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US 6528157 B1 Abstract Coated particles made of particulate substrates having a coating of resin and fibrous material are provided for use in subterranean formations. The coated substrate particles are proppants useful to prop open subterranean formation fractures. The coated substrate particles are also useful for sand control, that is, acting as a filter or screen to prevent backwards flow of sand, other proppants or subterranean formation particles. Methods of making the coated particles are also disclosed.
Claims(49) 1. A proppant particle comprising:
a particulate substrate; and
a coating comprising resin and fibrous material, wherein the fibrous material is embedded in the coating to be dispersed throughout the coating.
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20. A method of treating a hydraulically induced fracture in a subterranean formation surrounding a wellbore comprising introducing into the fracture proppant particles of
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32. A method of treating a subterranean formation having a wellbore to prevent particulates from the subterranean formation from flowing back into surface equipment comprising introducing into the wellbore particles of
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39. A proppant particle comprising:
a particulate substrate, and
a coating comprising resin and fibrous material, wherein the coating consists essentially of a single layer.
40. The proppant particle of
41. A method of making a proppant particle of
providing a particulate substrate, a resin, and a fibrous material;
combining, the particulate substrate, the resin, and the fibrous material wherein the resin coat coats the substrate with a coating of the resin and fibrous material, and, subsequent to the combining, solidifying the resin.
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47. A method of treating a hydraulically induced fracture in a subterranean formation surrounding a wellbore comprising introducing into the fracture proppant particles of
48. A method of treating a subterranean formation having a wellbore to prevent particulates from the subterranean formation from flowing back into surface equipment comprising introducing into the wellbore particles of
49. A method of making a proppant particle of
providing a particulate substrate, a resin, and a fibrous material;
combining, the particulate substrate, the resin, and the fibrous material wherein the resin coat coats the substrate with a coating of the resin and fibrous material, and, subsequent to the combining, solidifying the resin.
Description This claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/007,186, filed Nov. 1, 1995. 1. Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to particulate substrates coated with a resin comprising phenolic-aldehyde polymer or other suitable polymer. Depending upon the resin selected, the substrate selected and how the resin is combined with the substrate, the resulting resin coated particle is useful in either subterranean formations as a curable proppant or a precured proppant. The present invention also relates to methods of making or using the resins or coated substrates. 2. Description of Background Art The use of phenolic resin coated proppants is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,038 to Johnson et al (the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). In general, proppants are extremely useful to keep open fractures imposed by hydraulic fracturng upon a subterranean formation, e.g., an oil or gas bearing strata Typically, the fracturing is desired in the subterranean formation to increase oil or gas production. Fracturing is caused by injecting a viscous fracturing fluid or a foam at high pressure into the well to form fractures. As the fracture is formed, a particulate material, referred to as a �propping agent� or �proppant� is placed in the formation to maintain the fracture in a propped condition when the injection pressure is released. As the fracture forms, the proppants are carried into the well by suspending them in additional fluid or foam to fill the fracture with a slurry of proppant in the fluid or foam. Upon release of the pressure, the proppants form a pack which serves to hold open the fractures. The goal of using proppants is to increase production of oil and/or gas by providing a highly conductive channel in the formation. Choosing a proppant is critical to the success of well stimulation. The propped fracture thus provides a highly conductive channel in the formation. The degree of stimulation afforded by the hydraulic fracture treatment is largely dependent upon formation parameters, the fracture's permeability and the fracture's propped width. If the proppant is an uncoated substrate and is subjected to high stresses existing in a gas/oil well, the substrate may be crushed to produce fines of crushed proppant. Fines will subsequently reduce conductivity within the proppant pack. However, a resin coating will enhance crush resistance of a coated particle above that of the substrate alone. Known resins used in resin coated proppants include epoxy, furan, phenolic resins and combinations of these resins. The resins are from about 1 to about 8 percent by weight of the total coated particle. The particulate substrate may be sand, ceramics, or other particulate substrate and has a particle size in the range of USA Standard Testing screen numbers from about 8 to about 100 (i.e. screen openings of about 0.0937 inch to about 0.0059 inch). Resin coated proppants come in two types: precured and curable. Precured resin coated proppants comprise a substrate coated with a resin which has been significantly crosslinked. The resin coating of the precured proppants provides crush resistance to the substrate. Since the resin coating is already cured before it is introduced into the well, even under high pressure and temperature conditions, the proppant does not agglomerate. Such precured resin coated proppants are typically held in the well by the stress surrounding them. In some hydraulic fracturing circumstances, the precured proppants in the well would flow back from the fracture, especially during clean up or production in oil and gas wells. Some of the proppant can be transported out of the fractured zones and into the well bore by fluids produced from the well. This transportation is known as flow-back. Flowing back of proppant from the fracture is undesirable and has been controlled to an extent in some instances by the use of a proppant coated with a curable resin which will consolidate and cure underground. Phenolic resin coated proppants have been commercially available for some time and used for this purpose. Thus, resin-coated curable proppants may be employed to �cap� the fractures to prevent such flow back. The resin coating of the curable proppants is not significantly crosslinked or cured before injection into the oil or gas well. Rather, the coating is designed to crosslink under the stress and temperature conditions existing in the well formation. This causes the proppant particles to bond together forming a 3-dimensional matrix and preventing proppant flow-back. These curable phenolic resin coated proppants work best in environments where temperatures are sufficiently high to consolidate and cure the phenolic resins. However, conditions of geological formations vary greatly. In some gas/oil wells, high temperature (>180� F.) and high pressure (>6,000 psi) are present downhole. Under these conditions, most curable proppants can be effectively cured. Moreover, proppants used in these wells need to be thermally and physically stable, i.e. do not crush appreciably at these temperatures and pressures. Curable resins include (i) resins which are cured entirely in the subterranean formation and (ii) resins which are partially cured prior to injection into the subterranean formation with the remainder of curing occurring in the subterranean formation. My shallow wells often have downhole temperatures less than 130� F., or even less than 100� F. Conventional curable proppants will not cure properly at these temperatures. Sometimes, an activator can be used to facilitate curing at low temperatures. Another method is to catalyze proppant curing at low temperatures using an acid catalyst in an overflush technique. Systems of this type of curable proppant have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,884 to Armbruster and the disclosure of this patent is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In the overflush method, after the curable proppant is placed in the fracture, an acidic catalyst system is pumped through the proppant pack and initiates the curing even at temperatures as low as about 70� F. This causes the bonding of proppant particles. Due to the diverse variations in geological characteristics of different oil and gas wells, no single proppant possesses all properties which can satisfy all operating requirements under various conditions. The choice of whether to use a precured or curable proppant or both is a matter of experience and knowledge as would be known to one skilled in the art. In use, the proppant is suspended in the fracturing fluid. Tbus, interactions of the proppant and the fluid will greatly affect the stability of the fluid in which the proppant is suspended. The fluid needs to remain viscous and capable of carrying the proppant to the fracture and depositing the proppant at the proper locations for use. However, if the fluid prematurely loses its capacity to carry, the proppant may be deposited at inappropriate locations in the fracture or the well bore. This may require extensive well bore cleanup and removal of the mispositioned proppant. It is also important that the fluid breaks (undergoes a reduction in viscosity) at the appropriate time after the proper placement of the proppant. After the proppant is placed in the fracture, the fluid shall become less viscous due to the action of breakers (viscosity reducing agents) present in the fluid. This permits the loose and curable proppant particles to come together, allowing intimate contact of the particles to result in a solid proppant pack after curing. Failure to have such contact will give a much weaker proppant pack. Foam, rather than viscous fluid, may be employed to carry the proppant to the fracture and deposit the proppant at the proper locations for use. The foam is a stable foam that can suspend the proppant until it is placed into the fracture, at which time the foam breaks. Agents other than foam or viscous fluid may be employed to carry proppant into a fracture where appropriate. Also, resin coated particulate material, e.g., sands, may be used in a wellbore for �sand control.� In this use, a cylindrical structure is filled with the proppants, e.g., resin coated particulate material, and inserted into the wellbore to act as a filter or screen to control or eliminate backwards flow of sand, other proppants, or subterranean formation particles. Typically, the cylindrical structure is an annular structure having inner and outer walls made of mesh. The screen opening size of the mesh being sufficient to contain the resin coated particulate material within the cylindrical structure and let fluids in the formation pass therethrough. While useful proppants are known, it would be beneficial to provide proppants having improved features such as reduced flow-back, increased compressive strength, as well as higher long term conductivity, i.e., permeability, at the high closure stresses present in the subterranean formation. Reduced flow-back is important to keep the proppant in the subterranean formation. Improved compressive strength better permits the proppant to withstand the forces within the subterranean formation. High conductivity is important because it directly impacts the future production rate of the well. It is an object of the present invention to provide proppants coated with fiber-containing polymer. It is another object of the present invention to provide curable proppants coated with fiber-containing phenol-aldehyde novolac polymer. It is another object of the present invention to provide precured proppants coated with fiber-containing phenol-aldehyde resole polymer. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods of using proppant coated with a fiber-containing polymer. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods of using proppant coated with a fiber-containing polymer. These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the following specification. FIG. 1A shows a schematic drawing of a first embodiment of a resin coated particle of the present invention for use as a proppant. FIG. 1B shows a schematic drawing of a second embodiment of a resin coated particle of the present invention for use as a proppant. FIG. 2 shows plots of long term conductivity and permeability. The invention provides an improved resin-coated proppant comprising a particulate substrate e.g., sand, and a fiber-containing resin. The resin may be any conventional proppant resin. A typical proppant resin is a phenolic novolac resin coating composition combined with hexamethylenetetnine (HEXA), formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, oxazolidines, phenol-aldehyde resole polymers and/or other known curing agents as a cross-linking agent to achieve a precured or curable proppant. The proppant resin comprises any of a phenolic novolac polymer; a phenolic resole polymer; a combination of a phenolic novolac polymer and a phenolic resole polymer; a precured resin made of cured furan resin or a combination of phenolic/furan resin (as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,694,905 to Armbruster incorporated herein by reference); or a curable resin made of furan/phenolic resin which is curable in the presence of a strong acid (as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,884 to Armbruster incorporated herein by reference). The phenolics of the above-mentioned novolac or resole polymers may be phenolic moieties or bis-phenolic moieties. The fibers may be any of various kinds of commercially available short fibers. Such fibers include at least one member selected from the group consisting of milled glass fibers, milled ceramic fibers, milled carbon fibers and synthetic fibers, having a softening point above typical starting sand temperature for coating, e.g., at least about 200� F. so as to not degrade, soften or agglomerate. The present invention achieves curable proppants having higher compressive strengths and thus reduced flow-back. These stronger fiber reinforced coated proppants will better withstand the closure stress exerted in the fracture. This will help in maintaining better conductivity and permeability of the formation for a longer time. The present invention also provides precured proppant with better resistance to flow-back. The resistance to flow-back is especially achieved where at least a portion of the fibers protrude from the resin coating to interlock with fibers of other proppant particles. An advantage of employing fiber-laden precured proppant, over curable coated proppant (which are fiber free) is that it works at any temperature. In contrast, curable resin coated sand only works where downhole temperatures are high enough to cure the resin or in the presence of added activators or acid catalyst (discussed above). Fiber-laden precured proppants are also different from, and better than, proppant systems of physical loose mixtures of sand and fibers. Such physical mixtures may segregate and thus achieve reduced effectiveness. Also, because the precured resin is completely reacted, there is less interaction of the resin with carrier fluid. This lack of interaction makes the fluid more stable and results in more predictable performance. The invention also provides improved methods of using the above-described curable and/or precured proppants for treating subterranean formations. When the method employs a precured coating composition on the proppant, the proppant is put into the subterranean formation without a need for additional curing within the formation. When the method employs a curable coating composition on the proppant, the method may further comprise curing the curable coating composition by exposing the coating composition to sufficient heat and pressure in the subterranean formation to cause crosslinking of the resins and consolidation of the proppant. In some cases an activator, as discussed above, can be used to facilitate consolidation of curable proppant. In another embodiment employing a curable coating composition on the proppant, the method further comprises low temperature acid catalyzed curing at temperatures as low as 70� F. An example of low temperature acid catalyzed curing is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,884 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Also, resin coated particulate material, e.g., resin coated sands, may be used by filling a cylindrical structure with the resin coated particulate material, i.e., proppant, and inserted into the wellbore. Once in place, the improved properties of this invention are beneficial because the proppant will cure and act as a filter or screen to eliminate the backwards flow of sand, other proppants, or subterranean formation particles. This is a significant advantage to eliminate the backflow of particulates into above ground equipment. The fibers of the present invention may be employed with any resin-coated particulate proppant material. The type of resin, particulate material and fiber making up the proppant will depend upon a number of factors including the probable closure stress, formation temperature, and the type of formation fluid. The term resin includes a broad class of high polymeric synthetic substances. Resin includes thermosetting and thermoplastic materials, but excludes rubber and other elastomers. Specific thermosets include epoxy, phenolic, e.g., resole (a true thermosetting resin) or novolac (thermoplastic resin which is rendered thermosetting by a hardening agent), polyester resin, and epoxy-modified novolac as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,714 to Gibb et al incorporated herein by reference. The phenolic resin comprises any of a phenolic novolac polymer; a phenolic resole polymer; a combination of a phenolic novolac polymer and a phenolic resole polymer; a cured combination of phenolic/furan resin or a furan resin to form a precured resin (as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,694,905 to Armbruster incorporated herein by reference); or a curable furan/phenolic resin system curable in the presence of a strong acid to form a curable resin (as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,884 to Armbruster). The phenolics of the above-mentioned novolac or resole polymers may be phenol moieties or bis-phenol moieties. Novolac resins are preferred. Specific thermoplastics include polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, fluoroplastics, polysulfide, polypropylene, styrene acrylonitrile, nylon, and phenylene oxide. It is desired to use resin amounts of about 0.5 to about 8% based on substrate weight, preferably about 0.75 to about 4%. A. Substrate Particulate material, i.e., substrate, includes sand, naturally occurring mineral fibers, such as zircon and mullite, ceramic, such as sintered bauxite, or sintered alumina, other non-ceramic refractories such as milled or glass beads. The particulate substrate may be sand, ceramics, or other particulate substrate and has a particle size in the range of USA Standard Testing screen numbers from about 8 to about 100 (i.e. screen openings of about 0.0937 inch to about 0.0059 inch). Preferred substrate diameter is from about 0.01 to about 0.04 inches. Bauxite, unlike alumina, contains naturally occurring impurities and does not require the addition of sintering agents. The particles are typical proppant particles. Thus, they are hard and resist deforming. Deforming is different from crushing wherein the particle deteriorates. B. Fibers The fibers may be any of various kinds of commercially available short fibers. Such fibers include at least one member selected from the group consisting of milled glass fibers, milled ceramic fibers, milled carbon fibers, natural fibers, and synthetic fibers having a softening point above typical starting sand temperature for coating, e.g., at least about 200� F., so as to not degrade, soften or agglomerate. The typical glasses for fibers include E-glass, S-glass, and AR-glass. E-glass is a commercially available grade of glass fibers typically-employed in electrical uses. S-glass is used for its strength. AR-glass is used for its alkali resistance. The carbon fibers are of graphitized carbon. The ceramic fibers are typically alumina, porcelain, or other vitreous material. The fiber material should be inert to components in the subterranean formation, e.g., well treatment fluids, and be able to withstand the conditions, e.g., temperature and pressure, in the well. Fibers of different dimensions and/or materials may be employed together. Glass fibers and ceramic fibers are most preferred. Typically the fiber material density is about that of the substrate, but this is not necessary. The fiber material is preferably abrasion resistant to withstand pneumatic conveying. It is important that the dimensions and amount of fibers, as well as the type and amount of resin coating, be selected so that the fibers are attached to the resin coating of the proppant rather than being loosely mixed with proppant particles. The attachment prevents loose particles from clogging parts, e.g., screens, of an oil or gas well. Moreover, the attachment prevents loose particles from decreasing permeability in the oil or gas well. Resin coated curable proppants contain about 0.1% to about 15% fibers based on the substrate weight, preferably about 0.1% to about 5 weight percent fibers, more preferably about 0.1% to about 3 weight percent fibers. Resin coated precurable proppants contain about 0.1 to about 15 weight percent fibers, based on substrate weight. To achieve enhanced permeability at low to moderate (less than about 4000 psi) closure stress levels, a fiber content of 0.25 to about 5 weight percent is typical. At fiber levels of about 5 to 15 weight percent the coating surface roughens. The roughened grains do not slide easily. Thus, this roughness diminishes flow-back. Also, to achieve enhanced flow-back resistance, by having fibers protrude from the coated fiber, a fiber content of about 10 to about 15 weight percent is preferred. The degree of roughness and/or fiber protrusion varies with parameters such as fiber loading levels, fiber length, resin loading levels, and substrate size and shape. Fiber lengths range from about 6 microns to about 3200 microns (about ⅛ inch). Preferred fiber lengths range from about 10 microns to about 1600 microns. More preferred fiber lengths range from about 10 microns to about 800 microns. A typical fiber length range is about 0.001 to about {fraction (1/16)} inch. Preferably, the fibers are shorter than the greatest length of the substrate. Suitable, commercially available fibers include milled glass fiber having lengths of 0.1 to about {fraction (1/32)} inch; milled ceramic fibers 25 microns long; milled carbon fibers 250 to 350 microns long, and KEVLAR aramid fibers 12 microns long. Fiber diameter (or, for fibers of non-circular cross-section, a hypothetical dimension equal to the diameter of a hypothetical circle having an area equal to the cross-sectional area of the fiber) range from about 1 to about 20 microns. Length to aspect ratio (length to diameter ratio) may range from about 5 to about 175. The fiber may have a round, oval, square, rectangular or other appropriate cross-section. One source of the fibers of rectangular cross-section may be chopped sheet material. Such chopped sheet material would have a length and a rectangular cross-section. The rectangular cross-section has a pair of shorter sides and a pair of relatively longer sides. The ratio of lengths of the shorter side to the longer side is typically about 1:2-10. The fibers may be straight, crimped, curled or combinations thereof. Typical resin coated proppants have about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent resin, preferably about 0.4 to about 6 weight percent resin, more preferably about 0.4 to about 5 weight percent resin, most preferably about 2.5 to about 5 weight percent resin. Potential hypothetical resin coated proppants include a conventional proppant substrate with any of the following resin levels and fibers. Resin levels of 0.75 to 3 weight percent, based on substrate weight, with 0.0001 to {fraction (1/32)} inch long milled glass fiber at levels as low as 0.1 to 0.25 weight percent, based on substrate weight may be employed. In particular, resin levels of 2.5 to 3 weight percent, based on substrate weight, with {fraction (1/32)} inch long milled glass fiber may be employed. Resin levels of about 0.75 to about 1 weight percent, based on substrate weight, with {fraction (1/32)} inch long milled glass fiber may be employed. Resin levels of 2.5 to 3.0 weight percent, based on substrate weight, with ceramic fibers having lengths from 20 to 25 microns may be employed. Resin levels of 1 to 1.5 weight percent, based on substrate weight, with ceramic fibers having lengths of 20 to 50 microns may be employed. By employing fibers, the present invention achieves curable proppants having higher compressive strengths. These stronger fiber reinforced coated proppants will better withstand the closure stress of fracture and better resist flow-back. This will help in maintaining better conductivity and permeability of the proppant in the fracture for a longer time than conventional curable proppants employing the same resin in the absence of fibers. The present invention also provides precured proppant with better resistance to flow-back. The resistance to flow-back is especially achieved where the fibers roughen the resin coating surface and/or protrude from the resin coating. The roughened surface and/or protruding fibers cause the coated proppant particles to resist moving past one another to prevent flow-back. An advantage of employing fiber-laden precured proppant, over curable coated proppant (which are fiber free) is that it works at any temperature. Curable resin coated sands only work where downhole temperatures are high enough to cure the resin. Fiber-laden precured proppants are also different from, and better than, proppant systems of physical loose mixtures of sand and fibers. Such physical mixtures may segregate and thus, achieve reduced effectiveness. C. Phenol-Aldehyde Novolac Polymer-Containing Resins An embodiment of the present invention is a resin coated particulate material wherein the resin includes phenol-aldehyde novolac polymer. The novolac may be any novolac employed with proppants. The novolac may be obtained by the reaction of a phenolic compound and an aldehyde in a strongly acidic pH region. Suitable acid catalysts include the strong mineral acids such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid as well as organic acid catalysts such as oxalic acid, or para toluenesulfonic acid. An alternative way to make novolacs is to react a phenol and an aldehyde in the presence of divalent inorganic salts such as zinc acetate, zinc borate, manganese salts, cobalt salts, etc. The selection of catalyst may be important for directing the production of novolacs which have various ratios of ortho or para substitution by aldehyde on the phenolic ring, e.g., zinc acetate favors ortho substitution. Novolacs enriched in ortho substitution, i.e.. high-ortho novolacs, may be 15 preferred because of greater reactivity in further cross-linking for polymer development. High ortho novolacs are discussed by Knop and Pilato, Phenolic Resins, p. 50-51 (1985) (Springer-Verlag) incorporated herein by reference. High-ortho novolacs are defined as novolacs wherein at least 60% of the total of the resin ortho substitution and para substitution is ortho substitution, preferably at least about 70% of this total substitution is ortho substitution. The novolac polymer typically comprises phenol and aldehyde in a molar ratio from about 1:0.85 to about 1:0.4. Any suitable aldehyde may be used for this purpose. The aldehyde may be formalin, paraformaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, furfural, benzaldehyde or other aldehyde sources. Formaldehyde itself is preferred. The novolacs used in this invention are generally solids such as in the form of a flake, powder, etc. The molecular weight of the novolac will vary from about 500 to 10,000, preferably 1,000 to 5,000 depending on their intended use. The molecular weight of the novolacs in this description of the present invention are on a weight average molecular weight basis. High-ortho novolac resins are especially preferred. The coating composition typically comprises at least 10 weight percent novolac polymer, preferably at least about 20 weight percent novolac polymer, most preferably about 50 to about 70 weight percent novolac polymer. The remainder of the coating composition could include crosslinking agents, modifiers or other appropriate ingredients. The phenolic moiety of the novolac polymer is selected from phenols of Formula I or bisphenols of Formula II, respectively: R and R1 are independently alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or H. In Formula II, R and R1 are preferably meta to the respective hydroxy group on the respective aromatic ring. Unless otherwise defined, alkyl is defined as having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and aryl is defined as having 6 carbon atoms in its ring. In Formula II, X is a direct bond, sulfonyl, alkylidene unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, cycloalkylidene, or halogenated cycloalkylidene. Alkylidene is a divalent organic radical of Formula III: When X is alkylidene, R2 and R3 are selected independently from H, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, halogenated alkyl; halogenated aryl and halogenated arylalkyl. When X is halogenated alkylidene, one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the alkylidene moiety of Formula II are replaced by a halogen atom. Preferably the halogen is fluorine or chlorine. Also, halogenated cycloalkylidene is preferably substituted by fluorine or chlorine on the cycloalkylidene moiety. A typical phenol of Formula I is phenol, per se. Typical bisphenols of Formula II include Bisphenol A, Bisphenol C, Bisphenol E, Bisphenol F, Bisphenol S, or Bisphenol Z. The present invention includes novolac polymers which contain any one of the phenols of Formula I, bisphenols of Formula II, or combinations of one or more of the phenols of Formula I and/or one or more of the bisphenols of Formula II. The novolac polymer may optionally be further modified by the addition of VINSOL�, epoxy resins, bisphenol, waxes, or other known resin additives. One mode of preparing an alkylphenol-modified phenol novolac polymer is to combine an alkylphenol and phenol at a molar ratio above 0.05:1. This combination is reacted with a source of formaldehyde under acidic catalysis, or divalent metal catalysis (e.g., Zn, Mn). During this reaction, the combination of alkylphenol and phenol is present in molar excess relative to the formaldehyde present. Under acidic conditions, the polymerization of the methylolated phenols is a faster reaction than the initial methylolation from the formaldehyde. Consequently, a polymer structure is built up consisting of phenolic and alkylphenolic nuclei, linked together by methylene bridges, and with essentially no free methylol groups. In the case of metal ion catalysis, the polymerization will lead to methylol and benzylic ethers, which subsequently break down to methylene bridges, and the final product is essentially free of methylol groups. D. Crosslinking Agents and Other Additives For practical purposes, phenolic novolacs do not harden upon heating, but remain soluble and fusible unless a hardener (crosslinking agent) is present. Thus, in curing a novolac resin, a crosslinking agent is used to overcome the deficiency of alkylene-bridging groups to convert the resin to an insoluble infusible condition. Appropriate crosslinking agents include hexamethylenetetnine (HEXA), paraformaldehyde, oxazolidines, melamine resin or other aldehyde donors and/or phenol-aldehyde resole polymers. Each of these crosslinkers can be used by itself or in combinations with other crosslinkers. The resole polymer may contain substituted or unsubstituted phenol. The coating composition of this invention typically comprises up to about 25 weight percent HEXA and/or up to about 90 weight percent resole polymers based on the total weight of coating composition. Where HEXA is the sole crosslinking agent, the HEXA comprises from about 5 to about 25 weight percent of the resin. Where the phenol-aldehyde resole polymer is the sole crosslinking agent, the resin contains from about 20 to about 90 weight percent of the resole polymer. The composition may also comprise combinations of these crosslinkers. The phenol-aldehyde resole resin has a phenol:aldehyde molar ratio from about 1:1 to about 1:3. A preferred mode of preparing the resole resin is to combine phenol with a source of aldehyde such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, furfural, benzaldehyde or paraformaldehyde under alkaline catalysis. During such reaction, the aldehyde is present in molar excess. It is preferred that the resole resin have a molar ratio of phenol to formaldehyde from about 1:1.2 to 1:2.5. The resoles may be conventional resoles or modified resoles. Modified resoles are disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,038, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Such modified resoles are prepared by reacting aldehyde with a blend of unsubstituted phenol and at least one phenolic material selected from the group consisting of arylphenol, alkylphenol, alkoxyphenol, and aryloxyphenol. Modified resole resins include alkoxy modified resole resins. Of alkoxy modified resole resins, methoxy modified resole resins are preferred. However, the phenolic resole resin which is most preferred is the modified orthobenzylic ether-containing resole resin prepared by the reaction of a phenol and an aldehyde in the presence of an aliphatic hydroxy compound containing two or more hydroxy groups per molecule. In one preferred modification of the process, the reaction is also carried out in the presence of a monohydric alcohol. Metal ion catalysts useful in production of the modified phenolic resole resins include salts of the divalent ions of Mn, Zn, Cd, Mg, Co, Ni, Fe, Pb, Ca and Ba. Tetra alkoxy titanium compounds of the formula Ti(OR)4 where R is an alkyl group containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, are also useful catalysts for this reaction. A preferred catalyst is zinc acetate. These catalysts give phenolic resole resins wherein the preponderance of the bridges joining the phenolic nuclei are ortho-benzylic ether bridges of the general formula �CH2(OCH2)n� where n is a small positive integer. Additives are used for special cases for special requirements. The coating systems of the invention may include a wide variety of additive materials. The coating may also include one or more other additives such as a coupling agent such as a silane to promote adhesion of the coating to substrate, a silicone lubricant, a wetting agent, a surfactant, dyes, flow modifiers (such as flow control agents and flow enhancers), and/or anti-static agents. The surfactants may be anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric or mixtures thereof Certain surfactants also operate as flow control agents. Other additives include humidity resistant additives or hot strength additives. Of course, the additives may be added in combination or singly. E. Method to Make Novolac Polymer To make phenolic novolac polymers with one or more phenols of Formula I, the phenol is mixed with acidic catalyst and heated. Then an aldehyde, such as a 50 weight % solution of formaldehyde is added to the hot phenol and catalyst at elevated temperature. Water made by the reaction is removed by distillation to result in molten novolac. The molten novolac is then cooled and flaked. To make novolac polymers with bisphenols of Formula II, the bisphenol is mixed with a solvent, such as n-butyl acetate, at elevated temperature. An acid catalyst such as oxalic acid or methane sulfonic acid is then added and mixed with the bisphenol and then an aldehyde, typically formaldehyde, is added. The reactants are then refluxed. It is noted that the preparation of the novolac resin can occur under acidic catalysis, or divalent metal catalysis (e.g., Zn, Mn), wherein the bisphenol is present in greater than equimolar amount relative to the source of aldehyde. After reflux, water is collected by azeotropic distillation with n-butyl acetate. After removal of the water and n-butyl acetate, the resin is flaked to yield resin products. Alternatively, the polymers can be made using water as a solvent. F. Manufactrring of Resoles A typical way to make resoles is to put a phenol in a reactor, add an alkaline catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, and aldehyde, such as a 50 weight % solution of formaldehyde, and react the ingredients under elevated temperature until the desired viscosity or free formaldehyde is achieved. Water content is adjusted by distillation. G. Reacting Aldehyde With Phenol-Aldehyde Novolacs or Bisphenol-Aldehyde Novolacs Phenol-aldehyde novolacs or bisphenol-aldehyde novolacs may be modified by reacting these novolacs with an additional quantity of aldehyde using a basic catalyst. Typical catalysts used are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide (or lime), ammonium hydroxide and amines. In the case of phenol-aldehyde polymers or bisphenol-aldehyde polymers, the molar ratio of added aldehyde to phenolic moiety, based on the phenolic moiety monomeric units in the novolac, ranges from 0.4:1 to 3:1, preferably from 0.8:1 to 2:1. This achieves a crosslinkable (reactive) polymer having different chemical structures and generally higher molecular weights than the resole polymers obtained by a single step process which involves initially mixing bisphenol monomers and aldehyde with an alkaline catalyst at the same molar ratio of the combined aldehyde and bisphenol. Furthermore, it is feasible to use different aldehydes at different stages of the polymer preparation. These aldehyde-modified polymers are useful in coating compositions for oil field proppants and foundry sands. These polymers can be used alone as a coating. These polymers can also be used with other polymers, such as phenol-aldehyde novolacs, bisphenol-aldehyde novolac, or combinations thereof, as a crosslinking agent, or as a component of crosslinking agents. When the aldehyde-modified polymers are employed as crosslinking agents, they may be used with other typical crosslinking agents such as those described above for novolac polymers. H. Method to Make Proppant After making the resin, the crosslinking agent, resin, fibers, and particulate material are mixed at conditions to provide either a precured or curable coating composition, as desired. Precured or curable proppants can be made by coating particulate material, e.g., sand, with the coating composition and fibers. Whether a coating composition is of the precured or curable type depends upon a number of parameters. Such parameters include the ratio of the novolac resin to the curing agent; the acidity of the novolac resin; the pH of the resole resin; the amount of the crosslinking agent; the time of mixing the coating compositions, fibers, and particles; the temperature of the coating compositions, fibers, and particles during mixing; catalysts (if any) used during the particle coating; and other process parameters as known to those skilled in the art. Typically, the precured or curable proppants may have a coating which contains resole resin in the presence or absence of novolac resin. The coating resin may be admixed to particulate material combined with fibers. In an alternative method, the fibers (and optionally additional resin) are admixed to a resin coated particulate material. In another alternative method, the particulate material is admixed to fibers and resin. Typically, the resin is coated onto particulate material and fibers by a hot coat process or a warm coat process. The hot coat process includes adding the resin to hot sand, or other particulate material, which has been heated to a temperature above the resin's melting point. Then a crosslinking agent is added and the ingredients are stirred for the desired time to produce a particulate material coated with either a precured or curable resin as desired. Typically, the mixing occurs in the presence of a coupling agent such as an organosilane and a lubricant, such as a silicone fluid, such as L-45 manufactured by Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mich. (materials of this type are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,439,489 to Johnson, et al). The coated sand is then removed, cooled and sieved. In the warm coat process, the resin is in a liquid form, e.g., solution, dispersion or suspension, preferably solution, when it is mixed with the particulate substrate, crosslinker or other appropriate ingredients. The carrier liquid, e.g., solvent, is then removed resulting in a free flowing proppant coated with curable resin. FIG. 1A shows a proppant particle 10 comprising a substrate particle 20, a resin coating 15 and fibers 18. The resin, crosslinking agent, fibers 18 and particle 20 are mixed to produce the proppant 10. The proppant 10 is prepared to comprise from about 1 to about 8 weight percent coating 15 as well as an amount of fibers 18 as disclosed above. Also, the particle 20 has a pre-coated size in the range of USA Standard Testing screen numbers from about 8 to about 100. A portion of the fibers 18 may protrude a distance D. Roughness or protruding fibers may prevent flow-back of curable proppant prior to completion of the curing process. However, some of the fibers 18 may be totally embedded in the resin coating 15, e.g., fiber 24. Some fibers 22 may be curved. Moreover, some fibers 26 may curl sufficiently to hook both fiber ends into the coating 15. FIG. 1B shows a coated proppant particle 110 wherein the fibers 24 are embedded in the resin coating 15 about the substrate particle 20, and the fibers 24 cause the proppant particle 110 to have a roughened surface 30. The known hot coat or warm coat processes for making coated proppants may be modified by electrically charging the substrate and oppositely charging the fibers to encourage the fibers to orient orthogonal to the substrate and protrude from the coating. The fibers provide the advantages of higher strength and reduced flow-back with curable resin-coated proppants. The protruding fibers improve the flow-back resistance of precured resin-coated proppants because the fibers cause adjacent proppant particles to interlock. Also. the precured, fiber-laden proppants improve the permeability of subterranean formations at closure stresses of up to about 4000 psi. The following parameters are useful when characterizing coated proppants of the present invention. Compressive strength of curable proppants is defined as that measured according to the following procedure. A 2 weight percent KCl solution (doped with a small amount of detergent to enhance wetability) is added to proppant. The KCl solution and proppant are gently agitated to wet the proppant. Samples of the wet proppant will be cured at 1000 psi or at atmospheric pressure. For wet proppant samples to be cured at 1000 psi, the wet proppant is packed into steel tubes with a movable plunger. After packing the proppant, a load of 1,000 psi is applied using the plunger. For wet proppant samples to be cured at atmospheric pressure, the wet proppant is packed into a plastic tube. In either event, the samples are then heated to 200� F. and held at 200� F. for 24 hours to cure the samples. During the curing process, loose proppant particles become a consolidated mass. After 24 hours, the samples are removed as slugs. Both ends of each slug are smoothed to give flat surfaces and the slugs are cut to about two inches in length. The slugs have a nominal one inch diameter. Compressive strength tests of the slugs are determined using a tensile tester manufactured by Detroit Testing Machine Company and the results were reported. Typical compressive strengths of proppants of the present invention range from 50 to 3000 psi or higher. Hot tensile strength of curable proppants is defined as that measured by heating a two part bracket mold until it reaches a temperature of 450� F. Uncured resin coated sand is blown into the hot mold and the sand is kept at this temperature for 3 minutes to cure. After completion of curing time, tensile measurement are made automatically with a built-in tensile tester. Typical hot tensile strengths of proppants of the present invention range from 0 to 500 psi or higher. Crush resistance of precured proppants is defined as that measured according to the following procedure. American Petroleum Institute RP 60 procedure, Section 7 (1989). Long term conductivity is defined as that measured by the �Proppant Consortium Baseline Procedure,� developed by Stim-Lab, Inc., Duncan, Okla. Melt point of curable resin coated sand is defined as that determined using a melt point bar. A melt point bar is a brass metal bar (18 inches long and 2 inches wide) with an electric heating element at one end. Therefore, a temperature gradient can be established across the length of the bar and the temperature across the bar is monitored with thermometers or thermocouples. Typically, the temperature is about 315 to about 330� F. at the hottest end of the bar. Using a funnel, a uniform strip of resin coated sand is laid on the heated bar and cured for 60 seconds. Then an air jet at 10 psi pressure is blown on the sand and any uncured sand will be blown off the bar. Melt point is the lowest temperature at which the resin coated sand forms a mass. The following general coating procedures were followed to prepare fiber-laden curable proppants using HEXA as a crosslinking agent. Into a 3 quart mixing bowl was placed one kilogram of 20/40 mesh sand available from and an appropriate amount of fiber to achieve the desired weight percent fiber. 20/40 sand has 90% of its particles between 20 and 40 mesh (U.S. Standard Sieve Series) per American Petroleum Institute RP-60 procedure, Section 4 (1989). The sand and glass fiber were stirred with a Hobart C-100 mixer and heated with a gas flame to 280� F. 26.6 grams of EX5150 novolac resin (Borden, Inc.) and 0.4 grams of A-1100 silane (Union Carbide Corporation) were added and mixed for 90 seconds. At this time 13.8 grams of 32.6% water solution of hexamethylenetetramine was added. Mixing was continued and at 96 seconds of total mixing time 8.1 grams of water was added. At 120 seconds of mixing time 1.0 gram of L45 silicone was added. Mixing was continued for another 180 seconds. At 300 seconds of total mixing time the coated sand was discharged from the bowl as a free flowing product consisting of individual sand grains coated with a curable resin coating. The stick melting point of this product was 232� F. A 3 mninute, 450� F. hot tensile strength test was run and produced a specimen with a hot tensile of 200 psi. The proppant was coated with Plasti Flake EX5150, a commercial phenol-formaldehyde novolac manufactured by Borden, Inc./North American Resins, Louisville, Ky. The procedure generally such as that of Example 1 was repeated without fibers, with the same ingredients, except to make a conventional curable resin coated proppant. The curable proppants of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were prepared with varying resin contents and added milled glass fibers, milled carbon fibers, milled ceramic fibers and KEVLAR aramid fibers at levels of 0%, �%, �%, 2%, 5% and 10 weight % based on weight of 20/40 Brady sand. 20/40 Brady sand is available from Ogelby-Norton, Brady, Tex. These laboratory prepared samples were evaluated for resin contents, melting point, hot tensile strength, and compressive strength. Tables 1-6 summarize the results of these experiments. The proppants of Comparative Example 1 are listed as �Controls� on Tables 1-6. In the TABLES �Loss on Ignition� is defined as that measured after burning proppant at 1700� F. for two hours and represents the amount of resin on the proppant. Table 7 employs 20/40 Brady sand with resin and fibers.
To facilitate comparison of data, Table 7 repeats some of the data of Tables 1, 2 and 4 and includes additional data. The average L.O.I. of the samples of Table 7 is about 2.9. Among all the samples whose results are listed on Tables 1-7, those curable (CR) samples containing milled glass fibers and milled ceramic fibers produced higher compressive strength than those of a control when tested after curing under 1,000 psi at 200� F. for 24 hrs. Moreover, test results demonstrated good reinforcement capabilities of milled glass fibers and milled ceramic fibers. When tested after curing for 24 hours at 1,000 psi and 200� F., compressive strengths up to 1900 psi with �% glass fiber loading and 1,600 psi with 2% ceramic fibers loading (based on sand) were obtained (Tables 1, 2 and 4). This translates as an increase in compressive strength of 100% and 69% respectively. The fiber loading level for curable products with loss on ignition (L.O.I.) levels of about 3 appears to be desirable in the range of � to 2% based on sand for milled glass fibers and �% to 5% for milled ceramic fibers (Tables 1, 2 and 4). At L.O.I. levels of about 4%, the 2% and 5% levels of milled ceramic fibers indicated significant increases in compressive strength when tested after curing at 1,000 psi and 200� F. for 24 hrs (Table 4). Attempts to add KEVLAR aramid fibers in the mix were not totally successful due to the difficulty of dispersion. Due to the tangled nature of the fibers, fiber separation and its full uniform distribution in the mix were not achieved using our mixing and blending technique. Coated samples prepared with KEVLAR fibers when sieved produced many free fibers. Microscopic examination indicated that some of the fibers had been incorporated into the coating. Data in Table 7 indicates glass fiber levels of 0.1 to about 2, and ceramic fiber levels of 0.1 to 10, are desirable to increase compressive strength. Preparation of Precured Resin/Fiber Coated Proppant In a 3 quart mixing bowl, 1 kilogram of 20/40 mesh sand and an appropriate amount of fiber to achieve the weight percents of fiber listed in the following Tables were added. The sand was stirred with a Hobart C-100 mixer and heated to 360� F. 41.8 grams of EX9100 resole resin (Borden, Inc., North American Resins) was added and mixed for 30 seconds. 0.4 grams of A-1100 silane (Union Carbide Corporation) was added. Mixing was continued and at 50 seconds of mixing time the stirrer was shifted to high speed. At 100 seconds, 0.3 grams of betaine nonionic surfactant, cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, was added. At 150 seconds the mixer was shifted to initial low speed. At 360 seconds mixing time the coated sand was discharged from the bowl as a free flowing product. The product was post baked for 14 minutes in an oven at 360� F. Then the coated fiber-laden sand was cooled and sieved through an 18 mesh screen to eliminate agglomerates. A procedure generally such as that of Example 2 was performed without fibers, to make a conventional precured resin coated proppant. A number of samples were prepared for Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 at fiber loads of 0.25, 0.5, 2, 5 and 10% based on sand weight. These samples were then measured for Loss on Ignition and crush resistance and the results listed on Tables 7-10. The sample numbers for Comparative Example 2 are listed as �Controls� on Tables 8-11.
The data in Tables 8-10 indicates the fibers do not harm crush resistance. Precured proppants with fibers according to the description of Example 2 were prepared. Table 12 lists the precured samples of this example. The ingredients of the same size and material are the same as in Example 2 unless otherwise indicated. Varying amounts of different kinds of fiber were prepared to get products with roughened surfaces and/or protruding fibers. Observation of these samples under the microscope indicate that for milled glass fiber, the fibers start to protrude at the fiber level of 13 to 15%. Considerable amounts of loose fibers were observed in the carbon filled samples at fiber levels of 14% and above. Protruding fibers were not observed for milled ceramic fiber filled samples because of the very small ceramic fiber size. However, the 14% milled ceramic fiber sample appeared to have a very rough surface.
A series of samples of fiber-laden curable and precured proppants was tested for 20/40 resin coated sand, at 250� F. (121� C.), for a flow rate of 2 lbm per ft2, between Ohio Sandstone with 2% KCl. The samples employed resin and fibers coated on 20/40 Brady sand. Sample 106 (Table 13) was curable proppant which employed EX-5150 resin, �% by weight of substrate {fraction (1/32)} inch long milled glass fibers (as in Table 2), and had a loss on ignition (LOI) of 2.91%. Sample 107 (Table 14) was a curable proppant which employed EX-5150 resin, 2% by weight of substrate 25 microns long ceramic fibers, and had a LOI of 2.97%. Sample 108 (Table 15) was a precured proppant which employed OFR-9100 resin manufactured by Borden, Inc./North American Resins, Louisville, Ky., 2% by weight of substrate {fraction (1/32)} inch long milled glass fibers, and had a LOI of 2.42%. Control Sample 18 (Table 16) employed ACFRAC PR 4000 precured proppant, manufactured by Borden, Inc., North American Resins, Louisville, Ky., and had a LOI of 2.32%. Ingredients of this Example having the same composition and size as in Examples 1-3 are the same unless otherwise indicated. As shown by FIG. 2, both fiber filled curable proppants (Samples 106 and 107) performed significantly better than the curable control samples: ACFRAC CR 4000 and ACFRAC SB Ultra 6000. ACFRAC CR 4000 is a proppant of API high quality sand with a thermosetting filly curable phenolic/aldehyde resin with a LOI of about 2-2.6%. ACFRAC SB Ultra 6000 is a proppant of API high quality sand with a thermosetting partially-cured phenolic/aldehyde resin with a LOI of about 2.4-2.8. The resin of ACFRAC SB Ultra 6000 completes its curing during use. As shown by Tables 15 and 16, fiber filled precured proppant (Sample 108) performed better than ACFRAC PR 4000 at stresses up to 4000 psi and performs about the same as ACFRAC PR 4000 at higher stresses.
Precured proppants with fibers prepared according to the description of Example 2 were tested for angle of repose against precured proppants prepared without fibers as in Comparative Example 2. Table 17 shows the results of these tests. Samples made according to Comparative Example 2 are listed as �Controls� on Table 17.
The results of these tests show the fiber laden proppants have a slightly higher angle of repose. This implies the particles of proppants hold together better when they include fibers. Thus, the fiber laden proppant should have reduced flow-back relative to the non-fiber-containing proppant. While specific embodiments of the composition and method aspects of the invention have been shown and described, it should be apparent that many modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the claims appended thereto. Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
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Probably a few months ago "youse guys" - my friendly advisors - all encouraged me to get a G42. Since there have been none available in our immediate area I had plenty of time to keep reading reviews of them and they still sounded like something I would like.
A few weeks ago ShooterGramps asked our LGS to put my name on a waiting list so I'd get a phone call when they next got one or more in stock. In the meantime he stopped at a store about an hour away one day when he was out and about and they had 2 of them. He came home and said he didn't think I'd want one because he could hardly rack the slide it was so terribly stiff. So I put the G42 on my mental back burner.
TODAY I got the phone call! We had been outside spreading mulch and had just finished our lunch. I looked like I had been rode hard and put away wet...........but a quick change, hair brush and some lipstick, and we headed to town.
I was fully expecting to not like the gun and cross that off of my list. After all, I do not really NEED the thing. I was expecting the same really stiff spring problem that Gramps described and prepared to say "thank you ever so much, but I think this is not for me".
I LOVED IT. I bought it. I think my heart beat was about 250 I was so excited. The clearance OK came through before I was 1/4 of the way through answering the 20+ questions on the computerized form.
I know it is unseemly for an old grey haired woman to jump up and down and shout in a store, but I HAD to do a Tiger Woods fist pump and one loud "YES!"
Now I have a problem you might be able to help me with. My G26 is my Baby Glock. What can I call this new little girl? "Wee little baby?" Toss me some ideas if you will. Winning suggestion gets a virtual hug.
Then we headed to see one of our shooting buddies who told me a few months ago that he had a double order of .380 and wanted to sell some. We bought some from him. Then we stopped at a store on the way home and bought one box of SD ammo. Then we came home and Gramps did a visual inspection and frog lube swish for me.
NEXT: Range trip has to wait. Too much stuff on the schedule. But I will do a range report. You all know what a Glock looks like, but if I wind up shooting it "like a Glock" or I should say, "like a girl", I'll post target pictures.
OH YES: My birthday is in June. Happy Birthday to me, happy birthday to me....

subset: commoncrawl


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Cookus Interruptus
How to cook fresh, local organic whole foods despite life's interruptions. We dispatch reviews of food-related media and stir up issues around eating healthfully, feeding children and home cooking.
Monthly Archive for November, 2009
To Fu or Not To Fu
One of our viewers asked about the pros and cons of eating soy products. The negative impact of eating soy was brought to light in 2005 via "The Whole Soy Story: The Dark Side of America's Favorite Health Food," by Kaayla T. Daniels Ph.D., C.C.N. I've checked out the book and also spent some time [...]
[Read More]
French Lentils with Sage Butter
French lentils with sauteed fresh sage and raisins dressed with a bit of balsamic vinaigrette makes an excellent side dish (especially when resting in a roasted squash) or a beautiful vegetarian main dish. For the holidays or anytime.
[Read More]
Things You Can Stuff in a Squash
Beautiful orange, yellow and dark green winter squash form the color guard for Thanksgiving. These keepers are easy to grow and easy to find at your local farmer's market. Aside from the caution needed when bisecting the vegetables, winter squash roasts or bakes easily. Simple seasonings like maple syrup and soy sauce or rosemary and [...]
[Read More]
Turkey in a Paper Bag
From The Kansas City Star, 1967
Preparing the Turkey
Preparing the Turkey
Defrost the turkey in the plastic film bag. This will take 1 day per 4 pounds for a frozen turkey. To hasten thawing, place turkey under cold running water.
Remove the packaged neck and giblets from neck or body cavity.
Dry inside of turkey thoroughly and stuff with dressing. If [...]
Holly's Pilgrim Stuffing
Fresh sage, apples, roasted chestnuts, celery, fresh cranberries and local Artisan bread are combined to create a stuffing your Thanksgiving guests will swoon over. Serve as a side dish or tucked inside the bird. Thinking about the leftovers makes me salivate. Full recipe here.
[Read More]
Raise Your Hoof for Chocolate Milk
The American Dairy Association (ADA) has had its udders rooted in the USDA's dietary recommendations for many decades. A week ago I was going over the history of the USDA's colorful charts depicting what Americans are supposed to eat. One of my favorites, penned in 1943, gives us the Seven Food Groups. Milk has its [...]
[Read More]
Nori-Wrapped Wasabi Salmon
(Harmony is lacking at band practice) When you smear nori with wasabi, mustard and herbs and wrap it around salmon before cooking, the mineral-rich sea vegetable shrink-wraps the fish as it cooks and keeps it moist. The wasabi and herbs supplya kick. Try this recipe soon (view it here).
[Read More]
"Eat Local":The Holiday
When Puget Sound Fresh and Cascade Harvest Coalition asked us to make a video explaining why it is important to eat local for Thanksgiving we were ready freddy. Of course. The intention is part of our subtitle. As I cogitated about what we might "say" on said video, the whole thing became funny and sad. [...]
[Read More]
Tofu Footprint
The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization has estimated that meat production accounts for nearly a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions. So about a year ago Dr Rajendra Pachauri, chair of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggested that we forgo meat one day a week to do our part. There may [...]
[Read More]
How to Roast Winter Squash
What are the different kinds of winter squash? How do you cut them without severing an artery? What can you glaze them with at the end of the cooking time to add another dimension. All this and more from Cookus Interruptus. Full recipe here.
[Read More]


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can anyone help?
Go to Administration => Analytics
PS- your code should look like this...
<SCRIPT language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"> <!-- Yahoo! Search Marketing window.ysm_customData = new Object(); window.ysm_customData.conversion = "transId=,currency=,amount="; var ysm_accountid = "YOUR ACCOUNT # GOES HERE"; document.write("<SCR" + "IPT language='JavaScript' type='text/javascript' " + "SRC=//" + "srv3.wa.marketingsolutions.yahoo.com" + "/script/ScriptServlet" + "?aid=" + ysm_accountid + "></SCR" + "IPT>"); // --> </SCRIPT>
The problem is that data was not transfered from the legacy system to tha new upgrade. Let's say you upgraded on December 15th. If you want to run a report for 2006 you need to get January 1, 2006-December 14, 2006 from the old system and Dec 15-31 from the new system and then add those numbers together.
I had to report to the director of marketing about the statistics from our Yahoo campagin and i even had to show him at my desktop that warning "The report is incomplete and some data has not been transferred....blah blah...we suck...blah..."
they couldnt believe that with yahoos technology and finances they couldnt find a programmer to create a data migration strategy for their PPC application....BOGUS!


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Sorry this item is currently sold out. Please use this discount coupon for an additional 5% off during checkout:
The Ride Greenwood Snowboard Jacket is a waterproof jacket that is meant to insulate the full body and provide as comfortable of an experience as possible. To do this, the Greenwood jacket provides a chin guard, inner hand gaiters, a swivel hood, and even a powder skirt so that nothing will be getting in to bother you. Of course too much insulation can be bad if there is no ventilation and so the Greenwood jacket comes with plenty of mesh vents to let you breathe.


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Get free worksheets plus activities, articles and science projects.
As parents, we're obsessed with making sure that our children are set up to succeed in life. We constantly worry whether other children are better positioned to do well in school, in sports – you name it. But there's good news: your child doesn't have to be a genius to make a powerful and lasting impact on society. Liam Hudson, a prominent British psychologist, has concluded that a person with a 120 IQ is just as likely to win a Nobel Prize as someone with a 200 IQ.
It's not your child's IQ that matters so much as five attributes that you can help nurture in your child's everyday life. Here are the five attributes, compliments of Karen Quinn, The Testing Mom:


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A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything
From the critics
Community Activity
Add a CommentI liked the book - really entertaining. I was often laughed. You have to have some intellect, some knowledge of statistics and definitely scene of humor in order to enjoy it. The book definitely makes you to think out of box. If you are too serious about Freakonomics you should probably read "Economics For Dummies".
There are lies, damn lies and statistics. This book uses false statistics to prove false analogies. If you ever took basic university math, that is the first thing you are warned NOT to do. Sad that such books are published with so much uncritical publicity
I've never taken any formal economics classes, and this book was just plain odd. There was nothing about money or the economy, just instances in which the authors used statistics to attempt to prove truly random things. That being said, it was interesting, and I will probably read the sequel.
It is both interesting and pertinent that many commenters compared this to Malcolm Gladwell, an author who used many long-invalidated studies (Eysenck's many studies, that tobacco study by the tobacco companies, etc.) in his book (I believe it was the "Tipping Point"). Also, these are U.Chi guys, right? Econ is a magical mystery tour with those misinformation specialists there. No, one really won't learn anything from this book on real economics, only what the U.Chi guys want you to know, just as with Gladwell's book being based upon studies which had been invalidated long ago - - baloney is still baloney, regardless of the spread.
Easy read, interesting stories. Very similar to Malcolm Gladwell in the way that the writing is super accessible and anecdotal. I like it, but it didn't blow my mind.
This is a fantastic book that uses Economic theories and tools to identify and measure social issues. It makes some really controversial statements based on the findings of the authors who interpret their findings in an ingenious way. In our society there are many theories that have become fact. The authors turn those perceived truths on their head. If you enjoy Malcolm Gladwell books then you will probably enjoy this book too.
Awesome book. The author forces you to look at the world from a different perspective. For someone without any scientific/analytical training, the analyses in this book may be eye-opening. For someone with some scientific/analytical training, the analyses may not be as eye-opening, but the author's use of common sense certainly adds to the intelligent discussion.
Whether a fiction reader, or non fiction reader this book is fantastic. Just small article like chapters about a great variety of subjects. Wittily written, and very enjoyable. You are sure to enjoy, and learn!!
This book is not kidding when it states that it "explores the hidden side of everything." Economics is everywhere and affects us all everyday, but we rarely see it. We rarely view our decisions as economic decisions unless they directly involve money, but this book will help you understand the economics of everyday things that you come across or do. Really good book, that is recommended by economists everywhere ( I first read it when it was assigned by my economics professor ). It is written in layman's terms and one does not need to have any previous understanding of economics to read it.
Add Age SuitabilityQuotes
Add a Quote"This book has been written from a very specific worldview, based on a few fundamental ideas:
- Incentives are the cornerstone of modern life...
- The conventional wisdom is often wrong...
- Dramatic effects often have a distant, even subtle, causes...
- Experts use their informational advantage to serve their own agenda...
- Knowing what to measure and how to measure it makes it complicated world much less so..."


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Reseller vs. License By Richard Hsu
What is Licensed Property? By Richard Hsu
Trademark Licensing: What You Need to Know
Bill on Bankruptcy: Supreme Court Cases Will Have Wide Impact
Polsinelli Podcast - Avoiding Professional Liability
Patent Series: Protecting inventions
License to travel: how regulation is benefiting business abroad
AIA Impact on University Innovation and Tech Transfer
Harlem Shake's Copyright Issues
Craft Beer Boom in Michigan
Weekly Brief: New DOJ Tact Pushes Bank Subsidiaries To Admit Guilt
The executive order bans the export of goods, technology, and services to the Crimea region of Ukraine, but that's not all it does. On December 19, 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama issued Executive Order #13685,...more
Hipsters and Portland go together like…. hipsters and Pabst Blue Ribbon (PBR). So naturally, when PBR decided to host a music festival, they chose Portland, Oregon. Unfortunately for PBR, some of their choices along the way...more
On December 30, 2014, the Commerce Department issued new Frequently Asked Questions on exports of "Crude Oil and Petroleum Products," the responses to which make it clear that certain types of lease condensate are eligible,...more
€500 million of additional gaming taxes, an approval procedure for CTDs and a new license application process for lotto games have been approved in Italy as part of the budget law. The Italian Parliament has just...more
Fifty years ago, in Brulotte v. Thys Co., the U.S. Supreme Court held that the collection of royalties after a patent's expiration constitutes per se patent misuse. Although criticized by scholars, antitrust agencies, and the...more
The American Bankruptcy Institute's Commission to Study the Reform of Chapter 11 issued its report last week, capping more than two years of hearings, meetings, and hard work. Having had the honor of testifying before the...more
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As earlier announced, the Dutch Games of Chance Authority ("KSA") called online gambling operators to express their interest in a future license for offering remote gambling in the Netherlands....more
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text:
Design: 766
Hula Honey Personalized Sticker
Personalized 2" Circle Sticker White
Made to Order - 1 business day processing+shipping
Your Price: $0.20 each
Minimum Order Quantity: 12
Personalized Sticker Circle 3" White
Made to Order - 1 business day processing+shipping
Sale Price: $0.25 each
Was $0.29,
You save 13%
Minimum Order Quantity: 12
Personalized Sticker Circle 4" White
Made to Order - 1 business day processing+shipping
Sale Price: $0.35 each
Was $0.39,
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Minimum Order Quantity: 12
Personalize your luau themed party with our Hula Honey Round Stickers.
Our Hula Honey Stickers are perfect for your luau themed birthday party. Each Hula Honey Personalized Sticker is available in three sizes - 2 inch, 3 inch or 4 inch. Use the Hula Honey Stickers to personalized your birthday party or give them to your guests as a great favor!
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our ship date for this product is noted in your shopping cart. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, contact our Customer Service Department at (email@example.com or 1-800-314-8794).
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- Attractive Design
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- Celebration
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Product was as expected. Had no problems applying stickers.
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Product was quickly received. It actually came in faster than expected!
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Jeff and his team are incredible. They went above and beyond to get me the things I needed for my show in record time. I received excellent...Read More ->
Thank you soooooo much MJM! I love buying from you because you're FAST! And you have the best prices! That 10% discount code is wonderful also. You...Read More ->


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Whose Picture Was Rob Ryan Carrying On The Sideline?
Saints Defensive Coordinator Rob Ryan has endeared himself to Who Dat Nation by being publicly accessible, walking into New Orleans area bars & buying rounds of drinks after home victories. More importantly, he turned the worst defense in NFL history into an aggressive top 10 defense despite having to cope with a rash of injuries.


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Snow in Edmonds!!!
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Disneyland ride for hummingbirds
Monday, Nov 22 , 2010 at 9:47 AM+ Comment!


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Vinotemp EP-CHILLER01 Epicureanist Iceless Wine Display Chiller
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Product Description
Available while supplies last.
This Display Chiller by Vinotemp comes in a stainless steel finish.
Epicureanist Iceless Wine Display Chiller
Beautifully display and chill your favorite bottle of wine without the hassle of ice! The Epicureanist Iceless Wine Display Chiller features a chilling coaster and stainless steel display cooler to keep your bottle chilled to perfection! Simply place the chilling coaster in the freezer for approximately four hours. When ready to use, insert the coaster and your wine bottle into the display cooler and the chamber will keep your wine cool for hours!
- Display window to show off your favorite bottles
- Includes a chilling coaster and display cooler
- Coaster can be used individually for increased versatility
- Perfect for entertaining
- For use with wine bottles up to 3.5" in diameter
Color: | Stainless Steel | |
Materials: | Stainless Steel | |
Weight: | 2.98 Pounds | |
Wine Cooler Installation | Counter Top |
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Crazy Footage Of Hotel Carjacking That Injured 7 People Miami police have released some crazy footage of a carjacking outside a... 10/1/2014 12:22:21 PM 6,598 13
Hotel Door Chain Fail Make sure you check your door chain next time you stay at a hotel. 4/1/2014 10:13:30 AM 19,662 38
Hotel Prank: Do You Have My Reservation This dude makes a prank call to a hotel to check on his reservation with an... 4/26/2013 10:47:14 AM 29,149 1
Embarrassing Hotel Fail How can I have a drivers license, I'm naked man! 2/24/2013 12:17:17 PM 30,619 93
Crazy Base Jump From Outside Hotel Elevator You wouldn't catch me up there! These guys are nuts. 10/13/2011 12:00:00 AM 30,559 1
Insane Leap Into Pool From Hotel Balcony This guy either has balls of steel or super powers. He almost went splat! 9/23/2011 12:00:00 AM 34,161 54
Posh Hotel Breakfast A guest in a posh hotel comes down to breakfast and called over the head... 12/10/2010 12:00:00 AM 4,545 6
Why she changes hotels Last week, I checked into the Four Seasons in Palm Beach and was abit... 4/13/2010 12:00:00 AM 5,794 2


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ONLY ON 3: Saffo backtracks on campaign promise about tax-funded ballpark; other teams wait for decisionSeveral things must fall into place before a baseball stadium becomes a reality in Wilmington. Some important issues: How are we, meaning the taxpayers, going to fund it? Where would it go? And which team would play here? Disclaimer: Comments posted on this, or any story are opinions of those people posting them, and not the views or opinions of WWAY NewsChannel 3, its management or employees. » |
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Results 1 to 3 of 3
- 03-04-2010, 03:13 PM #1Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2009
- Posts
- 9
- Rep Power
- 0
JSP with user-defined java classes
I have a very simple web application which contains only one JSP file.
In this JSP file i want to use a java class (Calculate.class) that is written by myself.
My class is not in a package. So i simply put it into WEB-INF/classes directory.
But when i run my application i get an error which points a compilation error in JSP page because Calculate.class cannot be find.
Where should i put this class file?
How should i import this class file inside the JSP?
Where should i put the source code for this Calculate class so that it can be recompiled?
PS: I am using Eclipse and Tomcat
One thing u can do ...but its not a good idea
u can embed the class inside the static block and call
example : test.jsp
<%= new Hello().hai()%>
<%!class Hello
public String hai()
return "Hi!!";
- 03-05-2010, 07:13 PM #3Member
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- Mar 2010
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- beijing
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- 2
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- 0
import your package and class in jsp file...
Java Code:<%@page import="com.demo.foo.Foo"%>
Java Code:<% new Hello();%>
then in the list,you can select your class and click enter,eclipse may automatic import your class package..Last edited by NoGrief; 03-05-2010 at 07:19 PM.
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Bad memories will be replaced by sweet love!
Elmeckia Lenz
Masaru and Nakamura, as true samurais, will give thier lives for thier masters! If they would interfer, Eri can just order them to perform seppuku. Easy.
Fire ball!!!
Cute little girls - it's just a teenagers' attachment. When he'll grow up (and he will) his tastes will change for sure. Gentleman's choice shall prevail!
Dragon Slayer
Harima is a good boy - he doesn't even know what 'rock' is. He needs a guide in a ways of love - I hardly can imagine Yakumo or Tenma in this role.
With too much cakes you become fat.


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by Renewing Minds
Mardel Price $7.99
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Decorate your classroom in trendsetting fashion with our Isabella Collection! From décor to storage and much, much more, coordinating designs and cute colors cover everything necessary to transform your classroom into a creative environment. Chic patterns include the latest looks of chevron, quatrefoil, polka dots, and stripes to spruce up any space.
Pretty and practical – the best of both worlds!
Shop our Isabella classroom decorations now!
The Isabella Round Easy Letters feature 2" letters on 4" circles - perfect for pennants! Included in the package are: 89 uppercase letters, 20 numbers 0-9, 63 special characters, and 3 blank circles.


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Several solutions are employed by Israel, which approaches the problem of blindness from medical, public health, and cultural perspectives. For example, age-related macular degeneration, one of the leading causes of blindness in the industrialized world, is treated with a drug therapy originally approved for colon cancer tumors. By diluting the drug to create smaller doses for the eye an idea that originated in the United States it is possible to provide inexpensive therapy to thousands of patients.
From the public policy standpoint, Prof. Belkin notes that the decline in blindness due to cataracts is due to a change in health care policy rather than any technical advance. Since the 1990's, patients have been able to choose their doctors privately for cataract surgery. This practically eliminated wait times for surgery and prevented the condition from growing worse over the long term.
Long term savings
Prof. Belkin believes that it's possible for any country to adopt Israel's strategies for reducing blindness. Although the initial costs can be daunting such as the price of top-notch medications and setting up clinics it's a worthwhile investment. Treating blindness as it develops rather than preventing it from the start is much more expensive for the healthcare system in the long term. Diabetes clinics in Israel pay for themselves in about two years' time, he says, factoring in their impact on preventing greater health concerns.
But even the most advanced and widely available treatments can't be effective if patients are not examined by an ophthalmologist and don't adhere to the treatment regimen. In Israel, an exceptionally high rate of adherence to these regimens is a major contributor to the prevention of blindness.
Contact: George Hunka firstname.lastname@example.com 212-742-9070 American Friends of Tel Aviv University Source:Eurekalert |


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Copley's Painters
Brendale QLD 4500
- Overview
Business Overview
Our company has been trading for over 20 years and our painters have strong work ethics and a commitment to quality. We carry out high levels of preparation, use the best quality paints and use experienced, professional painters to guarantee a fine finish. We are a Dulux Accredited company, being recognised as leaders in the painting industry.
Customer Review
Recent Activity
Copley's Painters uploaded a new video
"Copley's Painters" added to their Video Gallery
Thu 15th Nov
Please note that the following testimonials are collected, supplied and maintained by Copley's Painters.
Sharon ,
Chapel Hill
Copley's Painters
We really love the house. It looks so good. We were very pleased with the fellows.
They were very professional, considerate and hard working.
I wouldn't hesitate to recommend you guys for any job. Thanks so much for everything.
painter, house painter , renovation painting services, new project, new project painter, residential painter , domestic painter , residential painting service, domestic painting service, commercial
Photo Gallery
Business Hours
Monday | 07:00am | to | 07:00pm |
Tuesday | 07:00am | to | 07:00pm |
Wednesday | 07:00am | to | 07:00pm |
Thursday | 07:00am | to | 07:00pm |
Friday | 07:00am | to | 07:00pm |
Saturday | 07:00am | to | 07:00pm |
Sunday | 07:00am | to | 07:00pm |
Payment Options
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This traditional white is lean, but still very fresh, offering flavors of dried apple, subtle vanilla, herb and lanolin. Not vivid, but focused, with lively acidity to match with food. Drink now through 2016. (9/ 2012)
Yet another fantastic wine from Lopez de Heredia, the Rioja producer behind some of the K&L staff's all-time favorite wines. Made from 90% Viura and 10% Malvasia, this is aged for six years in barrel and then held until its recent release. Perhaps the best of recent vintages, it is smooth and round with the estate's trademark developed nose and palate. Try it with grilled fish.
Below is a listing of the wine review scores we frequently reference in our notes. While these sources remain an excellent source of information, we always recommend that you trust your own palate. Scores in these publications often represent the personal taste of an individual critic, which may not always coincide with your own. We have a huge team of excellent wine professionals that can match wines you've had in the past with new arrivals that meet your flavor profile.
The item you have chosen is not in stock in our retail stores or within our main warehouse.
1999 Bodegas Puelles Gran Reserva Rioja $19.99
2005 Bodegas Casa Juan Señor de Lesmos Reserva Rioja $19.99
1998 Bodegas Casa Juan Señor de Lesmos Gran Reserva Rioja $29.99
2001 Faustino I Gran Reserva Rioja $29.99
2005 Bodegas Muga "Prado Enea" Gran Reserva Rioja $54.99


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Kim Cattrall Refuses to Pose With Cougar on Magazine Cover
In a recent interview, Kim Cattrall (Samantha from Sex in the City for those not in the know)
revealed she had refused to pose with a cougar on a magazine for women over 40
and consequently had the cover taken away.
don't see anything negative about sexuality and sensuality and choice,"
Cattrall said. "And I think that's something that people who are afraid of
a strong woman have labeled [Samantha]."
similar to when a child repeats a joke over and over until it loses all its
charm, the term "cougar" has soured.
have an active sex life is basically telling women that unless you are young
sex objects, you don't have a right to sex.
that I am old, but that I'm getting there or that I don't have much more time
before I will become obsolete. I'm "no spring chicken anymore," I've
been told.
and pressured into choosing one box—mother, wife, cougar, sex kitten, spinster—and
not only is it ridiculously unfair, but
it's wrong.
Life: Dispatches from Just the Other Side of Young," written by
43-year-old Stephanie Dolgoff in which talks about how rich her life has become.
I haven't read the book, but when I read a blog of hers I thought "thank
you!" Finally someone telling me it gets better, not lamenting her
gorgeous, and they've got it together. They aren't clueless like my friends and
They have families, children, jobs, passions and financial security. All the things I hope to have one day, too!
Cattrall." Because if society has such a problem with a mature, sexually confident
woman, then that means society is only comfortable with women as young, passive,
sexual objects and I find that to be equally offensive.
- Alexandra Gekas, Associate Editor


text:
Showing 1 review for Jensen VM9022
Customer Review Summary for Jensen VM9022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
April 27, 2009 | I HATE the VM9022... |
2 of 5 people found the following review helpful:
Review by
orbitcorbett from Tallahassee, Florida
I really don't understand all the positive reviews on this unit. I've had one for a year now, and it's crap. It's very apparent to me that these folks simply don't know what they're doing. I recently got the firmware upgrade from Jensen, and even that process was not well thought-out, although it did fix some of this units factory bugs and irritating problems.
First, the DVD player in this unit won't play half the discs you put in it. Brand new, out of the package discs, as well as discs you've run through a disc polisher to remove scratches. It won't play discs that have been burned and finalized on my DVD recorder at home. You can have a disc that is perfect, and if it plays, you could have blocking and dropouts occur at any time. The screen is too dim in bright sunlight, even though I built an ABS plastic screen hood for it, and at night, the dimmer doesn't work, so it's too bright. If you use the bluetooth function and a call comes in, it switches to the bluetooth screen and kills the audio entirely, instead of just reducing the volume to a reasonable level. Then, when your call is over, it does not automatically switch back to your original source, you have to do that manually. Also, the bluetooth doesn't download your phonebook contacts from your cellphone, unless you have only certain phones. The iPod functionality is good, but the button interface design should mirror the iPod, instead of the crummy design they use throughout this unit's menu screens. Using the PIP function to monitor other sources is clunky at best. To switch from one source to another, you have to pull up a menu screen and make another selection. I don't know why they can't simply give you a rotary knob you can quickly spin to switch sources, it would be faster and more direct. The remote is crap too. Lots of small, cryptic buttons that are like mystery-meat navigation. You can't remember what many of these buttons do until you push one, and often, you wish you hadn't, as you try to get the unit back where it was before. By far, the WORST function of this unit is if you add the NAV101 GPS unit. This GPS is very poorly designed, and you will HATE trying to listen to music or a movie while this thing constantly cuts the audio out completely, rattling off it's robotic, often mis-pronounced directions to you. They really should lower the music volume and let the voice talk over it, but they kill it completely. The street names are too small and don't appear where you need them to be, and if you zoom out to get an overall view, there are no city or highway names visible at all, so unless you zoom to the right place, you don't know one road from another. And, in many areas, this thing tells you you cant get there from here, even though you clearly can by following the road signs. It can display the roads, but for some reason, it can't navigate them. Try traveling on the Florida Turnpike south of Orlando, and see if you can navigate to a nearby location like Yeehaw Junction...nope, it says you can't get there from here, even though the turnpike takes you directly there. This is truly the most aggravating GPS experience I've ever had. Forget about decent customer service from Jensen, too. Their website is like their products, poorly designed and half-baked. Many times, you can e-mail their CS with a problem, and they tell you you need to call and take it up with one of their advisers. Do that, and you might likely be told there's no fix for your specific problem, and then you later find out that they've addressed the problem in a firmware update. They know this thing's got bugs, but they certainly won't tell you about them. Last, let's talk about bypassing the brake wire for DVD playback while driving. I spent $2 on Ebay and got the directions to get into the technician menu and disable this ridiculous function. If you're like me, and travel with kids who like to either watch movies or fight and fuss with each other, you MUST be able to navigate DVD menus while driving. You simply cannot stop the car on a 70mph highway every time you need to interact with the DVD menus, it just does not work. You have to be responsible and pay attention to your driving, of course, but bypassing the brake wire by turning off the function is a must for practicality. That function is only there to keep Jensen's lawyers and risk managers happy.


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435 Kingfisher Avenue
Almost all errands require a car.
Score Details
435 Kingfisher Avenue has a Walk Score of 2 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so almost all errands require a car.
This location is in Sheridan. The closest park is Kendrick Park.
Nearby schools include Highland Park Elementary School, Martin Luther Grammar School and Sheridan High School.
The closest restaurant is Sidewalk Cafe.
435 Kingfisher Avenue is near Sheridan Inn National Historical Landmark.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 435 Kingfisher Avenue.
This location is in the city of Sheridan, WY. Sheridan has an average Walk Score of 30 and has 17,444 residents.
Learn More About Sheridan