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Islamic economic jurisprudence
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Islamic economic jurisprudence, also Islamic commercial jurisprudence, or fiqh al-mu'amalat, (Arabic: فقه ألمعملة) refers to the rules of financial transacting in a Shari'a compliant manner,[1][2] or economic activity conforming to Islamic scripture (Quran and sunnah). Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) has traditionally dealt with issues in terms of determining what is permissible or prohibited[3] according to the scripture of Quran and ahadith, (whether dealing with issues like property, money, employment, taxes, etc. or anything else). On the other hand, economics being a social science[3] studied how to best achieve certain policy goals, such as full employment, stability, economic growth, and improving efficiency, and equity.[4] Since the 1970s, Islamic economics has been introduced as an academic discipline in a number of institutions of higher learning throughout the Muslim world and in the West.[2]
The central features of an Islamic economy are often summarized as: (1) the "behavioral norms and moral foundations" derived from the Quran and Sunnah; (2) collection of Zakat and other Islamic taxes, (3) prohibition of interest (riba) charged on loans.[5][6][7][8]
Islamic movements and authors generally describe an Islamic economic system as neither socialist nor capitalist, but as a "third way", an ideal mean with none of the drawbacks of the other two systems.[9][10]
Among the claims made by Islamic activists and revivalists for an economic system that will be based on Islam are that the gap between the rich and the poor will be reduced and prosperity enhanced,[11][12][verification needed] by such means as the discouraging of the hoarding of wealth,[13][14][verification needed] taxing wealth (through zakat) but not trade, exposing lenders to risk through Profit sharing and venture capital,[15][16][17][verification needed] discouraging of hoarding of food for speculation,[18][19][20][verification needed] and other sinful activities such as unlawful confiscation of land.[21][22][verification needed]
Some have categorized Islamic finance as a form of religious ethical finance, like Christian finance.[citation needed]
Traditional Islamic concepts having to do with economics included:
- Zakat—the "charitable taxing of certain assets, such as currency, gold, or harvest, with an eye to allocating these taxes to eight expenditures that are also explicitly defined in the Quran, such as aid to the needy."
- Gharar—"uncertainty". The presence of any element of excessive uncertainty, in a contract is prohibited. This applies not only to insurance but also trading in derivatives, short selling and other speculative transactions like day trading.[verification needed]
- Riba—"referred to as usury (modern Islamic economists reached consensus that Riba is any kind of interest, rather than just usury)"[23]
Another source lists "general rules" include prohibition of Riba, Gharar, and
- Qimar (gambling)[24] and
- the encouragement of Taa'won (mutual cooperation),[24]
- "the overriding doctrine of fairness in commercial dealings is established."[24]
These concepts, like others in Islamic law, came from
As always in Muslim law, these [economic] concepts are constructed on the basis of isolated prescriptions, anecdotes, examples, words of the Prophet, all gathered together and systematized by commentators according to an inductive, casuistic method." [25]
Sometimes other sources such as al-urf (custom), or al-ijma (consensus of the jurists) were employed.[26]
While Islamic law does distinguish between ibadat (ritual worship such as prayer or fasting) or muamalat (acts involving interaction and exchange among people such as sales and sureties),[27] scholar Olivier Roy has noted the recentness of reflecting on economic issues in the Islamic world,[28] and the difference between economics the social science, and Islamic economics, i.e. Islamic law or jurisprudence pertaining to economic issues.
Even as late as the 1960s, Islamic scholar Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in his book of fatawa Tawzih al-masa'il, did not use the term `economics` or `economy`, or combine questions on economic issues in one heading. He approached the subject of economy
"as the classical ulamas do ... the chapter on selling and buying (Kharid o forush) comes after the one on pilgrimage and present economic questions as individual acts open to moral analysis: `To lend [without interest, on a note from the lender] is among the good works that are particularly recommended in the verses of the Quran and the in the Traditions.`"[28][29]
Classical Muslim economic thought[edit]
The moral legal framework guiding Islamic economic principles, Sharīah, is grounded upon the ethical teachings within the Qu'rān, while utilizing the Faqaha as supporting material. Classical Islamic Economist (MawdūdiConomist) follow the Faqaha's (a source for "Divine commands"), which itself pulls upon four main sources for inspiration: 1) The Qu'rān 2) Hadith 3) Interpretations of the Qu'rān and Hadith 4) Ijma. The Qu'rān is the main source of knowledge within Muslim society, since it's the revelation of Allah. After seeking knowledge from the Qu'rān, the Hadith's writings further clarify Allah's divine commands for Sharīah within the economy; Islamic scholars offer their final interpretations before the Jurist debate a certain law. The final step, seeking a consensus among the jurist, ('ilm) has been the source of division among MawdūdiConomist and more Moderate Muslims, yet both agree upon Sharīah's basic tenets: gharar and (fadl māl bilā 'iwad). gharar insists all knowledge about a trade or transaction is known before two individuals complete a transaction and (fadl māl bilā 'iwad) warns against unjustified enrichment through trade and business. These tenets were among the first economic regulations and their philosophy can be seen today in modern Capitalism. Banks and to a further extent business would not conduct without free access to information (SEC filings), this allows each individual to participate without undue bias. Within Sharīah Gharar functions as a divine deterrent against asymmetric information and allows trade to prosper. Riba, ensures each transaction is conducted at a fair price, not allowing one party to benefit exceedingly, which shares a parallel philosophy with Karl Marx "Das Kapital": seeking a greater outcome for the community.[30]
Among the important early Muslim scholars who made valuable contributions to Islamic thought on economic issues are Abu Yusuf (d. 798), Al-Mawardi (d. 1058), Ibn Hazm (d. 1064), Al-Sarakhsi (d. 1090), Al-Tusi (d. 1093), Al-Ghazali (d. 1111), Al-Dimashqi (d. after 1175), Ibn Rushd (d. 1187), Ibn Taymiyyah (d.1328), Ibn al-Ukhuwwah (d. 1329), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350), Al-Shatibi (d. 1388), Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406), Al-Maqrizi (d. 1442), Al-Dawwani (d. 1501), and Shah Waliyullah (d. 1762).[31]
Perhaps the most well–known Islamic scholar who wrote about economics was Ibn Khaldun,[32][33] who is considered a father of modern economics.[34][35] Ibn Khaldun wrote on economic and political theory in the introduction, or Muqaddimah (Prolegomena), of his History of the World (Kitab al-Ibar). He discussed what he called asabiyya (social cohesion), which he cited as the cause of some civilizations becoming great and others not. Ibn Khaldun felt that many social forces are cyclic, although there could be sudden sharp turns that break the pattern.[36]
His idea about the benefits of the division of labor also relate to asabiyya, the greater the social cohesion, the more complex the successful division may be, the greater the economic growth. He noted that growth and development positively stimulates both supply and demand, and that the forces of supply and demand are what determines the prices of goods.[37] He also noted macroeconomic forces of population growth, human capital development, and technological developments effects on development.[38] In fact, Ibn Khaldun thought that population growth was directly a function of wealth.[39]
Post-colonial era[edit]
During the modern post-colonial era, as Western ideas (including Western economics) began to influence the Muslim world, some Muslim writers sought to produce an Islamic economics discipline. Islamic scholars who considered Islam to be a complete system of life in all its aspects, rather than a spiritual formula[40] believed that it logically followed that Islam defined economic life, unique from and superior to non-Islamic systems.
More conservative salafi have shown less interest in socioeconomic issues, asking the question, "the prophet and his companions didn't study `laws` of economics, look for patterns, strive for understanding of what happens in commerce, production, consumption. Why should we?"[28]
- Shia ideas
In the 1960s and 1970s, Shi'a thinkers worked to describe Islamic economics' "own answers to contemporary economic problems." Several works were particularly influential:
- Eslam va Malekiyyat (Islam and Property) by Mahmud Taleqani (1951),
- Nidham ul-Iqtisad fil Islam (The Economic System of Islam) by Taqiuddin Nabhani (1953),
- Iqtisaduna (Our Economics) by Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr (1961) and
- Eqtesad-e Towhidi (The Economics of Divine Harmony) by Abolhassan Banisadr (1978)
- Some Interpretations of Property Rights, Capital and Labor from Islamic Perspective by Habibullah Peyman (1979).[41][42]
Al-Sadr in particular was described as having "almost single-handedly developed the notion of Islamic economics"[43]
In their writings, Sadr and the other authors "sought to depict Islam as a religion committed to social justice, the equitable distribution of wealth, and the cause of the deprived classes," with doctrines "acceptable to Islamic jurists," while refuting existing non-Islamic theories of capitalism and Marxism. This version of Islamic economics, which influenced the Iranian Revolution, called for public ownership of land and of large "industrial enterprises," while private economic activity continued "within reasonable limits."[44] These ideas informed the large public sector and public subsidy policies of the Iranian Revolution.
- Post-socialist trend
In the 1980s and 1990s, as the Islamic revolution failed to reach the per capita income level achieved by the regime it overthrew, and Communist states and socialist parties in the non-Muslim world turned away from socialism, Muslim interest shifted away from government ownership and regulation. In Iran, "eqtesad-e Eslami (meaning both Islamic economics and economy) ... once a revolutionary shibboleth, is indubitably absent in all official documents and the media. It disappeared from Iranian political discourse about 15 years ago [1990]."[42] During the era of Zia-ul-Haq, several Islamic economic concepts and practices were introduced into the domestic economy, as part of Zia's Islamisation reforms (see Islamic economics in Pakistan).
In other parts of the Muslim world, however, the term lived on, shifting form to the less ambitious goal of interest-free banking. Some Muslim bankers and religious leaders suggested ways to integrate Islamic law on usage of money with modern concepts of ethical investing. In banking this was done through the use of sales transactions (focusing on the fixed rate return modes) to support investing without interest-bearing debt. Many modern writers have strongly criticized this approach as a means of covering conventional banking with an Islamic facade.[citation needed]
- Business method patents
With the recent ability to patent new methods of doing business in the United States, a small number of patent applications have been filed on methods for providing Sharia compliant financial services. These pending patent applications include:
- US US20030233324A1Declining balance co-ownership financing arrangement. This discloses an allegedly Sharia compliant financing arrangement for home purchases and refinances that does not involve the payment of interest.
The Qur'an states that God is the sole owner of all matter in the heavens and the earth,[45] but man is God's viceregent on earth and holds God's possessions in trust (amanat). Islamic jurists divide properties into public, state, private categories.[46]
Some Muslims believe that the Shariah provides "specific laws and standards regarding the use and allocation of resources including land, water, animals, minerals, and manpower."[47]
Public property[edit]
Scholars F. Nomani and A. Rahnema state that public property in Islam refers to natural resources (forests, pastures, uncultivated land, water, mines, oceanic resources etc.) to which all humans have equal right. Such resources are considered the common property of the community. Such property is placed under the guardianship and control of the Islamic state, and can be used by any citizen, as long as that use does not undermine the rights of other citizens, according to Nomani and Rahnema.[46]
Muhammad's saying that "people are partners in three things: water, fire and pastures", led some scholars to believe that the privatization of water and energy is not permissible. Muhammad allowed other types of public property, such as gold mines, to be privatized, in return for tax payments to the Islamic state. The owner of the previously public property that was privatized pays zakat and, according to Shi'ite scholars, khums as well. In general, the privatization and nationalization of public property is subject to debate amongst Islamic scholars.
Perhaps due to resource scarcity in most Islamic nations, Islamic economics emphasizes limited (and some claim also sustainable) use of natural capital, i.e. producing land. These latter revive traditions of haram and hima that were prevalent in early Muslim civilization.[citation needed]
State property[edit]
State property includes certain natural resources, as well as other property that can't immediately be privatized. Islamic state property can be movable, or immovable, and can be acquired through conquest or peaceful means. Unclaimed, unoccupied and heir-less properties, including uncultivated land (mawat), can be considered state property.[46]
During the life of Muhammad, one fifth of military equipment captured from the enemy in the battlefield was considered state property. During his reign, Umar (on the recommendation of Ali) considered conquered land to be state rather than private property (as was usual practice). The purported reason for this was that privatizing this property would concentrate resources in the hands of a few, and prevent it from being used for the general good. The property remained under the occupation of the cultivators, but taxes were collected on it for the state treasury.[46]
Muhammad said "Old and fallow lands are for God and His Messenger (i.e. state property), then they are for you". Jurists draw from this the conclusion that, ultimately, private ownership takes over state property.[46]
Private property[edit]
There is consensus amongst Islamic jurists and social scientists that Islam recognizes and upholds the individual's right to private ownership. The Qur'an extensively discusses taxation, inheritance, prohibition against stealing, legality of ownership, recommendation to give charity and other topics related to private property. Islam also guarantees the protection of private property by imposing stringent punishments on thieves. Muhammad said that he who dies defending his property was like a martyr.[48]
Islamic economists classify the acquisition of private property into involuntary, contractual and non-contractual categories. Involuntary means are inheritances, bequests, and gifts. Non-contractual acquisition involves the collection and exploitation of natural resources that have not previously been claimed as private property. Contractual acquisition includes activities such as trading, buying, renting, hiring labor etc.[48]
A tradition attributed to Muhammad, with which both Sunni and Shi'a jurists agree, in cases where the right to private ownership causes harm to others, then Islam favors curtailing the right in those cases. Maliki and Hanbali jurists argue that if private ownership endangers public interest, then the state can limit the amount an individual is allowed to own. This view, however, is debated by others.[48]
When Muhammad migrated to Madinah many of the Muslims owned agricultural land. Muhammad confirmed this ownership and allocated land to individuals. The land allotted would be used for housing, farming or gardening. For example Bilal b. Harith was given land with mineral deposits at 'Aqiq Valley[49] Hassan b. Thabit was afforded the garden of Bayruha[50] and Zubayr received oasis land at Khaybar and Banu Nadir.[51] During the reign of caliph Umar, a vast expanse of Persian royal family terrain had been acquired, this lead his successor Caliph Uthman to accelerate the allotment of land to individuals in return for a portion of the crop yield.[52]
According to Nomani and Rahnema, Islam accepts markets as the basic coordinating mechanism of the economic system. Islamic teaching holds that the market, given perfect competition, allows consumers to obtain desired goods and producers to sell their goods at a mutually acceptable price.[53]
Three necessary conditions for an operational market are said to be upheld in Islamic primary sources:[53]
- Freedom of exchange: the Qur'an calls on believers to engage in trade, and rejects the contention that trade is forbidden.[54]
- Private ownership (see above).
- Security of contract: the Qur'an calls for the fulfillment and observation of contracts.[55] The longest verse of the Qur'an deals with commercial contracts involving immediate and future payments.[56]
Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) claims that the general doctrine of fairness in sharia law creates "an ethical economic model" and forbids market manipulation such as "inflating the price of commodities by creating artificial shortages (Ihtekar), overbidding for the sole purpose of driving the prices up (Najash) and concealment of vital information in a transaction from the other party (Ghish)".[24]
Further, "uninformed speculation" not based on a proper analysis of available information is forbidden because it is form of Qimar, or gambling, and results in accumulating Maysir (unearned income).[24] Commercial contracting under conditions of "excessive uncertainty" (however that is defined) is a form of Gharar and so also forbidden.[24]
Nomani and Rahnema also contend that Islam promotes a market free from interferences such as price fixing, hoarding and bribery. Government intervention, however, is tolerated under specific circumstances.[53]
Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) states that in Islam "everything is Halal (allowed) unless it has been declared Haram (forbidden)", consequently "the Islamic economic model is based on the freedom of trade and freedom of contract so far as the limits of Shari'ah allow".[24]
Nomani and Rahnema say that Islam prohibits price fixing by a dominating handful of buyers or sellers. During the days of Muhammad, a small group of merchants met agricultural producers outside the city and bought the entire crop, thereby gaining a monopoly over the market. The produce was later sold at a higher price within the city. Muhammad condemned this practice since it caused injury both to the producers (who in the absence of numerous customers were forced to sell goods at a lower price) and the inhabitants.[53]
The above-mentioned reports are also used to justify the argument that the Islamic market is characterized by free information. Producers and consumers should not be denied information on demand and supply conditions. Producers are expected to inform consumers of the quality and quantity of goods they claim to sell. Some scholars hold that if an inexperienced buyer is swayed by the seller, the consumer may nullify the transaction upon realizing the seller's unfair treatment. The Qur'an also forbids discriminatory transactions.[53][57]
Bribery is also forbidden in Islam and can therefore not be used to secure a deal or gain favor in a transaction, it was narrated that Muhammad cursed the one who offers the bribe, the one who receives it, and the one who arranges it.[58]
Nomani and Rahnema say government interference in the market is justified in exceptional circumstances, such as the protection of public interest. Under normal circumstances, governmental non-interference should be upheld. When Muhammad was asked to set the price of goods in a market he responded, "I will not set such a precedent, let the people carry on with their activities and benefit mutually."[53]
The Quran (3: 130) clearly condemns riba (which is usually translated as "interest"): "O, you who believe! Devour not riba, doubled and redoubled, and be careful of Allah; but fear Allah that you may be successful."
Public finance (Bayt-al-Mal)[edit]
The concept of a collective or shared bank played a historic role in the Islamic economy. The idea of state collected wealth being made available to the needy general public was relatively new. The resources in the Bayt-al-Mal were considered God's resources and a trust, money paid into the shared bank was common property of all the Muslims and the ruler was just the trustee.[citation needed]
The shared bank was treated as a financial institution and therefore subjected to the same prohibitions regarding interest.[59] Caliph Umar spoke on the shared bank saying: "I did not find the betterment of this wealth except in three ways: (i) it is received by right, (ii) it is given by right, and (iii) it is stopped from wrong. As regards my own position vis-a-vis this wealth of yours; it is like that of a guardian of an orphan. If I am well-off, I shall leave it, but if I am hard-pressed I shall take from it as is genuinely permissible."[60][verification needed]
Debt arrangements[edit]
Most Islamic economic institutions advise participatory arrangements between capital and labor. The latter rule reflects the Islamic norm that the borrower must not bear all the cost of a failure, as "it is God who determines that failure, and intends that it fall on all those involved."[citation needed]
Conventional debt arrangements are thus usually unacceptable—but conventional venture investment structures are applied even on very small scales. However, not every debt arrangement can be seen in terms of venture investment structures. For example, when a family buys a home it is not investing in a business venture—a person's shelter is not a business venture. Similarly, purchasing other commodities for personal use, such as cars, furniture, and so on, cannot realistically be considered as a venture investment in which the Islamic bank shares risks and profits for the profits of the venture.[citation needed]
Savings and investment[edit]
An alternative Islamic savings-investment model can be built around venture capital; investment banks; restructured corporations; and restructured stock market.[61] This model looks at removing the interest-based banking and in replacing market inefficiencies such as subsidization of loans over profit-sharing investments due to double taxation and restrictions on investment in private equity.
Money changers[edit]
Due to religious sanctions against debt, Tamil Muslims have historically been money changers (not money lenders) throughout South and South East Asia.[62]
Islamic banks have grown recently in the Muslim world, but are a very small share of the global economy compared to the Western debt banking paradigm. Hybrid approaches, which applies classical Islamic values but uses conventional lending practices, are much lauded by some proponents of modern human development theory.[citation needed]
Popularity and availability[edit]
Today many financial institutions, even in the Western world, that offer financial services and products in accordance with Islamic finance. For example, Chancellor Gordon Brown in 2003 introduced legal changes that enabled British banks and building societies to offer so-called Muslim mortgages for house purchase.
In 2001, the US's first Sharia-compliant home financing institution, Guidance Residential, was launched based on the concept of diminishing musharaka, growing to the largest Islamic home financing company in the US. . In 2004 the UK's first standalone Sharia-compliant bank was launched, the Islamic Bank of Britain. In 2006, the Bank of London and the Middle East (BLME) was founded, and as of July 2013 is the largest Islamic bank in Europe.[63] Several banks offer products and services to UK customers that adopt the Islamic financial principles; such as Mudaraba, Murabaha, Musharaka and Qard.
The Islamic finance sector was worth 300–500 billion dollars (237 and 394 billion euros) as of September 2006, compared with 200 billion dollars in 2004. Islamic retail banks and investment funds number in the hundreds and many Western financial institutions offer compliant products, including Citigroup, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Lloyds TSB and UBS. In 2008, at least $500 billion in assets around the world were managed in accordance with Islamic law and the sector was growing at more than 10% per year.[64]
Sohrab Behada's study argued that the economic system proposed by Islam is essentially a capitalist one.[65]
In Shia Islam, scholars including Mahmoud Taleghani and Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr developed an "Islamic economics" emphasizing the uplifting of the deprived masses, a major role for the state in matters such as circulation and equitable distribution of wealth, and a reward to participants in the marketplace for being exposed to risk and/or liability.
Islamic economics has been attacked for its alleged "incoherence, incompleteness, impracticality, and irrelevance;"[66] driven by "cultural identity" rather than problem solving.[67] Others have dismissed it as "a hodgepodge of populist and socialist ideas" in theory, and "nothing more than inefficient state control of the economy and some almost equally ineffective redistribution policies" in practice.[68]
In a political and regional context where Islamist and ulema claim to have an opinion about everything, it is striking how little they have to say about this most central of human activities, beyond repetitious pieties about how their model is neither capitalist nor socialist.[68]
While Muslims believe Islamic law is perfect by virtue of its being revealed by God, Islamic law on economic issues was/is not "economics" in the sense of a systematic study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. An example of the traditionalist ulama approach to economic issues is Imam Khomeini's work Tawzih al-masa'il where the term "economy" does not appear and where the chapter on selling and buying (Kharid o forush) comes after the one on pilgrimage. As Olivier Roy put it, the work "presents economic questions as individual acts open to moral analysis: `To lend [without interest, on a note from the lender] is among the good works that are particularly recommended in the verses of the Quran and the in the Traditions.`"[69]
See also[edit]
People |
- Addas, Waleed (2008). Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic. IIUM. ISBN 978-983-3855-28-5.
- Al-Amine, Muhammad al-Bashir Muhammad (2008). Risk Management in Islamic Finance: An Analysis of Derivatives Instruments in Commodity Markets. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15246-5.
- Bakhash, Shaul (1984). The Reign of the Ayatollahs. Basic Books.
- Behdad, Sohrab; Nomani, Farhad, eds. (2006). Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36823-5.
- Chapra, M. Umar. Islam and the Economic Challenge. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation.
- El-Gamal, Mahmoud, 2009. "Islamic finance," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Online Edition. Abstract.
- Koehler, Benedikt (2014). Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism. Lexington Books.
- Halliday, Fred (2005). 100 Myths about the Middle East. Saqi Books.
- Kuran, Timur (1997). "The Genesis of Islamic Economics: A Chapter in the Politics of Muslim Identity," Social Research, 64(2), p pp. 301–338.
- _____ (2008). "Islamic economic institutions," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
- Mirakhor, Abbas. Theoretical Studies in Islamic Banking and Finance. Islamic Publications International.
- Naqi, Syed Nawab Haider. Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation.
- Nomani, Farhad; Rahnema, Ali. (1994). Islamic Economic Systems. New Jersey: Zed books limited. pp. 7–9. ISBN 1-85649-058-0.
- Presley, John R., and John G. Sessions (1994). "Islamic Economics: The Emergence of a New Paradigm," Economic Journal, 104(424), [pp. 584–596.
- Roy, Olivier (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Harvard University Press.
- Siddiqui, Muhammad Nejatullah. Muslim Economic Thinking. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation.
- Venardos, Angelo M. Islamic Banking & Finance in South-East Asia: Its Development & Future. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
- Weiss, Dieter (1995). Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation. International Journal of Middle East Studies 27 (1).
- A. Basir Bin Mohamad. "The Islamic Law of Tort: A Study of the Owner and Possessor of Animals with Special Reference to the Civil Codes of the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Tunisia, Morocco, Sudan and Iraq" in Arab Law Quarterly V.16, N.4 2001
- __________. "Vicarious Liability: A Study of the Liability of the Guardian and his Ward in the Islamic Law of Tort" Arab Law Quarterly V. 17, N.1 2002
- Immanuel Naveh. "The Tort of Injury and Dissolution of Marriage at the Wife's Initiative in Egyptian Mahkamat al-Naqd Rulings" in Islamic Law and Society Volume 9, Number 1, 2002
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- ^ "Fiqh al-mu'amalat". islamicbanker.com. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
- ^ a b Mat, Ismail; Ismail, Yusof. "A Review of Fiqh al-Mua'malat Subjects in Economics and Related Programs at International Islamic University Malaysia and University of Brunei Darussalam". kantakji.com. p. 1. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
- ^ a b Saleem, Muhammad Yusuf (n.d. (between 2006-2015)). "Methods and Methodologies in Fiqh and Islamic Economics". kantakji.com. p. 1. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
The paper argues that the methods used in Fiqh are mainly designed to find out whether or not a certain act is permissible or prohibited. Islamic economics, on the other hand, is a social science. Like any other social science its proper unit of analysis is the society itself.
- ^ "ECONOMIC GOALS". amosweb.com/. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
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- ^ Financial Regulation in Crisis?: The Role of Law and the Failure of Northern Rock By Joanna Gray, Orkun Akseli p. 97
- ^ Islam and Economic Justice: A 'Third Way' Between Capitalism and Socialism?
- ^ How Do We Know Islam Will Solve the Problems of Poverty and Inequality?
- ^ Quran 4:29
- ^ International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 203
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- ^ Ibn Majah Vol 3 Hadith 2289
- ^ International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 202
- ^ Islamic Capital Markets: Theory and Practice By Noureddine Krichene p. 119
- ^ Abu Daud Hadith 2015
- ^ Ibn Majah Vold 3 Hadith 2154
- ^ The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment By Zamir Iqbal, Abbas Mirakhor, Noureddine Krichenne, Hossein Askari p. 75
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- ^ Roy 1994, p. 132
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- ^ Roy, Olivier (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. 13. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
- ^ Schirazi, Asghar & 1997, p. 170
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- ^ a b c Roy, Olivier (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. p. 133. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
- ^ (source: Ruhollah Khomeini, Tawzih al-masa'il, p.543)
- ^ El-Sheikh, Salah. 2008. "The moral economy of classical Islam: a FiqhiConomic model." Muslim World 98, no. 1: 116-144. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost
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- ^ Mahmassani, Sobhi (1932). Les Idées Economiques d'Ibn Khaldoun (The Economic Thought of Ibn Khaldoun), BOSC Frères, M. et L. RIOU, Lyon, is an early treatise on Ibn Khaldun's economic thought.
- ^ Schumpeter (1954) p 136 mentions his sociology, others, including Hosseini (2003) emphasize him as well
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- ^ Jean David C. Boulakia (1971), "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", The Journal of Political Economy 79 (5): 1105–18.
- ^ Weiss 1995, pp. 29–30
- ^ Weiss 1995, p. 31 quotes Muqaddimah 2:276–78
- ^ Weiss 1995, p. 31 quotes Muqaddimah 2: 272–73
- ^ Weiss 1995, p. 33
- ^ The Economic Life of Islam
- ^ Bakhash, Shaul, The Reign of the Ayatollahs, Basic Books, c1984, pp. 167–68
- ^ a b Revolutionary Surge and Quiet Demise of Islamic Economics in Iran
- ^ The Renewal of Islamic Law
- ^ Bakhash 1984, pp. 172–173
- ^ Nomani and Rahnema quote Quran 2:107, Quran 2:255, Quran 2:284, Quran 5:120, Quran 48:14
- ^ a b c d e F. Nomani and A. Rahnema. 1994. Islamic Economic Systems, Zed Press. pp. 66–70
- ^ Hamed, Safei-Eldin (n.d. (after 1990 before 2015)). "SEEING THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGHISLAMIC EYES: Application of Shariah to Natural Resources Planning and Management". Texas Tech University. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ a b c Nomani & Rahnema 1994, pp. 71–77
- ^ al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 17
- ^ Futuh al-Buldan, Abu Ubayd
- ^ al-Maqrizi, al-Mawa'iz wa'l-I'tibar
- ^ a b c d e f Nomani Rahnema, pp. 55–58
- ^ Nomani Rahnema cite Quran 4:29, Quran 2:275 and Quran 2:279
- ^ Nomani Rahnema cite Quran 5:1, Quran 16:91, Quran 23:8, Quran 17:34 and Quran 70:32
- ^ Nomani Rahnema cite Quran 2:282.
- ^ Nomani Rahnema cite Quran 55:9, Quran 26:181–183, Quran 11:84–85. They also point out that a chapter is devoted to such fraudulent practices: Quran 83:1–3
- ^ Reported by Ahmad and al-Hakim
- ^ K-al-Mabsut, Al-Sarakhsi, Shamsuddin
- ^ Uyun-al-Akhbar, ad-Dinawri
- ^ Meinhaj Hussain (June 2010). "Economic Model". 2.0
- ^ Tyabji, Amini (1991). "Historical dominance on money changing business". In Mohamed Ariff. The Muslim Private Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia (Social Issues in Southeast Asia). ISBN 981-3016-10-8.
- ^ "Bank of London and the Middle East". Zawya.com. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
- ^ Islamic Finance, Forbes (April 21, 2008)
- ^ Sohrab Behada, "Property Rights in Contemporary Islamic Economic Thought, Review of Social Economy, Summer 1989 v. 47, (pp. 185–211)
- ^ Kuran, "The Economic Impact of Islamic Fundamentalism," in Marty and Appleby Fundamentalisms and the State, U of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 302–41
- ^ "The Discontents of Islamic Economic Mortality" by Timur Kuran, American Economic Review, 1996, pp. 438–42
- ^ a b Halliday, Fred, 100 Myths about the Middle East, Saqi Books, 2005 p. 89
- ^ Roy 1994, p. 133
External links[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (August 2010) |
- Free Lectures on Islamic Economics & Finance by AIMS' Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance.
- World Database for Islamic Banking and Finance
- Economic Insaf, An Islamic Economics Framework from GrandeStrategy.
- Putting Faith into Finance, HSBC article on Islamic finance.
- Shamshad Akhtar et al., "Understanding Islamic Finance: Local Innovation and Global Integration", Asia Policy, July 2008.
- Mohammad Omar Farooq, Riba, Interest and Six Hadiths: Do We Have a Definition or a Conundrum?
- Mahmoud el-Gamal, "An Economic Explanation of the Prohibition of Riba in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence", Rice University, Houston, Texas.
- Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic
- Maryam Ayaz, Islamic Banking, Finance & Economics
- Islamic Economics booklist
- AusCIF Islamic Finance Resources & Learning Centre
- An Introduction to Islamic Economics, "What is Islamic Economics?"


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Laterrus Talley March 05, 2009 8:04 AM I think Yamaha got it right this season in all the Motorcycle series they're in. Even by signing two rookies in WSB. Spies is a brilliant rider and that's obvious but, another good thing for their team is the all new "Big Bang" R1. Someone please correct me if I'm wrong but, isn't "one" the main features of a Big Bang engine configuration is the fact that it's supposed to be easier on tires than screamer engines? I know the power delivery is supposed to be smoother. If it is easier on tires, you could put two fast learning rookies on the bike and let them race against a field mainly made up of screamer engines and the R1's should "theoretically" have more tire life in the last half -cont.- Reply Report abuse 0 agree 0 disagree
Laterrus Talley March 05, 2009 8:07 AM of a race. Spies learns very fast as we all have seen and because of the new R1, whatever little bit of track knowledge he lacks after free practices at tracks he's never raced at could be made up by having a little more tire life than everyone towards the end of the races and "if" he starts from pole often and stays out of trouble during races, he's gonna be a serious contender for the title this year. You can have all the power in the world on a bike but, if it eats tires up halfway through a race and you have a VERY fast rider on your tail with a strong bike and more available tire grip, you're gonna have your hands full. Like I said, looks like Yamaha got it right this year. Go Spies! Reply Report abuse 1 agree 1 disagree
chris - Unregistered March 05, 2009 1:30 PM Laterrus, I agree with your comment but I would like to add that Ben is brilliant at managing race pace, tires then pulling the pin at the right time as he did against Haga. In the AMA he and Mladin both were on pace at lap one and would maintain it the entire race and at times would turn the fastest lap at the end. As Steve Martin said during the race "Spies is like a machine" and that best describes him, nothing spectacular just "Super fast and Super intense"I would also like to congadulate Haslams outstanding effort - this guy is a fighter and will be one to watch. Don't know much about him, but from what I've read He might have been underestimated relative to his peers. 1 agree 0 disagree
Marc - Unregistered March 07, 2009 5:28 AM While I agree that Yamaha has put a great bike together and that Spies is fast don't give a title just yet it's early days in the season and a lot of things could happen. Plus there are quite a few guys capable of challenging for that crown. The Suzuki's looked quick as did Biaggi's Aprilia and of course the Ducati's. 0 agree 0 disagree
berry acai side effects - Unregistered May 06, 2010 3:36 PM Farm District,chairman money matter church wish collect you immediately strategy speak hate consequence obviously goal product beat expense hour award dry enemy employ visitor judge back finding expert pub vote as now pension ship require other undertake illustrate concern train commission undertake know also character decade outside formal rate especially add in sing circle deep page area together she proper unable certain receive sheet place store works once candidate secure small revolution use half notice popular whilst anything enter beautiful troop occur crisis rare urban prospect support organization attempt mark assessment 0 agree 0 disagree

subset: commoncrawl


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IUS Fellow Receives Lifetime Achievement AwardIUS fellow Dr. Leena Parmar received the Lifetime Achievement Award for her contribution to the field of military sociology at Rajasthan University in India. As a Professor of Sociology at Rajasthan University, her achievements span 40 years of research, teaching, and dissertation supervision. Please join us in congratulating her contribution to our field. Deadline Extended - 13th ERGOMAS Conference in Ra'anana, Israel, June, 8-12 2015The European Research Group on Military and Society (ERGOMAS) is organizing a conference on the topic of research on military and society hosted by the Open University of Israel in Ra'anana Israel (15 miles from Tel Aviv). Conference dates are 8-12 June 2015. The theme of the conference will be From Diversity Management to Conflict Regulation (see below for additional detail). More detailed information on ERGOMAS, the Working Groups, and eventually further information about the conference can be found at the ERGOMAS website: http://ergomas.ch/ For additional information, click here. Citizen Soldier: On the Brink of World War IAlthough history often points to the June 1914 assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand as the event that started the Great War World War One was not started by any single event. To understand what happened in those pivotal months 100 years ago, we must understand the interlocking alliances that existed both before and after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the economic priorities of all combatant nations, including Russia, Germany, France, England, Turkey and the United States, and the colonies of these nations. These historic and tragic chain of events turned countries from people who couldnt imagine going to war against each other as demonstrated during the soldier led Christmas Truce of 1914, to hardened enemies with no common ground. Click here to watch this panel, moderated by IUS Immediate Past President John Allen Williams. Call for Papers and Participants: ERGOMAS: Special Operations Forces (SOFs) around the World: Perspectives from the Social SciencesDespite consistent downsizing, over the past two decades the armed forces of the industrial democracies have seen an impressive growth in special operations forces (SOFs). Whether in terms of personnel or units, the quantity of commands and supporting forces, budgets and technologies at their disposal and their overall role expansion these forces have seen unprecedented development. These trends are related to developments in the complex environments of the armed forces of the industrial democracies that include the emergence of the "New" or "Hybrid" Wars (the interweaving of high-intensity encounters, terrorism, insurgencies or other forms of violence), an emphasis on "precision warfare" (derived from social expectations regarding casualties), technological advances (allowing small units to deploy massive firepower), and budgetary constraints (it is cheaper to maintain small units rather than massive formations). For more information and to submit a proposal, click here. IUSAFS Releases First Podcast InterviewAs part of OnlineFirst, by which forthcoming articles are published online before they are scheduled to appear in print, Armed Forces & Society has released a podcast interview on an article in an upcoming issue. Listen to our Editorial Assistant Colin Smith interview Dr. Neil J. Diamant about his article with co-author Dr. Kevin J. O'Brien titled "Contentious Veterans: Chinas Retired Officers Speak Out.What drives retired military officers in China toward contention? Decades of research on protest has produced little on veterans collection action, and even less on that by ex-officers. Newspaper reports, police journals, and veterans blogs show that contention by Chinese former officers (ranging from occupying government compounds to marches, mass petitioning, open letters, and class action lawsuits) is the result of bad luck in post-military job assignments, a fragmented political system that makes it difficult to ensure that pensions and other benefits reach retirees, and pervasive corruption that leads ex-officers to feel that local officials have embezzled funds meant for them. Contention by former officers typically uses military rhetoric and builds on military experiences, even for former officers who were employed in civilian jobs for many years. Although contention by ex-officers is not likely to rock the state, it says much about how sticky military identities are, where veterans fit in the political landscape, Leninist civilmilitary relations, and the treatment that old soldiers receive in a fast changing socioeconomic order.Listen to the podcast interview here. Call for Papers Special Issue of the Turkish Journal of Sociology on Military SociologyDeadline for Article Submission March 31, 2015 The Turkish Journal of Sociology wishes to publish its first issue devoted to military sociology. First published in 1917, The Turkish Journal of Sociology is a publication of the Department of Sociology of the Istanbul University Faculty of Letters, the first and leading sociology department in Turkey. The Turkish Journal of Sociology is a peer-reviewed, biannually published journal (http://journals.istanbul.edu.tr/iusosyoloji). Modern militaries have undergone considerable change in recent decades. This is a reflection of dramatic changes in society, including changes in inter- and intra-state politics, public opinion, civil-military relations, demographics, and both short-and long-term military engagements around the world. Within Turkey, issues surrounding the military have received considerable attention in the political science, military history, and military science arenas. However, amid the quickly changing contexts in which its military operates, in tandem with its importance domestically and internationally, Turkey remains an understudied country in the field of military sociology studies. Click here for more information Camacho Advising for Peace in Somalia
1""7 Points Communiqué on Strengthening Somalia's National Security,"" Somalicurrent news,"" accessed May 19, 2014 online at http://www.somalicurrent.com/ 2014/04/24/7-points-communeque-on-strengthening-somalias-national-security/ 2""Somalia: UN deploys new special force to protect staff in Mogadishu,"" UN News Centre, accessed May 19, 2014 at http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.as?NewsIS=47820#.U3pgdCj49uA 2013 Morris Janowitz Career Achievement Award CeremonyThe Morris Janowitz Career Achievement Award is awarded by the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society to a limited number of senior scholars whose careers most demonstrate excellence in the study of armed forces and society and important service to the discipline. The winners of the 2013 Award were Reuven Gal and John Allen ("Jay") Williams. Click here for more information on the award and past recipients. IUS Conference Photos Available OnlineThe 2013 IUS Conference photos are now available on the IUS Facebook page. Click here to view and download the photos. This is also a good opportunity to "like" the IUS on Facebook if you would like to keep up to date on IUS news through social media. The IUS Expands to Social MediaThe IUS has expanded our online presence by setting up accounts on each of the main social networks. From Twitter and Facebook to Google+ and LinkedIn, the IUS's new social media initiative will notify you of all IUS updates. In addition to news from the IUS, we're going to be working to use each of these hubs to allow IUS Fellows to meet and sustain the kind of professional relationships that make Fellowship such a worthwhile pursuit. Social networking allows organizations like the IUS to continue the conference experience to our membership through the entire year by providing discussion platforms for research, opportunities, and conversation. With the addition of a YouTube account, we'll also be able to make video content available. There's no need to follow every account; information will be shared across all platforms while continuing to be posted here on the IUS website. Add the IUS on your preferred network and you'll start connecting with your peers instantaneously. Annual Appeal: Donate OnlineHelp support the IUS by making a donation today. The Morris Janowitz Career Achievement AwardThe Morris Janowitz Career Achievement Award is awarded by the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society to a limited number of senior scholars whose careers most demonstrate excellence in the study of armed forces and society and important service to the discipline. Renew Your Membership |


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Current Time
see + do
Italy see + do
Italy contains more than half of the world's cultural holdings, according to UNESCO, so history, art, and architecture are always going to be the main draw. Museums like the Uffizi in Florence, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, and the Vatican Museums and Galleria Borghese in Rome contain a remarkable store of famous paintings and statues; many more artistic treasures (especially frescoes) remain in situ in Italy's churches, private palazzos, and villas. Then there are the archaeological sites, from spectacularly located Pompeii, in the shadow of Vesuvius, to the atmospheric Etruscan necropolises of northern Lazio and Sicily.
But there's more to Italy than Roman arenas and the Sistine Chapel. The contemporary art scene has grown in leaps and bounds in recent years, and now new spaces like the MADRe museum in Naples or Rome's forthcoming MAXXI gallery are springing up alongside fixtures like the Venice Biennale art fair.
And of course, Italy is as much about scenery as it is about art: Tuscany's rolling vine- and olive-covered hills; the breathtaking vertical coastline of the Amalfi Coast and Cinque Terre; the primitive, trullo-dotted hinterland of Puglia. Hot springs (mostly in central Italy) and snow-covered resorts (at their best in the Alps) cater to wallowers and winter sports fans. Most visitors will want to tick Rome, Venice, and Florence off their lists—generally in that order. But even on a first visit, it's worth making time for some of Italy's smaller, less crowded art towns—Siena, Perugia, Verona, and Bologna are all worthwhile options—and factoring in a few days of seaside or country rest and relaxation.
Most of the larger wineries in the three most famous zones—Chianti Classico, Montalcino, and Montepulciano—now offer the chance to taste and...more
see the Tuscany guideWater sports fans flock to the northern end of Lake Garda Riva in the summer, when stiff morning winds combine with afternoon gusts to turn it into a mecca for...more
This was once the northernmost of the Etruscan League of 12 cities, but today its appearance is largely medieval. There are a few historical remnants,...more
see the Tuscany guideVilla Serbelloni is a Renaissance villa built in the 15th century and surrounded by dense woodlands and gardens. The property's summer villa down by the lake...more
Second only to the Blue Grotto among Capri visitor attractions, this Arcadian refuge on the slopes of Monte Solaro, five minutes' walk from Piazza Vittoria in...more
see the Capri guideThe cultured lifestyle of Milanese high society around the middle of the 20th century is brought vividly to life in this fascinating new casa museo. Located a...more
see the Milan guideThe grandest of Emperor Tiberius's 12 villas on the island, Villa Jovis was the seat of his empire between 27 and 37 A.D. Today, you can tour the ruins of the...more
see the Capri guideThis Baroque villa built in 1743 is best known for its art, a magnificent collection that includes neoclassical sculptures by Canova and Tadolini as well as...more
Villa Borghese, the most central of Rome's great parks, was saved from encroaching property developers in the 1870s when it was bought by a farsighted city...more
see the Rome guideIn the early 1900s, German steel magnate and longtime Capri summer resident Friedrich Alfred Krupp financed the construction of a spectacular footpath...more
see the Capri guide


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Sold Out
Feminine details make this sporty sandal the perfect companion for all your sun-drenched outings. Classic three-strap construction provides support and the synthetic nubuck upper is quick-drying just in case your adventures take you into the water. The Techlite midsole not only offers cushioning and comfort, but also makes the Sun Light a snap to wash. Secure the adjustable straps for a perfect fit - Omni-Grip on the sole offers great traction and a cute wave pattern on the footbed and outsole infuses a subtle pop of sweet summer style.


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Lincoln/Net | Prairie Fire | Illinois During the Civil War | Illinois During the Gilded Age | Mark Twain's Mississippi | Back to Digitization Projects | Contact Us |
Wilson, Douglas L., ed.; Davis, Rodney O., ed.; Holland, Josiah G. 'Josiah G. Holland to William H. Herndon' in 'Herndon's Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements About Abraham Lincoln' . Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998. [format: book], [genre: letter]. Permission: University of Illinois Press Note from page 569: 1. William H. Herndon's note: The Expression of [illegible] [My?] run who read is not in this write for it to Holland . |


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Publisher's Description
Kick back and watch some of the best www videos available on the iPhone.
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Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar on Thursday rejected the Opposition demand for removal of P C Chacko as the chairman of the JPC.
Opposition and DMK members of the JPC on 2G today demanded the ouster of chairperson P C Chacko for being "highly partisan" and asked Speaker Meira Kumar to replace him with a new chief.
Congress distanced itself from PC Chacko`s remarks that party will take decision on demand for removal of Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman P J Kurien, facing controversy over an old rape case.
Chairman of the Joint Parliamentary Committee on 2G scam P C Chacko ruled out summoning Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to depose before the panel.
BJP leader Yashwant Sinha, who is a member of the Committee, said his party has lost faith in the panel and did not expect it to uncover the truth.
With JPC Chairman P C Chacko raising questions over the scope of PAC`s inquiry into 2G case, its chief Murli Manohar Joshi on Wednesday asked him to write to him directly, a suggestion which was readily accepted.
Day in Pics: 3rd March
Showbiz World - March 3, 2015
10th Annual Caring With Style Fashion Show


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Newcastle have agreed to send defender Davide Santon on loan to his former club Inter Milan until the end of the season.
Newcastle midfielder Jonas Gutierrez continued his comeback by playing 90 minutes against a Gateshead XI in a friendly.
Davide Santon is happy at Newcastle and is not planning a return to Serie A after being linked with Fiorentina.
Davide Santon says he can understand the frustrations of the Newcastle fans following the side's poor run of form.
Newcastle defender Davide Santon believes that the players are to blame for the Magpies' recent poor form.
Davide Santon admits Newcastle fans had every right to boo the players after witnessing a 4-0 defeat at Southampton.
Newcastle United manager Alan Pardew believes that Davide Santon is 'the new Phil Neville'.
Davide Santon's representatives insist that he he will be staying with Newcastle United.
Find out who made Sky Sports' latest Premier League XI following the weekend's games.
Newcastle's Massadio Haidara believes competition for a place with Davide Santon will bring out the best in him.
Newcastle defender Davide Santon wants the club to beat Fulham and Sunderland to 'save their season'.
Davide Santon's agent expects the reported AC Milan target to still be at Newcastle United next season.
Newcastle defender Davide Santon admits he would 'pack his bags' if AC Milan come calling in the summer.
Davide Santon reiterates how happy he is with life in England after being linked with a move back to Italy in January.
Newcastle United defender Davide Santon has been recalled to the Italy squad.
Alan Pardew is confident Davide Santon will remain at Newcastle United, with links to AC Milan brushed aside.
Newcastle United's Italian full-back Davide Santon has dismissed talk of a return to his homeland.
AC Milan owner Silvio Berlusconi has admitted that Newcastle United's Davide Santon is on his radar.
Davide Santon says that Newcastle United need to sign players in January to improve in the second half of the season.
Davide Santon admitted Newcastle United let slip a "big chance" after losing 4-3 against Manchester United.
Watch every goal from every game in the Football League on your computer, mobile or tablet...


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"Very good book"
I really enjoyed the book the only thing was, I had to write down the names of all the people, it was a little confusing, but after starting it over and over I finally got it, that was near the end. I loved the ending, won't let it escape, for those who haven't got it yet. it's well worth the price..I suggest you get it, you won't be disappointed. the narrator was also good.
"Another good Harlan Coben"
As usual Harlan Coben can keep you interest from the beginning to the end. If you don't have the book, it's well worth the credit, or at a discount price....
"Very Interesting"
I did enjoy the book, and I was thinking of getting the whole series, which I Might still do, but I got this book at a discount price and it was well worth it. it will keep you interested until the end..
I loved this book so good, I bought the other 2 series, you won't be disappointed in this one, A very touching family story, a great plot, and you never know what is going to happen next, especially with C.J. but Noah is one that will melt your heart, not many men like him around.
be sure to get all 3 book's..you won't be dissapointed
"Excellent Book"
I must admit, I have a lot of book's and this one kept my interest until the end, I listened to it in one day, I rated it no 5 because I couldn't find anything I didn't like in the book, I got it at a special price, I was kind of shocked that it was that good for $4.95, if you don't have it get it.
Excellent book to listen to, and the narrator was good, I listened to the book in just 2 day's, it kept my interest, so use your credit you won't be disappointed.
While looking for another book, I noticed I had this one, but didn't know it was in a series, so now I guess I have to start from the first book, and listen to this one again...
"What a great book"
I just love how you can come from Money, servant's, and all the fine luxuries of life, and then you can humble yourself to a level far below you...sometime's you just have to be cut down a notch or two. this book will keep your interest until the end, then be sure to get the other 3 series..you won't be disappointed...
"Loved it"
As with the other book's in the series, I found this one to be just as interesting as the others, I usually finish a book in two day's, because once you get into it, you just don't want to put it down, but I am trying to learn control, and make a book last 4 day's..but in the snow bound part of Michigan, there is nothing to do but curl up with a good book. once in Florida in February, I will slow down on the series..but love audible book's..you will love this series..worth every penny...
"Another good book in a series"
This book take's you right from the first one into the second series, and as usual keep you interested. much compassion and love in all the series. you won't be disappointed, it is well worth the credit or money...
"Excellent story"
As usual, when you listen to a very good book, you want the series, which I did get, and I was not disappointed in any of them, this book show's love, compassion, and not thinking of yourself first, but those less fornatunate. and a love for children, it takes a special person to take in children..you won't be disappointed in any of the series..


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Monday, February 25, 2013
A white and green coloured generator was stolen from a site at Waveney Drive, Lowestoft, between 10am on Monday, February 18 and 10am on Thursday, February 21.
The generator had been left on a trailer in a yard at a business premises there.
Anyone with information on the generator theft should call officers at Lowestoft police station on 101.
0 comments


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I'm sure pretty much all of you have seen this already as it went up two days ago, but I've only just watched it
Results 1 to 11 of 11
Thread: Gold Digger prank
10-17-2013 #1
Gold Digger prank
10-17-2013 #2
I hadn't seen it yet! Loved it. lol I'ma do the same "prank" in a Prius!! hehe
10-17-2013 #3
10-17-2013 #4
10-17-2013 #5
This isn't really surprising tbh. So many shallow people out there.
Molo316 likes this post
10-17-2013 #6
Lol very nice
I just don't get these girls, don't they have any dignity!?
Even if he has money, who says he's going to pay for your lazy ass!?
10-17-2013 #7
I remember seeing a video a few years ago. A guy tried picking up girls in a worn late 90's civic, and got nowhere.
He tried it again in a brand new viper (2nd gen), and he got every girl to go with him/or give him their number.
Kind of sad really, when you hear all these women complaining about guys that don't give a damn about them. When it is clearly their fault for ~exclusively pursuing those kinds of guys.
10-17-2013 #8
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This is awesome. She had the nerve to wave him off too ,like she was in the right.
Surprised no one has posted this yet:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vwNcNOTVzYBe Together - Not the same.
10-18-2013 #9
10-18-2013 #10
Ugh, so true. This one girl has recently taken an interest in me after I mentioned that I was going to test drive a new Jaguar. Wish I'd had the same retort as that guy.
I once ate a dirty sock...don't tell anyone.
World domination has taken a momentary setback...talk amongst yourselves in the meantime.UK>America. its just true
10-18-2013 #11
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text:
On Monday, Rihanna and Chris Brown each released a remix track featuring the other; Brown joined Rihanna for a few verses on the innuendo-iced "Birthday Cake," and she reciprocated with vocals on his club jam "Turn Up the Music." Considering the pair's well-known history of domestic violence, the new music has been greeted, to put it mildly, with consternation.
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Rihanna and Chris Brown have both released remixes of their songs, "Birthday Cake" and "Turn Up the Music" respectively, confirming that they did in fact collaborate. While this partnership may seem insane to some — Brown was convic... Read Post
Rihanna just released a remix of her song Birthday Cake featuring Chris Brown…and to show a united front against the rest of us who frown on this reunion the beater released his song Turn Up The Music. To be fair…Chris's song doesn... Read Post
Singer Rihanna told Ryan Seacrest that working with her ex-boyfriend on the remixes of the songs "Birthday Cake" and "Turn Up The Music" was "innocent." Read Post


text: Q&A IndexSperm survival in cervical fluidHow long can sperm survive in fertile cervical fluid?The longest that sperm can survive in fertile (egg white or watery) cervical fluid is five days. All pregnancies can be attributed to intercourse that takes place within the five days before ovulation and the day of ovulation. Sperm, however, do not typically survive for five days, even in fertile cervical fluid. A life span of 2-3 days is much more typical for sperm, even in fertile cervical fluid- less without fertile cervical fluid. To maximize your chances of conception, keep having intercourse until ovulation is confirmed by a clear and sustained thermal shift as intercourse closer to ovulation is much more likely to get you pregnant.


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Country/Date of Origin: France/1700s
One of four rough coated French hunting "scent" hounds, which trail game by scent rather than by sight. Although they do the same job, the PBGV is not a wire haired Basset. It is a distinct breed, shorter in back, much more lightly built and more active. It is actually most closely related to the larger Grand Basset Griffon Vendeen which is identical except for size (the Grand being over 15 inches tall). Most of the PBGV's current vogue is due to an irresistible puppy named Alexander. He won a match show in New Jersey in 1983 and caused such a sensation that he skyrocketed the breed to popularity in the United States. Almost unknown at the time, the Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen had enough supporters to be granted admission to the American Kennel Club in 1989 and full championship status in 1991.
About This Breed: Other Names Body Type Personality Coat Health Concerns
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Angel of AuschwitzDradle, dradle, dradleThey've ripped you from my handsThey've sent me to a world of painWhere your will is ripped to strands.Needles are injectedAnd my skin begins to swellA small breath of relief beforeThe Angel sends me back to Hell.Left thumb, right thumb, left thumb, rightBetter hold your britches'Cause they'll be wet tonightLeft thumb, right thumb, left thumb, rightBetter say goodbye becauseThat smoke will soon be you.More needles, more bloodMore cries of painBut the Angel does not stopHe is sadistic and insane.A smirk of thoughtAnd a needle that gleamsYou'll be alrightOr so it seems.Pus, blood, fiery painThe Angel is always waitingTears turn red and heart beats slowerYour life is slowly fading.Left thumb, right thumb, left thumb, rightOne more torturous experimentBefore your life ends tonightLeft thumb, right thumb, left thumb, rightLast thoughts before I dieThe gas chambers look nice to me.
WarBoom goes the cannon,As the bullets wiz by,Fighting for you life,Hoping you don't die.War has aged you,Changed you,Eaten up your soul,You're fighting for your cause,But not without its toll.The world is tearing apart,War torn,Savagly beaten,It begs for it to stop,But you keep going,You fight and fight and fight,Till there is nothing left to fight.Just what are you fighting for?Land?Fame?Rights?I know what you're fighting for,You're fighting to kill,For blood to spill,Because graves were dug to fill,So what are you fighting for?You fight for death,for destruction,for the end of the world,Is all that worth fighting for?
Dead InsideI feel the tears formingSitting in my eyesBut no matter what I think ofI can not cryI feel drowsyAnd am hardly awakeBut no matter what I doI can not fall asleepI feel fatiguedAnd feel unstable when I walkBut no matter how uneasy I getI don't want to eatI feel depression setting inThat's causing this insanityBut no matter what is happeningI can't help my smilingI'm slowly becoming numbI feel dead insideI feel as if my soul has left meI'm just a body, acting on it's ownA smile on my faceWith actual feelings unknownI don't really careWhat happens to meI feel as if I'm already fadingMy life is deafeningI'm already on the edgeWhat does it matter if I'm pushedI'm walking past the railThat earlier I brokeAnd I'm looking over the edgeWondering if I should jump,Because I've become numbAnd I feel dead insideI feel as if my soul has left me.So why be alive?


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I ask for 2 reasons. 1st i am curious what you all thing and 2nd, i want a team for Madden. I just went 18 and 2 with the Pats and it was too easy with all the weopans. The 3 teams i can think of are the Packers, Raiders and the Lions.
Don't count out the Titans, Texans, and Browns. What's weird is it that the AFC is supposed to be so dominate but it seems to be mostly AFC teams being brought up in this thread.
Judging by the board, it's clearly your own New England Patriots, headed by the worst QB in the league, Tom Brady.


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Documentation |
System object: vision.CascadeObjectDetector
Package: vision
Detect objects using the Viola-Jones algorithm
BBOX = step(DETECTOR,I)
BBOX = step(DETECTOR,I) returns BBOX, an M-by-4 matrix defining M bounding boxes containing the detected objects. This method performs multi-scale object detection on the input image, I.
Each row of the output matrix, BBOX, contains a four-element vector, [x y width height], that specifies in pixels, the upper left corner and size of a bounding box. The input image I, must be a grayscale or truecolor (RGB) image.
Note: H specifies the System object™ on which to run this step method. The object performs an initialization the first time the step method is executed. This initialization locks nontunable properties and input specifications, such as dimensions, complexity, and data type of the input data. If you change a nontunable property or an input specification, the System object issues an error. To change nontunable properties or inputs, you must first call the release method to unlock the object. |


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Jump to: 2001 Number of items: 1. 2001Starkey, F., Lewington, L., Hinks, S., Salmon, D. and Orme, J. (2001) Report on educational needs analysis of school nurses in avon. Project Report. Bristol and Avon Health Authority. This list was generated on Wed Mar 4 02:45:29 2015 GMT. |


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Northern New Jersey Chapter Future Meetings
Mark Your Calendar!
Monday, May, 11, 2015Speaker: Paul Townsend, Wells Fargo Advisors
Topic: It's What You Learn After You Know It All That Counts
The AAII Northern New Jersey Chapter
» Upcoming Chapter Meetings:
Monday, March 16, 2015 »
Wesley R. Gray, Ph.D, Executive Managing Member, Alpha Architect
"Does Complexity Imply Value? Value Strategies from 1963 to 2013"
» Past Chapter Meetings:
Monday, January 12, 2015
"Is That All There Is?" Michael Santoli, Senior Columnist, Yahoo Finance |
Monday, November 10, 2014
"Forecasts & Strategies for 2014/2015" Mark Skousen, Ph.D., Editor in Chief, Forecasts & Strategies |
Monday, September 8, 2014
"Global Market Review" Greg Troccoli, Co-Founder, Thechartlab.com |
Monday, July 14, 2014
"Managing Retirement Wealth" Julie Jason, CIO, Jackson, Grant Investment Advisers Inc. |
Monday, May 12, 2014
"How to Revitalize the American Economy and Regain the American Spirit" Bruce Johnstone, Senior Marketing Investment Strategist, Fidelity |
Monday, March 3, 2014
"Profiting from Rising Rates: Forecasts & Strategies for 2014" Mark Skousen, Ph.D., Editor in Chief, Forecasts & Strategies |
Monday, January 13, 2014 — Handouts
"Outlook 2014: Is It Time to Buy or Bail?" Sam Stovall, Chief Equity Strategist, S&P Capital IQ |
Monday, November 11, 2013
"Strategies for Pursuing Your Retirement Paycheck" Christine Benz, Director of Personal Finance, Morningstar Inc.; Senior Columnist, Morningstar.com |
Monday, September 9, 2013
"Understanding Price Movements " Lazlo Birinyi, President, Birinyi Associates |
Monday, July 8, 2013
"Jackass Investing: The Myths and Mistakes of Conventional Investment Wisdom " Mike Dever, CEO, Founder, Brandywine Asset Management, Inc |
Monday, May 13, 2013
"How to Generate Income in a Low Rate Environment " Charles Lieberman, Chief Investment Officer, Advisors Capital Management LLC |
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"There Is a Reason to Be Optimistic " Joseph McAlinden, Chairman, Catalpa Capital Advisors |


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South Bend Tribune: Witness halts fleeing driver after two Mishawaka girls struck
Very sad situation all the way around. My heart goes out to the families of the girls, and thankfully Mr. Knepp was there and wasn't afraid to get involved. I know that most times LEO's recommend onlookers don't get involved, but I for one am glad in this case that he did. Good to hear that alcohol wasn't a factor, maybe on a cell phone or adjusting the radio?MISHAWAKA Two young girls, sisters, were in critical condition late Thursday after being run down earlier in the evening while crossing the street arm-in-arm after playing with friends.
The driver reportedly attempted to flee, but was stopped at gunpoint by a man who witnessed the accident.
According to witnesses, the two girls, ages 4 and 6, were crossing 11th Street at Dodge Street about 7:18 p.m. when a man traveling west on 11th in a blue Chevrolet Lumina struck both of them at about 40 mph.
"No sooner had they crossed the street than I heard tires lock up and, 'Boom! Boom!,'æ" said Alan Knepp, who was standing just up the street when the girls were hit.
Knepp said the younger girl passed quickly beneath the vehicle, but her older sister rode the hood for several seconds before falling beneath the front end and then under both driver's side tires.
The girls behind him, the driver then hit the gas, witnesses said, but stopped when Knepp, who was legally carrying a gun, jumped in front of the vehicle and trained his weapon on it.
Approached by Knepp, the driver reportedly said the girls had jumped out in front of him. He then handed his keys to Knepp and stood silently next to his vehicle until police arrived.
The girls, meanwhile, lay nearly lifeless in the road, witnesses said. The younger one initially was not breathing, and the older one's limbs and neck were badly twisted.
Fetched by a neighbor, the girls' mother arrived moments later and reportedly passed out at the sight of her daughters' motionless bodies.
Both girls were rushed by ambulance to Memorial Hospital in South Bend with critical injuries, Mishawaka police Capt. Pasquale Rulli said. One was immediately admitted into surgery, he said, and the other flown to Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis.
Their names have not yet been released, but several witnesses said they both attended Emmons Elementary School.
Most of 11th Street between Dodge and Union streets was taped off following the accident and the county's Fatal Alcohol Crash Team was called in to investigate.
The Chevrolet Lumina involved in the crash remained parked about a half block west of where the girls were hit. At various distances behind it, four small shoes, all pink, were lying on the asphalt.
Several witnesses said the girls, who were returning home after playing with friends, were halfway across the street when they were hit, not jumping into it, as the driver contended.
"For him to say them babies jumped out in front of him, he's a damn liar. He's a damn liar," said an emotional Danella Bishop, Knepp's wife.
"Those two little girls had their arms locked around one another and looked both ways before they crossed," said Kelly Fletcher, a friend of Bishop.
Fletcher said if not for Knepp, the driver would have fled.
"He would have kept on going, dragging that little girl under his car," she said.
The driver was taken to the police station for questioning and then released, Rulli said, and alcohol did not appear to be a factor in the crash.
The driver's name has not been released.
How many of you parents of young kids such as these would be letting them out crossing the street alone and unsupervised? I know that I wouldn't be in this day and age. Not trying to shift blame away from the driver, but where were the parents?


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Information technology (IT) assistants are in charge of helping with the day-to-day tasks in the systems department of their organization. They are responsible for monitoring different support ticket systems and following up to ensure prompt resolution of issues. In addition, they must maintain and update current and new software across networks and operating systems.
Read More...Add this chart to your site: 640px 300px
Compensation usually increases greatly for Information Technology Assistants who advance to upper-end positions like Information Technology Manager. Information Technology Managers make $76K per year on average. Information Technology Assistants moving up in their careers tend to step into positions as Information Technology Support Technicians or Systems Administrators. The median paychecks in those roles are $4K higher and $21K higher, respectively.
Information Technology Assistants report using a large range of skills on the job. Most notably, facility with Web Development, Windows 2003 Server, and Network Management / Administration are correlated to pay that is significantly above average, leading to increases of 23 percent, 8 percent, and 5 percent, respectively. Those listing Customer Service as a skill should be prepared for drastically lower pay. Microsoft Office and Help Desk / Desktop Support also typically command lower compensation. It is often found that people who know Computer Hardware Technician are also skilled in Microsoft Office and Help Desk / Desktop Support.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Information Technology Assistants with a lot of experience do not necessarily enjoy more money. Respondents with less than five years' experience take home $32K on average. In contrast, those who have been around for five to 10 years earn a noticeably higher average of $36K. Information Technology Assistants claiming one to two decades of experience make an estimated median of $39K. Information Technology Assistants with more than 20 years of experience report incomes that are only modestly higher; the median for these old hands hovers around $43K.
For those looking to make money, Information Technology Assistants in Washington enjoy an exceptional pay rate, 28 percent above the national average. Information Technology Assistants can also look forward to large paychecks in cities like New York (+27 percent), Chicago (+19 percent), Los Angeles (+7 percent), and Boston (+6 percent). The smallest paychecks in the market, 10 percent south of the national average, can be found in Madison.
Extremely satisfied |
Rated 5 out of 5 based on 201 votes. |
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Medical: 73% | Dental: 59% | ||
Vision: 43% | None: 24% |


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I recently rooted, installed safestrap, tried a cutom rom(was kinda draining my battery a bit more than normal). So i decided to wipe and go back to stock. But i wiped and accidently hit reboot without restoring to the stock rom, now i'm stuck at the galaxy S5 boot screen and can't get back to recovery, any ideas???
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Getting ready to order this beast. Only thing is I can't choose between threaded or non threaded muzzle break. Any input would be welcomed
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Threaded. When your done abusing yourself with the concussion from a brake your going to want a flash hider.
"Gun control: The theory that a woman found dead in an alley, raped and strangled with her panty hose, is somehow morally superior to a woman explaining to police how her attacker got that fatal bullet wound." L. Neil Smith The problem with being stupid is you cannot simply decide to stop doing dumb things... "I crapped my pants to avoid the draft!!" -Ted Nugent
Personally I got the King Armory brake and could not be more happy with it. It looks great, works great, and did not take long for King Armory to install. And since I have no intentions on a suppressor for this rig any time soon it was a no brainer My $.02 RGUARD
Following this thread as I also own one. Got mine used it has a super nice rubber pistol grip nto help manage recoil. I added a Magpul VFG to for better control. Just got it tho and have not shot it yet. Cabelas has ammo in stock right now but its impossible to find on the website
Well looks like.my dream to own this gun is up.in smoke....nj about ti ban .50 ammo
Makes me wonder if it would make a good anti-big-predator gun. Or .458 SOCOM
when you get it you have to shoot 500 grain bullets out of it!
Got my ammo from cablas. Shooting it HURTS. but its great to have a distinct capability from 5.56mm


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Rhs frame assembly. please email for price
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Serial Attached SCSI (SAS & SAS 2) Information Resource Center
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is a data-transfer technology for moving data to and from storage devices. SAS depends on a point-to-point serial protocol that replaces parallel SCSI bus technology that is commonly used in data centers, workstations and servers. The technology is based on a serial transmission scheme and uses an embedded clock with the 8b/10b data encoding scheme.
The SAS technology is currently at its second generation. It is referred to as SAS-2 and covers speeds of up to 6Gb/s, allowing for faster data transfer than the previous generation. Its predecessor, SAS-1 only covers speeds of up to 3Gb/s. One of the uniqueness of SAS is it offers backwards-compatibility with Serial ATA (SATA) storage devices. SATA devices may be connected to SAS backplanes, but SAS drives may not be connected to SATA backplanes.
The T10 technical committee of the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS) develops and maintains the SAS protocol and physical layers, while the SCSI Trade Association (SCSITA) promotes the technology. Keysight is an active member and contributor of the T10 and SCSITA, with consistent participation in workshops and specifications development. These resources you find here will provide you with an overview of SAS design, understand the latest measurement techniques, and illustrate design and debug approaches. Keysight - achieve your best design.
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In the weeks after the horrific shootings at Virginia Tech, the search for answers focused mainly on germane issues like gun control and mental health rather than simple media scapegoating. At least one group seems unwilling to let go of the games-made-him-do-it angle, though. Speaking to Governor Tim Kaine's official Virginia Tech Review Panel, Larouche Youth Movement leader Paul Mourino warned of a "potential epidemic eruption of a 'new violence,' driven, in part, by the mass distribution of killing simulators to youth."
In addition to the familiar games-create-killers arguments, Mourino's comments included the remarkable implication that the game industry caused a "media blackout" on discussion of Cho's interest in video games by "pour[ing] millions of dollars into a public relations and damage-control campaign." Mourino cites the removal of a Washington Post mention of Cho's Counter-Strike playing as evidence of the conspiracy; this despite the Post author's explanation that the factoid was removed simply to make room for more recent, more relevant information.
You may remember Lyndon LaRouche from his support of Sept. 11 conspiracy theories, his implication that the British royal family are drug dealers and his stories of Soviet secret police brainwashing of his supporters. So, all in all, there are worse people to have on the other side of the game violence debate.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Josephine Hull | |
Born | Mary Josephine Sherwood January 3, 1877 Newtonville, Massachusetts, U.S. |
Died | March 12, 1957 The Bronx, New York, U.S. | (aged 80)
Alma mater | Radcliffe College |
Occupation | Actress |
Years active | 1905–1955 |
Spouse(s) | Shelly Hull (1910-1919; his death) |
Josephine Hull | |
Born | Mary Josephine Sherwood January 3, 1877 Newtonville, Massachusetts, U.S. |
Died | March 12, 1957 The Bronx, New York, U.S. | (aged 80)
Alma mater | Radcliffe College |
Occupation | Actress |
Years active | 1905–1955 |
Spouse(s) | Shelly Hull (1910-1919; his death) |
Josephine Hull (January 3, 1877 – March 12, 1957) was an American stage and film actress who also was a director of plays. She had a successful 50-year career on stage while taking some of her better known roles to film. She won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for the movie Harvey (1950), a role she originally played on the Broadway stage.
Hull was born January 3, 1877[1] as Mary Josephine Sherwood in Newtonville, Massachusetts to William H. Sherwood and Mary Elizabeth Tewkesbury;[2] but would later shave years off her true age.[3] She attended the New England Conservatory of Music and Radcliffe College, both in the Boston area.
Hull made her stage debut in stock in 1905, and after some years as a chorus girl and touring stock player, she married actor Shelly Hull (the elder brother of actor Henry Hull) in 1910. After her husband's death as a young man, the actress retired until 1923, when she returned to acting using her married name, Josephine Hull. The couple had no children.
She had her first major stage success in George Kelly's Pulitzer-winning Craig's Wife in 1926. Kelly wrote a role especially for her in his next play, Daisy Mayme, which also was staged in 1926. She continued working in New York theater throughout the 1920s. In the 30s and 40s, Hull appeared in three Broadway hits, as a batty matriarch in You Can't Take It With You (1936), as a homicidal old lady in Arsenic and Old Lace (1941), and in Harvey (1944). The plays all had long runs, and took up ten years of Hull's career.[4] Her last Broadway play, The Solid Gold Cadillac (1954–55), was later made into a film with the much younger Judy Holliday.[5]
Hull made only six films, beginning in 1927 with a small part in the Clara Bow feature Get Your Man, followed by The Bishop's Candlesticks in 1929. That was followed by two 1932 Fox features, After Tomorrow (recreating her stage role) and The Careless Lady.[5]
She missed out on recreating her You Can't Take It With You role in 1938, as she was still onstage with the show. Instead, Spring Byington appeared in the film version. Hull and Jean Adair played the Brewster sisters in the 1944 film version of Arsenic and Old Lace (starring Cary Grant and Priscilla Lane), and Hull appeared in the screen version of Harvey, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Variety credited Hull's performance: "the slightly balmy aunt who wants to have Elwood committed, is immense, socking the comedy for every bit of its worth." [6]
After, Hull made only one more film, The Lady from Texas (1951); she had also appeared in the CBS-TV version of Arsenic and Old Lace in 1949, with Ruth McDevitt, an actress who often succeeded Hull in her Broadway roles, as her sister.[5]
Hull died on March 12, 1957 after a lengthy illness.[7]
Year | Film | Role | Notes |
1929 | The Bishop's Candlesticks | ||
1932 | Careless Lady | Aunt Cora | |
After Tomorrow | Mrs. Piper | ||
1944 | Arsenic and Old Lace | Aunt Abby Brewster | |
1950 | Harvey | Veta Louise Simmons | Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture |
1951 | The Lady from Texas | Miss Birdie Wheeler |
This section lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it. |


text: Leapers UTG 4X32 Compact CQB Scope w/ Quick Detach Rings has been discontinued by Leapers and is no longer available. Our product experts have helped us select these available replacements below. You can also explore other items in the Rifle Scopes category yourself to try and find the perfect replacement for you!