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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
The Role of Vertical Mixing in the Temporal Evolution of Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Aircraft measurements taken during the North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone-Northeast field study reveal the presence of ozone concentration levels in excess of 80 ppb on a regional scale in the nocturnal residual layer during ...
Jian Zhang; S. Trivikrama Rao
Upper-Level Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Ground-Level Ozone in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area
The purpose of this paper is to identify middle-troposphere circulation patterns associated with high ozone concentrations during June�August of 2000�07 in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan statistical area (MSA), which is located in the ...
Jeremy E. Diem; Melissa A. Hursey; Imani R. Morris; Amanda C. Murray; Ricardo A. Rodriguez
Ground-level ozone in eastern North America : its formation and transport
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Ozone (Os), a natural component of the troposphere, is augmented by photochemical processes involving manmade emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Sufficiently high concentrations of ...
Zemba, Stephen G.
An Intercomparison of Ground-Based Total Ozone Instruments
Five ground-based total ozone spectrophotometers were intercompared at Wallops Island, Virginia between October 1979 and January 1981. The tests were conducted to evaluate the stability and accuracy of each instrument over an extended time ...
C. L. Parsons; J. C. Gerlach; M. E. Williams
Effect of Ventilation Strategies on Residential Ozone Levels
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Effect of Ventilation Strategies on Residential Ozone Levels Effect of Ventilation Strategies on Residential Ozone Levels Title Effect of Ventilation Strategies on Residential Ozone Levels Publication Type Journal Article LBNL Report Number LBNL-5889E Year of Publication 2012 Authors Walker, Iain S., and Max H. Sherman Journal Building and Environment Volume 59 Start Page 456 Pagination 456-465 Date Published 01/2013 Keywords ashrae standard 62,2, filtration, infiltration, mechanical ventilation, ozone, simulation Abstract Elevated outdoor ozone levels are associated with adverse health effects. Because people spend the vast majority of their time indoors, reduction in indoor levels of ozone of outdoor origin would lower population exposures and might also lead to a reduction in ozone---associated adverse health effects. In most buildings, indoor ozone levels are diminished with respect to outdoor levels to an extent that depends on surface reactions and on the degree to which ozone penetrates the building envelope. Ozone enters buildings from outdoors together with the airflows that are driven by natural and mechanical means, including deliberate ventilation used to reduce concentrations of indoor---generated pollutants. When assessing the effect of deliberate ventilation on occupant health one should consider not only the positive effects on removing pollutants of indoor origin but also the possibility that enhanced ventilation might increase indoor levels of pollutants originating outdoors. This study considers how changes in residential ventilation that are designed to comply with ASHRAE Standard 62.2 might influence indoor levels of ozone. Simulation results show that the building envelope can contribute significantly to filtration of ozone. Consequently, the use of exhaust ventilation systems is predicted to produce lower indoor ozone concentrations than would occur with balanced ventilation systems operating at the same air---exchange rate. We also investigated a strategy for reducing exposure to ozone that would deliberately reduce ventilation rates during times of high outdoor ozone concentration while still meeting daily average ventilation requirements.
SciTech Connect
The author discusses the debate over whether concern about a hole in the ozone layer in Antarctic is real or science fiction. There is a growing consensus that efforts must be taken to protect the ozone layer. The issue now is not whether chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) should be controlled and regulated but how much and how soon. The United States has urged that the production of dangerous CFCs, and any other chemicals that affect the ozone layer, be restricted immediately to current levels and that their use be reduced 95 percent over the next decade. The American position was too strong for many European nations and the Japanese. Negotiations at an international conference on the matter broke down. The breakdown is due in part to a more acute concern for environmental matters in the United States than exists in many countries. Meanwhile CFCs are linked to another environmental problem that equally threatens the world - the Greenhouse Effect. The earth is in a natural warming period, but man could be causing it to become even warmer. The Greenhouse Effect could have a catastrophic impact on mankind, although nothing has been proven yet.
and Umkehr observations (Angell et al.) The Forest Responses to Anthropogenic Stress (FORAST) (McLaughlin et al.) Ozone EnrichmentAspen FACE Experiment - Rhinelander, Wisconsin...
Ozone levels in passenger cabins of commercial aircraft on North American
Ozone levels in passenger cabins of commercial aircraft on North American Ozone levels in passenger cabins of commercial aircraft on North American and transoceanic routes Title Ozone levels in passenger cabins of commercial aircraft on North American and transoceanic routes Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2008 Authors Bhangar, Seema, Shannon Cowlin, Brett C. Singer, Richard G. Sextro, and William W. Nazaroff Journal Environmental Science and Technology Volume 42 Issue 11 Pagination 3938-43 Abstract Ozone levels in airplane cabins, and factors that influence them, were studied on northern hemisphere commercial passenger flights on domestic U.S., transatlantic, and transpacific routes. Real-time data from 76 flights were collected in 2006-2007 with a battery-powered UV photometric monitor. Sample mean ozone level, peak-hour ozone level, and flight-integrated ozone exposures were highly variable across domestic segments (N = 68), with ranges of 100 ppbv) ozone levels on domestic flights were associated with winter-spring storms that are linked to enhanced exchange between the lower stratosphere and the upper troposphere.
Total Ozone Variations 1970-74 Using Backscattered Ultraviolet (BUV) and Ground-Based Observations
The most long-lived satellite set of ozone observations, to date, is that derived from the Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) ozone sensor on Nimbus 4 and extends from April 1970 through 1976. Unfortunately, this experiment suffered spacecraft power ...
A. J. Miller; R. M. Nagatani; T. G. Rogers; A. J. Fleig; D. F. Heath
Observed and WRF-Simulated Low-Level Winds in a High-Ozone Episode during the Central California Ozone Study
A case study is carried out for the 29 July�3 August 2000 episode of the Central California Ozone Study (CCOS), a typical summertime high-ozone event in the Central Valley of California. The focus of the study is on the low-level winds that ...
J-W. Bao; S. A. Michelson; P. O. G. Persson; I. V. Djalalova; J. M. Wilczak
Colorado Wind Resource at 50 Meters Above Ground Level
Wind Resource at 50 Meters Above Ground Level Metadata also available as Metadata: IdentificationInformation DataQualityInformation SpatialDataOrganizationInformation...
Wind Resource at 50 Meters Above Ground Level Wind Resource at 50 Meters Above Ground Level Metadata also available as Metadata: Identification_Information Data_Quality_Information Spatial_Data_Organization_Information Spatial_Reference_Information Entity_and_Attribute_Information Distribution_Information Metadata_Reference_Information Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: AWS TrueWind/NREL Publication_Date: December 2003 Title: Colorado Wind Resource at 50 Meters Above Ground Level Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Online_Linkage: Description: Abstract: Annual average wind resource potential for the state of Colorado,
Remote Sensing Measurements of Tropospheric Ozone by Ground-Based Thermal Emission Spectroscopy
Remote sensing measurements of the troposphere were obtained by a new technique in which spectra of the downward thermal radiation from tropospheric ozone were measured with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The measurements were ...
W. F. J. Evans; E. Puckrin
Observation-Based Assessment of the Impact of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Reductions on Ozone Air Quality over the Eastern United States
Ozone is produced by chemical interactions involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. At high concentrations, ground-level ozone has been shown to be harmful to human health and to the environment. ...
Edith G�go; P. Steven Porter; Alice Gilliland; S. Trivikrama Rao
P ORNiiTM-7004 Results of Ground Level Radiation
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
ORNiiTM-7004 ORNiiTM-7004 Results of Ground Level Radiation Measurements in Support of the 1978 Aerial Survey of the Lake Ontario Ordnance W o rks, Lewiston, New York _ ict~~.. By A, grven _, ,_~ ~.~ _,. :::;(' ~. . ' -- .- ,. R. W . Doane F. F. Haywood W . H. Shinpaugh ORNL/TM-7004 Dist. Category UC-41 Contract No. W-7405eng-26 RESULTS OF GROUND LEVEL RADIATION MEASUREMENTS IN SUPPORT OF THE 1978 AERIAL SURVEY OF THE LAKE ONTARIO ORDNANCE WORKS, LEWISTON, NEW YORK B. A. Berven F. F. Haywood R. W. Doane W. H. Shinpaugh Work performed by Health and Safety Research Division Date Published: September 1979 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 operated by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for the DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY as part of the Formerly Utilized Sites -
Ozone in Michigan's Environment 1876�1880
Atmospheric ozone was monitored in Michigan during the late 1880's using Schoenbein's test paper. A conversion chart was constructed to relate the Schoenbein ozone scale at various relative humidifies to ozone levels indicated by a Dasibi ozone ...
Dale E. Linvill; W. J. Hooker; Brian Olson
EA-1203: Trench 33 Widening in 218-W-5 Low-level Burial Ground...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
3: Trench 33 Widening in 218-W-5 Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington EA-1203: Trench 33 Widening in 218-W-5 Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland,...
Measurement of Ground Level Muon Charge Ratio Using ECRS Simulation
The Muon charge ratio at the Earth's surface has been studied with a Geant4 based simulation for two different geomagnetic locations: Atlanta and Lynn Lake. The simulation results are shown in excellent agreement with the data from NMSU-WIZARD/CAPRICE and BESS experiments at Lynn Lake, At low momentum, ground level muon charge ratios show latitude dependent geomagnetic effects for both Atlanta and Lynn Lake from the simulation. The simulated charge ratio is 1.20 {+-} 0.05 (without geomagnetic field), 1.12 {+-} 0.05 (with geomagnetic field) for Atlanta and 1.22 {+-} 0.04 (with geomagnetic field) for Lynn Lake. These types of studies are very important for analyzing secondary cosmic ray muon flux distribution at Earth's surface and can be used to evaluate the parameter of atmospheric neutrino oscillations.
Sanjeewa, Hakmana; He Xiaochun; Cleven, Christopher [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (United States)
Dispersion modeling of ground-level area sources of particulate
The use of dispersion modeling by State Air Pollution hics. Regulatory Agencies (SAPRAS) is increasing. Dispersion modeling provides a quick and efficient means of determining the downwind impact of pollutant release from a source. The SAPRAS are charged with the task of insuring that public exposure levels of these pollutants are less than the standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Estimating the concentration of pollutant at some distance downwind, in most cases the property line, allows that SAPRAS to determine whether or not a source needs to install additional means of control in order to decrease the rate of pollutant release. One set of models approved for regulatory use by the US EPA is Industrial Source Complex (ISC). ISC includes SCREEN: which is a simple screening model with imbedded meteorological data, and ST3 which is a more refined model requiring meteorological data to be provided. ISC models are based on the concept of Gaussian dispersion. The concentration determined using the ISC models are a result of determining concentrations based on a single wind speed and direction for a one hour time period. The first step in the formulation of a new model was to incorporate smaller time periods into the concentration predictions, in order to account for variation or wind speed and direction within an hour period. For ground-level sources, the vertical distribution involves mathematically dispersing the pollutant underground, then reflecting it back up. The next step taken in the new model development was the incorporation of a triangular distribution in the Medical plane. The triangular distribution is entirely above ground. Once the new model was formulated, a sample modeling procedure was performed in order to compare the behavior of the new model as compared to ISC ST3. Examination of the characteristics of the two models, the meteorological data, and the output from the modeling procedures allows the comparison and contrast of the behavioral characteristics of the two models.
Fritz, Bradley Keith
Characterization of Ambient Ozone Levels in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Ambient ozone data collected at two sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) are summarized and compared with data from an urban and a low-elevation rural site. The ozone climatology in the park is found to be similar to that of ...
Stephen F. Mueller
Ground-Based DOAS Measurements of Stratospheric Trace Gases at Two Antarctic Stations during the 2002 Ozone Hole Period
Compared to recent years, the development of the Antarctic ozone hole in 2002 showed very unusual dynamical features. The midwinter polar vortex was one of the smallest observed during the past decade. Driven by planetary waves, the vortex showed ...
U. Frie�; K. Kreher; P. V. Johnston; U. Platt
We have studied short-lived (21 minute average duration), highly anisotropic pulses of cosmic rays that constitute the first phase of 10 large ground-level enhancements (GLEs), and which extend to rigidities in the range 5-20 GV. We provide a set of constraints that must be met by any putative acceleration mechanism for this type of solar-energetic-particle (SEP) event. The pulses usually have very short rise-times (three to five minutes) at all rigidities, and exhibit the remarkable feature that the intensity drops precipitously by 50% to 70% from the maximum within another three to five minutes. Both the rising and falling phases exhibit velocity dispersion, which indicates that there are particles with rigidities in the range 1 90 MeV gamma-ray bursts, indicating that freshly accelerated SEPs had impinged on higher-density matter in the chromosphere prior to the departure of the SEP pulse for Earth. This study was based on an updated archive of the 71 GLEs in the historic record, which is now available for public use.
McCracken, K. G. [Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (United States); Moraal, H. [Centre for Space Research, School for Physical and Chemical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520 (South Africa); Shea, M. A. [CSPAR, University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899 (United States)
Modeling the Effect of Chlorine Emissions on Ozone Levels over the Eastern United States
This paper presents model estimates of the effect of chlorine emissions on atmospheric ozone concentrations in the eastern United States. The model included anthropogenic molecular chlorine emissions, anthropogenic hypochlorous acid emissions ...
Golam Sarwar; Prakash V. Bhave
EA-1203: Trench 33 Widening in 218-W-5 Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford
3: Trench 33 Widening in 218-W-5 Low-level Burial Ground, 3: Trench 33 Widening in 218-W-5 Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington EA-1203: Trench 33 Widening in 218-W-5 Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington SUMMARY This EA evaluates the environmental impacts for the proposal to widen and operate the unused Trench 33 in the 218-W-5 Low-Level Burial Ground at the U.S. Department of Energy's Richland Operations Office. PUBLIC COMMENT OPPORTUNITIES None available at this time. DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD July 28, 1997 EA-1203: Finding of No Significant Impact Trench 33 Widening in 218-W-5 Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington July 28, 1997 EA-1203: Final Environmental Assessment Trench 33 Widening in 218-W-5 Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington
This paper presents model estimates of the effect of chlorine emissions on atmospheric ozone concentrations in the eastern United States. The model included anthropogenic molecular chlorine emissions, anthropogenic hypochlorous acid emissions from cooling towers and swimming pools, and chlorine released from sea-salt aerosols. The release of chlorine emissions from sea-salt aerosols was modeled using heterogeneous reactions involving chloride ions in aerosols and three gas-phase species. The gas-phase chlorine chemistry was combined with the Carbon Bond Mechanism and incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. Air quality model simulations were performed for July 2001 and the results obtained with and without chlorine emissions were analyzed. When chlorine emissions were included in the model, ozone concentrations increased in the Houston, Texas, and New York�New Jersey areas. The daily maximum 1-h ozone concentrations increased by up to 12 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in the Houston area and 6 ppbv in the New York�New Jersey area. The daily maximum 8-h ozone concentrations increased by up to 8 ppbv in the Houston area and 4 ppbv in the New York�New Jersey area. The monthly average daily maximum 1-h ozone concentration increased by up to 3 ppbv in the Houston area, but the increases in the monthly average daily maximum 1-h ozone concentration in the New York�New Jersey area were small. Chlorine emissions and chemistry enhanced the volatile organic compound oxidation rates and, thereby, increased the ozone production rate. 1.
Golam Sarwar; Prakash; V. Bhave
EA-1276: Widening Trench 36 of the 218-E-12B Low-level Burial Ground,
76: Widening Trench 36 of the 218-E-12B Low-level Burial 76: Widening Trench 36 of the 218-E-12B Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington EA-1276: Widening Trench 36 of the 218-E-12B Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington SUMMARY This EA evaluates the environmental impacts for the proposal to widen and operate unused Trench 36 in the 218-E-12B Low-Level Burial Ground for disposal of low-level waste at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site. PUBLIC COMMENT OPPORTUNITIES None available at this time. DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD February 11, 1999 EA-1276: Finding of No Significant Impact Widening Trench 36 of the 218-E-12B Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington February 11, 1999 EA-1276: Final Environmental Assessment Widening Trench 36 of the 218-E-12B Low-level Burial Ground, Hanford Site,
Key Issues in the Design of NOx Emission Trading Programs to Reduce Ground-Level Ozone
As NOx control requirements grow more stringent and expensive, interest in emission trading as a means of controlling costs and increasing flexibility has risen. This report provides background information for and analysis of the design of emission trading programs for control of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from stationary sources, including fossil fuel electric generating plants.
Ground-level ozone in the 21st century: future trends,
with domestic biofuel depends not only on the available land but also on the available conversion technologies for these biofuels and the associated conversion technologies are not sustainable, however, because mostly they have blend of biodiesel into all diesel fuel in 2008 and 10 percent blend of bioethanol into all gasoline
Prediction of ozone levels in London using the MM5-CMAQ modelling system
Air pollution in urban areas has important implications for health and environmental management. Consequently, various methodologies have been developed for its assessment. Traditionally, simple approaches such as the box model or the Gaussian plume ... Keywords: Atmospheric modelling, CMAQ, MM5, Ozone, Urban air quality
R. S. Sokhi; R. San Jos�; N. Kitwiroon; E. Fragkou; J. L. P�rez; D. R. Middleton
Ozone generation by rock fracture: Earthquake early warning?
We report the production of up to 10 ppm ozone during crushing and grinding of typical terrestrial crust rocks in air, O{sub 2} and CO{sub 2} at atmospheric pressure, but not in helium or nitrogen. Ozone is formed by exoelectrons emitted by high electric fields, resulting from charge separation during fracture. The results suggest that ground level ozone produced by rock fracture, besides its potential health hazard, can be used for early warning in earthquakes and other catastrophes, such as landslides or land shifts in excavation tunnels and underground mines.
Baragiola, Raul A.; Dukes, Catherine A.; Hedges, Dawn [Engineering Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904 (United States)
The Structure of the Ground-Level Heat Island in a Central Business District
Ground level temperature variations in Johannesburg were estimated from airborne infrared scanner images. During predawn flights over the city center and vicinity, radiances were observed from a 1-km wide swath under clear skies with a strong ...
Y. Goldreich
Technology, Safety and Costs of Decommissioning a Reference Low-Level Waste Burial Ground. Appendices
Safety and cost information are developed for the conceptual decommissioning of commercial low-level waste (LLW) burial grounds. Two generic burial grounds, one located on an arid western site and the other located on a humid eastern site, are used as reference facilities for the study. The two burial grounds are assumed to have the same site capacity for waste, the same radioactive waste inventory, and similar trench characteristics and operating procedures. The climate, geology. and hydrology of the two sites are chosen to be typical of real western and eastern sites. Volume 2 (Appendices) contains the detailed analyses and data needed to support the results given in Volume 1.
Large-Scale Urban Modeling by Combining Ground Level Panoramic and Aerial Imagery
from the United States Ge- ographic Survey. One aerial image is shown in Fig. 1(a). Another inherentLarge-Scale Urban Modeling by Combining Ground Level Panoramic and Aerial Imagery Lu Wang, Suya You a high resolution orthorecti- fied aerial image to provide the building footprints. Users draw
Shahabi, Cyrus
A Simple Analytic Approximation of the Ground-Level Concentration for Elevated Line Sources
By an analytical treatment of the advection-diffusion equation, the upper and lower bounds of the ground-level concentration (glc) have been found for a continuous, elevated line source. These two bounds have been used to construct a Fickian-type ...
Renzo Lupini; Tiziano Tirabassi
Hydrogeology of the 200 Areas low-level burial grounds: An interim report: Volume 2, Appendixes
This report presents information derived form the installation of 35 ground-water monitoring wells around six low-level radioactive/hazardous waste burial grounds located in the 200 Areas of the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State. This information was collected between May 20, 1987 and August 1, 1988. The contents of this report have been divided into two volumes. Volume 1 contains the main text. This Volume contains the appendixes, including data and supporting information that verify content and results found in the main text.
Last, G.V.; Bjornstad, B.N.; Bergeron, M.P.; Wallace, D.W.; Newcomer, D.R.; Schramke, J.A.; Chamness, M.A.; Cline, C.S.; Airhart, S.P.; Wilbur, J.S.
Hydrostatic Level Sensors as High Precision Ground Motion Instrumentation for Tevatron and Other Energy Frontier Accelerators
Particle accelerators require very tight tolerances on the alignment and stability of their elements: magnets, accelerating cavities, vacuum chambers, etc. In this article we describe the Hydrostatic Level Sensors (HLS) for very low frequency measurements used in a variety of facilities at Fermilab. We present design features of the sensors, outline their technical parameters, describe their test and calibration procedures, discuss different regimes of operation and give few illustrative examples of the experimental data. Detail experimental results of the ground motion measurements with these detectors will be presented in subsequent papers.
Volk, James; Hansen, Sten; Johnson, Todd; Jostlein, Hans; Kiper, Terry; Shiltsev, Vladimir; Chupyra, Andrei; Kondaurov, Mikhail; Medvedko, Anatoly; Parkhomchuk, Vasily; Singatulin, Shavkat
Evaluation of Elevated Tritium Levels in Groundwater Downgradient from the 618-11 Burial Ground Phase I Investigations
This report describes the results of the preliminary investigation of elevated tritium in groundwater discovered near the 618-11 burial ground, located in the eastern part of the Hanford Site. Tritium in one well downgradient of the burial ground was detected at levels up to 8,140,000 pCi/L. The 618-11 burial ground received a variety of radioactive waste from the 300 Area between 1962 and 1967. The burial ground covers 3.5 hectare (8.6 acre) and contains trenches, large diameter caissons, and vertical pipe storage units. The burial ground was stabilized with a native sediment covering. The Energy Northwest reactor complex was constructed immediately east of the burial ground.
Dresel, P.E.; Smith, R.M.; Williams, B.A.; Thompson, C.J.; Evans, J.C.; Hulstrom, L.C.
Ozone Modeling for Compliance Planning: A Synopsis of "The Use of Photochemical Air Quality Models for Evaluating Emission Control Strategies--A Synthesis Report"
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require that many nonattainment areas use gridded, photochemical air quality models to develop compliance plans for meeting the ambient ozone standard. This report reviews the status of photochemical air models--the computer simulation programs that will be used to set emission control programs to meet ground level (tropospheric) ozone standards currently in use for regulatory planning. Regulatory application guidelines are discussed, as are the limitations and reliabili...
Mesobeta Profiles to Extrapolate Radar Precipitation Measurements above the Alps to the Ground Level
In the Alps, the volume visible by a radar is reduced because of ground clutter, elevated horizon, and earth curvature. This often inhibits a direct view on precipitation close to the ground. When using radar measurements from aloft to estimate ...
Urs Germann; J�rg Joss
Possible evidence of a ground level enhancement of muons in association with a SWIFT Trigger
Starting from April 2007, a search for solar daily variation of the muon intensity ($E_\\mu >0.2$ GeV) at sea level and using two directional muon telescopes is in progress. In this survey, several ground level enhancements (GLEs) on the muon counting rate background have been found. Here, we highlight one of them, observed in the vertical telescope on 07 August 2007 for the following reasons: The GLE consists of a single narrow peak, with a statistical significance of 4.4$\\sigma$. The GLE is in temporal coincidence with a SWIFT trigger $N^0287222$, at 21:16:05 UT according to the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on board of the SWIFT spacecraft. However, the Swift StarTracker had lost stellar lock minutes before that and the resulting improper s/c attitude information caused BAT to "trigger" on a known source. Even so, the SWIFT trigger coordinates are inside the effective field of view of the vertical Tupi muon telescope. The temporal and directional coincidences between this GLE and the SWIFT satellite unknown event strongly suggest that they may be physically associated. Details and implications of this possible association are reported in this work.
C. R. A. Augusto; C. E. Navia; M. B. Robba; K. H. Tsui
High-energy particles were recorded by near-Earth spacecraft and ground-based neutron monitors (NMs) on 2012 May 17. This event was the first ground level enhancement (GLE) of solar cycle 24. In this study, we try to identify the acceleration source(s) of solar energetic particles by combining in situ particle measurements from the WIND/3DP, GOES 13, and solar cosmic rays registered by several NMs, as well as remote-sensing solar observations from SDO/AIA, SOHO/LASCO, and RHESSI. We derive the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) path length (1.25 {+-} 0.05 AU) and solar particle release time (01:29 {+-} 00:01 UT) of the first arriving electrons by using their velocity dispersion and taking into account contamination effects. We found that the electron impulsive injection phase, indicated by the dramatic change in the spectral index, is consistent with flare non-thermal emission and type III radio bursts. Based on the potential field source surface concept, modeling of the open-field lines rooted in the active region has been performed to provide escape channels for flare-accelerated electrons. Meanwhile, relativistic protons are found to be released {approx}10 minutes later than the electrons, assuming their scatter-free travel along the same IMF path length. Combining multi-wavelength imaging data of the prominence eruption and coronal mass ejection (CME), we obtain evidence that GLE protons, with an estimated kinetic energy of {approx}1.12 GeV, are probably accelerated by the CME-driven shock when it travels to {approx}3.07 solar radii. The time-of-maximum spectrum of protons is typical for shock wave acceleration.
Li, C.; Sun, L. P. [School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 (China); Firoz, Kazi A. [Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008 (China); Miroshnichenko, L. I., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [N. V. Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN), Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 142190 Moscow Region (Russian Federation)
Variations between foundation-level and free-field earthquake ground motions
ground motion, Report No. NUREG/CR-3805, U.S. NuclearJohnson, ed. , Report No. NUREG/CR-1780 and UCRL-53011, U.S.
Stewart, Jonathan P
Ozone Reductions Using Residential Building Envelopes
Ozone is an air pollutant with that can have significant health effects and a significant source of ozone in some regions of California is outdoor air. Because people spend the vast majority of their time indoors, reduction in indoor levels of ozone could lead to improved health for many California residents. Ozone is removed from indoor air by surface reactions and can also be filtered by building envelopes. The magnitude of the envelope impact depends on the specific building materials that the air flows over and the geometry of the air flow paths through the envelope that can be changes by mechanical ventilation operation. The 2008 Residential Building Standards in California include minimum requirements for mechanical ventilation by referencing ASHRAE Standard 62.2. This study examines the changes in indoor ozone depending on the mechanical ventilation system selected to meet these requirements. This study used detailed simulations of ventilation in a house to examine the impacts of different ventilation systems on indoor ozone concentrations. The simulation results showed that staying indoors reduces exposure to ozone by 80percent to 90percent, that exhaust ventilation systems lead to lower indoor ozone concentrations, that opening of windows should be avoided at times of high outdoor ozone, and that changing the time at which mechanical ventilation occurs has the ability to halve exposure to ozone. Future work should focus on the products of ozone reactions in the building envelope and the fate of these products with respect to indoor exposures.
Walker, Iain S.; Sherman, Max; Nazaroff, William W.
We have carried out a case study on the possible mechanism of ground-level enhancement (GLE) occurrence. For this, we have considered two GLE events (GLE69 and GLE70) and scrutinized their relationships with simultaneous soft/hard X-rays as well as solar energetic particle (SEP) fluxes of different energy bands. Although most of the energy bands of the flares maintain strong correlations (r {>=} 0.8) with the GLEs, depending only on this evidence we could not precisely imply that GLEs can be caused by solar flares. So, we have attempted to understand possible relativistic energies of the GLEs, which have been determined by availing the relativistic traversing time and velocities of the particles along the nominal path of Archimedean spiral magnetic field lines. Results suggest that the energy released from accelerated particles in high-energy ({gamma}-ray) solar flares might sometimes cause the GLE. We found that during hard X-ray flares {<=}7 MeV, the relativistic energy ({<=}0.23 GeV) of GLE69 was much less than 1 GeV whereas during SEP flares >30 MeV the possible relativistic energy of GLE69 amounts to {approx}2.78 GeV, and this makes us believe that GLE69 might be caused by the energy released from particle accelerations in high-energy solar flares. On the contrary, during hard X-ray ({<=}7 MeV) as well as {gamma}-ray solar flares (>30 MeV) the relativistic energy of GLE70 amounts to {<=}{approx}0.35 GeV, indicating that the GLE70 was presumably not caused by the released energy from accelerated particles in the solar flare. Alternatively, the released energy from particle accelerations in solar radio emission type II burst concomitant coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks seems to have been responsible for causing the GLE70.
Firoz, Kazi A.; Islam, Jamal N. [Research Centre for Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Chittagong, 4331 Chittagong (Bangladesh); Moon, Y.-J. [School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, 446-701 yongin-si Gyeonggi-do (Korea, Republic of); Park, S.-H. [Solar and Space Weather Research Group, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 305-348 Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Kudela, K. [Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Kosice (Slovakia); Dorman, Lev I. [Cosmic Ray Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, N. V. Pushkov IZMIRAN, Troitsk 142190, Moscow (Russian Federation)
Prediction of In-Cloud Icing Conditions at Ground Level Using the WRF Model
In-cloud icing on aircraft and ground structures can be observed every winter in many countries. In extreme cases ice can cause accidents and damage to infrastructure such as power transmission lines, telecommunication towers, wind turbines, ski ...
Bj�rn Egil Kringlebotn Nygaard; J�n Egill Kristj�nsson; Lasse Makkonen
Effect of sorghum bran addition on lipid oxidation and sensory properties of ground beef patties differing in fat levels
Oxidation of lipids influences the color and sensory qualities of meat products. Meat with a high fat content, such as ground meat, is susceptible to lipid oxidation that leads to the development of negative flavor and color changes. Antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) and extracts of rosemary, are used in meat products to control the effects of lipid oxidation. Awika (2000, 2003) found that sorghum bran phytochemicals have high antioxidant properties. Our objective is to evaluate the pH, color, sensory and antioxidant effect of 10, 20 and 30% ground beef patties containing rosemary, BHA/BHT, and three levels of sorghum bran during 5 d of aerobic storage at 4�?°C. Beef trimmings containing either 50% or 90% lean were formulated into three meat blocks containing either 10, 20 or 30% lipid. Within a fat content, ground beef was equally divided into one of six treatments: 1) control-no added ingredients; 2) BHA and BHT at .01% of the meat weight; 3) rosemary at 0.2% of the meat weight; 4) high level of sorghum at 1.0% of the meat weight; 5) medium level of sorghum at 0.5% of the meat weight; and, 6) a low level of sorghum at 0.25% of the meat weight. The ground beef was aerobically packaged and stored for 0, 1, 3, or 5 days at 4�?°C. pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), sensory color, Minolta color space values and descriptive sensory evaluations were determined. Antioxidant addition reduced TBARS values and increased hardness (P0.05). Moreover, the addition of sorghum bran at low levels can retard oxidative rancidity in ground beef patties without causing detrimental color changes and negatively affecting sensory attributes.
Hemphill, Susan Patricia
We have carried out this work to clarify the possible mechanisms of two important high-energy particle events (GLE69 2005 January 20, 06:46 UT and GLE70 2006 December 13, 02:45 UT). For this purpose, the cosmic-ray intensities registered by neutron monitors at several sites have been analyzed and studied with concurrent solar flares of different energy bands. To determine whether the ground-level enhancement (GLE) might be caused by the energy released from a solar flare or a CME-driven shock, we identify the particle injection time in terms of the lowest value of the spectral indices deduced from proton fluxes. If the GLE is caused by the energy released from particle acceleration in a solar flare, the intensive phase of the flare representing extreme emission should lie within the injection time. While fulfilling this criterion, it is further necessary to understand the possible relativistic energy computed in terms of the possible travel time deduced by employing the observational time lag between the GLE and the concurrent solar flare. Accordingly, we have found that GLE69 is procured with sufficient possible relativistic energy ({approx}1.619 GeV) by the energy released from particle accelerations in the intensive phases of a solar flare components that have been corroborated by the injection time. The intensive phases of the flare components have also been justified with the prominent phases of a solar radio type III burst. For event GLE70, the particle injection time lies within the CME-driven shock justified by a solar radio type II burst which seems to be capable of procuring sufficient possible relativistic energies ({approx}1.231 to {approx}2.017 GeV). It is also noted that any fractional amount of energy ({approx}0.226 to {approx}0.694 GeV) from preceding flare components might be considered as a contribution to the shock acceleration process. Thus, GLE70 is presumably caused by the sum of the energy released mostly from a CME-driven shock and partially from preceding flare components.
Firoz, Kazi A.; Gan, W. Q. [Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008 (China); Moon, Y.-J. [School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, 446-701 yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do (Korea, Republic of); Li, C., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 (China)
Effect of anthropogenic emissions in East Asia on regional ozone levels during spring cold continental outbreaks near Taiwan: A case study
A numerical simulation study to quantify the effect of upstream transport and fossil-fuel and biomass-burning emissions from East Asia on the surface ozone near Taiwan has been performed based on data taken April 8-13, 2001, when a cold air outbreak ... Keywords: Anthropogenic emission, Cold air outbreak, Numerical simulation, Surface ozone
Chung-Ming Liu; Ming-Te Yeh; Sahana Paul; Y. -C. Lee; D. J. Jacob; M. Fu; J. -H. Woo; G. R. Carmichael; D. G. Streets
Optimal statistical model for forecasting ozone
The objective of this paper is to apply time series analysis and multiple regression method to ozone data in order to obtain the optimal statistical model for forecasting next day ozone level. The best estimated model is then used to produce one-step ... Keywords: ARMA (p, q), Durbin-Watson Statistic, MAPE, R-square, multiple regression
M. Abdollahian; R. Foroughi; N. Debnath
Wave Exchange between the Ground Surface and a Boundary-Layer Critical Level
Gravity waves induced by two- and three-dimensional terrain features are examined theoretically in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) using a linear wave model that includes reabsorption at a critical level. The PBL structure is characterized by ...
Carmen J. Nappo; George Chimonas
Stratospheric ozone protection: The Montreal Protocol and Title VI of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
The stratospheric ozone layer protects the surface of the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation, which has been causally linked to skin cancer and cataracts, suppression of the human immune system, damage to crops and aquatic organisms, the formation of ground-level zone and the rapid weathering of outdoor plastics. In recent years, scientists have observed a significant deterioration of the ozone layer, particularly over the poles, but increasingly over populated regions as well. This deterioration has been attributed to the atmospheric release of certain man-made halocarbons, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, methyl chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Once used extensively as propellants for aerosol sprays (but generally banned for such purposes since 1978), CFCs are widely used today as refrigerants, foams and solvents. All of these chlorinated (CFC, methyl chloroform and carbon tetrachloride) and brominated (halon) compounds are classified for regulatory purposes as Class I substances because of their significant ozone-depleting potential. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), developed as alternatives to CFCs and halons for many different applications, have been classified for regulatory purposes as Class II substances because of their relatively less destructive impact on stratospheric ozone. This paper describes the following regulations to reduce destruction of the ozone layer: the Montreal Protocol; Title VI of the Clean air Act Amendments of 1990; Accelerated Phase-out schedules developed by the countries which signed the Montreal Protocol; Use restrictions; Recycling and Emission reduction requirements; Servicing of motor vehicle air conditions; ban on nonessential products; labeling requirements; safe alternatives. 6 refs.
Babst, C.R. III
Performance assessment for the disposal of low-level waste in the 200 east area burial grounds
A performance assessment analysis was completed for the 200 East Area Low-Level Burial Grounds (LLBG) to satisfy compliance requirements in DOE Order 5820.2A. In the analysis, scenarios of radionuclide release from the 200 East Area Low-Level waste facility was evaluated. The analysis focused on two primary scenarios leading to exposure. The first was inadvertent intrusion. In this scenario, it was assumed that institutional control of the site and knowledge of the disposal facility has been lost. Waste is subsequently exhumed and dose from exposure is received. The second scenario was groundwater contamination.In this scenario, radionuclides are leached from the waste by infiltrating precipitation and transported through the soil column to the underlying unconfined aquifer. The contaminated water is pumped from a well 100 m downstream and consumed,causing dose. Estimates of potential contamination of the surrounding environment were developed and the associated doses to the maximum exposed individual were calculated. The doses were compared with performance objective dose limits, found primarily in the DOE order 5850.2A. In the 200 East Area LLBG,it was shown that projected doses are estimated to be well below the limits because of the combination of environmental, waste inventory, and disposal facility characteristics of the 200 East Area LLBG. Waste acceptance criteria were also derived to ensure that disposal of future waste inventories in the 200 East Area LLBG will not cause an unacceptable increase in estimated dose.
Wood, M.I., Westinghouse Hanford
The First Ground Level Enhancement Event of Solar Cycle 24: Direct Observation of Shock Formation and Particle Release Heights
We report on the 2012 May 17 Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) event, which is the first of its kind in Solar Cycle 24. This is the first GLE event to be fully observed close to the surface by the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission. We determine the coronal mass ejection (CME) height at the start of the associated metric type II radio burst (i.e., shock formation height) as 1.38 Rs (from the Sun center). The CME height at the time of GLE particle release was directly measured from a STEREO image as 2.32 Rs, which agrees well with the estimation from CME kinematics. These heights are consistent with those obtained for cycle-23 GLEs using back-extrapolation. By contrasting the 2012 May 17 GLE with six other non-GLE eruptions from well-connected regions with similar or larger flare size and CME speed, we find that the latitudinal distance from the ecliptic is rather large for the non-GLE events due to a combination of non-radial CME motion and unfavorable solar B0 angle, making the connectivit...
Gopalswamy, N; Akiyama, S; Yashiro, S; Usoskin, I G; Davila, J M
The Enhanced Chemical Cleaning (ECC) process uses ozone to effect the oxidation of metal oxalates produced during the dissolution of sludge in the Savannah River Site (SRS) waste tanks. The ozone reacts with the metal oxalates to form metal oxide and hydroxide precipitants, and the CO{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O and any unreacted O{sub 3} gases are discharged into the vapor space. In addition to the non-radioactive metals in the waste, however, the SRS radioactive waste also contains a variety of radionuclides, hence, hydrogen gas is also present in the vapor space of the ECC system. Because hydrogen is flammable, the impact of this resultant gas stream on the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) of hydrogen must be understood for all possible operating scenarios of both normal and off-normal situations, with particular emphasis at the elevated temperatures and pressures of the typical ECC operating conditions. Oxygen is a known accelerant in combustion reactions, but while there are data associated with the behavior of hydrogen/oxygen environments, recent, relevant studies addressing the effect of ozone on the flammability limit of hydrogen proved scarce. Further, discussions with industry experts verified the absence of data in this area and indicated that laboratory testing, specific to defined operating parameters, was needed to comprehensively address the issue. Testing was thus designed and commissioned to provide the data necessary to support safety related considerations for the ECC process. A test matrix was developed to envelope the bounding conditions considered credible during ECC processing. Each test consists of combining a gas stream of high purity hydrogen with a gas stream comprised of a specified mixture of ozone and oxygen in a temperature and pressure regulated chamber such that the relative compositions of the two streams are controlled. The gases are then stirred to obtain a homogeneous mixture and ignition attempted by applying 10J of energy to a fuse wire. A gas combination is considered flammable when a pressure rise of 7% of the initial absolute pressure is observed. The specified testing methodology is consistent with guidelines established in ASTM E-918-83 (2005) 'Standard Practices for Determining Limits of Flammability of Chemicals at Elevated Temperature and Pressure'.
Sherburne, C.
Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, part 1
This is the first part of a 2-part Conference Publication. This document contains papers presented at the 1992 Quadrennial Ozone Symposium held at the Charlottesville, Virginia, from June 4-13, 1992. The papers cover topics in both Tropospheric and Stratospheric research. These topics include ozone trends and climatology, ground based, aircraft, balloon, rocket and satellite measurements, Arctic and Antarctic research, global and regional modeling, and volcanic effects. Separate abstracts have been prepared for articles from this report.
Hudson, R.D.
Ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere, part 2
This is the second of a 2-part Conference Publication. This document contains papers presented at the 1992 Quadrennial Ozone Symposium held at Charlottesville, Virginia, from June 4-13, 1992. The papers cover topics in both Tropospheric and Stratospheric research. These topics include ozone trends and climatology, ground based, aircraft, balloon, rocket and satellite measurements, Arctic and Antarctic research, global and regional modeling, and volcanic effects. Separate abstracts have been prepared for articles from this report.
Transuranic Waste Retrieval from the 218-W-4B and 218-W-4C Low-Level Burial Grounds, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington
05 05 Environmental Assessment Transuranic Waste Retrieval from the 218-W-4B and 218-W-4C Low-Level Burial Grounds, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. March 2002 DOE/EA-1405 U.S. Department of Energy Contents Environmental Assessment C-1 March 2002 CONTENTS PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................P-1 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................ G-1 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION CONVERSION CHART .................................................................... G-2 METRIC CONVERSION CHART...............................................................................................
Radiation and Ozone
Radiation is the driving force for the general circulation of the atmosphere and controls the Earth's climate. Ozone is responsible for the warm stratosphere and protects life on Earth from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation. In July 1959, the ...
G. Ohring; R. D. Bojkov; H-J. Bolle; R. D. Hudson; H. Volkert
Determination of total ozone from DMSP multichannel filter radiometer measurements
The multichannel filter radiometer (MFR) infrared sensor was first flown in 1977 on a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Block 5D series satellite operated by the US Air Force. The first four satellites in this series carried MFR sensors from which total atmospheric column ozone amounts may be derived. The last MFR sensor ceased operating on February 16, 1980. The series of four sensors spans a data period of nearly three years. The MFR sensor measures infrared radiances for 16 channels. Total ozone amounts are determined from sets of radiance measurements using an empirical relationship that is developed using linear regression analysis. Total ozone is modeled as a linear combination of terms involving functions of the MFR radiances for four channels (1, 3, 7 and 16) and the secant of the zenith angle. The ozone retrieval methodology is described schematically. The ozone retrieval model is developed through regression analysis using sets of simulated MFR radiances derived from detailed radiative transfer calculations. The MFR total ozone data are compared with independent ground-based Dobson measurements in order to evaluate the ozone retrieval methodology. Many Dobson observatories have been providing their daily measurements of total ozone which are taken close in time to DMSP overpass times. MFR total ozone data are compared with Dobson measurements taken between January 1 and February 15, 1979, and the results are summarized. Comparisons were made where the MFR and Dobson measurements are within 300 km and 300 minutes of each other. Percentages are computed with respect to the Dobson values. The MFR data were processed using a preliminary methodology, and the data will be reprocessed in the near future.
Luther, F.M.; Weichel, R.L.
Ozone removal capability of a welding fume respirator containing activated charcoal
Development of air purifying respirators for protection against ozone has been slowed by concerns about oxidation of charcoal and other available sorbents. The suitability of a charcoal sorbent for low concentrations of ozone was evaluated as a part of the development of a half-mask air purifying respirator designed for welding fumes and ozone. Testing of the respirator confirmed that charcoal can be a suitable sorbent for low levels of ozone. Where the respirator is properly selected, fit tested, and worn, respirator use against welding fumes and ozone at concentrations not exceeding 10 times the permissible exposure limit had been recommended.
Johnston, A.R.; Dyrud, J.F.; Shih, Y.T. (Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division, St. Paul, MN (USA))
Ozone Modeling Using Neural Networks
Ozone models for the city of Tulsa were developed using neural network modeling techniques. The neural models were developed using meteorological data from the Oklahoma Mesonet and ozone, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data from ...
Ramesh Narasimhan; Joleen Keller; Ganesh Subramaniam; Eric Raasch; Brandon Croley; Kathleen Duncan; William T. Potter
7 at level 3 (FHEQ level 6) and the rest at level M (FHEQ level 7) 4. Other entry N/A Credit Level awards (if applicable): 5. Exit Awards: PGDip Advanced Computer Science 120 credits with not more than 30 credits at level 3 (FHEQ level 6) and the rest at level M (FHEQ level 7) Credit
Programme Csad
7 at level 3 (FHEQ level 6) and the rest at level M (FHEQ level 7) 4. Other entry N/A Credit Level awards (if applicable): 5. Exit Awards: PGDip Computer Science 120 credits with not more than 30 credits at level 3 (FHEQ level 6) and the rest at level M (FHEQ level 7) Credit
unknown authors
Observations of Transport Processes for Ozone and Ozone Precursors during the 1991 Lake Michigan Ozone Study
The Lake Michigan Air Quality Region (LMAQR) continues to experience ozone concentrations in urban and rural areas above the federal standard of 125 ppb. During the summer of 1991, the LMAQR states sponsored the Lake Michigan Ozone Study, which ...
Timothy S. Dye; Paul T. Roberts; Marcelo E. Korc
Laboratory Measurement of Secondary Pollutant Yields from Ozone Reaction
Laboratory Measurement of Secondary Pollutant Yields from Ozone Reaction Laboratory Measurement of Secondary Pollutant Yields from Ozone Reaction with HVAC Filters Title Laboratory Measurement of Secondary Pollutant Yields from Ozone Reaction with HVAC Filters Publication Type Conference Proceedings Year of Publication 2009 Authors Destaillats, Hugo, Wenhao Chen, Michael G. Apte, Nuan Li, Michael Spears, Jérémie Almosni, Jianshun Zheng, and William J. Fisk Conference Name Proceedings of the Healthy Buildings 2009 Conference Conference Location Syracuse, NY Keywords building-related symptoms, hvac filter, ozone, ptr-ms, secondary pollutants Abstract We used Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) and conventional sampling methods to monitor and identify trace level organic pollutants formed in heterogeneous reactions between ozone and HVAC filters in real time. Experiments were carried out using a bench-scale flow tube reactor operating with dry air and humidified air (50% RH), at realistically high ozone concentrations (150 ppbv). We explored different filter media (i.e., fiberglass and cotton/polyester blends) and different particle loadings (i.e., clean filter and filters loaded with particles for 3 months at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Port of Oakland, CA). Detailed emission dynamics of very low levels of certain organic pollutants from filter media upon ozone exposure in the presence of moisture have been obtained and analyzed.
Effect of ozone on growth and assimilate partitioning in parsley
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. cv. Banquet) incurred leaf injury, reduced growth, and altered assimilate partitioning after exposures to 20 pphm ozone. Total plant dry weight and root dry weight were decreased 23% and 43% respectively, with little effect on leaves. The relative growth rate of fumigated plants was reduced after the initial ozone exposure but leveled off at a steady state above that of the control plants when plant dry weights reached about 4.5 g. Ozone appeared to have its greatest effect on growth during initial exposures. 15 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
Oshima, R.J.; Bennett, J.P.; Braegelmann, P.K.
Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Ozone near the Mesopause from Observations of the 11.072-GHz Line
Ground-based observations of the 11.072-GHz line of ozone were made from January 2008 through January 2009. These observations provide an estimate of the diurnal and seasonal variations of ozone in the mesopause region. The 11-GHz line is more ...
A. E. E. Rogers; M. Lekberg; P. Pratap
Repeatability of the Seasonal Variations of Ozone near the Mesopause from Observations of the 11.072-GHz Line
Ground-based observations of the 11.072-GHz line of ozone were made from January 2008 through the middle of September 2011 to estimate the maximum in the nighttime ozone in the upper mesosphere at an altitude of about 95 km for a region centered ...
A. E. E. Rogers; P. Erickson; V. L. Fish; J. Kittredge; S. Danford; J. M. Marr; M. B. Arndt; J. Sarabia; D. Costa; S. K. May
Meteorology-induced variations in the spatial behavior of summer ozone pollution in Central California
Cluster analysis was applied to daily 8 h ozone maxima modeled for a summer season to characterize meteorology-induced variations in the spatial distribution of ozone. Principal component analysis is employed to form a reduced dimension set to describe and interpret ozone spatial patterns. The first three principal components (PCs) capture {approx}85% of total variance, with PC1 describing a general spatial trend, and PC2 and PC3 each describing a spatial contrast. Six clusters were identified for California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV) with two low, three moderate, and one high-ozone cluster. The moderate ozone clusters are distinguished by elevated ozone levels in different parts of the valley: northern, western, and eastern, respectively. The SJV ozone clusters have stronger coupling with the San Francisco Bay area (SFB) than with the Sacramento Valley (SV). Variations in ozone spatial distributions induced by anthropogenic emission changes are small relative to the overall variations in ozone amomalies observed for the whole summer. Ozone regimes identified here are mostly determined by the direct and indirect meteorological effects. Existing measurement sites are sufficiently representative to capture ozone spatial patterns in the SFB and SV, but the western side of the SJV is under-sampled.
Jin, Ling; Harley, Robert A.; Brown, Nancy J.
Exposure-Relevant Ozone Chemistry in Occupied Spaces
Ozone, an ambient pollutant, is transformed into other airborne pollutants in the indoor environment. In this dissertation, the type and amount of byproducts that result from ozone reactions with common indoor surfaces, surface residues, and vapors were determined, pollutant concentrations were related to occupant exposure, and frameworks were developed to predict byproduct concentrations under various indoor conditions. In Chapter 2, an analysis is presented of secondary organic aerosol formation from the reaction of ozone with gas-phase, terpene-containing consumer products in small chamber experiments under conditions relevant for residential and commercial buildings. The full particle size distribution was continuously monitored, and ultrafine and fine particle concentrations were in the range of 10 to>300 mu g m-3. Particle nucleation and growth dynamics were characterized.Chapter 3 presents an investigation of ozone reactions with aircraft cabin surfaces including carpet, seat fabric, plastics, and laundered and worn clothing fabric. Small chamber experiments were used to determine ozone deposition velocities, ozone reaction probabilities, byproduct emission rates, and byproduct yields for each surface category. The most commonly detected byproducts included C1?C10 saturated aldehydes and skin oil oxidation products. For all materials, emission rates were higher with ozone than without. Experimental results were used to predict byproduct exposure in the cabin and compare to other environments. Byproduct levels are predicted to be similar to ozone levels in the cabin, which have been found to be tens to low hundreds of ppb in the absence of an ozone converter. In Chapter 4, a model is presented that predicts ozone uptake by and byproduct emission from residual chemicals on surfaces. The effects of input parameters (residue surface concentration, ozone concentration, reactivity of the residue and the surface, near-surface airflow conditions, and byproduct yield) were explored. In Chapter 5, the reaction of ozone with permethrin, a residual insecticide used in aircraft cabins, to form phosgene is investigated. A derivatization technique was developed to detect phosgene at low levels, and chamber experiments were conducted with permethrin-coated cabin materials. It was determined that phosgene formation, if it occurs in the aircraft cabin, is not likely to exceed the relevant, health-based phosgene exposure guidelines.
Coleman, Beverly Kaye
Biofouling Control With Ozone at the Bergen Generating Station
Tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ozone as an alternative to chlorine for condenser biofouling control in a once-through cooling system. A pilot-scale test facility with three model condensors simulated condenser operation and conditions at the Bergen station. Both ozone and chlorine were tested. The minimum effective level of each was determined by daily measurements of heat transfer coefficients across model condenser tubes and/or water-side pressure drop. Final evaluation was based...
Ozone decomposing filter
DOE Patents (OSTI)
In an improved ozone decomposing air filter carbon fibers are held together with a carbonized binder in a perforated structure. The structure is made by combining rayon fibers with gelatin, forming the mixture in a mold, freeze-drying, and vacuum baking.
Simandl, Ronald F. (Farragut, TN); Brown, John D. (Harriman, TN); Whinnery, Jr., LeRoy L. (Dublin, CA)
Ozone depletion and health
This book presents the state of knowledge of the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect. Deleterious effects of ultra-violet radiation on humans, animals, and plants are discussed. Alternatives to chloro-fluoro-carbons and political responses to the scientific discoveries are also addressed.
Russell-Jones, R.; Wigley, T.
Estimation of natural ground water recharge for the performance assessment of a low-level waste disposal facility at the Hanford Site
In 1994, the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) initiated the Recharge Task, under the PNL Vitrification Technology Development (PVTD) project, to assist Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) in designing and assessing the performance of a low-level waste (LLW) disposal facility for the US Department of Energy (DOE). The Recharge Task was established to address the issue of ground water recharge in and around the LLW facility and throughout the Hanford Site as it affects the unconfined aquifer under the facility. The objectives of this report are to summarize the current knowledge of natural ground water recharge at the Hanford Site and to outline the work that must be completed in order to provide defensible estimates of recharge for use in the performance assessment of this LLW disposal facility. Recharge studies at the Hanford Site indicate that recharge rates are highly variable, ranging from nearly zero to greater than 100 mm/yr depending on precipitation, vegetative cover, and soil types. Coarse-textured soils without plants yielded the greatest recharge. Finer-textured soils, with or without plants, yielded the least. Lysimeters provided accurate, short-term measurements of recharge as well as water-balance data for the soil-atmosphere interface and root zone. Tracers provided estimates of longer-term average recharge rates in undisturbed settings. Numerical models demonstrated the sensitivity of recharge rates to different processes and forecast recharge rates for different conditions. All of these tools (lysimetry, tracers, and numerical models) are considered vital to the development of defensible estimates of natural ground water recharge rates for the performance assessment of a LLW disposal facility at the Hanford Site.
Rockhold, M.L.; Fayer, M.J.; Kincaid, C.T.; Gee, G.W.
7 180 credits with not more than 30 credits at level 3 (FHEQ level 6) and the rest at level M (FHEQ level 7) 4. Other entry N/A Credit Level awards (if applicable): 5. Exit Awards: PGDip in Advanced Computer Science with
Programme Csci
Ozone (o3) efficacy on reduction of phytophthora capsici in recirculated horticultural irrigation water
Microorganisms that cause plant disease have been isolated in recirculated irrigation water and increase the risks of disease incidence in horticultural operations. Ozone is an effective oxidizer used to disinfect drinking water supplies and treat industrial wastewater. The objective of this research was to investigate using ozone gas as part of a strategy to reduce the incidence of Phytophthora deBary in recirculated irrigation water. An isolate of Phytophthora capsici Leonian was cultured to induce sporulation. Spore dilutions were placed in aliquots of reverse osmosis water and bubbled with ozone gas (O3) to concentrations of 0 to 1.5 mg�L-1. Ozonated samples were plated and observed for colony forming units. Increasing ozone concentrations reduced the number of colony forming units to 0 at 1.5 mg� L-1 03. Turbidity effects on efficacy on Phytophthora capsici were tested using bentonite clay at 0 to 2.0 nephelometric turbidity units and ozone concentrations of 0 to 1.5 mg� L-1. Increasing bentonite did not affect the efficacy of increasing ozone concentrations on reducing colony formation to 0 at 1.5 mg�L-1 O3. Bioassays using Phytophthora capsici on Capsicum annuum L. seedlings confirmed apparent pathogenicity. Reverse osmosis water, containing a soluble fertilizer at 0 to 300 mg� L-1 N, was ozonated to concentrations of 0 to 1.5 mg�L-1 O3 and used to irrigate Chrysanthemum x morifolium T. de Romatuelle. Increasing ozone concentrations did not interact with increasing fertilizer levels to affect the final growth parameters. Chrysanthemum exposed to ozone gas concentrations of 0.5 to 1.5 mg�L-1 showed symptomatic ozone damage. Complete soluble fertilizer solutions with micronutrients were ozonated from 0 to 1.5 mg�L-1 O3 and analysed for nutrient content. Increasing ozone levels did not interact with fertilizers to affect macronutrients. Increasing ozone interacted with iron at a high fertilizer level. Ozone did not affect the efficacy of paclobutralzol in controlling growth in Viola x wittrockiana. Ozone was effective in controlling Phytophthora capsici in recirculated irrigation water with minimum impact on plant growth. Adjustments in fertility regiemes may be needed to counteract the oxidizing affect of ozone on micronutrients.
McDonald, Garry Vernon
Annual and Seasonal Global Variation in Total Ozone and Layer-Mean Ozone,
Atmospheric Trace Gases » Ozone » Total Ozone and Layer-Mean Ozone Atmospheric Trace Gases » Ozone » Total Ozone and Layer-Mean Ozone Annual and Seasonal Global Variation in Total Ozone and Layer-Mean Ozone, 1958-1987 (1991) DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.ndp023 data Data Investigators J. K. Angell, J. Korshover, and W. G. Planet Description For 1958 through 1987, this data base presents total ozone variations and layer mean ozone variations expressed as percent deviations from the 1958 to 1977 mean. The total ozone variations were derived from mean monthly ozone values published in Ozone Data for the World by the Atmospheric Environment Service in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization. The layer mean ozone variations are derived from ozonesonde and Umkehr observations. The data records include year, seasonal and annual
Ozone levels observed during a field campaign in Houston were significantly higher than that observed in Phoenix or Philadelphia. An examination of the slope of O{sub x} versus NO{sub z} in the urban plumes shows that NO{sub x} is used 2 to 3 times more efficiently in Houston as compared with Phoenix and Philadelphia. Representative values of OPEx are 7-12, 3, and 4, in Houston, Phoenix, and Philadelphia. Aircraft observations have been used to calculate P(O{sub 3})/P(NO{sub z}). Values in Houston are significantly higher than in Phoenix and Philadelphia. We show that P(O{sub 3})/P(NO{sub z}) is proportional to a VOC/NO{sub 2}-OH reactivity ratio. High values of P(O{sub 3})/P(NO{sub z}) in Houston are due to emissions of reactive olefins from the ship channel region. It is significant that high values of P(O{sub 3})/P(NO{sub z}) occur at NO{sub x} levels up to several 10's of ppb. Not only is the chemistry efficient but it will be long lasting. The occurrence of high NO{sub x} and high OPEx is fostered by the co-location of VOC and NO{sub x} sources in the Houston industrial areas.
Ozone, Air Pollution, and Respiratory Health
Of the outdoor air pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act of 1970 (and recently revised in 1990), ozone has been the one pollutant most difficult to control within the federal standards. The known human health effects are all on the respiratory system. At concentrations of ozone which occur during summer air-pollution episodes in many urban metropolitan areas of the United States, a portion of the healthy population is likely to experience symptoms and reversible effects on lung function, particularly if exercising heavily outdoors. More prolonged increase in airway responsiveness and the presence of inflammatory cells and mediators in the airway lining fluid may also result from these naturally occurring exposures. Serial exposures to peak levels of ozone on several consecutive days are more characteristic of pollution episodes in the Northeast United States and may be associated with recurrent symptoms. No "high-risk " or more sensitive group has been found, in contrast to the case of sulfur dioxide, to which asthmatics are more susceptible than normals. The occurrence of multiple exposure episodes within a single year over many years in some areas of California has led to studies looking for chronic effects of ozone exposure on the lung. To date, no conclusive studies have been reported, although further work is under way. Much of what we know about the effects of this gas on the lung are based on controlled exposures to pure gas within an environmental exposure laboratory. Interactions between substances which commonly co-occur in air-pollution episodes are also under investigation.
William S
Hole in the ozone layer?
Hole in the ozone layer? Hole in the ozone layer? Name: Kelley Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: Is there really a hole in the ozone layer? Replies: That depends on what one means by a "hole". There is a thinning of the layer that is particularly severe during certain seasons at the poles. But the ozone layer is thinning most everywhere. The thinning around the south pole of earth is particularly stunning, and has been referred to as a hole even though some ozone still exists there, it is much less concentrated. As you may know, this ozone destruction is probably due to human release of pollutants such as clorofluorocarbons (CFCs) an due to natural sources such as chemicals from volcanic eruptions. CFCs are used is cooling systems such as refrigerators and air conditioning. There is an international agreement to phase out the use of these destructive chemicals but they won't be banned entirely for years for fears of losing money. Meanwhile the ozone layer thins and we are exposed to increasingly higher doses of cancer causing radiation
Grounding intentionality
In this thesis, I argue that current attempts to ground intentionality face one of two challenges. Either the grounding feature of intentionality will be itself intentional or the grounding feature is disparate in nature from the representational capacity of an intentional mental state and therefore no connection between the two can be taken to exist. I examine two current accounts of intentionality and the features they utilize to ground it. I maintain that both views fall prey to one or both of the objections I raise. I conclude that any account of intentionality will need to meet both of these challenges in order to be counted successful.
Huizenga Steven R
Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact: Widening Trench 36 of the 218-E-12B Low-Level Burial Ground, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington
This environmental assessment was prepared to assess potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed action to widen and operate unused Trench 36 in the 218-E-12B Low-Level Burial Ground for disposal of low-level waste. Information contained herein will be used by the Manager, U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office, to determine if the Proposed Action is a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. If the Proposed Action is determined to be major and significant, an environmental impact statement will be prepared. If the Proposed Action is determined not to be major and significant, a Finding of No Significant Impact will be issued and the action may proceed. Criteria used to evaluate significance can be found in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations 1508.27. This environmental assessment was prepared in compliance with the ''National Environmental Policy Act of1969'', as amended, the Council on Environmental Quality Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of ''National Environmental Policy Act'' (Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations 1500-1508), and the U.S. Department of Energy Implementing Procedures for ''National Environmental Polio Act'' (Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations 1021). The following is a description of each section of this environmental assessment. (1) Purpose and Need for Action. This section provides a brief statement concerning the problem or opportunity the U.S, Department of Energy is addressing with the Proposed Action. Background information is provided. (2) Description of the Proposed Action. This section provides a description of the Proposed Action with sufficient detail to identify potential environmental impacts. (3) Alternatives to the Proposed Action. This section describes reasonable,alternative actions to the Proposed Action, which addresses the Purpose and Need. A No Action Alternative, as required by Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations 1021, also is described. (4) Affected Environment. This section provides a brief description of the locale in which the Proposed Action would take place. (5) Environmental Impacts. This section describes the range of environmental impacts, beneficial and adverse, of the Proposed Action. Impacts of alternatives briefly are discussed. (6) Permits and Regulatory Requirements. This section provides a brief description of permits and regulatory requirements for the Proposed Action. (7) Organizations Consulted. This section lists any outside groups, agencies, or individuals contacted as part of the environmental assessment preparation and/or review. (8) References. This section provides a list of documents used to contribute information or data in preparation of this environmental assessment.
On the Relation between Atmospheric Ozone and Sunspot Number
Based on data from the Dobson network, between 1960 and 1987 there has been a zero-lag correlation of 0.48 between the 112 unsmoothed seasonal values of sunspot number and global total ozone, significant at the 1% level taking into account the ...
J. K. Angell
... test fixture was constructed from an excess ground vehicle hull ... instrumentation measured acid gas exposure levels: ion selective electrodes (grab ...
Commentary by Jerry S. Szymanski and C.B. Archambeau regarding ``Spring deposits and late pleistocene ground-water levels in southern Nevada``, by J. Quade. Special report number 16, Contract number 94/96.0003
This report is a critical analysis of a paper presented at the 5th Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management. The thrust of this paper was to determine the historic level of ground water in the vicinity of the proposed Yucca Mountain radioactive waste repository. This author reviews conclusions reached by the former author and analyzes reference materials used to obtain his assessment of paleo-ground water levels. This author disagrees with the conclusions and analytical methods used. This author presents information relative to water table fluctuations as a result of intrusion of geothermal fluids and makes claim that such intrusion would jeopardize the integrity of the repository by flooding.
Szymanski, J.S.; Archambeau, C.B.
The Ozone Weekend Effect in California: Evidence Supporting NOx Emission Reductions
Ozone is typically higher on weekends (WE) than on weekdays (WD) at many of California�s air-monitoring stations. Sometimes called the �ozone WE effect, � this phenomenon occurs despite substantially lower estimates of WE emissions for the major ozone precursors � volatile organic compounds (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Compared to WD emissions, WE emissions of NOx decrease more (proportionally) than do the WE emissions of VOC. Because the WE increases in ozone coincide with the relatively large WE reductions in NOx, some conclude that regulations that would reduce NOx emissions on all days would undermine ozone attainment efforts by causing ozone to decrease more slowly (or even to increase). At this time, public discussion of the ozone WE effect has mostly reflected the viewpoint that NOx emission reductions would not help reduce ambient ozone levels. A large body of published research from this perspective has accumulated over the last 10 to 20 years. Nevertheless, the presently available scientific evidence can also lead to the conclusion that NOx emission reductions may be needed to maintain or even to expedite progress toward attainment
Lawrence C. Larsen
Ground Water
Water Nature Bulletin No. 408-A February 27, 1971 Forest Preserve District of Cook County George W. Dunne, President Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation GROUND WATER We take...
Ozone-surface interactions: Investigations of mechanisms, kinetics, mass transport, and implications for indoor air quality
In this dissertation, results are presented of laboratory investigations and mathematical modeling efforts designed to better understand the interactions of ozone with surfaces. In the laboratory, carpet and duct materials were exposed to ozone and measured ozone uptake kinetics and the ozone induced emissions of volatile organic compounds. To understand the results of the experiments, mathematical methods were developed to describe dynamic indoor aldehyde concentrations, mass transport of reactive species to smooth surfaces, the equivalent reaction probability of whole carpet due to the surface reactivity of fibers and carpet backing, and ozone aging of surfaces. Carpets, separated carpet fibers, and separated carpet backing all tended to release aldehydes when exposed to ozone. Secondary emissions were mostly n-nonanal and several other smaller aldehydes. The pattern of emissions suggested that vegetable oils may be precursors for these oxidized emissions. Several possible precursors and experiments in which linseed and tung oils were tested for their secondary emission potential were discussed. Dynamic emission rates of 2-nonenal from a residential carpet may indicate that intermediate species in the oxidation of conjugated olefins can significantly delay aldehyde emissions and act as reservoir for these compounds. The ozone induced emission rate of 2-nonenal, a very odorous compound, can result in odorous indoor concentrations for several years. Surface ozone reactivity is a key parameter in determining the flux of ozone to a surface, is parameterized by the reaction probability, which is simply the probability that an ozone molecule will be irreversibly consumed when it strikes a surface. In laboratory studies of two residential and two commercial carpets, the ozone reaction probability for carpet fibers, carpet backing and the equivalent reaction probability for whole carpet were determined. Typically reaction probability values for these materials were 10{sup {minus}7}, 10{sup {minus}5}, and 10{sup {minus}5} respectively. To understand how internal surface area influences the equivalent reaction probability of whole carpet, a model of ozone diffusion into and reaction with internal carpet components was developed. This was then used to predict apparent reaction probabilities for carpet. He combines this with a modified model of turbulent mass transfer developed by Liu, et al. to predict deposition rates and indoor ozone concentrations. The model predicts that carpet should have an equivalent reaction probability of about 10{sup {minus}5}, matching laboratory measurements of the reaction probability. For both carpet and duct materials, surfaces become progressively quenched (aging), losing the ability to react or otherwise take up ozone. He evaluated the functional form of aging and find that the reaction probability follows a power function with respect to the cumulative uptake of ozone. To understand ozone aging of surfaces, he developed several mathematical descriptions of aging based on two different mechanisms. The observed functional form of aging is mimicked by a model which describes ozone diffusion with internal reaction in a solid. He shows that the fleecy nature of carpet materials in combination with the model of ozone diffusion below a fiber surface and internal reaction may explain the functional form and the magnitude of power function parameters observed due to ozone interactions with carpet. The ozone induced aldehyde emissions, measured from duct materials, were combined with an indoor air quality model to show that concentrations of aldehydes indoors may approach odorous levels. He shows that ducts are unlikely to be a significant sink for ozone due to the low reaction probability in combination with the short residence time of air in ducts.
Morrison, Glenn C.
Solar-geophysical activity reports for STIP (study of travelling interplanetary phenomena) Interval 15, 12-21 February 1984 ground-level event and STIP Interval 16, 20 April-4 May 1984 Forbush decrease
Contents include: solar-geophysical activity reports for STIP Interval XV 12-21 February 1984 ground-level event and STIP interval XVI 20 April-4 May 1984 Forbush decrease; overview of solar-terrestrial physics phenomena for STIP interval XV (12-21 February 1984) and STIP interval XVI (20 April-4 May 1984) (solar optical reports, solar radio events, spacecraft observations, cosmic ray observations, ionosphere, geomagnetism).
Coffey, H.E.; Allen, J.H.
Isolation and characterization of five ozone-inductible cDNA clones from Atriplax canescens (saltbush)
Prolonged exposure of plants to ozone inhibits growth and development and produces visible signs of damage. Within a few hours of exposure, certain biochemical alterations have been observed with the induction of several stress-related proteins. accumulation of several polya RNAS. CDNA clones derived from five different polya RNAs which accumulate in ozone-stressed shrub leaves were isolated by differential screening methods. Alteration in gene expression which occurs with ozone, sulfur dioxide and water deficit were examined, and those cDNAs were sequenced. Clone 012-1, hybridized with three RNA species, is initially induced in response to both ozone and water deficit stress, but is repressed to prolonged ozone and sulfur dioxide exposure. Clone 012-1 has strong homology with small subunit RRNA. Northern blots suggest that transcripts hybridized to 012-1 are a naked species (about 1.45 kb) and are subfragments (1.0 and 0.45 kb) of 1.4 kb species. 0112A-3 showed an increase in response to two pollutants, but not to water deficit. 0112A-3 encodes a polypeptide which has homology with wound-inducible protein inhibitors. MRNA species corresponding to 018-3 are transiently induced in response to sulfur dioxide and water deficit stress, and are late-induced by ozone stress. The 018-3 protein is Ozone fumigation to Atriplex canescens (saltbush) caused the homologous to thiol proteases. Clone OID2-2 and OIS14-3 show similar patterns in gene expression Transcript levels of the two genes rise rapidly and remain at a high level by seven days after ozone fumigation, and rise steadily in response to water deficit and sulfur dioxide stress. The deduced amino acids of both clones are glycine-rich proteins, and they have repeated motifs, (G-G-G-Y-G-H)n, and putative cell wall-targeting signal peptides. Northern analyses indicate that plant cells respond to ozone stress by increasing transcription of several genes. Furthermore, the expression of ozone-inducible genes varies with respect to the time course of induction and different stresses such as water-deficit and sulfur dioxide stress. The encoded proteins suggest that: first, ozone stress may generate wounding damage to increase the expression of the proteinase inhibitor (0112A-3) and the protease (018-3); second, ozone stress may change the cell wall components by increasing the amount of glycine-rich proteins (OID2-2 and OIS14-3); and third, ozone stress may change the cell wall structure with tyrosine-mediated cross-linking, which may use oxyradical-scavenging effects to relieve cellular stress.
No, Eun-Gyu
Ozone Conference II: Abstract Proceedings
Ozone Conference II: Pre- and Post-Harvest Applications Two Years After Gras, was held September 27-28, 1999 in Tulare, California. This conference, sponsored by EPRI's Agricultural Technology Alliance and Southern California Edison's AgTAC facility, was coordinated and organized by the on-site ATA-AgTAC Regional Center. Approximately 175 people attended the day-and-a-half conference at AgTAC. During the Conference twenty-two presentations were given on ozone food processing and agricultural applications...
A Comparison of Total Column Ozone Values Derived from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), the Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
A comparison of total column ozone data retrieved from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), the Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) for the years 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 is ...
Gary K. Corlett; Paul S. Monks
Analysis of Ground-Water Levels and Associated Trends in Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, 1951-2003
Almost 4,000 water-level measurements in 216 wells in the Yucca Flat area from 1951 to 2003 were quality assured and analyzed. An interpretative database was developed that describes water-level conditions for each water level measured in Yucca Flat. Multiple attributes were assigned to each water-level measurement in the database to describe the hydrologic conditions at the time of measurement. General quality, temporal variability, regional significance, and hydrologic conditions are attributed for each water-level measurement. The database also includes narratives that discuss the water-level history of each well. Water levels in 34 wells were analyzed for variability and for statistically significant trends. An attempt was made to identify the cause of many of the water-level fluctuations or trends. Potential causes include equilibration following well construction or development, pumping in the monitoring well, withdrawals from a nearby supply well, recharge from precipitation, earthquakes, underground nuclear tests, land subsidence, barometric pressure, and Earth tides. Some of the naturally occurring fluctuations in water levels may result from variations in recharge. The magnitude of the overall water-level change for these fluctuations generally is less than 2 feet. Long-term steady-state hydrographs for most of the wells open to carbonate rock have a very similar pattern. Carbonate-rock wells without the characteristic pattern are directly west of the Yucca and Topgallant faults in the southwestern part of Yucca Flat. Long-term steady-state hydrographs from wells open to volcanic tuffs or the Eleana confining unit have a distinctly different pattern from the general water-level pattern of the carbonate-rock aquifers. Anthropogenic water-level fluctuations were caused primarily by water withdrawals and nuclear testing. Nuclear tests affected water levels in many wells. Trends in these wells are attributed to test-cavity infilling or the effects of depressurization following nuclear testing. The magnitude of the overall water-level change for wells with anthropogenic trends can be large, ranging from several feet to hundreds of feet. Vertical water-level differences at 27 sites in Yucca Flat with multiple open intervals were compared. Large vertical differences were noted in volcanic rocks and in boreholes where water levels were affected by nuclear tests. Small vertical differences were noted within the carbonate-rock and valley-fill aquifers. Vertical hydraulic gradients generally are downward in volcanic rocks and from pre-Tertiary clastic rocks toward volcanic- or carbonate-rock units.
J.M. Fenelon
Antarctic Ozone Transport and Depletion in Austral Spring 2002
The ozone budget in the Antarctic region during the stratospheric warming in 2002 is studied, using ozone analyses from the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) ozone-transport and assimilation model called TM3DAM. The results show a ...
Peter Siegmund; Henk Eskes; Peter van Velthoven
Ozone effects on inhibitors of human neutrophil proteinases
The effects of ozone on human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A-1-PI), alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (A-1-Achy), bronchial leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (BLPI), and Eglin C were studied using in vitro exposures in phosphate-buffered solutions. Following ozone exposure, inhibitory activities against human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and/or cathepsin G (Cat G) were measured. Exposure of A-1-PI to 50 mol O3/mol protein resulted in a complete loss of HNE inhibitory activity, whereas A-1-Achy lost only 50% of its Cat G inhibitory activity and remained half active even after exposure to 250 mol of O3. At 40 mol O3/mol protein, BLPI lost 79% of its activity against HNE and 87% of its Cat G inhibitory activity. Eglin C, a leech-derived inhibitor, lost 81% of its HNE inhibitory activity and 92% of its ability to inhibit Cat G when exposed to 40 mol O3/mol. Amino acid analyses of ozone-exposed inhibitors showed destruction of Trp, Met, Tyr, and His with as little as 10 mol O3/mol protein, and higher levels of O3 resulted in more extensive oxidation of susceptible residues. The variable ozone susceptibility of the different amino acid residues in the four proteins indicated that oxidation was a function of protein structure, as well as the inherent susceptibility of particular amino acids. Exposure of A-1-PI and BLPI in the presence of the antioxidants, Trolox C (water soluble vitamin E) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), showed that antioxidant vitamins may protect proteins from oxidative inactivation by ozone. Methionine-specific modification of BLPI reduced its HNE and Cat G inhibitory activities. Two moles of N-chlorosuccinimide per mole of BLPI methionine caused an 80% reduction in activity against Cat G, but only a 40% reduction in HNE inhibitory activity.
Smith, C.E.; Stack, M.S.; Johnson, D.A.
Ozone effects on net primary production and carbon sequestration in the conterminous United States using a biogeochemistry model
The effects of air pollution on vegetation may provide an important control on the carbon cycle that has not yet been widely considered. Prolonged exposure to high levels of ozone, in particular, has been observed to inhibit ...
Felzer, Benjamin Seth.; Kicklighter, David W.; Melillo, Jerry M.; Wang, Chien.; Zhuang, Qianlai.; Prinn, Ronald G.
Y-12 Plant Stratospheric Ozone Protection plan
The Y-12 Plant staff is required by Lockheed Martin Energy Systems (Energy Systems) (formerly Martin Marietta Energy Systems) standard ESS-EP-129 to develop and implement a Stratospheric Ozone Protection Program which will minimize emissions of ozone-depleting substances to the environment and maximize the use of ozone-safe alternatives in order to comply with Title VI of the 1990 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments and the implementing regulations promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This plan describes the requirements, initiatives, and accomplishments of the Y-12 Plant Stratospheric Ozone Protection Program.
Iron catalysis in oxidation by ozone - Energy Innovation Portal
Bookmark Iron catalysis in oxidation by ozone - Energy Innovation Portal on Google; Bookmark Iron catalysis in oxidation by ozone - Energy Innovation ...
Calibration of the Ogawa ozone passive sampler for aircraft cabins...
Calibration of the Ogawa ozone passive sampler for aircraft cabins. Title Calibration of the Ogawa ozone passive sampler for aircraft cabins. Publication Type Journal Article Year...
Laboratory measurement of secondary pollutant yields from ozone...
Laboratory measurement of secondary pollutant yields from ozone reaction with HVAC filters. Title Laboratory measurement of secondary pollutant yields from ozone reaction with HVAC...
Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and...
Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission Requirements (Ohio) Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission...
... test fixture has been constructed from a derelict ground vehicle hull ... exposure levels: ion selective electrodes (grab hag sampling), sorbent tubes ...
Substation grounding programs
The five volume report comprises the user manual, installation, and validation manual and an applications guide for the SGA (Substation Grounding Analysis) software package. SGA consists of four computer programs: (1) SOMIP, (2) SMECC, (3) SGSYS, and (4) TGRND. The first three programs provide a comprehensive analysis tool for the design of substation grounding systems to meet safety standards. The fourth program, TGRND, provides a state of the art analysis tool for computing transient ground potential rise and ground system impedance. This part of the report, Volume 1, is a users manual and an installation and validation manual for the computer program SOMIP (SOil Measurement Interpretation Program). This program computes the best estimate of the parameters of a two layer soil model from usual soil resistivity measurements. Four pin or three pin soil measurements can be accommodated. In addition, it provides error bounds on the soil parameters for a given confidence level. The users manual describes data requirements and data preparation procedures. The installation and validation manual describes the computer files which make up the program SOMIP and provides two test cases for validation purposes. 4 refs.
Meliopoulos, A.P.S. (Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA (United States). School of Electrical Engineering)
Three-Dimensional Tracer Structure and Behavior as Simulated in Two Ozone Precursor Experiments
The GFDL 11-level general circulation/tracer model is used for two experiments designed to prepare the way for a self-consistent model of atmospheric ozone. The first experiment invokes a very simple condition at the top model level, an ...
J. D. Mahlman; H. Levy; W. J. Moxim
Laboratory measurement of secondary pollutant yields from ozone reaction with HVAC filters.
from Ozone Reaction with HVAC Filters Hugo Destaillats,from Ozone Reaction with HVAC Filters Hugo Destaillatsfrom Ozone Reaction with HVAC Filters Hugo Destaillats
Destaillats, Hugo
Observation of charge-transfer population of high-n levels in Ar/sup +16/ from neutral hydrogen in the ground and excited states in a tokamak plasma
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
X-ray spectra of He-like argon (Ar/sup +16/) have been obtained for the transitions 1snp..-->..1s/sup 2/, with 3< or =nlevels are observed to be predominantly populated by charge transfer between Ar/sup +17/ and intrinsic neutral hydrogen in the ground and first few excited states. Neutral hydrogen density pro- files are deduced from these measurements. The first experimental observations of the reactions Ar/sup +17/(1s /sup 2/S)+H/sub 0/((n = 2,3) ..-->..Ar/sup +16asterisk/(1snp /sup 1/P)+H/sup +/ are presented and their cross sections are estimated.
Rice, J.E.; Marmar, E.S.; Terry, J.L.; Kallne, E.; Kallne, J.
Ozone, skin cancer, and the SST
In 1971, the U.S. Congress cut off funding for development of supersonic transport aircraft prototypes when it was argued that the pollution created by SSTs could reduce the stratospheric ozone content and increase the incidence of skin cancer. At present, the theory of ozone depletion is in a rather uncertain state. Two examples of this are cited. First, ozone depletion may depend more on the availability of surfaces of aerosols and particles than on the content of chlorine. Second, it has been discovered that NO(x) can tie up active chlorine and thus reduce depletion from that source. We are therefore left with the paradoxical result that under certain circumstances SSTs flying in the lower stratospheric can actually counteract, at least partially, any ozone-depleting effects of CFCs. A recent study by scientists at the Brookhaven National Laboratory showed that melanoma rates would not be affected by changes in the ozone layer. If these results are confirmed, then much of the fear associated with ozone depletion disappears. It is difficult to tell how all this will affect a future supersonic transport program, since it is not clear whether a fleet of SSTs will increase or offset ozone depletion.
Singer, S.F.
We used Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) and conventional sampling methods to monitor and identify trace level organic pollutants formed in heterogeneous reactions between ozone and HVAC filters in real time. Experiments were carried out using a bench-scale flow tube reactor operating with dry air and humidified air (50% RH), at realistically high ozone concentrations (150 ppbv). We explored different filter media (i.e., fiberglass and cotton/polyester blends) and different particle loadings (i.e., clean filter and filters loaded with particles for 3 months at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Port of Oakland, CA). Detailed emission dynamics of very low levels of certain organic pollutants from filter media upon ozone exposure in the presence of moisture have been obtained and analyzed.
Destaillats, Hugo; Chen, Wenhao; Apte, Michael; Li, Nuan; Spears, Michael; Almosni, J�r�mie; Zhang, Jianshun (Jensen); Fisk, William J.
Climatological effects of atmospheric ozone: A review
The paper presents some results of model estimates of ozone (O/sub 3/) climatological effects. Specific issues involved in O/sub 3/ climate study and future research needs are discussed. (ACR)
Wang, W.C.
Tropospheric Ozone in Louisiana and Synoptic Circulation
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a pollutant of increasing concern in many urban areas in the United States. There is an increasing need to understand the geographical and meteorological properties associated with O3, particularly because of the ...
Robert V. Rohli; Michelle M. Russo; Anthony J. Vega; John B. Cole
Baseline Ozone Results from 1923 to 1955
Baseline total atmospheric ozone values have been derived, using the Chappuis band, from historical data for 11 Smithsonian sites, including both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The main baselines consist of 1194 and 970 days respectively for ...
Ronald J. Angione; Robert G. Roosen
NIST: Ground Levels and Ionization Energies
... 28, Ni, Nickel, [Ar], 3d 8, 4s 2, 3 F 4, 7.6399, Kessler et al. (2007). 29, Cu, Copper, [Ar], 3d 10, 4s, 2 S 1/2, 7.7264, (1948), (1980), (1999). 30, Zn, Zinc, ...
Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005) 28292838 Diurnal and seasonal cycles of ozone precursors observed from
characteristics. Ethane and propane, largely originated from leakage of natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases); Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs); Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG); Temperature inversion ARTICLE) and nitrogen oxides (NO+NO2 ¼ NOx), ozone is photochemically pro- duced and can accumulate to hazardous levels
Wingenter, Oliver W.
Global Variation in Total Ozone and Layer-Mean Ozone: An Update Through 1981
Total-ozone variations have been updated through 1981 for four regions in north temperate latitudes, the five climatic zones, both hemispheres, and the world. Also updated through 1981 are ozone values in height layers 32�48 km, 24�32 km, 16�24 ...
J. K. Angell; J. Korshover
Transmission Line Grounding
In 2008, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) published a comprehensive grounding report. Published in two parts, the report covered the theoretical and practical aspects of transmission line grounding practices. To further improve the tools available for grounding analysis, an investigation into practical ways to calculate the fault current distribution and ground potential rise of the transmission line grounding system was conducted. Furthermore, a survey of utilities has documented industry pr...
Effects of Ozone Heating on Forced Equatorial Kelvin Waves
An equatorial beta-plane model of the stratosphere is used to examine the effects of longwave radiational cooling, ozone photochemistry, and ozone advection on the linear spatial modulation of forced equatorial Kelvin waves. The model atmosphere ...
Robert S. Echols; Terrence R. Nathan
Determination of Total Ozone Amount from TIROS Radiance Measurements
Total ozone amounts are determined from atmospheric radiances measured by the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). The retrieval procedure is one of linear regression where total ozone amounts derived from Dobson spectrophotometer ...
Walter G. Planet; David S. Crosby; James H. Lienesch; Michael L. Hill
Vertical Structure of the Anomalous 2002 Antarctic Ozone Hole
Ozone estimates from observations by the NOAA-16 Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV/2) instrument and Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS-N) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) are used to describe the vertical structure of ozone ...
S. Kondragunta; L. E. Flynn; A. Neuendorffer; A. J. Miller; C. Long; R. Nagatani; S. Zhou; T. Beck; E. Beach; R. McPeters; R. Stolarski; P. K. Bhartia; M. T. DeLand; L.-K. Huang
Relations between Meteorology and Ozone in the Lake Michigan Region
The field program phase of the Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS) took place during the summer of 1991. Observed ozone concentrations and weather variables have been analyzed for the Lake Michigan region and the eastern United States for four 1991 ...
Steven R. Hanna; Joseph C. Chang
Surface Ozone During the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
During the last few years, increases in tropospheric ozone concentration have been detected and the need for more study has been recognized. There is very little knowledge about surface ozone background concentrations prior to the advent of ...
Rumen D. Bojkov
Space and Time Scales in Ambient Ozone Data
This paper describes the characteristic space and time scales in time series of ambient ozone data. The authors discuss the need and a methodology for cleanly separating the various scales of motion embedded in ozone time series data, namely, ...
S. T. Rao; I. G. Zurbenko; R. Neagu; P. S. Porter; J. Y. Ku; R. F. Henry
Iron Catalysis in Oxidations by Ozone - Energy Innovation Portal
Wind Energy; Partners (27) Visual Patent Search; Success Stories; News; Events; Industrial Technologies Iron Catalysis in Oxidations by Ozone Ames ...
Ozonization of humic acids in brown coal oxidized in situ
The effect of the ozonization of humic acids in chloroform and glacial acetic acid media on the yield and component composition of the resulting products was studied. The high efficiency of ozonization in acetic acid was found. Water-soluble low-molecular-weight substances were predominant among the ozonization products.
S.A. Semenova; Yu.F. Patrakov; M.V. Batina [Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo (Russia). Institute of Coal and Coal Chemistry
Liquid-phase ozonation of fusainized components of SS coal
Stepwise ozonation of leaning fusainized components of fossil coal of SS grade in acetic acid was studied. The dynamics of accumulation of oxygen-containing groups in the course of ozonation was examined, and the main pathways of the reaction of ozone with structural fragments of the coal substance were revealed.
Semenova, S.A.; Patrakov, Y.F. [Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo (Russian Federation)
Recent ground motion studies at Fermilab
Understanding slow and fast ground motion is important for the successful operation and design for present and future colliders. Since 2000 there have been several studies of ground motion at Fermilab. Several different types of HLS (hydro static level sensors) have been used to study slow ground motion (less than 1 hertz) seismometers have been used for fast (greater than 1 hertz) motions. Data have been taken at the surface and at locations 100 meters below the surface. Data of recent slow ground motion measurements with HLSs, many years of alignment data and results of the ATL-analysis are presented and discussed.
Shiltsev, V.; Volk, J.; /Fermilab; Singatulin, S.; /Novosibirsk, IYF
Electrical Subsurface Grounding Analysis
The purpose and objective of this analysis is to determine the present grounding requirements of the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) subsurface electrical system and to verify that the actual grounding system and devices satisfy the requirements.
J.M. Calle
Secondary Pollutants from Ozone Reaction with Ventilation Filters and Degradation of Filter Media Additives
Prior research suggests that chemical processes taking place on the surface of particle filters employed in buildings may lead to the formation of harmful secondary byproducts. We investigated ozone reactions with fiberglass, polyester, cotton/polyester and polyolefin filter media, as well as hydrolysis of filter media additives. Studies were carried out on unused media, and on filters that were installed for 3 months in buildings at two different locations in the San Francisco Bay Area. Specimens from each filter media were exposed to {approx}150 ppbv ozone in a flow tube under a constant flow of dry or humidified air (50percent RH). Ozone breakthrough was recorded for each sample over periods of {approx}1000 min; the ozone uptake rate was calculated for an initial transient period and for steady-state conditions. While ozone uptake was observed in all cases, we did not observe significant differences in the uptake rate and capacity for the various types of filter media tested. Most experiments were performed at an airflow rate of 1.3 L/min (face velocity = 0.013 m/s), and a few tests were also run at higher rates (8 to 10 L/min). Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, two oxidation byproducts, were quantified downstream of each sample. Those aldehydes (m/z 31 and 45) and other volatile byproducts (m/z 57, 59, 61 and 101) were also detected in real-time using Proton-Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). Low-ppbv byproduct emissions were consistently higher under humidified air than under dry conditions, and were higher when the filters were loaded with particles, as compared with unused filters. No significant differences were observed when ozone reacted over various types of filter media. Fiberglass filters heavily coated with impaction oil (tackifier) showed higher formaldehyde emissions than other samples. Those emissions were particularly high in the case of used filters, and were observed even in the absence of ozone, suggesting that hydrolysis of additives, rather than ozonolysis, is the main formaldehyde source in those filters. Emission rates of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were not found to be large enough to substantially increase indoor concentrations in typical building scenarios. Nevertheless, ozone reactions on HVAC filters cannot be ignored as a source of low levels of indoor irritants.
Destaillats, Hugo; Chen, Wenhao; Apte, Michael; Li, Nuan; Spears, Michael; Almosni, J�r�mie; Brunner, Gregory; Zhang, Jianshun (Jensen); Fisk, William J.
Imaging Spectrometry of Tropospheric Ozone and Water Vapor
Imaging spectrometry has the potential of remotely detecting atmospheric trace gases on the basis of their absorption of radiation. Ozone absorbs particulary in the ultraviolet and visible range of the spectrum, whereas water vapor has strong absorption features in the near infrared. Hence, spectrometry is expected to be a promising tool to extract these trace gas contents in a given air column by using the correlation between cumulative trace gas amount and absorption strength in the sensor channels located in the absorption bands. New mathematical methods of channel selection and method evaluation for measuring atmospheric trace gases are presented. Three already known and four new differential absorption techniques are evaluated by using MODTRAN2 simulations of the radiance spectrum at the sensor level and an analytical error propagation analysis. Finally, the best methods and channel combinations are selected and applied to AVIRIS data of Central Switzerland. The spatial ozone distribution could be estimated over water in a qualitative manner, whereas the total column water vapor content could be quantified over land with an accuracy of about 6%.
Daniel Schl�pfer; Klaus I. Itten; Johannes Keller
Appendix D Surface Water and Ground Water Time-Concentration Plots,
Surface Water and Ground Water Time-Concentration Plots, Surface Water and Ground Water Time-Concentration Plots, Stream Discharge Measurements, Ground Water Level Data, and Ground Water Well Hydrographs This page intentionally left blank Contents Section .................................................................................. Surface Water Time-Concentration Plots D1.O ............................................................................................... Stream Discharge Measurements D2.0 ............................................................. Ground Water Time-Concentration Plots for Uranium D3.0 .......................................................................................................... Ground Water Level Data D4.0 ..............................................................................................
Surface Ozone Pattern in Hong Kong
Surface ozone (O3) and its precursors in rural and urban areas of Hong Kong are analyzed through the seasonal, temporal, and spatial variation patterns. The seasonal O3 shows a unique pattern with a major peak in autumn and a trough in summer. ...
L. Y. Chan; C. Y. Chan; Y. Qin
Nuclear conflict and ozone depletion Quick summary
Nuclear conflict and ozone depletion Quick summary o Regional nuclear war could cause global which traps pollutants o Nuclear weapons cause explosions, which then causes things around the vicinity to start burning, which in turn releases black carbon; it is not the nuclear material or fallout causing
Toohey, Darin W.
Ozone Conservation and Entrainment in Cumulus Congestus
This study demonstrates that ozone mixing ratio (O3) is conserved during moist convection and can be used as a tracer for cloud entrainment studies. The approach used is to apply mixing line analysis to pairs of liquid water potential temperature ...
R. Pearson Jr.; C. J. Weaver
Electrical grounding prong socket
The invention is a socket for a grounding prong used in a three prong electrical plug and a receptacle for the three prong plug. The socket being sufficiently spacious to prevent the socket from significantly stretching when a larger, U-shaped grounding prong is inserted into the socket, and having a ridge to allow a snug fit when a smaller tubular shape grounding prong is inserted into the socket.
Leong, Robert (Dublin, CA)
Predaceous Ground Beetles
Predaceous ground beetles can be a nuisance to homeowners, especially when they are numerous. This publication describes the beetles and discusses ways to prevent and treat them.
Sansone, Chris; Minzenmayer, Rick
This document is a users manual and applications guide for the software package SGA. This package comprises four computer programs, namely SOMIP, SMECC, SGSYS, and TGRND. The first three programs are analysis models which are to be used in the design process of substation grounding systems. The fourth program, TGRND, is an analysis program for determining the transient response of a grounding system. This report, Volume 3, is a users manual and an installation and validation manual for the computer program SGSYS (Substation Grounding SYStem Analysis Program). This program analyzes the substation ground field given the total electric current injected into the ground field and the design of the grounding system. Standard outputs of the program are (1) total ground resistance, (2) step voltage, (3) touch voltage, (4) voltages on a grid of points, (5) voltage profile along straight lines, (6) transfer voltages, (7) ground potential rise, (8) body currents, (9) step voltage profile along straight lines, and (10) touch voltage profile along straight lines. This program can be utilized in an interactive or batch mode. In the interactive mode, the user defines the grounding system geometry, soil parameters, and output requests interactively, with the use of a user friendly conversational program. The users manual describes data requirements and data preparation procedures. An appendix provides forms which facilitate data collection procedures. The installation and validation manual describes the computer files which make up the program SGSYS and provides a test case for validation purposes.
Meliopoulos, A.P.S. (Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA (United States). Electric Power Lab.)
Interannual Variability and Trends of Extratropical Ozone. Part I: Northern Hemisphere
The authors apply principal component analysis (PCA) to the extratropical total column ozone from the combined merged ozone data product and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts assimilated ozone from January 1979 to August ...
Xun Jiang; Steven Pawson; Charles D. Camp; J. Eric Nielsen; Run-Lie Shia; Ting Liao; Varavut Limpasuvan; Yuk L. Yung
Quality of Total Ozone Measured by the Focused Sun Method Using a Brewer Spectrophotometer
Strong ozone depletions and large natural variations in total ozone have been observed at high latitudes. Accurate measurements of total ozone are important so as not to misinterpret the involved processes and to track correctly the variations. ...
Weine Josefsson
Effects of ozone exposure on 'Golden' papaya fruit by photoacoustic phase-resolved method: Physiological changes associated with carbon dioxide and ethylene emission rates during ripening
This work addresses the effects of ozone activity on the physiology of 'Golden' papaya fruit. Depth profile analysis of double-layer biological samples was accomplished using the phase-resolved photoacoustic spectroscopy. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated by singling out the spectra of the cuticle and the pigment layers of papaya fruit. The same approach was used to monitor changes occurring on the fruit during ripening when exposed to ozone. In addition, one has performed real time studies of fluorescence parameters and the emission rates of carbon dioxide and ethylene. Finally, the amount of pigments and the changes in waxy cuticle have been monitored. Results indicate that a fruit deliberately subjected to ozone at a level of 6 ppmv underwent ripening sooner (at least 24-48 h) than a fruit stored at ambient conditions. Moreover, ozone caused a reduction in the maximum quantum yield of photosynthetic apparatus located within the skin of papaya fruit.
Correa, Savio Figueira; Brito Paiva, Luisa; Mota do Couto, Flavio; Gomes da Silva, Marcelo; Silva Sthel, Marcelo; Vargas, Helion [Laboratorio de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque California 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil); Mota, Leonardo [Laboratorio de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque California 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil); Fraunhofer Institut fuer Bauphysik, Nobelstrasse 12, Vaihingen 70569, Stuttgart, Baden Wuerttemberg (Germany); Goncalves de Oliveira, Jurandi [Laboratorio de Melhoramento Genetico Vegetal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque California 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil); Miklos, Andras [Fraunhofer Institut fuer Bauphysik, Nobelstrasse 12, Vaihingen 70569, Stuttgart, Baden Wuerttemberg (Germany)
History of Residential Grounding
This report describes the development of residential electrical service grounding practices in the United States. The report focuses on the history of the National Electrical Code (NEC), which prescribes standards for wiring practices in residences, including grounding of the building electrical service.
Ways of grounding imagination
This paper discusses and evaluates use of different participatory design methods in relation to addressing the challenge of grounding imagination. It presents reflections on the use of three participatory design methods, deployed in the WorkSpace project: ... Keywords: PD methods, analytical triangulation, bricolage, future laboratory, grounding imagination, in-situ prototyping experiments
Monika B�scher; Mette Agger Eriksen; Jannie Friis Kristensen; Preben Holst Mogensen
Wavelengths, Transition Probabilities, and Energy Levels for ...
... Energy level values, with designations and uncertainties, have ... In addition, ground states, ionization energies, and hyperfine ... All rights reserved. ...
NRC symposium explores links between greenhouse gases, stratospheric ozone
Two important climatic issues stratospheric ozone depletion and greenhouse gas increase and the apparent connection between them led to the holding in March 1988 of a Joint Symposium on Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change. This symposium was primarily concerned with the linkages between ozone depletion and increasing greenhouse gases and with their combined effect in causing climate change to occur on a global scale. The presentations review the current state of knowledge about stratospheric ozone depletion, discuss the probable effect of predicted greenhouse gas increase on future ozone trends, summarize observational data on changing atmospheric chemistry and associated atmospheric temperatures, and describe the continuing effort to model and predict future scenarios of climatic change relative to ozone and greenhouse gases in both the stratosphere and the troposphere.
Ground Motion Workshop
2nd Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics Workshop 2nd Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics Workshop on Ground Motion in Future Accelerators November 6 - 9, 2000 SLAC Coordinators: Andrei Seryi & Tor Raubenheimer Proceedings Updated June 26, 2001 Agenda and Presentations Workshop photos Summaries Useful links Poster Goals Introduction to the problems Structure Registration Registered participants Committees Location, Accommodations and Travel Workshop on Ground Motion in Future Accelerators A workshop was held at SLAC that was devoted to ground motion and its effects on future accelerators. Ground motion and vibration can be a limiting effect in synchrotron light sources, hadron circular colliders, and electron/positron linear colliders. Over the last several years, there has been significant progress in the understanding of the ground motion and its effects, however, there are
An Assessment of Tropospheric Ozone Pollution
This assessment was prepared as an initiative of the North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (NARSTO). The NARSTO partnership is a non-binding, tri-national public/private alliance, open to science agencies, regulatory agencies, regulated industries, academic institutions, environmentalists, and public interests groups in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The NARSTO mission is to plan, coordinate, and facilitate comprehensive, long-term, policy-relevant scientific research and assess...
Ozone and UV for Grain Milling Systems
Recognizing the current concerns with food safety, First Energy Services and EPRI collaborated in a project to investigate the feasibility of using ozone as a substitute for chlorinated water to control bacteria and mold at the Harvest States Amber Milling facility in Huron, Ohio. Traditionally, chlorinated water is used to control bacteria and mold in grain processing. Since chlorine usage can be costly and because chlorine presents problems in storage and safe handling of chlorine gas, the project part...
In-Situ Electrical Studies on Ozone Functionalization of Graphene
It is found that the ozone molecules at 300 K are reversibly physisorbed on the surface of graphene and the physisorption bonding is removed immediately after �...
The Cost of Crop Damage Caused by Ozone Air Pollution From Motor Vehicles
L. (1982). Assessment of crop loss from ozone. Journal of1984). Assessing impacts of ozone on agricultural crops: II.crop yield functions and alternative exposure statistics.
Murphy, James; Delucchi, Mark; McCubbin, Donald; Kim, H.J.
Stratospheric ozone in the planetary boundary layer
The impact of stratospheric ozone associated with rapid transport processes at remote Whiteface Mountain, New York was studied using /sup 7/Be as a stratospheric tracer. The seasonal variation of /sup 7/Be concentration suggests that the greatest impact of stratospheric ozone at Whiteface Mountain occurs during late spring and early summer consistent with the time when the impact of tropopause folding should be maximum. This is also the time when tropospheric photochemical ozone production is likely to be maximum. The analysis of 33 cases with peak /sup 7/Be > 175 fCi/m/sup 3/ shows strong correlation between averaged O/sub 3/ and /sup 7/Be concentration. Assuming peak /sup 7/Be is associated with rapid transport we estimate 12 ppbv as the 24th average increased O/sub 3/ due to tropopause folding events. Also the average SO/sub 4/2/sup -/ concentration peaked a day after /sup 7/Be suggesting the backside of the weather system responsible for rapid subsidence also favors transport to this site from distant urban-industrial centers. Thus, photochemical pollution episodes may be intensified by stratospheric subsidence.
Dutkiewicz, V.A.; Husain, L.; Rusheed, A.
ABS>This patent presents a method for locating a ground in a d-c circult having a number of parallel branches connected across a d-c source or generator. The complete method comprises the steps of locating the ground with reference to the mildpoint of the parallel branches by connecting a potentiometer across the terminals of the circuit and connecting the slider of the potentiometer to ground through a current indicating instrument, adjusting the slider to right or left of the mildpoint so as to cause the instrument to indicate zero, connecting the terminal of the network which is farthest from the ground as thus indicated by the potentiometer to ground through a condenser, impressing a ripple voltage on the circuit, and then measuring the ripple voltage at the midpoint of each parallel branch to find the branch in which is the lowest value of ripple voltage, and then measuring the distribution of the ripple voltage along this branch to determine the point at which the ripple voltage drops off to zero or substantially zero due to the existence of a ground. The invention has particular application where a circuit ground is present which will disappear if the normal circuit voltage is removed.
Macleish, K.G.
EPRI Substation Grounding Project
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has been conducting research in the area of substation grounding and fault current management for several decades. This research has resulted in a large number of reports and other products. To help users locate the results of EPRI�s research in substation grounding and fault current management, an annual update is prepared containing brief descriptions of the products.ObjectiveThe objective of this report is ...
Substation Grounding Grids
This report is an account of research performed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in 2011 on the subject of degradation of buried grounding grids in electric power substations. Substation ground grids are usually made of copper conductors, which are placed below grade and are joined together and to the above-grade structures with various types of connectors. While above-grade connections are visible and may be inspected, below-grade connections are not visible or readily accessible for insp...
This document is a users manual and applications guide for the software package SGA. This package comprises four computer programs, namely SOMIP, SMECC, SGSYS, and TGRND. The first three programs are analysis models which are to be used in the design process of substation grounding systems. The fourth program, TGRND, is an analysis program for determining the transient response of a grounding system. This report, Volume 2, is a users manual and an installation and validation manual for the computer program SMECC (Substation Maximum Earth Current Computation Program). This program analyzes the electric current distribution among grounded structures inside and outside a substation for different fault conditions. The fault conditions are automatically selected by the program, or they may be specified by the user, or both. The fault condition resulting in maximum substation earth current is identified and reported. Data requirements for this program are: ground impedance, transformer data, transmission line data, transmission line grounding impedances, etc. The program provides four types of standard outputs: (1) a report of voltages and current flow in the unfaulted system, (2) a brief report of the maximum ground potential rise (worst fault condition), (3) a summary report of all fault conditions which have been analyzed by the program, and (4) a detailed report of voltages and current flow for a selected set of fault conditions.
Secondary organic aerosol from ozone-initiated reactions with terpene-rich household products
We analyzed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) data from a series of small-chamber experiments in which terpene-rich vapors from household products were combined with ozone under conditions analogous to product use indoors. Reagents were introduced into a continuously ventilated 198 L chamber at steady rates. Consistently, at the time of ozone introduction, nucleation occurred exhibiting behavior similar to atmospheric events. The initial nucleation burst and growth was followed by a period in which approximately stable particle levels were established reflecting a balance between new particle formation, condensational growth, and removal by ventilation. Airborne particles were measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS, 10 to 400 nm) in every experiment and with an optical particle counter (OPC, 0.1 to 2.0 ?m) in a subset. Parameters for a three-mode lognormal fit to the size distribution at steady state were determined for each experiment. Increasing the supply ozone level increased the steady-state mass concentration and yield of SOA from each product tested. Decreasing the air-exchange rate increased the yield. The steady-state fine-particle mass concentration (PM1.1) ranged from 10 to> 300 mu g m-3 and yields ranged from 5percent to 37percent. Steady-state nucleation rates and SOA mass formation rates were on the order of 10 cm-3 s-1 and 10 mu g m-3 min-1, respectively.
Coleman, Beverly; Coleman, Beverly K.; Lunden, Melissa M.; Destaillats, Hugo; Nazaroff, William W.
Guide for Transmission Line Grounding
Electrical utilities have a duty to provide effective grounding for managing steady-state and fault currents, whether near a large generating station or at a remote distribution pole ground. For transmission lines, this imperative is usually met with investment in overhead ground wires and grounding electrodes. Effective grounding at each tower improves reliability8212by providing low path impedance to lightning strokes8212and contributes to safety. However, the fundamental physical parameters in ground ...
Ozonated Laundry: An Analysis of Its Applications and Market Potential
Electric utilities can create value for their customers and revenues for themselves by promoting new energy-intensive technologies. This report focuses on one such electrotechnology, ozonated laundry. It describes the current state of the technology and its economic prospects and explores how utilities can benefit from increased marketplace acceptance of ozonated laundry.
Autoregressive forecast of monthly total ozone concentration: A neurocomputing approach
The present study endeavors to generate autoregressive neural network (AR-NN) models to forecast the monthly total ozone concentration over Kolkata (22^o34', 88^o22'), India. The issues associated with the applicability of neural network to geophysical ... Keywords: Autoregressive moving average, Autoregressive neural network, Monthly total ozone, Predictive model
Goutami Chattopadhyay; Surajit Chattopadhyay
Massive global ozone loss predicted following regional nuclear conflict
Massive global ozone loss predicted following regional nuclear conflict Michael J. Mills* , Owen B a chemistry-climate model and new estimates of smoke produced by fires in contemporary cities to calculate the impact on stratospheric ozone of a regional nuclear war between developing nuclear states involving 100
Atmospheric Environment 41 (2007) 31513160 Ozone removal by HVAC filters
Atmospheric Environment 41 (2007) 31513160 Ozone removal by HVAC filters P. Zhao, J.A. Siegel�?, R May 2006; accepted 14 June 2006 Abstract Residential and commercial HVAC filters that have been loaded of the relative importance of HVAC filters as a removal mechanism for ozone in residential and commercial
Siegel, Jeffrey
Proceedings: Indoor Air 2005 OZONE REMOVAL BY RESIDENTIAL HVAC FILTERS
Proceedings: Indoor Air 2005 2366 OZONE REMOVAL BY RESIDENTIAL HVAC FILTERS P Zhao1,2 , JA Siegel1, Austin, Texas 78758, USA ABSTRACT HVAC filters have a significant influence on indoor air quality% for Filter #2 at a face velocity of 0.81 cm/s. The potential for HVAC filters to affect ozone concentrations
The 1983 and 1985 Anomalies in Ozone Distribution in Perspective
Studies of the amount of total ozone at many observatories show that the negative 1983 deviation from the long-term average exceeded 2?, and was the greatest in magnitude for an annual deviation in their entire record., the total ozone in ...
An Analysis of Tropopause Pressure and Total Ozone Correlations
The relationship between total ozone and tropopause pressure is analyzed using 4 years (1979�82) of Nimbus-7 total ozone data and NMC global analyses of tropopause on a 5� by 5� grid. The fields are separated into medium (synoptic) and large ...
Siegfried D. Schubert; Marie-Jeanne Munteanu
An Update through 1985 of the Variations in Global Total Ozone and North Temperate Layer-Mean Ozone
Total-ozone variations in five climatic zones and the world as a whole, as well as ozone variations in tropospheric and stratospheric layers of the north temperate zone, have been updated through 1985 by means of Dobson, ozonesonde and Umkehr ...
This document is a users manual and applications guide for the software package SGA. This package comprises four computer programs, namely SOMIP, SMECC, SGSYS, and TGRND. The first three programs are analysis models which are to be used in the design process of substation grounding systems. The fourth program, TGRND, is an analysis program for determining the transient response of a grounding system. This report, Volume 5, is an applications guide of the three computer programs. SOMIP, SMECC, and SGSYS, for the purpose of designing a safe substation grounding system. The applications guide utilizes four example substation grounding systems for the purpose of illustrating the application of the programs, SOMIP, SMECC, and SGSYS. The examples are based on data provided by four contributing utilities, namely, Houston Lighting and Power Company, Southern Company Services, Puget Sound Power and Light Company, and Arizona Public Service Company. For the purpose of illustrating specific capabilities of the computer programs, the data have been modified. As a result, the final designs of the four systems do not necessarily represent actual grounding system designs by these utilities. The example system 1 is a 138 kV/35 kV distribution substation. The example system 2 is a medium size 230 kV/115 kV transmission substation. The third example system is a generation substation while the last is a large 525 kV/345 kV/230 kV transmission substation. The four examples cover most of the practical problems that a user may encounter in the design of substation grounding systems.
Substation Ground Grid Impedance Measurement
Because safety impacts all segments of the electric power industry, the integrity and conformance to standards of substation grounding systems is of paramount importance. This report summarizes field demonstrations of commercially available meters for performance evaluation of large grounding systems, including the EPRI Ground Grid Evaluator (commercially known as the Smart Ground Multimeter or SGM).
Ozone depletion, greenhouse gases, and climate change: Proceedings
This symposium was primarily concerned with the linkages between ozone depletion and increasing greenhouse gases and with their combined effect in causing climate change to occur on a global scale. The presentations in these proceedings review the current state of knowledge about stratospheric ozone depletion, discuss the probable effect of predicted greenhouse gas increase on future ozone trends, summarize observational data on changing atmospheric chemistry and associated atmospheric temperatures, and describe the continuing effort to model and predict future scenarios of climatic change relative to ozone and greenhouse gases in both the stratosphere and the troposphere. Some of the questions and answers that followed the presentations have been included when they highlight noteworthy points that were not covered in the presentation itself. The request by the National Climate Program Office for a symposium on the above related issues is included. The symposium agenda and participants are given. As well as a glossary of special terms and abbreviations. In summary, the Joint Symposium on Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Gases, and Climate Change reviewed the magnitude and causes of stratospheric ozone depletion and examined the connections that exist between this problem and the impending climate warming to increasing greenhouse gases. The presentations of these proceedings indicate that the connections are real and important, and that the stratospheric ozone depletion and tropospheric greenhouse warming problems must be studied as parts of an interactive global system rather than as more or less unconnected events.
Improved Smart Ground Multimeter
The Smart Ground Multimeter (SGM) underwent three major redesigns since its original development in the early 1980s. This report describes the latest redesign and provides useful tips on the assessment of measured data quality and on resolving measurement problems in the field.
Sensitivity Analysis of Ozone Formation and Transport for a Central
Sensitivity Analysis of Ozone Formation and Transport for a Central Sensitivity Analysis of Ozone Formation and Transport for a Central California Air Pollution Episode Title Sensitivity Analysis of Ozone Formation and Transport for a Central California Air Pollution Episode Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2008 Authors Jin, Ling, Shaheen R. Tonse, Daniel S. Cohan, Xianglei Mao, Robert A. Harley, and Nancy J. Brown Journal Environmental Science & Technology Volume 42 Start Page 3683 Issue 10 Pagination 3683-3689 Date Published 05/2008 Abstract We developed a first- and second-order sensitivity analysis approach with the decoupled direct method to examine spatial and temporal variations of ozone-limiting reagents and the importance of local vs upwind emission sources in the San Joaquin Valley of central California for a 5 day ozone episode (Jul 29th to Aug 3rd, 2000). Despite considerable spatial variations, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission reductions are overall more effective than volatile organic compound (VOC) control for attaining the 8 h ozone standard in this region for this episode, in contrast to the VOC control that works better for attaining the prior 1 h ozone standard. Interbasin source contributions of NOx emissions are limited to the northern part of the SJV, while anthropogenic VOC (AVOC) emissions, especially those emitted at night, influence ozone formation in the SJV further downwind. Among model input parameters studied here, uncertainties in emissions of NOx and AVOC, and the rate coefficient of the OH + NO2 termination reaction, have the greatest effect on first-order ozone responses to changes in NOx emissions. Uncertainties in biogenic VOC emissions only have a modest effect because they are generally not collocated with anthropogenic sources in this region.
Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related
Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission Requirements (Ohio) Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission Requirements (Ohio) < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Construction Fuel Distributor Industrial Institutional Investor-Owned Utility Local Government Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative State/Provincial Govt Transportation Tribal Government Utility Savings Category Buying & Making Electricity Program Info State Ohio Program Type Environmental Regulations Provider Ohio Environmental Protection Agency This chapter defining the roles of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency gives specific detail on the regulation point-source air pollution for a variety of industries and pollutants.
A Study on the Planetary Wave Transport of Ozone during the Late February 1979 Stratospheric Warming Using the SAGE Ozone Observation and Meteorological Information
Ozone data from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) have been used in conjunction with meteorological information to study the ozone transport near 55�N due to planetary waves during the late February 1979 stratospheric warming. ...
Pi-Huan Wang; M. P. McCormick; W. P. Chu
Ground State Entanglement Energetics
We consider the ground state of simple quantum systems coupled to an environment. In general the system is entangled with its environment. As a consequence, even at zero temperature, the energy of the system is not sharp: a projective measurement can find the system in an excited state. We show that energy fluctuation measurements at zero temperature provide entanglement information. For two-state systems which exhibit a persistent current in the ground state, energy fluctuations and persistent current fluctuations are closely related. The harmonic oscillator serves to illustrate energy fluctuations in a system with an infinite number of states. In addition to the energy distribution we discuss the energy-energy time-correlation function in the zero-temperature limit.
M. Buttiker; A. N. Jordan
Overhead Transmission Line Lightning and Grounding Reference Book 2012
In North America and many other parts of the world, lightning remains the primary cause of transmission line outages, momentary interruptions, and reliability and maintenance problems. The lightning performance of transmission lines may be improved by applying overhead ground wires, providing a low impedance connection to ground, and selecting appropriate insulation levels for the phase conductors. The success of these measures is not always ...
CEUS Ground Motion Project
Three utilities are currently pursuing early site permits (ESPs) for possible siting of new nuclear power plant facilities in the central and eastern United States (CEUS). The geological, seismological, and engineering characteristics of a site and its environs must be investigated in sufficient scope and detail. These investigations are needed to adequately evaluate a proposed site and to provide sufficient information for estimating the site's safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) ground motion. Nuclear Regul...
Isentropic Cross-Tropopause Ozone Transport in the Northern Hemisphere
This paper investigates isentropic ozone exchange between the extratropical lower stratosphere and the subtropical upper troposphere in the Northern Hemisphere. The quantification method is based on the potential vorticity (PV) mapping of ...
P. Jing; D. M. Cunnold; H. J. Wang; E-S. Yang
Total Ozone Determination from the Backscattered Ultraviolet (BUV) Experiment
The algorithm used to derive total ozone from the Nimbus 4 Backscattered Ultraviolet (BUV) experiment is described. A seven-year global data set with more than one million retrievals has been produced and archived using this algorithm. The ...
K. F. Klenk; P. K. Bhartia; V. G. Kaveeshwar; R. D. McPeters; P. M. Smith; A. J. Fleig
Sensitivity of Surface Ozone Simulation to Cumulus Parameterization
Different cumulus schemes cause significant discrepancies in simulated precipitation, cloud cover, and temperature, which in turn lead to remarkable differences in simulated biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and surface ozone ...
Zhining Tao; Allen Williams; Ho-Chun Huang; Michael Caughey; Xin-Zhong Liang
Ozone-initiated chemistry in an occupied simulated aircraft cabin
nonanal, decanal, 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), formic acid and acetic acid, with 0.25 to 0.30 moles of quantified product volatilized per mole of ozone...
Indoor Surface Chemistry: Ozone Reaction with Nicotine Sorbed...
Indoor Surface Chemistry: Ozone Reaction with Nicotine Sorbed to Model Materials Speaker(s): Hugo Destaillats Date: May 19, 2005 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 During this seminar,...
Mesoscale Meteorology and High Ozone in the Northeast United States
This study examines the relationship between mesoscale meteorological conditions and high-ozone days in the northeastern United States. It is proposed that the leeside trough and the sea-breeze front are two mesoscale features that can be ...
Robert S. Gaza
The Ozone Dilemma: a reference handbook (Contemporary World Issues Series)
Dilemma: a reference handbook By David E. Newton Reviewed byDilemma: a reference handbook (Contemporary World IssuesThe Ozone Dilemma: a reference handbook is targeted at both
Li, Haipeng
Global Health and Economic Impacts of Future Ozone Pollution
We assess the human health and economic impacts of projected 2000-2050 changes in ozone pollution using the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis-Health Effects (EPPA-HE) model, in combination with results from the ...
Webster, Mort D.
Ground Squirrels and Gophers
Squirrels and Gophers Squirrels and Gophers Nature Bulletin No. 224-A April 2, 1966 Forest Preserve District of Cook County Seymour Simon, President Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation GROUND SQUIRRELS AND GOPHERS On sunny summer days, a dusty-colored animal with yellowish and brown stripes, about the size of a small rat, often may be noticed creeping through the grass of prairies, pastures, golf courses or lawns. Watch him. He pauses every few feet to sit up, look and listen for a moment. Nervous and timid, he crouches low at every distant sound or passing shadow. Startle him and he scurries away, and then may suddenly halt and freeze, bolt upright, as stiff and straight as a stake driven in the ground. If approached, he gives a loud shrill trilling whistle and, with a flip of his tail, pops out of sight. Watch that spot closely and, in less than a minute, a snaky head appears. Be quiet. He has many enemies above ground and he also has a lot of curiosity. Presently he sits up upon his haunches again.
Probabilistic aspects of meteorological and ozone regional ensemble forecasts
This study investigates whether probabilistic ozone forecasts from an ensemble can be made with skill; i.e., high verification resolution and reliability. Twenty-eight ozone forecasts were generated over the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, for the 5-day period 11-15 August 2004, and compared with 1-hour averaged measurements of ozone concentrations at five stations. The forecasts were obtained by driving the CMAQ model with four meteorological forecasts and seven emission scenarios: a control run, {+-} 50% NO{sub x}, {+-} 50% VOC, and {+-} 50% NO{sub x} combined with VOC. Probabilistic forecast quality is verified using relative operating characteristic curves, Talagrand diagrams, and a new reliability index. Results show that both meteorology and emission perturbations are needed to have a skillful probabilistic forecast system--the meteorology perturbation is important to capture the ozone temporal and spatial distribution, and the emission perturbation is needed to span the range of ozone-concentration magnitudes. Emission perturbations are more important than meteorology perturbations for capturing the likelihood of high ozone concentrations. Perturbations involving NO{sub x} resulted in a more skillful probabilistic forecast for the episode analyzed, and therefore the 50% perturbation values appears to span much of the emission uncertainty for this case. All of the ensembles analyzed show a high ozone concentration bias in the Talagrand diagrams, even when the biases from the unperturbed emissions forecasts are removed from all ensemble members. This result indicates nonlinearity in the ensemble, which arises from both ozone chemistry and its interaction with input from particular meteorological models.
Monache, L D; Hacker, J; Zhou, Y; Deng, X; Stull, R
Delayed Southern Hemisphere climate change induced by stratospheric ozone recovery, as projected by the CMIP5 models
Stratospheric ozone is expected to recover by the end of this century due to the regulation of ozone depleting substances by the Montreal Protocol. Targeted modeling studies have suggested that the climate response to ozone recovery will greatly ...
Elizabeth A. Barnes; Nicholas W. Barnes; Lorenzo M. Polvani
Interannual Variability of the Antarctic Ozone Hole in a GCM. Part I: The Influence of Tropospheric Wave Variability
To study the interannual variability of the Antarctic ozone hole, a physically realistic parameterization of the chemistry responsible for severe polar ozone loss has been included in the GISS GCM. The ensuing ozone hole agrees well with ...
Drew T. Shindell; Sun Wong; David Rind
Ozone production at a rural site in Georgia during the summer 1992 SOS campaign
As part of the Southern Oxidant Study (SOS) (UCAR, 1990), Brookhaven National Laboratory operated a ``SENIOR`` (South Eastern Network for Intensive Ozone Research) measurement site on a campaign basis during parts of the summers of 1991 and 1992. Measurements were made for the purpose of understanding the pervasive high levels of O{sub 3} observed in the southeastern US (Meagher et al, 1987 Aneja et al, 1990; NRC, 1991). In this article the authors focus on the 1992 observations of O{sub 3} and the predication of O{sub 3} formation rates based on a radical budget calculation and based on the photostationary state.
Kleinman, L.I.; Lee, Yin-Nan; Springston, S.R. [and others
At the Savannah River Site (SRS), oxalic acid is currently considered the preferred agent for chemically cleaning the large underground Liquid Radioactive Waste Tanks. It is applied only in the final stages of emptying a tank when generally less than 5,000 kg of waste solids remain, and slurrying based removal methods are no-longer effective. The use of oxalic acid is preferred because of its combined dissolution and chelating properties, as well as the fact that corrosion to the carbon steel tank walls can be controlled. Although oxalic acid is the preferred agent, there are significant potential downstream impacts. Impacts include: (1) Degraded evaporator operation; (2) Resultant oxalate precipitates taking away critically needed operating volume; and (3) Eventual creation of significant volumes of additional feed to salt processing. As an alternative to dealing with the downstream impacts, oxalate decomposition using variations of ozone based Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) were investigated. In general AOPs use ozone or peroxide and a catalyst to create hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxyl radicals have among the highest oxidation potentials, and are commonly used to decompose organics. Although oxalate is considered among the most difficult organic to decompose, the ability of hydroxyl radicals to decompose oxalate is considered to be well demonstrated. In addition, as AOPs are considered to be 'green' their use enables any net chemical additions to the waste to be minimized. In order to test the ability to decompose the oxalate and determine the decomposition rates, a test rig was designed, where 10 vol% ozone would be educted into a spent oxalic acid decomposition loop, with the loop maintained at 70 C and recirculated at 40L/min. Each of the spent oxalic acid streams would be created from three oxalic acid strikes of an F-area simulant (i.e., Purex = high Fe/Al concentration) and H-area simulant (i.e., H area modified Purex = high Al/Fe concentration) after nearing dissolution equilibrium, and then decomposed to {le} 100 Parts per Million (ppm) oxalate. Since AOP technology largely originated on using ultraviolet (UV) light as a primary catalyst, decomposition of the spent oxalic acid, well exposed to a medium pressure mercury vapor light was considered the benchmark. However, with multi-valent metals already contained in the feed, and maintenance of the UV light a concern; testing was conducted to evaluate the impact from removing the UV light. Using current AOP terminology, the test without the UV light would likely be considered an ozone based, dark, ferrioxalate type, decomposition process. Specifically, as part of the testing, the impacts from the following were investigated: (1) Importance of the UV light on the decomposition rates when decomposing 1 wt% spent oxalic acid; (2) Impact of increasing the oxalic acid strength from 1 to 2.5 wt% on the decomposition rates; and (3) For F-area testing, the advantage of increasing the spent oxalic acid flowrate from 40 L/min (liters/minute) to 50 L/min during decomposition of the 2.5 wt% spent oxalic acid. The results showed that removal of the UV light (from 1 wt% testing) slowed the decomposition rates in both the F & H testing. Specifically, for F-Area Strike 1, the time increased from about 6 hours to 8 hours. In H-Area, the impact was not as significant, with the time required for Strike 1 to be decomposed to less than 100 ppm increasing slightly, from 5.4 to 6.4 hours. For the spent 2.5 wt% oxalic acid decomposition tests (all) without the UV light, the F-area decompositions required approx. 10 to 13 hours, while the corresponding required H-Area decompositions times ranged from 10 to 21 hours. For the 2.5 wt% F-Area sludge, the increased availability of iron likely caused the increased decomposition rates compared to the 1 wt% oxalic acid based tests. In addition, for the F-testing, increasing the recirculation flow rates from 40 liter/minute to 50 liter/minute resulted in an increased decomposition rate, suggesting a better use of ozone.
Ketusky, E.; Subramanian, K.
Hanford Site ground-water monitoring for 1994
This report presents the results of the Ground-Water Surveillance Project monitoring for calendar year 1994 on the Hanford Site, Washington. Hanford Site operations from 1943 onward produced large quantities of radiologic and chemical waste that have impacted ground-water quality on the Site. Monitoring of water levels and ground-water chemistry is performed to track the extent of contamination and trends in contaminant concentrations. The 1994 monitoring was also designed to identify emerging ground-water quality problems. The information obtained is used to verify compliance with applicable environmental regulations and to evaluate remedial actions. Data from other monitoring and characterization programs were incorporated to provide an integrated assessment of Site ground-water quality. Additional characterization of the Site`s geologic setting and hydrology was performed to support the interpretation of contaminant distributions. Numerical modeling of sitewide ground-water flow also supported the overall project goals. Water-level monitoring was performed to evaluate ground-water flow directions, to track changes in water levels, and to relate such changes to changes in site disposal practices. Water levels over most of the Hanford Site continued to decline between June 1993 and June 1994. These declines are part of the continued response to the cessation of discharge to U Pond and other disposal facilities. The low permeability in this area which enhanced mounding of waste-water discharge has also slowed the response to the reduction of disposal.
Dresel, P.E.; Thorne, P.D.; Luttrell, S.P. [and others
Ground motion data for International Collider models
The proposed location for the International Linear Collider (ILC) in the Americas region is Fermilab in Batavia Illinois. If built at this location the tunnels would be located in the Galena Platteville shale at a depth of 100 or more meters below the surface. Studies using hydro static water levels and seismometers have been conducted in the MINOS hall and the LaFrange Mine in North Aurora Illinois to determine the level of ground motion. Both these locations are in the Galena Platteville shale and indicate the typical ground motion to be expected for the ILC. The data contains both natural and cultural noise. Coefficients for the ALT law are determined. Seismic measurements at the surface and 100 meters below the surface are presented.
Volk, J.T.; LeBrun, P.; Shiltsev, V.; Singatulin, S.; /Fermilab
Isolation of the Ozone QBO in SAGE II Data by Singular-Value Decomposition
Detailed structure of the global quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in ozone is analyzed using Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II ozone and nitrogen dioxide data. Emphasis is placed on the midlatitude QBO, in particular its vertical ...
William J. Randel; Fei Wu
On the Role of Ozone in the Stability of Rossby Normal Modes
The role of ozone in the linear stability of Rossby normal modes is examined in a continuously stratified, extratropical baroclinic atmosphere. The flow is described by coupled equations for the quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity and ozone ...
Terrence R. Nathan
Comparison of three vertically resolved ozone data sets: climatology, trends and radiative forcings
Climate models that do not simulate changes in stratospheric ozone concentrations require the prescription of ozone fields to accurately calculate UV fluxes and stratospheric heating rates. In this study, three different ...
Hassler, B.
Association of the Laminated Vertical Ozone Structure with the Lower-Stratospheric Circulation
In this study the examination of the role of the atmospheric circulation in the lower stratosphere in relation to the laminated structure of ozone in the subtropical atmosphere is attempted. This analysis is based on the vertical ozone profile ...
C. Varotsos; P. Kalabokas; G. Chronopoulos
Longitude-Dependent Decadal Changes of Total Ozone in Boreal Winter Months during 1979�92
A statistical analysis shows that the decadal change of zonally asymmetric total ozone (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data) has a distinct spatial similarity with the decadal change of the 300-hPa geopotential patterns during December�February ...
Dieter Peters; G�nter Entzian
Interannual Variations of Total Ozone at Northern Midlatitudes Correlated with Stratospheric EP Flux and Potential Vorticity
At northern midlatitudes over the 1979�2002 time period, column ozone trends are observed to have maximum negative amplitudes in February and March. Here, the portion of the observed ozone interannual variability and trends during these months ...
L. L. Hood; B. E. Soukharev
Reconstruction and Simulation of Stratospheric Ozone Distributions during the 2002 Austral Winter
Satellite-based solar occultation measurements during the 2002 austral winter have been used to reconstruct global, three-dimensional ozone distributions. The reconstruction method uses correlations between potential vorticity and ozone to derive ...
C. E. Randall; G. L. Manney; D. R. Allen; R. M. Bevilacqua; J. Hornstein; C. Trepte; W. Lahoz; J. Ajtic; G. Bodeker
Ozone reduces crop yields and alters competition with weeds such as yellow nutsedge
DT (eds. ). Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants:Ambient ozone and adverse crop re- sponse: An evaluation ofthe effects of ozone on crops and trees. In: Lefohn AS (
Grantz, David A.; Shrestha, Anil
Wintertime Ozone Fluxes and Profiles above a Subalpine Spruce�Fir Forest
High rural concentrations of ozone (O3) are thought to be stratospheric in origin, advected from upwind urban sources, or photochemically generated locally by natural trace gas emissions. Ozone is known to be transported vertically downward from ...
Karl Zeller
Accurate projections of stratospheric ozone are required, because ozone changes impact on exposures to ultraviolet radiation and on tropospheric climate. Unweighted multi-model ensemble mean (uMMM) projections from chemistry-climate models (CCMs) ...
Alexey Yu. Karpechko; Douglas Maraun; Veronika Eyring
Predicting Total Ozone Based on GTS Data: Applications for South American High-Latitude Populations
A regular occurrence during the 1990s has been the excursion of the edge of the springtime Antarctic ozone hole over the southernmost region of the South American continent. Given the essential role of atmospheric ozone in absorbing incoming ...
Anna E. Jones; Tanya Bowden; John Turner
Stratospheric Temperature and Radiative Forcing Response to 11-Year Solar Cycle Changes in Irradiance and Ozone
The 11-yr solar cycle temperature response to spectrally resolved solar irradiance changes and associated ozone changes is calculated using a fixed dynamical heating (FDH) model. Imposed ozone changes are from satellite observations, in contrast ...
L. J. Gray; S. T. Rumbold; K. P. Shine
Tobacco smoke aging in the presence of ozone: a room-sized chamber...
Tobacco smoke aging in the presence of ozone: a room-sized chamber study Title Tobacco smoke aging in the presence of ozone: a room-sized chamber study Publication Type Journal...
Impact of Surfaces on Ozone-Terpene Conversion Rates in Buildings
Impact of Surfaces on Ozone-Terpene Conversion Rates in Buildings Speaker(s): Glenn Morrison Date: March 5, 2007 - 4:00pm Location: 90-3122 Indoor surface reactions of ozone with...
Transport, Radiative, and Dynamical Effects of the Antarctic Ozone Hole: A GFDL �SKYHI� Model Experiment
The GFDL �SKYHI� general circulation model has been used to simulate the effect of the Antarctic �ozone hole� phenomenon on the radiative and dynamical environment of the lower stratosphere. Both the polar ozone destruction and photochemical ...
J. D. Mahlman; L. J. Umscheid; J. P. Pinto
Climate Change and the Middle Atmosphere. Part IV: Ozone Response to Doubled CO2
Parameterized stratospheric ozone photochemistry has been included in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) GCM to investigate the coupling between chemistry and climate change for the doubled CO2 climate. The chemical ozone response is ...
Drew T. Shindell; David Rind; Patrick Lonergan
Global Ozone Observations from the UARS MLS: An Overview of Zonal-Mean Results
Global ozone observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) are presented, in both vertically resolved and column abundance formats. The authors review the zonal-mean ozone variations ...
Lucien Froidevaux; Joe W. Waters; William G. Read; Lee S. Elson; Dennis A. Flower; Robert F. Jarnot
A Process-Analysis Based Study of the Ozone Weekend Effect
A Process-Analysis Based Study of the Ozone Weekend Effect Title A Process-Analysis Based Study of the Ozone Weekend Effect Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication...
Water budget for SRP burial ground area
Radionuclide migration from the SRP burial ground for solid low-level waste has been studied extensively. Most of the buried radionuclides are fixed on the soil and show negligible movement. The major exception is tritium, which when leached from the waste by percolating rainfall, forms tritiated water and moves with the groundwater. The presence of tritium has been useful in tracing groundwater flow paths to outcrop. A subsurface tritium plume moving from the southwest corner of the burial ground toward an outcrop near Four Mile Creek has been defined. Groundwater movement is so slow that much of the tritium decays before reaching the outcrop. The burial ground tritium plume defined to date is virtually all in the uppermost sediment layer, the Barnwell Formation. The purpose of the study reported in this memorandum was to investigate the hypothesis that deeper flow paths, capable of carrying substantial amounts of tritium, may exist in the vicinity of the burial ground. As a first step in seeking deeper flow paths, a water budget was constructed for the burial ground site. The water budget, a materials balance used by hydrologists, is expressed in annual area inches of rainfall. Components of the water budget for the burial ground area were analyzed to determine whether significant flow paths may exist below the tan clay. Mean annual precipitation was estimated as 47 inches, with evapotranspiration, run-off, and groundwater recharge estimated as 30, 2, and 15 inches, respectively. These estimates, when combined with groundwater discharge data, suggest that 5 inches of the groundwater recharge flow above the tan clay and that 10 inches flow below the tan clay. Therefore, two-thirds of the groundwater recharge appears to follow flow paths that are deeper than those previously found. 13 references, 10 figures, 5 tables.
Hubbard, J.E.; Emslie, R.H.
The purpose and objective of this analysis are to expand the level of detail and confirm member sizes for steel sets included in the Ground Support Design Analysis, Reference 5.20. This analysis also provides bounding values and details and defines critical design attributes for alternative configurations of the steel set. One possible configuration for the steel set is presented. This analysis covers the steel set design for the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) entire Main Loop 25-foot diameter tunnel.
T. Misiak
Ground potential rise monitor
A device and method for detecting ground potential rise (GPR) comprising positioning a first electrode and a second electrode at a distance from each other into the earth. The voltage of the first electrode and second electrode is attenuated by an attenuation factor creating an attenuated voltage. The true RMS voltage of the attenuated voltage is determined creating an attenuated true RMS voltage. The attenuated true RMS voltage is then multiplied by the attenuation factor creating a calculated true RMS voltage. If the calculated true RMS voltage is greater than a first predetermined voltage threshold, a first alarm is enabled at a local location. If user input is received at a remote location acknowledging the first alarm, a first alarm acknowledgment signal is transmitted. The first alarm acknowledgment signal is then received at which time the first alarm is disabled.
Allen, Zachery W. (Mandan, ND); Zevenbergen, Gary A. (Arvada, CO)
Demonstration of an Ozone System at a Hospital Laundry Facility: Long Beach Medical Center
In its role as a powerful oxidant and biocide, ozone works in the context of laundry facilities to boost the cleaning activity of the various chemicals and chemical compounds. To be used in laundry operations, ozone must be introduced into the wash water via one of the ozone laundry systems available on the market today. This report highlights and quantifies the benefits of an ozone laundry system at the 134-bed Long Beach Medical Center (LBMC) in Long Beach, New York.
The Use of Ozone as an Antimicrobial Agent: Agricultural and Food Processing Technical Assessment
Ozone treatment, a highly effective disinfectant long used in Europe, deactivates even the most stubborn organisms. Food processors can use ozone to disinfect raw fruits and vegetables during processing or to disinfect water used for washing foods and food plant equipment. Food researchers and regulators have confirmed ozone as safe. In 1997, EPRI convened an expert panel that submitted a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) affirmation of ozone in food applications to the U.S. Food and Drug Administratio...
Development of an ozone climatology for Harris County, Texas
The Houston Regional Monitoring Corporation (HRM) has performed continuous ambient air quality and meteorological monitoring in the Ship Channel area of east Harris County since August 1981. The HRM monitoring network is one of the largest Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) monitoring network in the United States operated by an industrial group. As an adjunct to its monitoring. HRM has funded extensive meteorological and statistical analyses of ozone monitoring data in Harris County. One of the goals of these studies was to determine those meteorological conditions responsible for the formation of elevated ozone concentrations in Harris County. The analyses performed included the use of principal component analysis and cluster analysis. These analysis techniques have individually been applied to ozone and air quality research problems. The combined use of these techniques in this analysis, however, is a unique application of these statistical tools to an ozone air quality analysis. As a result of these analyses, a climatology of those episodes conducive to elevated ozone formation in Harris County was developed.
Balentine, H.W.; Carter, J.C. (Radian Corp., Austin, TX (USA)); Preston, J. (Tenneco Polymers, Houston, TX (US))
Operations Evaluation Report -- Pressurized Ozonation System, North Mississippi Medical Center Laundry Operations
This report describes ozone and its benefits in healthcare laundry operations. In particular, case studies of two ozone applications -- one in a 650-bed regional medical center and another in a 131-bed skilled nursing and rehabilitation facility -- highlight and quantify ozone's benefits.
Ground Water Management Regulations (Louisiana) | Department...
Ground Water Management Regulations (Louisiana) Ground Water Management Regulations (Louisiana) Eligibility Agricultural Construction Developer Fuel Distributor Industrial...
Secondary pollutants from ozone reactions with ventilation filters and
Secondary pollutants from ozone reactions with ventilation filters and Secondary pollutants from ozone reactions with ventilation filters and degradation of filter media additives Title Secondary pollutants from ozone reactions with ventilation filters and degradation of filter media additives Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2011 Authors Destaillats, Hugo, Wenhao Chen, Michael G. Apte, Nuan Li, Michael Spears, Jérémie Almosni, Gregory Brunner, Jianshun(Jensen) Zhang, and William J. Fisk Journal Atmospheric Environment Volume 45 Start Page 3561 Issue 21 Pagination 3561-3568 Keywords commercial building ventilation & indoor environmental quality group, commercial building ventilation and indoor environmental quality group, energy analysis and environmental impacts department, indoor environment department, indoor environment group
Investigation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde sampling rate and ozone
Investigation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde sampling rate and ozone Investigation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde sampling rate and ozone interference for passive deployment of Waters Sep-Pak XPoSure samplers Title Investigation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde sampling rate and ozone interference for passive deployment of Waters Sep-Pak XPoSure samplers Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2013 Authors Mullen, Nasim A., Marion L. Russell, Melissa M. Lunden, and Brett C. Singer Journal Atmospheric Environment Volume 80 Pagination 184-189 Date Published 12/2013 Keywords aldehyde; exposure; indoor air quality; passive sampler; residential Abstract This study investigated formaldehyde and acetaldehyde passive sampling rates and ozone interference for the DNPH-based Waters Sep-Pak XPoSure sampler. Previous studies have shown that ozone interferes with active sampling by this cartridge. Our study included one laboratory and six field experiments conducted in Northern California homes. Passive sampling rates of 1.10 ± 0.09 and 0.86 ± 0.10 mL/min determined for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are lower than previously reported. In a controlled laboratory experiment there were small, statistically insignificant impacts of subsequent ozone exposure on formaldehyde and acetaldehyde mass passively collected on the samplers. This sampler is inexpensive, easy to deploy and to transport by mail, and has a high sampling capacity when used passively; it is suitable for a wide-range of monitoring applications. However, the passive sampling rate remains in question given the internally consistent, but different results obtained in our study and the previous study.
Scale-up and Demonstration of Fly Ash Ozonation Technology
This project is the first large pilot scale test of a new process to passivate the carbon in ash so that it can be used in concrete without physically removing the carbon from the ash. The tests were conducted at PPL's Montour SES, sponsored by DOE and supported by EPRI. Near full-scale industrial equipment was used to expose fly ash, carbon mixtures to ozone to see if ozone would passivate the surface of carbon so that it would not react with air entraining agents that are used by concrete manufacturers...
Analysis, anaerobic treatment and ozonation of wool scouring wastewater
Wool scouring effluents (WSE) were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS), and then exposed to anaerobic biological treatment using laboratory scale fixed-bed filters. This resulted in a nearly 50% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD). Ozonation of the effluent from the biological step led to an even further decrease in total organic carbon (TOC). The fatty acid content of the WSE was affected by both biological treatment and ozonation. Finally, steroids in the WSE underwent reduction reactions when exposed to the anaerobic biological treatment.
Monteverdi, A.; Rindone, B.; Sorlini, C. (Univ. di Milano (Italy)); Andreoni, V. (Univ. di Torino (Italy)); Rozzi, A. (Inst. di Ingegneria Sanitaria del Politechnico di Milano (Italy))
EPA Final Ground Water Rule
Office of Nuclear Safety and Environment Office of Nuclear Safety and Environment Nuclear Safety and Environment Information Brief HS-20-IB-2007-02 (March 2007) EPA Final Ground Water Rule Safe Drinking Water Act: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Ground Water Rule - 40 CFR Parts 9, 141 and 142 Final Rule: 71 FR 65574 Effective Date: January 8, 2007 1 RULE SYNOPSIS On November 8, 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a final Ground Water Rule (GWR) to promote increased protection against microbial pathogens that may be present in public water systems (PWSs) that use ground water sources for their supply (these systems are known as ground water systems). This Rule establishes a risk-targeted approach
Hanford Site ground-water monitoring for 1993
This report presents the results of the Ground-Water Surveillance Project monitoring for calendar year 1993 on the Hanford Site, Washington. Hanford Site operations from 1943 onward produced large quantities of radiological and chemical waste that have impacted ground-water quality on the Site. Monitoring of water levels and ground-water chemistry is performed to track the extent of contamination and trends in contaminant concentrations. The 1993 monitoring was also designed to identify emerging ground-water quality problems. The information obtained is used to verify compliance with applicable environmental regulations and to evaluate remedial actions. Data from other monitoring and characterization programs were incorporated to provide an integrated assessment of Site ground-water quality. Additional characterization of the Site`s geologic setting and hydrology was performed to support the interpretation of contaminant distributions. Numerical modeling of sitewide ground-water flow also supported the overall project goals. Water-level monitoring was performed to evaluate ground-water flow directions, to track changes in water levels, and to relate such changes to changes in site disposal practices. Water levels over most of the Hanford Site continued to decline between June 1992 and June 1993. The greatest declines occurred in the 200-West Area. These declines are part of the continued response to the cessation of discharge to U Pond and other disposal facilities. The low permeability in this area which enhanced mounding of waste-water discharge has also slowed the response to the reduction of disposal. Water levels remained nearly constant in the vicinity of B Pond, as a result of continued disposal to the pond. Water levels measured from wells in the unconfined aquifer north and east of the Columbia River indicate that the primary source of recharge is irrigation practices.
Dresel, P.E.; Luttrell, S.P.; Evans, J.C. [and others
NIST Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for the Neutral ...
The ionization energies in the table are based on a recent survey of ... cited compilation gives the reference(s) for the original ionization-energy data. ...
A Parameterization of Vertical Dispersion of Ground-Level Releases
The authors propose a simple parameterization for estimating vertical dispersion in the surface boundary layer. It improves upon methods proposed earlier (e.g., by van Ulden, Briggs, and Pasquill and Smith) in that it is based on simulation ...
Shuming Du; Akula Venkatram
Isotope separation of {sup 17}O by photodissociation of ozone with near-infrared laser irradiation
Oxygen-17 is a stable oxygen isotope useful for various diagnostics in both engineering and medical applications. Enrichment of {sup 17}O, however, has been very costly due to the lack of appropriate methods that enable efficient production of {sup 17}O on an industrial level. In this paper, we report the first {sup 17}O-selective photodissociation of ozone at a relatively high pressure, which has been achieved by irradiating a gas mixture of 10 vol% O{sub 3}-90 vol% CF{sub 4} with narrowband laser. The experiment was conducted on a pilot-plant scale. A total laser power of 1.6 W was generated by external-cavity diode lasers with all the laser wavelengths fixed at the peak of an absorption line of {sup 16}O{sup 16}O{sup 17}O around 1 {mu}m. The beams were introduced into a 25 -m long photoreaction cell under the sealed-off condition with a total pressure of 20 kPa. Lower cell temperature reduced the background decomposition of ozone, and at the temperature of 158 K, an {sup 17}O enrichment factor of 2.2 was attained.
Hayashida, Shigeru; Kambe, Takashi; Sato, Tetsuya; Igarashi, Takehiro [Tsukuba Laboratories, Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation, 10 Okubo Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2611 (Japan); Kuze, Hiroaki [Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522 (Japan)
An Analysis of the Power Spectra of Total Ozone Data
An analysis is made of the power spectrum of total ozone data using the window closing procedure of Jenkins and Watts (1968). It is concluded that it is presently difficult to distinguish statistically between true periodicities in the data and a ...
Paul V. Rigterink
Photochemical Modeling of Two 1984 SCCCAMP Ozone Episodes
Data collected during the 1984 SCCCAMP Exploratory Study were used to develop two multiple-day ozone modeling episodes for the Urban Airshed Model (UAM). An operational model performance evaluation was performed for the 5�7 and 16�17 September ...
T. W. Tesche; Dennis E. McNally
Ozone Destruction in Continental Stratus Clouds: An Aircraft Case Study
Apparent depletion of ozone in a cold (0�C), continental stratus cloud system was observed during in situ data collection on 30 April 1994 at the Department of Energy Clouds and Radiation Test Bed site in northern Oklahoma. Analyses of the ...
Zhien Wang; Kenneth Sassen
Lake Michigan Membrane/Ozone Research and Demonstration Study
Drinking water standards in the United States have become increasingly stringent. The recently-promulgated Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR) requires controlling for Cryptosporidium, a pathogen that is resistant to chlorine. This report evaluates the effectiveness of membrane and ozone technologies for reducing Cryptosporidium risks.
Ozone injury to tobacco plants in South Dakota
Ozone injury symptoms appeared on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Turkish in the greenhouse and on Wisconsin 38 in field plots at Brookings, South Dakota in 1970. In 1971, ozone injury appeared on greenhouse and field-grown plants of Bel-W3, Bel-C, and Turkish. Ozone fleck was most severe in southeast and east-central South Dakota. A decreasing amount of injury was observed in northeast, central, west-central and southwest South Dakota. Bel-W3 showed injury at eight locations while Turkish, Bel-C and Bel-B were injured only in the eastern parts of the State. Bel-W3 was a reliable monitor of air pollution episodes when plants were continuously produced and observed in the greenhouse at Brookings. New injury appeared on newly matured leaves and older leaves as dark gray to black flecks that turned brown to tan to white with age. Periodic ozone occurrences were recorded by new flecks appearing generally on tissue of younger age. Plant indicators for the pollutants peroxyacetyl-nitrate, fluoride and sulfur dioxide showed no injury in South Dakota. 21 references, 4 figures, 1 table.
Gardner, W.S.
Alternative Materials for Ground Electrodes
Power utility companies struggle with issues resulting from copper theftespecially on transmission line support structures accessible to the public and fitted with copper grounding conductors. It is increasingly important to identify alternative materials that can be used to provide a durable grounding system yet not be targeted for theft. In response, EPRI is investigating the use of alternative materials for electrode designsexamining life expectancy, corrosion, material compatibility and current handl...
Increases in CO/sub 2/ and chlorofluoromethanes: coupled effects on stratospheric ozone
The magnitude of the chlorofluoromethane (CFM) induced depletion of the ozone layer is considered a key problem in atmospheric research. The historical rise in the atmospheric concentrations of CFCl/sub 3/, and CF/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/, the major CFM species, is well documented. Atmospheric CO/sub 2/ has also been increasing. Instead of depleting O/sub 3/, the expected effect of CO/sub 2/ is to increase its concentration. The simultaneous effects of these perturbations were studied. Results indicate that increases in CO/sub 2/ can significantly alter the predicted ozone trend. This will complicate efforts to detect the trend in O/sub 3/ caused by increases in CFM's. Since the calculated effects of these perturbations are largest at high altitudes, one might expect to detect changes in high altitude O/sub 3/ sooner than those in total O/sub 3/. Therefore a comparison was made between the calculated change in O/sub 3/ at high altitude and statistical detection limits for abnormal change as developed from Umkehr data from Arosa, Switzerland. Its significance for trend detection is discussed. Finally, since CO/sub 2/ effects will be important in the next 50 to 100 years, the effects of temperature changes from CO/sub 2/ increase on O/sub 3/ loss rates from different families were examined. Significant changes in the NO/sub x/-catalyzed ozone loss rates that have not previously been discussed were found. It is concluded that the O/sub 3/ decrease at steady state from the coupled CFM and CO/sub 2/ perturbation is larger than the decrease calculated by summing the separate effects of these perturbations. The expected increase in CO/sub 2/ can significantly affect predicted O/sub 3/ trends in the next 50 to 100 years. O/sub 3/ changes in Umkehr level 7 are more detectible, in a statistical sense, than those at higher levels. The temperature effect of CO/sub 2/ on the NO/sub x-catalyzed O/sub 3/ destruction rate was found to be as large or larger than the effect of temperature on the pure oxygen loss rate.
Penner, J.E.
Colorado Ground Water Commission | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Water Commission Jump to: navigation, search Name Colorado Ground Water Commission Place Colorado Website http:water.state.co.usgroun References Colorado Ground Water Commission...
A two-dimensional model study of past trends in global ozone
Emissions and atmospheric concentrations of several trace gases important to atmospheric chemistry are known to have increased substantially over recent decades. Solar flux variations and the atmospheric nuclear test series are also likely to have affected stratospheric ozone. In this study, the LLNL two-dimensional chemical-radiative-transport model of the troposphere and stratosphere has been applied to an analysis of the effects that these natural and anthropogenic influences may have had on global ozone concentrations over the last three decades. In general, model determined species distributions and the derived ozone trends agree well with published analyses of land-based and satellite-based observations. Also, the total ozone and ozone distribution trends derived from CFC and other trace gas effects have a different response with latitude than the derived trends from solar flux variations, thus providing a ''signature'' for anthropogenic effects on ozone. 24 refs., 5 figs.
Wuebbles, D.J.; Kinnison, D.E.
Transient analysis of grounding systems
This paper addresses the problem of computing the ground potential rise of grounding systems during transients. Finite element analysis is employed to model the constituent parts of a grounding system. Short lengths of earth embedded electrodes are characterized as transmission lines with distributed inductance, capacitance and leakage resistance to earth. Leakage resistance to earth is accurately computed with the method of moments. The other parameters of the finite element, namely inductance and capacitance, are computed from the resistance utilizing Maxwell's equations. This modeling enables the computation of the transient response of substation grounding systems to fast or slow waves striking the substation. The result is obtained in terms of a convolution of the step response of the system and the striking wave. In this way the impedance of substation systems to 60 cycles is accurately computed. Results demonstrate the dependence of the 60 cycle impedance on system parameters. The methodology allows to interface this model of a substation ground mat with the Electromagnetic Transient Analysis Program thus, allowing explicit representation of earth effects in electromagmatic transients computations.
Meliopoulos, A.P.; Moharam, M.G.
Scale-Up and Demonstration of Fly Ash Ozonation Technology
The disposal of fly ash from the combustion of coal has become increasingly important. When the fly ash does not meet the required specification for the product or market intended, it is necessary to beneficiate it to achieve the desired quality. This project, conducted at PPL's Montour SES, is the first near full-scale ({approx}10 ton/day), demonstration of ash ozonation technology. Bituminous and sub bituminous ashes, including two ash samples that contained activated carbon, were treated during the project. Results from the tests were very promising. The ashes were successfully treated with ozone, yielding concrete-suitable ash quality. Preliminary process cost estimates indicate that capital and operating costs to treat unburned carbon are competitive with other commercial ash beneficiation technologies at a fraction of the cost of lost sales and/or ash disposal costs. This is the final technical report under DOE Cooperative Agreement No.: DE-FC26-03NT41730.
Rui Afonso; R. Hurt; I. Kulaots
CF[sub 3] chemistry: Potential implications for stratospheric ozone
The authors address questions about the chemistry of CF[sub 3] bearing compounds in the atmosphere, and the impact that the existence of and reaction rate constants for such species may have on stratospheric ozone. Species considered include CF[sub 3], CF[sub 3]O, CF[sub 3]O[sub 2], CF[sub 3]OH, CF[sub 3]OOH, CF[sub 3]ONO[sub 2], CF[sub 3]O[sub 2]NO[sub 2], and CF[sub 3]OOCl. Based on their calculational results, the authors suggest a number of experimental measurements which should substantially decrease uncertainties associated with the role of CF[sub 3] species in atmospheric chemistry related to ozone.
Ko, M.K.W.; Sze, N.D.; Rodriguez, J.M.; Weistenstein, D.K.; Heisey, C.W. (Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA (United States)); Wayne, R.P.; Biggs, P.; Canosa-Mas, C.E. (Univ. of Oxford, Oxford (United Kingdom)); Sidebottom, H.W.; Treacy, J. (Univ. College, Dublin (Ireland))
A pilot study of energy efficient air cleaning for ozone
A laboratory pilot study has been undertaken with the material that showed the most promise (high capacity and low pressure drop) based on the literature review and associated calculations. The best-performing air cleaner was a commercially available pleated filter that contained a thin layer of small activated carbon particles between two sheets of non-woven fibrous webbing. We will refer to this unit as the ''ozone filter'' although it is marketed for removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from automobile passenger compartments. This pilot study strongly suggests that ozone air cleaning can be practical in commercial air handling systems; however, further tests are needed to assess air cleaner performance under a wider range of conditions.
Gundel, Lara A.; Sullivan, Douglas P.; Katsapov, Gregory Y.; Fisk, William J.
Influence of climatic changes on pollution levels in the Balkan Peninsula
The aim of the paper is to study the influence of future climatic changes on some high pollution levels that can cause damages on plants, animals and human beings. The particular area of interest is the Balkan Peninsula. Four important quantities have ... Keywords: Climatic changes, Critical levels, Environmental models, Long-term calculations, Ozone concentrations, Scenarios
Z. Zlatev; K. Georgiev; I. Dimov
Inefficient remediation of ground-water pollution
The problem of trying to remove ground-water pollution by pumping and treating are pointed out. Various Superfund sites are discussed briefly. It is pointed out that many chemicals have been discarded in an undocumented manner, and their place in the groundwater is not known. Results of a remedial program to remove perchloroethylene at a concentration of 6132 parts per billion from groundwater in a site in New Jersey showed that with an average extraction rate of 300 gallons per minute from 1978 to 1984 contamination level was lowered below 100 parts per billion. However, after shutdown of pumping the level rose to 12,588 parts per billion in 1988. These results lead the author to propose that the practical solutions for water supplies may be treatment at the time it enters the system for use.
Abelson, P.H.
Ozone Alternative Disinfection Study for a Large-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant
This report describes a feasibility study for the use of an ozonation disinfection system for the treatment of wastewater in the Passaic Valley.
D. T. Tingey, Assessment of Crop Loss From Air Pollutants,,Assessing Impacts of Ozone on Agricultural Crops: II.Crop Yield Functions and Alternative Exposure Statistics",
Delucchi, Mark A.; Murphy, James; Kim, Jin; McCubbin, Donald R.
analysis of competition between aerosol particle removal andof secondary organic aerosol. Part I: ?-pinene/ozone system.data when measuring ambient aerosol. Aerosol Science and
Coleman, Beverly K.
Ground Magnetics | Open Energy Information
Ground Magnetics Ground Magnetics Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Technique: Ground Magnetics Details Activities (15) Areas (12) Regions (0) NEPA(1) Exploration Technique Information Exploration Group: Geophysical Techniques Exploration Sub Group: Magnetic Techniques Parent Exploration Technique: Magnetic Techniques Information Provided by Technique Lithology: Presence of magnetic minerals such as magnetite. Stratigraphic/Structural: Mapping of basement structures, horst blocks, fault systems, fracture zones, dykes and intrusions. Hydrological: The circulation of hydrothermal fluid may impact the magnetic susceptibility of rocks. Thermal: Rocks lose their magnetic properties at the Curie temperature (580° C for magnetite) [1] and, upon cooling, remagnetize in the present magnetic field orientation. The Curie point depth in the subsurface may be determined in a magnetic survey to provide information about hydrothermal activity in a region.
Ground Truth: A Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flash
We describe the circumstances and effects of a cloud-to-ground lightning flash that lowered positive charge and struck a residential home near Albany, New York. The characteristics of the flash were detected and recorded by a wide-band magnetic ...
Vincent P. Idone; Richard E. Orville; Ronald W. Henderson
Ground states in complex bodies
A unified framework for analyzing the existence of ground states in wide classes of elastic complex bodies is presented here. The approach makes use of classical semicontinuity results, Sobolev mappinngs and Cartesian currents. Weak diffeomorphisms are used to represent macroscopic deformations. Sobolev maps and Cartesian currents describe the inner substructure of the material elements. Balance equations for irregular minimizers are derived. A contribution to the debate about the role of the balance of configurational actions follows. After describing a list of possible applications of the general results collected here, a concrete discussion of the existence of ground states in thermodynamically stable quasicrystals is presented at the end.
Paolo Maria Mariano; Giuseppe Modica
The line-above-ground attenuator provides a continuously variable microwave attenuator for a coaxial line that is capable of high attenuation and low insertion loss. The device consists of a short section of the line-above- ground plane type transmission lime, a pair of identical rectangular slabs of lossy material like polytron, whose longitudinal axes are parallel to and indentically spaced away from either side of the line, and a geared mechanism to adjust amd maintain this spaced relationship. This device permits optimum fineness and accuracy of attenuator control which heretofore has been difficult to achieve.
Wilds, R.B.; Ames, J.R.
DARPA Learning Applied to Ground Robots (LAGR)
DARPA Learning Applied to Ground Robots (LAGR) Project (Concluded). Summary: The National Institute of Standards ...
Ozone Profile Retrieval from an Advanced Infrared Sounder: Experiments with Tropopause-Based Climatology and Optimal Estimation Approach
Motivated by a significant potential for retrieving atmospheric ozone profile information from advanced satellite infrared sounders, this study investigates various methods to optimize ozone retrievals. A set of retrieval experiments has been ...
Jennifer C. Wei; Laura L. Pan; Eric Maddy; Jasna V. Pittman; Murty Divarkarla; Xiaozhen Xiong; Chris Barnet
A Large Annual Cycle in Ozone above the Tropical Tropopause Linked to the Brewer�Dobson Circulation
Near-equatorial ozone observations from balloon and satellite measurements reveal a large annual cycle in ozone above the tropical tropopause. The relative amplitude of the annual cycle is large in a narrow vertical layer between 16 and 19 km, ...
William J. Randel; Mijeong Park; Fei Wu; Nathaniel Livesey
Terannual Wave in the Ozone and Temperature in the Strato�Mesosphere as Deduced from Satellite Measurements
Two recent reference atmosphere models for ozone and temperature, which are deduced from satellite data, are employed to detect the existence and the behavior of a terannual wave both in ozone and temperature.
C. Varotsos; N. Dris; D. Asimakopoulos
Selective population of spin--orbit levels in the autoionization ...
Selective population of spin-orbit levels in the autoionization of a polyatomic ... individual spin-orbit components of the X 2111, ionic ground state fol ...
NIST Vibrational and electronic energy levels of polyatomic ...
... The types of measurement surveyed include spectrometer and laser-based ... ground-state vibrational fundamentals, the electronic energy levels, and ...
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. ???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/, Ozone Ensemble Forecast with Machine Learning Algorithms
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. ???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/, Ozone Ensemble Forecast with Machine learning algorithms to perform sequential aggregation of ozone forecasts. The latter rely on a multimodel ensemble built for ozone forecasting with the modeling system Polyphemus. The ensemble simulations
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Effects of the Water Quality Maintained by Ozonation Enhanced Ecosystem in the Landscape of Reclaimed Water
the landscape of reclaimed water always broke out water bloom because of containing high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. The TP and TN of the landscape decreased to 0.04mg/L and 2.27mg/L respectively with recycling ozonation at the end of ... Keywords: ozonation, algae, nutrient removal, ecosystem, landscape of reclaimed water
Yu Demiao; Ma Jun; Bai Yu; Gan Yiping
Seasonal Differences in the Trend of Total Ozone and Contributions from Tropospheric and Stratospheric Layers
Based on an average of the total-ozone changes determined by means of linear regression at individual Dobson stations within climatic zones, trends of total ozone for each of the four seasons have been evaluated for five climatic zones, and the ...
Estimating long term urban exposure to particulate matter and ozone in Europe
OFIS is a robust and efficient model for simulating the formation of photochemical pollutants in an urban plume. In this paper we present applications of the recent further development of OFIS for calculating both particulate matter and ozone concentrations. ... Keywords: Air quality model, Ozone exposure, PM exposure, Urban air pollution
Athanasios Arvanitis; Nicolas Moussiopoulos
Ozone Forecasts of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex�Splitting Event in September 2002
The Southern Hemisphere major warming event in September 2002 has led to a breakup of the vortex in the middle and higher stratosphere and to a corresponding splitting of the ozone hole. Daily 3D ozone forecasts, produced at the Royal Netherlands ...
Henk Eskes; Arjo Segers; Peter van Velthoven
A Statistical Analysis of Total Ozone Data from the Nimbus-4 BUV Satellite Experiment
Total ozone data from the Nimbus-4 BUV satellite experiment for the period April 1970�April 1977 is analyzed to: 1) provide a better appreciation and-understanding of the global distribution and behavior of total ozone, with emphasis on any ...
G. Reinsel; G. C. Tiao; R. Lewis
Preparation of oxygen-containing organic products from bed-oxidized brown coal by ozonation
The possibility of modifying the functional composition of humic acids by gas-phase ozonation of bed-oxidized brown coal was examined. About 90% of the organic matter of brown coal was converted to low-molecular weight soluble oxygen-containing products by stepwise liquid-phase ozonation (in chloroform and acetic acid).
Semenova, S.A.; Patrakov, Y.F.; Batina, M.V. [National Academy of Science Belarus, Minsk (Byelarus)
New Ozone Measurement Systems for Autonomous Operation on Ocean Buoys and Towers
Two autonomous ozone measurement systems for use on ocean buoys and towers have been built and are discussed herein. They are based on low-power atmospheric ozone sensors from Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) and 2B Technologies. The PSI sensor ...
E. J. Hintsa; G. P. Allsup; C. F. Eck; D. S. Hosom; M. J. Purcell; A. A. Roberts; D. R. Scott; E. R. Sholkovitz; W. T. Rawlins; P. A. Mulhall; K. Lightner; W. W. McMillan; J. Song; M. J. Newchurch
An Improved Quality Control for AIRS Total Column Ozone Observations within and around Hurricanes
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) provides twice-daily global observations from which total column ozone data can be retrieved. However, 20% ~ 30% of AIRS ozone data are flagged to be of bad quality. Most of the flagged data were identified to ...
H. Wang; X. Zou; G. Li
Comparison between the TOPAZ Airborne Ozone Lidar and In Situ Measurements during TexAQS 2006
The NOAA airborne ozone lidar system [Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and Ozone (TOPAZ)] is compared with the fast-response chemiluminescence sensor flown aboard the NOAA WP-3D during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS). TOPAZ ...
A. O. Langford; C. J. Senff; R. J. Alvarez II; R. M. Banta; R. M. Hardesty; D. D. Parrish; T. B. Ryerson
Elevated Ozone Layers over the Seoul Metropolitan Region in Korea: Evidence for Long-Range Ozone Transport from Eastern China and Its Contribution to Surface Concentrations
Elevated layers of high ozone concentration were observed over the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR) in Korea by ozonesonde measurements during 6�9 June 2003. An analysis of the synoptic-scale meteorological features and backward trajectories ...
In-Bo Oh; Yoo-Keun Kim; Mi-Kyung Hwang; Cheol-Hee Kim; Soontae Kim; Sang-Keun Song
Tropospheric and Lower Stratospheric Ozone Profiles From AERI-X Emission Spectra
Tropospheric and Lower Stratospheric Ozone Profiles Tropospheric and Lower Stratospheric Ozone Profiles From AERI-X Emission Spectra P. F. Fogal and F. J. Murcray Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Denver Denver, Colorado Introduction The University of Denver Atmospheric Emission Radiometric Interferometer-Extended (AERI-X) has been in regular operation at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Program site, conditions permitting, since the mid-1990s. We present here the analysis of several spectra from May 10, 1999, and demonstrate the ability to retrieve the tropospheric ozone profile at the ARM site. While the presence of ozone in the stratosphere is of vital importance for several reasons, in the troposphere, ozone is a pollutant and a powerful oxidizer. For these reasons, it is
Ground Magnetics (Nannini, 1986) | Open Energy Information
Ground Magnetics (Nannini, 1986) Ground Magnetics (Nannini, 1986) Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Activity: Ground Magnetics (Nannini, 1986) Exploration Activity Details Location Unspecified Exploration Technique Ground Magnetics Activity Date Usefulness not indicated DOE-funding Unknown Notes Detection and quantitative assessment of such intrusive events can be facilitated by magnetic surveys (ground or aerial magnetic field measurements). These surveys are based on the magnetic susceptibility contrast between magmatic rocks at depth and the sedimentary formations above. References Raffaello Nannini (1986) Some Aspects Of Exploration In Non-Volcanic Areas Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Ground_Magnetics_(Nannini,_1986)&oldid=388291
A cathodically protected electrical substation ground grid
This paper presents a discussion on the design of a cathodically protected electrical substation grounding system in which a steel ground grid and steel ground rods were used in place of the commonly used copper ground grid and copperweld ground rods. Several electrical constraints are presented which discuss common electrical utility requirements, safety considerations and economic factors. The grounding system materials which were chosen are discussed along with the means of cathodic protection. Finally, the design, construction and testing considerations are presented as an aid to others who wish to design a similar system.
Nelson, J.P.; Holm, W.K.
Evaluation of Some Ground Truth Designs for Satellite Estimates of Rain Rate
In this paper point gauge measurements are analyzed as part of a ground truth design to validate satellite retrieval algorithms at the field-of-view spatial level (typically about 20 km). Even in the ideal case the ground and satellite ...
Eunho Ha; Gerald R. North; Chulsang Yoo; Kyung-Ja Ha
Coping with buffer delay change due to power and ground noise
Variation of power and ground levels affect VLSI circuit performance. Trends in device technology and in packaging have necessitated a revision in conventional delay models. In particular, simple scalable models are needed to predict delays in the presence ... Keywords: common mode noise, differential mode noise, incremental delay change, power and ground noise
Lauren Hui Chen; Malgorzata Marek-Sadowska; Forrest Brewer
Distribution Grounding of Underground Facilities
This report describes Phase I of a two-phase project to assess industry practices and standards for grounding and bonding of medium-voltage underground residential distribution (URD) and underground commercial distribution (UCD) circuits and worker safety in worksites with these systems.The report includes an overview of the issues and concerns associated with underground distribution systems safety and, in particular, worker safety in worksites. It identifies the industry and utility ...
Variables effecting ozone treatment of physical-chemical effluent
The treatment of raw sewage from an on-site apartment area was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments in which changes in turbidity, pH, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and, in some cases, biochemical oxygen demands were determined. Raw sewage, but mainly the effluent following physical-chemical treatment, was examined for improvement in discharge quality by ozone treatment in combination with oxygen sparging, ionizing gamma radiation from /sup 60/Co heating, acidifying, and several other variables. The average composition of the raw sewage was a TOC of 125 ppM (range from 65 to 240), COD of 190 ppM (range from 85 to 475), turbidity of 145 J. U. (range from 60 to 350), and pH of 7.3 (range from 6.5 to 8.4). Physical chemical treatment usually consisted of the addition of CaO (to pH 11) and FeCl/sub 3/ as a coagulant aid in an inclined tube followed by course filtration; typical treatment time was 15 minutes giving an average reduction in TOC and COD of 40 to 60%. Subsequent treatment was usually performed with 200 cm/sup 3/ samples of the effluent in fine and course fritted bubblers. The combination of radiation plus ozone gave the largest reduction of TOC and COD. In one experiment, 15 minutes of treatment followed by 30 minutes of irradiation and ozonation reduced the raw sewage TOC from 95 to 14 ppM carbon and COD from 150 to 6 ppM oxygen. (auth)
Dietz, R.N.; Pruzansky, J.; Steinberg, M.
Ground Plane Identification Using LIDAR in Forested
To operate autonomously in forested environments, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) must be able to identify the load-bearing surface of the terrain (i.e. the ground). This paper presents a novel two-stage approach for ...
McDaniel, Matt W.
Warm or Steaming Ground | Open Energy Information
Warm or Steaming Ground Warm or Steaming Ground Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Print PDF Warm or Steaming Ground Dictionary.png Warm or Steaming Ground: An area where geothermal heat is conducted to the earth's surface, warming the ground and sometimes causing steam to form when water is present. Other definitions:Wikipedia Reegle Modern Geothermal Features Typical list of modern geothermal features Hot Springs Fumaroles Warm or Steaming Ground Mudpots, Mud Pools, or Mud Volcanoes Geysers Blind Geothermal System Steam rising from the ground at Eldvorp, a 10 km row of craters, in Southwestern Iceland. http://www.visiticeland.com/SearchResults/Attraction/eldvorp Warm or steaming ground is often an indicator of a geothermal system beneath the surface. In some cases a geothermal system may not show any
Sizing of Overhead Ground Wires for Lightning
Overhead ground wires, or shield wires, are placed on transmission lines as air terminals for lightning strikes to shield the phase conductors from direct strikes. Although of short duration, lightning strikes to ground wires may result in significant damage. Utilities are increasingly using optical fiber ground wires (OPGWs), and severe damage to the OPGWs could result in failure of the communication link. There is renewed interest in the dimensioning and testing of ground wires for improved ...
Directional Reactive Power Ground Plane Transmission
Directional Reactive Power Ground Plane Transmission Technology Summary ... The invention can transmit electrical power through the surface of the ...
Modeling reducibility on ground terms using constraints
Modeling reducibility on ground terms using constraints Isabelle GNAEDIGa , H´el`ene KIRCHNERb a on ground terms using (dis)equational constraints. We show in particular that innermost (ir)reducibility can on the ground term algebra that any rewriting chain starting from any term termi- nates, provided that terms
Steering control of an autonomous ground vehicle with application to the DARPA Urban Challenge
Fundamental to the design of an Ackerman steered autonomous ground vehicle is the development of a low-level controller that effectively performs trajectory or path tracking. Though ample literature is available on various ...
Campbell, Stefan F. (Stefan Forrest)
Future aircraft and potential effects on stratospheric ozone and climate
The purpose of this study is to extend the recent research examining the global environmental effects from potential fleets of subsonic and supersonic commercial aircraft. Initial studies with LLNL models of global atmospheric chemical, radiative, and transport processes have indicated that substantial decreases in stratospheric ozone concentrations could result from emissions of NO{sub x} from aircraft flying in the stratosphere, depending on fleet size and magnitude of the engine emissions. These studies used homogeneous chemical reaction rates (e.g. gas-phase chemistry). Recent evidence indicates that reactions on particles in the stratosphere may be important. Heterogeneous chemical reactions, for instance, N{sub 2}O{sub 5}and ClONO{sub 2} on background sulfuric acid aerosols, convert NO{sub x}(NO and NO{sub 2}) molecules to HNO{sub 3}. This decreases the odd oxygen loss from the NO{sub x} catalytic cycle and increases the odd oxygen loss from the Cl{sub x} catalytic cycle. By including these heterogeneous reactions in the LLNL model, the relative partitioning of odd oxygen loss between these two families changes, with the result that emissions of NO{sub x} from proposed aircraft fleets flying in the stratosphere now increase zone. Having these heterogeneous processes present also increases ozone concentration in the troposphere relative to gas-phase only chemistry calculations for emissions of NO{sub x} from subsonic aircraft. 26 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.
Kinnison, D.E.; Wuebbles, D.J.
Ozone-depleting-substance control and phase-out plan
Title VI of the Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 requires regulation of the use and disposal of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) (e.g., Halon, Freon). Several important federal regulations have been promulgated that affect the use of such substances at the Hanford Site. On April 23, 1993, Executive Order (EO) 12843, Procurement Requirements and Policies for Federal Agencies for Ozone-Depleting Substances (EPA 1993) was issued for Federal facilities to conform to the new US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations implementing the Clean Air Act of 1963 (CAA), Section 613, as amended. To implement the requirements of Title VI the US Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office (RL), issued a directive to the Hanford Site contractors on May 25, 1994 (Wisness 1994). The directive assigns Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) the lead in coordinating the development of a sitewide comprehensive implementation plan to be drafted by July 29, 1994 and completed by September 30, 1994. The implementation plan will address several areas where immediate compliance action is required. It will identify all current uses of ODSs and inventories, document the remaining useful life of equipment that contains ODS chemicals, provide a phase-out schedule, and provide a strategy that will be implemented consistently by all the Hanford Site contractors. This plan also addresses the critical and required elements of Federal regulations, the EO, and US Department of Energy (DOE) guidance. This plan is intended to establish a sitewide management system to address the clean air requirements.
Nickels, J.M.; Brown, M.J.
Sensitivity analysis of ozone formation and transport for a Central California air pollution episode
CMAQ-HDDM is used to determine spatial and temporal variations in ozone limiting reagents and local vs upwind source contributions for an air pollution episode in Central California. We developed a first- and second- order sensitivity analysis approach with the Decoupled Direct Method to examine spatial and temporal variations of ozone-limiting reagents and the importance of local vs upwind emission sources in the San Joaquin Valley of central California for a five-day ozone episode (29th July-3rd Aug, 2000). Despite considerable spatial variations, nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) emission reductions are overall more effective than volatile organic compound (VOC) control for attaining the 8-hr ozone standard in this region for this episode, in contrast to the VOC control that works better for attaining the prior 1-hr ozone standard. Inter-basin source contributions of NO{sub x} emissions are limited to the northern part of the SJV, while anthropogenic VOC (AVOC) emissions, especially those emitted at night, influence ozone formation in the SJV further downwind. Among model input parameters studied here, uncertainties in emissions of NO{sub x} and AVOC, and the rate coefficient of the OH + NO{sub 2} termination reaction, have the greatest effect on first-order ozone responses to changes in NO{sub x} emissions. Uncertainties in biogenic VOC emissions only have a modest effect because they are generally not collocated with anthropogenic sources in this region.
Jin, Ling; Tonse, Shaheen; Cohan, Daniel S.; Mao, Xiaoling; Harley, Robert A.; Brown, Nancy J.
Building Energy Software Tools Directory: Ground Loop Design
Loop Design Ground Loop Design logo Ground Loop Design is a versatile ground source heat pump system design program that helps the trained geothermal HVAC designerengineer...
Source Contributions to VOC's to Ozone Formation in Southeast Texas Using a Source-oriented Air Quality Model
Houston-Galveston-Brazoria area is in severe non-attainment status for ozone compliance. Source-oriented mechanistic modeling was used to determine the major sources of VOCs that contributes to ozone formation during the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) from August 16, 2000 to September 7, 2000. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?s Community Scale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) version 4.6 was used as a host model to include a revised Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC99) photochemical mechanism with source-oriented extensions to track the contributions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emissions from diesel engines, biogenic sources, highway gasoline vehicles, fuel combustion, off-highway gasoline engines, solvent utilization and petrochemical industries to ozone formation in the atmosphere. Source-oriented emissions needed to drive the model were generated using a revised Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model version 2.4. VOC/NOx ratios are found to be a critical factor in the formation of ozone. Highest ozone formation rates were observed for ratios from 5-15. The contributions of VOC to ozone formation were estimated based on the linear relationship between the rate of NO to NO2 conversion due to radicals generated from VOC oxidation and the rate of net ozone formation. Petroleum and other industrial sources are the largest anthropogenic sources in the urban Houston region and contribute to 45% of the ozone formation in the HGB area. Highway gasoline vehicles make contributions of approximately 28% to ozone formation. Wildfires contribute to as much 11% of ozone formation on days of high wildfire activity. The model results show that biogenic emissions account for a significant amount of ozone formation in the rural areas. Both highway and off-highway vehicles contribute significantly to ozone formation especially in the downwind region. Diesel vehicles do not contribute significantly to ozone formation due to their low VOC emissions.
Krishnan, Anupama
Ground Loops for Heat Pumps and Refrigeration
Ground loops are used for water source heat pumps. Refrigeration can be put on a ground loop. Water-cooled condensing units are more efficient than air-cooled, and they can be put indoors. Indoor location makes piping for desuperheater hot water easy. Since refrigeration equipment runs more than heat pumps, energy savings can be large for ground-coupled refrigeration. The paper presents a design procedure for ground loops for heat pumps, hot water, ice machines, and water-cooled refrigeration. It gives an overview of the commercial ground-coupled systems in Louisiana that have both refrigeration and heat pumps. Systems vary from small offices to a three-story office building with 187 tons. A chain of hamburger outlets uses total ground-coupling in all of its stores. A grocery store has ground-coupling for heat pumps and refrigeration. Desuperheaters provide 80 percent of the hot water for a coin laundry in the same building. A comparison of energy costs in a bank with a ground-coupled heat pump system to a similar bank with air-conditioning and gas for heat revealed a 31 percent reduction in utility costs for the ground-coupled building. Two buildings of the Mississippi Power and Light Co. have ground-coupled heat pumps in one, and high efficiency air source heat pumps in the other. Energy savings in nine months was 60,000 kWh (25 percent), and electric peak demand was reduced 42 kW (35 percent).
Braud, H. J.
Low-Level Waste Branch
Enclosed please find five copies of an application for ground water Alternate Concentration Limits (ACLs) for the Shirley Basin mill and tailings site. Pathfinder requests that the NRC amend the above referenced license to incorporate the proposed ACLs. Pathfinder has been endeavoring for over fifteen years to accomplish a ground water restoration at the site with overall favorable results. Of the thirteen constituents assigned ground water protection standards in the license, only two continue to exceed the site standard limits: uranium and thorium-230. While both of these parameters have been dramatically reduced in the ground water over the years, they remain at levels which have become very difficult to further reduce. Additionally, it is noteworthy that over the period of record these two constituents have routinely exceeded the site standards in the designated site background well. This would suggest that the site standards for uranium and thorium-230 originally were set unrealistically low. We have concluded that we have essentially reached the point of ALARA relative to ground water restoration at the Shirley Basin site, prompting this application for ACLs. The enclosed application discusses the attainment of ALARA, presents sound technical justification for the proposed ACLs, and ably demonstrates the minimal public health risk associated with the proposed ACLs.
Mr. Thomas; H. Essig
Reductions in ozone concentrations due to controls on variability in industrial flare emissions in Houston, Texas
High concentrations of ozone in the Houston/Galveston area are associated with industrial plumes of highly reactive hydrocarbons, mixed with NOx. The emissions leading to these plumes can have significant temporal variability, ...
Nam, Junsang
An Automated Classification Scheme Designed to Better Elucidate the Dependence of Ozone on Meteorology
This paper utilizes a two-stage (average linkage then convergent k means) clustering approach as part of an automated meteorological classification scheme designed to better elucidate the dependence of ozone on meteorology. When applied to 10 ...
Brian K. Eder; Jerry M. Davis; Peter Bloomfield
Short-Range Prediction of Tropospheric Ozone Concentrations and Exceedances for Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Previous research has been focused on improving forecasts of the daily maximum 1-h concentration of tropospheric ozone, which was based on criteria used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, in 2001, EPA began implementing ...
Robert V. Rohli; S. A. Hsu; Brian W. Blanchard; R. L. Fontenot
Mesoscale Meteorological Structure of a High-Ozone Episode during the 1995 NARSTO-Northeast Study
Observations and numerical model fields were analyzed to study the meteorological structures contributing to high concentrations of lower-tropospheric ozone over the northeastern United States on 14�15 July 1995. It was found that the episode is ...
Nelson L. Seaman; Sara A. Michelson
Trends in Stratospheric Ozone: Lessons Learned from a 3D Chemical Transport Model
Stratospheric ozone is affected by external factors such as chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs), volcanoes, and the 11-yr solar cycle variation of ultraviolet radiation. Dynamical variability due to the quasi-biennial oscillation and other factors also ...
Richard S. Stolarski; Anne R. Douglass; Stephen Steenrod; Steven Pawson
Trends in ozone and temperature structure: comparison of theory and measurements
Comparison of model calculated trends in ozone and temperature due to inferred variations in trace gas concentrations and solar flux, is made with available analyses of observations. In general, the calculated trends in total ozone and the vertical ozone distribution agree well with the measured trends. However, there are too many remaining theoretical and sampling uncertainties to establish causality. Although qualitatively in agreement, the observed temperature decrease in the upper stratosphere is significantly larger than that calculated. Theoretical results suggest a significant influence on stratospheric ozone from solar flux variations, but observational evidence is at best inconclusive. Overall, the trend comparisons tend to be consistent with the hypothesis that several different anthropogenic influences are affecting the present global atmosphere. 7 references, 3 figures, 2 tables.
Wuebbles, D.J.
The Characterization of an Air Pollution Episode Using Satellite Total Ozone Measurements
A case study is presented which demonstrates that measurements of total ozone from a space platform can be used to study a widespread air pollution episode over the southeastern United States. In particular the synoptic-scale distribution of ...
Jack Fishman; Fred M. Vukovich; Donald R. Cahoon; Mark C. Shipham
Characterization of the Nimbus-7 SBUV Radiometer for the Long-Term Monitoring of Stratospheric Ozone
Precise knowledge of in-orbit sensitivity change is critical for the successful monitoring of stratosphere ozone by satellite-based remote sensors. This paper evaluates those aspects of the in-flight operation that influence the long-term ...
R. P. Cebula; H. Park; D. F. Heath
An Estimation of the Climatic Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Losses during the 1980s
In order to study the potential climatic effects of the ozone hole more directly and to assess the validity of previous lower resolution model results, the latest high spatial resolution version of the Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.,...
Robert M. MacKay; Malcolm K. W. Ko; Run-Lie Shia; Yajaing Yang; Shuntai Zhou; Gyula Molnar
UV Sensitivity to Changes in Ozone, Aerosols and Clouds in Seoul, Korea
The total ozone (O3) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 320 nm have been observed from the ultraviolet (UV) measurements made at Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea with Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers, respectively, during 2004-2010. The daily ...
Woogyung Kim; Jhoon Kim; Sang Seo Park; Hi-Ku Cho
A Two-Dimensional Model of the Quasi-biennial Oscillation of Ozone
The stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in zonal wind, temperature and column ozone has been successfully modeled in a two-dimensional dynamical/chemical model by the introduction of a parameterization scheme to model the transfer of ...
L. J. Gray; J. A. Pyle
Greenhouse gases and future long-term changes in the stratospheric temperature and the ozone layer
A numerical two-dimensional (2D) interactive dynamical-radiative-photochemical model including aerosol physics is used to examine the expected long-term changes in stratospheric temperature and the Earth's ozone layer due to anthropogenic pollution of ...
I. G. Dyominov; A. M. Zadorozhny
Separating the Dynamical Effects of Climate Change and Ozone Depletion. Part II: Southern Hemisphere Troposphere
The separate effects of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) on forcing circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere extratropical troposphere are investigated using a version of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (...
Charles McLandress; Theodore G. Shepherd; John F. Scinocca; David A. Plummer; Michael Sigmond; Andreas I. Jonsson; M. Catherine Reader
Ozone Cycles in the Western Mediterranean Basin: Interpretation of Monitoring Data in Complex Coastal Terrain
In summer, the complex layout of the coasts and mountains surrounding the western Mediterranean basin favors the development of mesoscale atmospheric recirculations and the formation of ozone reservoir layers above the coastal areas and the sea. ...
Mill�n M. Mill�n; Enrique Mantilla; Rosa Salvador; Adoraci�n Carratal�; Maria Jos� Sanz; Lucio Alonso; Gotzon Gangoiti; Marino Navazo
Evaluation of an Improved Set of Predictors for Derivation of Total Ozone from TOVS Measurements
Three improvements to the operational regression procedures used at NOAA/NESDIS to derive total ozone from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) measurements are evaluated. An additional predictor, derived from the TOVS measurements, is ...
James H. Lienesch
Dynamical Response of the Tropical Total Ozone to Sea Surface Temperature Changes
Interannual variations of total ozone in the equatorial region are discussed in terms of the lower-stratospheric dynamical processes associated with sea surface temperature (SST) changes on an EJ Ni�o-Southern Oscillation time scale. Tropospheric ...
Fumio Hasebe
Interannual Variability and Trends of Extratropical Ozone. Part II: Southern Hemisphere
A principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to the Southern Hemisphere (SH) total column ozone following the method established for analyzing the data in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) in a companion paper. The interannual variability (IAV) of ...
The Ozone Hole Breakup in September 2002 as Seen by SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT
An unprecedented stratospheric warming in the Southern Hemisphere in September 2002 led to the breakup of the Antarctic ozone hole into two parts. The Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) on the ...
C. von Savigny; A. Rozanov; H. Bovensmann; K.-U. Eichmann; S. No�l; V. Rozanov; B.-M. Sinnhuber; M. Weber; J. P. Burrows; J. W. Kaiser
Stratospheric Sensitivity to Perturbations in Ozone and Carbon Dioxide: Radiative and Dynamical Response
We have attempted to assess the stratospheric effects of two different perturbations: 1) a uniform 50% reduction in ozone; and 2) a uniform doubling of carbon dioxide. The primary studies employ an annual mean insulation version of the recently ...
S. B. Fels; J. D. Mahlman; M. D. Schwarzkopf; R. W. Sinclair
Global Normal-Mode Rossby Waves Observed in Stratospheric Ozone Data
Westward-propagating Rossby normal-mode planetary waves are documented in stratospheric ozone data using Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) satellite measurements. These modes are evidenced by enhanced spectral power and near-global coherence ...
William J. Randel
A Novel Lightweight Low-Power Dual-Beam Ozone Photometer Utilizing Solid-State Optoelectronics
Recent advances in semiconductor materials and fabrication techniques have allowed the development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with wavelengths extending down into the UV-C region (? < 280 nm). A new ozone photometer has been developed ...
Lars E. Kalnajs; Linnea M. Avallone
Stratospheric Ozone Decrease Due to Chlorofluoromethane Photolysis: Predictions of Latitude Dependence
A two-dimensional model is used to predict the 1990 reduction in ozone due to the chlorine compounds formed by chlorofluoromethane (CFM) photolysis when the CFM release rate is held constant at the 1975 value. The predicted globally averaged ...
W. J. Borucki; R. C. Whitten; H. T. Woodward; L. A. Capone; C. A. Riegel; S. Gaines
An Approach to the Detection of Long-Term Trends in Upper Stratospheric Ozone from Space
A central problem in the detection of long-term trends in upper stratospheric ozone from orbiting remote sensors involves the separation of instrument drifts from true geophysical changes. Periodic flights of a Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet ...
John E. Frederick; Xufeng Niu; Ernest Hilsenrath
Estimating changes in urban ozone concentrations due to life cycle emissions from hydrogen transportation systems
criteria.htmlS. Accessed on NRC, 1991. Rethinking the OzonePress, Washington, DC. NRC, 2004. The Hydrogen Economy:hours of the summer months (NRC, 1991). In summary the ��
Wang, Guihua; Ogden, Joan M; Chang, Daniel P.Y.
The Long-Term Coupling between Column Ozone and Tropopause Properties
The observational data of the vertical temperature distribution and column ozone, obtained from 10 main stations in the Northern Hemisphere, are analyzed in order to explore the tropopause variations in conjunction with the dynamical variability ...
Costas Varotsos; Costas Cartalis; Andrew Vlamakis; Chris Tzanis; Iphigenia Keramitsoglou
Climatology and trends in the forcing of the stratospheric ozone transport
A thorough analysis of the ozone transport was carried out using the Transformed-Mean Eulerian (TEM) tracer continuity equation and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). In ...
Monier, Erwan
Climatology and Trends in the Forcing of the Stratospheric Ozone Transport
A thorough analysis of the ozone transport was carried out using the Transformed-Mean Eulerian (TEM) tracer transport equation and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re- Analysis (ERA-40). In ...
Calculated Influence of Temperature-Related Factors on Ozone Formation Rates in the Lower Troposphere
Using an atmospheric chemical reaction mechanism applied to air parcels near the earth's surface, the sensitivities ozone (O3) formation rates are quantified for changes in four meteorologically controlled parameters: temperature, sunlight ...
Chris J. Walcek; Hong-H. Yuan
Application of gaseous disinfectants ozone and chlorine dioxide for inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores
An assessment of ozone and chlorine dioxide for treatment ofAston, R. ; Synan, J. , �Chlorine dioxide as a bactericide62, 80. 14. Keane, T. , � Chlorine dioxide � why all the
Aydogan, Ahmet
Interannual Variations of Total Ozone and Their Relationship to Variations of Planetary Wave Activity
Interannual variations of total ozone at midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are shown to operate coherently with variations of upwelling planetary wave activity from the troposphere. Variations of upwelling wave activity, which modulate ...
Andrew C. Fusco; Murry L. Salby
The effect of variability in industrial emissions on ozone formation in Houston, Texas
Ambient observations have indicated that high concentrations of ozone observed in the Houston/Galveston area are associated with plumes of highly reactive hydrocarbons, mixed with NOx, from industrial facilities. Ambient ...
Webster, Mort David
Missing Stratospheric Ozone Decrease at Southern Hemisphere Middle Latitudes after Mt. Pinatubo: A Dynamical Perspective
Although large total ozone decreases occurred in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics in the years after the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo that are generally attributed to the eruption, comparable decreases did not emerge in the Southern ...
C. Schnadt Poberaj; J. Staehelin; D. Brunner
Modeling Ozone Formation and Transport in the Cascadia Region of the Pacific Northwest
The rapidly growing Cascadia region of the Pacific Northwest, consisting of western Washington, Oregon, and southwestern British Columbia, has experienced surface ozone concentrations that exceed federally mandated standards. A modeling system ...
Mike Barna; Brian Lamb; Susan O�Neill; Hal Westberg; Cris Figueroa-Kaminsky; Sally Otterson; Clint Bowman; Jennifer DeMay
A Chemiluminescent Analyzer for Stratospheric Measurements of the Ozone Concentration (FOZAN)
Within the framework of the Airborne Polar Experiment, a new ozone analyzer based on chemiluminescent technology has been developed for high-altitude measurements. The instrument was tested on board the M-55 Geophysica aircraft during some ...
V. Yushkov; A. Oulanovsky; N. Lechenuk; I. Roudakov; K. Arshinov; F. Tikhonov; L. Stefanutti; F. Ravegnani; U. Bonaf�; T. Georgiadis
Ozone Loss and Recovery and the Preconditioning of Upward Propagating Planetary Wave Activity
A mechanistic chemistry-dynamical model is used to evaluate the relative importance of radiative, photochemical, and dynamical feedbacks in communicating changes in lower stratospheric ozone to the circulation of the stratosphere and lower ...
John R. Albers; Terrence R. Nathan
Influence of Long-Period Variations of Total Ozone Content on Climate
Influence of Long-Period Variations of Total Ozone Content on Climate Influence of Long-Period Variations of Total Ozone Content on Climate Change in Twentieth Century Zuev, V Institute of Atmospheric Optics Zueva, N. Institute of Atmospheric Optics Bondarenko, S Institute of Atmospheric Optics Category: Atmospheric State and Surface It is shown that during long-term total ozone decrease everywhere at middle and high latitudes there takes place the destruction of balance in global carbon cycle first of all due to reduction of photosynthetical СО2 sink in consequence of UV-B radiation stress of vegetable biota. As a result, СО2 concentrations in the atmosphere considerably increase, enhancing the "greenhouse effect." Based on reconstruction of behavior of stratospheric ozone between 1600 and 2000 from dendrochronologic data, it is shown that
Condition Assessment of Substation Ground Grids
This report describes the second stage of a research project to develop a simple and inexpensive method and device to assess the integrity of substation grounding grids. The problem has been studied before but a reliable and inexpensive method or device to make a reliable diagnosis of grid condition is still lacking. While the EPRI-developed Ground Grid Evaluator (commercially known as the Smart Ground Multimeter) can be used to provide valuable information, the equipment is expensive and requires extens...
This report describes the first stage of research to develop a simple and inexpensive method and device to assess the integrity of substation grounding grids. The problem has been studied before but there is not, to our knowledge, a reliable and inexpensive method or device to make a reliable diagnosis. While the EPRI-developed Ground Grid Evaluator (commercially knows as the Smart Ground Multimeter or SGM) can be used to provide valuable information, the equipment is considered to be expensive and requi...
Collection of liquid from below-ground location
A method of retrieving liquid from a below-ground collection area by permitting gravity flow of the liquid from the collection area to a first closed container; monitoring the level of the liquid in the closed container; and after the liquid reaches a given level in the first closed container, transferring the liquid to a second closed container disposed at a location above the first closed container, via a conduit, by introducing into the first closed container a gas which is substantially chemically inert with respect to the liquid, the gas being at a pressure sufficient to propel the liquid from the first closed container to the second closed container.
Phillips, Steven J. (Kennewick, WA); Alexander, Robert G. (Kennewick, WA)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Grounds Maintenance
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) operates an award-winning grounds maintenance program that comprises a comprehensive landscape and irrigation management program. The...
Ground Electromagnetic Techniques | Open Energy Information
Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Ground Electromagnetic Techniques (Redirected from Ground Electromagnetic Methods) Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Technique: Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) NEPA(0) Exploration Technique Information Exploration Group: Geophysical Techniques Exploration Sub Group: Electrical Techniques Parent Exploration Technique: Electromagnetic Techniques Information Provided by Technique Lithology: Rock composition, mineral and clay content Stratigraphic/Structural: Detection of permeable pathways, fracture zones, faults Hydrological: Resistivity influenced by porosity, grain size distribution, permeability, fluid saturation, fluid type and phase state of the pore water Thermal: Resistivity influenced by temperature
exposure to ground-level ozone pollution. Ozone is an odorless, colorless gas that has been linked are particularly pronounced amongst children and the elderly. Moreover, ozone is destructive to crops and natural: restrictions on the chemical composition of gasoline that are primarily intended to reduce the VOC emissions
Edwards, Paul N.
Enclosed ground-flare incinerator
An improved ground flare is provided comprising a stack, two or more burner assemblies, and a servicing port so that some of the burner assemblies can be serviced while others remain in operation. The burner assemblies comprise a burner conduit and nozzles which are individually fitted to the stack's burner chamber and are each removably supported in the chamber. Each burner conduit is sealed to and sandwiched between a waste gas inlet port and a matching a closure port on the other side of the stack. The closure port can be opened for physically releasing the burner conduit and supplying sufficient axial movement room for extracting the conduit from the socket, thereby releasing the conduit for hand removal through a servicing port. Preferably, the lower end of the stack is formed of one or more axially displaced lower tubular shells which are concentrically spaced for forming annular inlets for admitting combustion air. An upper tubular exhaust stack, similarly formed, admits additional combustion air for increasing the efficiency of combustion, increasing the flow of exhausted for improved atmospheric dispersion and for cooling the upper stack.
Wiseman, Thomas R. (Calgary, CA)
Global distributions of total ozone during January and February 1979 as determined from DMSP multichannel filter radiometer measurements
The multichannel filter radiometer instrument (MFR) was first flown on a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Block 5D series satellite in 1977. Daily analyses of the global distribution of retrieved total ozone are presented for January and February 1979. The temporal and spatial averages and variability of ozone during this period are discussed. Retrieved total column ozone data derived from the MFR measurements for January 1979 are compared with preliminary SBUV measurements and with distributions of total ozone measured between 1958 and 1967.
Luther, F.M.; Ellis, J.S.; Lovill, J.E.; Sullivan, T.J.; Weichel, R.L.
Parameterizing a Groundness Analysis of Logic Programs
We present a parametric groundness analysis whose input and output are parameterized by a set of groundness parameters. The result of the analysis can be instantiated for different uses of the program. It can also be used to derive sufficient conditions ...
Lunjin Lu
Sharing and groundness dependencies in logic programs
We investigate Jacobs and Langen's Sharing domain, introduced for the analysis of variable sharing in logic programs, and show that it is isomorphic to Marriott and S�ndergaard's Pos domain, introduced for the analysis of groundness dependencies. ... Keywords: Boolean functions, abstract interpretation, dataflow analysis, global analysis, groundness analysis, program analysis, sharing analysis
Michael Codish; Harald S�ndergaard; Peter J. Stuckey
Design Ground Snow Loads for Ohio
The weight of snow with a mean recurrence interval of 50 years, called the design ground snow load, is used by engineers and planners to estimate the weight of snow that roofs must be designed to support National maps of ground snow load have ...
Thomas W. Schmidlin; Dennis J. Edgell; Molly A. Delaney
Ground Source Heat Pumps Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) use the earth's
Ground Source Heat Pumps Fact Sheet Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) use the earth's constant. Waste heat can be used to heat hot water. System Types There are two types of ground source heat pumps, closed loop and open loop systems. Closed loop heat pumps use the earth as the heat source and heat sink
Paulsson, Johan
Ground Source Heat Pumps | Open Energy Information
Ground Source Heat Pumps Ground Source Heat Pumps Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Print PDF Ground Source Heat Pumps Geothermal Technologies There are many types of Geothermal Technologies that take advantage of the earth's heat: Hydrothermal Systems Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Sedimentary Geothermal Systems Co-Produced Geothermal Systems Geothermal Direct Use Ground Source Heat Pumps GSHP Links Related documents and websites An Information Survival Kit for the Prospective Geothemral Heat Pump Owner List of Heat Pumps Incentives List of Ground Source Heat Pumps Incentives Policy Makers' Guidebook for Geothermal Heating and Cooling Various ways to configure a geothermal heat pump system. (Source: The Geo-Heat Center's Survival Kit for the Prospective Geothemral Heat Pump
Little Climates -- Weather Just Above The Ground
Weather Just Above The Ground Weather Just Above The Ground Nature Bulletin No. 481-A February 17, 1973 Forest Preserve District of Cook County George W, Dunne, President Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation LITTLE CLIMATES -- Weather Just Above the Ground In a previous bulletin we talked about little climates, underground, resulting from weather conditions in the soil. Just above the ground there is another "little climate" equally important. We frequently see evidences of it without realizing how and why they were produced. Just above the earth, there lies a narrow layer of changeable weather that is affected at both surfaces by its mighty neighbors: the land below and the restless air in the atmosphere above it. Under the spell of gravity, it clings to the ground in spite of all but the swiftest winds. In this layer there are special weather conditions overlooked by nearly everyone.
Ground Source Heat Pumps Ground Source Heat Pumps (Redirected from Geothermal Heat Pumps) Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Print PDF Ground Source Heat Pumps Geothermal Technologies There are many types of Geothermal Technologies that take advantage of the earth's heat: Hydrothermal Systems Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Sedimentary Geothermal Systems Co-Produced Geothermal Systems Geothermal Direct Use Ground Source Heat Pumps GSHP Links Related documents and websites An Information Survival Kit for the Prospective Geothemral Heat Pump Owner List of Heat Pumps Incentives List of Ground Source Heat Pumps Incentives Policy Makers' Guidebook for Geothermal Heating and Cooling Various ways to configure a geothermal heat pump system. (Source: The Geo-Heat Center's Survival Kit for the Prospective Geothemral Heat Pump
Ground grid design changes due to potential rise limits outside substations
To ensure safe grounding for personnel and to provide for correct operation of relays, several design factors are critical to assessing the adequacy of a station ground grid design. These difficult to alter parameters are soil resistivity, clearing times for single line to ground station faults, size and location of the substation, and the magnitude of the single line to ground fault current. These are the critical parameters for the grounding system, leaving the designer with the grid area, grid geometry, wire size, surface material, number of ground rods, and burial depth as the tools for reducing step and touch potentials to adequate levels. Grounding practices for substations are based on maintaining step and touch potentials below the limits described in IEEE-80. Guide for AC Substation Grounding. Recently, requirements to limit step and touch potentials outside the substation perimeter were proposed by particular government agencies in Commonwealth Edison's service territory. This limit imposes design changes that would increase construction costs and prevent locating substation at existing sites. This paper compares the design changes needed to meet lower limits with a standard installation designed according to the IEEE-80 guide.
Lodwig, S.G. (Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, IL (United States))
A Kalman-filter bias correction of ozone deterministic, ensemble-averaged, and probabilistic forecasts
Kalman filtering (KF) is used to postprocess numerical-model output to estimate systematic errors in surface ozone forecasts. It is implemented with a recursive algorithm that updates its estimate of future ozone-concentration bias by using past forecasts and observations. KF performance is tested for three types of ozone forecasts: deterministic, ensemble-averaged, and probabilistic forecasts. Eight photochemical models were run for 56 days during summer 2004 over northeastern USA and southern Canada as part of the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation New England Air Quality (AQ) Study. The raw and KF-corrected predictions are compared with ozone measurements from the Aerometric Information Retrieval Now data set, which includes roughly 360 surface stations. The completeness of the data set allowed a thorough sensitivity test of key KF parameters. It is found that the KF improves forecasts of ozone-concentration magnitude and the ability to predict rare events, both for deterministic and ensemble-averaged forecasts. It also improves the ability to predict the daily maximum ozone concentration, and reduces the time lag between the forecast and observed maxima. For this case study, KF considerably improves the predictive skill of probabilistic forecasts of ozone concentration greater than thresholds of 10 to 50 ppbv, but it degrades it for thresholds of 70 to 90 ppbv. Moreover, KF considerably reduces probabilistic forecast bias. The significance of KF postprocessing and ensemble-averaging is that they are both effective for real-time AQ forecasting. KF reduces systematic errors, whereas ensemble-averaging reduces random errors. When combined they produce the best overall forecast.
Monache, L D; Grell, G A; McKeen, S; Wilczak, J; Pagowski, M O; Peckham, S; Stull, R; McHenry, J; McQueen, J
K. Toyota et al.: 3-D modeling of boundary-layer bromine and ozone in the Arctic (Supplement) 1 Supplement to "Analysis of reactive bromine production and ozone
K. Toyota et al.: 3-D modeling of boundary-layer bromine and ozone in the Arctic (Supplement) 1 3-D simulations with GEM-AQ: Inference from synoptic-scale patterns" K. Toyota1,2 , J. C. McConnell1. Toyota (email@example.com) scale forcing resolved well at the grid resolution used in the present
Meskhidze, Nicholas
Incorporating TOMS Ozone Measurements into the Prediction of the Washington, D.C., Winter Storm during 24�25 January 2000
In this study, a methodology is proposed for incorporating total column ozone data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) into the initial conditions of a mesoscale prediction model. Based on the strong correlation between vertical mean ...
Kun-Il Jang; X. Zou; M. S. F. V. De Pondeca; M. Shapiro; C. Davis; A. Krueger
Applications of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to Provide Input to Photochemical Grid Models for the Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS)
In spite of ongoing control measures, episodes of elevated boundary layer ozone in violation of national ambient air quality standards continue to occur in the Lake Michigan region. The Lake Michigan Ozone Study is a multiyear effort that ...
Walter A. Lyons; Craig J. Tremback; Roger A. Pielke
Essays on the Impact of Climate Change and Building Codes on Energy Consumption and the Impact of Ozone on Crop Yield
15.2 Crop yield14 Impact of ozone on crop yield 15 Data 15.1 Ozonecrop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aroonruengsawat, Anin
TSD- aa Trends in Measured 1-h Ozone Concentrations over the OTR
Trends in raw and meteorologically adjusted 1-hour ozone were calculated at several AQS monitoring sites in the Northeast. A summary of the analysis is provided below, and a detailed description of the met-adjustment procedure is outlined in Milanchus et al. (1998) and references contained including those related to the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) method used in this analysis to estimate trends. Data Ozone time series were obtained at many monitoring sites in the Northeastern United States. From these data, log of daily maximum one hour ozone were calculated. In addition, several meteorological variables were obtained from National Weather service stations in the Northeast. These included surface temperature, dew point and specific humidity with dew point depression being calculated. Daily maximum values were calculated for each of the meteorological variable times series. The time span of data considered for both ozone and meteorological variables was from 1985 to 2005. In addition, this analysis focused on the ozone season (April 15 through October 15) of each year.
Modeling Domain
Application of dynamic linear regression to improve the skill of ensemble-based deterministic ozone forecasts
Forecasts from seven air quality models and surface ozone data collected over the eastern USA and southern Canada during July and August 2004 provide a unique opportunity to assess benefits of ensemble-based ozone forecasting and devise methods to improve ozone forecasts. In this investigation, past forecasts from the ensemble of models and hourly surface ozone measurements at over 350 sites are used to issue deterministic 24-h forecasts using a method based on dynamic linear regression. Forecasts of hourly ozone concentrations as well as maximum daily 8-h and 1-h averaged concentrations are considered. It is shown that the forecasts issued with the application of this method have reduced bias and root mean square error and better overall performance scores than any of the ensemble members and the ensemble average. Performance of the method is similar to another method based on linear regression described previously by Pagowski et al., but unlike the latter, the current method does not require measurements from multiple monitors since it operates on individual time series. Improvement in the forecasts can be easily implemented and requires minimal computational cost.
Pagowski, M O; Grell, G A; Devenyi, D; Peckham, S E; McKeen, S A; Gong, W; Monache, L D; McHenry, J N; McQueen, J; Lee, P
Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Technique: Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) NEPA(0) Exploration Technique Information Exploration Group: Geophysical Techniques Exploration Sub Group: Electrical Techniques Parent Exploration Technique: Electromagnetic Techniques Information Provided by Technique Lithology: Rock composition, mineral and clay content Stratigraphic/Structural: Detection of permeable pathways, fracture zones, faults Hydrological: Resistivity influenced by porosity, grain size distribution, permeability, fluid saturation, fluid type and phase state of the pore water Thermal: Resistivity influenced by temperature Dictionary.png
Definition: Ground Electromagnetic Techniques | Open Energy Information
Definition Definition Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon » Definition: Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Ground electromagnetic techniques measure electromagnetic fields in order to determine subsurface electrical resistivity with the earth surface as the observation point.[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature, the other three being the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation. This force is described by electromagnetic fields, and has innumerable physical instances including the interaction of electrically charged particles and the interaction of uncharged magnetic force fields with electrical conductors. The word
Variational Assimilation of GOME Total-Column Ozone Satellite Data in a 2D Latitude�Longitude Tracer-Transport Model
A four-dimensional data-assimilation method is described to derive synoptic ozone fields from total-column ozone satellite measurements. The ozone columns are advected by a 2D tracer-transport model, using ECMWF wind fields at a single pressure ...
H. J. Eskes; A. J. M. Piters; P. F. Levelt; M. A. F. Allaart; H. M. Kelder
Analysis of an Ozone Episode during the San Diego Air Quality Study: The Significance of Transport Aloft
San Diego is subject to transport of ozone and precursors from the Los Angeles area, 170 km to the northwest, as well as to high ozone concentrations from local emissions. The San Diego Air Quality Study was conducted during the summer of 1989. ...
Virginia Bigler-Engler; Hal W. Brown
Uncertainties in Predicted Ozone Concentrations Due to Input Uncertainties for the UAM-V Photochemical Grid Model
Based on studies of ozone episodes in the eastern United States using the photochemical grid model, UAM-V, regulatory agencies have made decisions concerning emissions controls. This project analyzes effects of uncertainties in UAM-V input variables (emissions, initial and boundary conditions, meteorological variables, and chemical reactions) on uncertainties in UAM-V ozone predictions for the July 1995 episode.
Interim site characterization report and ground-water monitoring program for the Hanford site solid waste landfill
Federal and state regulations governing the operation of landfills require utilization of ground-water monitoring systems to determine whether or not landfill operations impact ground water at the point of compliance (ground water beneath the perimeter of the facility). A detection-level ground-water monitoring system was designed, installed, and initiated at the Hanford Site Solid Waste Landfill (SWL). Chlorinated hydrocarbons were detected at the beginning of the ground-water monitoring program and continue to be detected more than 1 year later. The most probable source of the chlorinated hydrocarbons is washwater discharged to the SWL between 1985 and 1987. This is an interim report and includes data from the characterization work that was performed during well installation in 1987, such as field observations, sediment studies, and geophysical logging results, and data from analyses of ground-water samples collected in 1987 and 1988, such as field parameter measurements and chemical analyses. 38 refs., 27 figs., 8 tabs.
Fruland, R.M.; Hagan, R.A.; Cline, C.S.; Bates, D.J.; Evans, J.C.; Aaberg, R.L.
Ground-to-Air Gas Emission Rate Inferred from Measured Concentration Rise within a Disturbed Atmospheric Surface Layer
In reference to previously observed concentrations of methane released from a source enclosed by a windbreak, this paper examines a refined �inverse dispersion� approach for estimating the rate of emission Q from a small ground-level source, when ...
J. D. Wilson; T. K. Flesch; P. Bourdin
Grounded Renewable Energy | Open Energy Information
Grounded Renewable Energy Grounded Renewable Energy Jump to: navigation, search Name Grounded Renewable Energy Place Carbondale, Colorado Zip 81623 Sector Renewable Energy, Solar Product Grounded Renewable Energy designs turn-key solar systems for homes and businesses in Colorado. Coordinates 41.573959°, -75.501361° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":41.573959,"lon":-75.501361,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Ground Clutter Canceling with a Regression Filter
This paper explores ground clutter filtering with a class of cancelers that use regression. Regression filters perform this task in a simple manner, resulting in similar or better performance than the fifth-order elliptic filter implemented in ...
Sebasti�n M. Torres; Dusan S. Zrnic
Embodied object schemas for grounding language use
This thesis presents the Object Schema Model (OSM) for grounded language interaction. Dynamic representations of objects are used as the central point of coordination between actions, sensations, planning, and language ...
Hsiao, Kai-yuh, 1977-
Grounding linguistic analysis in control applications
This thesis addresses the problem of grounding linguistic analysis in control applications, such as automated maintenance of computers and game playing. We assume access to natural language documents that describe the ...
Branavan, Satchuthananthavale Rasiah Kuhan
Earthquake ground motion modeling on parallel computers
We describe the design and discuss the performance of a parallel elastic wave propagation simulator that is being used to model and study earthquake-induced ground motion in large sedimentary basins. The components of the system include mesh generators, ...
Hesheng Bao; Jacobo Bielak; Omar Ghattas; Loukas F. Kallivokas; David R. O'Hallaron; Jonathan R. Shewchuk; Jifeng Xu
Solid waste burial grounds interim safety analysis
This Interim Safety Analysis document supports the authorization basis for the interim operation and restrictions on interim operations for the near-surface land disposal of solid waste in the Solid Waste Burial Grounds. The Solid Waste Burial Grounds Interim Safety Basis supports the upgrade progress for the safety analysis report and the technical safety requirements for the operations in the Solid Waste Burial Grounds. Accident safety analysis scenarios have been analyzed based on the significant events identified in the preliminary hazards analysis. The interim safety analysis provides an evaluation of the operations in the Solid Waste Burial Grounds to determine if the radiological and hazardous material exposures will be acceptable from an overall health and safety standpoint to the worker, the onsite personnel, the public, and the environment.
Saito, G.H.
Commonality of ground systems in launch operations
NASA is examining the utility of requiring a certain degree of commonality in both flight and ground systems in the Constellation Program. While the benefits of commonality seem obvious in terms of minimizing upfront ...
Quinn, Shawn M
Grounding and Lightning Protection of Capacitor Controllers
This is the third report in EPRI's capacitor reliability study. It deals with capacitor controller grounding and lightning protection. Prior reports dealt with nuisance fuse operations, operating and construction practices, and use of distribution line capacitors for transmission voltage support. Simulations were performed to investigate various controller mounting locations and grounding configurations and their impact on the magnitude of surges reaching the controller. Once these aspects of capacitor c...
Ground Penetrating Imaging Radar Phase II
EPRI project "Ground Penetrating Imaging Radar Phase II," also called the "GPiR Project," started in August 1998 at Schlumberger-Doll Research, a division of Schlumberger Technology Corporation. Its goal was to determine if modern ground-penetrating radar (GPR) could make three-dimensional (3D) images of buried utility lines accurate and detailed enough to help utility companies better manage their underground infrastructure. Work began with a comparison of commercial and prototype GPR systems in the lab...
UMTRA Ground Water Project management action process document
A critical U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) mission is to plan, implement, and complete DOE Environmental Restoration (ER) programs at facilities that were operated by or in support of the former Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). These facilities include the 24 inactive processing sites the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) (42 USC Section 7901 et seq.) identified as Title I sites, which had operated from the late 1940s through the 1970s. In UMTRCA, Congress acknowledged the potentially harmful health effects associated with uranium mill tailings and directed the DOE to stabilize, dispose of, and control the tailings in a safe and environmentally sound manner. The UMTRA Surface Project deals with buildings, tailings, and contaminated soils at the processing sites and any associated vicinity properties (VP). Surface remediation at the processing sites will be completed in 1997 when the Naturita, Colorado, site is scheduled to be finished. The UMTRA Ground Water Project was authorized in an amendment to the UMTRCA (42 USC Section 7922(a)), when Congress directed DOE to comply with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ground water standards. The UMTRA Ground Water Project addresses any contamination derived from the milling operation that is determined to be present at levels above the EPA standards.
Guidelines for ground motion definition for the eastern United States
Guidelines for the determination of earthquake ground motion definition for the eastern United States are established here. Both far-field and near-field guidelines are given. The guidelines were based on an extensive review of the current procedures for specifying ground motion in the United States. Both empirical and theoretical procedures were used in establishing the guidelines because of the low seismicity in the eastern United States. Only a few large- to great-sized earthquakes (M/sub s/ > 7.5) have occurred in this region, no evidence of tectonic surface ruptures related to historic or Holocene earthquakes has been found, and no currently active plate boundaries of any kind are known in this region. Very little instrumented data have been gathered in the East. Theoretical procedures are proposed so that in regions of almost no data, a reasonable level of seismic ground motion activity can be assumed. The guidelines are to be used to develop the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE). A new procedure for establishing the operating basis earthquake (OBE) is proposed, in particular for the eastern United States. The OBE would be developed using a probabilistic assessment of the geological conditions and the recurrence of seismic events at a site. These guidelines should be useful in development of seismic design requirements for future reactors. 17 refs., figs., tabs.
Gwaltney, R.C.; Aramayo, G.A.; Williams, R.T.
Ground water protection management program plan
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Order 5400.1 requires the establishment of a ground water protection management program to ensure compliance with DOE requirements and applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations. The Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project Office was prepared this Ground Water Protection Management Program Plan (ground water protection plan) whose scope and detail reflect the program`s significance and address the seven activities required in DOE Order 5400.1, Chapter III, for special program planning. This ground water protection plan highlights the methods designed to preserve, protect, and monitor ground water resources at UMTRA Project processing and disposal sites. The plan includes an overview of the remedial action status at the 24 designated processing sites and identifies technical guidance documents and site-specific documents for the UMTRA Project ground water protection management program. In addition, the plan addresses the general information required to develop a water resources protection strategy at the permanent disposal sites. Finally, the plan describes ongoing activities that are in various stages of development at UMTRA Project sites.
Not Available
Grounding Analysis in Heterogeneous Soil Models: Application to Underground Substations
Grounding Analysis in Heterogeneous Soil Models: Application to Underground Substations Ignasi in forthcoming publications. Keywords-grounding analysis; earthing analysis, underground substations; I to a river (at substations next to hydroelectric dams), or the grounding system of a buried electrical
Colominas, Ignasi
Potential effects of the Hawaii geothermal project on ground-water resources on the Island of Hawaii
This report provides data and information on the quantity and quality of ground-water resources in and adjacent to proposed geothermal development areas on the Island of Hawaii Geothermal project for the development of as much as 500 MW of electric power from the geothermal system in the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano. Data presented for about 31 wells and 8 springs describe the chemical, thermal, and hydraulic properties of the ground-water system in and adjacent to the East Rift Zone. On the basis of this information, potential effects of this geothermal development on drawdown of ground-water levels and contamination of ground-water resources are discussed. Significant differences in ground-water levels and in the salinity and temperature of ground water within the study area appear to be related to mixing of waters from different sources and varying degrees of ground-water impoundment by volcanic dikes. Near Pahoa and to the east, the ground-water system within the rift is highly transmissive and receives abundant recharge from precipitation; therefore, the relatively modest requirements for fresh water to support geothermal development in that part of the east rift zone would result in minimal effects on ground-water levels in and adjacent to the rift. To the southwest of Pahoa, dike impoundment reduces the transmissivity of the ground-water system to such an extent that wells might not be capable of supplying fresh water at rates sufficient to support geothermal operations. Water would have to be transported to such developments from supply systems located outside the rift or farther downrift. Contaminant migration resulting from well accidents could be rapid because of relatively high ground-water velocities in parts of the region. Hydrologic monitoring of observation wells needs to be continued throughout development of geothermal resources for the Hawaii Geothermal Project to enable the early detection of leakage and migration of geothermal fluids.
Sorey, M.L.; Colvard, E.M.
Study of the effectiveness of the Cl/sub x/ catalytic ozone loss mechanisms
The importance of catalytic mechanisms involving chlorine species for destroying stratospheric ozone is now well recognized. A number of chlorinated halocarbons have been suggested as anthropogenic sources of stratospheric chlorine. In particular the potential impacts on stratospheric ozone of surface release of CF/sub 2/CL/sub 2/, CFCl/sub 3/ and CH/sub 3/CCl/sub 3/ have been studied extensively previously. With the current understanding of atmospheric photochemical processes, there are now at least three other ozone destroying catalytic cycles involving chlorine species in addition to the well known Cl-C10 catalytic cycle that are of varying importance in the stratosphere. Because of the differences in the vertical distributions of the concentration of the relevant chemical species the most effective altitudes for each cycle are different. Since an individual halocarbon releases chlorine atoms over a range of different altitudes in the stratosphere, its impact on stratospheric ozone must be due to the combined effect of each of these cycles. In this study, a comparison is made of the relative roles of these catalytic cycles for destroying stratospheric ozone when emissions for various halocarbons are considered. It is concluded that there are at least four catalytic cycles for odd oxygen destruction involving chlorine species. The relative efficiency of these cycles vary significantly with altitude. Changes in the ozone vertical distribution from various halocarbon perturbations were found to be different in shape. This was due to the differences in the altitude range of inorganic chlorine release resulting from halocarbon destruction and to the differences in relative catalytic cycle efficiencies.
Wuebbles, D.J.; Chang, J.S.
The ground state of the Kondo model with large spin
In this paper, we prove that the ground state of the Kondo model with large spin is nondegenerate, apart from a SU(2) spin degeneracy in the case of half filling. The ground state spin is found for the system, and the energy level orderings are discussed. Finally, the existence of ferrimagnetism in some cases is proved. PACS numbers: 75.10.Lp 75.30.Mb, 75.50.Gg The Kondo models, or single and lattice impurity models, are one of the most challenging subjects in strongly correlated systems 1�3. Recent developments of reflection positivity technique in the spin space make it possible to establish some rigorous results for the half-filled strongly correlated electron systems 4�9. Theory of reflection positivity in the spin space for the single- and multi-channel Kondo models with spin 1/2 was developed recently and a series of rigorous results on the ground state properties were proved 8,9. However some materials are described by the Kondo models with large spin, such as (La1?xXx)MnO3 with X = Ba, Ca, Sr etc. and the localised spin s = 3/2 10. Due to more degrees of freedom in the case of large spin than in the case of spin 1/2, usually it is very hard to extract rigorous results for those systems. As a generalisation of the theory for the Kondo model with spin 1/2, we will investigate the Kondo model with large spin and provide some rigorous results on the ground state of the Kondo model in the case of half filling. Let us first write down the Hamiltonian we will investigate:
Shun-qing Shen; Jisi Sci; Kijsi Sj
Seismic fragility formulations for segmented buried pipeline systems including the impact of differential ground subsidence
Though Differential Ground Subsidence (DGS) impacts the seismic response of segmented buried pipelines augmenting their vulnerability, fragility formulations to estimate repair rates under such condition are not available in the literature. Physical models to estimate pipeline seismic damage considering other cases of permanent ground subsidence (e.g. faulting, tectonic uplift, liquefaction, and landslides) have been extensively reported, not being the case of DGS. The refinement of the study of two important phenomena in Mexico City - the 1985 Michoacan earthquake scenario and the sinking of the city due to ground subsidence - has contributed to the analysis of the interrelation of pipeline damage, ground motion intensity, and DGS; from the analysis of the 48-inch pipeline network of the Mexico City's Water System, fragility formulations for segmented buried pipeline systems for two DGS levels are proposed. The novel parameter PGV{sup 2}/PGA, being PGV peak ground velocity and PGA peak ground acceleration, has been used as seismic parameter in these formulations, since it has shown better correlation to pipeline damage than PGV alone according to previous studies. By comparing the proposed fragilities, it is concluded that a change in the DGS level (from Low-Medium to High) could increase the pipeline repair rates (number of repairs per kilometer) by factors ranging from 1.3 to 2.0; being the higher the seismic intensity the lower the factor.
Pineda Porras, Omar Andrey [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Ordaz, Mario [UNAM, MEXICO CITY
Montana Ground Water Assessment Act (Montana) | Department of...
Ground Water Assessment Act (Montana) Montana Ground Water Assessment Act (Montana) Eligibility Utility Fed. Government Commercial Agricultural Investor-Owned Utility State...
Recovery Act - Geothermal Technologies Program:Ground Source...
Recovery Act - Geothermal Technologies Program:Ground Source Heat Pumps Recovery Act - Geothermal Technologies Program:Ground Source Heat Pumps A detailled description of the...
EA-1406: Ground Water Compliance at the New Rifle, Colorado,...
6: Ground Water Compliance at the New Rifle, Colorado, UMTRA Project Site, Rifle, Colorado EA-1406: Ground Water Compliance at the New Rifle, Colorado, UMTRA Project Site, Rifle,...
Ground Gravity Survey At Mcgee Mountain Area (DOE GTP) | Open...
Ground Gravity Survey At Mcgee Mountain Area (DOE GTP) Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Activity: Ground Gravity Survey At Mcgee Mountain...
Water Quality Surface and Ground | Open Energy Information
Quality Surface and Ground Jump to: navigation, search Retrieved from "http:en.openei.orgwindex.php?titleWaterQualitySurfaceandGround&oldid612197...
is WIUUTEO GROUND PLANE INSULATION FAILURE IN THE FIRST TPCOn August 27, 1980, an insulation failure occurred dt-ringby a failure uf ground plane insulation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The
Green, M.A.
Deputy Secretary Poneman Attends Ground Breaking at Tennessee...
Home Deputy Secretary Poneman Attends Ground Breaking at Tennessee Advanced Vehicle Battery Plant Deputy Secretary Poneman Attends Ground Breaking at Tennessee Advanced Vehicle...
Department of Veterans Affairs, FONSI - Ground mounted solar...
Ground mounted solar photovoltaic power at San Joaquin National Cemetery Department of Veterans Affairs, FONSI - Ground mounted solar photovoltaic power at San Joaquin National...
Designated Ground Water Basin Map | Open Energy Information
Designated Ground Water Basin Map Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Reference Material: Designated Ground Water Basin Map Details Activities (0) Areas...
Ground-coupled heat pump systems: a pumping analysis.
??Ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems use the ground as a heat source or sink that absorbs heat from or rejects heat to the soil, respectively;� (more)
Mays, Cristin Jean
Ground Gravity Survey At Marysville Mt Area (Blackwell) | Open...
Ground Gravity Survey At Marysville Mt Area (Blackwell) Exploration Activity Details Location Marysville Mt Area Exploration Technique Ground Gravity Survey Activity Date...
Vertical Distribution of Contamination in Ground Water at the...
Vertical Distribution of Contamination in Ground Water at the Tuba City, Arizona, Site Vertical Distribution of Contamination in Ground Water at the Tuba City, Arizona, Site...
Ground Movement in SSRL Ring
Users of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) are being affected by diurnal motion of the synchrotron's storage ring, which undergoes structural changes due to outdoor temperature fluctuations. In order to minimize the effects of diurnal temperature fluctuations, especially on the vertical motion of the ring floor, scientists at SSRL tried three approaches: painting the storage ring white, covering the asphalt in the middle of the ring with highly reflective Mylar and installing Mylar on a portion of the ring roof and walls. Vertical motion in the storage ring is measured by a Hydrostatic Leveling System (HLS), which calculates the relative height of water in a pipe that extends around the ring. The 24-hr amplitude of the floor motion was determined using spectral analysis of HLS data, and the ratio of this amplitude before and after each experiment was used to quantitatively determine the efficacy of each approach. The results of this analysis showed that the Mylar did not have any significant effect on floor motion, although the whitewash project did yield a reduction in overall HLS variation of 15 percent. However, further analysis showed that the reduction can largely be attributed to a few local changes rather than an overall reduction in floor motion around the ring. Future work will consist of identifying and selectively insulating these local regions in order to find the driving force behind diurnal floor motion in the storage ring.
Sunikumar, Nikita; /UCLA /SLAC
Measurement of ground-state decoherence via interruption of coherent population trapping
We examine the role of ground-state coherence on the fluorescence from the excited state in a three-level Lambda system under continuous-wave excitation. When resonantly pumped, the fluorescence is strongly affected by any perturbation in the ground-state coherent population trapping. From our analytical results, we suggest how to use this strong dependence of fluorescence on the ground-state decays as a new method for the measurement of the ground-state decoherence rates. Our calculations should work well for a wide range of systems such as atomic vapors with a buffer gas, active dopants in solids, and quantum dots, etc. We present a proof of principle experiment using Rb-87 vapor.
Patnaik, Anil K.; Hsu, Paul S.; Agarwal, Girish S.; Welch, George R.; Scully, Marlan O.
Covered Product Category: Ground-Source Heat Pumps | Department of Energy
Ground-Source Heat Pumps Ground-Source Heat Pumps Covered Product Category: Ground-Source Heat Pumps October 7, 2013 - 10:32am Addthis ENERGY STAR Qualified Products FEMP provides acquisition guidance across a variety of product categories, including ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs), which are an ENERGY STAR®-qualified product category. Federal laws and executive orders mandate that agencies meet these efficiency requirements in all procurement and acquisition actions that are not specifically exempted by law. Most manufacturers display the ENERGY STAR label on complying models. For a model not displaying this label, check the manufacturer's literature to determine if it meets the efficiency requirements outlined by ENERGY STAR. Performance Requirements for Federal Purchases For the most up-to-date efficiency levels required by ENERGY STAR, look for
Standard Ozone Profiles from Balloon and Satellite Data Sets
Standard profiles based on upper level averaged profiles From BUV and lower level averaged profiles from balloon measurements are presented in a parametric representation as a function of time of year and latitude. The representation is a simple ...
K. F. Klenk; P. K. Bhartia; E. Hilsenrath; A. J. Fleig
Secondary organic aerosol from ozone-initiated reactions with...
which approximately stable particle levels wereestablished reflecting a balance between new particle formation, condensational growth, and removal by ventilation. Airborne...
Longevity of Emplacement Drift Ground Support Materials
The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the factors affecting the longevity of emplacement drift ground support materials and to develop a basis for selection of materials for ground support that will function throughout the preclosure period. The Development Plan (DP) for this analysis is given in CRWMS M&O (Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System Management and Operating Contractor) (1999a). The candidate materials for ground support are steel (carbon steel, ductile cast iron, galvanized steel, and stainless steel, etc.) and cement. Steel will mainly be used for steel sets, lagging, channels, rock bolts, and wire mesh. Cement usage is only considered in the case of grouted rock bolts. The candidate materials for the invert structure are steel and crushed rock ballast. The materials shall be evaluated for the repository emplacement drift environment under a specific thermal loading condition based on the proposed License Application Design Selection (LADS) design. The analysis consists of the following tasks: (1) Identify factors affecting the longevity of ground control materials for use in emplacement drifts. (2) Review existing documents concerning behavior of candidate ground control materials during the preclosure period. The major criteria to be considered for steel are mechanical and thermal properties, and durability, of which corrosion is the most important concern. (3) Evaluate the available results and develop recommendations for material(s) to be used.
D. Tang
A method is described for retrieving liquid from a below-ground collection area by permitting gravity flow of the liquid from the collection area to a first closed container; monitoring the level of the liquid in the closed container; and after the liquid reaches a given level in the first closed container, transferring the liquid to a second closed container disposed at a location above the first closed container, via a conduit, by introducing into the first closed container a gas which is substantially chemically inert with respect to the liquid, the gas being at a pressure sufficient to propel the liquid from the first closed container to the second closed container. 3 figs.
Phillips, S.J.; Alexander, R.G.
Definition: Ground Gravity Survey | Open Energy Information
Definition Definition Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon » Definition: Ground Gravity Survey Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Ground Gravity Survey The ground gravitational method is the study of the distribution of mass in the subsurface with the observation point at the earth's surface.[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition A gravity anomaly is the difference between the observed acceleration of a planet's gravity and a value predicted from a model. A location with a positive anomaly exhibits more gravity than predicted, while a negative anomaly exhibits a lower value than predicted. References ↑ http://www.amazon.com/Geophysical-Field-Theory-Three-Volume-Gravitational/dp/0124020410 Ret Like Like You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like.
GroundedPower Inc | Open Energy Information
GroundedPower Inc GroundedPower Inc Jump to: navigation, search Name GroundedPower Inc Place Gloucester, Massachusetts Zip 1930 Product Massachusetts-based company developing home and building energy management systems via IP-based software. Coordinates 37.413962°, -76.526305° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":37.413962,"lon":-76.526305,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Ground Gravity Survey | Open Energy Information
Ground Gravity Survey Ground Gravity Survey Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Technique: Ground Gravity Survey Details Activities (48) Areas (34) Regions (2) NEPA(2) Exploration Technique Information Exploration Group: Geophysical Techniques Exploration Sub Group: Gravity Techniques Parent Exploration Technique: Gravity Techniques Information Provided by Technique Lithology: Distribution of density in the subsurface enables inference of rock type. Stratigraphic/Structural: Delineation of steeply dipping formations, geological discontinuities and faults, intrusions and large-scale deposition of silicates due to hydrothermal activity. Hydrological: Density of sedimentary rocks are strongly influenced by fluid contained within pore space. Dry bulk density refers to the rock with no moisture, while the wet bulk density accounts for water saturation; fluid content may alter density by up to 30%.(Sharma, 1997)
Appendix B Ground Water Management Policy
Ground Water Management Policy Ground Water Management Policy for the Monticello Mill Tailings Site and Adjacent Areas This page intentionally left blank Docun~ent Number Q0029500 Appendix B State of Utah DEPARTblENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF WATER RIGHTS Ground-Water Management Policy for the Mot~ticello Mill Tailings Site and Adjacent Areas The Monticello Mill Tailings Site is on the southeast portion of the tovm of Monticello in Sectton 36, T33S, K23E and Section 31, i33S. R24E, SLB&M. The mill site was used from 1942 to 1960 in the processing of uranium and vanadium. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is currently cleaning up the site. The site is in the small canyon that forms the drainage for South Creek. The general direction of water flow, of both surface streams and the shallow
Radiative Impact of Ozone on Temperature Predictability in a Coupled Chemistry�Dynamics Data Assimilation System
The objective of this study is to investigate the impact on temperature forecast of using ozone analyses for the computation of heating rates in a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3D-Var) system with a coupled model. The system is ...
J. de Grandpr�; R. M�nard; Y. J. Rochon; C. Charette; S. Chabrillat; A. Robichaud
A Small High-Sensitivity, Medium-Response Ozone Detector Suitable for Measurements from Light Aircraft
An instrument for tropospheric O3 measurements based on the chemiluminescent reaction between nitric oxide and ozone is described. It was designed as part of a larger instrument package for simultaneous measurements of NO, NO2, NOy and O3 using ...
B. A. Ridley; F. E. Grahek; J. G. Walega
A Preliminary Synthesis of Modeled Climate Change Impacts on U.S. Regional Ozone Concentrations
This paper provides a synthesis of results that have emerged from recent modeling studies of the potential sensitivity of U.S. regional ozone (O3) concentrations to global climate change (ca. 2050). This research has been carried out under the ...
C. P. Weaver; E. Cooter; R. Gilliam; A. Gilliland; A. Grambsch; D. Grano; B. Hemming; S. W. Hunt; C. Nolte; D. A. Winner; X-Z. Liang; J. Zhu; M. Caughey; K. Kunkel; J-T. Lin; Z. Tao; A. Williams; D. J. Wuebbles; P. J. Adams; J. P. Dawson; P. Amar; S. He; J. Avise; J. Chen; R. C. Cohen; A. H. Goldstein; R. A. Harley; A. L. Steiner; S. Tonse; A. Guenther; J-F. Lamarque; C. Wiedinmyer; W. I. Gustafson; L. R. Leung; C. Hogrefe; H-C. Huang; D. J. Jacob; L. J. Mickley; S. Wu; P. L. Kinney; B. Lamb; N. K. Larkin; D. McKenzie; K-J. Liao; K. Manomaiphiboon; A. G. Russell; E. Tagaris; B. H. Lynn; C. Mass; E. Salath�; S. M. O'neill; S. N. Pandis; P. N. Racherla; C. Rosenzweig; J-H. Woo
Longitudinally Dependent Ozone Increase in the Antarctic Polar Vortex Revealed by Balloon and Satellite Observations
The horizontal structure of processes causing increases in ozone in the Antarctic polar vortex was examined using data measured in 2003 from an ozonesonde observation campaign at Syowa Station (39.6�E, 69.0�S) and from the Improved Limb ...
K. Sato; Y. Tomikawa; G. Hashida; T. Yamanouchi; H. Nakajima; T. Sugita
Correlation of Ozone and Meteorology with Hydrogen Peroxide in Urban and Rural Regions of North Carolina
Gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ozone (O3) along With other trace gases and meteorology were monitored in two distinct regimes of high- and low-NOx (urban and rural) areas in North Carolina during the summer of 1991 as part of the Southern ...
Viney P. Aneja; Mita Das
An investigation of the processes controlling ozone in the upper stratosphere
Photolysis of vibrationally excited oxygen produced by ultraviolet photolysis of ozone in the upper stratosphere is incorporated into the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 2-D zonally averaged chemical-radiative-transport model of the troposphere and stratosphere. The importance of this potential contributor of odd oxygen to the concentration of ozone is evaluated based upon recent information on vibrational distributions of excited oxygen and upon preliminary studies of energy transfer from the excited oxygen. When the energy transfer rate constants of previous work are assumed, increases in model ozone concentrations of up to 40 percent in the upper stratosphere are found, and the ozone concentrations of the model agree with measurements, including data from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. However, the increase is about 0.4 percent when the larger energy transfer rate constants suggested by more recent experimental work are applied in the model. This indicates the importance of obtaining detailed information on vibrationally excited oxygen properties, particularly the state-specific energy transfer rate constants, to evaluation of tills precess for stratospheric modeling.
Patten, K.O. Jr.; Connell, P.S.; Kinnison, D.E.; Wuebbles, D.J. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States); Waters, J.; Froidevaux, L. [Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA (United States); Slanger, T.G. [SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Numerical Experiments with a General Circulation Model Concerning the Distribution of Ozone in the Stratosphere
Two experiments were performed with a nine-layer quasi-geostrophic spectral model to simulate the distribution of ozone below 60 km. Experiment I included thermal and orographic forcing of the planetary-scale waves while Experiment II did not ...
R. J. Kurzeja; K. V. Haggard; W. L. Grose
Aspects of CFC relative ozone destruction efficiencies determined in the LLNL 2-D model
We have investigated the efficiency of surface emission of several individual chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) for reducing the calculated steady state total ozone column in both one- and two-dimensional models, relative to the effects of CFC-11 (CFCl/sub 3/) emission. We find that CFC and HCFC relative efficiencies can vary over two orders of magnitude, mostly as a result of atmospheric lifetimes. For CFCs and HCFCs with long stratospheric lifetimes the calculated efficiency is also reduced by the effects of lower and mid stratospheric photochemistry. Ozone in this region changes according to the net effect of changing rates of oxygen photolysis, direct chlorine-catalyzed ozone loss and interference by active chlorine species in the nitrogen oxide-catalyzed ozone loss process. In these cases, the relative efficiencies show a marked latitudinal dependence, being larger at high latitudes and smaller at lower latitudes. Additionally in these cases, the one-dimensional model appears to overestimate the globally and annually averaged result that is obtained from the two-dimensional model. These considerations should be taken into account when quantities similar to the relative efficiency defined here are applied to CFC production and emission decisions. 6 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Connell, P.; Grant, K.; Wuebbles, D.
New Pump Correction for the Brewer�Mast Ozone Sonde: Determination from Experiment and Instrument Intercomparisons
Pump efficiency of the Brewer�Mast (B�M) ozone sonde deteriorates significantly at altitudes above 22 km (pressures below 50 hPa). The correction currently used as the WMO standard does not sufficiently account for the efficiency decrease. It is ...
W. Steinbrecht; R. Schwarz; H. Claude
Three-Dimensional Model Study of the Antarctic Ozone Hole in 2002 and Comparison with 2000
An offline 3D chemical transport model (CTM) has been used to study the evolution of the Antarctic ozone hole during the sudden warming event of 2002 and to compare it with similar simulations for 2000. The CTM has a detailed stratospheric ...
W. Feng; M. P. Chipperfield; H. K. Roscoe; J. J. Remedios; A. M. Waterfall; G. P. Stiller; N. Glatthor; M. H�pfner; D.-Y. Wang
Decadal Changes of Wind Stress over the Southern Ocean Associated with Antarctic Ozone Depletion
Using 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data and in situ observations, the positive trend of Southern Ocean surface wind stress during two recent decades is detected, and its close linkage with spring Antarctic ozone depletion is established. The ...
Xiao-Yi Yang; Rui Xin Huang; Dong Xiao Wang
Modeling impacts of geomagnetic field variations on middle atmospheric ozone responses to solar proton
Modeling impacts of geomagnetic field variations on middle atmospheric ozone responses to solar charged particles of solar and cosmic origin. Therefore variations of the geomagnetic field occurring to the atmosphere under the consideration of different shielding properties of the geomagnetic field. The present
Wehrli, Bernhard
DIAL Tropospheric Ozone Measurement Using a Nd:YAG Laser and the Raman Shifting Technique
The Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) offers a way to perform ozone measurements in the troposphere with the spatial and temporal resolutions needed for both short and long term studies. Only a few DIAL system have been used up to now for this ...
G. Ancellet; A. Papayannis; J. Pelon; G. M�gie
The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission Concept and First Scientific Results
The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) is a new instrument aboard the European Space Agency�s (ESA) Second European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2), which was launched in April 1995. The main scientific objective of the GOME mission is to ...
John P. Burrows; Mark Weber; Michael Buchwitz; Vladimir Rozanov; Annette Ladst�tter-Wei�enmayer; Andreas Richter; R�diger DeBeek; Ricarda Hoogen; Klaus Bramstedt; Kai-Uwe Eichmann; Michael Eisinger; Dieter Perner
Comprehensive Overview of Scientific Findings from Major Ozone Field Studies in North America and Europe
During the past decade, nearly $600 million were invested in more than thirty major field studies in North America and Europe examining tropospheric ozone chemistry, meteorology, precursor emissions, and modeling. This report describes a selection of 16 field research programs conducted under a wide range of geographical and climatological conditions in North America and Europe.
Part I: The South Asian Haze: Air Pollution, Ozone and Aerosols Page 8 -UNEP Assessment Report
locations, where domestic energy consumption depends on biofuels such as wood and cow dung, whereas in urban source of air pollution as it is very inefficient as an energy source. The INDOEX measurements of CO havePart I: The South Asian Haze: Air Pollution, Ozone and Aerosols #12;Page 8 - UNEP Assessment Report
Collins, William
Influence of Doubled CO2 on Ozone via Changes in the Brewer�Dobson Circulation
In this short note, the effect of enhanced circulation due to doubling CO2 on ozone is investigated. The difference of Brewer�Dobson circulation (BDC) between the doubled CO2 and control run from an idealized atmospheric general circulation model ...
Xun Jiang; Scott J. Eichelberger; Dennis L. Hartmann; Runlie Shia; Yuk L. Yung
Daily Simulation of Ozone and Fine Particulates over New York State: Findings and Challenges
This study investigates the potential utility of the application of a photochemical modeling system in providing simultaneous forecasts of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over New York State. To this end, daily simulations from the ...
C. Hogrefe; W. Hao; K. Civerolo; J.-Y. Ku; G. Sistla; R. S. Gaza; L. Sedefian; K. Schere; A. Gilliland; R. Mathur
Final Report, "Laboratory Studies of the Role of Sea Salt Bromine in Determining Tropospheric Ozone"
This document is a final report for the project DE-FG03-98ER62578, "Laboratory Studies of the Role of Sea Salt Bromine in Determining Tropospheric Ozone". It includes a technical summary, collaborations, educational contributions and the peer-reviewed scientific publications that have resulted from this research.
B. J. Finlayson-Pitts
Large Scale Atmospheric Chemistry Simulations for 2001: An Analysis of Ozone and Other Species in Central Arizona
A key atmospheric gas is ozone. Ozone in the stratosphere is beneficial to the biosphere because it absorbs a significant fraction of the sun's shorter wavelength ultraviolet radiation. Ozone in the troposphere is a pollutant (respiratory irritant in humans and acts to damage crops, vegetation, and many materials). It affects the Earths energy balance by absorbing both incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation. An important part of the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere involves ozone, through a photolysis pathway that leads to the hydroxyl radical (OH). Since reaction with OH is a major sink of many atmospheric species, its concentration controls the distributions of many radiatively important species. Ozone in the troposphere arises from both in-situ photochemical production and transport from the stratosphere. Within the troposphere, ozone is formed in-situ when carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) react in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NO, = NO + NO2) and sunlight. The photochemistry of the stratosphere differs significantly from that in the troposphere. Within the stratosphere, ozone formation is initiated by the photolysis of 02. Stratospheric ozone may be destroyed via catalytic reactions with NO, H (hydrogen), OH, CI (chlorine) and Br (bromine), or photolysis. In the past, attempts to simulate the observed distributions of ozone (and other important gases) have focused on either the stratosphere or the troposphere. Stratospheric models either employed simplified parameterizations to represent tropospheric chemical and physical processes, or assumed the troposphere behaved as a boundary condition. Likewise, tropospheric models used simplified stratospheric chemistry and transport.
Atherton, C; Bergmann, D; Cameron-Smith, P; Connell, P; Molenkamp, C; Rotman, D; Tannahil, J
Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Measurements
Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Measurements Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Measurements and Radiosonde Comparisons During the WVIOP2000 Field Experiment D. Cimini University of L'Aquila L'Aquil, Italy E. R. Westwater Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences University of Colorado National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory Boulder, Colorado Y. Han Science System Applications National Aeronautics Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland S. Keihm Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California Introduction During September to October 2000, a water vapor intensive operational period (WVIOP) was conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and
Subsurface Characterization at Ground Failure Sites in Adapazari, Turkey
ground failure. Lastly, ?ve CPTs and three borings were com- pleted at the Adapazari Electrical Substation,
Radiological status of the ground water beneath the Hanford Site, January-December 1981
During 1981, 299 monitoring wells were sampled at various times for radionuclide chemical contaminants. This report is one of a series prepared annually to document and evaluate the status of ground water at the Hanford Site. Two substances, tritium and nonradioactive nitrate, are easily transported in ground water; therefore, these substances are used as primary tracers to monitor the movement of contaminated ground water. Data collected during 1981 describe the movement of tritium and the nonradioactive nitrate plumes as well as their response to the influences of ground-water flow, ionic dispersion, and radioactive decay. The gross beta (/sup 106/Ru) levels have become so low that it will no longer be considered a major radionuclide contaminant. The tritium plume continues to show increasing concentrations near the Columbia River. While it is mapped as having reached the Columbia River, its contribution to the river has not been distinguished from other sources at this time. This plume shows much the same configuration as in 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980. The size of the nitrate plume appears stable. Concentrations of nitrate in the vicinity of the 100-H Area continue to be high as a result of past leaks from the evaporation facility. The overall quality of the ground water at the Hanford Site is generally comparable to that of other ground waters in eastern Washington. Any exceptions to this statement will be noted in this report.
Eddy, P.A.; Cline, C.S.; Prater, L.S.
Evaluation of a Ground-Based Sky Camera System for Use inSurface Irradiance Measurement
This paper describes the evaluation of a ground-based sky camera system for studying the effect of clouds on the level of the ambient ultraviolet radiation. The system has been developed for research in the characterization of the effect of ...
Jeff Sabburg; Joe Wong
Prospects for Temperature Sounding with Satellite and Ground-based RASS Measurements
Temperature profiles from the TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) were combined with low-altitude virtual temperature profiles measured by a ground-based 915-MHz/2-kHz radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) at Denver, Colorado. Low-level ...
J. A. Schroeder; E. R. Westwater; P. T. May; L. M. McMillin
Simulation of an Arctic Ground Blizzard Using a Coupled Blowing Snow�Atmosphere Model
A ground blizzard occurred from 16 to 18 November 1996 in the northern sectors of the Mackenzie River basin of Canada and the adjacent Beaufort Sea. This hazardous event, accompanied by a low-level jet with wind speeds approaching 20 m s?1 and ...
Stephen J. D�ry; M. K. Yau
Impedance of surface footings on layered ground
Traditionally only the static bearing capacity and stiffness of the ground is considered in the design of wind turbine foundations. However, modern wind turbines are flexible structures with resonance frequencies as low as 0.2Hz. Unfortunately, environmental ... Keywords: Boundary elements, Domain-transformation method, Dynamic stiffness, Footing, Foundation, Layered soil, Wind turbine
L. Andersen; J. Clausen
Ground water work breakdown structure dictionary
This report contains the activities that are necessary to assess in ground water remediation as specified in the UMTRA Project. These activities include the following: site characterization; remedial action compliance and design documentation; environment, health, and safety program; technology assessment; property access and acquisition activities; site remedial actions; long term surveillance and licensing; and technical and management support.
Grounding geographic categories in the meaningful environment
Ontologies are a common approach to improve semantic interoperability by explicitly specifying the vocabulary used by a particular information community. Complex expressions are defined in terms of primitive ones. This shifts the problem of semantic ... Keywords: meaningful environment, semantic datum, semantic heterogeneity, symbol grounding problem
Simon Scheider; Krzysztof Janowicz; Werner Kuhn
Estimation of Global Ground Heat Flux
This study investigates the use of a previously published algorithm for estimating ground heat flux (GHF) at the global scale. The method is based on an analytical solution of the diffusion equation for heat transfer in a soil layer and has been ...
William B. Bennett; Jingfeng Wang; Rafael L. Bras
Selenium in Oklahoma ground water and soil
Selenium with a consumption of 2 liters per day (5). The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the concentrations of Se in Oklahoma ground water and soil samples. (2) to map the geographical distribution of Se species in Oklahoma. (3) to relate groundwater depth, pH and geology with concentration of Se.
Atalay, A.; Vir Maggon, D.
Ground Vibration Measurements at LHC Point 4
Ground vibration was measured at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Point 4 during the winter shutdown in February 2012. This report contains the results, including power and coherence spectra. We plan to collect and analyze vibration data from representative collider halls to inform specifications for future linear colliders, such as ILC and CLIC. We are especially interested in vibration correlations between final focus lens locations.
Bertsche, Kirk; /SLAC; Gaddi, Andrea; /CERN
Issues in Ground-Truthing Graphic Documents
We examine the nature of ground-truth: whether it is always well-defined fora given task, oron ly relative and approximate. In the conventional scenario, reference data is produced by recording the interpretation of each test document using a chosen ...
Daniel P. Lopresti; George Nagy
The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the factors affecting the longevity of emplacement drift ground support materials and to develop a basis for the selection of materials for ground support that will function throughout the preclosure period of a potential repository at Yucca Mountain. REV 01 ICN 01 of this analysis is developed in accordance with AP-3.10Q, Analyses and Models, Revision 2, ICN 4, and prepared in accordance with the Technical Work Plan for Subsurface Design Section FY 01 Work Activities (CRWMS M&O 2001a). The objective of this analysis is to update the previous analysis (CRWMS M&O 2000a) to account for related changes in the Ground Control System Description Document (CRWMS M&O 2000b), the Monitored Geologic Repository Project Description Document, which is included in the Requirements and Criteria for Implementing a Repository Design that can be Operated Over a Range of Thermal Modes (BSC 2001), input information, and in environmental conditions, and to provide updated information on candidate ground support materials. Candidate materials for ground support are carbon steel and cement grout. Steel is mainly used for steel sets, lagging, channel, rock bolts, and wire mesh. Cement grout is only considered in the case of grouted rock bolts. Candidate materials for the emplacement drift invert are carbon steel and granular natural material. Materials are evaluated for the repository emplacement drift environment based on the updated thermal loading condition and waste package design. The analysis consists of the following tasks: (1) Identify factors affecting the longevity of ground support materials for use in emplacement drifts. (2) Review existing documents concerning the behavior of candidate ground support materials during the preclosure period. (3) Evaluate impacts of temperature and radiation effects on mechanical and thermal properties of steel. Assess corrosion potential of steel at emplacement drift environment. (4) Evaluate factors affecting longevity of cement grouts for fully grouted rock bolt system. Provide updated information on cement grout mix design for fully grouted rock bolt system. (5) Evaluate longevity of materials for the emplacement drift invert.
An Estimate of the Vertical Ozone Profile Discrepancy between the Australian Brewer�Mast and Electrochemical Concentration Cell Ozonesondes
An analysis is described that provides an additive correction for referencing the vertical ozone profiles of the Australian Brewer�Mast (BM; October 1984�December 1990) ozonesonde to those of the electrochemical concentration cell (ECC; January ...
Paul Lehmann
Constructing a coherent long-term global total ozone climatology from the BUV, MFR, and SBUV/TOMS data sets
The backscatter ultraviolet spectrometer (BUV) aboard the NIMBUS 4 satellite provided global ozone data until mid-1977. The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) instrument aboard the NIMBUS 7 satellite began providing global ozone in November 1978. The only satellite derived global total ozone data available between the termination of the BUV data and the startup of the SBUV/TOMS data is that from the Multichannel Filter Radiometer (MFR) instrument aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) series of satellites. The MFR and the SBUV/TOMS data are compared during the data overlap period in order to determine how well the MFR data might be used to represent the SBUV/TOMS and BUV data during the data gap period. 5 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Ellis, J.S.; Luther, F.M.
Assimilation of Stratospheric Temperature and Ozone with an Ensemble Kalman Filter in a Chemistry�Climate Model
A new stratospheric chemical�dynamical data assimilation system was developed, based upon an ensemble Kalman filter coupled with a Chemistry�Climate Model [i.e., the intermediate-complexity general circulation model Fast Stratospheric Ozone ...
Thomas Milewski; Michel S. Bourqui
Long-term trends and decadal solar variability in ozone near the tropopause over the Indian region
To investigate the long-term trends and effects of decadal solar variability in the upper tropospheric ozone, data obtained from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II SAGE II aboard the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite ERBS during the period ...
S. Fadnavis, Usha Iyer, P. Ernest Raj
Past and Future Effects of Ozone on Net Primary Production and Carbon Sequestration Using a Global Biogeochemical Model
Exposure of plants to ozone inhibits photosynthesis and therefore reduces vegetation production and carbon sequestration. Simulations with the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) for the historical period (1860-1995) show ...
Felzer, Benjamin Seth.
Satellite Measurement of Stratospheric Winds and Ozone Using Doppler Michelson Interferometry. Part I: Instrument Model and Measurement Simulation
This paper presents an instrument model and observation simulations for the measurement of stratospheric winds and ozone concentration using a satellite instrument employing imaging and the Doppler Michelson interferometery technique. The ...
Peyman Rahnama; Yves J. Rochon; Ian C. McDade; Gordon G. Shepherd; William A. Gault; Alan Scott
An Analytical Study of Ozone Feedbacks on Kelvin and Rossby�Gravity Waves: Effects on the QBO
An equatorial beta-plane model of the middle atmosphere is used to analytically examine the effects of radiative cooling and ozone heating on the spatial and temporal evolution of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Under the assumption that ...
Eugene C. Cordero; Terrence R. Nathan; Robert S. Echols
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: The Main Driver of Twentieth-Century Atmospheric Circulation Changes in the Southern Hemisphere
The importance of stratospheric ozone depletion on the atmospheric circulation of the troposphere is studied with an atmospheric general circulation model, the Community Atmospheric Model, version 3 (CAM3), for the second half of the twentieth ...
Lorenzo M. Polvani; Darryn W. Waugh; Gustavo J. P. Correa; Seok-Woo Son
Instrument Characterization for the Detection of Long-term Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: An Analysis of the SBUY/2 Radiometer
The scientific objective of unambiguously detecting subtle global trends in upper stratospheric ozone requires that one maintain a thorough understanding of the satellite-based remote sensors intended for this task. The instrument now in use for ...
S. E. Frederick; R. P. Cebula; D. F. Heath
Development and Application of a Compact, Tunable, Solid-State Airborne Ozone Lidar System for Boundary Layer Profiling
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory/Chemical Sciences Division (NOAA/ESRL/CSD) has developed a versatile, airborne lidar system for measuring ozone and aerosols in the boundary layer and lower free ...
R. J. Alvarez II; C. J. Senff; A. O. Langford; A. M. Weickmann; D. C. Law; J. L. Machol; D. A. Merritt; R. D. Marchbanks; S. P. Sandberg; W. A. Brewer; R. M. Hardesty; R. M. Banta
Effects of Future Climate and Biogenic Emissions Changes on Surface Ozone over the United States and China
Future projections of near-surface ozone concentrations depend on the climate/emissions scenario used to drive future simulations, the direct effects of the changing climate on the atmosphere, and the indirect effects of changing temperatures and ...
Jin-Tai Lin; Kenneth O. Patten; Katharine Hayhoe; Xin-Zhong Liang; Donald J. Wuebbles
The External Scale of Clear Air Turbulence Derived from the Vertical Ozone Profile: Application to Vertical Transport Measurement
Using a high-resolution stratospheric ozonometer it has been possible to obtain vertical ozone profiles in which microfluctuations may be interpreted as the consequence of eddy diffusion. Applying Kolmogoroff's theory to the signal, one can ...
J. Barat; P. Aimedieu
Estimation of Near-Ground Propagation Conditions Using Radar Ground Echo Coverage
The vertical gradient of refractivity (dN/dh) determines the path of the radar beam; namely, the larger the negative values of the refractivity gradient, the more the beam bends toward the ground. The variability of the propagation conditions ...
Shinju Park; Fr�d�ric Fabry
Analytical Method for the Detection of Ozone Depleting Chemicals (ODC) in Commercial Products Using a Gas Chromatograph with an Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD)
This document describes an analytical procedure that was developed for the trace level detection of residual ozone depleting chemicals (ODC) associated with the manufacture of selected commercial products. To ensure the United States meets it obligation under the Montreal Protocol, Congress enacted legislation in 1989 to impose an excise tax on electronic goods imported into the United States that were produced with banned chemicals. This procedure was developed to technically determine if residual ODC chemicals could be detected on electronic circuit boards. The analytical method utilizes a �purge and trap� technique followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection to capture and analyze the volatile chemicals associated with the matrix. The method describes the procedure, the hardware, operating conditions, calibration, and quality control measures in sufficient detail to allow the capability to be replicated. This document corresponds to internal Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) EFL-130A, Rev 4.
Lee, Richard N.; Dockendorff, Brian P.; Wright, Bob W.
Approach to developing a ground-motion design basis for facilities important to safety at Yucca Mountain
The Department of Energy has proposed a methodology for developing a ground-motion design basis for prospective facilities at Yucca Mountain that are important to safety. The methodology utilizes a quasi-deterministic construct that is designed to provide a conservative, robust, and reproducible estimate of ground motion that has a one-in-ten chance of occurring during the preclosure period. This estimate is intended to define a ground-motion level for which the seismic design would ensure minimal disruption to operations; engineering analyses to ensure safe performance in the unlikely event that the design basis is exceeded are a part of the proposed methodology. 8 refs.
King, J.L.
Compatibility of the ultraviolet light-ozone system for laundry waste water treatment in nuclear power plants
As an alternative treatment system for laundry waste water in nuclear power plants, a system was chosen in which such organic compounds as surfactant would be oxidized by ultraviolet (UV) light and ozone. The system compatibility, UV light source, and dissolved ozone concentration were examined through experiments. First, ozone gas was absorbed in the waste water. After the dissolved ozone concentration equilibrated at the desired value, the waste water was irradiated by a mercury lamp. Then, the time dependence of the concentrations of the organic compounds, the dissolved ozone, and the hydrogen peroxide were measured to estimate the treatment rate of the system. The mercury lamp with a 10{sup 5}-Pa vapor pressure achieved large UV radiation and a treatment rate increase, leading to a compatible system without secondary waste generation. The effect of the dissolved ozone concentration on the treatment rate was saturated when concentration was >3.3 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} mol/10{sup {minus}3} m{sup 3} at the time UV radiation was started. Numerical results indicated the saturation was due to hydrogen peroxide generation, which prevents hydroxyl radical generation.
Matsuo, Toshiaki; Nishi, Takashi; Matsuda, Masami; Izumida, Tatsuo [Hitachi, Ltd. (Japan)
Membrane contactor/separator for an advanced ozone membrane reactor for treatment of recalcitrant organic pollutants in water
An advanced ozone membrane reactor that synergistically combines membrane distributor for ozone gas, membrane contactor for pollutant adsorption and reaction, and membrane separator for clean water production is described. The membrane reactor represents an order of magnitude improvement over traditional semibatch reactor design and is capable of complete conversion of recalcitrant endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water at less than three minutes residence time. Coating the membrane contactor with alumina and hydrotalcite (Mg/Al=3) adsorbs and traps the organics in the reaction zone resulting in 30% increase of total organic carbon (TOC) removal. Large surface area coating that diffuses surface charges from adsorbed polar organic molecules is preferred as it reduces membrane polarization that is detrimental to separation. - Graphical abstract: Advanced ozone membrane reactor synergistically combines membrane distributor for ozone, membrane contactor for sorption and reaction and membrane separator for clean water production to achieve an order of magnitude enhancement in treatment performance compared to traditional ozone reactor. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Novel reactor using membranes for ozone distributor, reaction contactor and water separator. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Designed to achieve an order of magnitude enhancement over traditional reactor. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and hydrotalcite coatings capture and trap pollutants giving additional 30% TOC removal. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer High surface area coating prevents polarization and improves membrane separation and life.
Chan, Wai Kit, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon (Hong Kong); Joueet, Justine; Heng, Samuel; Yeung, King Lun [Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon (Hong Kong); Schrotter, Jean-Christophe [Water Research Center of Veolia, Anjou Recherche, Chemin de la Digue, BP 76. 78603, Maisons Laffitte, Cedex (France)
Ground state cooling of a nanomechanical resonator in the weak-confinement regime via quantum interference
Ground state cooling of a nanomechanical resonator coupled to a superconducting flux qubit is discussed. We show that by inducing quantum interference to cancel detrimental carrier excitations, ground state cooling becomes possible in the weak-confinement or non-resolved regime. The qubit is modelled as a three-level system in lambda configuration, and the driving fluxes are applied such that the qubit absorption spectrum exhibits electromagnetically induced transparency, thereby cancelling the unwanted carrier excitation. As our interference-based scheme allows to apply strong cooling fields, fast and efficient cooling can be achieved.
Xia, K
K. Xia; J. Evers
Ground Source Heat Pump System Data Analysis
Peer Review Peer Review GSHP System Data Analysis Xiaobing Liu, Ph.D. Oak Ridge National Laboratory email@example.com (865-574-2593) 4/3/2013 - GSHP Data Analysis in 1 st phase of U.S.-China CERC-BEE - GSHP ARRA Grantee Data Mining 2 | Building Technologies Office eere.energy.gov Purpose & Objectives Problem Statement: High first cost of ground heat exchangers (GHXs) and lack of knowledge/trust in achievable benefits are major barriers preventing
Ground Motion Model of the SLAC Site ?
motion p(?, L) can be written as p(?, L) = p(?)2(1 ? c(?, L)) which in turn can be transformed into P(?, k) [9]. We present a ground motion model for the SLAC site. This Measurements [2, 6] show that the fast motion in a rea-model is based on recent ground motion studies performed sonably quiet site consists primarily of elastic waves prop-at SLAC as well as on historical data. The model includes agating with a high velocity v (of the order of km/s). wave-like, diffusive and systematic types of motion. An The correlation is then completely defined by this velocity attempt is made to relate measurable secondary properties (which may be a function of frequency) and by the distri-of the ground motion with more basic characteristics such bution of the noise sources. In the case where the waves as the layered geological structure of the surrounding earth, propagate on the surface and are distributed uniformly in depth of the tunnel, etc. This model is an essential step in azimuthal angle, the correlation is given by c(?, L) = evaluating sites for a future linear collider. ?cos(?L/v cos(?))?? = J0(?L/v) and the corresponding 2-D spectrum of the ground motion is P(?, k) = 2p(?) / ? (?/v(f)) 2 ? k2, |k | ? ?/v(f). The absolute power spectrum of the fast motion, assumed for the SLAC model, corresponds to measurements performed at 2 AM in one of the quietest locations at SLAC, sector 10 of the linac [2], (see Fig.1). The spatial properties are defined by the phase velocity found from correlation measurements v(f) = 450 + 1900 exp(?f/2) (with v in m/s, f in Hz) [2]. 1
Andrei Seryi; Tor Raubenheimer
Compression of ground-motion data
Ground motion data has been recorded for many years at Nevada Test Site and is now stored on thousands of digital tapes. The recording format is very inefficient in terms of space on tape. This report outlines a method to compress the data onto a few hundred tapes while maintaining the accuracy of the recording and allowing restoration of any file to the original format for future use. For future digitizing a more efficient format is described and suggested.
Long, J.W.
Entanglement Energetics in the Ground State
We show how many-body ground state entanglement information may be extracted from sub-system energy measurements at zero temperature. A precise relation between entanglement and energy fluctuations is demonstrated in the weak coupling limit. Examples are given with the two-state system and the harmonic oscillator, and energy probability distributions are calculated. Comparisons made with recent qubit experiments show this type of measurement provides another method to quantify entanglement with the environment.
Andrew N. Jordan; Markus Buttiker
Remote measurement of ground temperature and emissivity
TAISIR, Temperature and Imaging System InfraRed, is a nominally satellite based platform for remote sensing of the earth. One of its design features is to acquire atmospheric data simultaneous with ground data, resulting in minimal dependence on external atmospheric models for data correction. Extensive modeling of the rms error of determining a ground temperature and emissivity for a gray body has been performed as a function of integration time, spectroscopic resolution of the system, ground emissivity, atmospheric variables, and atmospheric data accuracy. We find that increased resolution improves measurement accuracy by emphasizing those regions where the atmospheric transmission is highest and atmospheric emission/absorption lowest. We find rms temperature errors {le}1K and rms emissivity errors <0.01 are obtainable for reasonable seeing and with sufficient information about the atmosphere. A new method is developed for modeling the dependence of the band-averaged transmission and emission. Monte Carlo simulations of satellite data taken using a multi-angle technique are used to derive signal-to-noise requirements. The applicability of those results to the TAISIR system requirements are discussed.
Henderson, J.R.
Microsoft Word - BingQuestioniSixOzone8-hr11.doc
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
Reformulated Gasoline Use Under Reformulated Gasoline Use Under the 8-Hour Ozone Rule September 2002 ii Energy Information Administration/Reformulated Gasoline Use Contacts This report was prepared by the Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting of the Energy Information Administration. General questions concerning the report may be directed to Mary J. Hutzler (202/586-2222, email@example.com), Director, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, or James Kendell (202/586-9646, firstname.lastname@example.com), Director, Oil and Gas Division. Specific questions about the report may be directed to the following analyst: Stacy MacIntyre 202/586-9795 firstname.lastname@example.com 1 Energy Information Administration/Reformulated Gasoline Use Reformulated Gasoline Use Under the 8-Hour Ozone Rule
Response of bean and tobacco to ozone: effect of light intensity, temperature and relative humidity
Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) and Bel W/sub 3/ tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, L.) were grown and exposed to 40 pphm ozone for 1 hr under a range of light intensities, temperatures, and relative humidities. Foliar injury to the more sensitive plant leaves was determined on the third day after exposure. Each atmospheric factor was independently assessed. Two significant three-way interactions were found: exposure light intensity by growth light intensity by species, and growth temperature by exposure temperarture by species. Three significant two-way interactions were found for humidity: growth humidity by exposure humidity, growth humidity by species, and exposure humidity by species. The sensitivity of each species to ozone changed with changes in each environmental condition.
Dunning, J.A.; Heck, W.W.
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Derived Data, Global Earth Coverage (GEC) from NASA's Earth Probe Satellite
DOE Data Explorer (OSTI)
This is data from an external datastream processed through the ARM External Data Center (XDC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The XDC identifies sources and acquires data, called "external data", to augment the data being generated within the ARM program. The external data acquired are usually converted from native format to either netCDF or HDF formats. The GEC collection contains global data derived from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument on the Earth Probe satellite, consisting of daily values of aerosol index, ozone and reflectivity remapped into a regular 1x1.25 deg grid. Data are available from July 25, 1996 - December 31, 2005, but have been updated or replaced as of September 2007. See the explanation on the ARM web site at http://www.arm.gov/xds/static/toms.stm and the information at the NASA/TOMS web site: http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (Registration required)
Impact of supersonic and subsonic aircraft on ozone: Including heterogeneous chemical reaction mechanisms
Preliminary calculations suggest that heterogeneous reactions are important in calculating the impact on ozone from emissions of trace gases from aircraft fleets. In this study, three heterogeneous chemical processes that occur on background sulfuric acid aerosols are included and their effects on O{sub 3}, NO{sub x}, Cl{sub x}, HCl, N{sub 2}O{sub 5}, ClONO{sub 2} are calculated.
Examination of the Effects of Sea Salt Aerosols on Southeast Texas Ozone and Secondary Organic Aerosol
Despite decades of study, we still do not fully understand aerosols and their interactions among gases or other aerosols in the atmosphere. Among their impacts, they influence radiative transfer in the atmosphere and contribute to cloud formation. There are many different types of aerosols, including dust particles, soot particles, and microscopic particles containing inorganic compounds such as sulfates. Most of these particles have natural origins, but many are anthropogenic. The eventual purpose of this research is to examine sea salt aerosols and their impact on polluted environments. Sea salt aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) as well as providing a surface for heterogeneous reactions. Such reactions have implications for trace gases such as ozone, reactive nitrogen, mercury, and sulfur containing compounds. Urban areas are most impacted by these trace gases, which is a concern because ozone especially affects the health of citizens. Experiments have three basic parts. First we generate mono-disperse 3 aerosols. That aerosol is then injected into the aerosol chambers with sea salt aerosols and prescribed concentrations of trace gases to characterize relevant interactions. However, those chambers are still under construction and not used during my study. The processed aerosols are then analyzed with a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) and other equipment. Different concentrations of sea salt aerosols, Cl, NOx, and other gases were planned to be introduced during the experiments. Concentrations of other gases and intensity of solar radiation would mimic those outside. Because these reactions have proved to increase localized concentrations of ozone in other work, this could have important implications. Future work will be designed to find study these interactions. This is important because the EPA has considered tightening the standards for both ozone and particulate matter. Industries would then need to reduce emissions or move farther from current sources of Cl or NOx pollution.
Benoit, Mark David
Category:Ground Electromagnetic Techniques | Open Energy Information
Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Geothermalpower.jpg Looking for the Ground Electromagnetic Techniques page? For detailed information on Ground Electromagnetic Techniques, click here. Category:Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Add.png Add a new Ground Electromagnetic Techniques Technique Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. E [×] Electromagnetic Profiling Techniques 1 pages [+] Electromagnetic Sounding Techniques (1 categories) 2 pages Pages in category "Ground Electromagnetic Techniques" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. E Electromagnetic Profiling Techniques Electromagnetic Sounding Techniques Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Ground_Electromagnetic_Techniques&oldid=689834"
Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in Mesoscale Convective Systems
We have examined the characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Mesoscale Convective Systems observed during the Oklahoma-Kansas PRE-STORM project in 1985. Lightning frequencies and patterns of ground strike locations are ...
Steven A. Rutledge; Chungu Lu; Donald R. MacGorman
Diffusion Multilayer Sampling of Ground Water in Five Wells at...
Diffusion Multilayer Sampling of Ground Water in Five Wells at the Tuba City, Arizona, Site Diffusion Multilayer Sampling of Ground Water in Five Wells at the Tuba City, Arizona,...
Analysis of Contaminant Rebound in Ground Water in Extraction...
of Contaminant Rebound in Ground Water in Extraction Wells at the Tuba City, Arizona, Site Analysis of Contaminant Rebound in Ground Water in Extraction Wells at the Tuba City,...
Ground Validation for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
An overview of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Ground Validation (GV) Program is presented. This ground validation (GV) program is based at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and is responsible for processing ...
David B. Wolff; D. A. Marks; E. Amitai; D. S. Silberstein; B. L. Fisher; A. Tokay; J. Wang; J. L. Pippitt
Response of continuous pipelines to tunnel induced ground deformations
This thesis develops analytical solutions for estimating the bending moments and axial loads in a buried pipeline due to ground movements caused by tunnel construction in soft ground. The solutions combine closed-form, ...
Ieronymaki, Evangelia S
A review of methods for grounding grid analysis
This paper presents a brief review of the most important methods available for the grounding grid analysis. This includes numerical methods intended for the grounding grid direct current, time-harmonic current and transient current energization. Emphasis ...
Petar Saraj?ev; Slavko Vujevic
Definition: Ground Source Heat Pumps | Open Energy Information
Pumps Pumps Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Ground Source Heat Pumps A Ground Source Heat Pump is a central building heating and/or cooling system that takes advantage of the relatively constant year-round ground temperature to pump heat to or from the ground.[1][2][3] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition A geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and/or cooling system that pumps heat to or from the ground. It uses the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer). This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems, and may be combined with solar heating to form a geosolar system with even greater efficiency. Ground source heat pumps
Building Technologies Office: Ground Source Heap Pump Data Mining Research
Ground Source Heap Pump Ground Source Heap Pump Data Mining Research Project to someone by E-mail Share Building Technologies Office: Ground Source Heap Pump Data Mining Research Project on Facebook Tweet about Building Technologies Office: Ground Source Heap Pump Data Mining Research Project on Twitter Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Ground Source Heap Pump Data Mining Research Project on Google Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Ground Source Heap Pump Data Mining Research Project on Delicious Rank Building Technologies Office: Ground Source Heap Pump Data Mining Research Project on Digg Find More places to share Building Technologies Office: Ground Source Heap Pump Data Mining Research Project on AddThis.com... About Take Action to Save Energy Partner with DOE Activities
Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Ground-Source
Ground-Source Heat Pumps to someone by E-mail Ground-Source Heat Pumps to someone by E-mail Share Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Ground-Source Heat Pumps on Facebook Tweet about Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Ground-Source Heat Pumps on Twitter Bookmark Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Ground-Source Heat Pumps on Google Bookmark Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Ground-Source Heat Pumps on Delicious Rank Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Ground-Source Heat Pumps on Digg Find More places to share Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Ground-Source Heat Pumps on AddThis.com... Energy-Efficient Products Federal Requirements Covered Product Categories
New and Underutilized Technology: Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps |
Commercial Ground Source Heat Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps New and Underutilized Technology: Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps October 8, 2013 - 2:59pm Addthis The following information outlines key deployment considerations for commercial ground source heat pumps within the Federal sector. Benefits Commercial ground source heat pumps are ground source heat pump with loops that feed multiple packaged heat pumps and a single ground source water loop. Unit capacity is typically 1-10 tons and may be utilized in an array of multiple units to serve a large load. Application Condensing boilers are appropriate for housing, service, office, and research and development applications. Key Factors for Deployment FEMP has made great progress with commercial ground source heat pump technology deployment within the Federal sector. Primary barriers deal with
A two dimensional modeling study of the sensitivity of ozone to radiative flux uncertainties
Radiative processes strongly effect equilibrium trace gas concentrations both directly, through photolysis reactions, and indirectly through temperature and transport processes. We have used the LLNL 2-D chemical-radiative-transport model to investigate the net sensitivity of equilibrium ozone concentrations to several changes in radiative forcing. Doubling CO/sub 2/ from 300 ppmv to 600 ppmv resulted in a temperature decrease of 5 K to 8 K in the middle stratosphere along with an 8% to 16% increase in ozone in the same region. Replacing our usual shortwave scattering algorithms with a simplified Rayleigh algorithm led to a 1% to 2% increase in ozone in the lower stratosphere. Finally, modifying our normal CO/sub 2/ cooling rates by corrections derived from line-by-line calculations resulted in several regions of heating and cooling. We observed temperature changes on the order of 1 K to 1.5 K with corresponding changes of 0.5% to 1.5% in O/sub 3/. Our results for doubled CO/sub 2/ compare favorably with those by other authors. Results for our two perturbation scenarios stress the need for accurately modeling radiative processes while confirming the general validity of current models. 15 refs., 5 figs.
Grant, K.E.; Wuebbles, D.J.
The DOE G-1 aircraft made flights on 14 days during the TexAQS 2000 study. On 7 of those days, the aircraft encountered highly localized plumes exhibiting O{sub 3} concentrations in excess of 150 ppb; on some days, peak O{sub 3} concentrations were in excess of 200 ppb. These ozone plumes were rapidly formed with an efficiency (O{sub 3} per NO{sub x} molecule consumed) much higher (7-20) than observed in other urban areas (3-4), and were frequently associated with high concentrations (>20 ppb) of secondary hydrocarbon species such as formaldehyde. Back trajectory analysis showed that the plumes were invariably associated with emissions from one or more of the large industrial complexes clustered about the Houston Ship Channel and Galveston Bay. Very high hydrocarbon reactivities were found in the vicinity of these facilities during morning flights. These hydrocarbon reactivities, in combination with local NO{sub x} emissions, were large enough to support instantaneous O{sub 3} production rates as high as 200 ppb/h. It is hypothesized that the combination of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon emissions emanating from this complex of industries provided a potent mixture of chemicals that caused the rapid formation of very high concentrations of ozone which, depending on the prevailing meteorology, could cause exceedance of the NAAQS ozone standard anywhere in the Houston metropolitan area.
Appendix E Supporting Information for Ground Water Modeling
Supporting Information for Ground Water Modeling Supporting Information for Ground Water Modeling This page intentionally left blank Contents Section Geologic Map of Site Area ........................................................................................................ E1.O Stream Flow Measurements ...................................................................................................... E2.0 Estimates of Ground Water Flow .............................................................................................. E3.0 .......................................... MODFLOW Flow Budget Analysis for OU 1 1 1 Model Subregions E4.0 ............................................................................ Burro Canyon Aquifer Ground Water Model E5.0 This page intentionally left blank
Cooperative heat transfer and ground coupled storage system
A cooperative heat transfer and ground coupled storage system wherein collected solar heat energy is ground stored and permitted to radiate into the adjacent ground for storage therein over an extended period of time when such heat energy is seasonally maximally available. Thereafter, when said heat energy is seasonally minimally available and has propagated through the adjacent ground a substantial distance, the stored heat energy may be retrieved by a circumferentially arranged heat transfer means having a high rate of heat transfer.
Metz, Philip D. (Rocky Point, NY)
Transmission Line Grounding: Considerations and Practices Close to Substations
Grounding is an essential part of any electrical installation because it is needed for safe and reliable operation. In principle, a grounding system serves as a zero potential reference for the electrical system by providing a low impedance connection to earth (ground). Additionally, the design of the grounding system should be so that the buildups of potential gradients around electrical installations are limited to safe values.This report describes the aspects of the design and sizing ...
Ground Gravity Survey At Blue Mountain Area (Fairbank Engineering...
to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Activity: Ground Gravity Survey At Blue Mountain Area (Fairbank Engineering, 2006) Exploration Activity...
Hydro static water level systems at Fermilab
Several Hydrostatic Water Leveling systems (HLS) are in use at Fermilab. Three systems are used to monitor quadrupoles in the Tevatron and two systems are used to monitor ground motion for potential sites for the International Linear Collider (ILC). All systems use capacitive sensors to determine the water level of water in a pool. These pools are connected with tubing so that relative vertical shifts between sensors can be determined. There are low beta quadrupoles at the B0 and D0 interaction regions of Tevatron accelerator. These quadrupoles use BINP designed and built sensors and have a resolution of 1 micron. All regular lattice superconducting quadrupoles (a total of 204) in the Tevatron use a Fermilab designed system and have a resolution of 6 microns. Data on quadrupole motion due to quenches, changes in temperature will be presented. In addition data for ground motion for ILC studies caused by natural and cultural factors will be presented.
Volk, J.T.; Guerra, J.A.; Hansen, S.U.; Kiper, T.E.; Jostlein, H.; Shiltsev, V.; /Fermilab; Chupyra, A.; Kondaurov, M.; Singatulin, S.; /Novosibirsk, IYF
System for detecting and limiting electrical ground faults within electrical devices
An electrical ground fault detection and limitation system for employment with a nuclear reactor utilizing a liquid metal coolant. Elongate electromagnetic pumps submerged within the liquid metal coolant and electrical support equipment experiencing an insulation breakdown occasion the development of electrical ground fault current. Without some form of detection and control, these currents may build to damaging power levels to expose the pump drive components to liquid metal coolant such as sodium with resultant undesirable secondary effects. Such electrical ground fault currents are detected and controlled through the employment of an isolated power input to the pumps and with the use of a ground fault control conductor providing a direct return path from the affected components to the power source. By incorporating a resistance arrangement with the ground fault control conductor, the amount of fault current permitted to flow may be regulated to the extent that the reactor may remain in operation until maintenance may be performed, notwithstanding the existence of the fault. Monitors such as synchronous demodulators may be employed to identify and evaluate fault currents for each phase of a polyphase power, and control input to the submerged pump and associated support equipment.
Gaubatz, Donald C. (Cupertino, CA)
Introduction Application of numerical models of ground water flow
Introduction Application of numerical models of ground water flow almost always involves some sort (Yeh 1986; Poeter and Hill 1997; Hill et al. 1998). Other data beside hydraulic head have been used in calibration of ground water models, including rates of ground water exchange with streams and other surface
Saiers, James
Using grounded theory to study the experience of software development
Grounded Theory is a research method that generates theory from data and is useful for understanding how people resolve problems that are of concern to them. Although the method looks deceptively simple in concept, implementing Grounded Theory research ... Keywords: Empirical software engineering research, Grounded theory, Qualitative research, Theory generation
Steve Adolph; Wendy Hall; Philippe Kruchten
Advanced Computer Methods for Grounding Analysis Ignasi Colominas1
of grounding grids of large electrical substations in practical cases present some difficulties mainly dueAdvanced Computer Methods for Grounding Analysis Ignasi Colominas1 , Jos´e Par´is1 , Xes present the foundations of a nu- merical formulation based on the Boundary Element Method for grounding
Precise and efficient groundness analysis for logic programs
We show how precise groundness information can be extracted from logic programs. The idea is to use abstract interpretation with Boolean functions as �approximations� to groundness dependencies between variables. This idea is not new, and ... Keywords: abstract interpretation, condensation, groundness analysis, propositional logic
Kim Marriott; Harald S�ndergaard
Quasi-three dimensional ground-water modeling of the hydrologic influence of paleozoic rocks on the ground-water table at Yucca Mountain, Nevada
The proposed high-level radioactive waste repository site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, has created a need to understand the, ground-water system at the site. One of the important hydrologic characteristics is a steep gradient on the ground-water table north of the repository site. This study investigates the cause of the steep gradient, based on the possible influence by Paleozoic rocks under the Yucca Mountain area. A quasi-three dimensional, steady-state, finite-difference model of the groundwater flow system of the Yucca Mountain Site and vicinity, was developed using a manual trial-and-error calibration technique to model the ground-water table. The ground-water system in the model was divided into a two layers, which consist of Cenozoic volcanic rocks and Paleozoic carbonate rocks. The carbonate rocks were defined to be a confined aquifer. The model simulates vertical flow from the volcanic rocks to the underlying carbonate rocks in an area where the Eleana Formation, a Paleozoic clastic aquitard, is absent. The model requires a vertical hydrologic connection in a particular region and a large difference in hydraulic heads between the volcanic rocks and the carbonates to create the steep gradient north of the repository site. The regions of different hydraulic gradient on the water-table surface could be simulated by spatial variations of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the volcanic rocks.
Lee, Si-Yong
Remote measurement of ground source emissivity
The remote measurement of the emissivity of ground materials is of tremendous value in their identification and mapping. Traditional techniques use reflected solar radiation for this measurement for wavelengths shorter than 5 {mu}m. With the development of new techniques, the 10 Jim atmospheric transmission window might also be used for this purpose. Previous work using the multi-angle data acquisition technique demonstrated its utility to determine source thermal emission. Here we find the multi-angle technique can be used to determine the source specular reflectivity to {approximately}0.05 if there is very good system performance (NETD {approx} 0.01 K).
Coal mine ground control. 3rd ed.
The third edition not only completely revises and updates the original subject areas, but also is broadened to include a number of new topics such as high horizontal stresses, computer modeling, and highwall stability. The subject areas covered in this book define the current field of coal mine ground control, except for the recently emerging topic of mine seals and some conventional subjects such as coal/rock cutting and impoundment dams. It contains 1,134 references from all published sources, and archived since 1876.
Peng, S.S.
Superimposed particles in 1D ground states
For a class of nonnegative, range-1 pair potentials in one dimensional continuous space we prove that any classical ground state of lower density >=1 is a tower-lattice, i.e., a lattice formed by towers of particles the heights of which can differ only by one, and the lattice constant is 1. The potential may be flat or may have a cusp at the origin, it can be continuous, but its derivative has a jump at 1. The result is valid on finite intervals or rings of integer length and on the whole line.
Andras Suto
Posters Ground-Based Radiometric Observations
7 7 Posters Ground-Based Radiometric Observations of Atmospheric Water for Climate Research J. B. Snider, D. A. Hazen, A. J. Francavilla, W. B. Madsen, and M. D. Jacobson National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory Boulder, Colorado Introduction Surface-based microwave and infrared radiometers have been employed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Environmental Technology Laboratory (NOAA/ETL) in climate research since 1987. The ability of these systems to operate continuously and unattended for extended periods of time has provided significant new information on atmospheric water vapor and cloud liquid. These data are being employed to improve our understanding of cloud-radiation feedback mechanisms, an understanding
Current plans to characterize the design basis ground motion at the Yucca Mountain, Nevada Site
A site at Yucca Mountain Nevada is currently being studied to assess its suitability as a potential host site for the nation`s first commercial high level waste repository. The DOE has proposed a new methodology for determining design-basis ground motions that uses both deterministic and probabilistic methods. The role of the deterministic approach is primary. It provides the level of detail needed by design engineers in the characterization of ground motions. The probabilistic approach provides a logical structured procedure for integrating the range of possible earthquakes that contribute to the ground motion hazard at the site. In addition, probabilistic methods will be used as needed to provide input for the assessment of long-term repository performance. This paper discusses the local tectonic environment, potential seismic sources and their associated displacements and ground motions. It also discusses the approach to assessing the design basis earthquake for the surface and underground facilities, as well as selected examples of the use of this type of information in design activities.
Simecka, W.B. [USDOE Nevada Field Office, Las Vegas, NV (United States); Grant, T.A.; Voegele, M.D. [Science Applications International Corp., Las Vegas, NV (United States); Cline, K.M. [Woodward-Clyde Federal Services, Washington, DC (United States)
U.S. Department of Energy UMTRA Ground Water Project Ground Water Pumping and Monitoring Plan
GWMON 1.12-1 GWMON 1.12-1 U.S. Department of Energy UMTRA Ground Water Project Ground Water Pumping and Monitoring Plan for the Land Farm Pilot Test Monument Valley, Arizona August 2000 Prepared by U.S. Department of Energy Grand Junction Ofice Grand Junction, Colorado Project Number UGW-5 1 1-001 5-21-000 Document Number U0106701 This page intentionally left blank Document Number U0106701 Contents Contents 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................... 1 3.0 Pilot-Test Extraction Wellfield 2 4.0 Water Elevation Measurements and Monitoring ............... 4
Ground Water Management Act (Virginia) | Department of Energy
Ground Water Management Act (Virginia) Ground Water Management Act (Virginia) Ground Water Management Act (Virginia) < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Construction Developer Fed. Government Fuel Distributor General Public/Consumer Industrial Installer/Contractor Institutional Investor-Owned Utility Local Government Municipal/Public Utility Nonprofit Rural Electric Cooperative Schools State/Provincial Govt Systems Integrator Tribal Government Utility Savings Category Water Buying & Making Electricity Home Weatherization Program Info State Virginia Program Type Environmental Regulations Siting and Permitting Provider Virginia Department of Environmental Quality Under the Ground Water Management Act of 1992, Virginia manages ground water through a program regulating the withdrawals in certain areas called
Resistance to ground of combined grid-multiple rods electrodes
The resistance to ground of substations ground electrodes is one of the most important parameters determining the potential rise of the grounded equipment and other metal work within substation with respect to the remote earth as well as the potentials which might be transferred outside the substation. The resistance to ground of a wide set of square and rectangular grid electrodes combined with multiple rods, buried in uniform and two-layer soils, has been analyzed using available exact computer software. Based upon the results of this analysis, analytical expressions and graphs for electrodes resistance to ground are provided, appropriate for practical application.
Nahman, J.M. [Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade (Yugoslavia)] [Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade (Yugoslavia); Djordjevic, V.B. [Energoprojekt-Hidroinzenjering, Belgrade (Yugoslavia)] [Energoprojekt-Hidroinzenjering, Belgrade (Yugoslavia)
Impact of Ground-level Aviation Emissions on Air Quality in the Western United States.
??The aviation industry has experienced sustained growth since its inception result- ing in an increase in air pollutant emissions. Exposure to particulate matter less than� (more)
Clark, Eric Edward
Comparison of Aermod and ISCST3 Models for Particulate Emissions from Ground Level Sources
Emission factors (EFs) and results from dispersion models are key components in the air pollution regulatory process. The EPA preferred regulatory model changed from ISCST3 to AERMOD in November, 2007. Emission factors are used in conjunction with dispersion models to predict 24-hour concentrations that are compared to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for determining the required control systems in permitting sources. This change in regulatory models has had an impact on the regulatory process and the industries regulated. In this study, EFs were developed for regulated particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 from cotton harvesting. Measured concentrations of TSP and PM10 along with meteorological data were used in conjunction with the dispersion models ISCST3 and AERMOD, to determine the emission fluxes from cotton harvesting. The goal of this research was to document differences in emission factors as a consequence of the models used. The PM10 EFs developed for two-row and six-row pickers were 154 + 43 kg/km2 and 425 + 178 kg/km2, respectively. From the comparison between AERMOD and ISCST3, it was observed that AERMOD EFs were 1.8 times higher than ISCST3 EFs for Emission factors (EFs) and results from dispersion models are key components in the air pollution regulatory process. The EPA preferred regulatory model changed from ISCST3 to AERMOD in November, 2007. Emission factors are used in conjunction with dispersion models to predict 24-hour concentrations that are compared to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for determining the required control systems in permitting sources. This change in regulatory models has had an impact on the regulatory process and the industries regulated. In this study, EFs were developed for regulated particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 from cotton harvesting. Measured concentrations of TSP and PM10 along with meteorological data were used in conjunction with the dispersion models ISCST3 and AERMOD, to determine the emission fluxes from cotton harvesting. The goal of this research was to document differences in emission factors as a consequence of the models used. The PM10 EFs developed for two-row and six-row pickers were 154 + 43 kg/km2 and 425 + 178 kg/km2, respectively. From the comparison between AERMOD and ISCST3, it was observed that AERMOD EFs were 1.8 times higher than ISCST3 EFs for absence of solar radiation. Using AERMOD predictions of pollutant concentrations off property for regulatory purposes will likely affect a source?s ability to comply with limits set forth by State Air Pollution Regulatory Agencies (SAPRAs) and could lead to inappropriate regulation of the source.
Botlaguduru, Venkata Sai V.
Detection of 6 November 1997 Ground Level Event by for Milagro collaboration
with muon telescopes (Fowler & Wolfendale, 1961). However, these corrections are less important,Cosmic Ray Physics (John Wiley and Sons, NY). Fowler, G.N., Wolfendale, A.W. 1961, in Cosmic Rays I S
California at Santa Cruz, University of
Residual biomass calculation from individual tree architecture using terrestrial laser scanner and ground-level measurements
Large quantity of residual biomass with possible energy and industrial end can be obtained from management operations of urban forests. The profitability of exploiting this resource is conditioned by the amount of existing biomass within urban community ... Keywords: Allometric relationships, Crown modeling, Residual biomass, TLS, Urban forest, Volume equations
A. Fern�Ndez-Sarr�A; B. Vel�Zquez-Mart�; M. Sajdak; L. Mart�Nez; J. Estornell
Detection of the 6 November 1997 Ground Level Event by Abe D. Falcone, for Milagro Collaboration
for approximately one year in 1997/98, was sensitive to solar proton and neutron fluxes above ~4 GeV. Milagrito and other neutron monitors. An analysis, based on preliminary effective area estimates, indicates photomultiplier tubes (228 PMTs for the prototype, Milagrito). This energy range overlaps that of neutron monitors
An instrument of the ionization chamber type which is capable of measuring radiation dose rates down to and below those encountered in natural background was designed and constructed. It consists of a 40-liter ionization chamber coupled to a portable battery-powered electrometer. The chamber polarizing battery is a part of the chamber center electrode assembly and is located inside the chamber. (auth)
Rising, F.L.
A ground level gamma-ray burst observed in association with rocket-triggered lightning
ray bursts which BeppoSAX satellite detected with one arcminute accuracy. 3 VHE GAMMA RAY EMISSION 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 (d) 30 20 10 0 -10 1051520 ActiveGalacticNuclei Log(Sizer(cm)) SuperNova Explosion firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT Copious production of electrons and positrons results in very high energy gamma-rays from
Slatton, Clint
Comparison of energy efficiency between variable refrigerant flow systems and ground source heat pump systems
Performance of ground source heat pump system in a near-zerosimulation tool for ground- source heat pump system designflow systems and ground source heat pump systems Abstract
Hong, Tainzhen
Ground Motion Studies at NuMI
Ground motion can cause significant deterioration in the luminosity of a linear collider. Vibration of numerous focusing magnets causes continuous misalignments, which makes the beam emittance grow. For this reason, understanding the seismic vibration of all potential LC sites is essential and related efforts in many sites are ongoing. In this document we summarize the results from the studies specific to Fermilab grounds as requested by the LC project leader at FNAL, Shekhar Mishra in FY04-FY06. The Northwestern group focused on how the ground motion effects vary with depth. Knowledge of depth dependence of the seismic activity is needed in order to decide how deep the LC tunnel should be at sites like Fermilab. The measurements were made in the NuMI tunnel, see Figure 1. We take advantage of the fact that from the beginning to the end of the tunnel there is a height difference of about 350 ft and that there are about five different types of dolomite layers. The support received allowed to pay for three months of salary of Michal Szleper. During this period he worked a 100% of his time in this project. That include one week of preparation: 2.5 months of data taking and data analysis during the full period of the project in order to guarantee that we were recording high quality data. We extended our previous work and made more systematic measurements, which included detailed studies on stability of the vibration amplitudes at different depths over long periods of time. As a consequence, a better control and more efficient averaging out of the daytime variation effects were possible, and a better study of other time dependences before the actual depth dependence was obtained. Those initial measurements were made at the surface and are summarized in Figure 2. All measurements are made with equipment that we already had (two broadband seismometers KS200 from GEOTECH and DL-24 portable data recorder). The offline data analysis took advantage of the full Fourier spectra information and the noise was properly subtracted. The basic formalism is summarized if Figure 3. The second objective was to make a measurement deeper under ground (Target hall, Absorber hall and Minos hall - 150 ft to 350 ft), which previous studies did not cover. All results are summarized in Figure 3 and 4. The measurements were covering a frequency range between 0.1 to 50 Hz. The data was taken continuously for at least a period of two weeks in each of the locations. We concluded that the dependence on depth is weak, if any, for frequencies above 1 Hz and not visible at all at lower frequencies. Most of the attenuation (factor of about 2-3) and damping of ground motion that is due to cultural activity at the surface is not detectable once we are below 150 ft underground. Therefore, accelerator currently under consideration can be build at the depth and there is no need to go deeper underground is built at Fermi National Laboratory.
Mayda M. Velasco; Michal Szleper
Modeling the impacts of biomass burning on air quality in and around Mexico City
The local and regional impacts of open fires and trash burning on ground-level ozone (O[subscript 3]) and fine carbonaceous aerosols in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and surrounding region during two high fire ...
Lei, W.
Time and location differentiated NOX control in competitive electricity markets using cap-and-trade mechanisms
Due to variations in weather and atmospheric chemistry, the timing and location of nitrogen oxide (NOX) reductions determine their effectiveness in reducing ground-level ozone, which adversely impacts human health. Electric ...
Martin, Katherine C.
Age of Unstable Landforms in the Yucca Mountain Region and Implications for Past Ground Motions
A deep geologic repository at Yucca Mountain has been proposed for the disposal of commercial spent nuclear fuel (CSNF) as well as other nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste from defense and nuclear weapons programs. The proposed repository site lies within the Basin and Range province, a region subject to seismic activity. As seismic hazard is considered an important risk driver for the repository, the determination of bounding ground motion magnitudes and frequencies described in this report i...
Pacific Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) operates an award-winning grounds maintenance program that comprises a comprehensive landscape and irrigation management program. The program has helped the laboratory reduce its water use for irrigation by 30%. PNNL is located in Richland, Washington, and is managed and operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). PNNL scientists and engineers perform research on a variety of subjects, including energy and national security. PNNL has more than 4,200 staff members, sits on 600 acres, and houses 2 million square feet of facilities. The laboratory is located in an arid region of the state, receiving only eight inches of precipitation annually. It has more than 100 acres of turf and landscaped areas and
Ground freezing for containment of hazardous waste
The freezing of ground for the containment of subsurface hazardous waste is a promising method that is environmentally friendly and offers a safe alternative to other methods of waste retention in many cases. The frozen soil method offers two concepts for retaining waste. One concept is to freeze the entire waste area into a solid block of frozen soil thus locking the waste in situ. For small areas where the contaminated soil does not include vessels that would rupture from frost action, this concept may be simpler to install. A second concept, of course, is to create a frozen soil barrier to confine the waste within prescribed unfrozen soil boundaries; initial research in this area was funded by EPA, Cincinnati, OH, and the Army Corps of Engineers. The paper discusses advantages and limitations, a case study from Oak Ridge, TN, and a mesh generation program that simulates the cryogenic technology.
Sayles, F.N.; Iskandar, I.K.
(Assessment of ground-coupled heat pumps)
The objectives of the third working meeting were to assess the accomplishments to date in direct-expansion ground-coupled heat exchanger study and to discuss what should be done in the future. The design concepts presented by each participating country are quite similar. Annex XV enables us to exchange information on experimental and analytical results. The third working meeting was hosted by Oberoesterreichische Kraftwerke Aktiengesellschaft (OKA) Power Co. at Linz, Austria and by the Department of Thermal Engineering, Graz University of Technology at Graz, Austria. The meeting was chaired by Dr. O.J. Svec of Canada. The next working meeting will be held in Japan. The United States will host the last meeting at ORNL in September 1990. 5 refs.
Mei, V.C.