text:
Unconventional Oil and Gas Production:
Opportunities and Challenges of Oil Shale Development
GAO-12-740T: Published: May 10, 2012. Publicly Released: May 10, 2012.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
What GAO Found
In its October 2010 report, GAO noted that oil shale development presents the following opportunities for the United States:
- Increasing domestic oil production. Tapping the vast amounts of oil locked within U.S. oil shale formations could go a long way toward satisfying the nations future oil demands. Oil shale deposits in the Green River Formation are estimated to contain up to 3 trillion barrels of oil, half of which may be recoverable, which is about equal to the entire worlds proven oil reserves.
- Socioeconomic benefits. Development of oil shale resources could lead to the creation of jobs, increases in wealth, and increases in tax and royalty payments to federal and state governments for oil produced on their lands. The extent of these benefits, however, is unknown at this time because the ultimate size of the industry is uncertain.
In addition to these opportunities and the uncertainty of not yet having an economical and environmentally viable commercial scale technology, the following challenges should also be considered:
- Impacts on water, air, and wildlife. Developing oil shale and providing power for oil shale operations and other activities will require large amounts of water and could have significant impacts on the quality and quantity of surface and groundwater resources. In addition, construction and mining activities during development can temporarily degrade air quality in local areas. There can also be long-term regional increases in air pollutants from oil shale processing and the generation of additional electricity to power oil shale development operations. Oil shale operations will also require the clearing of large surface areas of topsoil and vegetation which can affect wildlife habitat, and the withdrawal of large quantities of surface water which could also negatively impact aquatic life.
- Socioeconomic impacts. Oil shale development can bring an influx of workers, who along with their families can put additional stress on local infrastructure such as roads, housing, municipal water systems, and schools. Development from expansion of extractive industries, such as oil shale or oil and gas, has typically followed a boom and bust cycle, making planning for growth difficult for local governments. Moreover, traditional rural uses would be displaced by industrial uses and areas that rely on tourism and natural resources would be negatively impacted.
GAOs 2010 report found that federal research efforts on the impacts of oil shale development did not provide sufficient data for future monitoring and that there was a greater need for collaboration among key federal stakeholders to address water resources and research issues. Specifically, Interior and DOE officials generally have not shared information on their oil shale research efforts, and there was a need for the federal agencies to improve their collaboration and develop more comprehensive baseline information related to water resources in the region. GAO made three recommendations to Interior, which the department generally concurred with and has already begun to take actions to address.
Why GAO Did This Study
Fossil fuels are important to both the global and U.S. economies, and unconventional oil and gas resourcesresources that cannot be produced, transported, or refined using traditional techniquesare expected to play a larger role in helping the United States meet future energy needs. With rising energy prices one such resource that has received renewed domestic attention in recent years is oil shale. Oil shale is a sedimentary rock that contains solid organic material that can be converted into an oil-like product when heated. About 72 percent of this oil shale is located within the Green River Formation in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming and lies beneath federal lands managed by the Department of the Interiors Bureau of Land Management, making the federal government a key player in its potential development. In addition, the Department of Energy (DOE), advances energy technology, including for oil shale, through its various offices, national laboratories, and arrangements with universities.
GAOs testimony is based on its October 2010 report on the impacts of oil shale development (GAO-11-35). This testimony summarizes the opportunities and challenges of oil shale development identified in that report and the status of prior GAO recommendations that Interior take actions to better prepare for the possible future impacts of oil shale development.
For more information, contact Anu K. Mittal at (202) 512-3841 or email@example.com.
Feb 25, 2015
DOE Real Property:
Better Data and a More Proactive Approach Needed to Facilitate Property DisposalGAO-15-305: Published: Feb 25, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 25, 2015.
Dec 16, 2014
Nuclear Regulatory Commission:
NRC Needs to Improve Its Cost Estimates by Incorporating More Best PracticesGAO-15-98: Published: Dec 12, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 16, 2014. -
Hanford Cleanup:
Condition of Tanks May Further Limit DOE's Ability to Respond to Leaks and IntrusionsGAO-15-40: Published: Nov 25, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 16, 2014.
Dec 11, 2014
DOE and NNSA Project Management:
Analysis of Alternatives Could Be Improved by Incorporating Best PracticesGAO-15-37: Published: Dec 11, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 11, 2014. -
Nuclear Weapons:
DOD's Plan for Implementing Nuclear Reductions Generally Addresses Statutory Requirements but Lacks Some DetailGAO-15-89R: Published: Dec 11, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 11, 2014.
Nov 25, 2014
Project and Program Management:
DOE Needs to Revise Requirements and Guidance for Cost Estimating and Related ReviewsGAO-15-29: Published: Nov 25, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 25, 2014.
Nov 14, 2014
Department of Energy:
Interagency Review Needed to Update U.S. Position on Enriched Uranium That Can Be Used for Tritium ProductionGAO-15-123: Published: Oct 14, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 14, 2014. -
Nuclear Commerce:
Additional Actions Needed to Improve DOE's Export Control ProcessGAO-15-124: Published: Oct 14, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 14, 2014.
Nov 12, 2014
Spent Nuclear Fuel Management:
Outreach Needed to Help Gain Public Acceptance for Federal Activities That Address LiabilityGAO-15-141: Published: Oct 9, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 12, 2014.
Oct 30, 2014
Energy Policy:
Information on Federal and Other Factors Influencing U.S. Energy Production and Consumption from 2000 through 2013GAO-14-836: Published: Sep 30, 2014. Publicly Released: Oct 30, 2014.
Looking for more? Browse all our products here


text:
History of trigonometry
Early study of triangles can be traced to the 2nd millennium BC, in Egyptian mathematics (Rhind Mathematical Papyrus) and Babylonian mathematics. Systematic study of trigonometric functions began in Hellenistic mathematics, reaching India as part of Hellenistic astronomy. In Indian astronomy, the study of trigonometric functions flowered in the Gupta period, especially due to Aryabhata (6th century CE). During the Middle Ages, the study of trigonometry continued in Islamic mathematics, hence it was adopted as a separate subject in the Latin West beginning in the Renaissance with Regiomontanus. The development of modern trigonometry shifted during the western Age of Enlightenment, beginning with 17th-century mathematics (Isaac Newton and James Stirling) and reaching its modern form with Leonhard Euler (1748).
The term "trigonometry" was derived from the Greek "τριγωνομετρία" ("trigonometria"), meaning "triangle measuring", from "τρίγωνο" (triangle) + "μετρεῖν" (to measure).
Our modern word "sine" is derived from the Latin word sinus, which means "bay", "bosom" or "fold", translating Arabic jayb. The Arabic term is in origin a corruption of Sanskrit jīvā, or "chord". Sanskrit jīvā in learned usage was a synonym of jyā "chord", originally the term for "bow-string". Sanskrit jīvā was loaned into Arabic as jiba.[1][2] [clarification needed] This term was then transformed[2] into the genuine Arabic word jayb, meaning "bosom, fold, bay", either by the Arabs or by a mistake[1] of the European translators such as Robert of Chester (perhaps because the words were written without vowels[1]), who translated jayb into Latin as sinus. The words "minute" and "second" are derived from the Latin phrases partes minutae primae and partes minutae secundae.[3] Particularly Fibonacci's sinus rectus arcus proved influential in establishing the term sinus.[4][5] These roughly translate to "first small parts" and "second small parts".
Early trigonometry[edit]
The ancient Egyptians and Babylonians had known of theorems on the ratios of the sides of similar triangles for many centuries. However, as pre-Hellenic societies lacked the concept of an angle measure, they were limited to studying the sides of triangles instead.[6]
The Babylonian astronomers kept detailed records on the rising and setting of stars, the motion of the planets, and the solar and lunar eclipses, all of which required familiarity with angular distances measured on the celestial sphere.[2] Based on one interpretation of the Plimpton 322 cuneiform tablet (c. 1900 BC), some have even asserted that the ancient Babylonians had a table of secants.[7] There is, however, much debate as to whether it is a table of Pythagorean triples, a solution of quadratic equations, or a trigonometric table.
The Egyptians, on the other hand, used a primitive form of trigonometry for building pyramids in the 2nd millennium BC.[2] The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, written by the Egyptian scribe Ahmes (c. 1680–1620 BC), contains the following problem related to trigonometry:[2]
"If a pyramid is 250 cubits high and the side of its base 360 cubits long, what is its seked?"
Ahmes' solution to the problem is the ratio of half the side of the base of the pyramid to its height, or the run-to-rise ratio of its face. In other words, the quantity he found for the seked is the cotangent of the angle to the base of the pyramid and its face.[2]
Greek mathematics[edit]
Ancient Greek and Hellenistic mathematicians made use of the chord. Given a circle and an arc on the circle, the chord is the line that subtends the arc. A chord's perpendicular bisector passes through the center of the circle and bisects the angle. One half of the bisected chord is the sine of one half the bisected angle, that is,
and consequently the sine function is also known as the "half-chord". Due to this relationship, a number of trigonometric identities and theorems that are known today were also known to Hellenistic mathematicians, but in their equivalent chord form.[8]
Although there is no trigonometry in the works of Euclid and Archimedes, in the strict sense of the word, there are theorems presented in a geometric way (rather than a trigonometric way) that are equivalent to specific trigonometric laws or formulas.[6] For instance, propositions twelve and thirteen of book two of the Elements are the laws of cosines for obtuse and acute angles, respectively. Theorems on the lengths of chords are applications of the law of sines. And Archimedes' theorem on broken chords is equivalent to formulas for sines of sums and differences of angles.[6] To compensate for the lack of a table of chords, mathematicians of Aristarchus' time would sometimes use the statement that, in modern notation, sin α/sin β < α/β < tan α/tan β whenever 0° < β < α < 90°, now known as Aristarchus' inequality.[9]
The first trigonometric table was apparently compiled by Hipparchus of Nicaea (180 – 125 BCE), who is now consequently known as "the father of trigonometry."[10] Hipparchus was the first to tabulate the corresponding values of arc and chord for a series of angles.[4][10]
Although it is not known when the systematic use of the 360° circle came into mathematics, it is known that the systematic introduction of the 360° circle came a little after Aristarchus of Samos composed On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon (ca. 260 BC), since he measured an angle in terms of a fraction of a quadrant.[9] It seems that the systematic use of the 360° circle is largely due to Hipparchus and his table of chords. Hipparchus may have taken the idea of this division from Hypsicles who had earlier divided the day into 360 parts, a division of the day that may have been suggested by Babylonian astronomy.[11] In ancient astronomy, the zodiac had been divided into twelve "signs" or thirty-six "decans". A seasonal cycle of roughly 360 days could have corresponded to the signs and decans of the zodiac by dividing each sign into thirty parts and each decan into ten parts.[5] It is due to the Babylonian sexagesimal numeral system that each degree is divided into sixty minutes and each minute is divided into sixty seconds.[5]
Menelaus of Alexandria (ca. 100 AD) wrote in three books his Sphaerica. In Book I, he established a basis for spherical triangles analogous to the Euclidean basis for plane triangles.[8] He establishes a theorem that is without Euclidean analogue, that two spherical triangles are congruent if corresponding angles are equal, but he did not distinguish between congruent and symmetric spherical triangles.[8] Another theorem that he establishes is that the sum of the angles of a spherical triangle is greater than 180°.[8] Book II of Sphaerica applies spherical geometry to astronomy. And Book III contains the "theorem of Menelaus".[8] He further gave his famous "rule of six quantities".[12]
Later, Claudius Ptolemy (ca. 90 – ca. 168 AD) expanded upon Hipparchus' Chords in a Circle in his Almagest, or the Mathematical Syntaxis. The Almagest is primarily a work on astronomy, and astronomy relies on trigonometry. Ptolemy's table of chords gives the lengths of chords of a circle of diameter 120 as a function of the number of degrees n in the corresponding arc of the circle, for n ranging from 1/2 to 180 by increments of 1/2.[13] The thirteen books of the Almagest are the most influential and significant trigonometric work of all antiquity.[14] A theorem that was central to Ptolemy's calculation of chords was what is still known today as Ptolemy's theorem, that the sum of the products of the opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the product of the diagonals. A special case of Ptolemy's theorem appeared as proposition 93 in Euclid's Data. Ptolemy's theorem leads to the equivalent of the four sum-and-difference formulas for sine and cosine that are today known as Ptolemy's formulas, although Ptolemy himself used chords instead of sine and cosine.[14] Ptolemy further derived the equivalent of the half-angle formula
Ptolemy used these results to create his trigonometric tables, but whether these tables were derived from Hipparchus' work cannot be determined.[14]
Neither the tables of Hipparchus nor those of Ptolemy have survived to the present day, although descriptions by other ancient authors leave little doubt that they once existed.[15]
Indian mathematics[edit]
Some of the early and very significant developments of trigonometry were in India. Influential works from the 4th–5th century, known as the Siddhantas (of which there were five, the most complete survivor of which is the Surya Siddhanta[16]) first defined the sine as the modern relationship between half an angle and half a chord, while also defining the cosine, versine, and inverse sine.[17] Soon afterwards, another Indian mathematician and astronomer, Aryabhata (476–550 AD), collected and expanded upon the developments of the Siddhantas in an important work called the Aryabhatiya.[18] The Siddhantas and the Aryabhatiya contain the earliest surviving tables of sine values and versine (1 − cosine) values, in 3.75° intervals from 0° to 90°, to an accuracy of 4 decimal places.[19] They used the words jya for sine, kojya for cosine, utkrama-jya for versine, and otkram jya for inverse sine. The words jya and kojya eventually became sine and cosine respectively after a mistranslation described above.
In the 7th century, Bhaskara I produced a formula for calculating the sine of an acute angle without the use of a table. He also gave the following approximation formula for sin(x), which had a relative error of less than 1.9%:
Later in the 7th century, Brahmagupta redeveloped the formula
(also derived earlier, as mentioned above) and the Brahmagupta interpolation formula for computing sine values.[20]
Another later Indian author on trigonometry was Bhaskara II in the 12th century. Bhaskara II developed spherical trigonometry, and discovered many trigonometric results.
Bhaskara II was the first to discover and trigonometric results like:
Madhava (c. 1400) made early strides in the analysis of trigonometric functions and their infinite series expansions. He developed the concepts of the power series and Taylor series, and produced the power series expansions of sine, cosine, tangent, and arctangent.[21][22] Using the Taylor series approximations of sine and cosine, he produced a sine table to 12 decimal places of accuracy and a cosine table to 9 decimal places of accuracy. He also gave the power series of π and the θ, radius, diameter, and circumference of a circle in terms of trigonometric functions. His works were expanded by his followers at the Kerala School up to the 16th century.[21][22]
No. | Series | Name | Western discoverers of the series and approximate dates of discovery[23] |
1 | sin x = x − x3 / 3! + x5 / 5! − x7 / 7! + ... | Madhava's sine series | Isaac Newton (1670) and Wilhelm Leibniz (1676) |
2 | cos x = 1 − x2 / 2! + x4 / 4! − x6 / 6! + ... | Madhava's cosine series | Isaac Newton (1670) and Wilhelm Leibniz (1676) |
3 | tan−1x = x − x3 / 3 + x5 / 5 − x7 / 7 + ... | Madhava's arctangent series | James Gregory (1671) and Wilhelm Leibniz (1676) |
The Indian text the Yuktibhāṣā contains proof for the expansion of the sine and cosine functions and the derivation and proof of the power series for inverse tangent, discovered by Madhava. The Yuktibhāṣā also contains rules for finding the sines and the cosines of the sum and difference of two angles.
Islamic mathematics[edit]
The Indian works were later translated and expanded in the medieval Islamic world by Muslim mathematicians of mostly Persian and Arab descent, who enunciated a large number of theorems which freed the subject of trigonometry from dependence upon the complete quadrilateral, as was the case in Hellenistic mathematics due to the application of Menelaus' theorem. According to E. S. Kennedy, it was after this development in Islamic mathematics that "the first real trigonometry emerged, in the sense that only then did the object of study become the spherical or plane triangle, its sides and angles."[24]
In addition to Indian works, Hellenistic methods dealing with spherical triangles were also known, particularly the method of Menelaus of Alexandria, who developed "Menelaus' theorem" to deal with spherical problems.[8][25] However, E. S. Kennedy points out that while it was possible in pre-lslamic mathematics to compute the magnitudes of a spherical figure, in principle, by use of the table of chords and Menelaus' theorem, the application of the theorem to spherical problems was very difficult in practice.[26] In order to observe holy days on the Islamic calendar in which timings were determined by phases of the moon, astronomers initially used Menelaus' method to calculate the place of the moon and stars, though this method proved to be clumsy and difficult. It involved setting up two intersecting right triangles; by applying Menelaus' theorem it was possible to solve one of the six sides, but only if the other five sides were known. To tell the time from the sun's altitude, for instance, repeated applications of Menelaus' theorem were required. For medieval Islamic astronomers, there was an obvious challenge to find a simpler trigonometric method.[27]
In the early 9th century AD, Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī produced accurate sine and cosine tables, and the first table of tangents. He was also a pioneer in spherical trigonometry. In 830 AD, Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi produced the first table of cotangents.[28][29] Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius) (853-929 AD) discovered the reciprocal functions of secant and cosecant, and produced the first table of cosecants for each degree from 1° to 90°.[29]
By the 10th century AD, in the work of Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī, Muslim mathematicians were using all six trigonometric functions.[30] Abu al-Wafa had sine tables in 0.25° increments, to 8 decimal places of accuracy, and accurate tables of tangent values.[30] He also developed the following trigonometric formula:[31]
- (a special case of Ptolemy's angle-addition formula; see above)
In his original text, Abū al-Wafā' states: "If we want that, we multiply the given sine by the cosine minutes, and the result is half the sine of the double".[31] Abū al-Wafā also established the angle addition and difference identities presented with complete proofs:[31]
For the second one, the text states: "We multiply the sine of each of the two arcs by the cosine of the other minutes. If we want the sine of the sum, we add the products, if we want the sine of the difference, we take their difference".[31]
He also discovered the law of sines for spherical trigonometry:[28]
Also in the late 10th and early 11th centuries AD, the Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus performed many careful trigonometric calculations and demonstrated the following trigonometric identity:[32]
Al-Jayyani (989–1079) of al-Andalus wrote The book of unknown arcs of a sphere, which is considered "the first treatise on spherical trigonometry" in its modern form.[33] It "contains formulae for right-handed triangles, the general law of sines, and the solution of a spherical triangle by means of the polar triangle." This treatise later had a "strong influence on European mathematics", and his "definition of ratios as numbers" and "method of solving a spherical triangle when all sides are unknown" are likely to have influenced Regiomontanus.[33]
The method of triangulation was first developed by Muslim mathematicians, who applied it to practical uses such as surveying[34] and Islamic geography, as described by Abu Rayhan Biruni in the early 11th century. Biruni himself introduced triangulation techniques to measure the size of the Earth and the distances between various places.[35] In the late 11th century, Omar Khayyám (1048–1131) solved cubic equations using approximate numerical solutions found by interpolation in trigonometric tables. In the 13th century, Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī was the first to treat trigonometry as a mathematical discipline independent from astronomy, and he developed spherical trigonometry into its present form.[29] He listed the six distinct cases of a right-angled triangle in spherical trigonometry, and in his On the Sector Figure, he stated the law of sines for plane and spherical triangles, discovered the law of tangents for spherical triangles, and provided proofs for both these laws.[36]
In the 15th century, Jamshīd al-Kāshī provided the first explicit statement of the law of cosines in a form suitable for triangulation.[citation needed] In France, the law of cosines is still referred to as the theorem of Al-Kashi. He also gave trigonometric tables of values of the sine function to four sexagesimal digits (equivalent to 8 decimal places) for each 1° of argument with differences to be added for each 1/60 of 1°.[citation needed] Ulugh Beg also gives accurate tables of sines and tangents correct to 8 decimal places around the same time.[citation needed]
Chinese mathematics[edit]
In China, Aryabhata's table of sines were translated into the Chinese mathematical book of the Kaiyuan Zhanjing, compiled in 718 AD during the Tang Dynasty.[37] Although the Chinese excelled in other fields of mathematics such as solid geometry, binomial theorem, and complex algebraic formulas, early forms of trigonometry were not as widely appreciated as in the earlier Greek, Hellenistic, Indian and Islamic worlds.[38] Instead, the early Chinese used an empirical substitute known as chong cha, while practical use of plane trigonometry in using the sine, the tangent, and the secant were known.[37] However, this embryonic state of trigonometry in China slowly began to change and advance during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), where Chinese mathematicians began to express greater emphasis for the need of spherical trigonometry in calendrical science and astronomical calculations.[37] The polymath Chinese scientist, mathematician and official Shen Kuo (1031–1095) used trigonometric functions to solve mathematical problems of chords and arcs.[37] Victor J. Katz writes that in Shen's formula "technique of intersecting circles", he created an approximation of the arc s of a circle given the diameter d, sagitta v, and length c of the chord subtending the arc, the length of which he approximated as[39]
Sal Restivo writes that Shen's work in the lengths of arcs of circles provided the basis for spherical trigonometry developed in the 13th century by the mathematician and astronomer Guo Shoujing (1231–1316).[40] As the historians L. Gauchet and Joseph Needham state, Guo Shoujing used spherical trigonometry in his calculations to improve the calendar system and Chinese astronomy.[37][41] Along with a later 17th-century Chinese illustration of Guo's mathematical proofs, Needham states that:
Guo used a quadrangular spherical pyramid, the basal quadrilateral of which consisted of one equatorial and one ecliptic arc, together with two meridian arcs, one of which passed through the summer solstice point...By such methods he was able to obtain the du lü (degrees of equator corresponding to degrees of ecliptic), the ji cha (values of chords for given ecliptic arcs), and the cha lü (difference between chords of arcs differing by 1 degree).[42]
Despite the achievements of Shen and Guo's work in trigonometry, another substantial work in Chinese trigonometry would not be published again until 1607, with the dual publication of Euclid's Elements by Chinese official and astronomer Xu Guangqi (1562–1633) and the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552–1610).[43]
European mathematics[edit]
In 1342, Levi ben Gershon, known as Gersonides, wrote On Sines, Chords and Arcs, in particular proving the sine law for plane triangles and giving five-figure sine tables.[44]
A simplified trigonometric table, the "toleta de marteloio", was used by sailors in the Mediterranean Sea during the 14th-15th Centuries to calculate navigation courses. It is described by Ramon Llull of Majorca in 1295, and laid out in the 1436 atlas of Venetian captain Andrea Bianco.
Regiomontanus was perhaps the first mathematician in Europe to treat trigonometry as a distinct mathematical discipline,[45] in his De triangulis omnimodus written in 1464, as well as his later Tabulae directionum which included the tangent function, unnamed.
The Opus palatinum de triangulis of Georg Joachim Rheticus, a student of Copernicus, was probably the first in Europe to define trigonometric functions directly in terms of right triangles instead of circles, with tables for all six trigonometric functions; this work was finished by Rheticus' student Valentin Otho in 1596.
In the 17th century, Isaac Newton and James Stirling developed the general Newton–Stirling interpolation formula for trigonometric functions.
In the 18th century, Leonhard Euler's Introductio in analysin infinitorum (1748) was mostly responsible for establishing the analytic treatment of trigonometric functions in Europe, deriving their infinite series and presenting "Euler's formula" eix = cos x + i sin x. Euler used the near-modern abbreviations sin., cos., tang., cot., sec., and cosec. Prior to this, Roger Cotes had computed the derivative of sine in his Harmonia Mensurarum (1722).[46] Also in the 18th century, Brook Taylor defined the general Taylor series and gave the series expansions and approximations for all six trigonometric functions. The works of James Gregory in the 17th century and Colin Maclaurin in the 18th century were also very influential in the development of trigonometric series.
See also[edit]
- Greek mathematics
- History of mathematics
- Trigonometric functions
- Trigonometry
- Aryabhata's sine table
Citations and footnotes[edit]
- ^ a b c Boyer (1991), page 252: It was Robert of Chester's translation from the Arabic that resulted in our word "sine." The Hindus had given the name jiva to the half-chord in trigonometry, and the Arabs had taken this over as jiba. In the Arabic language there is also the word jaib meaning "bay" or "inlet." When Robert of Chester came to translate the technical word jiba, he seems to have confused this with the word jaib (perhaps because vowels were omitted); hence, he used the word sinus, the Latin word for "bay" or "inlet."
- ^ a b c d e f Maor, Eli (1998). Trigonometric Delights. Princeton University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-691-09541-8.
- ^ Boyer (1991), page 252: "It was Robert of Chester's translation from the Arabic that resulted in our word "sine." The Hindus had given the name jiva to the half-chord in trigonometry, and the Arabs had taken this over as jiba. In the Arabic language there is also the word jaib meaning 'bay' or 'inlet.' When Robert of Chester came to translate the technical word jiba, he seems to have confused this with the word jaib (perhaps because vowels were omitted); hence, he used the word sinus, the Latin word for 'bay' or 'inlet.'"
- ^ a b O'Connor (1996).
- ^ a b c Boyer (1991). "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration". pp. 166–167.
It should be recalled that form the days of Hipparchus until modern times there were no such things as trigonometric ratios. The Greeks, and after them the Hindus and the Arabs, used trigonometric lines. These at first took the form, as we have seen, of chords in a circle, and it became incumbent upon Ptolemy to associate numerical values (or approximations) with the chords. [...] It is not unlikely that the 260-degree measure was carried over from astronomy, where the zodiac had been divided into twelve "signs" or 36 "decans." A cycle of the seasons of roughly 360 days could readily be made to correspond to the system of zodiacal signs and decans by subdividing each sign into thirty parts and each decan into ten parts. Our common system of angle measure may stem from this correspondence. Moreover since the Babylonian position system for fractions was so obviously superior to the Egyptians unit fractions and the Greek common fractions, it was natural for Ptolemy to subdivide his degrees into sixty partes minutae primae, each of these latter into sixty partes minutae secundae, and so on. It is from the Latin phrases that translators used in this connection that our words "minute" and "second" have been derived. It undoubtedly was the sexagesimal system that led Ptolemy to subdivide the diameter of his trigonometric circle into 120 parts; each of these he further subdivided into sixty minutes and each minute of length sixty seconds.
Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b c Boyer (1991). "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration". pp. 158–159.
Trigonometry, like other branches of mathematics, was not the work of any one man, or nation. Theorems on ratios of the sides of similar triangles had been known to, and used by, the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. In view of the pre-Hellenic lack of the concept of angle measure, such a study might better be called "trilaterometry," or the measure of three sided polygons (trilaterals), than "trigonometry," the measure of parts of a triangle. With the Greeks we first find a systematic study of relationships between angles (or arcs) in a circle and the lengths of chords subtending these. Properties of chords, as measures of central and inscribed angles in circles, were familiar to the Greeks of Hippocrates' day, and it is likely that Eudoxus had used ratios and angle measures in determining the size of the earth and the relative distances of the sun and the moon. In the works of Euclid there is no trigonometry in the strict sense of the word, but there are theorems equivalent to specific trigonometric laws or formulas. Propositions II.12 and 13 of the Elements, for example, are the laws of cosines for obtuse and acute angles respectively, stated in geometric rather than trigonometric language and proved by a method similar to that used by Euclid in connection with the Pythagorean theorem. Theorems on the lengths of chords are essentially applications of the modern law of sines. We have seen that Archimedes' theorem on the broken chord can readily be translated into trigonometric language analogous to formulas for sines of sums and differences of angles.
Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Joseph (2000b, pp.383–84).
- ^ a b c d e f Boyer (1991). "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration". p. 163.
In Book I of this treatise Menelaus establishes a basis for spherical triangles analogous to that of Euclid I for plane triangles. Included is a theorem without Euclidean analogue – that two spherical triangles are congruent if corresponding angles are equal (Menelaus did not distinguish between congruent and symmetric spherical triangles); and the theorem A + B + C > 180° is established. The second book of the Sphaerica describes the application of spherical geometry to astronomical phenomena and is of little mathematical interest. Book III, the last, contains the well known "theorem of Menelaus" as part of what is essentially spherical trigonometry in the typical Greek form – a geometry or trigonometry of chords in a circle. In the circle in Fig. 10.4 we should write that chord AB is twice the sine of half the central angle AOB (multiplied by the radius of the circle). Menelaus and his Greek successors instead referred to AB simply as the chord corresponding to the arc AB. If BOB' is a diameter of the circle, then chord A' is twice the cosine of half the angle AOB (multiplied by the radius of the circle).
Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b Boyer (1991). "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration". p. 159.
Instead we have an Aristarchan treatise, perhaps composed earlier (ca. 260 BC), On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, which assumes a geocentric universe. In this work Aristarchus made the observation that when the moon is just half-full, the angle between the lines of sight to the sun and the moon is less than a right angle by one thirtieth of a quadrant. (The systematic introduction of the 360° circle came a little later. In trigonometric language of today this would mean that the ratio of the distance of the moon to that of the sun (the ration ME to SE in Fig. 10.1) is sin 3°. Trigonometric tables not having been developed yet, Aristarchus fell back upon a well-known geometric theorem of the time which now would be expressed in the inequalities sin α/ sin β < α/β < tan α/ tan β, for 0° < β < α < 90°.)
Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b Boyer (1991). "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration". p. 162.
For some two and a half centuries, from Hippocrates to Eratosthenes, Greek mathematicians had studied relationships between lines and circles and had applied these in a variety of astronomical problems, but no systematic trigonometry had resulted. Then, presumably during the second half of the 2nd century BC, the first trigonometric table apparently was compiled by the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea (ca. 180–ca. 125 BC), who thus earned the right to be known as "the father of trigonometry." Aristarchus had known that in a given circle the ratio of arc to chord decreases as the arc decreases from 180° to 0°, tending toward a limit of 1. However, it appears that not until Hipparchus undertook the task had anyone tabulated corresponding values of arc and chord for a whole series of angles.
Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Boyer (1991). "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration". p. 162.
It is not known just when the systematic use of the 360° circle came into mathematics, but it seems to be due largely to Hipparchus in connection with his table of chords. It is possible that he took over from Hypsicles, who earlier had divided the day into parts, a subdivision that may have been suggested by Babylonian astronomy.
Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Needham, Volume 3, 108.
- ^ Toomer, G. J. (1998), Ptolemy's Almagest, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-00260-6
- ^ a b c d Boyer (1991). "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration". pp. 164–166.
The theorem of Menelaus played a fundamental role in spherical trigonometry and astronomy, but by far the most influential and significant trigonometric work of all antiquity was composed by Ptolemy of Alexandria about half a century after Menelaus. [...] Of the life of the author we are as little informed as we are of that of the author of the Elements. We do not know when or where Euclid and Ptolemy were born. We know that Ptolemy made observations at Alexandria from AD. 127 to 151 and, therefore, assume that he was born at the end of the 1st century. Suidas, a writer who lived in the 10th century, reported that Ptolemy was alive under Marcus Aurelius (emperor from AD 161 to 180).
Missing or empty
Ptolemy's Almagest is presumed to be heavily indebted for its methods to the Chords in a Circle of Hipparchus, but the extent of the indebtedness cannot be reliably assessed. It is clear that in astronomy Ptolemy made use of the catalog of star positions bequeathed by Hipparchus, but whether or not Ptolemy's trigonometric tables were derived in large part from his distinguished predecessor cannot be determined. [...] Central to the calculation of Ptolemy's chords was a geometric proposition still known as "Ptolemy's theorem": [...] that is, the sum of the products of the opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the product of the diagonals. [...] A special case of Ptolemy's theorem had appeared in Euclid's Data (Proposition 93): [...] Ptolemy's theorem, therefore, leads to the result sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin Β. Similar reasoning leads to the formula [...] These four sum-and-difference formulas consequently are often known today as Ptolemy's formulas.
It was the formula for sine of the difference – or, more accurately, chord of the difference – that Ptolemy found especially useful in building up his tables. Another formula that served him effectively was the equivalent of our half-angle formula.|title=
(help) - ^ Boyer, pp. 158–168.
- ^ Boyer (1991), p. 208.
- ^ Boyer (1991), p. 209.
- ^ Boyer (1991), p. 210
- ^ Boyer (1991), p. 215
- ^ Joseph (2000a, pp.285–86).
- ^ a b O'Connor and Robertson (2000).
- ^ a b Pearce (2002).
- ^ Charles Henry Edwards (1994). The historical development of the calculus. Springer Study Edition Series (3 ed.). Springer. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-387-94313-8.
- ^ Kennedy, E. S. (1969). "The History of Trigonometry". 31st Yearbook (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Washington DC). (cf. Haq, Syed Nomanul. "The Indian and Persian background". pp. 60–3., in Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 52–70. ISBN 0-415-13159-6.)
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Menelaus of Alexandria", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. "Book 3 deals with spherical trigonometry and includes Menelaus's theorem."
- ^ Kennedy, E. S. (1969). "The History of Trigonometry". 31st Yearbook (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Washington DC): 337. (cf. Haq, Syed Nomanul. "The Indian and Persian background". p. 68., in Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 52–70. ISBN 0-415-13159-6.)
- ^ Gingerich, Owen (April 1986). "Islamic astronomy". Scientific American 254 (10): 74. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0486-74. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
- ^ a b Jacques Sesiano, "Islamic mathematics", p. 157, in Selin, Helaine; D'Ambrosio, Ubiratan, eds. (2000). Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-western Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 1-4020-0260-2.
- ^ a b c "trigonometry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ a b Boyer (1991) p. 238.
- ^ a b c d Moussa, Ali (2011). "Mathematical Methods in Abū al-Wafāʾ's Almagest and the Qibla Determinations". Arabic Sciences and Philosophy (Cambridge University Press) 21 (1): 1–56. doi:10.1017/S095742391000007X.
- ^ William Charles Brice, 'An Historical atlas of Islam', p.413
- ^ a b O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muadh Al-Jayyani", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 3, p. 751–795 [769].
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
- ^ Berggren, J. Lennart (2007). "Mathematics in Medieval Islam". The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook. Princeton University Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9.
- ^ a b c d e Needham, Volume 3, 109.
- ^ Needham, Volume 3, 108–109.
- ^ Katz, 308.
- ^ Restivo, 32.
- ^ Gauchet, 151.
- ^ Needham, Volume 3, 109–110.
- ^ Needham, Volume 3, 110.
- ^ Simonson, Shai. "The Mathematics of Levi ben Gershon, the Ralbag" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-06-22.
- ^ Boyer, p. 274
- ^ "The calculus of the trigonometric functions", Historia Mathematica Volume 14, Issue 4, November 1987, Pages 311–324, by Victor J. Katz doi 10.1016/0315-0860(87)90064-4, the proof of Cotes is mentioned on p. 315.
- Boyer, Carl B. (1991). A History of Mathematics (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-54397-7.
- Gauchet, L. (1917). Note Sur La Trigonométrie Sphérique de Kouo Cheou-King.
- Joseph, George G. (2000). The Crest of the Peacock. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00659-8.
- Joseph, George G. (2000). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-691-00659-8.
- Katz, Victor J. (November 1987). "The calculus of the trigonometric functions". Historia Mathematica 14 (4): 311--324. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(87)90064-4. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- Katz, Victor J. (2007). The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11485-4.
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
- O'Connor, J.J., and E.F. Robertson, "Trigonometric functions", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. (1996).
- O'Connor, J.J., and E.F. Robertson, "Madhava of Sangamagramma", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. (2000).
- Pearce, Ian G., "Madhava of Sangamagramma", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. (2002).
- Restivo, Sal. (1992). Mathematics in Society and History: Sociological Inquiries. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-0039-1.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Cheap Best Western in and around Villahermosa
Popular Best Western in and around Villahermosa, Mexico
There are 5 cheap Best Western hotels in and around and around Villahermosa, Mexico. Choose a hotel below or narrow your search using the filter to the right.
- Cuautitlan Izcalli
- Pichucalco
- Lazaro Cardenas
- Compostela
- Mazatlan
- Xilitla
- Tlalixtac De Cabrera
- Santa Maria Del Rio
- San Mateo Atenco
- Xochitepec
- Jojutla
- Sayula
- Navolato


text:
The O2 gears up for Bollywood star's 500th show
A superstar of Bollywood will be appearing as he opens the first international World Kabaddi League tournament at The O2 on Saturday.
Akshay Kumar will be marking his 500th stage performance when he enters the dome at North Greenwich.
One of India's most famous stars, he is a film producer, actor and entrepreneur, as well as a sixth degree black belt in karate.
In kabaddi he bought the side Khalsa Warriors. The traditional Indian sport will be played at The O2 arena on Saturday and Sunday. Warriors are one of six sides taking part.


text:
Long-term Ambrisentan Extension Study for Pediatric Patients Who Participated in AMB112529
This study is currently recruiting participants.
(see Contacts and Locations)
Verified August 2014 by GlaxoSmithKline
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: April 26, 2011
Last updated: August 21, 2014
Last verified: August 2014
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
Study Status: | This study is currently recruiting participants. |
Estimated Study Completion Date: | December 2024 |
Estimated Primary Completion Date: | December 2022 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |


text:
Subscribe Now
eEdition Login
How to Advertise
Work for Us!
Customer Service
Contact Us
BrandonInfo.com - Brandon, South Dakota
Calendar of Events
Add Your Own Event!
Argus Leader
Community Sites
SF Business Journal
Dell Rapids Info
The Champion Online
Monday, March 02, 2015
Search Brandon:
News and Archive
Yellow Pages
Brandon voters say 'no' to $12.5 million park bond
By By Alica P. Thiele
Challenger reporter
November 06. 2013 9:35AM
After seeing voters soundly reject a $12.5 million bond to upgrade Aspen Park, the Brandon City Council will need to rethink what projects will do the park the most good.
Well have to fix the problems that we currently have, Brandon Parks Board Chairman Jon Jacobson said.
By a margin of more than 13 to 1, Brandon voters on Oct. 29 rejected an expansion to Aspen Park that would have doubled the size of the park and added more ball fields and playground equipment, paved parking and sidewalks, and upgrades to the citys swimming pool.
Of the citys 6,192 registered voters, 2,077, or 33.5 percent, weighed in on the $12.5 million bond proposal, with 1,940 voting against the bond and only 134 voting in favor. One blank vote was turned in, one vote went missing and one vote was subject to confirmation because of a question about the voters eligibility.
Verla Sturdevant said it was the biggest turnout she has seen in the more than 20 years she has been an election worker.
Tom Pickering voted no, saying he thought the price was just a little too aggressive.
Brandons growing, but theres only so much money to go around, he said.
Others might have voted no because of a $5.95 million Brandon Valley school bond election planned for Dec. 3. If passed, the bond will be added to existing capital outlay money to pay for a $12 million new school for grades five and six.
Aspen Park did undergo improvements from 2005 to 2010.
We spent between $60,000 and $80,000 a year for five years, Assistant City Administrator Dennis Olson said. During that time, the city added a second concession stand and playground improvements to the park, as well as lights and new dugouts on all the fields. We were moving from field to field, he said.
Brandon Alderwoman Barb Fish was surprised at Tuesdays city election results.
I did think we would get more support from the people who use the facilities, she said.
A past citywide survey indicated that residents want improvements to the swimming pool, which was built in 1990. The bond would have directed $2.5 million to replace the kiddie pool with a zero-depth entrance pool and would have added play elements such as a climbing wall and basketball hoops to the main pool.
The unfortunate thing is we arent going to be able to do anything with the pool, Fish said. One of my concerns is whats going to happen if we have a mechanical failure or something, because we dont have the funds for that.
The Brandon Valley Baseball Association and the Brandon Area Youth Softball Association are the biggest users of the Aspen Park, with a total of 1,100 players registered last season.
The ball associations didnt initiate talk about doubling the park size, though. That idea came from business.
We were having a park board meeting when a couple of people from the business community came to talk about the condition of the park, said Al Kirkeby, chairman of the task force that put together the bond proposal.
The business owners said they had noticed lower attendance at tournaments, which also lessened patronage at their businesses. They also cited negative comments from customers regarding the parks facilities.
Jacobson said drainage and a second entrance are his top priorities for Aspen Park, but he would like more public input as to what is important to residents, now that the bond proposal has failed.
In any case, no work can be done at Aspen Park until 2015 at the earliest, because next years budget already is allocated, Fish said.
I think what we have to look at is whats the most pressing priority at Aspen Park and try to dedicate some money to that in 2015, Fish said. Well talk to baseball and softball and (city parks manager) Devin Coughlin to see whats the most pressing need out there, based on their viewpoints. I think its going to be drainage and irrigation, but well wait and see.
The task force will reconvene as well to study future options. But residents shouldnt look for a pared-down proposal or another bond election.
I dont anticipate that we will bring forth a reduced bond issue. Maybe down the road, but not in the near future, Fish said.
Not with this result, Jacobson said, citing Tuesdays election numbers.
Election results
Yes 134
No 1,940
Blank 1
Missing 1
Provisional 1
Total 2,077
Registered voters 6,192
Turnout 33.5 percent
Election worker Gratia Sieve helps Tom Pickering sign in to vote in the bond election Oct. 29. The bond, intended to upgrade Aspen Park, was defeated1,940 to 134. Photo by Alica P. Thiele
Recent Stories
MED-Star wants S.F. voters to decide ambulance choice
Council has mixed reactions to video lottery proposal
Filings for city leadership positions trickling in
Special Dr. Seuss Storytimes for Read Across America Week
BVBA serving up pancakes Sunday
Find a Job
Fill a Job
Find a Car
Sell a Car
Quick search
Map search
City search
Place Ad
On Sale
Local Coupons


text:
How do you "forget" that you're carrying a loaded gun?
This is going to cost her a bundle, I'll bet.
Woman arrested at airport, security found gun in bag - Bay News 9
PINELLAS COUNTY (Bay News 9) -- A woman arrested at the St. Petersburg/Clearwater International Airport told authorities that she forgot there was a gun in her bag.
According to the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office, 38-year-old Kristy Grove from Fort Myers was ready to board her flight to Chattanooga, Tennessee Saturday morning.
When she went through security, screeners reportedly found a .25 caliber Raven with six bullets in a side pocket of her carry-on bag.
Deputies say Grove was arrested and charged with carrying a concealed firearm, which is a felony.
Her bond is set at $5,000.


text: This is a very small cave but the guide and the atmosphere make it a pleasant way to spend some time. The part on foot has some nice yet small caverns. The part on the boat, after a brief walk through a small, low, tunnel (not for those with claustrophobia) is nice. Some parts are very confined on the boat... More


text:
Pflueger® President® 2LP Low Profile Baitcasting Reel
Item # WX2-163163
- Google+
This item cannot ship via any of our Next Day or Second Day express delivery methods.
- Details & Specs
Pflueger® President® Low Profile Baitcasting Reels... professional - grade for your big fish battles!
President® Low Profile Baitcast Reels feature quality crafted components manufactured to precise tolerances. The adjustable 6-pin brake system allows better control of casting distance and accuracy.
Get more details:- 9 double-shielded stainless steel ball bearings
- 1-way clutch instant anti-reverse bearing
- Titanium line guide
- Patented 6-pin adjustable centerfugal brake system
- Rugged 1-Pc. solid aluminum frame with aluminum handle side plate
- Machined, ported and anodized aluminum spool
- Smooth multi-disc main gear applied drag system with audible star adjustment
- Sturdy cold forged aluminum handle with soft-touch knobs
- Soft-touch thumb bar spool release.
Choose yours, and order ONLINE before it gets away!
Stock No. 163163:- Model No.: President2LP
- Bearings: 9+1
- Gear Ratio: 6.4:1
- Line Cap. (lb. test/yds.): 12/100
- Reviews
<!--BVSEO|dz:Main_Site-en_US|sdk:v126.96.36.199-n|msg:Error: Request errored out - The remote server returned an error: (403) Forbidden. -->
- Articles & Tips
Don't Forget
Southern Pro 351-Pc. Trolling, Pulling & Drifting Panfish Lure Kit
Buyer's Club $31.49 Non-Members $34.99 -
1,150 yards of Cajun Optix 12-lb. Fishing Line
Buyer's Club $4.49 Non-Members $4.99 -
650 yards of Cajun Optix 20-lb. Fishing Line
Buyer's Club $4.49 Non-Members $4.99
You May Also Like
Shimano® Corvalus Baitcasting Reel, Left Hand
Non-Members $84.99 -
Shimano® Caenan Baitcasting Reel
Non-Members $84.99 -
Pflueger® Purist Low-profile Baitcasting Reel
Buyer's Club $62.99 Non-Members $69.99


text:
This product is no longer available for ordering. Item listed for information only. Please check back later or contact us for product's availability.
As the Heng Seng Index reaches unprecedented heights, people from all walks of life go stock speculation crazy. A security guard and his landlord learn firsthand that money is 'Easy Come, Easy Go' as their fast fortune disappears overnight in a Macao casino. Meanwhile, greedy neighbours and infidel couples cheat each other and even blue-collar workmen dive into the frenzy. Inevitably, the market tumbles as do the people's bittersweet lives. A hilarious but ironic tale featuring some of Shaw's biggest stars.
List More Shaw Brothers Series VCDs
Price: US$15.95


text:
Chevrolet Cruze 1.7 VCDi LTZ Hatchback
The Chevrolet Cruze has been around for quite a few years now but has had limited appeal in the UK due to its saloon-only bodystyle. In 2011 Chevrolet finally launched a variant which appeals most to us Brits – a five-door hatchback. Furthermore earlier this year the Cruze received a mild facelift to keep it looking fresh so I decided to give the one a try to see what it has to offer.


text:
Film & 40s: Rocky IV
Become Premium to Watch
There's a word for games like The Order: 1886. Rental.
Ten years later, this frustrating follow-up to Canvas Curse feels shallow and soulless by comparison.
The chaos and fun of Saints Row is fully intact in the underworld, but a new setting can only go so far.
Company »
Space, the Final Frontier, the focal point and main location of space faring games, from Asteroids to the Mass Effect series.
The city that never sleeps. Home to Times Square, Broadway, and the Empire State Building. It is the largest city in the United States.
From Guitar Hero to Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, Chicago has played an important role in gaming.
A city in southeastern Florida known for its beaches and large shopping districts.
In the jungle, the mighty jungle, the lion sleeps tonight...
These games either take place in buildings or vehicles in underwater, have underwater swimming levels, or have significant plot points that deal with being underwater. Beware the perils of the deep.
Seattle, Washington, or the Emerald City, is the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of the US. The Seattle area is home to many tech and game industry companies, and has been the setting for several games.
Arizona is a state in the southwestern US, famous for its cactus-filled deserts and high temperatures. Its weather also makes it a popular location for spring training in professional baseball.
Japan is an island country located in Eastern Asia and the Western Pacific Ocean. In the video game industry, Japan has for a long time been one of the most important territories for the development and sale of video games.
Washington D.C. is the capital of the United States of America and home to the US Federal Government.
A city is a large and densely populated urban area.
A large building constructed of stone, used as a defensive structure. They usually date from the Middle Ages.
The Aloha state is the 50th state of the United States. It is a chain of 8 major and various minor islands in the South Pacific. It has a unique culture and is a popular tourism spot.
Whatever happens in Vegas, is bound to come back to bite you in the ass.
The setting for the Army Men series. It is a battleground for the green and tan forces.
Pittsburgh is located in western Pennsylvania, and has a population of 334,563. Pittsburgh features over 150 high-rise buildings, which overlook the Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio Rivers.
Missouri is a state in the midwest region of the United States of America. It was the 24th state to join the union.
Boston is New England's largest city and one of the most historic cities in America.
Ohio is the 17th state in the United States of America. It has the seventh highest population in the country.
The country of Australia is located in earth's Southern Hemisphere.
One of the traditional seven continents, Europe is a favorite source of video game settings. In the real world, European countries have produced a host of notable developers and publishers, and compose a large gaming market.
Africa is a popular setting for games because of its many varied climates and distinctive wildlife, but also its reputation for political upheaval and violence.
Germany is a country in Central Europe which borders eight countries and is one of the founding members of the European Union. Almost all of the WWII-themed games take place in a (mostly caricatured) Nazi-Germany (1939-1945), whether they are RTS or FPS. Frequently, villains are stereotypical Germans.
The fourth level in the original Sonic the Hedgehog game. It is well known for its difficulty due to the prevalent water in the level, which the player can easily drown in.
Here, there be dragons. This is a central location where much of the Spyro the Dragon series takes place.
Located in Louisiana, USA. Known for high strangeness.
The capital of England, and home to many great land marks including Big Ben, The Tower of London and Tower Bridge to name a few. It is also the host city for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games and Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games.
Featured in extensive amounts of games. Either acts as inventory for cars, like in GTA, or battlegrounds, like in Mercenaries.
Area above houses and buildings. You can walk, run or jump on and over rooftops. Usually good sniping positions.
Located in San Francisco county California, founded in 1776 by the Spanish, they built a fort at the Golden Gate and named it after Mission San Francisco de Asis.
This edit will also create new pages on Giant Bomb for:
Until you earn 1000 points all your submissions need to be vetted by other Giant Bomb users. This process takes no more than a few hours and we'll send you an email once approved.
Because you're new to wiki editing, we sent your submission off to our moderators to check it over. Most changes are approved within a few hours. We'll send an email when it is.
Once you've earned over points you'll be able to bypass this step and make live edits to our system. Until then, gain points by continuing to edit pages.
No changes were submitted, nothing was done! Please make changes to the wiki!
Thanks for continuing to improve the site. Some of your changes are now live. However, some of your changes were sent to moderation because you do not have enough points to make those live edits. You need points to live edit the changes you commited.
For the changes that went through, our robot math gave you points for this submission.
Thanks for continuing to improve the site. Your changes are now live. Our robot math gave you points for this submission.
Use your keyboard!
Log in to comment


text:
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASESaturday, November 2, 2012
COLUMBUS - With less than 72 hours to go before Election Day, Ohio Secretary of State Jon Husted today released the latest absentee voting data for Ohio based upon an informal survey of Ohio's 88 boards of elections.
As of Friday, November 2nd, more than 1.6 million Ohioans had already cast their ballots. Of the more than 1.3 million absentee ballots that have been mailed to voters during the absentee voting period, more than 1.1 million have already been returned or 85.5 percent. In addition, more than 495,000 voters had voted in person at their board of elections or designated vote center.
"Voting has gone smoothly in Ohio and we expect that trend to continue through the close of the polls on Election Day," Secretary Husted said. "As voters continue to take advantage of the hours remaining to vote absentee in person and by mail, absentee voting for 2012 is on track to surpass 2008."
Secretary Husted continues to encourage voters who have requested and received absentee ballots to get them returned. Absentee ballots returned by mail must be postmarked by Monday, November 5, 2012, and received no later than November 16, 2012, though voters may also return their ballots in person to their board of elections up until the close of polls on Election Day. It is important to note that if a voter has requested an absentee ballot and decides instead to vote in person, they will be required to vote provisionally.
There is still time to vote early. Boards of elections are open for voting during the following hours:
Sunday, November 4: 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Monday, November 5: 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.
For those choosing to vote on Election Day, the polls will be open from 6:30 am to 7:30 pm.
For more information on voting in Ohio, visit www.MyOhioVote.com.
Additional Information
Voting in Ohio: By the Numbers (Click to read as .PDF)
County-by-County Breakdown (Click to read as .XLS)
For more information, please contact Matt McClellan at (614) 995-2239.
Jon Husted & the Office
Contact Us Biography Duties & Responsibilities Media Center Publications Employment
Ohio Military Votes Ohio Business Profile Reshape Ohio Vote in Honor of a Veteran Founding Fathers Shielding Our Protectors Be a P.E.O. in Ohio
Legislation & Ballot Issues
Putting an Issue on the Ballot Ohio Ballot Board Bill Effective Dates
Register to Vote / Update Your Address Voting Absentee FAQs About Voting About This Election Voters With Disabilities Uniformed & Overseas Citizens Absentee Voters (UOCAVA) Rights & Responsibilities
Elections Results & Data
Elections Officials
County Board Directory Directives, Advisories, Memos & Tie Votes Forms & Petitions Resources Precinct Election Officials County Voting Equipment
Election Calendar Candidate Requirement Guide Forms & Petitions District Maps
Campaign Finance
Search Candidates & Committees File Online Handbook Resources
Business Services
Ohio Business Central Business Name Search Guide to Name Availability Filing Forms & Fee Schedule Business Filing Notification System Ohio Business Profile
Uniform Commercial Code
File Online Search Filings UCC Forms & Fees
Business Information
Starting a Business Expedite Your Filing FAQs Business Identity Theft Certificates of Good Standing Prepayment Accounts Request a Report Glossary of Business Entities
Apostilles & Certifications Notary Public Search Notaries Minister License Search Ministers Forms & Fees Non-Resident Alien Land Debarred Contractors
Historical Documents


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Jerry Tarkanian | |
Sport(s) | Basketball |
Biographical details | |
Born | Euclid, Ohio | August 8, 1930
Playing career | |
1954–1955 | Fresno State |
Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
1959–1961 1961–1966 1966–1968 1968–1973 1973–1992 1992 1995–2002 | Antelope Valley HS Riverside CC Pasadena CC Long Beach State UNLV San Antonio Spurs Fresno State |
Head coaching record | |
Overall | 706–198 |
Accomplishments and honors | |
Championships NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship: (1990) Regional Championships – Final Four (1977, 1987, 1990, 1991) | |
Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2013 |
This article appears to be written like an advertisement. (March 2013) |
Jerry Tarkanian | |
Sport(s) | Basketball |
Biographical details | |
Born | Euclid, Ohio | August 8, 1930
Playing career | |
1954–1955 | Fresno State |
Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
1959–1961 1961–1966 1966–1968 1968–1973 1973–1992 1992 1995–2002 | Antelope Valley HS Riverside CC Pasadena CC Long Beach State UNLV San Antonio Spurs Fresno State |
Head coaching record | |
Overall | 706–198 |
Accomplishments and honors | |
Championships NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship: (1990) Regional Championships – Final Four (1977, 1987, 1990, 1991) | |
Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2013 |
Jerry Esther Tarkanian (born August 8, 1930), also known as "Tark the Shark", is a retired college basketball coach known as one of the most successful coaches in college basketball history. He is also well known for his colorful behavior, including habitually chewing on a towel during games, and for his public criticisms and legendary clashes with the NCAA, which eventually paid Tarkanian the largest settlement in NCAA history.
Tarkanian coached at Long Beach State, the University of Nevada-Las Vegas, and Fresno State University in his college career. He also coached the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association for twenty games during the 1992-93 NBA season.
With a 729–201 career coaching record (78.4%) across all college divisions, Tarkanian is in the top 21 for collegiate wins among all men's coaches. Only four other coaches have a higher winning percentage. He is also one of few college coaches to lead three different schools to 20-win seasons. He accomplished a 20-win season at each school in his first year. Tarkanian's first twelve teams won twenty or more games, setting a record that was not broken until 2013 when Thad Matta, who has coached at Butler University, Xavier University, and Ohio State University, recorded his thirteenth consecutive 20-plus win season (a streak that is still active).
After his first season of winning less than twenty games, Tarkanian did not have another season winning less than twenty until his final year at Fresno State in 2001–02 when his team won nineteen games. He recorded a total of twenty-nine seasons with twenty or more wins, with four of those seeing the Rebels win 30 or more, including a then-NCAA record 37 in 1987 and 34 in 1991. The 1990–91 UNLV team was the last to end the regular season undefeated until Wichita State finished the season undefeated in 2014.
One of Jerry's sons, Danny Tarkanian, played for him at UNLV and was an Academic All-American.
Tarkanian, the son of Armenian immigrants, was born in Euclid, Ohio and attended Pasadena City College in California. He later transferred to Fresno State where he played basketball for the Bulldogs in 1954 and 1955. He graduated in 1955. Later, he earned a master's degree in educational management from the University of Redlands.
He began coaching high school basketball in California in 1956. From 1959–1961 he coached at Antelope Valley Joint Union High School, in Lancaster California. He then moved on to college ball at Riverside City College from 1961–1966 and Pasadena City College from 1966–68. He coached teams to four straight California junior college championships—three at Riverside, one at Pasadena.[1]
Tarkanian moved to Division I basketball as coach at Long Beach State from 1968–1973, where "the Shark" was among the first coaches to use more than 3 black starters, violating an unwritten rule at the time, and pioneered the use of Junior College athletes. Long Beach State soon became a regional power, and was avoided by UCLA and John Wooden, who wouldn't schedule them. Long Beach lost to UCLA by 2 points in the 1971 West Regional Final.
Tarkanian achieved much success at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, coaching the Runnin' Rebels from 1973–1992. In fact, it was Tarkanian's idea to call the team the "Runnin' Rebels." His teams were known for an up-tempo style, stifling defense, and going on long runs that turned close games into blowouts.
He took his UNLV teams to four Final Fours. In the first, in 1977 (only seven years after the program joined Division I), the Rebels lost to North Carolina in the semifinals. Ten years later, UNLV was defeated by Bob Knight's 1986–87 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team, the eventual national champion. Finally, in the 1990 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament Tarkanian led UNLV to the championship, prevailing 103–73 against Duke while setting a record for margin of victory in a championship game. The following year Tarkanian's undefeated Rebels met Duke again in the semifinals and lost 79–77.
Tarkanian had been under more or less constant scrutiny from the NCAA for most of his career (see below), but managed to weather the pressure until he signed Lloyd Daniels, a talented but troubled shooting guard from New York City. In 1987—just months before he was due to come to campus—Daniels was caught buying crack cocaine from an undercover policeman. While Tarkanian had been known for taking in troubled players, this was too much even for him, and he announced shortly afterward that Daniels would never play for UNLV. Not long after Daniels' arrest, it emerged he'd been led to UNLV by Richard Perry, a prominent gambler who had been convicted twice for sports bribery.[2]
Perry's involvement triggered yet another NCAA investigation, which ultimately resulted in the NCAA banning the Rebels from the 1991 NCAA Tournament only months after they won the title. However, the NCAA later agreed to a compromise which allowed UNLV to defend its title, but would see the Rebels banned from the 1992 tourney. Only a few months after UNLV's 1991 loss to Duke, the Las Vegas Review-Journal published a picture showing three of Tarkanian's players in a hot tub with Perry. The picture had been taken in 1989, only months after Tarkanian claimed he'd warned his players to stay away from Perry. School president Robert Maxson had seen enough, and forced Tarkanian to announce he would resign at the end of the 1991–92 season.
Tarkanian was offered the Los Angeles Lakers head coaching job in 1977, but declined, continuing to coach college basketball. Tarkanian was signed to coach the San Antonio Spurs in 1992, not long after leaving UNLV. However, he disagreed with Spurs owner Red McCombs over the need for experience at point guard. The Spurs had lost Rod Strickland to free agency in the offseason (he signed with Portland), leaving the Spurs without a point guard with significant NBA experience. The Spurs had signed Vinny Del Negro, a combo-guard from the Italian League, to replace Strickland. They also signed NBA journeyman Avery Johnson, formerly of the Houston Rockets, to a one-year contract. Tarkanian felt that the Spurs wouldn't be competitive without an experienced point guard, but McCombs disagreed. As a result, Tarkanian was fired after only 20 games with a 9–11 record. He received a $1.3 million settlement, which he used to fund a lawsuit against the NCAA.
He returned to college coaching at alma mater Fresno State from 1995–2002 and led them to six consecutive 20-win seasons. Tarkanian led the Bulldogs to five NIT tournaments and two NCAA appearances. He retired from coaching in 2002 with 778 career Division I wins. Following his retirement, Fresno State was placed on probation by the NCAA for violations committed by its men's basketball team under Tarkanian's watch.
Tarkanian spent most of his career as a Division I coach in a battle with the NCAA. After he left Long Beach State, its basketball program was slapped with probation for recruiting violations which occurred under his watch.
Just months before the 1976–77 season, the NCAA placed UNLV on two years' probation for "questionable practices." Although the alleged violations dated back to 1971—before Tarkanian became coach—the NCAA pressured UNLV into suspending Tarkanian as coach for two years. Tarkanian sued, claiming the suspension violated his right to due process. In September 1977, a Nevada judge issued an injunction which reinstated Tarkanian as coach. The case eventually made it all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in 1988 that the NCAA had the right to discipline its member schools, reversing the 1977 injunction.[3] [4]
In the decade between the original suspension and the Supreme Court ruling, it was revealed that the NCAA's enforcement process was stacked heavily in the NCAA's favor—so heavily, in fact, that it created a perception that there was no due process. The enforcement staff was allowed to build cases on hearsay, and shared few of their findings with the targeted school. The resulting negative publicity led the NCAA to institute a clearer separation between the enforcement staff and the infractions committee, as well as a system for appeals. Also, hearsay evidence was no longer admissible in infractions cases.[5]
After being fired from the Spurs, Tarkanian sued the NCAA, claiming it had harassed him for over two decades. The harassment, Tarkanian claimed, started when he wrote a newspaper column alleging that the NCAA was more willing to punish less-prominent schools than big-name schools. Although the NCAA did not admit harassing Tarkanian, it settled out of court in 1998, paying him $2.5 million.
His colorful autobiography, "Runnin' Rebel: Shark Tales of "Extra Benefits", Frank Sinatra and Winning it All" was released in October 2005 and was a major national seller.[citation needed]
Jerry Tarkanian is married to Las Vegas city councilwoman Lois Tarkanian. They have four children and ten grandchildren. One of their sons, Danny Tarkanian, was an All-American Honorable Mention college basketball player while playing for Jerry Tarkanian at UNLV.[6] He won the Republican nomination for Nevada secretary of state in the 2006 primary but lost in the general election. In 2010 he mounted an unsuccessful Republican primary campaign for the United States Senate seat held by Harry Reid.
Tarkanian is a good friend of college basketball coach Bob Knight. Tarkanian and Knight matched wits in the national semifinals of the 1987 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament in New Orleans, with Knight's Indiana Hoosiers defeating UNLV 97–93.
He also started a basketball school in Las Vegas, named The Tarkanian Basketball Academy.
His granddaughter Dannielle Diamant plays for Northwestern University women's basketball team.[7][8]
Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason | ||||
Long Beach State (Independent/Big West Conference) (1968–1973) | |||||||||
1968–1969 | Long Beach State | 23–3 | |||||||
1969–1970 | Long Beach State | 23–5 | 10–0 | 1st | NCAA West Regional 4th Place | ||||
1970–1971 | Long Beach State | 24–5 | 10–0 | 1st | NCAA West Elite Eight | ||||
1971–1972 | Long Beach State | 25–4 | 10–2 | 1st | NCAA West Elite Eight | ||||
1972–1973 | Long Beach State | 26–3 | 10–2 | 1st | NCAA Regional 3rd Place | ||||
Long Beach State: | 122–20 | 40–4 | |||||||
1973–1974 | UNLV | 20–6 | 10–4 | 3rd | |||||
1974–1975 | UNLV | 24–5 | 13–1 | 1st | NCAA 2nd Round | ||||
UNLV Runnin' Rebels (Independent) (1975–1982) | |||||||||
1975–1976 | UNLV | 29–2 | NCAA 2nd Round | ||||||
1976–1977 | UNLV | 29–3 | NCAA Final Four | ||||||
1979–1980 | UNLV | 23–9 | NIT Semifinals | ||||||
1981–1982 | UNLV | 20–10 | NIT 2nd Round | ||||||
UNLV Runnin' Rebels (Big West) (1982–1992) | |||||||||
1982–1983 | UNLV | 28–3 | 15–1 | 1st | NCAA 1st Round | ||||
1983–1984 | UNLV | 29–6 | 16–2 | 1st | NCAA Sweet 16 | ||||
1984–1985 | UNLV | 28–4 | 17–1 | 1st | NCAA 2nd Round | ||||
1985–1986 | UNLV | 33–5 | 16–2 | 1st | NCAA Sweet 16 | ||||
1986–1987 | UNLV | 37–2 | 18–0 | 1st | NCAA Final Four | ||||
1987–1988 | UNLV | 28–6 | 15–3 | 1st | NCAA 2nd Round | ||||
1988–1989 | UNLV | 29–8 | 16–2 | 1st | NCAA Elite Eight | ||||
1989–1990 | UNLV | 35–5 | 16–2 | T–1st | NCAA Champion | ||||
1990–1991 | UNLV | 34–1 | 18–0 | 1st | NCAA Final Four | ||||
1991–1992 | UNLV | 26–2 | 18–0 | 1st | |||||
Fresno State (WAC) (1995–2002) | |||||||||
1995–1996 | Fresno State | 22–11 | 13–5 | 3rd | NIT Quarterfinals | ||||
1996–1997 | Fresno State | 20–12 | 12–4 | T–1st (Pacific) | NIT 1st Round | ||||
1997–1998 | Fresno State | 21–13 | 10–4 | 2nd (Pacific) | NIT Semifinals | ||||
1998–1999 | Fresno State | 21–12 | 9–5 | T–2nd (Pacific) | NIT 1st Round | ||||
1999–2000 | Fresno State | 24–10 | 11–3 | 2nd | NCAA 1st Round | ||||
2000–2001 | Fresno State | 26–7 | 13–3 | 1st | NCAA 2nd Round | ||||
2001–2002 | Fresno State | 19–15 | 9–9 | T–5th | NIT 1st Round | ||||
Fresno State: | 153–80 | 77–33 | |||||||
Total: | 784–202 | ||||||||
National champion |
Note: The record of 784–202 includes 6 NCAA tournament games vacated by the NCAA while at Long Beach State and 49 games vacated while at Fresno State. Excluding these games, the record would be 729–201.


text:
About the Author
Celeste Whittaker
Celeste, a South Jersey native, is in her 14th year at the Courier-Post. She played basketball at Willingboro High, then for the University of North Carolina. In her spare time, she loves watching hoops, hanging with her family and friends and mentoring at local schools. She covered the Sixers for eight years for the Courier, now covers a little bit of everything. She recently had a book published on her late father's life entitled "The Epitome of Fatherhood: The Life of Chester M. Whittaker''. E-mail CelestePolls
Sorry, there are no polls available at the moment.Recent Comments
- Woodrow Wilson's Perry commits to Clemson (28)
- diamant gratuit boom beach: Numerous video games have a menu to regulate the sound. Rent it first and find out if it...
- กล้องจุลทรรศน์ดิจิตอล: Your life meter is obvious as to what it represents. Keep in mind that these lenses work...
- Hammonton tourney rained out (313)
- ????: "有些时 ;辰只有ü 26;青年人...
- driver jobs: Hello there I am so happy I found your website, I really found you by accident, while I was searching on...
- ????: 从聪明 8;市的整 307;架构来...
- Woodrow Wilson's Perry commits to Clemson (28)
Flickr Photos
Submit your South Jersey sports photos to Flickr and tag them "girlzgames" for them to show up here:www.flickr.com More photos or video tagged with girlzgames on Flickr Varsity Insider
- Baseball: Diamond Classic May 4, 2014Official pairings for the 41st Joe Hartmann Diamond Classic will be released at 6 p.m. Follow Kevin Minnick on Twitter @cp_varsityKevin Minnick
- Baseball: Eustace, Cinnaminson win titles April 7, 2014Chris Jones was named Tournament MVP and Justin Hagenman earned the Most Valuable Pitcher as the Bishop Eustace Prep baseball team captured the Ralph Shaw Tournament with a 4-3 victory over host Audubon on Sunday. Tyler Phillips picked up the … Continue reading →Kevin Minnick
- Baseball: Smeltzer, Eustace blank Irish April 4, 2014PENNSAUKEN - The professional scouts were there to see him pitch, and will be all season. They had radar guns and video cameras. Better than a dozen behind the backstop and down the lines took plenty of notes. While only … Continue reading →Kevin Minnick
- Baseball: Murphy, GC top Cumberland April 2, 2014BROOKLAWN - Aside from a shaky seventh inning by a couple of new pitchers, it was business as usual for the Gloucester Catholic High School baseball team. In search of its fifth straight state championship, the top-ranked Rams were on … Continue reading →Kevin Minnick
- Baseball: Preseason Top 15 April 1, 20141. Gloucester Catholic (Last year: 29-5; Final ranking: 2): With six returning starters and 15 letter winners – led by standout pitchers John Murphy and Tyler Mondile, as well as All-South Jersey infielder Phil Dickinson - the Rams are in … Continue reading →Kevin Minnick
- Baseball: Players to Watch April 1, 2014Matt Ardente, Absegami, Jr., P/OF: Braves No. 1 pitcher … Projected as three-hole hitter … Drawing major college interest. Stephen Bohrer, Lenape, Sr., P: Three-year letter winner … Will be expected to fill voids left to graduation … Will play … Continue reading →Kevin Minnick
- Baseball: Diamond Classic May 4, 2014
Field Hockey
Sports Blogs
Sports General
Tag Archives: Bolla
University of Hawaii women's basketball coach Jim Bolla was given the boot for allegedly putting his boot to a player. Bolla had been investigated by the school after allegations he kicked a player in practice. "Jim Bolla is no … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized, Women's basketball
Tagged Bolla, University of Hawaii
Leave a comment | Print This Post
| Email This Post


text: Nigel Slater's Dish of the Day Series 1 - 8. When Nothing Else Will Do Facebook Google Tumblr Pinterest Blogger Reddit VKontakt Print Email Play clip About this programme 8/8. The food writer turns the contents of his weekly shop into another seven meals, concocting recipes designed to cure cravings and offer comfort. Dishes include slow roast leg of lamb with herb rub and parmesan mash, almond and lentil stew, and tumbler trifle. Cast and crew Cast Presenter Nigel Slater Crew Director Sarah Myland Executive Producer Pete Lawrence Series Producer Michelle Crowley Categories Food Like this? Share it. Facebook Google Tumblr Pinterest Blogger Reddit VKontakt Print Email


text:
What does AADC mean in Dogs Related?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand AADC in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Dogs Related terminology in particular.
Advanced Agility Dog of Canada
Find a translation for AADC in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this AADC abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"AADC." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/492092>.
AADC also stands for:
- Ada apa dengan cinta
- Adelaide Advertising Design Club
- Advanced Alcohol And Drug Counselor
- Airport Arrival Demand Chart
- All Application Digital Computer
... and 14 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search Advanced Agility Dog of Canada on Amazon
- Search Advanced Agility Dog of Canada on Google


text:
Sponsored by: Brakes Plus
Feb 8, 2013 1:21 PM by AP posted by Siera Santos
PALISADE, Colo. (AP) - Two boys who died after being left alone in an SUV by their mother have been buried by family members and friends.
Authorities say 4-year-old Tyler Jensen and 2-year-old William Jensen were found unconscious after their mother left them alone in her SUV last November and they later died.
According to KREX-TV (http://tinyurl.com/bdyc9o5 ), they were laid to rest Thursday next to their father at the Palisade Cemetery.
Their mother, Heather Jensen, is facing charges of child abuse resulting in death and criminally negligent homicide.
Information from: KREX-TV, http://www.krextv.com/
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
2 months ago


text:
Lee has a cameo in the movie (as he does in most Marvel properties that reach the silver screen), and even he finds it hard to believe that Hollywood has delivered one movie jammed with gods, aliens, super-soldiers, monsters, spies and a guy with a bow and arrow.
"We used to put anything in there that we could think of because all you had to do was be able to draw it," the 89-year-old icon said. "They could never make it a TV show or a movie because it would look ridiculous. But now they can do it with the special effects. It's not ridiculous."
That is the hope, at least. But Lee makes a good point. For decades the standard Hollywood approach to superhero adaptations was to ask the question, "How can we fix this comic book character and make him look like a credible movie property?" Now the question is, "How can we use digital effects to make the movie screen into a living comic book?"
"Open those old comics and look inside and what you find is modern mythology and great stories and drama and conflict and amazing places," Feige said. "Why not look for the reasons these characters have endured instead of 'fixing' them?"
The Avengers (like most of the Marvel creations of the 1960s) were defined by their flaws and frustrations, and that carries over into this new silver-screen edition. Downey's Iron Man is self-obsessed and charismatically arrogant; Evans' Captain America is a lost soldier after decades in suspended animation; Chris Hemsworth's Thor is badly rattled by the fact that his brother, Loki, is endangering billions; and then there's Mark Ruffalo stepping in as Bruce Banner, who has the ultimate anger-management issue _ he turns into the Hulk.


text:
France >
Brittany >
Morbihan >
Ranked #4 of 4 Hotels in Sainte-Anne-d'Auray
Price Range (Based on Average Rates):
Number of rooms: 38
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Myriam Hotel offers 30 rooms from 1 to 4 people, all equipped with a complete separated bathroom and toilets, telephon, TV, WIFI, elavator and private carpark to you. The animals are welcomed. The restaurant welcomes you in halfboard, or for a journey of group. ... more less
- Also Known As:
- Hotel Myriam France/Brittany


text:
Gelcoat sealants & silicone
View Single Post
Join Date: Mar 2006
Posts: 1,662
Thanks: 0
Thanked 2 Times in 2 Posts
Rep Power:
Re: Gelcoat sealants & silicone
I have had success with the Island Girl line of gelcoat sealants. It's not cheap but it does work well. I did the two step process of applying the product called Elixir first and then a second stage called Mirror Hard. This was after buffing out the hull with a polisher and compound (which they say is not necessary; but was faster than rubbing out by hand with the Elixir product).
I applied this last spring. I hauled the boat in February and expected to need to polish out the hull again with the buffer. To my surprise, the hull was not in need of a major re-do. It had a chalky film of salt deposits and chalking gelcoat from my deck which has not been sealed or re-painted. Use of the Island Girl Pink cleaner diluted in water removed the chalking and did not remove any gelcoat. Once cleaned I re-applied the Elixir and it looks like new again. I should have just re-applied the Mirror Hard and been done. I'm waiting for warmer weather to do that job now that the boat is back in the water. All of their products wipe on and off easily. This product does not build up or yellow like Poli-Glow. Here is a link to their website:
Island Girl System - Cleaning and Restoration Products for your car, RV, Boat, Aircraft, shoes & more
I forgot to mention... The gelcoat on my boat is ~33 years old; and the IGP makes the boat look like it is newly painted.
Last edited by KeelHaulin; 04-02-2012 at
View Public Profile
Send a private message to KeelHaulin
Find all posts by KeelHaulin


text:
Dictionary » S » Survival Survivalsurvival 1. A living or continuing longer than, or beyond the existence of, another person, thing, or event; an outliving. 2. Any habit, usage, or belief, remaining from ancient times, the origin of which is often unknown, or imperfectly known. The close bearing of the doctrine of survival on the study of manners and customs. (Tylor) Survival of the fittest. (Science: biology) See natural selection, under natural. Origin: From Survive. A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. Please contribute to this project, if you have more information about this term feel free to edit this page Results from our forumRe: Is DNA living or non-living thing?? get the answer here... universe is constant. Since the last big-bang all mass formats undergo the same cyclic sequence like the universe itself i.e. birth – evolution – survival – replication. In order to survive and to repeat this sequence every mass format must remain in an energetic state. And since the universe ...
See entire post
A question about evolution.... (defined as change over time) works via negative selection. That means that random mutations appear all the time and those that are detrimental to survival are removed from the population by negative selection (=organism does not survive).
See entire post
Re: Why do Africans have large noses and lips?... know the answer to this specific question, but we do know some things about how genes are linked on DNA. Sometimes a trait that is helpful for survival is very closely associated with another trait on the DNA strand. So when natural selection keeps trait A in the gene pool as advantageous, ...
See entire post
Re: Humans Natural Habitat/Optimal EnvironmentFrom Maniguet, Xavier; SURVIVAL, HOW TO PREVAIL IN HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS; BARNES & NOBLE BOOKS; NEW YORK, NY; 1994; p031 Man may be considered a tropical animal because when he is naked and unprotected, the temperature of his surroundings ...
See entire post
Re: Are predators always smarter than their prey?Yesterday while I was further researching this question found this website which explains prey survival strategies from becoming dinner http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/behavior-under-risk-how-animals-avoid-becoming-23646978 My only issue with ...
See entire post
This page was last modified 21:16, 3 October 2005. This page has been accessed 11,713 times. |
© Biology-Online.org. All Rights Reserved.
Register | Login
| About Us | Contact Us | Link to Us | Disclaimer & Privacy | Powered by CASPION


text:
As Derby Day approaches, new contenders arise
Published: Monday, March 2, 2009 at 6:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Monday, March 2, 2009 at 6:11 a.m.
Two major Kentucky Derby prep races the Fountain of Youth Stakes and the Sham Stakes provide reason to revisit the Derby Top Ten now that we are about 60 days from the Run for the Roses.
Since rolling out the Derby Top Ten on Feb. 9, Chocolate Candy won the El Camino Real at Golden Gate Fields and Old Fashioned returned to the races with an impressive victory in the Southwest Stakes.
In addition, Dunkirk, a $3.6 million yearling, continued his march to center stage with an impressive five-length win in a nine-furlong, Gulfstream Park allowance. In fact, his win inflamed many of the analysts that rank Derby contenders.
None of this made much of an impact on my list. Old Fashioneds victory in the one-mile Southwest Stakes solidified his position atop my top ten. He continued his undefeated career, and he proved he could sit off the pace in the Southwest.
Once again, I thought he was the best two-year-old last year with the highest Beyer speed figure earned by a two-year-old.
Flying Pegasus, a son of Fusaichi Pegasus, remains in second. He made an impressive return to the races since last running in September, finishing second in the Risen Star at Fair Grounds to Friesan Fire.
Friesan Fire, a son of A. P. Indy, remains in third. Both Friesan Fire and Flying Pegasus appear to be headed to a showdown in the Louisiana Derby (gr. 2) on March 14.
Joining those two in the Louisiana Derby will be my fourth-ranked horse, Patena. A son of Seeking the Gold, Patena ran second to Friesan Fire in the LeComte Stakes (gr. 3) on Jan. 10.
He has been out of action since then and changed trainers from Josie Carroll to Rick Dutrow after IEAH bought controlling interest in the colt after the LeComte.
At number five, I have my first change. Florida-bred Big Drama, a son of leading Florida sire Montbrook, is replaced by West Side Bernie. Last seen Jan. 31 in the Holy Bull Stakes (gr. 3) at Gulfstream Park, the son of Bernstein finished third to Saratoga Sinner and Bears Rocket.
West Side Bernie drew post nine of ten and came from last place to finish third. The one-two finishers went that way around Gulfstreams speed favoring track. Outside posts at nine furlongs at Gulfstream are a notorious disadvantage. West Side Bernie is expected to next run in the Lanes End Stakes (gr. 2) or the Florida Derby (gr. 1).
Pioneer of the Nile moves up to sixth. He made a strong run over Santa Anitas synthetic surface Feb. 7 to win the Robert B. Lewis Stakes (gr. 2). Im not enthusiastic about having all-synthetic surface horse in my top ten, but at this point I cant keep this son of Empire Maker out of the list.
At number seven, Imperial Council, a son of Empire Maker, made his return to the races for Shug McGaughey a winning one with a two-length come from behind victory in a six-and-a-half furlong allowance race at Gulfstream. It was his third start and second win. His next start is likely to be the Gotham Stakes.
Big Drama falls from fifth to eighth due to an almost month-long break in his training. A leg injury required surgery and cost Big Drama valuable training time.
At number nine The Pamplemousse gives me my second synthetic track denizen to enter my top ten. The Pamplemousse, my favorite name among Derby contenders, climbs into the rankings off his victory Saturday in the Sham Stakes. The Pamplemousse had everything go his way on the front end, and his pedigree does not immediately make me think Derby.
At ten, Im forced to put Dunkirk in the top ten based on his impressive races. However, he did not start as a two-year-old, and no horse has won the Kentucky Derby without a race at two since 1882.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article


text:
This great product in black from our department Kids & Babies and T-Shirt category can be printed just for you in the size and style you like. The design usain-bolt-vj-100_3c was created by europeshop and uploaded to Spreadshirt for you to have printed on a T-Shirt. Next to a host of other great designs, you can find this usain-bolt-vj-100_3c design in Spreadshirt's Miscellaneous category. If you are interested in topics like Jamaica or personalised t-shirts, then you'll love usain-bolt-vj-100_3c designs by europeshop. Spreadshirt also offers a huge selection of personalised T-shirts, hoodies and accessories for the category Miscellaneous as well as top personalised mugs clothing. europeshop's designs have already impressed many of our customers, so we are sure that we've got right stuff for you! Spreadshirt is your shop for great designs of all kinds – whether it's Jamaica, personalised t-shirts or personalised mugs. We are sure that you will find something nice in our shop, there are many amazing personalised Miscellaneous T-shirts, jumpers or accessories for you to find! Tags: Design ID: 15115109
Funky retro disco girl Designed by hect0r
United Kingdom soccer UK Designed by mimer
jacksepticeye logo shirt Designed by 6358637
1965 49th / 50th Birthday Designed by Vuukke London
I got your back Designed by james0scott
Exercise = Bacon T-Shirts Designed by Quarantine
Love your environment: this basic t-shirt is a classic with kids. What's more, it is part of the "EarthPositive Collection" by Continental Clothing and was produced entirely by means of renewable energy sources like solar and wind. This way, 90% of energy costs could be saved when compared to common production. This t-shirt has a straight cut and a high consistency of 200 g/m², and it's just as gentle to your kids' skin as it is to the environment. 100% cotton.


text:
We recently stayed 2 nights in an apartment in the lodge section of this resort. From the moment we arrived Peter and his family made us feel incredibly welcome and the apartment was just gorgeous. Although it only had a distant view of the water the apartment itself was so lovely with up to the minute decor, great kitchen and... More
New Zealand >
South Island >
Marlborough Region >
Children Activities ( Kid / Family Friendly )
Ranked #14 of 17 Hotels in Picton
Number of rooms: 3


text:
A GATED COMMUNITY PERCHED ON TOP OF MIDDLETON MOUNTAIN Starting in the low $400,000's incl net gst |
* Register here * for the latest updates! |
SINGLE FAMILY HOMES Starting at $444,700 + Net GST |
VIEW LOTS Starting at $159,900 + Net GST |
DUPLEXES Coming Soon... |
Vernon Homes for Sale | Vernon Town Homes for Sale | The Ridges On Middleton | ||||
Choose Your Own Spectacular View! When it comes to building your dream home, we understand the importance of listening to your needs. We offer the expertise, dependability, meticulous planning and strict attention to detail during all phases of construction, so you can relax and enjoy the experience of building your new home with us. The natural landscapes of The Ridges On Middleton provides for a significant number of view lots above the existing developments on Middleton Mountain. We offer exclusive panoramic views of Vernon, BC: mountains, valleys, sparkling cityscapes and stunning lake views. Picture the blue green waters of Kalamalka Lake, or the wildlife habitat of Swan Lake. Look out your window and check the conditions of your favourite golf course, or enjoy the beautiful blooms and lush greenery of the local orchards and vineyards ...more Vernon homes for sale... |
Your Lifestyle with a Panoramic View! It's all about lifestyle and convenience at The Ridges On Middleton. We build town homes with maximum features, like 3 bedrooms, ensuites, double garages, and spacious, open designs with large windows designed to take in the gorgeous views atop Middleton Mountain! Forget the maintenance of a home; lock it, leave it, relax and enjoy your lifestyle! For the first-time buyer, the affordable town home and multi-family units offer exceptional value, with properties that will fit both your current housing needs and budget. The North Okanagan, in the interior of British Columbia, is a desirable destination known for its lifestyle advantages. Vernon, BC offers an abundance of recreational activities; world famous lakes, ski hills, wineries, and golfing are all a short drive from your new town home, nestled in the natural beauty ...more Vernon town homes for sale... |
Town Homes & Custom Single Family Homes The Ridges On Middleton home developments span over the prestigious Middleton Mountain, with lake and valley views of Vernon and Coldstream, British Columbia. The rolling hills and valleys and natural landscape offer spectacular world class views; Imagine gazing at the blue green waters of Kalamalka Lake or the wildlife habitat of Swan Lake. There are so many lovely perspectives with local orchards and vineyards in full bloom and the lush greenery of your favourite golf course, while your home is located only a short drive to down town amenities, lakes, beaches, and golf courses! The Ridges On Middleton has something for everyone, with affordable town home and multi-family units, to beautifully finished, custom single family homes. Inquire about Vernon and Coldstream homes for sale. |