokamak to produce a rectangular cross-section plasma column along the equilibrium axis of the plasma column. By elongating the spacing between the poloidal coil means the plasma cross-section is vertically elongated, while maintaining vertical stability, efficiently to increase the poloidal flux in linear proportion to the plasma cross-section height to achieve a much greater plasma volume than could be achieved with the heretofore known round cross-section plasma columns. Also, vertical stability is enhanced over an elliptical cross-section plasma column, and poloidal magnetic divertors are achieved.
Sheffield, George V. (Hopewell, NJ)
Two-axis tracking solar collector mechanism
This invention is a novel solar tracking mechanism incorporating a number of practical features that give it superior environmental resilience and exceptional tracking accuracy. The mechanism comprises a lightweight space-frame assembly supporting an array of point-focus Fresnel lenses in a two-axis tracking structure. The system is enclosed under a glass cover which isolates it from environmental exposure and enhances tracking accuracy by eliminating wind loading. Tracking accuracy is also enhanced by the system's broad-based tracking support. The system's primary intended application would be to focus highly concentrated sunlight into optical fibers for transmission to core building illumination zones, and the system may also have potential for photovoltaic or photothermal solar energy conversion. 16 figs.
Johnson, K.C.
This invention is a novel solar tracking mechanism incorporating a number of practical features that give it superior environmental resilience and exceptional tracking accuracy. The mechanism comprises a lightweight space-frame assembly supporting an array of point-focus Fresnel lenses in a two-axis tracking structure. The system is enclosed under a glass cover which isolates it from environmental exposure and enhances tracking accuracy by eliminating wind loading. Tracking accuracy is also enhanced by the system's broad-based tracking support. The system's primary intended application would be to focus highly concentrated sunlight into optical fibers for transmission to core building illumination zones, and the system may also have potential for photovoltaic or photothermal solar energy conversion.
Johnson, Kenneth C. (201 W. California Ave., #401, Sunnyvale, CA 94086)
Johnson, Kenneth C. (201 W. California Ave. #705, Sunnyvale, CA 94086)
Retrieving Horizontal Temperature Gradients and Advections from Single-Station Wind Profiler Observations
Vertical wind shears measured by the Plattevilie, Colorado wind profiler were used in conjunction with the geostrophic thermal wind equation to retrieve the horizontal thermal gradients and associated advections for a case involving an upper-...
Paul J. Neiman; M. A. Shapiro
Comparison of Wind Monitoring Systems. Pad II: Doppley. Sodars
Measurements of wind speed, wind direction, and the vertical component of turbulence, from four different commercially available Doppler sodars, are compared with similar measurements from in situ sensors on a 300 m instrumented tower. Results ...
P. L. Finkelstein; J. C. Kaimal; J. E. Gaynor; M. E. Graves; T. J. Lockhart
Air Bubbles Produced by Breaking Wind Waves: A Laboratory Study
Air bubbles produced by breaking wind waves are measured in a laboratory tank to study bubble clouds produced in freshwater under various wind and wave conditions. Vertical entrainment of bubbles and their size compositions are found to be ...
Paul A. Hwang; Y-H. L. Hsu; Jin Wu
Tornado type wind turbines
A tornado type wind turbine has a vertically disposed wind collecting tower with spaced apart inner and outer walls and a central bore. The upper end of the tower is open while the lower end of the structure is in communication with a wind intake chamber. An opening in the wind chamber is positioned over a turbine which is in driving communication with an electrical generator. An opening between the inner and outer walls at the lower end of the tower permits radially flowing air to enter the space between the inner and outer walls while a vertically disposed opening in the wind collecting tower permits tangentially flowing air to enter the central bore. A porous portion of the inner wall permits the radially flowing air to interact with the tangentially flowing air so as to create an intensified vortex flow which exits out of the top opening of the tower so as to create a low pressure core and thus draw air through the opening of the wind intake chamber so as to drive the turbine.
Hsu, Cheng-Ting (Ames, IA)
The Wind Speed Profile At Offshore Wind Farm Sites
Using Monin-Obukhov theory the vertical wind speed profile can be predicted from the wind speed at one height, when the two parameters Monin-Obukhov length and sea surface roughness are known. The applicability of this theory for wind power prediction at offshore sites is investigated using data from the measurement program Rdsand in the Danish Baltic Sea. Different methods to estimate the two parameters are discussed and compared. Significant deviations to the theory are found for near-neutral and stable conditions, where the measured wind shear is larger than predicted. A simple correction method to account for this effect has been developed and tested.
Bernhard Lange Sren; Bernhard Lange; S�ren E. Larsen; J�rgen H�jstrup; Rebecca Barthelmie
NREL: Wind Research - SWIFT Wind Turbine Testing and Results
SWIFT Wind Turbine Testing and Results SWIFT Wind Turbine Testing and Results The SWIFT wind turbine. Text Version As part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and U.S. Department of Energy (NREL/DOE) Independent Testing project, NREL is testing the SWIFT small wind turbine at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). The competitive grant was awarded to Cascade Engineering. The SWIFT is a 1-kilowatt (kW), five-bladed with outer ring, horizontal-axis upwind small wind turbine. The turbine's rotor diameter is 2 meters, and its hub height is 13.72 meters. The SWIFT uses a single-phase permanent-magnet generator rated at 1 kW grid connected through an inverter at 240 volts AC. Testing Summary Supporting data and explanations for data provided in this table will be provided in the final reports. Data presented are preliminary and subject
Extreme Winds and Wind Effects on Structures
Extreme Winds and Wind Effects on Structures. The Engineering ... section. I. Extreme Winds: ... II. Wind Effects on Buildings. Database ...
Wake of the MOD-0A1 wind turbine at two rotor diameters downwind on December 3, 1981
The wake of the MOD-0A1 wind turbine at Clayton, New Mexico has been measured using a vertical plane array of anemometers in a crosswind plane at a distance of two rotor diameters directly downwind of the turbine. Rotor blade vortices were well mixed into the wake turbulence and were not separately detectable. Wake swirl about the along-wind axis had a value not greater than 0.025 rad/s. Extra turbulence energy existed in the edge of the wake at a frequency of about n=0.025 Hz. The cross-wake plane analyses of wind speeds revealed a nearly circular inner portion and a strongly elliptical portion. The elliptical portion major axis was horizontal. An estimate of the average rate of reenergizing of the wake, using measurements of mean wind energy flow and turbine power, suggests that entrainment with ambient air may have been rapid. Some wake characteristics were compared with the corresponding ones for several simple wake models based upon concepts of mixing of ambient air into a wake or an equivalent coaxial jet. (LEW)
Connell, J.R.; George, R.L.
Two-axis angular effector
A new class of coplanar two-axis angular effectors. These effectors combine a two-axis rotational joint analogous to a Cardan joint with linear actuators in a manner to produce a wider range of rotational motion about both axes defined by the joint. This new class of effectors also allows design of robotic manipulators having very high strength and efficiency. These effectors are particularly suited for remote operation in unknown surroundings, because of their extraordinary versatility. An immediate application is to the problems which arise in nuclear waste remediation.
Vaughn, Mark R. (Albuquerque, NM); Robinett, III, Rush D. (Tijeras, NM); Phelan, John R. (Albuquerque, NM); Van Zuiden, Don M. (Albuquerque, NM)
Analysis of the Madaras Rotor Power Plant: an alternate method for extracting large amounts of power from the wind. Executive summary
The purpose of the program was to analyze and up-date the design of the Madaras Rotor Power Plant concept that had been developed in the 1930's to determine the technical and economic feasibility of this system to be competitive with conventional horizontal axis wind turbines. The Madaras concept uses rotating cylinders, vertically mounted on flat cars, to react with the wind like a sail and propel an endless train of connected cars around a closed track at constant speed. Electricity is generated by alternators on each car that are geared to the wheels. Electrical power is transmitted from each car to the power house by a trolley system. A four-task program consisting of a series of wind tunnel tests, an electro-mechanical analysis, a performance analysis, and a cost analysis was conducted.
Whitford, D.H.; Minardi, J.E.; West, B.S.; Dominic, R.J.
Methods and apparatus for cooling wind turbine generators
A wind turbine generator includes a stator having a core and a plurality of stator windings circumferentially spaced about a generator longitudinal axis. A rotor is rotatable about the generator longitudinal axis, and the rotor includes a plurality of magnetic elements coupled to the rotor and cooperating with the stator windings. The magnetic elements are configured to generate a magnetic field and the stator windings are configured to interact with the magnetic field to generate a voltage in the stator windings. A heat pipe assembly thermally engaging one of the stator and the rotor to dissipate heat generated in the stator or rotor.
Salamah, Samir A. (Niskayuna, NY); Gadre, Aniruddha Dattatraya (Rexford, NY); Garg, Jivtesh (Schenectady, NY); Bagepalli, Bharat Sampathkumaran (Niskayuna, NY); Jansen, Patrick Lee (Alplaus, NY); Carl, Jr., Ralph James (Clifton Park, NY)
Improved Wind Measurements on Research Aircraft
Improved techniques for measuring horizontal and vertical wind components and state variables on research aircraft are presented. They include a filtering method for correcting ground speed and position Inertial Navigation System data with Global ...
D. Khelif; S. P. Burns; C. A. Friehe
EERE: Wind
EERE: Buildings The U.S. Department of Energy funds R&D to develop wind energy. Learn about the DOE Wind Program, how to use wind energy and get financial incentives, and access...
WIND ENERGY Wind Energ. (2012)
WIND ENERGY Wind Energ. (2012) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary since energy production depends non-linearly on wind speed (U ), and wind speed observa- tions for the assessment of future long-term wind supply A. M. R. Bakker1 , B. J. J. M. Van den Hurk1 and J. P. Coelingh2 1
Haak, Hein
Riso-M-2546 g Wind Turbine Test
Riso-M-2546 g Wind Turbine Test Wind Matic WM 17S Troels Friis Pedersen The Test Station TEST WIND MATIC WM 17S Troels Friis Pedersen The Test Station for Windmills, Ris0 Abstract* The report; DYNAMIC LOADS; HORIZONTAL AXIS TUR- BINES; MECHANICAL TESTS; NOISE; PERFORMANCE TESTING; POWER GENERATION
Royal Wind | Open Energy Information
Wind Wind Jump to: navigation, search Name Royal Wind Place Denver, Colorado Sector Wind energy Product Vertical Wind Turbines Year founded 2008 Website http://www.RoyalWindTurbines.c Coordinates 39.7391536°, -104.9847034° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":39.7391536,"lon":-104.9847034,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
NREL: Wind Research - Abundant Renewable Energy's ARE 442 Wind Turbine
Abundant Renewable Energy's ARE 442 Wind Turbine Testing and Results Abundant Renewable Energy's ARE 442 Wind Turbine Testing and Results Get the Adobe Flash Player to see this video. A video of Abundant Renewable Energy's ARE 442 wind turbine. Text Version As part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and U.S. Department of Energy (NREL/DOE) Independent Testing project, NREL tested Abundant Renewable Energy's ARE 442 turbine at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). The ARE 442 is a 10-kilowatt (kW), three-bladed, horizontal-axis upwind small wind turbine. It has a hub height of 30.9 meters and a rotor diameter of 7.2 meters. The turbine has a single-phase permanent-magnet generator that operates at variable voltages up to 410 volts AC. Testing Summary The summary of the tests is below with the final reports.
Using a new characterization of turbulent wind for accurate correlation of wind turbine response with wind speed
The turbulence encountered by a point on a rotating wind turbine blade has characteristics that in some important respects are different from those measured by a stationary anemometer. The conventional one-peaked continuous spectrum becomes, broadly, a two-peaked spectrum that in addition contains a set of narrow-band spikes of turbulence energy, one centered on the frequency of rotor rotation and the others centered on multiples of that frequency. The rotational sampling effect on wind spectra is quantified using measurements of wind velocity by anemometers on stationary crosswind circular arrays. Characteristics of fluctuating wind are compared to measured fluctuations of bending moments of the rotor blades and power output fluctuations of a horizontal-axis wind turbine at the same site. The wind characteristics and the correlations between wind fluctuations and wind turbine fluctuations provide a basis for improving turbine design, siting, and control. 6 refs., 11 figs., 1 tab.
AXI LLC | Open Energy Information
Page Page Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon » AXI LLC Jump to: navigation, search Name AXI LLC Place Quincy, Massachusetts Zip 02169 Sector Biofuels Product Aims to make commercially feasible strains of algae for fuel production Coordinates 42.2363996°, -71.0200613° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":42.2363996,"lon":-71.0200613,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Wind Regimes Associated with a Mountain Gap at the Northeastern Adriatic Coast
Winds through the Vratnik Pass, a mountain gap in the Dinaric Alps, Croatia, are polarized along the gap axis that extends in the northeast-southwest direction. Although stronger northeasterly wind at the Vratnik Pass is frequently related to the ...
Danijel Belu�i?; Mario Hrastinski; �eljko Ve?enaj; Branko Grisogono
Winds through the Vratnik Pass, a mountain gap in the Dinaric Alps, Croatia, are polarized along the gap axis that extends in the northeast�southwest direction. Although stronger northeasterly wind at the Vratnik Pass is frequently related to the ...
CTAX: the US/Japan Cold Neutron Triple-Axis Spectromete at HFIR | ORNL
CTAX-US/Japan Cold Neutron Triple-Axis Spectrometer CTAX-US/Japan Cold Neutron Triple-Axis Spectrometer CTAX US/Japan Cold Neutron Triple-Axis Spectrometer (CG-4C). (larger image) The U.S.-Japan Cold Neutron Triple-Axis Spectrometer (CTAX) is a conventional triple-axis spectrometer with variable incident energy and variable monochromator-sample and sample-analyzer distances. The cold guide 4 bender and guide hall shielding reduce background levels at CG-4C, and the 15-cm-tall guide profile is well exploited by CG-4C's vertically focusing monochromator (PG 002). To enhance accommodation of strong magnetic fields at the sample position and to simplify future polarization analysis, the amount of ferromagnetic material has been minimized in the construction of this instrument. CG-4C is a collaboration of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Neutron
Off-axis Neutral Beam Current Drive for Advanced Scenario Development in DIII-D
Modification of the two existing DIII-D neutral beam lines is proposed to allow vertical steering to provide off-axis neutral beam current drive (NBCD) as far off-axis as half the plasma radius. New calculations indicate very good current drive with good localization off-axis as long as the toroidal magnetic field, B{sub T}, and the plasma current, I{sub p}, are in the same direction (for a beam steered downward). The effects of helicity can be large: e.g., ITER off-axis NBCD can be increased by more than 20% if the B{sub T} direction is reversed. This prediction has been tested by an off-axis NBCD experiment using reduced size plasmas that are vertically shifted with the existing NBI on DIII-D. The existence of off-axis NBCD is evident in sawtooth and internal inductance behavior. By shifting the plasma upward or downward, or by changing the sign of the toroidal field, measured off-axis NBCD profiles, determined from MSE data, are consistent with predicted differences (40%-45%) arising from the NBI orientation with respect to the magnetic field lines. Modification of the DIII-D NB system will strongly support scenario development for ITER and future tokamaks as well as providing flexible scientific tools for understanding transport, energetic particles and heating and current drive.
Murakami, M; Park, J; Petty, C; Luce, T; Heidbrink, W; Osborne, T; Wade, M; Austin, M; Brooks, N; Budny, R; Challis, C; DeBoo, J; deGrassie, J; Ferron, J; Gohil, P; Hobirk, J; Holcomb, C; Hollmann, E; Hong, R; Hyatt, A; Lohr, J; Lanctot, M; Makowski, M; McCune, D; Politzer, P; Prater, R; John, H S; Suzuki, T; West, W; Unterberg, E; Van Zeeland, M; Yu, J
SERI advanced wind turbine blades
The primary goal of the Solar Energy Research Institute`s (SERI) advanced wind turbine blades is to convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical energy in an inexpensive and efficient manner. To accomplish this goal, advanced wind turbine blades have been developed by SERI that utilize unique airfoil technology. Performance characteristics of the advanced blades were verified through atmospheric testing on fixed-pitch, stall-regulated horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs). Of the various wind turbine configurations, the stall-regulated HAWT dominates the market because of its simplicity and low cost. Results of the atmospheric tests show that the SERI advanced blades produce 10% to 30% more energy than conventional blades. 6 refs.
Tangler, J.; Smith, B.; Jager, D.
The primary goal of the Solar Energy Research Institute's (SERI) advanced wind turbine blades is to convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical energy in an inexpensive and efficient manner. To accomplish this goal, advanced wind turbine blades have been developed by SERI that utilize unique airfoil technology. Performance characteristics of the advanced blades were verified through atmospheric testing on fixed-pitch, stall-regulated horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs). Of the various wind turbine configurations, the stall-regulated HAWT dominates the market because of its simplicity and low cost. Results of the atmospheric tests show that the SERI advanced blades produce 10% to 30% more energy than conventional blades. 6 refs.
A Multisodar Approach to Wind Profiling
This paper presents the development of a multisodar mode from a five-beam sodar whereby a wind speed vector is found for sets of three acoustic beams. If the vertical beam is used, this mode enables the profiling of four wind speed measurements ...
Paul Behrens; Stuart Bradley; Travis Wiens
Dynamic Analysis of a Grid-Connected Wind Electric Generator with Embedded Static VAR Compensator
This paper describes modeling and simulation of Wind Electric Generator (WEG) comprising a pitch controlled Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) coupled to squirrel cage induction generator through a gear. The generic issue of VAR drain from the grid ... Keywords: Wind turbine, induction generator, two mass model - drive train, SVC, wind electric generator dynamics
Vishnuvardhanan V.; Sasi K. Kottayil
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF WIND TURBINE POWER REGULATION BY SWITCHED LINEAR CONTROL D.J.Leith W Power regulation of horizontal-axis grid-connected up-wind constant-speed pitch-regulated wind turbines, switched linear control is more suited for application to wind turbines than the nonlinear control strategy
Duffy, Ken
Wind Energy
FUPWG Meeting FUPWG Meeting NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Robi Robichaud November 18, 2009 Topics Introduction Review of the Current Wind Market Drivers for Wind Development Siting g Issues Wind Resource Assessment Wind Characteristics Wind Power Potential Basic Wind Turbine Theory Basic Wind Turbine Theory Types of Wind Turbines Facts About Wind Siting Facts About Wind Siting Wind Performance 1. United States: MW 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 7 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 Current Status of the Wind Industry Total Global Installed Wind Capacity Total Global Installed Wind Capacity Total Global Installed Wind Capacity
Prospects for Off-Axis Neutral Beam Current Drive in the DIII-D Tokamak
Off-axis neutral beam (NB) current drive (CD) (NBCD) has the potential to supply substantial off-axis CD for the demonstration steady-state, Advanced Tokamak scenarios. A modification of the two existing DIII-D NB beamlines is proposed to allow off-axis CD with NB injection (NBI) vertically steered to drive current as far off axis as half the plasma radius. The profile and magnitude of the driven current is calculated using the NUBEAM Monte Carlo module in the TRANSP and ONETWO transport codes. When the beam is injected in the same direction as the toroidal field, off-axis CD of approximate to 45 kA/MW is calculated at normalized radius (square root of the wtoroidal flux), rho = 0. 5 with full-width at half-maximum of 0.45 in rho. The dimensionless CD efficiency is comparable or somewhat better than that for electron cyclotron CD (ECCD) at the same location and plasma parameters. The efficiency stays nearly constant in going from on-axis to off-axis CD. The localization and magnitude of the off-axis NBCD are sensitive to the alignment of the NBI relative to the helical pitch of the magnetic field lines and thus to the direction of the toroidal field and plasma current. The driven current is still localized off axis for fast ion diffusivities up to 1 m(2)/s. The calculations show that the off-axis NBCD can supply much of the off-axis CD for the steady-state scenarios under consideration, leaving ECCD for fine-tuning of the current profile and real-time control.
Murakami, Masanori [ORNL; Park, Jin Myung [ORNL; Luce, T.C. [General Atomics, San Diego; Wade, David R [ORNL; Hong, R. M. [General Atomics, San Diego
Climatology of High Wind Events in the Owens Valley, California
The climatology of high wind events in the Owens Valley, California, a deep valley located just east of the southern Sierra Nevada, is described using data from six automated weather stations distributed along the valley axis in combination with ...
Shiyuan Zhong; Ju Li; C. David Whiteman; Xindi Bian; Wenqing Yao
EIA: Wind
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Technical information and data on the wind energy industry from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
ARM - Measurement - Vertical velocity
govMeasurementsVertical velocity govMeasurementsVertical velocity ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Vertical velocity The component of the velocity vector, along the local vertical. Categories Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments CO2FLX : Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems ECOR : Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System KAZR : Ka ARM Zenith Radar MMCR : Millimeter Wavelength Cloud Radar SODAR : Mini Sound Detection and Ranging
Vertically Rising Microstructure Profiler
The vertically rising microstructure profiler was designed to measure temperature gradient and conductivity gradient microstructure in lakes, reservoirs and coastal seas. The instrument is totally independent of surface craft while collecting ...
G. D. Carter; J. Imberger
Horizontal-axis washing machines offer large savings: New models entering North American market
Long popular in Europe, new horizontal-axis clothes washers are entering the North American market, creating opportunities for government and utility conservation efforts. Unlike vertical-axis machines, which immerse the clothes in water, horizontal-axis designs use a tumbling action and require far less water, water-heating energy, and detergent. One development in this area is the recent reintroduction by the Frigidaire Company of a full-size, front-load, horizontal-axis washing machine. The new model is an improved version of an earlier design that was discontinued in mid-1991 during changes in manufacturing facilities. It is available under the Sears Kenmore, White-Westinghouse, and Gibson labels. While several European and commercial-grade front-load washers are sold in the US, they are all considerably more expensive than the Frigidaire machine, making it the most efficient clothes washer currently available in a mainstream North American consumer product line.
Shepard, M.
Gap Winds in a Fjord. Part I: Observations and Numerical Simulation
Gap winds in Howe Sound, British Columbia, are described and placed in context by reviewing studies of similar phenomena in other locations. An observational program consisting of a surface mesonetwork and vertical soundings shows that gap winds ...
Peter L. Jackson; D. G. Steyn
Katabatic Winds on Ice Sheets: A Refinement of the Prandtl Model
Katabatic winds on ice sheets and glaciers are buoyancy-driven flows, much like turbidity currents in the ocean. These winds are driven by radiative cooling of the ice surface and are not resolved by the typical horizontal and vertical ...
R. J. Zammett; A. C. Fowler
The Response of Buoyant Coastal Plumes to Upwelling-Favorable Winds
To better understand the response of a buoyant coastal plume to wind-induced upwelling, a two-dimensional theory is developed that includes entrainment. The primary assumption is that competition between wind-driven vertical mixing and lateral ...
Steven Lentz
Wind and Temperature Profiles in the Radix Layer: The Bottom Fifth of the Convective Boundary Layer
In the middle of the convective atmospheric boundary layer is often a deep layer of vertically uniform wind speed (MUL), wind direction, and potential temperature (?UL). A radix layer is identified as the whole region below this uniform layer, ...
Edi Santoso; Roland Stull
Why Are There Upwellings on the Northern Shelf of Taiwan under Northeasterly Winds?
Upwellings are observed on the northern shelf of Taiwan during northeasterly winds. Analytical and realistic numerical models are used to explain how vertical motions are created by divergence and convergence produced by wind acting on the ...
Yu-Lin Chang; Lie-Yauw Oey; Chau-Ron Wu; Hung-Fu Lu
A Comparison of Tropical and Midlatitude Thunderstorm Evolution in Response to Wind Shear
The influence of vertical wind shear on storm development within a tropical environment is studied with the aid of two numerical models and compared with that in simulations of midlatitude storms. The simulations show that larger wind shears are ...
Ulrike Wissmeier; Robert Goler
Anomalous Wind Circulation Observed during 1997/98 El Ni�o Using Indian MST Radar
Unique facility of measuring vertical winds using Indian mesosphere�stratosphere�troposphere (MST) radar along with horizontal winds enables the study of the atmospheric circulation over Gadanki, India. Several important features are noted while ...
V. V. M. Jagannadha Rao; A. Narendra Babu; S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao; D. Narayana Rao
Synoptic-Scale Environments Conducive to Orographic Impacts on Cold-Season Surface Wind Regimes at Montreal, Quebec
Orographic wind channeling, defined as dynamically and thermally induced processes that force wind to blow along the axis of a valley, is a common occurrence along the St. Lawrence River Valley (SLRV) in Quebec, Canada, and produces substantial ...
Alissa Razy; Shawn M. Milrad; Eyad H. Atallah; John R. Gyakum
Wind-Energy based Path Planning For Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Markov Decision Processes
Wind-Energy based Path Planning For Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Markov Decision wind-energy is one possible way to ex- tend flight duration for Unmanned Arial Vehicles. Wind-energy sources of wind energy available to exploit for this problem [5]: 1) Vertical air motion, such as thermal
Smith, Ryan N.
Load attenuating passively adaptive wind turbine blade
A method and apparatus for improving wind turbine performance by alleviating loads and controlling the rotor. The invention employs the use of a passively adaptive blade that senses the wind velocity or rotational speed, and accordingly modifies its aerodynamic configuration. The invention exploits the load mitigation prospects of a blade that twists toward feather as it bends. The invention includes passively adaptive wind turbine rotors or blades with currently preferred power control features. The apparatus is a composite fiber horizontal axis wind-turbine blade, in which a substantial majority of fibers in the blade skin are inclined at angles of between 15 and 30 degrees to the axis of the blade, to produces passive adaptive aeroelastic tailoring (bend-twist coupling) to alleviate loading without unduly jeopardizing performance.
Veers, Paul S. (Albuquerque, NM); Lobitz, Donald W. (Albuquerque, NM)
Wind Blog
wind-blog Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable wind-blog Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585 en Two Facilities, One Goal: Advancing America's Wind Industry http://energy.gov/eere/articles/two-facilities-one-goal-advancing-america-s-wind-industry wind-industry" class="title-link">Two Facilities, One Goal: Advancing America's Wind Industry Two state-of-the-art wind turbine drivetrain test facilities are now
The Influence of Whitecapping Waves on the Vertical Structure of Turbulence in a Shallow Estuarine Embayment
The vertical distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate was measured using an array of four acoustic Doppler velocimeters in the shallow embayment of Grizzly Bay, San Francisco Bay, California. Owing to the combination of wind ...
Nicole L. Jones; Stephen G. Monismith
Characteristics of Vertical Velocity Fluctuations in a Convective Urban Boundary Layer
Vertical air motions within the convective boundary layer over Toronto, Canada, have been observed using a monostatic Doppler echosonde. Data were acquired on cloudless days with strong insolation and light winds, when turbulence dynamics were ...
Humfrey Melling; Roland List
Analytical Expressions for Doppler Spectra of Scatter from Hydrometeors Observed with a Vertically Directed Radar Beam
A generalized expression is derived for the correlation function of signals backscattered from hydrometeors observed with a vertically pointed radar beam in which particle size distribution, turbulence, and mean wind are not homogeneous. This ...
Ming Fang; Richard J. Doviak; Bruce A. Albrecht
The Downwind Spread of an Initially Vertical Column of Particles in a Sheared Environment
The effects of particle fallspeeds on the downwind spread of initially vertical columns or curtains are examined in environments with wind shear. Sets of equations describing the column width as a function of time and distance below column top ...
Ronald E. Stewart; John D. Marwitz
Vertical Motion Structure in Maritime continent mesoscale Convective Systems: Results from a 50-MHz Profiler
Wind profiler data wore used to determine the vertical motion structure in four tropical mcsoscale convective systems (MCSs), which occurred during the Down Under Doppler and Electricity Experiment (DUNDEE) near Darwin. Northern Territory, ...
Robert Cifelli; Steven A. Rutledge
Calculation of Consistent Flux and Advective Terms from Adjusted Vertical Profiles of Divergence
A simple framework is presented for adjusting the normal wind components in a polygon of data points which produces a vanishing vertical integral of horizontal divergence, allows correct calculation of flux and advective terms, and permits ...
John Molinari; Steven Skubis
Variations of Winds and Turbulence Seen by the 50-MHz Radar at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico
The mean vertical profiles of the winds from about 5 to 20 km at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, are described. The variability of wind speed, spectral width, volume reflectivity calibrated as CN2, and vertical wind shear are documented as ...
G. D. Nastrom; F. D. Eaton
Helical axis stellarator with noninterlocking planar coils
A helical axis stellarator using only noninterlocking planar, non-circular coils, generates magnetic fields having a magnetic well and large rotational transform with resultant large equilibrium beta.
Reiman, Allan (Princeton, NJ); Boozer, Allen H. (Rocky Hill, NJ)
NREL: Wind Research - Entegrity Wind Systems's EW50 Turbine Testing and
Entegrity Wind Systems's EW50 Turbine Testing and Results Entegrity Wind Systems's EW50 Turbine Testing and Results Entegrity Wind Systems' EW50 wind turbine. Text Version As part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and U.S. Department of Energy (NREL/DOE) Independent Testing project, NREL tested Entegrity Wind Systems' EW50 turbine at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). The EW50 is a 50-kilowatt (kW), three-bladed, horizontal-axis downwind small wind turbine. The turbine's rotor diameter is 15 meters, and its hub height is 30.5 meters. It has a three-phase induction generator that operates at 480 volts AC. Testing Summary The summary of the tests is listed below, along with the final reports. Cumulative Energy Production 3/11/2009: 17; 3/12/2009: 17; 3/13/2009: 17; 3/14/2009: 17; 3/15/2009: 17;
Stability effects on the profiles of vertical velocity and its variance in katabatic flow
The atmospheric katabatic flow in the foothills of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains has been monitored by a network of towers and sodars for several years as part of the Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) program. The dependence of the vertical component of motion, its variance, and the mean component of the wind perpendicular to the surface at the mouth of Coal Creek Canyon on surface cooling and channeling by winds above the canyon has been explored by using almost three years of data from the network. The magnitude of the near-surface temperature differences was found to decrease with increasing surface cooling in light winds, apparently because of increasing turbulence resulting when increasing winds interact with surface topography. The variance of vertical velocity exhibits three types of vertical profiles, corresponding to different cooling rates and external wind speeds. The mean variance was found to depend strongly on a locally derived Richardson number.
Coulter, R.L.; Martin, T.J.
Vertical Velocity Focus Group
Velocity Focus Group Velocity Focus Group ARM 2008 Science Team Meeting Norfolk, VA March 10-14 Background Vertical velocity measurements have been at the top of the priority list of the cloud modeling community for some time. Doppler measurements from ARM profiling radars operating at 915-MHz, 35-GHz and 94-GHz have been largely unexploited. The purpose of this new focus group is to develop vertical velocity ARM products suitable for modelers. ARM response to their request has been slow. Most ARM instruments are suitable for cloud observations and have limited capabilities in precipitation Using ARM datasets for evaluating and improving cloud parameterization in global climate models (GCMs) is not straightforward, due to gigantic scale mismatches. Consider this... Looking only vertically drastically limits opportunities
Measurement of Vertical Kinetic Energy and Vertical Velocity Skewness in Oceanic Boundary Layers by Imperfectly Lagrangian Floats
The effects of upward buoyancy on the accuracy with which Lagrangian floats can measure the Eulerian mean variance wwE and skewness SwE of vertical fluid velocity w in the wind-driven upper-ocean boundary layer is investigated using both ...
Ramsey R. Harcourt; Eric A. D�Asaro
Giromill wind tunnel test and analysis. Volume II. Technical discussion. Final report, June 1976--October 1977
A wind tunnel test of a Giromill rotor was conducted. The objective of this test was to substantiate the performance computed by the Larsen cyclogiro vortex theory. Additional objectives were to obtain performance comparison data between the Giromill, a sinusoidal blade modulation Giromill, a Darrieus rotor, and a modified Darrieus rotor that flips the blades a few degrees. A three bladed Giromill rotor having a diameter of 2.13 m (7 ft) and a span of 1.52 m (5 ft) was tested in the McDonnell Aircraft Company 15 x 20 ft Mini Speed Wind Tunnel. The blade modulations were accomplished through use of a cam and push rod arrangement. Replaceable cams provided the desired blade modulation at the various operating points. Various operating conditions were achieved by adjusting the rotor RPM and tunnel speed. The results show that the Giromill has good performance, equal to or much better than that predicted by theory, and outperforms the other types of vertical axis wind turbines tested.
Moran, W.A.
Energy Basics Renewable Energy Printable Version Share this resource Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Hydropower Ocean Solar Wind Wind Turbines Wind Resources Wind Turbines...
Standards for Municipal Small Wind Regulations and Small Wind...
Standards for Municipal Small Wind Regulations and Small Wind Model Wind Ordinance Standards for Municipal Small Wind Regulations and Small Wind Model Wind Ordinance Eligibility...
Conductor assembly formed about a curved axis
A conductor assembly of the type which, when conducting current, generates a magnetic field or in which, in the presence of a changing magnetic field, a voltage is induced. In the assembly a first layer, tubular in shape, is formed about an axis. The axis includes a curved portion along which a conductor may be positioned to define a first conductor path. The first layer also includes a curved portion having a shape that includes a curve extending along the curved portion of the axis. A first conductor is arranged about the curved portion of the first layer in a first helical configuration including a curved segment, helical in shape and formed about the curved portion of the axis. The configuration is capable of sustaining a magnetic field having multipole components oriented in directions transverse to the axis.
Meinke, Rainer (Melbourne, FL)
NREL: Wind Research - Large Wind Turbine Research
Wind Research Search More Search Options Site Map Printable Version Large Wind Turbine Research NREL's utility scale wind system research addresses performance and...
Wind Powering America: Wind Events
Wind Powering America (EERE)
calendar.asp Lists upcoming wind calendar.asp Lists upcoming wind power-related events. en-us email@example.com (Julie Jones) http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/images/wpa_logo_sm.jpg Wind Powering America: Wind Events http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/calendar.asp Pennsylvania Wind for Schools Educator Workshop https://www.regonline.com/builder/site/Default.aspx?EventID=1352684 http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=4068 Wed, 4 Dec 2013 00:00:00 MST 2014 Joint Action Workshop http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=3996 http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=3996 Mon, 21 Oct 2013 00:00:00 MST AWEA Wind Project Operations and Maintenance and Safety Seminar http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=4009 http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=4009 Mon, 21
Effect of various errors on the Spin Tune and Stable Spin Axis
Even though RHIC has two full Siberian snakes in each ring, there are various perturbations to the ideal case including orbit errors at the snakes, experiment solenoids, injection bumps, and interlaced horizontal-vertical bumps at the hydrogen jet polarimeter. These errors can cause depolarization by shifting the spin tune and tilting the stable spin direction away from vertical. Tilting of the stable spin axis can enhance horizontal depolarizing resonances. This paper presents preliminary results for some of these error scenarios, as well as their impact on the stable spin directions at STAR and PHENIX.
Effect of Various Errors on the Spin Tune and Stable Spin Axis
The prime aim of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission is to demonstrate measurements of vertical wind profiles from space. Extensive studies conducted by the European Space Agency over the past 15 years have culminated in the selection of a high-...
Ad Stoffelen; Jean Pailleux; Erland K�ll�n; J. Michael Vaughan; Lars Isaksen; Pierre Flamant; Werner Wergen; Erik Andersson; Harald Schyberg; Alain Culoma; Roland Meynart; Martin Endemann; Paul Ingmann
Oceanic Quasi-geostrophic Turbulence Forced by Stochastic Wind Fluctuations
The quasi-geostrophic response to stochastic wind fluctuations is calculated using a doubly periodic nonlinear model, with a vertical resolution of three modes in most cases. The influence of various parameters on the response is investigated: ...
Anne Marie Treguier; Bach Lien Hua
Temperature, Humidity, and Wind at the Global Tropopause
This study presents global statistics of tropopause parameters for a 15-yr period (1979�93). The parameters are height, temperature, potential temperature, mixing ratio of water vapor, and zonal, meridional and vertical wind. The global ...
Klaus P. Hoinka
Wooden wind turbine blade manufacturing process
A wooden wind turbine blade is formed by laminating wood veneer in a compression mold having the exact curvature needed for one side of the blade, following which the other side of the blade is ground flat along its length but twisted with respect to the blade axis.
Coleman, Clint (Warren, VT)
LIDAR Wind Speed Measurements of Evolving Wind Fields
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems are able to measure the speed of incoming wind before it interacts with a wind turbine rotor. These preview wind measurements can be used in feedforward control systems that are designed to reduce turbine loads. However, the degree to which such preview-based control techniques can reduce loads by reacting to turbulence depends on how accurately the incoming wind field can be measured. Past studies have assumed the validity of physicist G.I. Taylor's 1938 frozen turbulence hypothesis, which implies that turbulence remains unchanged as it advects downwind at the mean wind speed. With Taylor's hypothesis applied, the only source of wind speed measurement error is distortion caused by the LIDAR. This study introduces wind evolution, characterized by the longitudinal coherence of the wind, to LIDAR measurement simulations using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) 5-megawatt turbine model to create a more realistic measurement model. A simple model of wind evolution was applied to a frozen wind field that was used in previous studies to investigate the effects of varying the intensity of wind evolution. LIDAR measurements were also evaluated using a large eddy simulation (LES) of a stable boundary layer that was provided by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The LIDAR measurement scenario investigated consists of a hub-mounted LIDAR that scans a circle of points upwind of the turbine in order to estimate the wind speed component in the mean wind direction. Different combinations of the preview distance that is located upwind of the rotor and the radius of the scan circle were analyzed. It was found that the dominant source of measurement error for short preview distances is the detection of transverse and vertical wind speeds from the line-of-sight LIDAR measurement. It was discovered in previous studies that, in the absence of wind evolution, the dominant source of error for large preview distances is the spatial averaging caused by the LIDAR's sampling volume. However, by introducing wind evolution, the dominant source of error for large preview distances was found to be the coherence loss caused by evolving turbulence. Different measurement geometries were compared using the bandwidth for which the measurement coherence remained above 0.5 and also the area under the measurement coherence curve. Results showed that, by increasing the intensity of wind evolution, the measurement coherence decreases. Using the coherence bandwidth metric, the optimal preview distance for a fixed-scan radius remained almost constant for low and moderate amounts of wind evolution. For the wind field with the simple wind evolution model introduced, the optimal preview distance for a scan radius of 75% blade span (47.25 meters) was found to be 80 meters. Using the LES wind field, the optimal preview distance was 65 meters. When comparing scan geometries using the area under the coherence curve, results showed that, as the intensity of wind evolution increases, the optimal preview distance decreases.
Simley, E.; Pao, L. Y.; Kelley, N.; Jonkman, B.; Frehlich, R.
Composite Vertical Structure of Vertical Velocity in Nonprecipitating Cumulus Clouds
Vertical transects of Doppler vertical velocity data, obtained from an airborne profiling millimeter-wave cloud radar, are composited for a large number of cumulus clouds (Cu) at various stages of their life cycle, to examine typical circulations ...
Yonggang Wang; Bart Geerts
Monthly Diurnal Global Atmospheric Circuit Estimates Derived from Vostok Electric Field Measurements Adjusted for Local Meteorological and Solar Wind Influences
Local temperature, wind speed, pressure, and solar wind�imposed influences on the vertical electric field observed at Vostok, Antarctica, are evaluated by multivariate analysis. Local meteorology can influence electric field measurements via local ...
G. B. Burns; B. A. Tinsley; A. V. Frank-Kamenetsky; O. A. Troshichev; W. J. R. French; A. R. Klekociuk
Extreme Winds and Wind Effects on Structures. Description/Summary: The Building and Fire Research Laboratory has an ...
Design and development of a marine current energy conversion system using hybrid vertical axis turbine.
??The Ocean Network Seafloor Instrumentation (ONSFI) Project, which commenced in 2007, is a five year multidisciplinary R&D project to design, fabricate and validate a proof-of-concept� (more)
Alam, MD. Jahangir, 1984-
Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility
DARHT Facility: A critical component of stockpile stewardship DARHT Facility: A critical component of stockpile stewardship A new research frontier awaits! Our door is open and we thrive on mutually beneficial partnerships, collaborations that drive innovations and new technologies. April 12, 2012 Dominic Tafoya and Dave Honaberger prepare a refurbished DARHT (Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrotest Facility) 2nd axis accelerator cell for magnetic axis alignment measurements. Contact Group Leader Terry Priestley (505) 665-1330 Email Deputy Group Leader Tim Ferris (505) 665-2179 Email Hydrotests are critical in assessing nuclear weapons in nation's stockpile Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test facility 4:17 How DARHT Works The weapons programs at Los Alamos have one principal mission: ensure the safety, security, and effectiveness of nuclear weapons in our nation's
Wind Energy Leasing Handbook
Wind Energy Leasing Handbook Wind Energy Leasing Handbook E-1033 Oklahoma Cooperative Extension?..................................................................................................................... 31 What do wind developers consider in locating wind energy projects?............................................................................................ 37 How do companies and individuals invest in wind energy projects?....................................................................
Balasundaram, Balabhaskar "Baski"
Marketing Strategies for Horizontal Axis Washers
Horizontal axis washing machines provide superior washing quality and gentleness as well as reduced energy use. This EPRI guide describes how utilities can effectively engage the horizontal axis washing machine market and the strategic and load-related reasons they should be interested in doing so. The guide covers topics ranging from a detailed overview of the marketplace to specific tactical advice that offers practical insights for any utility considering entering this new market.
Wind Powering America: New England Wind Forum
About the New England Wind Forum About the New England Wind Forum New England Wind Energy Education Project Historic Wind Development in New England State Activities Projects in New England Building Wind Energy in New England Wind Resource Wind Power Technology Economics Markets Siting Policy Technical Challenges Issues Small Wind Large Wind Newsletter Perspectives Events Quick Links to States CT MA ME NH RI VT Bookmark and Share The New England Wind Forum was conceived in 2005 as a platform to provide a single, comprehensive and objective source of up-to-date, Web-based information on a broad array of wind-energy-related issues pertaining to New England. The New England Wind Forum provides information to wind energy stakeholders through Web site features, periodic newsletters, and outreach activities. The New England Wind Forum covers the most frequently discussed wind energy topics.
Wind Power
Power As the accompanying map of New Mexico shows, the best wind power generation potential near WIPP is along the Delaware Mountain ridge line of the southern Guadalupe Mountains,...
Wind News
news Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable news Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585 en New Report Shows Trend Toward Larger Offshore Wind Systems, with 11 Advanced Stage Projects Proposed in U.S. Waters http://energy.gov/eere/articles/new-report-shows-trend-toward-larger-offshore-wind-systems-11-advanced-stage-projects wind-systems-11-advanced-stage-projects" class="title-link">New Report Shows Trend Toward Larger Offshore Wind Systems, with 11 Advanced Stage Projects Proposed in U.S. Waters
Pierre's Prototype for Wind and Solar - Capitol Lake Plaza | Department
Pierre's Prototype for Wind and Solar - Capitol Lake Plaza Pierre's Prototype for Wind and Solar - Capitol Lake Plaza Pierre's Prototype for Wind and Solar - Capitol Lake Plaza June 3, 2010 - 3:22pm Addthis Lindsay Gsell What are the key facts? 80 photovoltaic (PV) solar energy system and two vertical wind turbines will produce up to 40 percent of the building's total energy usage Capitol Lake Plaza sits centrally on Pierre, S.D.'s government plaza. Originally built in 1974, the building has been undergoing major energy renovations since being purchased by the state two years ago. Two major components of the renovation are about to appear at the building's highest point: solar panels and wind turbines are being installed on the roof. The 80 photovoltaic (PV) solar energy system and two vertical wind turbines will produce up to 40 percent of the building's total energy usage, says
Measurements of the Vertical Acceleration in Wind Waves
Recent theoretical studies of the accelerations in regular gravity waves of finite steepness have shown striking differences between the Eulerian and the Lagrangian accelerations (those measured by fixed instruments or freely floating instruments,...
J. A. Ewing; M. S. Longuet-Higgins; M. A. Srokosz
Accessibility in 5-Axis Milling Environment
Using algorithms from computer graphics, namely hidden line and surface removal, techniques have been constructed to derive the 3-axis visible or millable set of a computer model from a given orientation or simulate and verify machining toolpaths. In this paper, an approach that reduces the accessibility problem of 5-axis milling using a flat end tool into a 3-axis accessibility problem is discussed. Using this approach, global detection of possible gouging into other parts, while a 5-axis flat end mill is in use, is made feasible and collisions can be avoided. Key Words: NURBs, accessibility, 5-axis machining. 1 Introduction Several methods are in use, when freeform computer models are realized using milling machines. Possibly the most common approach utilizes a ball end tool with three degrees of freedom, namely translation in x, y, and z [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7]. The ball end center of the tool follows an offset [8] to the model by the tool radius while the ball end surface is tangent to...
Gershon Elber
Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility, IG-0599 |...
Administration Other Agencies You are here Home Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility, IG-0599 Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility, IG-0599 The Dual...
Modular Off-Axis Fiber Optic Solar Concentrator
interior lighting: Sunlight Direct, ... a Modular Off-Axis Fiber Optic Solar Concentrator, uses novel embodiments of an off-axis aspheric focusing system to achieve ...
NREL: Wind Research - Wind Resource Assessment
Wind Resource Assessment Wind Resource Assessment A map of the United States is color-coded to indicate the high winds at 80 meters. This map shows the wind resource at 80 meters for both land-based and offshore wind resources in the United States. Correct estimation of the energy available in the wind can make or break the economics of wind plant development. Wind mapping and validation techniques developed at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) along with collaborations with U.S. companies have produced high-resolution maps of the United States that provide wind plant developers with accurate estimates of the wind resource potential. State Wind Maps International Wind Resource Maps Dynamic Maps, GIS Data, and Analysis Tools Due to the existence of special use airspace (SUA) (i.e., military airspace
New England Wind Forum: Wind Power Technology
Wind Power Technology Wind Power Technology Modern wind turbines have become sophisticated power plants while the concept of converting wind energy to electrical energy remains quite simple. Follow these links to learn more about the science behind wind turbine technology. Wind Power Animation An image of a scene from the wind power animation. The animation shows how moving air rotates a wind turbine's blades and describes how the internal components work to produce electricity. It shows small and large wind turbines and the differences between how they are used, as stand alone or connected to the utility grid. How Wind Turbines Work Learn how wind turbines make electricity; what are the types, sizes, and applications of wind turbines; and see an illustration of the components inside a wind turbine.
Axis Technologies Group Inc | Open Energy Information
Axis Technologies Group Inc Axis Technologies Group Inc Jump to: navigation, search Name Axis Technologies Group, Inc Place Lincoln, Nebraska Zip 68522 Product Designs, manufactures, and markets energy-saving and daylight harvesting electronic dimming ballasts for the commercial lighting industry. Coordinates 47.829403°, -118.419202° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":47.829403,"lon":-118.419202,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Balancing of Wind Power.
?? In the future, renewable energy share, especially wind power share, in electricity generation is expected to increase. Due to nature of the wind, wind� (more)
�lker, Muhammed Akif
Wind-Stress Coefficients at Light Winds
The increase of the wind-stress coefficient with wind velocity was found to start with winds as light as 3 m s?1, below which, following the formula for aerodynamically smooth flows, the wind-stress coefficient decreases as the wind velocity ...
Jin Wu
Wind loading on solar concentrators: some general considerations
A survey has been completed to examine the problems and complications arising from wind loading on solar concentrators. Wind loading is site specific and has an important bearing on the design, cost, performance, operation and maintenance, safety, survival, and replacement of solar collecting systems. Emphasis herein is on paraboloidal, two-axis tracking systems. Thermal receiver problems also are discussed. Wind characteristics are discussed from a general point of view; current methods for determining design wind speed are reviewed. Aerodynamic coefficients are defined and illustrative examples are presented. Wind tunnel testing is discussed, and environmental wind tunnels are reviewed; recent results on heliostat arrays are reviewed as well. Aeroelasticity in relation to structural design is discussed briefly. Wind loads, i.e., forces and moments, are proportional to the square of the mean wind velocity. Forces are proportional to the square of concentrator diameter, and moments are proportional to the cube of diameter. Thus, wind loads have an important bearing on size selection from both cost and performance standpoints. It is concluded that sufficient information exists so that reasonably accurate predictions of wind loading are possible for a given paraboloidal concentrator configuration, provided that reliable and relevant wind conditions are specified. Such predictions will be useful to the design engineer and to the systems engineer as well. Information is lacking, however, on wind effects in field arrays of paraboloidal concentrators. Wind tunnel tests have been performed on model heliostat arrays, but there are important aerodynamic differences between heliostats and paraboloidal dishes.
Roschke, E. J.
Wind power for the Creek Nation. Final report
An Enertech 1800 horizontal-axis wind powered electric generator was purchased and interphased with the electric utility system provided to the Creek Nation by the Public Service Company of Oklahoma. Objectives of the work include: to determine the economic feasibility of wind power for the Creek Nation region; to educate the Creek Nation and other Indian tribes about the potential use of wind power; and to accumulate valuable climatic data through an on-site wind survey at a height of 60' over a long period of time. (LEW)
Wind turbine
A wind turbine of the type having an airfoil blade (15) mounted on a flexible beam (20) and a pitch governor (55) which selectively, torsionally twists the flexible beam in response to wind turbine speed thereby setting blade pitch, is provided with a limiter (85) which restricts unwanted pitch change at operating speeds due to torsional creep of the flexible beam. The limiter allows twisting of the beam by the governor under excessive wind velocity conditions to orient the blades in stall pitch positions, thereby preventing overspeed operation of the turbine. In the preferred embodiment, the pitch governor comprises a pendulum (65,70) which responds to changing rotor speed by pivotal movement, the limiter comprising a resilient member (90) which engages an end of the pendulum to restrict further movement thereof, and in turn restrict beam creep and unwanted blade pitch misadjustment.
Cheney, Jr., Marvin C. (Glastonbury, CT)
Preliminary design and viability consideration of external, shroud-based stators in wind turbine generators
Horizontal-axis wind turbine designs often included gearboxes or large direct-drive generators to compensate for the low peripheral speeds of the turbine hub. To take advantage of high blade tip speeds, an alternative ...
Shoemaker-Trejo, Nathaniel (Nathaniel Joseph)
New England Wind Forum: Wind Power Economics
State Activities Projects in New England Building Wind Energy in New England Wind Resource Wind Power Technology Economics Cost Components Determining Factors Influencing Wind Economics in New England How does wind compare to the cost of other electricity options? Markets Siting Policy Technical Challenges Issues Small Wind Large Wind Newsletter Perspectives Events Quick Links to States CT MA ME NH RI VT Bookmark and Share Wind Power Economics Long-Term Cost Trends Since the first major installations of commercial-scale wind turbines in the 1980s, the cost of energy from wind power projects has decreased substantially due to larger turbine generators, towers, and rotor lengths; scale economies associated with larger projects; improvements in manufacturing efficiency, and technological advances in turbine generator and blade design. These technological advances have allowed for higher generating capacities per turbine and more efficient capture of wind, especially at lower wind speeds.
New England Wind Forum: Large Wind
Small Wind Small Wind Large Wind Newsletter Perspectives Events Quick Links to States CT MA ME NH RI VT Bookmark and Share Large Wind When establishing wind farms, wind energy developers generally approach landowners where they want to build. Interest in wind farms is frequently spurred by external pressures such as tax and other financial incentives and legislative mandates. Since each situation is influenced by local policies and permitting, we can only provide general guidance to help you learn about the process of installing wind turbines. Publications Wind Project Development Process Permitting of Wind Energy Facilities: A Handbook. (August 2002). National Wind Coordinating Collaborative. Landowner Frequently Asked Questions and Answers. (August 2003). "State Wind Working Group Handbook." pp. 130-133.
NREL: Wind Research - International Wind Resource Maps
Wind Resource Maps NREL is helping to develop high-resolution projections of wind resources worldwide. This allows for more accurate siting of wind turbines and has led to the...
NREL: Wind Research - Wind Project Development Updates
Wind Project Development Updates A 2.3 megawatt Siemens wind turbine nacelle on route to the Record Hill Wind project in Roxbury, Maine. January 14, 2013 As a result of the...
Optimizing wind turbine control system parameters
The impending expiration of the levelized period in the Interim Standard Offer Number 4 (ISO4) utility contracts for purchasing wind-generated power in California mandates, more than ever, that windplants be operated in a cost-effective manner. Operating plans and approaches are needed that maximize the net revenue from wind parks--after accounting for operation and maintenance costs. This paper describes a design tool that makes it possible to tailor a control system of a wind turbine (WT) to maximize energy production while minimizing the financial consequences of fatigue damage to key structural components. Plans for code enhancements to include expert systems and fuzzy logic are discussed, and typical results are presented in which the code is applied to study the controls of a generic Danish 15-m horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT).
Schluter, L.L. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Vachon, W.A. [Vachon (W.A.) and Associates, Inc., Manchester, MA (United States)
Active curve axis Gaussian mixture models
Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) have been broadly applied for the fitting of probability density function. However, due to the intrinsic linearity of GMM, usually many components are needed to appropriately fit the data distribution, when there are curve ... Keywords: AcaG, AcaGMM, Active curve axis, EM, Finite mixture models, GMM, Unsupervised learning
Baibo Zhang; Changshui Zhang; Xing Yi
NREL: Wind Research - Offshore Wind Research
Options Site Map Printable Version Offshore Standards and Testing NREL's Offshore Wind Testing Capabilities 35 years of wind turbine testing experience Custom high speed data...
Extreme Wind Speeds: Publications
... "Algorithms for Generating Large Sets of Synthetic Directional Wind Speed Data for Hurricane, Thunderstorm, and Synoptic Winds," NIST Technical ...
Topic: Wind Engineering
Topic: Wind Engineering. Forty-Fourth Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects. NIST researchers collected ...
Dynamic stall on wind turbine blades
Dynamic loads must be predicted accurately in order to estimate the fatigue life of wind turbines operating in turbulent environments. Dynamic stall contributes to increased dynamic loads during normal operation of all types of horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWTs). This report illustrates how dynamic stall varies throughout the blade span of a 10 m HAWT during yawed and unyawed operating conditions. Lift, drag, and pitching moment coefficients during dynamics stall are discussed. Resulting dynamic loads are presented, and the effects of dynamic stall on yaw loads are demonstrated using a yaw loads dynamic analysis (YAWDYN). 12 refs., 22 figs., 1 tab.
Butterfield, C.P.; Simms, D.; Scott, G. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States)] [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States); Hansen, A.C. [Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, UT (United States)] [Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
Experimental and analytical research on the aerodynamics of wind turbines. Mid-term technical report, June 1--December 31, 1975
The successful development of reliable, cost competitive horizontal axis, propeller-type wind energy conversion systems (WECS) is strongly dependent on the availability of advanced technology for each of the system components. Past experience and current studies of this type of wind energy conversion systems have shown that the wind turbine subsystem most significantly effects the system's cost effectiveness and performance capability. Thus adequate technology bases are essential for all elements of the wind turbine design. Information is presented concerning aerodynamic design and performance technology, wind turbine parametric performance study, selection of model wind turbine configurations, and structural design of wind turbine models.
Rohrbach, C.
New England Wind Forum: Small Wind
Wind for Schools Project Funding Case Studies: Thomas Harrison Middle School, Virginia Wind for Schools Project Funding Case Studies: Thomas Harrison Middle School, Virginia August 26, 2013 Workshop Explores Information's Role in Wind Project Siting: A Wind Powering America Success Story November 19, 2012 More News Subscribe to News Updates Events Renewable Energy Market Update Webinar January 29, 2014 Strategic Energy Planning: Webinar February 26, 2014 Introduction to Wind Systems March 10, 2014 More Events Publications 2012 Market Report on Wind Technologies in Distributed Applications August 12, 2013 More Publications Features Sign up for the New England Wind Forum Newsletter. New England Wind Forum About the New England Wind Forum New England Wind Energy Education Project Historic Wind Development in New England State Activities Projects in New England
NREL: Wind Research - Small Wind Turbine Webinars
Small Wind Turbine Webinars Small Wind Turbine Webinars Here you will find webinars about small wind turbines that NREL hosted. Introducing WindLease(tm): Making Wind Energy Affordable NREL and the American Solar Energy Society (ASES) Wind Division co-hosted this webinar. (Text Version.) Date: August 1, 2013 Run Time: 40 minutes Joe Hess, VP of Business Development at United Wind, described United Wind's WindQuote and WindLease Program and explained the process from the dealer's and consumer's perspective. Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association NREL and the American Solar Energy Society (ASES) Wind Division co-hosted this webinar. (Text Version). Date: March 7, 2013 Run Time: 1 hour Russel Smith, Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association executive director and co-founder, provided an overview of the trade association
NREL: Wind Research - Small Wind Turbine Development
Small Wind Turbine Development Small Wind Turbine Development A photo of Southwest Windpower's Skystream wind turbine in front of a home. PIX14936 Southwest Windpower's Skystream wind turbine. A photo of the Endurance wind turbine. PIX15006 The Endurance wind turbine. A photo of the Atlantic Orient Corporation 15/50 wind turbine at the National Wind Technology Center. PIX07301 The Atlantic Orient Corporation 15/50 wind turbine at the National Wind Technology Center. NREL supports continued market expansion of small wind turbines by funding manufacturers through competitive solicitations (i.e., subcontracts and/or grants) to refine prototype systems leading to commercialization. Learn more about the turbine development projects below. Skystream NREL installed and tested an early prototype of this turbine at the
High Resolution Atmospheric Modeling for Wind Energy Applications
The ability of the WRF atmospheric model to forecast wind speed over the Nysted wind park was investigated as a function of time. It was found that in the time period we considered (August 1-19, 2008), the model is able to predict wind speeds reasonably accurately for 48 hours ahead, but that its forecast skill deteriorates rapidly after 48 hours. In addition, a preliminary analysis was carried out to investigate the impact of vertical grid resolution on the forecast skill. Our preliminary finding is that increasing vertical grid resolution does not have a significant impact on the forecast skill of the WRF model over Nysted wind park during the period we considered. Additional simulations during this period, as well as during other time periods, will be run in order to validate the results presented here. Wind speed is a difficult parameter to forecast due the interaction of large and small length scale forcing. To accurately forecast the wind speed at a given location, the model must correctly forecast the movement and strength of synoptic systems, as well as the local influence of topography / land use on the wind speed. For example, small deviations in the forecast track or strength of a large-scale low pressure system can result in significant forecast errors for local wind speeds. The purpose of this study is to provide a preliminary baseline of a high-resolution limited area model forecast performance against observations from the Nysted wind park. Validating the numerical weather prediction model performance for past forecasts will give a reasonable measure of expected forecast skill over the Nysted wind park. Also, since the Nysted Wind Park is over water and some distance from the influence of terrain, the impact of high vertical grid spacing for wind speed forecast skill will also be investigated.
Simpson, M; Bulaevskaya, V; Glascoe, L; Singer, M
IMPROVEMENT OF THE WIND FARM MODEL FLAP FOR OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS Bernhard Lange(1), Hans-Peter Waldl(1)(2), Rebecca Barthelmie(3), Algert Gil Guerrero(1)(4), Detlev Heinemann(1)
Vindeby. Vertical wake profiles and mean turbulence intensities in the wake were compared for 32 scenarios. Additionally, an estimation of turbulence intensity in the wind farm is essential for the load assumptions used in the description of the ambient vertical wind speed profile, but most importantly it leads to a low and wind speed
High payload six-axis load sensor
A repairable high-payload six-axis load sensor includes a table, a base, and at least three shear-pin load transducers removably mounted between the table and the base. Removable mounting permits easy replacement of damaged shear pins. Preferably, the shear-pin load transducers are responsive to shear forces imparted along the two axes perpendicular to an axis of minimum sensitivity characteristic of the transducer. Responsive to an applied shear force, each shear-pin load transducer can produce an electrical signal proportional to the reaction force. The load sensor can further include a structure for receiving the proportional electrical signals and computing the applied load corresponding to the proportional electrical signals. The computed load can be expressed in terms of a three-dimensional XYZ Cartesian coordinate system.
Jansen, John F. (Knoxville, TN); Lind, Randall F. (Knoxville, TN)
Triple-Axis Spectroscopy Mark Lumsden
TAS Instruments at HFIR: HB1A Ames Laboratory Fixed Ei TAS 5 Instrument scientist: Jerel Zarestky TAS Instruments at HFIR: HB1 Polarized TAS 6 Currently, unpolarized with vertically focusing PG002: Andrey Zheludev #12;OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TAS Instruments at HFIR: HB3
Horizon Wind
The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) does not have regulatory authority specific to wind power development at this time. WDFW is an agency with environmental expertise as provided for through the Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 197-11-920. Comments related to environmental impacts are provided to regulatory authorities through the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 43.21C review process.
Cover Photo; Nina Carter; Heath Packard; Lisa Paribello; Craig Dublanko; Dana Peck; Nicole Hughes; Bill Robinson; Robert Kruse; Arlo Corwin; Joe Buchanan; Ted Clausing; Eric Cummins; Travis Nelson; Eric Pentico; Mike Ritter; Jeff Tayer; James Watson; William Weiler; David Mcclure
Influence of refraction on wind turbine noise
A semi-empirical method is applied to calculate the time-average sound level of wind turbine noise generation and propagation. Both are affected by wind shear refraction. Under upwind conditions the partially ensonified zone separates the fully ensonified zone (close to the turbine) and the shadow zone (far away from the turbine). Refraction is described in terms of the wind speed linear profile fitted to the power law profile. The rotating blades are treated as a two-dimensional circular source in the vertical plane. Inside the partially ensonified zone the effective A-weighted sound power decreases to zero when the receiver moves from the turbine toward the shadow zone. The presented results would be useful in practical applications to give a quick estimate of the effect of refraction on wind turbine noise.
Makarewicz, Rufin
ANL/APS/TB-32 Test of Horizontal Field Measurements Using Two-Axis Hall
2 2 Test of Horizontal Field Measurements Using Two-Axis Hall Probes at the APS Magnetic Measurement Facility I. Vasserman Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL 60439 1. Introduction The free-electron laser (FEL) project at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) will use a 400-MeV particle beam from the APS linac with RMS beam transverse size of 100 µm and requires very high performance of the insertion devices in order to achieve high intensity radiation. Averaged over period, the trajectory must deviate from the ideal on-axis trajectory by not more than 10% of the RMS beam size. Meaning that the second field integral should be straight within ±1300 G-cm 2 over the length of the device for both horizontal and vertical directions for the 400-MeV particle
Offshore Wind Research Offshore Wind Research Photo of a European offshore wind farm. Early progress in European Offshore Wind Energy over the last decade provides a glimpse into the vast potential of the global offshore resource. For more than eight years, NREL has worked with the Department of Energy to become an international leader in offshore wind energy research. Capabilities NREL's offshore wind capabilities focus on critical areas that reflect the long-term needs of the offshore wind energy industry and the U.S. Department of Energy including: Offshore Design Tools and Methods Offshore Standards and Testing Energy Analysis of Offshore Systems Offshore Wind Resource Characterization Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Key Research NREL documented the status of offshore wind energy in the United States in
NREL: Wind Research - Site Wind Resource Characteristics
Site Wind Resource Characteristics Site Wind Resource Characteristics A graphic showing the location of National Wind Technology Center and its wind power class 2. Click on the image to view a larger version. Enlarge image This graphic shows the wind power class at the National Wind Technology Center. You can download a printable copy. The National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) is on the Great Plains just miles from the Rocky Mountains. The site is flat and covered with short grasses. The terrain and lack of obstructions make the site highly suitable for testing wind turbines. Take a tour of the NWTC and its facilities to better understand its location and layout. Another prime feature of the NWTC is the strong directionality of the wind - most of the strong winds come within a few degrees of 285°. West of
Wind loading on solar collectors
The present design methodology for the determination of wind loading on the various solar collectors has been reviewed and assessed. The total force coefficients of flat plates of aspect ratios 1.0 and 3.0, respectively, at various angles of attack obtained by using the guidelines of the ANSI A58.1-1982, have been compared with those obtained by using the methodology of the ASCE Task Committee, 1961, and the experimental results of the full-scale test of heliostats by Peglow. The turbulent energy spectra, currently employed in the building code, are compared with those of Kaimal et al., Lumley, and Ponofsky for wind velocities of 20.0 m/s and 40.24 m/s at an elevation of 9.15 m. The longitudinal spectra of the building code overestimates the Kaimal spectra in the frequency range of 0.007 Hz to 0.08 Hz and underestimates beyond the frequency of 0.08 Hz. The peak angles of attack, on the heliostat, stowed in horizontal position, due to turbulent vertical and lateral components of wind velocity, have been estimated by using Daniel's methodology for three wind velocities and compared with the value suggested by the code. The experimental results of a simple test in the laboratory indicate the feasibility of decreasing the drag forces of the flat plate by reducing the solidity ratio.
Bhaduri, S.; Murphy, L.M.
Utility Wind Integration Group Distributed Wind/Solar Interconnection...
Utility Wind Integration Group Distributed WindSolar Interconnection Workshop Utility Wind Integration Group Distributed WindSolar Interconnection Workshop May 21, 2013 8:00AM...
The Wind Energy Outlook Scenarios 1 India Wind Energy
1 ?Status of wind energy in India ????????????????????6 Wind energy in India????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????7 Wind power resource assessment?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????6 Wind power installations by state?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????8
unknown authors
Vertical Coordinate Transformation of Vertically-Discretized Atmospheric Fields
The problem of transforming fields of atmospheric variables from one vertical coordinate system to another without altering their dynamic balance is discussed. A curve fitting scheme applied to the data points in each grid column is proposed ...
Rainer Bleck
Importance of Thermal Effects and Sea Surface Roughness for Offshore Wind Resource Assessment
The economic feasibility of offshore wind power utilisation depends on the favourable wind conditions offshore as compared to sites on land. The higher wind speeds have to compensate the additional cost of offshore developments. However, not only the mean wind speed is different, but the whole flow regime, as can e.g. be seen in the vertical wind speed profile. The commonly used models to describe this profile have been developed mainly for land sites. Their applicability for wind power prediction at offshore sites is investigated using data from the measurement program Rdsand, located in the Danish Baltic Sea.
Bernhard Lange; S�ren Larsen; J�rgen H�jstrup Rebecca Barthelmie; J�rgen H�jstrup; Rebecca Barthelmie; Bernhard Lange
The Vibration Frequencies of Wind Turbine Steel Tower by Transfer Matrix Method
Large-scale wind turbine structure is simplified as a slender cantilever beam with variable sections subject to complex loads configuration. An analytical procedure to estimate not only natural frequencies but also vibration mode shapes of thin-walled ... Keywords: horizontal axis wind turbine tower, natural frequency, transfer matrix method, free vibration
Wang Meng; Wang Zhangqi
Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment Phase VI: Wind Tunnel Test Configurations and Available Data Campaigns
The primary objective of the insteady aerodynamics experiment was to provide information needed to quantify the full-scale, three-dimensional aerodynamic behavior of horizontal-axis wind turbines. This report is intended to familiarize the user with the entire scope of the wind tunnel test and to support the use of the resulting data.
Hand, M. M.; Simms, D. A.; Fingersh, L. J.; Jager, D. W.; Cotrell, J. R.; Schreck, S.; Larwood, S. M.
Observational Study of Wind Channeling within the St. Lawrence River Valley
The presence of orography can lead to thermally and dynamically induced mesoscale wind fields. The phenomenon of channeling refers to the tendency for the winds within a valley to blow more or less parallel to the valley axis for a variety of ...
Marco L. Carrera; John R. Gyakum; Charles A. Lin
Wind energy conversion. Volume X. Aeroelastic stability of wind turbine rotor blades
The nonlinear equations of motion of a general wind turbine rotor blade are derived from first principles. The twisted, tapered blade may be preconed out of the plane of rotation, and its root may be offset from the axis of rotation by a small amount. The aerodynamic center, center of mass, shear center, and area centroid are distinct in this derivation. The equations are applicable to studies of forced response or of aeroelastic flutter, however, neither gravity forcing, nor wind shear and gust forcing are included. The equations derived are applied to study the aeroelastic stability of the NASA-ERDA 100 kW wind turbine, and solved using the Galerkin method. The numerical results are used in conjunction with a mathematical comparison to prove the validity of an equivalent hinge model developed by the Wind Energy Conversion Project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Wendell, J.
2011 Wind Technologies Market Report
A. 2010. Impact of Wind Energy Installations on DomesticUniversity. American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). 2012a.D.C. : American Wind Energy Association. American Wind
Bolinger, Mark
and K. Porter. 2011. Wind Power and Electricity Markets.41 6. Wind Power Priceat Various Levels of Wind Power Capacity Penetration Wind
EERE: Wind Program Home Page
wind projects and offshore wind resource potential. Offshore Wind R&D DOE makes strategic research & deployment investments to launch domestic offshore wind industry....
Energy Basics: Wind Energy Technologies
Photo of a hilly field, with six visible wind turbines spinning in the wind. Wind energy technologies use the energy in wind for practical purposes such as generating...
Solar Wind | Open Energy Information
Wind Jump to: navigation, search Name Solar Wind Place Krasnodar, Romania Zip 350000 Sector Solar, Wind energy Product Russia-based PV product manufacturer. Solar Wind manufactures...
Energy Basics: Wind Power Animation
Energy Basics Renewable Energy Printable Version Share this resource Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Hydropower Ocean Solar Wind Wind Turbines Wind Resources Wind Power...
Energy Basics: Wind Energy Resources
Energy Basics Renewable Energy Printable Version Share this resource Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Hydropower Ocean Solar Wind Wind Turbines Wind Resources Wind Energy...
NREL: Wind Research - Small Wind Turbine Research
Small Wind Turbine Research Small Wind Turbine Research The National Renewable Energy Laboratory and U.S. Department of Energy (NREL/DOE) Small Wind Project's objectives are to reduce barriers to wind energy expansion, stabilize the market, and expand the number of small wind turbine systems installed in the United States. "Small wind turbine" refers to a turbine smaller than or equal to 100 kilowatts (kW). "Distributed wind" includes small and midsize turbines (100 kW through 1 megawatt [MW]). Since 1996, NREL's small wind turbine research has provided turbine testing, turbine development, and prototype refinement leading to more commercially available small wind turbines. Work is conducted under the following areas. You can also learn more about state and federal policies
Wind Vision Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
Wind Farm Wind Farm Jump to: navigation, search Name Wind Vision Wind Farm Facility Wind Vision Sector Wind energy Facility Type Commercial Scale Wind Facility Status In Service Owner Wind Vision Developer Wind Vision Location St. Ansgar IA Coordinates 43.348224°, -92.888816° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":43.348224,"lon":-92.888816,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
High Winds Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
Winds Wind Farm Winds Wind Farm Jump to: navigation, search Name High Winds Wind Farm Facility High Winds Sector Wind energy Facility Type Commercial Scale Wind Facility Status In Service Owner NextEra Energy Resources Developer NextEra Energy Resources Energy Purchaser PPM Energy Inc Location Solano County CA Coordinates 38.124844°, -121.764915° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":38.124844,"lon":-121.764915,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
NREL: Wind Research - Information and Outreach
small wind systems. Printable Version Wind Research Home Capabilities Projects Offshore Wind Research Large Wind Turbine Research Midsize Wind Turbine Research Small Wind Turbine...
Theoretical tool movement required to diamond turn an off-axis paraboloid on axis
High-quality, off-axis parabolic reflectors, required by the CTR and laser-fusion programs at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) and other ERDA laboratories, are currently manufactured by hand. There are several drawbacks to this method, including lead times of up to a year, costs in excess of $75,000 for a small reflector, and unsatisfactory limits to the tolerances obtainable. This situation has led to a search for cheaper and more accurate methods of manufacturing off-axis paraboloids. An alternative method, turning the workpiece about its axis on a diamond-turning machine, is presented, and the equations describing the necessary tool movement are derived. A discussion of a particular case suggests that the proposed technique is feasible. (auth)
Thompson, D.C.
ARM - PI Product - Cloud-Scale Vertical Velocity and Turbulent Dissipation
ProductsCloud-Scale Vertical Velocity and Turbulent ProductsCloud-Scale Vertical Velocity and Turbulent Dissipation Rate Retrievals Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send PI Product : Cloud-Scale Vertical Velocity and Turbulent Dissipation Rate Retrievals Site(s) NSA General Description Time-height fields of retrieved in-cloud vertical wind velocity and turbulent dissipation rate, both retrieved primarily from vertically-pointing, Ka-band cloud radar measurements. Files are available for manually-selected, stratiform, mixed-phase cloud cases observed at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site during periods covering the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (MPACE, late September through early November 2004) and the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC, April-early May
Definition: Vertical Flowmeter Test | Open Energy Information
Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon Definition: Vertical Flowmeter Test Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Vertical Flowmeter Test A well testing...
Vertical Flowmeter Logging | Open Energy Information
2013 DOI Not Provided Check for DOI availability: http:crossref.org Online Internet link for Vertical Flowmeter Logging Citation U.S. Geological Survey. Vertical...
Riming of Graupel: Wind Tunnel Investigations of Collection Kernels and Growth Regimes
Laboratory experiments were carried out in the vertical wind tunnel in Mainz, Germany, to study the collision coalescence growth of single spherical ice particles having initial radii between 290 and 380 ?m while they were freely floated in a ...
Nadine von Blohn; Karoline Diehl; Subir K. Mitra; Stephan Borrmann
Large-Eddy Simulation of Langmuir Turbulence in Pure Wind Seas
The scaling of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and its vertical component (VKE) in the upper ocean boundary layer, forced by realistic wind stress and surface waves including the effects of Langmuir circulations, is investigated using large-eddy ...
Bottom Stress in Wind-Driven Depth-Averaged Coastal Flows
The relationship between depth-averaged velocity and bottom stress for purely wind-driven flows in unstratified coastal waters is examined using a one-dimensional (vertically resolving) current model. Results indicate that conventional drag laws ...
Harry L. Jenter; Ole Secher Madsen
Dynamic Stability of a Three-Layer Model with Discontinuous Profiles of Wind and Temperature
A theoretical three-layer model for tropospheric gravity waves with discontinuous vertical profiles of both wind and temperature is examined. The asymmetry of the model increases the difficulty in solving the equations but allows a more accurate ...
Sebasti�n Monserrat; Clemente Ramis
Two-Dimensional Simulations of Drainage Winds and Diffusion Compared to Observations
A vertically integrated dynamical drainage flow model is developed from conservation equations for momentum and mass in a terrain-following coordinate system. Wind fields from the dynamical model drive a Monte Carlo transport and diffusion model. ...
Alfred J. Garrett; Frank G. Smith III
Evaluations of Mesoscale Models' Simulations of Near-Surface Winds, Temperature Gradients, and Mixing Depths
Mesoscale meteorological models are being used to provide inputs of winds, vertical temperature and stability structure, mixing depths, and other parameters to atmospheric transport and dispersion models. An evaluation methodology is suggested ...
Steven R. Hanna; Ruixin Yang
Observed Boundary Layer Wind Structure and Balance in the Hurricane Core. Part I: Hurricane Georges
The GPS dropsonde allows observations at unprecedentedly high horizontal and vertical resolution, and of very high accuracy, within the tropical cyclone boundary layer. These data are used to document the boundary layer wind field of the core of ...
Jeffrey D. Kepert
Use of a Large Crane for Wind and Tracer Profiles in an Urban Setting
Although measured vertical profiles of wind, turbulence, and tracer concentrations are critical for understanding the urban boundary layer, it is problematic to field a sounding system or a tall structure to support anemometers in a densely ...
Frank J. Gouveia; Martin J. Leach; Joseph H. Shinn; William E. Ralph
Wind Forced Internal Waves in the North Pacific and Sargasso Sea
The three-dimensional structure of the near-inertial frequency internal wave field was measured at two open ocean sites using expendable velocity profilers. Both wave fields appear to be dominantly wind forced although their vertical structure ...
Eric A. D'Asaro
Tropospheric Wind Shear Oscillations as a Characteristic of the Southwest Monsoon Atmosphere
In earlier papers it was shown that tropospheric vertical wind shear in the layer 850�200 mb decreases appreciably prior to formation of depressions in the Indian summer monsoon area. Further analysis reveals that this decrease in shear stems ...
C. R. V. Raman; Y. P. Rao; S. K. Subramanian; Jose A. Maliekal
Nocturnal Wind Direction Shear and Its Potential Impact on Pollutant Transport
The potential effects of vertical wind direction shear on pollutant transport at a complicated, semiarid site are examined using tower measurements. This high-elevation site is situated on a sloping plateau between mountains to the west and a ...
Brent M. Bowen; Jeffrey A. Baars; Gregory L. Stone
Two-Dimensional Vector Wind Fields from Volume Imaging Lidar Data
Spatially resolved wind fields are derived by cross correlation of aerosol backscatter data from horizontal and vertical scans of the University of Wisconsin volume imaging lidar during the 1997/98 Lake-Induced Convection Experiment. Data from ...
Shane D. Mayor; Edwin W. Eloranta
Observed Hurricane Wind Speed Asymmetries and Relationships to Motion and Environmental Shear
Wavenumber-1 wind speed asymmetries in 35 hurricanes are quantified in terms of amplitude and phase, based on aircraft observations from 128 individual flights between 1998 and 2011. The impacts of motion and 850-200 mb environmental vertical ...
Eric W. Uhlhorn; Bradley W. Klotz; Tomislava Vukicevic; Paul D. Reasor; Robert F. Rogers
The Relationships among Wind, Horizontal Pressure Gradient, and Turbulent Momentum Transport during CASES-99
Relationships among the horizontal pressure gradient, the Coriolis force, and the vertical momentum transport by turbulent fluxes are investigated using data collected from the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study in 1999 (CASES99). Wind ...
Jielun Sun; Donald H. Lenschow; Larry Mahrt; Carmen Nappo
Method of making a wooden wind turbine blade
A wooden wind turbine blade is formed by laminating wood veneer in a compression mold having the exact curvature needed for one side of the blade, following which the other side of the blade is ground flat along its length but twisted with respect to the blade axis. 8 figs.
Coleman, C.
Wind Power Today
Wind Power Today is an annual publication that provides an overview of the wind energy research conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program.
Wind: wind power density GIS data at 50m above ground and 1km resolution
China from NREL China from NREL Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Raster GIS data, exported as BIL file, 50 m wind power density for eastern China. (Purpose): To provide information on the wind resource potential in eastern China. Values range from 0 to 3079 W/m2. (Supplemental Information): The modeling regions do not completely cover eastern China. Projection Parameters Projection LAMBERT_AZIMUTHAL Datum WGS84 Zunits METERS Units METERS Spheroid DEFINED Major Axis 6370997.00000 Minor Axis 0.00000 Parameters: radius of the sphere of reference 6370997.00000 Continue? longitude of center of projection 119 0 0.00 latitude of center of projection 33 30 0.000 false easting (meters) 0.00000 false northing (meters) 0.00000 Spatial Information Raster: Number of Columns: 2658 Number of Rows: 3926 Pixel
Wind: wind power density maps at 50 m above ground and 1km resolution for
eastern China from NREL eastern China from NREL Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): PDF maps of Eastern China wind mapping. (Purpose): To provide information on the wind resource potential in eastern China. Includes maps of full mapping region, and 15 sub-regions. (Supplemental Information): The modeling regions do not completely cover eastern China. Projection Parameters Projection LAMBERT_AZIMUTHAL Datum WGS84 Z-units METERS Units METERS Spheroid DEFINED Major Axis 6370997.00000 Minor Axis 0.00000 Parameters: radius of the sphere of reference 6370997.00000 Continue? longitude of center of projection 119 0 0.00 latitude of center of projection 33 30 0.000 false easting (meters) 0.00000 false northing (meters) 0.00000 Spatial Information Raster: Number of Columns: 2658 Number of Rows: 3926
An Assessment of the WKBJ Approximation to the Vertical Structure of Linear Mountain Waves: Implications for Gravity-Wave Drag Parameterization
The vertical structure of topographically induced, infinitesimal amplitude internal waves in atmospheres with varying wind and static stability profiles is studied with a numerical model. Despite its simplifications, this model nevertheless ...
J. P. Ren� Laprise
Wind energy manual
Objectives: The course introduces principles of wind power production, design of wind turbines, location and design of wind farms, control of turbines and wind farms, predictive modeling, diagnostics, operations and maintenance, condition monitoring, health monitoring and of turbine components and systems, wind farm performance optimization, and integration of wind power with a grid. The modeling and analysis aspect of the topics discussed in the class will be illustrated with examples and case studies. Textbook: References:
A. Vieira; Da Rosa; Fundamentals Renewable; Energy Processes; San Diego; Jacob Kirpes; Small Wind
NREL: Wind Research - Midsize Wind Turbine Research
Midsize Wind Turbine Research Midsize Wind Turbine Research To facilitate the development and commercialization of midsize wind turbines (turbines with a capacity rating of more than 100 kW up to 1 MW), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and NREL launched the Midsize Wind Turbine Development Project. In its latest study, NREL determined that there is a substantial market for midsize wind turbines. One of the most significant barriers to the midsize turbine market is the lack of turbines available for deployment; there are few midsize turbines on the market today. The objectives of the Midsize Wind Turbine Development Project are to reduce the barriers to wind energy expansion by filling an existing domestic technology gap; facilitate partnerships; accelerate maturation of existing U.S. wind energy businesses; and incorporate process improvement
Commonwealth Wind Incentive Program � Micro Wind Initiative
Through the Commonwealth Wind Incentive Program � Micro Wind Initiative the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC) offers rebates of up to $4/W with a maximum of $130,000 for design and...
Wind characteristics for agricultural wind energy applications
Wind energy utilization in agriculture can provide a potentially significant savings in fuel oil consumption and ultimately a cost savings to the farmer. A knowledge of the wind characteristics within a region and at a location can contribute greatly to a more efficient and cost-effective use of this resource. Current research indicates that the important wind characteristics include mean annual wind speed and the frequency distribution of the wind, seasonal and diurnal variations in wind speed and direction, and the turbulent and gustiness characteristics of the wind. Further research is underway to provide a better definition of the total wind resource available, improved methods for siting WECS and an improved understanding of the environment to which the WECS respond.
Renne, D. S.
Wind Power Today: Federal Wind Program Highlights
Wind Power Today is an annual publication that provides an overview of the wind research conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy's Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program. The purpose of Wind Power Today is to show how DOE supports wind turbine research and deployment in hopes of furthering the advancement of wind technologies that produce clean, low-cost, reliable energy. Content objectives include: educate readers about the advantages and potential for widespread deployment of wind energy; explain the program's objectives and goals; describe the program's accomplishments in research and application; examine the barriers to widespread deployment; describe the benefits of continued research and development; facilitate technology transfer; and attract cooperative wind energy projects with industry.
NREL: Wind Research - Offshore Wind Resource Characterization
Offshore Wind Resource Characterization Offshore Wind Resource Characterization Map of the United States, showing the wind potential of offshore areas across the country. Enlarge image US offshore wind speed estimates at 90-m height NREL scientists and engineers are leading efforts in resource mapping, remote sensor measurement and development, and forecasting that are essential for the development of offshore wind. Resource Mapping For more than 15 years, NREL's meteorologists, engineers, and Geographic Information System experts have led the production of wind resource characterization maps and reports used by policy makers, private industry, and other government organizations to inform and accelerate the development of wind energy in the United States. Offshore wind resource data and mapping has strategic uses. As with terrestrial developments, traditional
Diablo Winds Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
Diablo Winds Wind Farm Diablo Winds Wind Farm Facility Diablo Winds Wind Farm Sector Wind energy Facility Type Commercial Scale Wind Facility Status In Service Owner NextEra Energy Resources Developer NextEra Energy Resources Energy Purchaser Pacific Gas & Electric Co Location Altamont Pass CA Coordinates 37.7347°, -121.652° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":37.7347,"lon":-121.652,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Wind Energy Technologies
Wind energy technologies use the energy in wind for practical purposes such as generating electricity, charging batteries, pumping water, and grinding grain.
Wind/Hydro Study
WindHydro Integration Feasibility Study Announcements (Updated July 8, 2010) The Final WindHydro Integration Feasibility Study Report, dated June 2, 2009, has been submitted to...
Wind | Department of Energy
Assessment and Characterization Defining, measuring, and forecasting land-based and offshore wind resources Environmental Impacts and Siting of Wind Projects Avoiding,...
NREL: Wind Research - Testing
Testing Photo of a large wind turbine blade sticking out of the structural testing laboratory; it is perpendicular to a building at the National Wind Technology Center. A...
Wind for Schools (Poster)
As the United States dramatically expands wind energy deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools project addresses these issues by developing Wind Application Centers (WACs) at universities; WAC students assist in implementing school wind turbines and participate in wind courses, by installing small wind turbines at community "host" schools, by implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school. This poster provides an overview of the first two years of the Wind for Schools project, primarily supporting activities in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, and Idaho.
Baring-Gould, I.
Wind energy bibliography
This bibliography is designed to help the reader search for information on wind energy. The bibliography is intended to help several audiences, including engineers and scientists who may be unfamiliar with a particular aspect of wind energy, university researchers who are interested in this field, manufacturers who want to learn more about specific wind topics, and librarians who provide information to their clients. Topics covered range from the history of wind energy use to advanced wind turbine design. References for wind energy economics, the wind energy resource, and environmental and institutional issues related to wind energy are also included.
Measurements of Turbulent Vertical Kinetic Energy in the Ocean Mixed Layer from Lagrangian Floats
D'Asaro, in previous work using nearly neutrally buoyant Lagrangian floats in a wind forced mixed layer, found w2 = Au2, where w2 is the mean square vertical velocity and u is the friction velocity estimated from shipboard meteorological ...
Ruo-Shan Tseng; Eric A. D'Asaro
Numerical Simulations of the Effects of Seamounts and Vertical Resolution on Strong Ocean Flows
The effect of seamounts on Gulf Stream-like flow is examined using a quasi-geostrophic modal model that is spun-up from rest with idealized wind forcing. A flat-bottom simulation that resolves the flow with two vertical modes produces, on the ...
David Adamec
policy support for other renewable energy sources, wind mayrenewable energy and climate policy initiatives. With wind
International Symposium on Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery, ISROMAC-14 February 27
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY FLOW SIMULATION IN A SMALL VAWT hal-00783558,version1-1Feb2013 Author: Numerical simulations, performance coefficient, unsteady simulation, VAWT, vertical axis, wind energy, pitch) horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWTs) and (ii) vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWTs). Figure 1 shows typical
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
The Oblique Spaced Antenna Method for Measuring the Atmospheric Wind Field
A novel extension of the spaced antenna method for VHF/UHF radar and wind profiler applications is introduced in this paper. It is proposed that instead of pointing the spaced antenna beams vertically, off-vertical oblique configuration should be ...
C. H. Liu; G. Dester; S. J. Franke; J. R�ttger; C-J. Pan
West Winds Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
West Winds Wind Farm West Winds Wind Farm Facility West Winds Sector Wind energy Facility Type Commercial Scale Wind Facility Status In Service Owner Caithness Developer SeaWest Energy Purchaser Southern California Edison/PacifiCorp Location San Gorgonio CA Coordinates 33.9095°, -116.734° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":33.9095,"lon":-116.734,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Applications: Operational wind turbines
Capability Applications: Operational wind turbines Benefits: Optimize wind turbine performance Summary: Researchers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Intelligent Wind Turbine Program are developing a multi-physics modeling approach for the analysis of wind turbines in the presence of realistic
Wind powering America: Iowa
Wind resources in the state of Iowa show great potential for wind energy development. This fact sheet provides a brief description of the state's wind resources and the financial incentives available for the development of wind energy systems. It also provides a list of contacts for more information.
NREL: Wind Research - Small Wind Site Assessment: Wind Powering...
environmental impacts have increased the demand for small wind energy systems for homeowners, schools, businesses, and local governments. Over the past decade, the knowledge,...
Wake Characteristics of the MOD-2 Wind Turbine at Medicine Bow, Wyoming
The present paper summarizes results obtained from profile measurements of the MOD-2 wind turbine wake at Medicine Bow, Wyoming. Vertical profiles of wind speed, potential temperature, and turbulence at 3 and 7 rotor diameters downstream of the turbine, taken under near neutral or slightly stable atmospheric conditions, are presented.
Jacobs, E. W.; Kelley, N. D.; McKenna, H. E.; Birkenheuer, N. B.
1) INTRODUCTION Reliable and save grid integration of large-scale offshore wind
of these results with load profiles and conventional power generation will give insight into crossboarder flows production, forecasted wind power and deviations in the load forecast. Spatial forecast error smoothing. However, the accurate modeling of the vertical wind profile gains importance as in general much higher
Heinemann, Detlev
Balloon-borne sounding system (BBSS): Vaisala-processed winds, press., temp, and RH
DOE Data Explorer (OSTI)
Balloon-borne sounding system (BBSS): Vaisala-processed winds, press., temp, and RH. The balloon-borne sounding system (SONDE) provides in situ measurements (vertical profiles) of both the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere, and the wind speed and direction.
Coulter,Richard; Ritsche,Michael
Wind Powering America
These news items are notable additions These news items are notable additions to the Wind Powering America Web site. The Wind Powering America Web site reports recent national and state wind market changes by cataloging wind activities such as wind resource maps, small wind consumer's guides, local wind workshops, news articles, and publications in the areas of policy, public power, small wind, Native Americans, agricultural sector, economic development, public lands, and schools. en-us firstname.lastname@example.com (Julie Jones) http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/images/wpa_logo_sm.jpg Wind Powering America http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/ Nominate an Electric Cooperative for Wind Power Leadership Award by January 15 http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=4076 http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=4076 Mon, 16
New England Wind Forum: New England Wind Resources
New England Wind Forum About the New England Wind Forum New England Wind Energy Education Project Historic Wind Development in New England State Activities Projects in New England Building Wind Energy in New England Wind Resources Wind Power Technology Economics Markets Siting Policy Technical Challenges Issues Small Wind Large Wind Newsletter Perspectives Events Quick Links to States CT MA ME NH RI VT Bookmark and Share New England Wind Resources Go to the Vermont wind resource map. Go to the New Hampshire wind resource map. Go to the Maine wind resource map. Go to the Massachusetts wind resource map. Go to the Connecticut wind resource map. Go to the Rhode Island wind resource map. New England Wind Resource Maps Wind resources maps of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Wind energy, offers considerable promise: the wind itself is free,
Wind energy, offers considerable promise: the wind itself is free, wind power is clean. One of these sources, wind energy, offers considerable promise: the wind itself is free, wind power is clean, and it is virtually inexhaustible. In recent years, research on wind energy has accelerated
Langendoen, Koen
Wind Power Outlook 2004
The brochure, expected to be updated annually, provides the American Wind Energy Association's (AWAE's) up-to-date assessment of the wind industry. It provides a summary of the state of wind power in the U.S., including the challenges and opportunities facing the industry. It provides summary information on the growth of the industry, policy-related factors such as the federal wind energy production tax credit status, comparisons with natural gas, and public views on wind energy.
Wind Resource Maps (Postcard)
The U.S. Department of Energy's Wind Powering America initiative provides high-resolution wind maps and estimates of the wind resource potential that would be possible from development of the available windy land areas after excluding areas unlikely to be developed. This postcard is a marketing piece that stakeholders can provide to interested parties; it will guide them to Wind Powering America's online wind energy resource maps.
A comparison of on-axis and off-axis heliostat alignment strategies
Heliostat installation and alignment costs will be an important element in future solar power tower projects. The predicted annual performances of on- and-off axis strategies are compared for 95 m{sup 2} flat-glass heliostats and an external, molten-salt receiver. Actual approaches to heliostat alignment that have been used in the past are briefly discussed, and relative strengths and limitations are noted. The optimal approach can vary with the application.
Jones, S.A.
Three-axis particle impact probe
Three-axis particle impact probes detect particle impact vectors along x-, y-, and z-axes by means of a head mounted on the outer end of a shaft that is flexibly mounted in silicone rubber at the top of a housing so as to enable motion imparted to the head upon impact to be transmitted to a grounded electrode secured to the shaft within the housing. Excitable electrodes are mounted in the housing in a fixed position, spaced apart from the ground electrode and forming, with the ground electrode, capacitor pairs. Movement of the ground electrode results in changes in capacitance, and these differences in capacitance are used for measurement or derivation of momentum vectors along each of the three axes. In one embodiment, the ground electrode is mounted at the base of the shaft and is secured to a silicone rubber layer at the top of the housing, providing for cantilevered movement. In another embodiment, the shaft is mounted at its mid point in a flexible bushing so that it undergoes pivotal movement around that point.
Fasching, G.E.; Smith, N.S. Jr.; Utt, C.E.
Surface wind speed distributions| Implications for climate and wind power.
?? Surface constituent and energy fluxes, and wind power depend non-linearly on wind speed and are sensitive to the tails of the wind distribution. Until� (more)
Capps, Scott Blair
Discussion of �Ultimate Wind Load Design Gust Wind Speeds ...
... Ind. Aerodyn., 97(3�4), 120�131. Peterka, JA (2001). �Database of peak gust wind speeds, Texas Tech/ CSU.� Extreme winds and wind effects on ...
NREL: Wind Research - Small Wind Turbine Independent Testing
Wind Research Search More Search Options Site Map Printable Version Small Wind Turbine Independent Testing One of the barriers for the small wind market has been the lack...
Sinomatech Wind Power Blade aka Sinoma Science Technology Wind...
Sinomatech Wind Power Blade aka Sinoma Science Technology Wind Turbine Blade Co Ltd Jump to: navigation, search Name Sinomatech Wind Power Blade (aka Sinoma Science & Technology...
NREL: Wind Research - Wind Applications Center Valuable Resource...
Wind Applications Center Valuable Resource for Wind for Schools Partners March 14, 2013 Audio with Jerry Hudgins, Nebraska Wind Applications Center Director and Joel Jacobs,...
Wind Powering America Webinar: Wind Power Economics: Past, Present...
Power Economics: Past, Present, and Future Trends Wind Powering America Webinar: Wind Power Economics: Past, Present, and Future Trends November 23, 2011 - 1:43pm Addthis Wind...
The triple axis spectrometer at the new research reactor OPAL ...
... The triple axis spectrometer at the new research reactor OPAL in Australia. ... The TAS will be based on a thermal beam at the reactor face. ...
Solasta aka The Eagle Axis | Open Energy Information
search Name Solasta (aka The Eagle Axis) Place Newton, Massachusetts Zip 2458 Sector Efficiency, Solar Product Start-up planning to produce high-efficiency solar cells using...
DARHT: Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility
Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility DARHT: Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility DARHT, supports a critical component of LANL's primary mission: to ensure...
NREL: Wind Research - WindPACT
WindPACT WindPACT The Wind Partnerships for Advanced Component Technology (WindPACT) studies were conducted to assist industry by testing innovative components, such as advanced blades and drivetrains, to lower the cost of energy. Specific goals included: Foster technological advancements to reduce the cost of wind energy Determine probable size ranges of advanced utility-scale turbines over the next decade for U.S. application Evaluate advanced concepts that are necessary to achieve objectives of cost and size for future turbines Identify and solve technological hurdles that may block industry from taking advantage of promising technology Design, fabricate, and test selected advanced components to prove their viability Support wind industry through transfer of technology from
A Stochastic Methodology for Regional Wind-Field Modeling
Three-dimensional, regional scale (?1000 km) air-quality simulation models require hourly inputs of U and V wind components for each vertical layer of the model and for each grid cell in the horizontal. The standard North American meteorological ...
Kenneth L. Schere; Carlie J. Coats
Multi-winding homopolar electric machine
A multi-winding homopolar electric machine and method for converting between mechanical energy and electrical energy. The electric machine includes a shaft defining an axis of rotation, first and second magnets, a shielding portion, and a conductor. First and second magnets are coaxial with the shaft and include a charged pole surface and an oppositely charged pole surface, the charged pole surfaces facing one another to form a repulsive field therebetween. The shield portion extends between the magnets to confine at least a portion of the repulsive field to between the first and second magnets. The conductor extends between first and second end contacts and is toroidally coiled about the first and second magnets and the shield portion to develop a voltage across the first and second end contacts in response to rotation of the electric machine about the axis of rotation.
Van Neste, Charles W
Wind Wind Wind America is home to one of the largest and fastest growing wind markets in the world. Watch the video to learn more about the latest trends in the U.S. wind power market and join us this Thursday, August 8 at 3 pm ET for a Google+ Hangout on wind energy in America. The United States is home to one of the largest and fastest growing wind markets in the world. To stay competitive in this sector, the Energy Department invests in wind projects, both on land and offshore, to advance technology innovations, create job opportunities and boost economic growth. Moving forward, the U.S. wind industry remains a critical part of the Energy Department's all-of-the-above energy strategy to cut carbon pollution, diversify our energy economy and bring the next-generation of
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle December 1, 2004 December 1, 2005 Prepared for United States ......................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series........................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Distributions
Massachusetts at Amherst, University of
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island June 1, 2003 August 31, 2003 Prepared for Massachusetts...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distribution
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island December 1, 2003 February 29, 2004 Prepared for Massachusetts.................................................................................................................... 11 Wind Speed Time Series........................................................................................................... 11 Wind Speed Distribution
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island June 1, 2004 August 31, 2004 Prepared for Massachusetts...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distribution
WIND DATA REPORT FALMOUTH, MA June1, 2004 to August 31, 2004. Prepared for Massachusetts Technology...................................................................................................................... 8 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 8 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island September 1, 2003 November 30, 2003 Prepared for Massachusetts...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distribution
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island March 1, 2004 May 31, 2004 Prepared for Massachusetts Technology...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distribution
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle December 1, 2004 February 28, 2005 Prepared for United States.................................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Time Series........................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle March 1, 2005 May 31, 2005 Prepared for United States Department.................................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Time Series........................................................................................................... 10 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Presque Isle June 1, 2005 August 31, 2005 Prepared for United States Department...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distributions
WIND DATA REPORT Thompson Island March 1, 2003 May 31, 2003 Prepared for Massachusetts Technology...................................................................................................................... 9 Wind Speed Time Series............................................................................................................. 9 Wind Speed Distributions
2010 Wind Technologies Market Report
turbine prices. Installed project costs are found to exhibitpressure on total project costs and wind power prices. Windinstalled wind power project costs, wind turbine transaction
Wiser, Ryan
2009 Wind Technologies Market Report
downward pressure on project costs and wind power prices.installed wind power project costs, wind turbine transactionand uncertain offshore project costs, and public acceptance
natural gas prices), pushed wind energy to the top of (andperformance, and price of wind energy, policy uncertainty �cost, performance, and price of wind energy, some of these
UnitedStatesWindHighResolutionRhodeIslandWindHighResolution.zip> Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for the state of Rhode...
UnitedStatesWindHighResolutionConnecticutWindHighResolution.zip> Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for the state of...
UnitedStatesWindHighResolutionMassachusettsWindHighResolution.zip> Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for the state of...
DataTechnologySpecificUnitedStatesWindHighResolutionVermontWindHighResolution.zip> Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for the state of Vermont...
UnitedStatesWindHighResolutionNewHampshireWindHighResolution.zip> Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for the state of New...
ISDataTechnologySpecificUnitedStatesWindHighResolutionIowaWindHighResolution.zip> Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for the state of Iowa at...
SDataTechnologySpecificUnitedStatesWindHighResolutionMaineWindHighResolution.zip> Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for the state of Maine...
DataTechnologySpecificUnitedStatesWindHighResolutionGeorgiaWindHighResolution.zip> Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for the state of Georgia...
ataTechnologySpecificUnitedStatesWindHighResolutionNewYorkWindHighResolution.zip> Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for New York at a 50...
PROGRAM 2 Presentation Overview * Introduction to 2009 edition of U.S. wind energy market report * Wind installation trends * Wind industry trends * Price, cost, and...
2010. SPP WITF Wind Integration Study. Little Rock,GE Energy. 2011a. Oahu Wind Integration Study Final Report.Corp. 2010. Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study.
Prepared for the Utility Wind Integration Group. Arlington,Arizona Public Service Wind Integration Cost Impact Study.2010. SPP WITF Wind Integration Study. Little Rock,
federal and state incentives for wind energy deployment. Thefederal and state incentives for wind energy deployment.federal and state incentives for wind energy deployment in
continued state and federal incentives for wind energy,continued state and federal incentives for wind energy,continued state and federal incentives for wind energy,
2008. Washington, DC: American Wind Energy Association.American Wind Energy Association ( AWEA). 2009b. AWEA SmallWashington, DC: American Wind Energy Association. Bolinger,
2010. International Wind Energy Development: World MarketUniversity. American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). 2010a.Washington, DC: American Wind Energy Association. American
2010. Status of Centralized Wind Power Forecasting in NorthInterconnection Policies and Wind Power: A Discussion ofs first utility-scale wind power project. Credit: Klaus
The Effects of Integrating Wind Power on Transmission SystemInterconnection Policies and Wind Power: A Discussion ofof their database of wind power projects, and for providing
and Minnesota (12%). Offshore Wind Power Project and Policythe emergence of an offshore wind power market still facesexists in developing offshore wind energy in several parts
11 �advanced-stage� offshore wind project proposals totalingcontinued in 2008 (see Offshore Wind Development Activities,Market Report Offshore Wind Development Activities In
The wind energy integration, transmission, and policy2012, however, federal policy towards wind energy remainsin federal policy towards wind energy after 2012 places such
The wind energy integration, transmission, and policyPTC. Moreover, federal policy towards wind energy remainsand policy announcements demonstrate accelerated activity in the offshore wind energy
performance, and price of wind energy, policy uncertainty �The wind energy integration, transmission, and policyand absent supportive policies for wind energy. That said,
Prepared for the Utility Wind Integration Group. Arlington,Consult. 2010. International Wind Energy Development: WorldUBS Global I/O: Global Wind Sector. UBS Investment Research.
2008. Washington, DC: American Wind Energy Association.American Wind Energy Association ( AWEA).2009b. AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study: Year
DOE Science Showcase - Wind Power
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Power Testing and Data in General Wind and Turbine Dynamics Wind Stresses Control, the Power Grid, and the Grids Economics Environmental Effects Energy101: Wind Turbines...
Kinematic Fitting of Detached Vertices
The eg3 experiment at the Jefferson Lab CLAS detector aims to determine the existence of the $\\Xi_{5}$ pentaquarks and investigate the excited $\\Xi$ states. Specifically, the exotic $\\Xi_{5}^{--}$ pentaquark will be sought by first reconstructing the $\\Xi^{-}$ particle through its weak decays, $\\Xi^{-}\\to\\pi^{-}\\Lambda$ and $\\Lambda\\to\\pi^{-}$. A kinematic fitting routine was developed to reconstruct the detached vertices of these decays, where confidence level cuts on the fits are used to remove background events. Prior to fitting these decays, the exclusive reaction $\\gamma D\\rightarrow pp\\pi^{-}$ was studied in order to correct the track measurements and covariance matrices of the charged particles. The $\\Lambda\\rightarrow p\\pi^{-}$ and $\\Xi^{-}\\to\\pi^{-}\\Lambda$ decays were then investigated to demonstrate that the kinematic fitting routine reconstructs the decaying particles and their detached vertices correctly.
Paul Mattione
Vertical Flow Wetland Pilot Study
This is an interim report to present the preliminary results of a study conducted by Duke Energy to test the potential effectiveness of vertical flow wetlands (VFWs) for the removal of selenium, mercury, and other related compounds from a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) discharge. These compounds commonly are found in and regulated for coal-fired utility water discharges. There is a widespread need for a cost-effective alternative to physiochemical treatment to maintain compliance for these parameters, on...
NREL: Wind Research - Projects
Projects Projects NREL's wind energy research and development projects focus on reducing the cost of wind technology and expanding access to wind energy sites. Our specialized technical expertise, comprehensive design and analysis tools, and unique testing facilities help industry overcome challenges to bringing new wind technology to the marketplace. Some of these success stories are described in NREL's Wind R&D Success Stories. We also work closely with universities and other national laboratories supporting fundamental research in wind technologies, including aerodynamics, aeroacoustics, and material sciences essential in the development of new blade technologies and advanced controls, power electronics, and testing to further refine drivetrain topology.
Wind Power Career Chat
This document will teach students about careers in the wind energy industry. Wind energy, both land-based and offshore, is expected to provide thousands of new jobs in the next several decades. Wind energy companies are growing rapidly to meet America's demand for clean, renewable, and domestic energy. These companies need skilled professionals. Wind power careers will require educated people from a variety of areas. Trained and qualified workers manufacture, construct, operate, and manage wind energy facilities. The nation will also need skilled researchers, scientists, and engineers to plan and develop the next generation of wind energy technologies.
Wind power today
This publication highlights initiatives of the US DOE`s Wind Energy Program. 1997 yearly activities are also very briefly summarized. The first article describes a 6-megawatt wind power plant installed in Vermont. Another article summarizes technical advances in wind turbine technology, and describes next-generation utility and small wind turbines in the planning stages. A village power project in Alaska using three 50-kilowatt turbines is described. Very brief summaries of the Federal Wind Energy Program and the National Wind Technology Center are also included in the publication.
Wind energy information guide
This book is divided into nine chapters. Chapters 1--8 provide background and annotated references on wind energy research, development, and commercialization. Chapter 9 lists additional sources of printed information and relevant organizations. Four indices provide alphabetical access to authors, organizations, computer models and design tools, and subjects. A list of abbreviations and acronyms is also included. Chapter topics include: introduction; economics of using wind energy; wind energy resources; wind turbine design, development, and testing; applications; environmental issues of wind power; institutional issues; and wind energy systems development.
NREL: Education Programs - KidWind Project and Wind Education...
KidWind Project and Wind Education in the Classroom: Wind Powering America Lessons Learned July 1, 2013 Integrating wind energy curricula into the classroom can seem like a...
Vertical Motion of Neutrally Buoyant Floats
The vertical motion of a neutrally buoyant float is determined from the solution to the nonlinear forced harmonic oscillator equation originally set forth by Voorhis. Float response to forced vertical oscillations is characterized by the response ...
Louis Goodman; Edward R. Levine
Determining Vertical Water Velocities from Seaglider
Vertical velocities in the world�s oceans are typically small, less than 1 cm s?1, posing a significant challenge for observational techniques. Seaglider, an autonomous profiling instrument, can be used to estimate vertical water velocity in the ...
Eleanor Frajka-Williams; Charles C. Eriksen; Peter B. Rhines; Ramsey R. Harcourt
Vertical Normal Mode Transforms: Theory and Application
The separation of the vertical structure of the, solutions of the primitive (hydrostatic) meteorological equations is formalized as a vertical normal-mode transform. The transform is implemented for arbitrary static stability profiles by the ...
Scott R. Fulton; Wayne H. Schubert
Vertically Aligned Nanocomposite Thin Films
Vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) thin films have recently stimulated significant research interest to achieve better material functionality or multifunctionalities. In VAN thin films, both phases grow epitaxially in parallel on given substrates and form a unique nano-checkerboard structure. Multiple strains, including the vertical strain which along the vertical interface and the substrate induced strain which along the film and substrate interface, exist in VAN thin films. The competition of these strains gives a promise to tune the material lattice structure and future more the nanocomposite film physical properties. Those two phases in the VAN thin films are selected based on their growth kinetics, thermodynamic stability and epitaxial growth ability on given substrates. In the present work, we investigated unique epitaxial two-phase VAN (BiFeO3)x:(Sm2O3)1-x and (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3)x:(Mn3O4)1-x thin film systems by pulsed laser deposition. These VAN thin films exhibit a highly ordered vertical columnar structure with good epitaxial quality. The strain of the two phases can be tuned by deposition parameters, e.g. deposition frequency and film composition. Their strain tunability is found to be related directly to the systematic variation of the column widths and domain structures. Their physical properties, such as dielectric loss and ferromagnetisms can be tuned systematically by this variation. The growth morphology, microstructure and material functionalities of VAN thin films can be varied by modifying the phase ratio, substrate orientation or deposition conditions. Systematic study has been done on growing (SrTiO3)0.5:(MgO)0.5 VAN thin films on SrTiO3 and MgO substrates, respectively. The variation of column width demonstrates the substrate induced strain plays another important role in the VAN thin film growth. The VAN thin films also hold promise in achieving porous thin films with ordered nanopores by thermal treatment. We selected (BiFeO3)0.5:(Sm2O3)0.5 VAN thin films as a template and get uniformly distributed bi-layered nanopores. Controllable porosity can be achieved by adjusting the microstructure of VAN (BiFeO3):(Sm2O3) thin films and the annealing parameters. In situ heating experiments within a transmission electron microscope column provide direct observations into the phases transformation, evaporation and structure reconstruction during the annealing. Systematic study in this dissertation demonstrate that the vertically aligned nanocomposite microstructure is a brand new architecture in thin films and an exciting approach that promises tunable material functionalities as well as novel nanostructures.
Bi, Zhenxing
On the Use of Doppler Radar�Derived Wind Fields to Diagnose the Secondary Circulations of Tornadoes
A number of studies in recent years have used wind fields derived from portable Doppler radars in combination with the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique to diagnose the primary (tangential) and secondary (radial and vertical) ...
David S. Nolan
A Climatological Study of Boundary Layer Wind Speed Using a Meso-?-Scale Higher-Order Closure Model
A mesoscale higher-order closure atmospheric boundary layer model has been used to get more detailed information than is possible from observations regarding horizontal and vertical variations of the wind in an area in southeastern Sweden. To ...
Hans Bergstr�m
NREL: Wind Research - Landing a Job in the Wind Industry: Wind...
Landing a Job in the Wind Industry: Wind Powering America Lessons Learned January 28, 2013 Wind Powering America interviewed Marilla Lamb, a 2012 graduate of Northern Arizona...
2008 Wind Energy Projects, Wind Powering America (Poster)
The Wind Powering America program produces a poster at the end of every calendar year that depicts new U.S. wind energy projects. The 2008 poster includes the following projects: Stetson Wind Farm in Maine; Dutch Hill Wind Farm in New York; Grand Ridge Wind Energy Center in Illinois; Hooper Bay, Alaska; Forestburg, South Dakota; Elbow Creek Wind Project in Texas; Glacier Wind Farm in Montana; Wray, Colorado; Smoky Hills Wind Farm in Kansas; Forbes Park Wind Project in Massachusetts; Spanish Fork, Utah; Goodland Wind Farm in Indiana; and the Tatanka Wind Energy Project on the border of North Dakota and South Dakota.
Vertically Aligned and Periodically Distributed Carbon Nanotube
Presentation Title, Vertically Aligned and Periodically Distributed Carbon Nanotube (CNT) ... Application of Carbon Nanotubes � Energy to Bioelectronic Sensor.
Passive load control for large wind turbines.
Wind energy research activities at Sandia National Laboratories focus on developing large rotors that are lighter and more cost-effective than those designed with current technologies. Because gravity scales as the cube of the blade length, gravity loads become a constraining design factor for very large blades. Efforts to passively reduce turbulent loading has shown significant potential to reduce blade weight and capture more energy. Research in passive load reduction for wind turbines began at Sandia in the late 1990's and has moved from analytical studies to blade applications. This paper discusses the test results of two Sandia prototype research blades that incorporate load reduction techniques. The TX-100 is a 9-m long blade that induces bend-twist coupling with the use of off-axis carbon in the skin. The STAR blade is a 27-m long blade that induces bend-twist coupling by sweeping the blade in a geometric fashion.
Ashwill, Thomas D.
NREL: Wind Research - National Wind Technology Center
Center Center The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) National Wind Technology Center (NWTC), located at the base of the foothills just south of Boulder, Colorado, is the nation's premier wind energy technology research facility. Built in 1993, the center provides an ideal environment for the development of advanced wind energy technologies. The goal of the research conducted at the center is to help industry reduce the cost of energy so that wind can compete with traditional energy sources, providing a clean, renewable alternative for our nation's energy needs. Research at the NWTC is organized under two main categories, Wind Technology Development and Testing and Operations. Illustration of the National Wind Technology Center's organization chart. Fort Felker is listed as the Center Director, with Mike Robinson, Deputy Center Director; Paul Veers, Chief Engineer, and Laura Davis and Dorothy Haldeman beneath him. The Associate Director position is empty. Beneath them is the Wind Technology Research and Development Group Manager, Mike Robinson; the Testing and Operations Group Manager, Dave Simms; and the Offshore Wind and Ocean Power Systems Acting Supervisor, Fort Felker.
Wind Powering America: Wind Energy Videos
Wind Powering America is a nationwide initiative designed to increase the use of wind energy across the United States by working with regional stakeholders. A list of videos developed by and for the program includes interviews, short news clips, and documentary-like programs.
Greensburg Wind Farm
renewable energy and energy efficiency. * Kansas offers the third highest potential for wind energy in the U.S. * Thorough research conducted by NREL proved the viability of wind...
Wind Energy Resources
Wind energy can be produced anywhere in the world where the wind blows with a strong and consistent force. Windier locations produce more energy, which lowers the cost of producing electricity....
Wind Energy Benefits
Wind energy provides many benefits, including economic and environmental. This two-sided fact sheet succinctly outlines the top ten wind energy benefits and is especially well suited for general audiences.
Severe Convective Wind Environments
Nontornadic thunderstorm winds from long-lived, widespread convective windstorms can have a tremendous impact on human lives and property. To examine environments that support damaging wind producing convection, sounding parameters from Rapid ...
Evan L. Kuchera; Matthew D. Parker
Wind Turbine Maintenance Guide
This guideline provides component-level information regarding the maintenance of major components associated with a wind turbine. It combines recommendations offered by major equipment manufacturers with lessons learned from owner/operators of wind turbine facilities.
... Avg Wind Speed 7.5 m/s 8.74 m/s GE 2.x turbine family ... 1 to 48 Hour Wind Forecasting ... Danish Transmission Grid w/ Interconnects & Offshore Sites ...
Wind Rose Bias Correction
Wind rose summaries, which provide a basis for understanding and evaluating the climatological behavior of local wind, have a directional bias if a conventional method is used in their generation. Three techniques used to remove this bias are ...
Scott Applequist
NREL: Wind Research - Awards
Awards NREL has received many awards for its technical innovations in wind energy. In addition, the research conducted at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) at NREL has led...
Surface Wind Direction Variability
Common large shifts of wind direction in the weak-wind nocturnal boundary layer are poorly understood and are not adequately captured by numerical models and statistical parameterizations. The current study examines 15 datasets representing a ...
Larry Mahrt
Virtual Wind Speed Sensor for Wind Turbines Andrew Kusiak1
Virtual Wind Speed Sensor for Wind Turbines Andrew Kusiak1 ; Haiyang Zheng2 ; and Zijun Zhang3 Abstract: A data-driven approach for development of a virtual wind-speed sensor for wind turbines is presented. The virtual wind-speed sensor is built from historical wind-farm data by data-mining algorithms
Kusiak, Andrew
We perform local, vertically stratified shearing-box MHD simulations of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) at a fiducial radius of 1 AU that take into account the effects of both Ohmic resistivity and ambipolar diffusion (AD). The magnetic diffusion coefficients are evaluated self-consistently from a look-up table based on equilibrium chemistry. We first show that the inclusion of AD dramatically changes the conventional picture of layered accretion. Without net vertical magnetic field, the system evolves into a toroidal field dominated configuration with extremely weak turbulence in the far-UV ionization layer that is far too inefficient to drive rapid accretion. In the presence of a weak net vertical field (plasma {beta} {approx} 10{sup 5} at midplane), we find that the magnetorotational instability (MRI) is completely suppressed, resulting in a fully laminar flow throughout the vertical extent of the disk. A strong magnetocentrifugal wind is launched that efficiently carries away disk angular momentum and easily accounts for the observed accretion rate in PPDs. Moreover, under a physical disk wind geometry, all the accretion flow proceeds through a strong current layer with a thickness of {approx}0.3H that is offset from disk midplane with radial velocity of up to 0.4 times the sound speed. Both Ohmic resistivity and AD are essential for the suppression of the MRI and wind launching. The efficiency of wind transport increases with increasing net vertical magnetic flux and the penetration depth of the FUV ionization. Our laminar wind solution has important implications on planet formation and global evolution of PPDs.
Bai Xuening; Stone, James M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 (United States)
growth in U.S. wind turbine manufacturing capability and the drop in wind power plantgrowth in U.S. wind turbine manufacturing capability and the drop in wind power plant
Prepared for the Utility Wind Integration Group. Arlington,Wind Logics, Inc. 2004. Wind Integration Study�Final Report.EnerNex Corp. 2006. Wind Integration Study for Public
EERE: Energy Basics Wind Power Animation This animation discusses the advantages of wind power, the workings of a wind turbine, and wind resources in the United States. It also...
Wind Blog | Department of Energy
Wind Blog Wind Blog RSS September 26, 2013 Wind Farm Brings Clean, Affordable Energy to Alaskan Cooperative How can we make it easier for more communities to use wind power?...
Wind powering America: Vermont
Wind resources in the state of Vermont show great potential for wind energy development according to the wind resource assessment conducted by the state, its utilities, and NREL. This fact sheet provides a brief description of the resource assessment and a link to the resulting wind resource map produced by NREL. The fact sheet also provides a description of the state's net metering program, its financial incentives, and green power programs as well as a list of contacts for more information.
Wind powering America: Colorado
This fact sheet contains information about green power programs in Colorado and a description of the Ponnequin Wind Farm.
O'Dell, K.
Wind powering America: Kansas
Wind resources in the state of Kansas show great potential for wind energy development according to the wind resource assessment conducted by the Kansas Electric Utilities Research Program, UWIG, and DOE. This fact sheet provides a brief description of the resource assessment and description of the state's new educational wind kiosk as well as its green power program and financial incentives available for the development of renewable energy technologies. A list of contacts for more information is also included.
America's Booming Wind Industry
Sharing key findings from two new Energy Department reports that highlight the record growth of America's wind industry.
Carroll County- Wind Ordinance
This ordinance sets forth regulations for the zoning, erection, and operation of small wind energy systems in Carroll County, Maryland.
Kent County- Wind Ordinance
This ordinance establishes provisions and standards for small wind energy systems in various zoning districts in Kent County, Maryland.
Wind Engineering Information at NIST
NIST Home > Wind Engineering Information at NIST. Wind Engineering Information at NIST. (the links below are a compilation ...
Acquisition CPV Wind Duke Energy Acquisition Tierra Energy,Allco Wind Energy Duke Energy Acquisition Catamount Veolia
Stations in Special Wind Regions
Stations in Special Wind Regions. ... station_matrix_912850.xlsx (Excel file). [ SED Home | Extreme Winds Home | Previous | Next ] ...
New England Wind Forum: New England Wind Projects
Projects in New England Building Wind Energy in New England Wind Resource Wind Power Technology Economics Markets Siting Policy Technical Challenges Issues Small Wind Large Wind Newsletter Perspectives Events Quick Links to States CT MA ME NH RI VT Bookmark and Share New England Wind Projects This page shows the location of installed and planned New England wind projects. Find windfarms, community-scale wind projects, customer-sited wind projects, small wind projects, and offshore wind projects. Read more information about how to use the Google Map and how to add your wind project to the map. Text version New England Wind Energy Projects Connecticut, East Canaan Wind Connecticut, Klug Farm Connecticut, Phoenix Press Connecticut, Wind Colebrook (South and North)
Wind Power in Paradise
The paper discusses how an international team of engineers brought wind power to the Galapagos Islands. The san cristobal system is a wind-diesel hybrid. The electricity generated by the wind turbines and by three diesel generators converges at the substation ...
E. Guizzo
Wind power outlook 2006
This annual brochure provides the American Wind Energy Association's up-to-date assessment of the wind industry in the United States. This 2006 general assessment shows positive signs of growth, use and acceptance of wind energy as a vital component of the U.S. energy mix.