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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Innovative copper-tin electrodes provide improved capacity and cycle life for lithium-ion batteries
lithium-ion batteries have become the battery of choice for everything from cell phones to electric cars, but there is still much room for ...
Battery charging in float vs. cycling environments
SciTech Connect
In lead-acid battery systems, cycling systems are often managed using float management strategies. There are many differences in battery management strategies for a float environment and battery management strategies for a cycling environment. To complicate matters further, in many cycling environments, such as off-grid domestic power systems, there is usually not an available charging source capable of efficiently equalizing a lead-acid battery let alone bring it to a full state of charge. Typically, rules for battery management which have worked quite well in a floating environment have been routinely applied to cycling batteries without full appreciation of what the cycling battery really needs to reach a full state of charge and to maintain a high state of health. For example, charge target voltages for batteries that are regularly deep cycled in off-grid power sources are the same as voltages applied to stand-by systems following a discharge event. In other charging operations equalization charge requirements are frequently ignored or incorrectly applied in cycled systems which frequently leads to premature capacity loss. The cause of this serious problem: the application of float battery management strategies to cycling battery systems. This paper describes the outcomes to be expected when managing cycling batteries with float strategies and discusses the techniques and benefits for the use of cycling battery management strategies.
Characterization of Battery Cycling by In-Situ Microscopy
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Presentation Title, Characterization of Battery Cycling by In-Situ Microscopy ... of lithium ion batteries provides an important route to reducing the lifetime costs ofĀ...
A Better Anode Design to Improve Lithium-Ion Batteries
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
A Better Anode Design to Improve A Better Anode Design to Improve Lithium-Ion Batteries A Better Anode Design to Improve Lithium-Ion Batteries Print Friday, 23 March 2012 13:53 Lithium-ion batteries are in smart phones, laptops, most other consumer electronics, and the newest electric cars. Good as these batteries are, the need for energy storage in batteries is surpassing current technologies. In a lithium-ion battery, charge moves from the cathode to the anode, a critical component for storing energy. A team of Berkeley Lab scientists has designed a new kind of anode that absorbs eight times the lithium of current designs, and has maintained its greatly increased energy capacity after more than a year of testing and many hundreds of charge-discharge cycles. Cyclical Science Succeeds
Role of Recycling in the Life Cycle of Batteries
ROLE OF RECYCLING IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF BATTERIES ROLE OF RECYCLING IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF BATTERIES J.L. Sullivan, L. Gaines, and A. Burnham Argonne National Laboratory, Energy Systems Division Keywords: battery, materials, recycling, energy Abstract Over the last few decades, rechargeable battery production has increased substantially. Applications including phones, computers, power tools, power storage, and electric-drive vehicles are either commonplace or will be in the next decade or so. Because advanced rechargeable batteries, like those
Cycle Chemistry Improvement Program
The purity of water and steam is central to ensuring fossil plant component availability and reliability. This report, which describes formal cycle chemistry improvement programs at nine utilities, will assist utilities in achieving significant operation and maintenance cost reductions.
Nanofilm Coatings Improve Battery Performance
Recent advances in battery technology are expected to more than double consumer demand for electric vehicles within the next five years. The ...
demand for electric vehicles within the next five years. The lithium-ion battery is an attractive candidate for use in such vehicles because of its light weight and high energy density. At present, however, lithium-ion batteries are not ...
A review of battery life-cycle analysis : state of knowledge and critical needs.
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
A literature review and evaluation has been conducted on cradle-to-gate life-cycle inventory studies of lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, sodium-sulfur, and lithium-ion battery technologies. Data were sought that represent the production of battery constituent materials and battery manufacture and assembly. Life-cycle production data for many battery materials are available and usable, though some need updating. For the remaining battery materials, lifecycle data either are nonexistent or, in some cases, in need of updating. Although battery manufacturing processes have occasionally been well described, detailed quantitative information on energy and material flows is missing. For all but the lithium-ion batteries, enough constituent material production energy data are available to approximate material production energies for the batteries, though improved input data for some materials are needed. Due to the potential benefit of battery recycling and a scarcity of associated data, there is a critical need for life-cycle data on battery material recycling. Either on a per kilogram or per watt-hour capacity basis, lead-acid batteries have the lowest production energy, carbon dioxide emissions, and criteria pollutant emissions. Some process-related emissions are also reviewed in this report.
Sullivan, J. L.; Gaines, L.; Energy Systems
Technology Analysis - Battery Recycling and Life Cycle Analysis
Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling and Life Cycle Analysis Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling and Life Cycle Analysis diagram of the battery recycling life cycle Several types of recycling processes are available, recovering materials usable at different stages of the production cycle- from metallic elements to materials that can be reused directly in new batteries. Recovery closer to final usable form avoids more impact-intensive process steps. Portions courtesy of Umicore, Inc. To identify the potential impacts of the growing market for automotive lithium-ion batteries, Argonne researchers are examining the material demand and recycling issues related to lithium-ion batteries. Research includes: Conducting studies to identify the greenest, most economical recycling processes, Investigating recycling practices to determine how much of which
Anodes Improve Safety and Performance in Lithium-ion Batteries ...
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have become the battery of choice for everything from cell phones to electric cars, but there is still much room for improvement.
Phosphazene Based Additives for Improvement of Safety and Battery Lifetimes in Lithium-Ion Batteries
There need to be significant improvements made in lithium-ion battery technology, principally in the areas of safety and useful lifetimes to truly enable widespread adoption of large format batteries for the electrification of the light transportation fleet. In order to effect the transition to lithium ion technology in a timely fashion, one promising next step is through improvements to the electrolyte in the form of novel additives that simultaneously improve safety and useful lifetimes without impairing performance characteristics over wide temperature and cycle duty ranges. Recent efforts in our laboratory have been focused on the development of such additives with all the requisite properties enumerated above. We present the results of the study of novel phosphazene based electrolytes additives.
Mason K Harrup; Kevin L Gering; Harry W Rollins; Sergiy V Sazhin; Michael T Benson; David K Jamison; Christopher J Michelbacher
Negative Electrodes Improve Safety in Lithium Cells and Batteries...
Negative Electrodes Improve Safety in Lithium Cells and Batteries Technology available for licensing: Enhanced stability at a lower cost negativeelectrodes...
A Better Anode Design to Improve Lithium-Ion Batteries Print A Better Anode Design to Improve Lithium-Ion Batteries Print Lithium-ion batteries are in smart phones, laptops, most other consumer electronics, and the newest electric cars. Good as these batteries are, the need for energy storage in batteries is surpassing current technologies. In a lithium-ion battery, charge moves from the cathode to the anode, a critical component for storing energy. A team of Berkeley Lab scientists has designed a new kind of anode that absorbs eight times the lithium of current designs, and has maintained its greatly increased energy capacity after more than a year of testing and many hundreds of charge-discharge cycles. Cyclical Science Succeeds The anode achievement described in this highlight provides a rare scientific showcase, combining advanced tools of synthesis, characterization, and simulation in a novel approach to materials development. Gao Liu's original research team, part of Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division (EETD), got the ball rolling by designing the original series of polyfluorene-based conducting polymers. Then, Wanli Yang of the ALS suggested soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy to determine their key electronic properties. To better understand these results, and their relevance to the conductivity of the polymer, the growing team sought a theoretical explanation from Lin-Wang Wang of Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division (MSD). By conducting calculations on the promising polymers at Berkeley Lab's National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), the team gained insight into what was really happening in the PF with the carbonyl functional group, singling it out for further development.
Better Anode Design to Improve Lithium-Ion Batteries Print Better Anode Design to Improve Lithium-Ion Batteries Print Lithium-ion batteries are in smart phones, laptops, most other consumer electronics, and the newest electric cars. Good as these batteries are, the need for energy storage in batteries is surpassing current technologies. In a lithium-ion battery, charge moves from the cathode to the anode, a critical component for storing energy. A team of Berkeley Lab scientists has designed a new kind of anode that absorbs eight times the lithium of current designs, and has maintained its greatly increased energy capacity after more than a year of testing and many hundreds of charge-discharge cycles. Cyclical Science Succeeds The anode achievement described in this highlight provides a rare scientific showcase, combining advanced tools of synthesis, characterization, and simulation in a novel approach to materials development. Gao Liu's original research team, part of Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division (EETD), got the ball rolling by designing the original series of polyfluorene-based conducting polymers. Then, Wanli Yang of the ALS suggested soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy to determine their key electronic properties. To better understand these results, and their relevance to the conductivity of the polymer, the growing team sought a theoretical explanation from Lin-Wang Wang of Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division (MSD). By conducting calculations on the promising polymers at Berkeley Lab's National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), the team gained insight into what was really happening in the PF with the carbonyl functional group, singling it out for further development.
Battery energy storage systems life cycle costs case studies
This report presents a comparison of life cycle costs between battery energy storage systems and alternative mature technologies that could serve the same utility-scale applications. Two of the battery energy storage systems presented in this report are located on the supply side, providing spinning reserve and system stability benefits. These systems are compared with the alternative technologies of oil-fired combustion turbines and diesel generators. The other two battery energy storage systems are located on the demand side for use in power quality applications. These are compared with available uninterruptible power supply technologies.
Swaminathan, S.; Miller, N.F.; Sen, R.K. [SENTECH, Inc., Bethesda, MD (United States)
Nanofilm Coatings Improve Battery Performance - Energy Innovation ...
Recent advances in battery technology are expected to more than double consumer demand for electric vehicles within the next five years. The lithium-ion battery is an ...
A long-life deep cycle, tubular lead-acid battery
The lead-acid battery is used in a variety of applications to provide primary and stand-by power. Because the battery significantly impacts the system cost, it behooves the designer to select a battery having the minimum life-cycle cost. Tubular batteries generally enjoy a longer life than equivalent flat plate batteries. This is because the frequency and severity of the most prevalent modes of failure are much reduced. Since the specific capacity of a tubular battery is comparable to that of a flat plate battery, the use of a tubular battery can result in a reduced system life-cycle cost.
Eggers, M.
Improved cycling cryopump
DOE Patents (OSTI)
The present invention is designed to achieve continuous high efficiency cryopumping of a vacuum vessel by improving upon and combining in a novel way the cryopumping in a novel way the cryopumping methods. The invention consists of a continuous operation cryopump, with movable louvres, with a high efficiency pumping apparatus. The pumping apparatus includes three cryogenic tubes. They are constructed of a substance of high thermal conductivity, such as aluminum and their exterior surfaces are cryogenic condensing surfaces. Through their interior liquid or gaseous helium from two reservoirs can be made to flow, alternately promoting extreme cooling or allowing some warming.
Batzer, T.H.; Call, W.R.
Utility Cycle Testing of a 500-kWh Zinc Chloride Battery at the Battery Energy Storage Test (BEST) Facility
A 500-kWh zinc chloride battery test system completed an entire schedule of 80 simulated utility and customer application cycles--the most diverse and severe known to be successfully performed by any advanced battery system. Encouraged by these results, researchers plan to have a 2-MW demonstration battery system ready for testing in 1986.
Negative Electrodes Improve Safety in Lithium Cells and Batteries
To help improve the stability and safety of lithium-ion batteries, Argonne researchers have developed a new intermetallic structure type that can be ...
Rating batteries for initial capacity, charging parameters and cycle life in the photovoltaic application
Stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems typically depend on battery storage to supply power to the load when there is cloudy weather or no sun. Reliable operation of the load is often dependent on battery performance. This paper presents test procedures for lead-acid batteries which identify initial battery preparation, battery capacity after preparation, charge regulation set-points, and cycle life based on the operational characteristics of PV systems.
Harrington, S.R. [Ktech Corp., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Hund, T.D. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Comparison of Li-Ion Battery Recycling Processes by Life-Cycle...
Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory Comparison of Li-Ion Battery Recycling Processes by Life-Cycle Analysis Electric Vehicles and the Environment...
Improved zinc electrode and rechargeable zinc-air battery
The invention comprises an improved rechargeable zinc-air cell/battery having recirculating alkaline electrolyte and a zinc electrode comprising a porous foam support material which carries the active zinc electrode material. 5 figs.
Ross, P.N. Jr.
Impacts of the Manufacturing and Recycling Stages on Battery Life Cycles
IMPACTS OF THE MANUFACTURING AND RECYCLING STAGES ON BATTERY IMPACTS OF THE MANUFACTURING AND RECYCLING STAGES ON BATTERY LIFE CYCLES J. B. Dunn 1 , L. Gaines 1 , M. Barnes 2 , and J.L. Sullivan 1 1 Argonne National Laboratory, Energy Systems Division 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 362 Argonne, IL 60439-4815, USA 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University 157E Hammond Building University Park, PA 16802 Keywords: battery, materials, manufacturing, life cycle, recycling Abstract
Innovative lithium-titanium-oxide anodes improve battery safety and performance (IN-98-069)
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have become the battery of choice for everything from cell phones to electric cars, but there is still much room for improvement. Scientists at Argonne National Laboratory are leading efforts to revolutionize battery ...
Battery Wear from Disparate Duty-Cycles: Opportunities for Electric-Drive Vehicle Battery Health Management; Preprint
Electric-drive vehicles utilizing lithium-ion batteries experience wholly different degradation patterns than do conventional vehicles, depending on geographic ambient conditions and consumer driving and charging patterns. A semi-empirical life-predictive model for the lithium-ion graphite/nickel-cobalt-aluminum chemistry is presented that accounts for physically justified calendar and cycling fade mechanisms. An analysis of battery life for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles considers 782 duty-cycles from travel survey data superimposed with climate data from multiple geographic locations around the United States. Based on predicted wear distributions, opportunities for extending battery life including modification of battery operating limits, thermal and charge control are discussed.
Smith, K.; Earleywine, M.; Wood, E.; Pesaran, A.
Comparison of Battery Life Across Real-World Automotive Drive-Cycles (Presentation)
Laboratories run around-the-clock aging tests to try to understand as quickly as possible how long new Li-ion battery designs will last under certain duty cycles. These tests may include factors such as duty cycles, climate, battery power profiles, and battery stress statistics. Such tests are generally accelerated and do not consider possible dwell time at high temperatures and states-of-charge. Battery life-predictive models provide guidance as to how long Li-ion batteries may last under real-world electric-drive vehicle applications. Worst-case aging scenarios are extracted from hundreds of real-world duty cycles developed from vehicle travel surveys. Vehicles examined included PHEV10 and PHEV40 EDVs under fixed (28 degrees C), limited cooling (forced ambient temperature), and aggressive cooling (20 degrees C chilled liquid) scenarios using either nightly charging or opportunity charging. The results show that battery life expectancy is 7.8 - 13.2 years for the PHEV10 using a nightly charge in Phoenix, AZ (hot climate), and that the 'aggressive' cooling scenario can extend battery life by 1-3 years, while the 'limited' cooling scenario shortens battery life by 1-2 years. Frequent (opportunity) charging can reduce battery life by 1 year for the PHEV10, while frequent charging can extend battery life by one-half year.
Life-cycle energy analyses of electric vehicle storage batteries. Final report
The results of several life-cycle energy analyses of prospective electric vehicle batteries are presented. The batteries analyzed were: Nickel-zinc; Lead-acid; Nickel-iron; Zinc-chlorine; Sodium-sulfur (glass electrolyte); Sodium-sulfur (ceramic electrolyte); Lithium-metal sulfide; and Aluminum-air. A life-cycle energy analysis consists of evaluating the energy use of all phases of the battery's life, including the energy to build it, operate it, and any credits that may result from recycling of the materials in it. The analysis is based on the determination of three major energy components in the battery life cycle: Investment energy, i.e., The energy used to produce raw materials and to manufacture the battery; operational energy i.e., The energy consumed by the battery during its operational life. In the case of an electric vehicle battery, this energy is the energy required (as delivered to the vehicle's charging circuit) to power the vehicle for 100,000 miles; and recycling credit, i.e., The energy that could be saved from the recycling of battery materials into new raw materials. The value of the life-cycle analysis approach is that it includes the various penalties and credits associated with battery production and recycling, which enables a more accurate determination of the system's ability to reduce the consumption of scarce fuels. The analysis of the life-cycle energy requirements consists of identifying the materials from which each battery is made, evaluating the energy needed to produce these materials, evaluating the operational energy requirements, and evaluating the amount of materials that could be recycled and the energy that would be saved through recycling. Detailed descriptions of battery component materials, the energy requirements for battery production, and credits for recycling, and the operational energy for an electric vehicle, and the procedures used to determine it are discussed.
Sullivan, D; Morse, T; Patel, P; Patel, S; Bondar, J; Taylor, L
Distributed Battery Control to Improve Peak Power Shaving Efficiency in Data Centers
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Distributed Battery Control to Improve Peak Power Shaving Efficiency in Data Centers Baris Aksanli, Eddie Pettis and Tajana S. Rosing UCSD, Google Stored energy in batteries can be used to cap peak power.8% 99% 91.5% 84% Battery Configuration StudyBattery Configuration Study Goal: Improve the overall
Simunic, Tajana
Method for improving voltage regulation of batteries, particularly Li/FeS.sub.2 thermal batteries
Batteries are improved, especially with respect to voltage regulation properties, by employing as anode and cathode compositions, those which fall in a thermodynamically invariant region of the metallurgical phase diagram of the combination of the constituent components. The invention is especially useful in the Li/FeS.sub.2 system.
Godshall, Ned A. (Albuquerque, NM)
Method for improving voltage regulation of batteries, particularly Li/FeS/sub 2/ thermal batteries
Batteries are improved, especially with respect to voltage regulation properties, by employing as anode and cathode compositions, those which fall in a thermodynamically invariant region of the metallurgical phase diagram of the combination of the constituent components. The invention is especially useful in the Li/FeS/sub 2/ system.
Godshall, N.A.
Cost and energy consumption estimates for the aluminum-air battery anode fuel cycle
At the request of DOE's Office of Energy Storage and Distribution (OESD), Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) conducted a study to generate estimates of the energy use and costs associated with the aluminum anode fuel cycle of the aluminum-air (Al-air) battery. The results of this analysis indicate that the cost and energy consumption characteristics of the mechanically rechargeable Al-air battery system are not as attractive as some other electrically rechargeable electric vehicle battery systems being developed by OESD. However, there are distinct advantages to mechanically rechargeable batteries, which may make the Al-air battery (or other mechanically rechargeable batteries) attractive for other uses, such as stand-alone applications. Fuel cells, such as the proton exchange membrane (PEM), and advanced secondary batteries may be better suited to electric vehicle applications. 26 refs., 3 figs., 25 tabs.
Humphreys, K.K.; Brown, D.R.
and Commercial Building End-Use Energy Efficiency ┬Ę Industrial/Agricultural/Water End-Use Energy EfficiencyIMPROVEMENT OF THERMAL STABILITY OF LI-ION BATTERIES BY POLYMER COATING OF LIMN2O4 Prepared For: California Energy Commission Energy Innovations Small Grant Program Prepared By: Pieter Stroeve, UC Davis
Measuring Energy Efficiency Improvements in Industrial Battery Chargers
Industrial battery chargers have provided the energy requirements for motive power in industrial facilities for decades. Their reliable and durable performance, combined with their low energy consumption relative to other industrial processes, has left the core charger technology unchanged since its introduction to the market. Recent improvements in charger technology have led to a new generation of high frequency chargers on the market that can provide energy efficiency improvements over existing Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) and Ferroresonant charger technologies. We estimate there are approximately 32,000 three phase chargers in use within Pacific Gas & Electric CompanyÆs service area, using roughly 750 to 1,000 GWh per year. A 10 percent efficiency improvement on every charger would save about 75 to 100 GWh per year. There are three areas of energy losses in the battery and charger system: Ģ Power Conversion Efficiency (energy out of charger vs. energy into charger) Ģ Charge Return (energy out of battery vs. energy into battery): some amount of overcharge is necessary for battery health, but chargers vary in the degree which they overcharge Ģ Standby losses when no battery is connected. PG&E and Southern California Edison (SCE) are testing industrial battery chargers according to a California Energy Commission (CEC) approved test procedure. This test procedure, developed with charger manufacturer input as part of the CECÆs Codes and Standards process, specifies test conditions during active charge, maintenance charge and standby modes. The results from this testing are expected to provide independent confirmation of vendor claims of energy efficiency improvements during all modes of charger operation, and will form the foundation of data for utility energy efficiency programs. Initial test results of one battery charger from each technology type show the Hybrid and High Frequency technology as the top performers when compared to the SCR and Ferroresonant chargers. Multiple chargers from each technology group will be tested in the first half of 2009 to determine an average performance for each technology type. The full set of results will be available in summer 2009.
Matley, R.
Llife-Cycle Analysis for Lithium-Ion Battery Production and Recycling
No. 11-3891 Life-Cycle Analysis for Lithium-Ion Battery Production and Recycling By Linda Gaines (630) 252-4919 E-mail: email@example.com John Sullivan (734) 945-1261 E-mail:...
Improved Positive Electrode Materials for Li-ion Batteries
could double Chevy Volt battery capacity. ö http://could-double-chevy-volt-battery-capacity/chevy-volt3-4/; ōVoltÆs Battery Capacity Could Double. ö http://
Conry, Thomas Edward
Improve Performance and Reduce Cost of Any Lithium-Ion Battery
TM Microstructured components for high-performance lithium batteries www.porouspower.com SymmetrixÖ - Improve Performance & Reduce Cost of Any ...
Improvement of Thermal Stability of Li-Ion Batteries by Polymer Coating of LiMn2O4
capacity fading of a lithium-ion battery cycled at elevatedthe lifetime of the lithium-ion battery by arresting the Mna challenge in the lithium-ion battery field to identifying
Stroeve, Pieter; Vidu, Ruxandra
Impact of the 3Cs of Batteries on PHEV Value Proposition: Cost, Calendar Life, and Cycle Life (Presentation)
Battery cost, calendar life, and cycle life are three important challenges for those commercializing plug-in hybrid electric vehicles; battery life is sensitive to temperature and solar loading.
Pesaran, A.; Smith, K.; Markel, T.
Six Thousand Electrochemical Cycles of Double-Walled Silicon Nanotube Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries
Despite remarkable progress, lithium ion batteries still need higher energy density and better cycle life for consumer electronics, electric drive vehicles and large-scale renewable energy storage applications. Silicon has recently been explored as a promising anode material for high energy batteries; however, attaining long cycle life remains a significant challenge due to materials pulverization during cycling and an unstable solid-electrolyte interphase. Here, we report double-walled silicon nanotube electrodes that can cycle over 6000 times while retaining more than 85% of the initial capacity. This excellent performance is due to the unique double-walled structure in which the outer silicon oxide wall confines the inner silicon wall to expand only inward during lithiation, resulting in a stable solid-electrolyte interphase. This structural concept is general and could be extended to other battery materials that undergo large volume changes.
Wu, H
Comparison of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Life Across Geographies and Drive-Cycles
In a laboratory environment, it is cost prohibitive to run automotive battery aging experiments across a wide range of possible ambient environment, drive cycle and charging scenarios. Since worst-case scenarios drive the conservative sizing of electric-drive vehicle batteries, it is useful to understand how and why those scenarios arise and what design or control actions might be taken to mitigate them. In an effort to explore this problem, this paper applies a semi-empirical life model of the graphite/nickel-cobalt-aluminum lithium-ion chemistry to investigate impacts of geographic environments under storage and simplified cycling conditions. The model is then applied to analyze complex cycling conditions, using battery charge/discharge profiles generated from simulations of PHEV10 and PHEV40 vehicles across 782 single-day driving cycles taken from Texas travel survey data.
Smith, K.; Warleywine, M.; Wood, E.; Neubauer, J.; Pesaran, A.
A Proposed 80% Service Test to Satisfy the Duty Cycle and to Trend Battery Capacity
Current practice within the nuclear power industry is to use performance discharge tests for condition monitoring to determine when a battery has reached 80 of its rated capacity, which is considered the end of its service life. A service test is now used in every refueling outage to verify that a battery can satisfy its design basis function as defined by the battery duty cycle. A modified performance test is used at intervals of one-fourth the qualified life, typically every five years, to satisfy the ...
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have become the battery of choice for everything from cell phones to electric cars, but there is still much room ...
2012 Jonathan G. Lange IMPROVING LITHIUM-ION BATTERY POWER AND ENERGY DENSITIES USING
1 ┬®2012 Jonathan G. Lange #12;1 IMPROVING LITHIUM-ION BATTERY POWER AND ENERGY DENSITIES USING ABSTRACT Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used as energy storage devices in a variety of applications. The cathode architectures and materials have a large influence on the performance of lithium-ion batteries
Braun, Paul
Improving Battery-Efficiency of Embedded Devices by Favorably Discharging only towards
Improving Battery-Efficiency of Embedded Devices by Favorably Discharging only towards End always been a major issue for battery- powered mobile or embedded devices such as smart-phones or wireless sensor nodes. Interestingly enough the amount of energy which can be drawn out of a given battery
Wichmann, Felix
Temperature effects on sealed lead acid batteries and charging techniques to prolong cycle life.
Sealed lead acid cells are used in many projects in Sandia National Laboratories Department 2660 Telemetry and Instrumentation systems. The importance of these cells in battery packs for powering electronics to remotely conduct tests is significant. Since many tests are carried out in flight or launched, temperature is a major factor. It is also important that the battery packs are properly charged so that the test is completed before the pack cannot supply sufficient power. Department 2665 conducted research and studies to determine the effects of temperature on cycle time as well as charging techniques to maximize cycle life and cycle times on sealed lead acid cells. The studies proved that both temperature and charging techniques are very important for battery life to support successful field testing and expensive flight and launched tests. This report demonstrates the effects of temperature on cycle time for SLA cells as well as proper charging techniques to get the most life and cycle time out of SLA cells in battery packs.
Hutchinson, Ronda
Battery testing for photovoltaic applications
Battery testing for photovoltaic (PV) applications is funded at Sandia under the Department of Energy`s (DOE) Photovoltaic Balance of Systems (BOS) Program. The goal of the PV BOS program is to improve PV system component design, operation, reliability, and to reduce overall life-cycle costs. The Sandia battery testing program consists of: (1) PV battery and charge controller market survey, (2) battery performance and life-cycle testing, (3) PV charge controller development, and (4) system field testing. Test results from this work have identified market size and trends, PV battery test procedures, application guidelines, and needed hardware improvements.
Hund, T.
Improving the efficiency of binary cycles
The performance of binary geothermal power plants can be improved through the proper choice of a working fluid, and optimization of component designs and operating conditions. This paper summarizes the investigations at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) which are examining binary cycle performance improvements for moderate temperature (350 to 400 F) resources. These investigations examine performance improvements resulting from the supercritical vaporization and countercurrent integral condensation of mixed hydrocarbon working fluids, as well as the modification of the turbine inlet state points to achieve supersaturated turbine vapor expansions. For resources, with the brine outlet temperature restricted, the use of turbine exhaust recuperators is examined. The reference plant used to determine improvements in plant performance in these studies operates at conditions similar to the 45 MW Heber binary plant. The brine effectiveness (watt-hours per pound of brine) is used as an indicator for improvements in performance. The performance of the binary cycle can be improved by 25 to 30% relative to the reference plant through the selection of the optimum working fluids and operating conditions, achieving countercurrent integral condensation, and allowing supersaturated vapor expansions in the turbine. 9 refs., 5 figs.
Mines, G.L.; Bliem, C.J.
for energy storage in batteries is surpassing current technologies. In a lithium-ion battery, charge moves from the cathode to the anode, a critical component for storing energy....
Electro-Thermal Modeling to Improve Battery Design: Preprint
Operating temperature greatly affects the performance and life of batteries in electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Increased attention is necessary to battery thermal management. Electrochemical models and finite element analysis tools are available for predicting the thermal performance of batteries, but each has limitations. This study describes an electro-thermal finite element approach that predicts the thermal performance of a battery cell or module with realistic geometry.
Bharathan, D.; Pesaran, A.; Kim, G.; Vlahinos, A.
Improving Microstructure of Silicon/Carbon Nanofiber Composites as A Li Battery Anode
We report the interfacial study of a silicon/carbon nanofiber (Si/CNF) nanocomposite material as a potentially high performance anode for rechargeable lithium ion batteries. The carbon nanofiber is hollow, with a graphitic interior and turbostratic exterior. Amorphous silicon layers were uniformly coated via chemical vapor deposition on both the exterior and interior surfaces of the CNF. The resulting Si/CNF composites were tested as anodes for Li ion batteries and exhibited capacities near 800 mAh g{sup -1} for 100 cycles. After cycling, we found that more Si had fallen off from the outer wall than from the inner wall of CNF. Theoretical calculations confirmed that this is due to a higher interfacial strength at the Si/C-edge interface at the inner wall than that of the Si/C-basal interface at the outer wall. Based upon the experimental analysis and theoretical calculation, we have proposed several interfacial engineering approaches to improve the performance of the electrodes by optimizing the microstructure of this nanocomposite.
Howe, Jane Y [ORNL; Burton, David J. [Applied Sciences, Inc.; Meyer III, Harry M [ORNL; Nazri, Maryam [Applied Sciences, Inc.; Nazri, G. Abbas [General Motors Corporation-R& D; Palmer, Andrew C. [Applied Sciences, Inc.; Lake, Patrick D. [Applied Sciences, Inc.
Improved Linear Programming Decoding using Frustrated Cycles
We consider transmission over a binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel using low-density parity-check codes. One of the most popular techniques for decoding low-density parity-check codes is the linear programming decoder. In general, the linear programming decoder is suboptimal. I.e., the word error rate is higher than the optimal, maximum a posteriori decoder. In this paper we present a systematic approach to enhance the linear program decoder. More precisely, in the cases where the linear program outputs a fractional solution, we give a simple algorithm to identify frustrated cycles which cause the output of the linear program to be fractional. Then adding these cycles, adaptively to the basic linear program, we show improved word error rate performance.
Kudekar, Shrinivas; Chertkov, Misha
Develop improved battery charger (Turbo-Z Battery Charging System). Final report
The output of this project was a flexible control board. The control board can be used to control a variety of rapid battery chargers. The control module will reduce development cost of rapid battery charging hardware. In addition, PEPCO's proprietary battery charging software have been pre-programmed into the control microprocessor. This product is being applied to the proprietary capacitive charging system now under development.
Improving Battery Design with Electro-Thermal Modeling
Temperature greatly affects the performance and life of batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles under real driving conditions, so increased attention is being paid to battery thermal management. Sophisticated electrochemical models and finite element analysis tools are available for predicting the thermal performance of batteries, but each has limitations. In this study we describe an electro-thermal finite element approach that predicts the thermal performance of a cell or module with realistic geometry, material properties, loads, and boundary conditions.
Pesaran, A.; Vlahinos, A.; Bharathan, D.; Kim, G.-H.; Duong, T.
Nanotube composite anode materials improve lithium-ion battery ...
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are a critical technology for many applications, ... while simultaneously providing enhanced stability at a lower c ...
Batteries for stationary standby and cycling applications :Part 5: maintenance and testing standards.
The existing IEEE stationary battery maintenance and testing standards fall into two basic categories: those associated with grid-tied standby applications and those associated with stand-alone photovoltaic cycling applications. These applications differ in several significant ways, which in turn influence their associated standards. A review of the factors influencing the maintenance and testing of stationary battery systems provides the reasons for the differences between these standards and some of the hazards of using a standard inappropriate to the application. This review also provides a background on why these standards will need to be supplemented in the future to support emerging requirements of other applications, such as grid-tied cycling and photovoltaic hybrid applications.
Chamberlin, Jay L.
Batteries for stationary standby and cycling applications. Part 5, Maintenance and testing standards.
A Review of Battery Life-Cycle Analysis: State of Knowledge and Critical Needs
Battery Life-Cycle Analysis: Battery Life-Cycle Analysis: State of Knowledge and Critical Needs ANL/ESD/10-7 Energy Systems Division Availability of This Report This report is available, at no cost, at http://www.osti.gov/bridge. It is also available on paper to the U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, for a processing fee, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone (865) 576-8401 fax (865) 576-5728 firstname.lastname@example.com Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor UChicago Argonne, LLC, nor any of their employees or officers, makes any warranty, express
Cycle life testing of lithium-ion batteries for small satellite LEO space missions
In 1990, Sony corporation announced their intention to manufacture a rechargeable lithium ion battery, based on the intercalation of lithium ions into a carbonaceous anode. The cells were first introduced for portable telephone use in June, 1991. (1) A 3.6V average cell voltage (4.1-2.75V range); (2) Excellent cycle life (1200 @ 100% DOD); (3) Good capacity retention (70% after 6 months); (4) Wide temperature range performance ({minus}20 to +60{degrees}C); (5) Excellent Discharge rate (82% capacity at 30 min. discharge rate); (6) Excellent Charge rate (100% Charge in <3 hrs); and (7) High energy density (264 W*hr/1 and 120 Whr/kg for ``D`` size cell. These specifications show significant promise for application of these batteries in low earth orbit (LEO) small satellites, particularly when compared to existing NiH{sub 2} and NiCd technology. The very high energy density and specific energy will reduce power system volume and weight. The wide temperature range enables simpler thermal design, particularly for new, small, high power satellites. The materials used in the lithium ion batteries are relatively inexpensive and benign, so that we expect costs to come down substantially in the future. The specified cycle life at 100% DOD is also 50% longer than most NiCds, so low DOD (depth of discharge) performance could be substantial. This study was undertaken to: (a) assess the feasibility for using lithium ion cells on small satellite LEO missions and (b) verify the claims of the manufacturer. This was accomplished by performing a detailed autopsy and various depth of discharge and rate tests on the cells. Of special interest was the cycle life performance of these cell at various depths of discharge DOD`s, to get an initial measure of the reduction in capacity fade with cycle conditions. Low DOD`s are used to extend the life of all batteries used in a space application.
Mayer, S.T.; Feikert, J.H.; Kaschmitter, J.L.
A Soft Approach to Encapsulate Sulfur: Polyaniline Nanotubes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Long Cycle Life
Applications of rechargeable batteries are diverse and range from storing energy from renewable resources such as wind generators and solar arrays , powering electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. Significant R&D efforts have focused on achieving high energy density, long cycling life, low cost, and safety.1 Among all known rechargeable battery systems, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted considerable attention.2, 3 Elemental sulfur is abundant, and is a very attractive cathode material for lithium batteries because of its high theoretical capacity (1672 mAh g-1) and specific energy (2600 Wh kg-1), assuming complete reaction of lithium with sulfur to form Li2S.
Xiao, Lifen; Cao, Yuliang; Xiao, Jie; Schwenzer, Birgit; Engelhard, Mark H.; Saraf, Laxmikant V.; Nie, Zimin; Exarhos, Gregory J.; Liu, Jun
NREL-Led Team Improves and Accelerates Battery Design (Fact Sheet)
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is leading some of the best minds from U.S. auto manufacturers, battery developers, and automotive simulation tool developers in a $20 million project to accelerate the development of battery packs and thus the wider adoption of electric-drive vehicles. The Computer-Aided Engineering for Electric Drive Vehicle Batteries (CAEBAT) collaboration is developing sophisticated software tools to help improve and accelerate battery design and boost the performance and consumer appeal of electric-drive vehicles with the ultimate goal of diminishing petroleum consumption and polluting emissions.
Not Available
Fail safe controllable output improved version of the Electromechanical battery
Mechanical means are provided to control the voltages induced in the windings of a generator/motor. In one embodiment, a lever is used to withdraw or insert the entire stator windings from the cavity where the rotating field exists. In another embodiment, voltage control and/or switching off of the output is achievable with a variable-coupling generator/motor. A stator is made up of two concentric layers of windings, with a larger number of turns on the inner layer of windings than the outer layer of windings. The windings are to be connected in series electrically, that is, their voltages add vectorially. The mechanical arrangement is such that one or both of the windings can be rotated with respect to the other winding about their common central axis. Another improved design for the stator assembly of electromechanical batteries provides knife switch contacts that are in electrical contact with the stator windings. The operation of this embodiment depends on the fact that an abnormally large torque will be exerted on the stator structure during any short-circuit condition.
Post, Richard F. (Walnut Creek, CA)
Fail safe controllable output improved version of the electromechanical battery
Mechanical means are provided to control the voltages induced in the windings of a generator/motor. In one embodiment, a lever is used to withdraw or insert the entire stator windings from the cavity where the rotating field exists. In another embodiment, voltage control and/or switching off of the output is achievable with a variable-coupling generator/motor. A stator is made up of two concentric layers of windings, with a larger number of turns on the inner layer of windings than the outer layer of windings. The windings are to be connected in series electrically, that is, their voltages add vectorially. The mechanical arrangement is such that one or both of the windings can be rotated with respect to the other winding about their common central axis. Another improved design for the stator assembly of electromechanical batteries provides knife switch contacts that are in electrical contact with the stator windings. The operation of this embodiment depends on the fact that an abnormally large torque will be exerted on the stator structure during any short-circuit condition. 4 figs.
Post, R.F.
Operating temperature greatly affects the performance and life of batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles. Increased attention is necessary to battery thermal management. Electrochemical models and finite element analysis tools are available for predicting the thermal performance of batteries, but each has limitations. In this study we describe an electro-thermal finite element approach that predicts the thermal performance of a cell or module with realistic geometry. To illustrate the process, we simulated the thermal performance of two generations of Panasonic prismatic nickel-metal-hydride modules used in the Toyota Prius. The model showed why the new generation of Panasonic modules had better thermal performance. Thermal images from two battery modules under constant current discharge indicate that the model predicts the experimental trend reasonably well.
Bharathan, D.; Pesaran, A.; Vlahinos, A.; Kim, G.-H.
Improved Electrode Materials in Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries...
Improved Electrode Materials in Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Innovation and Optimization Speaker(s): Jordi Cabana-Jimenez Date: January 14, 2008 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122...
Reduction of Electric Vehicle Life-Cycle Impacts through Battery Recycling
Reduction of Electric Vehicle Life-Cycle Impacts through Battery Recycling 29 th International Battery Seminar and Exhibit Ft. Lauderdale, FL March 15, 2012 The submitted manuscript has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory ("Argonne"). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government. Why think about recycling? 'é¦ Material scarcity alleviated
Performance Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries of Various Chemistries for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
such as cycle life and battery cost and battery managementnot dominate the total battery cost. Note that in generalsuch as cycle life and battery cost and battery management
Burke, Andrew; Miller, Marshall
Requirements for Defining Utility Drive Cycles: An Exploratory Analysis of Grid Frequency Regulation Data for Establishing Battery Performance Testing Standards
Battery testing procedures are important for understanding battery performance, including degradation over the life of the battery. Standards are important to provide clear rules and uniformity to an industry. The work described in this report addresses the need for standard battery testing procedures that reflect real-world applications of energy storage systems to provide regulation services to grid operators. This work was motivated by the need to develop Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) testing procedures, or V2G drive cycles. Likewise, the stationary energy storage community is equally interested in standardized testing protocols that reflect real-world grid applications for providing regulation services. As the first of several steps toward standardizing battery testing cycles, this work focused on a statistical analysis of frequency regulation signals from the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnect with the goal to identify patterns in the regulation signal that would be representative of the entire signal as a typical regulation data set. Results from an extensive time-series analysis are discussed, and the results are explained from both the statistical and the battery-testing perspectives. The results then are interpreted in the context of defining a small set of V2G drive cycles for standardization, offering some recommendations for the next steps toward standardizing testing protocols.
Hafen, Ryan P.; Vishwanathan, Vilanyur V.; Subbarao, Krishnappa; Kintner-Meyer, Michael CW
Improved Electrode Materials in Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Innovation
Improved Electrode Materials in Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Innovation Improved Electrode Materials in Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Innovation and Optimization Speaker(s): Jordi Cabana-Jimenez Date: January 14, 2008 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Venkat Srinivasan The advent of Li-ion batteries has played a central role in the impressive development of portable digital and wireless technology. Such success has triggered further efforts to utilize them as key components in other applications with an even larger impact on society, which include electric vehicles and energy backup for renewable energy sources. However, several challenges need to be met before these expectations can be realized, as Li-ion batteries currently do not meet the power and energy density requirements of these devices. New and better materials for the electrodes
Improved cell design for lithium alloy/metal sulfide battery
The disclosed lithium alloy/iron sulfide cell design provides loop-like positive and negative sheet metal current collectors electrically insulated from one another by separator means, the positive collector being located outwardly of the negative collector. The collectors are initially secured within an open-ended cell housing, which allows for collector pretesting for electrical shorts prior to adding any electrode materials and/or electrolyte to the cell. Separate chambers are defined outwardly of the positive collector and inwardly of the negative collector open respectively in opposite directions toward the open ends of the cell housing; and positive and negative electrode materials can be extruded into these respective chambers via the opposite open housing ends. The chambers and cell housing ends can then be sealed closed. A cross wall structurally reinforces the cell housing and also thereby defines two cavities, and paired positive and negative collectors are disposed in each cavity and electrically connected in parallel. The cell design provides for a high specific energy output and improved operating life in that any charge-discharge cycle swelling of the positive electrode material will be inwardly against only the positive collector to minimize shorts caused by the collectors shifting relative to one another.
Kaun, T.D.
A control system for improved battery utilization in a PV-powered peak-shaving system
Photovoltaic (PV) power systems offer the prospect of allowing a utility company to meet part of the daily peak system load using a renewable resource. Unfortunately, some utilities have peak system- load periods that do not match the peak production hours of a PV system. Adding a battery energy storage system to a grid-connected PV power system will allow dispatching the stored solar energy to the grid at the desired times. Batteries, however, pose system limitations in terms of energy efficiency, maintenance, and cycle life. A new control system has been developed, based on available PV equipment and a data acquisition system, that seeks to minimize the limitations imposed by the battery system while maximizing the use of PV energy. Maintenance requirements for the flooded batteries are reduced, cycle life is maximized, and the battery is operated over an efficient range of states of charge. This paper presents design details and initial performance results on one of the first installed control systems of this type.
Palomino, E [Salt River Project, Phoenix, AZ (United States); Stevens, J. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Wiles, J. [New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM (United States). Southwest Technology Development Inst.
Development of novel strategies for enhancing the cycle life of lithium solid polymer electrolyte batteries. Final report
Lithium/solid polymer electrolyte (Li/SPE) secondary batteries are under intense development as power sources for portable electronic devices as well as electric vehicles. These batteries offer high specific energy, high energy density, very low self-discharge rates, and flexibility in packaging; however, problems have inhibited their introduction into the marketplace. This report summarizes findings to examine processes that occur with Li/SPE secondary batteries upon cyclic charging/discharging. The report includes a detailed analysis of the impedance measured on the Li/SPE/IC and IC/SPE/IC systems. The SPE was a derivative of methoxyethoxyethoxyphosphazene (MEEP) with lithium triflate salt as the electrolyte, while the intercalated cathodes (IC) comprised mixtures of manganese dioxide, carbon powder, and MEEP as a binder. Studies on symmetrical Li/SPE/Li laminates show that cycling results in a significant expansion of the structure over the first few tens of cycles; however, no corresponding increase in the impedance was noted. The cycle life of the intercalation cathode was found to be very sensitive to the method of fabrication. Results indicate that the cycle life is due to the failure of the IC, not to the failure of the lithium/SPE interface. A pattern recognition neural network was developed to predict the cycle life of a battery from the charge/discharge characteristics.
Macdonald, Digby D.; Urquidi-Macdonald, Mirna; Allcock, Harry; Engelhard, George; Bomberger, N.; Gao, L.; Olmeijer, D.
Near-term batteries for electric vehicles
Major progress has been achieved in the lead-acid , nickel/iron and nickel/zinc battery technology development since the initiation of the Near-Term eV Battery Project in 1978. Against the specific energy goal of 56 wh/kg the demonstrated specific energies are 41 wh/kg for the improved lead-acid batteries, 48 wh/kg for the improved nickel/iron batteries, and 68 wh/kg for the improved nickel/zinc batteries. These specific energy values would allow an ETV-1 vehicle to have an urban range of 80 miles in the case of the improved lead-acid batteries, 96 miles for the improved nickel/zinc batteries, and 138 miles for the improved lead-acid batteries. All represent a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art lead-acid battery capability of about 30 wh/kg with approximately a 51 mile urban range for the ETV-1 vehicle. The project goal for specific power of 104 w/kg for 30 seconds at a 50% depth of discharge has been achieved for all of the technologies with the improved lead-acid demonstrating 111 w/kg, the improved nickel/iron demonstrating 103 w/kg, and the improved nickel/zinc demonstrating 131 w/kg. Again this is a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art lead-acid battery capability of 70 w/kg. Substantial progress has been made against the life cycle goal of 800 cycles as evidenced by the demonstrated lead-acid battery achievement of > 295 cycles in ongoing tests, the nickel/iron demonstrated capability of > 515 cycles in ongoing tests, and the nickel/zinc demonstrated capability of 179 cycles. Except for the nickel/zinc batteries, the demonstrated cycle life is better than the state-of-the-art lead-acid battery cycle life of about 250 cycles. Future program emphases will be on improving cycle life and further reductions in cost.
Christianson, C.C.; Yao, N.P.; Hornstra, F.
ALD of Al2O3 for Highly Improved Performance in Li-Ion Batteries
Significant advances in energy density, rate capability and safety will be required for the implementation of Li-ion batteries in next generation electric vehicles. We have demonstrated atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a promising method to enable superior cycling performance for a vast variety of battery electrodes. The electrodes range from already demonstrated commercial technologies (cycled under extreme conditions) to new materials that could eventually lead to batteries with higher energy densities. For example, an Al2O3 ALD coating with a thickness of ~ 8 A was able to stabilize the cycling of unexplored MoO3 nanoparticle anodes with a high volume expansion. The ALD coating enabled stable cycling at C/2 with a capacity of ~ 900 mAh/g. Furthermore, rate capability studies showed the ALD-coated electrode maintained a capacity of 600 mAh/g at 5C. For uncoated electrodes it was only possible to observe stable cycling at C/10. Also, we recently reported that a thin ALD Al2O3 coating with a thickness of ~5 A can enable natural graphite (NG) electrodes to exhibit remarkably durable cycling at 50 degrees C. The ALD-coated NG electrodes displayed a 98% capacity retention after 200 charge-discharge cycles. In contrast, bare NG showed a rapid decay. Additionally, Al2O3 ALD films with a thickness of 2 to 4 A have been shown to allow LiCoO2 to exhibit 89% capacity retention after 120 charge-discharge cycles performed up to 4.5 V vs Li/Li+. Bare LiCoO2 rapidly deteriorated in the first few cycles. The capacity fade is likely caused by oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte at higher potentials or perhaps cobalt dissolution. Interestingly, we have recently fabricated full cells of NG and LiCoO2 where we coated both electrodes, one or the other electrode as well as neither electrode. In creating these full cells, we observed some surprising results that lead us to obtain a greater understanding of the ALD coatings. We have also recently coated a binder free LiNi0.04Mn0.04Co02O2 electrode containing 5 wt% single-walled carbon nanotubes as the conductive additive and demonstrated both high rate capability as well as the ability to cycle the cathode to 5 V vrs. Li/Li+. Finally, we coated a Celgard (TM) separator and enabled stable cycling in a high dielectric electrolyte. These results will be presented in detail.
Dillon, A.; Jung, Y. S.; Ban, C.; Riley, L.; Cavanagh, A.; Yan, Y.; George, S.; Lee, S. H.
Giprokoks proposals for improvement in air quality at coke battery 1A of Radlin coke plant
Coke battery 1A, which uses rammed batch, has gone into production at Radlin coke plant (Poland), on the basis of Giprokoks designs. Up-to-date dust-trapping methods are used for the first time within the aspiration systems in the coal-preparation shop and in improving dust collection within the production buildings.
T.F. Trembach; A.G. Klimenko [Giprokoks, the State Institute for the Design of Coke-Industry Enterprises, Kharkov (Ukraine)
Lithium-Titanium-Oxide Anodes Improve Battery Safety and Performance
titanium-oxide materials improves on the safety of graphite electrodes while also offering ... such as electric and hybrid-electric vehicles Portable electronic ...
ORNL researchers improve soil carbon cycling models | ornl.gov
researchers improve soil carbon cycling models researchers improve soil carbon cycling models January 01, 2013 ORNL's new carbon cycling model could help scientists understand the role of soil microbes (MBC) in climate change by tracking extracellular enzymes (ENZ) that break down carbon-rich soil materials (SOC) into forms that microbes can respire (DOC). A more robust model of the soil carbon cycle developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) improves understanding of carbon residence time in soils and enables scientists to make more accurate climate predictions. The model does a better job than previous models of accounting for how microbes in the soil break down carbon-rich materials and release carbon dioxide. "Soil is a big reservoir of carbon," said co-author Melanie Mayes of the Environmental Sciences Division and the Climate Change Science
Battery charger
A battery charger can charge a battery from a primary power source having a peak voltage exceeding the maximum battery voltage independently producible by the battery. The charger has output terminals, a switch and a feedback circuit. The output terminals are adapted for connection to the battery. The switch can periodically couple the primary power source to the output terminals to raise their voltage above the maximum battery voltage. The feedback device is responsive to the charging occuring at the terminals for limiting the current thereto by varying the duty cycle of the switch.
Chernotsky, A.; Satz, R.
Metrics-Based Feedback Cycles for Software Life-Cycle Management and Process Improvement
This paper summarizes a global organizational feedback cycle, composed of four component feedback cycles, by which the COCOMO II cost estimation model [Boehm et al., 2000] can be used for (1) project or product line scoping; (2) project or product line management; (3) model recalibration to changing circumstances; and (4) evaluation project, product line, or organizational continuous process improvement initiatives
Barry Boehm
Electrochimica Acta 51 (2006) 20122022 A generalized cycle life model of rechargeable Li-ion batteries
┬Ę Gas evolution Cathode Aging Image: Vetter et al., "Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries," J Battery Robust Design - 13 Cathode Aging Source: Vetter et al., "Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion., "Ageing mechanisms in lithium- ion batteries," J. Power Sources, 147 (2005) 269-281 ASTR 2010 Oct 6 ┬Ł 8
Popov, Branko N.
Improving the Performance of Lithium Ion Batteries at Low Temperature
The ability for Li-ion batteries to operate at low temperatures is extremely critical for the development of energy storage for electric and hybrid electric vehicle technologies. Currently, Li-ion cells have limited success in operating at temperature below ¢10 deg C. Electrolyte conductivity at low temperature is not the main cause of the poor performance of Li-ion cells. Rather the formation of a tight interfacial film between the electrolyte and the electrodes has often been an issue that resulted in a progressive capacity fading and limited discharge rate capability. The objective of our Phase I work is to develop novel electrolytes that can form low interfacial resistance solid electrolyte interface (SEI) films on carbon anodes and metal oxide cathodes. From the results of our Phase I work, we found that the interfacial impedance of Fluoro Ethylene Carbonate (FEC) electrolyte at the low temperature of ¢20degC is astonishingly low, compared to the baseline 1.2M LiPFEMC:EC:PC:DMC (10:20:10:60) electrolyte. We found that electrolyte formulations with fluorinated carbonate co-solvent have excellent film forming properties and better de-solvation characteristics to decrease the interfacial SEI film resistance and facilitate the Li-ion diffusion across the SEI film. The very overwhelming low interfacial impedance for FEC electrolytes will translate into Li-ion cells with much higher power for cold cranking and high Regen/charge at the low temperature. Further, since the SEI film resistance is low, Li interaction kinetics into the electrode will remain very fast and thus Li plating during Regen/charge period be will less likely to happen.
Trung H. Nguyen; Peter Marren; Kevin Gering
The Self-Improvement of Lithium-Ion Batteries | Advanced Photon Source
Architecture and Viral Disease Architecture and Viral Disease RNA Folding: A Little Cooperation Goes a Long Way A New Phase in Cellular Communication Engineering Thin-Film Oxide Interfaces Novel Materials Become Multifunctional at the Ultimate Quantum Limit Science Highlights Archives: 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 2001 | 2000 | 1998 | Subscribe to APS Science Highlights rss feed The Self-Improvement of Lithium-Ion Batteries NOVEMBER 30, 2012 Bookmark and Share Amorphous titanium oxide nanotubes, upon lithium insertion in a Li-ion battery, self-create the highest capacity cubic lithium titanium oxide structure. The search for clean and green energy in the 21st century requires a better and more efficient battery technology. The key to attaining that goal may
Study on Intelligent Control Strategy of Battery-Electric Bus Based on the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method
How to use the lithium-ion power battery effectively, how to improve the discharging efficiency and the cycle-life of the power battery is a hotspot of research in battery-electric vehicle(BEV) field. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used ... Keywords: battery-electric bus, CAN-bus, control strategy, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method
Lin Cheng; Zhou Hui; Sun Fengchun; Nan Jinrui
Test Profile Development for the Evaluation of Battery Cycle Life for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
EPRI and DaimlerChrysler have developed a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) concept for the DaimlerChrysler Sprinter Van in an effort to reduce the emissions, fuel consumption, and operating costs of the vehicle while maintaining equivalent or superior functionality and performance. This report describes the development of a test profile to evaluate the life cycle of the batteries for the PHEV vehicle.
Block copolymer electrolytes for lithium batteries
Ethylene Carbonate for Lithium Ion Battery Use. Journal oflithium atoms in lithium-ion battery electrolyte. Chemicalcapacity fading of a lithium-ion battery cycled at elevated
Hudson, William Rodgers
Simulations of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Using Advanced Lithium Batteries and Ultracapacitors on Various Driving Cycles
technology is a lithium-ion battery using lithium titanateof lithium-ion batteries of various chemistries Batterylithium-ion batteries were 20-22 kg and in the zinc-air battery,
Burke, Andy; Zhao, Hengbing
Performance, Charging, and Second-use Considerations for Lithium Batteries for Plug-in Electric Vehicles
such as cycle life and battery cost and battery managementsuch as cycle life and battery cost and battery managementof the battery. The battery size and cost will vary markedly
Burke, Andrew
Improved container electrode coatings for Na/S battery systems. Final report
Current sodium sulfur (Na/S) battery systems utilize the fast ion conducting properties of sodium beta{double_prime}-alumina electrolyte (BASE) to create high energy density sodium-sulfur electrochemical cells which can be used as components of secondary batteries. Since the days when these cells were invented at the Ford Motor Company Scientific Laboratory by J.T. Kummer and N. Weber, problems with container electrode corrosion have troubled the Na/S systems that have been developed in the many laboratories. In an unpublished investigation carried out at the Ford Motor Company laboratory, it was shown that titanium nitride films sputter deposited onto aluminum substrates under the appropriate conditions can exhibit excellent resistance to corrosion by sodium polysulfide melts. In the work carried out here, the corrosion resistant properties of TiN coatings sputter deposited on Al substrates have been investigated. TiN sputter coated aluminum samples were tested under static conditions in sodium sulfide melts and in Na/S cells under the range of electrochemical conditions needed for battery operation. The sputter deposited coatings produced in these experiments exhibited satisfactory corrosion resistance in the static tests but degraded under full cell operation. Tests of TiN coatings deposited by reactive ion-plating (IP), a common commercial process, showed excellent corrosion and electrical performance in both static and complete cell testing. Charge/discharge testing of sulfur core cells with IP coatings for over 350 cycles to 70 % depth of discharge has shown only very minor changes in cell performance and the tests are continuing.
Hunt, T.K. [Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States). Applications Development Dept.
Internal Short Circuit Device Helps Improve Lithium-Ion Battery Design (Fact Sheet)
NREL's emulation tool helps manufacturers ensure the safety and reliability of electric vehicle batteries.
Battery separator material
A novel, improved battery separator material particularly adaptable for use in maintenance free batteries. The battery separator material includes a diatomaceous earth filler, an acrylate copolymer binder and a combination of fibers comprising polyolefin, polyester and glass fibers.
Bodendorf, W. J.
lithium-ion battery by arresting the Mn + dissolution, thereby increasing the battery stability. Key Words: Lithium Battery, Cathode,
Analysis of environmental factors impacting the life cycle cost analysis of conventional and fuel cell/battery-powered passenger vehicles. Final report
This report presents the results of the further developments and testing of the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Model previously developed by Engineering Systems Management, Inc. (ESM) on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract No. DE-AC02-91CH10491. The Model incorporates specific analytical relationships and cost/performance data relevant to internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles, battery powered electric vehicles (BPEVs), and fuel cell/battery-powered electric vehicles (FCEVs).
Carbon-enhanced VRLA batteries.
The addition of certain forms of carbon to the negative plate in valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries has been demonstrated to increase the cycle life of such batteries by an order of magnitude or more under high-rate, partial-state-of-charge operation. Such performance will provide a significant impact, and in some cases it will be an enabling feature for applications including hybrid electric vehicles, utility ancillary regulation services, wind farm energy smoothing, and solar photovoltaic energy smoothing. There is a critical need to understnd how the carbon interacts with the negative plate and achieves the aforementioned benefits at a fundamental level. Such an understanding will not only enable the performance of such batteries to be optimzied, but also to explore the feasibility of applying this technology to other battery chemistries. In partnership with the East Penn Manufacturing, Sandia will investigate the electrochemical function of the carbon and possibly identify improvements to its anti-sulfation properties. Shiomi, et al. (1997) discovered that the addition of carbon to the negative active material (NAM) substantially reduced PbSO{sub 4} accumulation in high rate, partial state of charge (HRPSoC) cycling applications. This improved performance with a minimal cost. Cycling applications that were uneconomical for traditional VRLA batteries are viable for the carbon enhanced VRLA. The overall goal of this work is to quantitatively define the role that carbon plays in the electrochemistry of a VRLA battery.
Enos, David George; Hund, Thomas D.; Shane, Rod (East Penn Manufacturing, Lyon Station, PA)
Development of Planar Sodium-Beta Alumina Battery Modules for ...
Symposium, Energy Storage: Materials, Systems, and Applications ... For broad market penetration, however, the SBB technologies need further improved ... Analysis of Cycling Induced Fatigue in Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries.
Portable battery powered system
In a exemplary embodiment, a battery conditioning system monitors battery conditioning and includes a memory for storing data based thereon; for example, data may be stored representative of available battery capacity as measured during a deep discharge cycle. With a microprocessor monitoring battery operation of a portable unit, a measure of remaining battery capacity can be calculated and displayed. Where the microprocessor is permanently secured to the battery so as to receive operating power therefrom during storage and handling, the performance of a given battery in actual use can be accurately judged since the battery system can itself maintain a count of accumulated hours of use and other relevant parameters.
Koenck, S. E.
Development of a pressure gain combustor for improved cycle efficiency
This paper presents results from an experimental research program attempting to improve the thermodynamic efficiencies of gas-turbine combustors. An elementary thermodynamic analysis shows that the thermodynamic cycle efficiencies of gas turbines can be significantly improved by using unsteady combustion that achieves quasi-constant-volume combustion. The ability to produce the so-called pressure gain via this process has already been demonstrated by others for pressures less than 3 atmospheres. This paper presents experimental results for pressures up to 11 atmospheres, compares certain process parameters to a numerical simulation, and briefly examines the problem of scale-up. Results of pollutant measurements over the 2--11 atmospheric range of operation are also included.
Gemmen, R.S.; Richards, G.A.; Janus, M.C.
Battery separators
Novel, improved battery separators carrying a plurality of polymeric ribs on at least one separator surface. The battery separators are produced by extruding a plurality of ribs in the form of molten polymeric rib providing material onto the surface of a battery separator to bond the material to the separator surface and cooling the extruded rib material to a solidified state. The molten polymeric rib providing material of this invention includes a mixture or blend of polypropylenes and an ethylene propylene diene terpolymer.
Battersby, W. R.
Surface Modification of LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 Cathode for Improved Battery Performance
This thesis details electrical and physical measurements of pulsed laser deposition-applied thin film coatings of Alumina, Ceria, and Yttria-stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) on a LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC) cathode in a Lithium ion battery. Typical NMC cathodes exhibit problems such as decreased rate performance and an opportunity for increased capacity exists by raising operation voltage beyond the electrolyte stability window. Very thin (~10 nm) coatings of stable oxides provide a pathway to solve both problems. As well, the electrochemical impedance spectra of the uncoated and coated cells were measured after different numbers of cycles to reveal the property variation in the cathode. Further understanding of the mechanism of rate performance enhancement and chemical protection by thin oxide coatings will continue to improve battery capability and open up new applications. Ceria-coated Li-NMC cells show the best capacity and rate performance in battery testing. Through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the surface film resistance was found to remain stable or even drop slightly after repeated cycling at high voltage. CeO2 is proposed as a coating for Lithium ion battery cathodes owing to its high chemical stability and the demonstrated but not yet well understood electrical conductivity. Alumina-coated cathode shows comparable performance as that of the uncoated cell in the early stage of the test, but through the course of testing the rate capability and recoverable capacity is improved. This is possibly due to Al2O3?s well-known abilities as HF scavenger and chemically inert nature. YSZ-coated cathode performs worse than the uncoated ones in terms of capacity, rate capability, and EIS-related figures of merit. The reason for the poor performance is not yet known, and repeatability tests are under way to verify performance. High voltage cycling reveals no obvious difference in irreversible loss between the coated or uncoated cells. The reason for the lack of distinction could be the relatively small percentage of surface coating compared to the thick doctor-blade processed cathode layer.
Lynch, Thomas
Technology Power devices supercapacitor Activated 2320 11600Effectiveness of Battery-Supercapacitor Combination in
weight, volume, and the cost of the battery unit. It is alsoweight, volume, and the cost of the battery unit. It is alsoCost-Effective Combinations of Ultracapacitors and Batteries for Vehicle Applications, Proceedings of the Second International Advanced Battery
Research on separators for alkaline zinc batteries. Final report
This project is concerned with the research and development of a hybrid separator as an improved battery separator in alkaline zinc secondary batteries. Particular emphasis has been directed toward increasing the cycle life of zinc electrodes by controlling the permselectivity of the separator.
Yeo, R.S.
Improving the performance of soft carbon for lithium-ion batteries.
A novel technique for designing a robust solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries has been developed using a silane coating. Two silane compounds, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane (TFPTMS) and dimethoxybis(2-(2-(2-mothoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)silane (1ND3(MeO)), have been investigated with respect to improving the capacity retention of lithium manganese oxide spinel/soft carbon cells. The impact of the silane coating on the soft carbon electrode will be attributed to (1) changes in surface functional groups, (2) compositional change of the SEI, and (3) changes in the kinetics of manganese deposition. The impact of the upper cutoff voltage on the capacity retention of the cell was also discussed.
Chen, Z.; Wang, Q.; Amine, K.; Chemical Engineering
Battery construction. [miniaturized batteries
A description is given of a battery having a battery cup and a battery cap which has a ridge portion to provide a battery chamber for accommodating a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. The battery chamber has a contour at its outer periphery different from that of the sealing flanges of the battery cup and the battery cap. 11 figures.
Nishimura, H.; Nomura, Y.
Novel cell design for combined in situ acoustic emission and x-ray diffraction study during electrochemical cycling of batteries
An in situ acoustic emission (AE) and x-ray diffraction cell for use in the study of battery electrode materials has been designed and tested. This cell uses commercially available coin cell hardware retrofitted with a metalized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) disk, which acts as both an x-ray window and a current collector. In this manner, the use of beryllium and its associated cost and hazards is avoided. An AE sensor may be affixed to the cell face opposite the PET window in order to monitor degradation effects, such as particle fracture, during cell cycling. Silicon particles, which were previously studied by the AE technique, were tested in this cell as a model material. The performance of these cells compared well with unmodified coin cells, while providing information about structural changes in the active material as the cell is repeatedly charged and discharged.
Rhodes, Kevin; Meisner, Roberta; Daniel, Claus [Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., MS 6083, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931-6083 (United States); Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, 434 Dougherty Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2200 (United States); Kirkham, Melanie; Parish, Chad M.; Dudney, Nancy [Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., MS 6083, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931-6083 (United States)
Novel Cell Design for Combined In Situ Acoustic Emission and X-ray Diffraction of Cycling Lithium Ion Batteries
An in situ acoustic emission (AE) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) cell for use in the study of battery electrode materials has been devised and tested. This cell uses commercially available coin cell hardware retrofitted with a metalized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) disk which acts as both an X-ray window and a current collector. In this manner the use of beryllium and its associated cost and hazard is avoided. An AE sensor may be affixed to the cell face opposite the PET window in order to monitor degradation effects, such as particle fracture, during cell cycling. Silicon particles which were previously studied by the AE technique were tested in this cell as a model material. The performance of these cells compared well with unmodified coin cells while providing information about structural changes in the active material as the cell is repeatedly charged and discharged.
Rhodes, Kevin J [ORNL; Kirkham, Melanie J [ORNL; Meisner, Roberta Ann [ORNL; Parish, Chad M [ORNL; Dudney, Nancy J [ORNL; Daniel, Claus [ORNL
Batteries - Home
Advanced Battery Research, Development, and Testing Advanced Battery Research, Development, and Testing Argonne's Research Argonne plays a major role in the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) energy storage program within its Office of Vehicle Technologies. Activities include: Developing advanced anode and cathode materials under DOE's longer term exploratory R&D program Leading DOE's applied R&D program focused on improving lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery technology for use in transportation applications Developing higher capacity electrode materials and electrolyte systems that will increase the energy density of lithium batteries for extended electric range PHEV applications Conducting independent performance and life tests on other advanced (Li-Ion, Ni-MH, Pb-Acid) batteries. Argonne's R&D focus is on advanced lithium battery technologies to meet the energy storage needs of the light-duty vehicle market.
Batteries - HEV Batteries
and component levels. A very detailed battery design model is used to establish these costs for different Li-Ion battery chemistries. The battery design model considers the...
Energy Storage: Breakthrough in Battery Technologies (Carbon Cycle 2.0)
Nitash Balsara speaks at the Carbon Cycle 2.0 kick-off symposium Feb. 2, 2010. We emit more carbon into the atmosphere than natural processes are able to remove - an imbalance with negative consequences. Carbon Cycle 2.0 is a Berkeley Lab initiative to provide the science needed to restore this balance by integrating the Labs diverse research activities and delivering creative solutions toward a carbon-neutral energy future. http://carboncycle2.lbl.gov/
Balsara, Nitash
Battery developments: The positive connection to a greener future
Extraordinary innovations are being made in the performance of today`s portable electronic equipment. But, although electronics manufacturers have been leaping generations ahead of themselves technologically, they are still forced to look back to see battery technology struggling to close the distance that ever widens with each new electronics breakthrough. The need to improve battery performance, namely in the area of battery longevity, has stemmed from a growing consumer demand and has become one of the electronics industry`s newest challenges. Battery manufactures like Duracell, Ovonic Battery Company (OBC), Ergenics, Matsushita, and Sony Corporation are answering the call with research and development programs that will aid the transition to more efficient, environmentally friendly batteries. Traditionally, the market was dedicated to primary batteries, or non-rechargeable, disposable batteries that are composed of zinc-carbon, alkaline-manganese, mercury oxide, silver oxide, lithium metal, and lead-acid. Conventional lead-acid automotive batteries, while rechargeable, are toxic and not recyclable; new secondary battery designs will satisfy the needs of the electronics industry, while offering environmental benefits. The new types, such as rechargeable nickel metal-hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion, and lithium-polymer have longer life-cycles and are also recyclable. Zinc-air batteries, which are classified as primary batteries, are not rechargeable but offer substantial power and environmental benefits. Portable computers, cellular telephones, video camcorders, stereo equipment, and LCD televisions are a few of the many practical applications that will benefit from new battery technology.
Tonneson, L.C.; Fox, G.J.
Cycle-Life Studies of Advanced Technology Development Program Gen 1 Lithium Ion Batteries
Batteries This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. References herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DOE/ID-10845
Randy B. Wright; Chester G. Motloch
??There is an intense, worldwide effort to develop durable lithium ion batteries with high energy and power densities for a wide range of applications, includingģ (more)
Deshpande, Rutooj D.
Improving lithium-ion battery power and energy densities using novel cathode architectures and materials.
??Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used as energy storage devices in a variety of applications. The cathode architectures and materials have a large influence on theģ (more)
Lange, Jonathan
Metal halogen battery construction with improved technique for producing halogen hydrate
An improved electrical energy storage system comprising, at least one cell having a positive electrode and a negative electrode separated by aqueous electrolyte, a store means wherein halogen hydrate is formed and stored as part of an aqueous material having a liquid level near the upper part of the store, means for circulating electrolyte through the cell, conduit means for transmitting halogen gas formed in the cell to a hydrate forming apparatus associated with the store, said hydrate forming apparatus including, a pump to which there is introduced quantities of the halogen gas and chilled water, said pump being located in the store and an outlet conduit leading from the pump and being substantially straight and generally vertically disposed and having an exit discharge into the gas space above the liquid level in the store, and wherein said hydrate forming apparatus is highly efficient and very resistant to plugging or jamming. The disclosure also relates to an improved method for producing chlorine hydrate in zinc chlorine batteries.
Fong, Walter L. (Royal Oak, MI); Catherino, Henry A. (Rochester, MI); Kotch, Richard J. (Mt. Clemens, MI)
Investigating the First-Cycle Irreversibility of Lithium Metal Oxide Cathodes for Li Batteries
Layered lithium metal oxide cathodes typically exhibit irreversibility during the first cycle in lithium cells when cycled in conventional voltage ranges (e.g., 3-4.3 V vs. Li+/Li). In this work, we have studied the first-cycle irreversibility of lithium cells containing various layered cathode materials using galvanostatic cycling and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. When cycled between 3.0 and 4.3 V vs. Li+/Li, the cells containing LiCoO2, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, and Li1.048(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.952O2 as cathodes showed initial coulombic efficiencies of 98.0, 87.0, and 88.6%, respectively, at relatively slow current (8 mA/g). However, the 'lost capacity' could be completely recovered by discharging the cells to low voltages (<2 V vs Li+/Li). During this deep discharge, the same cells exhibited voltage plateaus at 1.17, 1.81, and 1.47 V, respectively, which is believed to be associated with formation of a Li2MO2-like phase (M = Ni, Co, Mn) on the oxide particle surface due to very sluggish lithium diffusion in LieMO2 with {var_epsilon}{yields} 1 (i.e., near the end of discharge). The voltage relaxation curve and in situ X-ray diffraction patterns, obtained from a Li/Li1.048(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.952O2 cell, showed that the oxide cathode reversibly returned to its original state [i.e., Li1.048(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.952O2] during relaxation following the deep discharge to achieve 100% cycle efficiency.
Kang,S.; Yoon , W.; Nam, K.; Yang, X.; Abraham, D.
Greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels, Improving Life Cycle Assessments by taking into
Greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels, Improving Life Cycle Assessments by taking into account local.......................................................................................................................................................14 Chapter 1 Biofuels, greenhouse gases and climate change 1 Introduction
Paris-Sud XI, Universit├® de
Cycle Life Studies of Advanced Technology Development Program Gen 1 Lithium Ion Batteries
This report presents the test results of a special calendar-life test conducted on 18650-size, prototype, lithium-ion battery cells developed to establish a baseline chemistry and performance for the Advanced Technology Development Program. As part of electrical performance testing, a new calendar-life test protocol was used. The test consisted of a once-per-day discharge and charge pulse designed to have minimal impact on the cell yet establish the performance of the cell over a period of time such that the calendar life of the cell could be determined. The calendar life test matrix included two states of charge (i.e., 60 and 80%) and four temperatures (40, 50, 60, and 70░C). Discharge and regen resistances were calculated from the test data. Results indicate that both discharge and regen resistance increased nonlinearly as a function of the test time. The magnitude of the discharge and regen resistance depended on the temperature and state of charge at which the test was conducted. The calculated discharge and regen resistances were then used to develop empirical models that may be useful to predict the calendar life or the cells.
Wright, Randy Ben; Motloch, Chester George
Improved Battery Pack Thermal Management to Reduce Cost and Increase Energy Density: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-12-499
Under this CRADA NREL will support Creare's project for the Department of Energy entitled 'Improved Battery Pack Thermal Management to Reduce Cost and Increase Energy Density' which involves the development of an air-flow based cooling product that increases energy density, safety, and reliability of hybrid electric vehicle battery packs.
Smith, K.
SLA battery separators
Since they first appeared in the early 1970's, sealed lead acid (SLA) batteries have been a rapidly growing factor in the battery industry - in rechargeable, deep-cycle, and automotive storage systems. The key to these sealed batteries is the binderless, absorptive glass microfiber separator which permits the electrolyte to recombine after oxidation. The result is no free acid, no outgassing, and longer life. The batteries are described.
Fujita, Y.
Alkaline battery
A zinc alkaline secondary battery is described having an excellent cycle characteristic, having a negative electrode which comprises a base layer of zinc active material incorporating cadmium metal and/or a cadmium compound and an outer layer made up of cadmium metal and/or a cadmium compound and applied to the surface of the base layer of zinc active material.
Furukawa, N.; Inoue, K.; Murakami, S.
Condition responsive battery charging circuit
A battery charging circuit includes a ferroresonant transformer having a rectified output for providing a constant output voltage to be supplied to a battery to be charged. Battery temperature is sensed providing an input to a control circuit which operates a shunt regulator associated with the ferroresonant transformer to provide battery charge voltage as a function of battery temperature. In response to a high battery temperature the controller functions to lower the output voltage to the battery, and in response to a low battery temperature, operates to provide a higher output voltage, with suitable control for any battery temperature between minus 10* and plus 150* fahrenheit. As the battery approaches full charge and battery acceptance current falls below a predetermined level, a charge cycle termination control allows charging to continue for a period preset by the operator, at the end of which period, line voltage is removed from the charger thereby terminating the charge cycle.
Reidenbach, S.G.
In an exemplary embodiment, a battery monitoring system includes sensors for monitoring battery parameters and a memory for storing data based thereon; for example, data may be stored representative of available battery capacity as measured during a deep discharge cycle, and by monitoring battery current thereafter during operation, a relatively accurate measure of remaining battery capacity becomes available. The battery monitoring system may include programmed processor circuitry and may be secured to the battery so as to receive operating power therefrom during storage and handling; thus, the performance of a given battery in actual use can be accurately judged since the battery system can itself maintain a count of accumulated hours of use and other relevant parameters.
Koenck, S.E.
Improving the quality and transparency of building life cycle assessment
Life cycle assessment, or LCA, is a powerful method for measuring and reducing a building's environmental impacts. Its widespread adoption among designers would allow the environmental component of sustainability to gain ...
Hsu, Sophia Lisbeth
and Batteries for Hybrid Vehicle Applications, 23 rdSimulations of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles using Advancedultracapacitors in plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) with high
Status of improved lead-acid, nickel/iron, and nickel/zinc batteries being developed under DOE's electric vehicle battery program
The significant progress achieved in each of the three battery systems since the initiation of this battery development program is described. The 1982 demonstrated accomplishments are verified test results obtained on multicell modules (typically three to six cells each) at NBTL through May 1982. In particular, significant technical progress has been made in extending battery life. Additional progress in cell development and battery subsystem design (chargers, watering systems, electrolyte management systems) has allowed the construction of full-size battery packs. Globe Battery Division (lead-acid), Westinghouse (nickel/iron), and Eagle-Picher (nickel/iron) delivered full-size batteries to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for in-vehicle testing and evaluation.
Miller, J.F.; Rajan, J.B.; Hornstra, F.; Christianson, C.C.; Yao, N.P.
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Carbon Enhanced VRLA Batteries - David Enos, SNL
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Carbon-Enhanced VRLA Carbon-Enhanced VRLA Batteries September 27, 2012 David G. Enos, Summer R. Ferreira Sandia National Laboratories Rod Shane East Penn Manufacturing SAND2012-7857C Carbon Enhanced VRLA Batteries 'é¦ Pb-Acid batteries are inexpensive, but have a poor cycle life when subjected to high-rate, partial state of charge (HRPSoC) operating conditions. 'é¦ The addition of some carbon materials have been demonstrated to dramatically improve the cycle life, enabling use of VRLA batteries under HRPSoC conditions. 'é¦ Some additions enhance, others detract... not clear why. 'é¦ The overall goal of this work is to quantitatively define the role that carbon plays in extending the cycle life of a VRLA battery. 2 The Advanced VRLA Battery 'é¦ Recently, there have been several manners in which carbon has been added to a Pb-
Integrated Boiler Tube Failure Reduction/Cycle Chemistry Improvement Program
Boiler tube failures (BTF) and cycle chemistry corrosion and deposition problems remain the leading causes of availability losses in fossil-fired steam plants worldwide. This report describes techniques developed during a 20-year EPRI project to assist utilities in substantially reducing availability and performance losses due to these problems.
Progress and forecast in electric-vehicle batteries
With impetus provided by US Public Law 94-413 (Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976), the Department of Energy (DOE) launched a major battery development program early in 1978 for near-term electric vehicles. The program's overall objective is to develop commercially viable batteries for commuter vehicles (with an urban driving range of 100 miles) and for vans and trucks (with a range of 50 miles) by the mid-1980's. Three near-term battery candidates are receiving major developmental emphasis - improved lead-acid, nickel/iron and nickel/zinc systems. Sharing the cost with the government, nine industrial firms (battery developers) are participating in the DOE battery project. They are Eltra Corp., Exide Management and Technology Co., and Globe-Union Inc., for the lead-acid battery; Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., and Westinghouse Electric Corp. for the nickel/iron battery; and Energy Research Corp., Exide Management and Technology Co., and Gould Inc., for the nickel/zinc battery. Good progress has been made in improving the specific energy, specific power, and manufacturing processes of these three battery technologies. Current emphasis is directed toward reduction of manufacturing cost and enhancement of battery cycle life and reliability. Recently, the zinc-chloride battery was added as the fourth candidate to the near-term battery list. Testing of the zinc-chloride battery in a vehicle and evaluation of its operating characteristics are currently under way. This paper presents the development goals, the status, and the outlook for the near-term battery program.
Webster, W.H. Jr.; Yao, N.P.
Improving the gas-chromatographic determination of the composition of the gas liberated from a battery
Normally, gas chromatography is used for analyzing the gas composition that is liberated when batteries operate. Earlier work describes a gas-chromatographic technique for determining the composition of gas liberated from a battery. According to this reference, the gas is collected in an inverted burette over water. The gas is either sampled with a batching valve or with a medical syringe, which pierces the connecting vacuum hoses. The gas sample is injected into the chromatographic evaporator, and is separated on the chromatographic column into its individual components, each of which is analyzed on the detector. The method described was used to study gas liberation during the storage of charged nickel-zinc batteries. In the method described above, a high proportion of the gas specimen that accumulates and is collected in the measuring system occurs in the dead space volume. In this situation, it is very difficult to determine the liberated gas composition with a high degree of accuracy when the gas is liberated at low rates. Moreover, this method does not provide reliable system air tightness during long term operation of the batteries. 5 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Dmitriev, V.V.; Zubov, M.S.; Baulov, V.I.; Toguzov, B.M.
Prospect of advanced lead-acid, nickel/iron and nickel/zinc batteries for electric vehicle applications
Major progress has been achieved in the lead-acid, nickel/iron and nickel/zinc battery technology development since the initiation of the Near-Term EV Battery Project in 1978. Against the specific energy goal of 56 Wh/kg the demonstrated specific energies are 41 Wh/kg for the improved lead-acid batteries, 48 Wh/kg for the improved nickel/iron batteries, and 68 Wh/kg for the improved nickel/zinc batteries. These specific energy values would allow an ETV-1 vehicle to have an urban range of 80 miles in the case of the improved lead-acid batteries, 96 miles for the improved nickel/iron batteries, and 138 miles for the improved nickel/zinc batteries. All represent a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art lead-acid battery capability of about 30 Wh/kg with approximately a 51 mile urban range for the ETV-1 vehicle. The project goal for specific power of 104 W/kg for 30 seconds at a 50% depth of discharge has been achieved for all of the technologies with the improved lead-acid demonstrating 111 W/kg, the improved nickel/iron demonstrating 103 W/kg and the improved nickel/zinc demonstrating 131 W/kg. Again this is a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art lead-acid battery capability of 70 W/kg. Substantial progress has been made against the life cycle goal of 800 cycles as evidenced by the demonstrated lead-acid battery achievement of >295 cycles in ongoing tests, the nickel/iron demonstrated capability of >515 cycles in ongoing tests, and the nickel/zinc demonstrated capability of 179 cycles. Except for the nickel/zinc batteries, the demonstrated cycle life is better than the state-of-the-art lead-acid battery cycle life of about 250 cycles. Future program emphases will be on improving cycle life and further reductions in cost.
Yao, N.P.; Christianson, C.C.; Hornstra, F.
Battery Types
...and rechargeable batteries (Table 1A battery consists of a negative electrode (anode) from which electrons
in and Batttery Electric Vehicles, The 5 th IEEE VehiclePlug-in and Battery Electric Vehicles, The 1 st IEEE EnergyE. Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Powertrain Design and
Greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels, Improving Life Cycle Assessments by taking into account local.......................................................................................................................................................14 Chapter 1 Biofuels, greenhouse gases and climate change 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................................................20 3 Transportation biofuels
A novel, improved battery separator and process for making the separator. Essentially, the separator carries a plurality of polymeric ribs bonded to at least one surface and the ribs have alternating elevated segments of uniform maxiumum heights and depressed segments along the length of the ribs.
Le Bayon, R.; Faucon, R.; Legrix, J.
Amorphous Hierarchical Porous GeOx as High-Capacity Anodes for LiIon Batteries with Very Long Cycling Life
Many researchers have focused in recent years on resolving the crucial problem of capacity fading in Li ion batteries when carbon anodes are replaced by other group-IV elements (Si, Ge, Sn) with much higher capacities. Some progress was achieved by using different nanostructures (mainly carbon coatings), with which the cycle numbers reached 100-200. However, obtaining longer stability via a simple process remains challenging. Here we demonstrate that a nanostructure of amorphous hierarchical porous GeO{sub x} whose primary particles are {approx}3.7 nm diameter has a very stable capacity of {approx}1250 mA h g{sup -1} for 600 cycles. Furthermore, we show that a full cell coupled with a Li(NiCoMn){sub 1/3}O{sub 2} cathode exhibits high performance.
Wang, X.L.; Han, W.-Q.; Chen, H.; Bai, J.; Tyson, T.A.; Yu, X.-Q.; Wang, X.-J.; Yang, X.-Q.
Battery chargers
A battery charger designed to be installed in a vehicle, and while utilizing a portion of this vehicle's electrical system, can be used to charge another vehicle's battery or batteries. This battery charger has a polarity sensor, and when properly connected to an external battery will automatically switch away from charging the internal battery to charging the external battery or batteries. And, when disconnected from the external battery or batteries will automatically switch back to charging the internal battery, thus making it an automatic vehicle to vehicle battery charger.
Winkler, H.L.
Method for charging a storage battery
A method is disclosed for charging a lead-acid storage battery, the method comprising the steps of charging the battery at an initially high rate during an initial stage of the charging cycle, monitoring the internal battery voltage, charging the battery at a lower, finishing rate after a preselected battery voltage has been monitored, and periodically interrupting the finishing charge until the battery is recharged.
Fallon, W.H.; Kirby, D.W.; Neukirch, E.O.; Schober, W.R.
The 10 Obstacles to a Successful Battery Recycling Program
Abstract Scope, Battery recycling in North America has reached adolescence. Retailers are demanding ... Role of Recycling in the Life Cycle of Batteries.
Batteries: Overview of Battery Cathodes
a graphite-free lithium ion battery can be built, usingK (1990) Lithium Ion Rechargeable Battery. Prog. Batteriesion battery configurations, as all of the cycleable lithium
Doeff, Marca M
Battery Maintenance
... Cranking batteries are not appropriate for extended use since disharging the battery deeply can rapidly destroy the thin plates. ...
Challenges in Future Li-Battery Research. Phil Trans. RoyalBatteries: Overview of Battery Cathodes Marca M. Doeffduring cell discharge. Battery-a device consisting of one or
Battery conditioning system having communication with battery parameter memory means in conjunction with battery conditioning
In an exemplary embodiment, a battery conditioning system monitors battery conditioning and includes a memory for storing data based thereon; for example, data may be stored representative of available battery capacity as measured during a deep discharge cycle. With a microprocessor monitoring battery operation of a portable unit, a measure of remaining battery capacity can be calculated and displayed. Where the microprocessor and battery conditioning system memory are permanently secured to the battery so as to receive operating power therefrom during storage and handling, the performance of a given battery in actual use can be accurately judged since the battery system can itself maintain a count of accumulated hours of use and other relevant parameters. In the case of a non-portable conditioning system, two-way communication may be established with a memory associated with the portable unit so that the portable unit can transmit to the conditioning system information concerning battery parameters (e.g. rated battery capacity) and/or battery usage (e.g. numbers of shallow discharge and recharge cycles), and after a conditioning operation, the conditioning system can transmit to the portable unit a measured value of battery capacity, for example. 27 figs.
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Flow Battery Membrane - David Ofer, Tiax
Flow Battery Membrane Flow Battery Membrane Energy Storage Systems Program (ESS) Peer Review and Update Meeting 2012 Jack Treger email@example.com Washington DC, September 27, 2012 Flow Battery Membrane Background and Purpose 1 Vanadium redox batteries (VRB) for energy storage require improved ion- selective membranes. * Vanadium permeation across current membranes leads to self-discharge and decreases cycling efficiency: - Negative half cell: V 2+ V 3+ + e - E o = -0.255V - Positive half cell: e - + VO 2 + + 2H + VO 2+ + H 2 O E o = 1.00V . * Current perfluorosulfonic acid polymer membranes are costly. * TIAX is developing a novel composite bipolar membrane: - Composite anionic membrane minimizes content of costly perfluorosulfonic acid polymer - Made bipolar by a cationic surface layer to improve selectivity for
Effect of electrode density on cycle performance and irreversible capacity loss for natural graphite anode in lithium ion batteries
The effect of electrode thickness and density for unpressed and pressed natural graphite electrodes were studied using electrochemical characterization. Pressing the graphite electrode decreases the reversible capacity and the irreversible capacity loss during formation. As electrode density increased, the capacity retention at high rate increased until 0.9g/cm{sup 3}, and then decreased. The cycle performances of the pressed graphite electrodes were more stable than the unpressed one. Pressing graphite electrode affected on its electrochemical characterization such as irreversible capacity loss, high rate cycling and cycle performance.
Shim, Joongpyo; Striebel, Kathryn A.
Development and Testing of an UltraBattery-Equipped Honda Civic Hybrid
The UltraBattery Retrofit Project DP1.8 and Carbon Enriched Project C3, performed by ECOtality North America (ECOtality) and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Advanced Lead Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC), are established to demonstrate the suitability of advanced lead battery technology in hybrid electrical vehicles (HEVs). A profile, termed the ōSimulated Honda Civic HEV Profileö (SHCHEVP) has been developed in Project DP1.8 in order to provide reproducible laboratory evaluations of different battery types under real-world HEV conditions. The cycle is based on the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule and Highway Fuel Economy Test cycles and simulates operation of a battery pack in a Honda Civic HEV. One pass through the SHCHEVP takes 2,140 seconds and simulates 17.7 miles of driving. A complete nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery pack was removed from a Honda Civic HEV and operated under SHCHEVP to validate the profile. The voltage behavior and energy balance of the battery during this operation was virtually the same as that displayed by the battery when in the Honda Civic operating on the dynamometer under the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule and Highway Fuel Economy Test cycles, thus confirming the efficacy of the simulated profile. An important objective of the project has been to benchmark the performance of the UltraBatteries manufactured by both Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd., Japan (Furakawa) and East Penn Manufacturing Co., Inc. (East Penn). Accordingly, UltraBattery packs from both Furakawa and East Penn have been characterized under a range of conditions. Resistance measurements and capacity tests at various rates show that both battery types are very similar in performance. Both technologies, as well as a standard lead-acid module (included for baseline data), were evaluated under a simple HEV screening test. Both Furakawa and East Penn UltraBattery packs operated for over 32,000 HEV cycles, with minimal loss in performance; whereas the standard lead-acid unit experienced significant degradation after only 6,273 cycles. The high-carbon, ALABC battery manufactured in Project C3 also was tested under the advanced HEV schedule. Its performance was significantly better than the standard lead-acid unit, but was still inferior compared with the UltraBattery. The batteries supplied by Exide as part of the C3 Project performed well under the HEV screening test, especially at high temperatures. The results suggest that higher operating temperatures may improve the performance of lead-acid-based technologies operated under HEV conditionsŚit is recommended that life studies be conducted on these technologies under such conditions.
Sally (Xiaolei) Sun; Tyler Gray; Pattie Hovorka; Jeffrey Wishart; Donald Karner; James Francfort
BLE: Battery Life Estimator | Argonne National Laboratory
Life Estimator (BLE) software is a state-of-the-art tool kit for fitting battery aging data and for battery life estimation. It was designed to make life-cycle estimates...
Advanced Intermediate-Temperature Na-S Battery
In this study, we reported an intermediate-temperature (~150░C) sodium-sulfur (Na-S) battery. With a reduced operating temperature, this novel battery can potentially reduce the cost and safety issues associated with the conventional high-temperature (300~350░C) Na-S battery. A dense ?"-Al2O3 solid membrane and tetraglyme were utilized as the electrolyte separator and catholyte solvent in this battery. Solubility tests indicated that cathode mixture of Na2S4 and S exhibited extremely high solubility in tetraglyme (e.g., > 4.1 M for Na2S4 + 4 S). CV scans of Na2S4 in tetraglyme revealed two pairs of redox couples with peaks at around 2.22 and 1.75 V, corresponding to the redox reactions of polysulfide species. The discharge/charge profiles of the Na-S battery showed a slope region and a plateau, indicating multiple steps and cell reactions. In-situ Raman measurements during battery operation suggested that polysulfide species were formed in the sequence of Na2S5 + S ? Na2S5 + Na2S4? Na2S4 + Na2S2 during discharge and in a reverse order during charge. This battery showed dramatic improvement in rate capacity and cycling stability over room-temperature Na-S batteries, which makes it attractive for renewable energy integration and other grid related applications.
Lu, Xiaochuan; Kirby, Brent W.; Xu, Wu; Li, Guosheng; Kim, Jin Yong; Lemmon, John P.; Sprenkle, Vincent L.; Yang, Zhenguo (Gary)
Resource utilization efficiency improvement of geothermal binary cycles, Phase II. Final report, June 15, 1976--December 31, 1977
During Phase II of this research program, the following elements of research have been performed: (1) improvement in the conventional geothermal binary cycle simulation computer program, (2) development of a direct contact brine heat exchanger algorithm for the cycle simulation program, (3) development of a preheater algorithm for the cycle simulation program, (4) modification of the basic simulation program to incorporate the staged flash binary cycle, (5) development of a parameter optimization algorithm to aid cycle evaluation studies, (6) sensitivity analysis of cost factors, (7) comparison of pure hydrocarbon and binary mixture cycles.
Starling, K.E.; West, H.; Iqbal, K.Z.; Hsu, C.C.; Malik, Z.I.; Fish, L.W.; Lee, C.O.
An Analytical Model for Predicting the Remaining Battery Capacity of Lithium-Ion Batteries
An Analytical Model for Predicting the Remaining Battery Capacity of Lithium-Ion Batteries Peng cycle-life tends to shrink significantly. The capacities of commercial lithium-ion batteries fade by 10 prediction model to estimate the remaining capacity of a Lithium-Ion battery. The proposed analytical model
Pedram, Massoud
Uranium resource utilization improvements in the once-through PWR fuel cycle
In support of the Nonproliferation Alternative Systems Assessment Program (NASAP), Combustion Engineering, Inc. performed a comprehensive analytical study of potential uranium utilization improvement options that can be backfit into existing PWRs operating on the once-through uranium fuel cycle. A large number of potential improvement options were examined as part of a preliminary survey of candidate options. The most attractive of these, from the standpoint of uranium utilization improvement, economic viability, and ease of implementation, were then selected for detailed analysis and were included in a single composite improvement case. This composite case represents an estimate of the total savings in U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ consumption that can be achieved in current-design PWRs by implementing improvements which can be developed and demonstrated in the near term. The improvement options which were evaluated in detail and included in the composite case were a new five-batch, extended-burnup fuel management scheme, low-leakage fuel management, modified lattice designs, axial blankets, reinsertion of initial core batches, and end-of-cycle stretchout.
Matzie, R A [ed.
Battery system
A battery module includes a plurality of battery cells and a system configured for passing a fluid past at least a portion of the plurality of battery cells in a parallel manner.
Dougherty, Thomas J; Wood, Steven J; Trester, Dale B; Andrew, Michael G
Development of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle: Improving PBR Efficiency and Testing
Generation IV reactors will need to be intrinsically safe, having a proliferation-resistant fuel cycle and several advantages relative to existing light water reactor (LWR). They, however, must still overcome certain technical issues and the cost barrier before it can be built in the U.S. The establishment of a nuclear power cost goal of 3.3 cents/kWh is desirable in order to compete with fossil combined-cycle, gas turbine power generation. This goal requires approximately a 30 percent reduction in power cost for stateof-the-art nuclear plants. It has been demonstrated that this large cost differential can be overcome only by technology improvements that lead to a combination of better efficiency and more compatible reactor materials. The objectives of this research are (1) to develop a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle in the secondary power conversion side that can be applied to the Very-High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (VHTR), (2) to improve the plant net efficiency by using the carbon dioxide Brayton cycle, and (3) to test material compatibility at high temperatures and pressures. The reduced volumetric flow rate of carbon dioxide due to higher density compared to helium will reduce compression work, which
Chang H. Oh; Thomas Lillo; William Windes; Terry Totemeier; Bradley Ward; Richard Moore; Robert Barner; Chang H. Oh; Thomas Lillo; William Windes; Terry Totemeier; Bradley Ward; Richard Moore; Robert Barner
Batteries | Department of Energy
Batteries Batteries Batteries A small New York City startup is hoping it has the next big solution in energy storage. A video documents what the company's breakthrough means for the future of grid-scale energy storage. Learn more. First invented by Thomas Edison, batteries have changed a lot in the past century, but there is still work to do. Improving this type of energy storage technology will have dramatic impacts on the way Americans travel and the ability to incorporate renewable energy into the nation's electric grid. On the transportation side, the Energy Department is working to reduce the costs and weight of electric vehicle batteries while increasing their energy storage and lifespan. The Department is also supports research, development and deployment of battery technologies that would allow the
PNGV battery test manual
This manual defines a series of tests to characterize aspects of the performance or life cycle behavior of batteries for hybrid electric vehicle applications. Tests are defined based on the Partnership for New Generation Vehicles (PNGV) program goals, although it is anticipated these tests may be generally useful for testing energy storage devices for hybrid electric vehicles. Separate test regimes are defined for laboratory cells, battery modules or full size cells, and complete battery systems. Some tests are common to all three test regimes, while others are not normally applicable to some regimes. The test regimes are treated separately because their corresponding development goals are somewhat different.
Ionic Liquid-Enhanced Solid State Electrolyte Interface (SEI) for Lithium Sulfur Batteries
Li-S battery is a complicated system with many challenges existing before its final market penetration. While most of the reported work for Li-S batteries is focused on the cathode design, we demonstrate in this work that the anode consumption accelerated by corrosive polysulfide solution also critically determines the Li-S cell performance. To validate this hypothesis, ionic liquid (IL) N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Py14TFSI) has been employed to modify the properties of SEI layer formed on Li metal surface in Li-S batteries. It is found that the IL-enhanced passivation film on the lithium anode surface exhibits much different morphology and chemical compositions, effectively protecting lithium metal from continuous attack by soluble polysulfides. Therefore, both cell impedance and the irreversible consumption of polysulfides on lithium metal are reduced. As a result, the Coulombic efficiency and the cycling stability of Li-S batteries have been greatly improved. After 120 cycles, Li-S battery cycled in the electrolyte containing IL demonstrates a high capacity retention of 94.3% at 0.1 C rate. These results unveil another important failure mechanism for Li-S batteries and shin the light on the new approaches to improve Li-S battery performances.
Zheng, Jianming; Gu, Meng; Chen, Honghao; Meduri, Praveen; Engelhard, Mark H.; Zhang, Jiguang; Liu, Jun; Xiao, Jie
Battery paste compositions and electrochemical cells for use therewith
An improved battery paste composition and a lead-acid electrochemical cell which incorporates the composition are disclosed. The cell includes a positive current collector and a negative current collector which are each coated with a paste containing one or more lead-containing compositions and a paste vehicle to form a positive plate and a negative plate. An absorbent electrolyte-containing separator member may also be positioned between the positive and negative plates. The paste on the positive current collector, the negative current collector, or both further includes a special additive consisting of polyvinyl sulfonic acid or salts thereof which provides many benefits including improved battery cycle life, increased charge capacity, and enhanced overall stability. The additive also makes the pastes smoother and more adhesive, thereby improving the paste application process. The paste compositions of interest may be used in conventional flat-plate cells or in spirally wound batteries with equal effectiveness. 2 figs.
Olson, J.B.
An improved battery paste composition and a lead-acid electrochemical cell which incorporates the composition. The cell includes a positive current collector and a negative current collector which are each coated with a paste containing one or more lead-containing compositions and a paste vehicle to form a positive plate and a negative plate. An absorbent electrolyte-containing separator member may also be positioned between the positive and negative plates. The paste on the positive current collector, the negative current collector, or both further includes a special additive consisting of polyvinylsulfonic acid or salts thereof which provides many benefits including improved battery cycle life, increased charge capacity, and enhanced overall stability. The additive also makes the pastes smoother and more adhesive, thereby improving the paste application process. The paste compositions of interest may be used in conventional flat-plate cells or in spirally wound batteries with equal effectiveness.
Olson, John B. (Boulder, CO)
Material and energy flows in the materials production, assembly, and end-of-life stages of the automotive lithium-ion battery life cycle
This document contains material and energy flows for lithium-ion batteries with an active cathode material of lithium manganese oxide (LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}). These data are incorporated into Argonne National Laboratory's Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model, replacing previous data for lithium-ion batteries that are based on a nickel/cobalt/manganese (Ni/Co/Mn) cathode chemistry. To identify and determine the mass of lithium-ion battery components, we modeled batteries with LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} as the cathode material using Argonne's Battery Performance and Cost (BatPaC) model for hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and electric vehicles. As input for GREET, we developed new or updated data for the cathode material and the following materials that are included in its supply chain: soda ash, lime, petroleum-derived ethanol, lithium brine, and lithium carbonate. Also as input to GREET, we calculated new emission factors for equipment (kilns, dryers, and calciners) that were not previously included in the model and developed new material and energy flows for the battery electrolyte, binder, and binder solvent. Finally, we revised the data included in GREET for graphite (the anode active material), battery electronics, and battery assembly. For the first time, we incorporated energy and material flows for battery recycling into GREET, considering four battery recycling processes: pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, intermediate physical, and direct physical. Opportunities for future research include considering alternative battery chemistries and battery packaging. As battery assembly and recycling technologies develop, staying up to date with them will be critical to understanding the energy, materials, and emissions burdens associated with batteries.
Dunn, J.B.; Gaines, L.; Barnes, M.; Wang, M.; Sullivan, J. (Energy Systems)
Accelerating Battery Design Using Computer-Aided Engineering Tools: Preprint
Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is a proven pathway, especially in the automotive industry, to improve performance by resolving the relevant physics in complex systems, shortening the product development design cycle, thus reducing cost, and providing an efficient way to evaluate parameters for robust designs. Academic models include the relevant physics details, but neglect engineering complexities. Industry models include the relevant macroscopic geometry and system conditions, but simplify the fundamental physics too much. Most of the CAE battery tools for in-house use are custom model codes and require expert users. There is a need to make these battery modeling and design tools more accessible to end users such as battery developers, pack integrators, and vehicle makers. Developing integrated and physics-based CAE battery tools can reduce the design, build, test, break, re-design, re-build, and re-test cycle and help lower costs. NREL has been involved in developing various models to predict the thermal and electrochemical performance of large-format cells and has used in commercial three-dimensional finite-element analysis and computational fluid dynamics to study battery pack thermal issues. These NREL cell and pack design tools can be integrated to help support the automotive industry and to accelerate battery design.
Pesaran, A.; Heon, G. H.; Smith, K.
Charging system for nickel-zing batteries
A source of constant current or constant power supplies charging current to a nickel-zinc battery to produce a generally S-shaped battery voltage waveform. To improve battery life, charging is terminated at the inflection point where the slope of the battery voltage changes from increasing to decreasing.
Jones, R. A.; Reoch, W. D.
A battery charging system for charging a battery from an ac source, including control rectifier means for rectifying the charging current, a pulse generator for triggering the rectifier to control the transmission of current to the battery, phase control means for timing the firing of the pulse generator according to the charge on the battery, and various control means for alternatively controlling the phase control means depending upon the charge on the battery; wherein current limiting means are provided for limiting the charging current according to the charge on the battery to protect the system from excessive current in the event a weak battery is being charged, a feedback circuit is provided for maintaining the charge on a battery to compensate for battery leakage, and circuitry is provided for equalizing the voltage between the respective cells of the battery.
Kisiel, E.
This patent describes a battery system for use with a battery powered device. It comprises a battery pack, the battery pack including; battery cells; positive and negative terminals serially coupled to the battery cells, the positive terminal being adapted to deliver output current to a load and receive input current in the direction of charging current; circuit means coupled to the positive and negative terminals and producing at an analog output terminal an analog output signal related to the state of charge of the battery cells; and display means separate from the battery pack and the battery powered device and electrically coupled to the analog output terminal for producing a display indicating the state of charge of the battery cells in accordance with the analog output signal.
Sokira, T.J.
Battery disconnect sensing circuit for battery charging systems
This patent describes a battery disconnect sensing circuit for battery charging systems which have a pair of cables adapted to be connected to a battery to charge it. The sensing circuit contains a first R-C circuit adapted to connect across the cables and a second R-C circuit adapted to connect across the cables. The time constant of the first R-C circuit is substantially greater than that of the second R-C circuit. Also means connected to the RC circuits produced a momentary control signal in response to disconnection of the cables from a battery being charged. Included in a battery charging system is a source of charging current whose voltage output is controlled at a predetermined value when connected to a battery. It increases to a higher value when disconnected from the battery. Controller means connected with the source activate the battery charging system automatically in response to electrical connection of the battery. The improvement consists of: means for momentarily effecting reversal of the higher voltage value, and battery disconnect sensing means connected the charging source and to the controller means for sensing the reversed higher voltage upon disconnection of the battery charger system from the battery and for responding by automatically deactivating the battery charging system.
Dattilo, D.P.
Life-cycle cost comparisons of advanced storage batteries and fuel cells for utility, stand-alone, and electric vehicle applications
This report presents a comparison of battery and fuel cell economics for ten different technologies. To develop an equitable economic comparison, the technologies were evaluated on a life-cycle cost (LCC) basis. The LCC comparison involved normalizing source estimates to a standard set of assumptions and preparing a lifetime cost scenario for each technology, including the initial capital cost, replacement costs, operating and maintenance (O M) costs, auxiliary energy costs, costs due to system inefficiencies, the cost of energy stored, and salvage costs or credits. By considering all the costs associated with each technology over its respective lifetime, the technology that is most economical to operate over any given period of time can be determined. An analysis of this type indicates whether paying a high initial capital cost for a technology with low O M costs is more or less economical on a lifetime basis than purchasing a technology with a low initial capital cost and high O M costs. It is important to realize that while minimizing cost is important, the customer will not always purchase the least expensive technology. The customer may identify benefits associated with a more expensive option that make it the more attractive over all (e.g., reduced construction lead times, modularity, environmental benefits, spinning reserve, etc.). The LCC estimates presented in this report represent three end-use applications: utility load-leveling, stand-alone power systems, and electric vehicles.
A Desalination Battery Mauro Pasta,
A Desalination Battery Mauro Pasta, Colin D. Wessells, Yi Cui,,┬¦ and Fabio La Mantia, although its high energy consumption, and thus high cost, call for new, efficient technology. Here, we demonstrate the novel concept of a "desalination battery", which operates by performing cycles in reverse
Cui, Yi
Improved efficiency in the sulfur dioxide-iodine hydrogen cycle through the use of magnesium oxide
The reaction of iodine with dry magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfite hexahydrate was studied experimentally as a possible means of improving the efficiency of the sulfur dioxide-iodine cycle. When no extra water was introduced, the maximum product yield was 67% obtained at 423 K. With excess water vapor, a nonporous plug was formed which prevented complete reaction. In the second case, maximum yield was 62% measured at 433 K showing that added water does not increase reaction products. This reaction gives an alternate route for producing hydrogen from water via the sulfur dioxide-iodine process.
Mason, C.F.V.; Bowman, M.G.
High power bipolar battery/cells with enhanced overcharge tolerance
A cell or battery of cells having improved overcharge tolerance and increased power capability, and methods for the construction of such cells or batteries, via electrolyte modification.
Kaun, Thomas D. (New Lenox, IL)
Phase controlled rectifier circuit for rapidly charging batteries
An improved battery charger circuit for rapidly charging a battery by increasing the rate of battery charge acceptance through periodic battery discharge during the charging process includes a pair of first and second controlled rectifier circuits coupled to an ac source and adapted for coupling to a battery. The first controlled rectifier circuit is rendered conductive during the charging intervals to supply the battery with charge current from the ac source. The second controlled rectifier circuit is rendered conductive during battery discharge intervals to discharge the battery in a substantially lossless manner by conducting battery discharge current through the ac source, thus realizing a highly efficient battery charger.
Steigerwald, R. L.
Economic and Environmental Trade-Offs for Li-Based Battery ...
Symposium, Battery Recycling. Presentation Title ... Impacts of the Manufacturing and Recycling Stages on Battery Life Cycles Ę Recycling Yearly Up to 7,000Ā...
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Unique Li-ion Batteries for Utility Applications - Daiwon Choi, PNNL
Unique Li-ion Batteries for Utility Unique Li-ion Batteries for Utility Applications Daiwon Choi, Vilayanur V. Viswanathan, Wei Wang, Vincent L. Sprenkle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Blvd., P. O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA DOE Energy Storage Program Review, Washington, DC Sept. 26-28, 2012 Acknowledgment: Dr. Imre Gyuk - Energy Storage Program Manager, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability 'ü▒ Investigate the Li-ion battery for stationary energy storage unit in ~kWh level. 'ü▒ Fabrication and optimization of LiFePO 4 / Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 18650 cell. 'ü▒ Li-ion battery energy storage with effective thermal management. 'ü▒ Improve rate and cycle life of Li-ion battery. 'ü▒ Screen possible new cathode/anode electrode materials and its combinations
Optimal management of batteries in electric systems
An electric system including at least a pair of battery strings and an AC source minimizes the use and maximizes the efficiency of the AC source by using the AC source only to charge all battery strings at the same time. Then one or more battery strings is used to power the load while management, such as application of a finish charge, is provided to one battery string. After another charge cycle, the roles of the battery strings are reversed so that each battery string receives regular management.
Atcitty, Stanley (Albuquerque, NM); Butler, Paul C. (Albuquerque, NM); Corey, Garth P. (Albuquerque, NM); Symons, Philip C. (Morgan Hill, CA)
Battery Only:
Battery Only: Acceleration 0-60 MPH Time: 57.8 seconds Acceleration 14 Mile Time: 27.7 seconds Acceleration 1 Mile Maximum Speed: 62.2 MPH Battery & Generator: Acceleration 0-60...
Batteries - Modeling
Battery Modeling Over the last few decades, a broad range of battery technologies have been examined at Argonne for transportation applications. Today the focus is on lithium-ion...
Battery Recycling
Jul 31, 2011 ... About this Symposium. Meeting, 2012 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition. Symposium, Battery Recycling. Sponsorship, The Minerals, MetalsĀ...
Sodium sulfur battery seal
This disclosure is directed to an improvement in a sodium sulfur battery construction in which a seal between various battery compartments is made by a structure in which a soft metal seal member is held in a sealing position by holding structure. A pressure applying structure is used to apply pressure on the soft metal seal member when it is being held in sealing relationship to a surface of a container member of the sodium sulfur battery by the holding structure. The improvement comprises including a thin, well-adhered, soft metal layer on the surface of the container member of the sodium sulfur battery to which the soft metal seal member is to be bonded.
Mikkor, Mati (Ann Arbor, MI)
lithium ion battery can be built, using LiVPO 4 F as both the anode and the cathode!ion battery configurations, as all of the cycleable lithium must originate from the cathode.
Resource utilization efficiency improvement of geothermal binary cycles, phase I. Semiannual progress report, June 15, 1975--December 15, 1975
A summary of the research carried out prior to the start and during the first half of this project is presented. A description of the geothermal binary cycle and procedures for cycle thermodynamic analysis focusing on the question of resource utilization are discussed. General and specific criteria for preliminary selection of working fluids and operating conditions for binary cycles are considered in terms of equipment and working fluid costs and in terms of resource utilization efficiency. Steps are given for preliminary binary cycle design computations. Preliminary evaluations of alternative pure working fluid, ideal thermodynamic cycles are illustrated. The development of the working fluid mixture thermodynamic cycle, GEO 1, using the improved versions of previously developed thermodynamic properties routines was the first of several significant accomplishments during the first half of this project. Documentation of the thermodynamic properties program which can calculate densities, enthalpies, entropies, heat capacities, K-values for vapor and liquid mixtures (limited presently to hydrocarbons), flashes, dew and bubble points, isentropic and isenthalpic state changes, has been completed. Preliminary calculations using GEO 1 have indicated that mixture cycles yield greater net power output than either pure propane, isobutane, or isopentane cycles when equal heat exchanger log mean temperature differences are considered and also when optimized ideal cycles are compared. Steps to upgrade GEO 1 with equipment sizing and economics routines to produce GEO 2 and GEO 3 simulators were begun.
Starling, K.E.; Fish, L.W.; Iqbal, K.Z.; Yieh, D.
ALSTOM Power Inc.'s Power Plant Laboratories (ALSTOM) has teamed with the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE NETL), American Electric Company (AEP) and Parsons Energy and Chemical Group to conduct a comprehensive study evaluating coal fired steam power plants, known as Rankine Cycles, equipped with three different combustion systems: Pulverized Coal (PC), Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB), and Circulating Moving Bed (CMB{trademark}). Five steam cycles utilizing a wide range of steam conditions were used with these combustion systems. The motivation for this study was to establish through engineering analysis, the most cost-effective performance potential available through improvement in the Rankine Cycle steam conditions and combustion systems while at the same time ensuring that the most stringent emission performance based on CURC (Coal Utilization Research Council) 2010 targets are met: > 98% sulfur removal; < 0.05 lbm/MM-Btu NO{sub x}; < 0.01 lbm/MM-Btu Particulate Matter; and > 90% Hg removal. The final report discusses the results of a coal fired steam power plant project, which is comprised of two parts. The main part of the study is the analysis of ten (10) Greenfield steam power plants employing three different coal combustion technologies: Pulverized Coal (PC), Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB), and Circulating Moving Bed (CMB{trademark}) integrated with five different steam cycles. The study explores the technical feasibility, thermal performance, environmental performance, and economic viability of ten power plants that could be deployed currently, in the near, intermediate, and long-term time frame. For the five steam cycles, main steam temperatures vary from 1,000 F to 1,292 F and pressures from 2,400 psi to 5,075 psi. Reheat steam temperatures vary from 1,000 F to 1,328 F. The number of feedwater heaters varies from 7 to 9 and the associated feedwater temperature varies from 500 F to 626 F. The main part of the study therefore determines the steam cycle parameters and combustion technology that would yield the lowest cost of electricity (COE) for the next generation of coal-fired steam power plants. The second part of the study (Repowering) explores the means of upgrading the efficiency and output of an older existing coal fired steam power plant. There are currently more than 1,400 coal-fired units in operation in the United States generating about 54 percent of the electricity consumed. Many of these are modern units are clean and efficient. Additionally, there are many older units in excellent condition and still in service that could benefit from this repowering technology. The study evaluates the technical feasibility, thermal performance, and economic viability of this repowering concept.
Richard E. Waryasz; Gregory N. Liljedahl
High Energy Density Na-S/NiCl2 Hybrid Battery
High temperature (250-350░C) sodium-beta alumina batteries (NBBs) are attractive energy storage devices for renewable energy integration and other grid related applications. Currently, two technologies are commercially available in NBBs, e.g., sodium-sulfur (Na-S) battery and sodium-metal halide (ZEBRA) batteries. In this study, we investigated the combination of these two chemistries with a mixed cathode. In particular, the cathode of the cell consisted of molten NaAlCl4 as a catholyte and a mixture of Ni, NaCl and Na2S as active materials. During cycling, two reversible plateaus were observed in cell voltage profiles, which matched electrochemical reactions for Na-S and Na-NiCl2 redox couples. An irreversible reaction between sulfur species and Ni was identified during initial charge at 280░C, which caused a decrease in cell capacity. The final products on discharge included Na2Sn with 1< n < 3, which differed from Na2S3 found in traditional Na-S battery. Reduction of sulfur in the mixed cathode led to an increase in overall energy density over ZEBRA batteries. Despite of the initial drop in cell capacity, the mixed cathode demonstrated relatively stable cycling with more than 95% of capacity retained over 60 cycles under 10mA/cm2. Optimization of the cathode may lead to further improvements in battery performance.
Lu, Xiaochuan; Lemmon, John P.; Kim, Jin Yong; Sprenkle, Vincent L.; Yang, Zhenguo (Gary) [Gary
Nickel-iron battery system safety. Final report
Eagle-Picher Industries conducted a literature search and experimental tests to characterize the generated flow rates of gaseous hydrogen (GH/sub 2/) and gaseous oxygen (GO/sub 2/) from an electrical vehicle (EV) nickel-iron battery system. The resulting gassing rates were used to experimentally evaluate the flame quenching capabilities of several candidate devices to prevent the propagation of flame within batteries having central watering/venting systems. The battery generated hydrogen (GH/sub 2/) and oxygen (GO/sub 2/) gasses were measured for a complete charge and discharge cycle. The data correlates well with accepted theory during strong overcharge conditions indicating that the measurements are valid for other portions of the cycle. Tests have confirmed that the gas mixture in the cells is always flammable regardless of the battery status. Research of flame arrestor literature yielded little information regarding their operation with hydrogen-oxygen mixtures. It was indicated that a conventional flame arrestor would not be effective over the broad spectrum of gassing conditions presented by a nickel-iron battery. Four different types of protective devices were evaluated. A foam-metal arrestor design was successful in quenching GH/sub 2/-GO/sub 2/ flames, however; the application of this flame arrestor to individual cell or module protection in a battery is problematic. A possible rearrangement of the watering/venting system to accept the partial protection of simple one-way valves is presented. This in combination with the successful foam-metal arrestor as main vent protection, could result in a significant improvement in battery protection. This concept was not tested.
Saltat, R.
Long life lithium batteries with stabilized electrodes
The present invention relates to non-aqueous electrolytes having electrode stabilizing additives, stabilized electrodes, and electrochemical devices containing the same. Thus the present invention provides electrolytes containing an alkali metal salt, a polar aprotic solvent, and an electrode stabilizing additive. In some embodiments the additives include a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or spirocyclic hydrocarbon containing at least one oxygen atom and at least one alkenyl or alkynyl group. When used in electrochemical devices with, e.g., lithium manganese oxide spinel electrodes or olivine or carbon-coated olivine electrodes, the new electrolytes provide batteries with improved calendar and cycle life.
Amine, Khalil (Downers Grove, IL); Liu, Jun (Naperville, IL); Vissers, Donald R. (Naperville, IL); Lu, Wenquan (Darien, IL)
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Carbon Enhanced VRLA Batteries - David...
Enhanced VRLA Batteries Pb-Acid batteries are inexpensive, but have a poor cycle life when subjected to high-rate, partial state of charge (HRPSoC) operating conditions. ...
Materials Challenges and Opportunities of Lithium Ion Battery ...
... Lithium ion batteries have revolutionized the portable electronics market, ... Cost, safety, and energy and power densities are some of the major issues in ... Analysis of Cycling Induced Fatigue in Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries.
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Secondary Use of Vehicle Batteries in...
20585 Secondary Use of Vehicle Batteries in Power Systems December 2008 Secondary Use of Vehicle Batteries in Power Systems Objective Life-cycle Funding Summary FY12 FY13 300k ?k...
Advanced Organic Vapor Cycles for Improving Thermal Conversion Efficiency in Renewable Energy Systems
c,e Low-Intermediate Gas turbine exhaust, boiler exhaust,cycles for micro-gas turbines," Applied Thermal Engineering,Tiba, "Optimization of gas-turbine combined cycles for solar
Ho, Tony
Prediction of Retained Capacity and EODV of Li-ion Batteries in LEO Spacecraft Batteries
In resent years ANN is widely reported for modeling in different areas of science including electro chemistry. This includes modeling of different technological batteries such as lead acid battery, Nickel cadmium batteries etc. Lithium ion batteries are advance battery technology which satisfy most of the space mission requirements. Low earth orbit (LEO)space craft batteries undergo large number of charge discharge cycles (about 25000 cycles)compared to other ground level or space applications. This study is indented to develop ANN model for about 25000 cycles, cycled under various temperature, Depth Of Discharge (DOD) settings with constant charge voltage limit to predict the retained capacity and End of Discharge Voltage (EODV). To extract firm conclusion and distinguish the capability of ANN method, the predicted values are compared with experimental result by statistical method and Bland Altman plot.
Ramakrishnan, S; Jeyakumar, A Ebenezer
Advanced Battery Testing for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
The Sprinter van is a Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (PHEV) developed by EPRI and Daimler for use in delivering cargo, carrying passengers, or fulfilling a variety of specialty applications. This report provides details of testing conducted on two different types of batteries used in these vehicles: VARTA nickel-metal hydride batteries and SAFT lithium ion batteries. Testing focused on long-term battery durability, using a test profile developed to simulate the battery duty cycle of a PHEV Sprinter
Automotive batteries. (Bibliography from the Global Mobility database). Published Search
The bibliography contains citations concerning the design, manufacture, and marketing of automotive batteries. Included are nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, sodium sulfur, zinc-air, lead-acid, and polymer batteries. Testing includes life-cycling, performance and peak-power characteristics, and vehicle testing of near-term batteries. Also mentioned are measurement equipment, European batteries, and electric vehicle battery development. (Contains a minimum of 76 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)
The bibliography contains citations concerning the design, manufacture, and marketing of automotive batteries. Included are nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, sodium sulfur, zinc-air, lead-acid, and polymer batteries. Testing includes life-cycling, performance and peak-power characteristics, and vehicle testing of near-term batteries. Also mentioned are measurement equipment, European batteries, and electric vehicle battery development.(Contains 50-250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.) (Copyright NERAC, Inc. 1995)
The bibliography contains citations concerning the design, manufacture, and marketing of automotive batteries. Included are nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, sodium sulfur, zinc-air, lead-acid, and polymer batteries. Testing includes life-cycling, performance and peak-power characteristics, and vehicle testing of near-term batteries. Also mentioned are measurement equipment, European batteries, and electric vehicle battery development. (Contains a minimum of 71 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)
Mar 6, 2013 ... By the mid-1990's due to manufacturers changing the composition of ... for electric drive vehicles is dependent battery performance, cost, andĀ...
Advanced batteries for electric vehicle applications
A technology assessment is given for electric batteries with potential for use in electric powered vehicles. Parameters considered include: specific energy, specific power, energy density, power density, cycle life, service life, recharge time, and selling price. Near term batteries include: nickel/cadmium and lead-acid batteries. Mid term batteries include: sodium/sulfur, sodium/nickel chloride, nickel/metal hydride, zinc/air, zinc/bromine, and nickel/iron systems. Long term batteries include: lithium/iron disulfide and lithium- polymer systems. Performance and life testing data for these systems are discussed. (GHH)
Henriksen, G.L.
Battery technology handbook
This book is a comprehensive reference work on the types of battery available, their characteristics and applications. Topics considered include introduction, guidelines to battery selection, battery characteristics, battery theory and design, battery performance evaluation, battery applications, battery charging, and battery supplies.
Crompton, T.R.
9. annual battery conference on advances and applications
The developments in batteries reported at the 9th Annual Battery Conference on Advances and Applications, are discussed. It was sponsored by the Electrical Engineering Department of California State University, Long Beach, CA, with IEEE-AESS cooperation. Previous well-funded battery research had been directed toward getting low weight in spacecraft batteries, which had to be boosted into orbit with expensive rockets. Ni-H{sub 2} batteries, even though costly, won the race. Their demonstrated life, like 30,000 charge-discharge cycles, gives an earth-orbiting satellite decades of usable life. Other types of batteries discussed are: aircraft batteries; electric vehicle batteries; Ni-Cd cells; Zn-Br batteries; industrial Pb-acid batteries; rechargeability; computer controlled charging; and small rechargeable and primary batteries.
Oman, H.
Feasibility Studies to Improve Plant Availability and Reduce Total Installed Cost in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plants
Feasibility Studies to Improve Plant Feasibility Studies to Improve Plant Availability and Reduce Total Installed Cost in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plants Background Gasification provides the means to turn coal and other carbonaceous solid, liquid and gaseous feedstocks as diverse as refinery residues, biomass, and black liquor into synthesis gas and valuable byproducts that can be used to produce low-emissions power, clean-burning fuels and a wide range of commercial products to support
Operating strategy for a hydrogen engine for improved drive-cycle efficiency and emissions behavior.
Due to their advanced state of development and almost immediate availability, hydrogen internal combustion engines could act as a bridging technology toward a wide-spread hydrogen infrastructure. Extensive research, development and steady-state testing of hydrogen internal combustion engines has been conducted to improve efficiency, emissions behavior and performance. This paper summarizes the steady-state test results of the supercharged hydrogen-powered four-cylinder engine operated on an engine dynamometer. Based on these results a shift strategy for optimized fuel economy is established and engine control strategies for various levels of hybridization are being discussed. The strategies are evaluated on the Urban drive cycle, differences in engine behavior are investigated and the estimated fuel economy and NO{sub x} emissions are calculated. Future work will include dynamic testing of these strategies and powertrain configurations as well as individual powertrain components on a vehicle platform, called Mobile Advanced Technology Testbed (MATT), that was developed and built at Argonne National Laboratory.
Wallner, T.; Lohse-Busch, H.; Shidore, N.; Energy Systems
Improved visual detection of moving objects in astronomical images using color intensity projections with hue cycling
While fully automated methods for detecting faint moving objects in astronomical images - such as Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) - are constantly improving, visual detection still has a role to play especially when the fixed background is cluttered with stars. Color intensity projections (CIPs) using hue cycling - which combines a sequence of greyscale images into a single color image - aids in the visual detection of moving objects by highlighting them using color in an intuitive way. To demonstrate the usefulness of CIPs in detecting faint moving objects a sequence of 16 images from the SuprimeCam camera of the Subaru telescope were combined into a CIPs image. As well has making even faint moving objects easier to visually detect against a cluttered background, CCD artefacts were also more easily recognisable. The new Hyper SuprimeCam for the Subaru telescope - which will allow many short exposure images to be acquired with little dead time between images - should provide ideal data for use with the CIPs algori...
Cover, Keith S
Electrothermal Analysis of Lithium Ion Batteries
This report presents the electrothermal analysis and testing of lithium ion battery performance. The objectives of this report are to: (1) develop an electrothermal process/model for predicting thermal performance of real battery cells and modules; and (2) use the electrothermal model to evaluate various designs to improve battery thermal performance.
Pesaran, A.; Vlahinos, A.; Bharathan, D.; Duong, T.
Experimental work related to two bismuth sulfate cycles and their possible improvement. Outline of a possible antimonyl sulfate cycle with separate evolution of sulfur dioxide and oxygen
Two bismuth sulfate cycles are made possible by the stepwise decomposition of the sulfate-oxysulfate system. Omitting statement of the steps for decomposition of SO/sub 3/ and the electrochemical formation of H/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ from SO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O, the key reactions are: Cycle I - Bi/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ = Bi/sub 2/O/sub 2/ /sub 3/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 0/ /sub 7/ + 2.3 SO/sub 3/; Bi/sub 2/O/sub 2/ /sub 3/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 0/ /sub 7/ + 2.3 H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ = Bi/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ + 2.3 H/sub 2/O; Cycle II - Bi/sub 2/O(SO/sub 4/)/sub 2/ = Bi/sub 2/O/sub 2/ /sub 3/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 0/ /sub 7/ + 1.3 SO/sub 3/; Bi/sub 2/O/sub 2/ /sub 3/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 0/ /sub 7/ + 1.3 H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ = Bi/sub 2/O(SO/sub 4/)/sub 2/ + 1.3 H/sub 2/O. Cycle I proceeds through the intermediate oxysulfates Bi/sub 2/O(SO/sub 4/)/sub 2/ and Bi/sub 2/O/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ and Cycle II through Bi/sub 2/O/sub 2/SO/sub 4/. Cycle I has the advantage of generating 2.3 moles of H/sub 2/ per mole of Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/, compared with 1.3 for Cycle II. Published work on the Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/-SO/sub 3/-H/sub 2/O system shows that Bi/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/ is the stable solid in contact with H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ solutions above 52.7 wt%, so that acid of at least this strength would have to be used in Cycle I. Concentrations between about 3 wt% and 52.7 wt% could be used for Cycle II. The efficiency for electrochemical formation of H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ and H/sub 2/ seems at present to be a maximum at around 30 wt% H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/. Some thermodynamic data obtained for the decomposition reactions are presented. A possible improvement in these cycles is also discussed which may provide a solution to a problem of sorption of H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ solution by the solids and might allow use of a more dilute acid than in Cycle I above. A brief discussion on the possible simplification of the SO/sub 3/-SO/sub 2/-O/sub 2/ separation problem with a sulfuric acid-antimonyl sulfate hybrid cycle is presented. The principal reactions are: (1) Sb/sub 2/O/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ = Sb/sub 2/O/sub 4/ + SO/sub 2/ at 900 K; (2) Sb/sub 2/O/sub 4/ = Sb/sub 2/O/sub 3/ + 1/2 O/sub 2/ at 1300 K; (3) Sb/sub 2/O/sub 3/ + H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ = Sb/sub 2/O/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ + H/sub 2/O.
Jones, W.M.
The fuel cycle economics of improved uranium utilization in light water reactors
A simple fuel cycle cost model has been formulated, tested satisfactorily (within better than 3% for a wide range of cases)
Abbaspour, Ali Tehrani
of low-grade heat," Renewable and Sustainable Energyof various applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energyorganic Rankine cycle," Renewable Energy, vol. 4, pp. 1196-
Improved methods for achieving the equilibrium number of phases in mixtures suitable for use in battery electrodes e. g. , for lithiating FeS/sub 2/
A method is disclosed for preparing lithiated, particulate FeS/sub 2/ useful as a catholyte material in a lithium thermal battery, whereby the latter's voltage regulation properties are improved. The method comprises admixing FeS/sub 2/ and an amount of a lithium-containing compound, whereby the resultant total composition falls in an invariant region of the metallurgical phase diagram of its constituent components. Said lithium-containing compound and FeS/sub 2/ are admixed together with a solid electrolyte compatible with said catholyte, and the mixture is heated at a temperature above the melting point of said electrolyte and at which said mixture reaches its thermodynamic equilibrium number of phases.
Guidotti, R.A.
The INEL battery data base
The Department of Energy (DOE) has established a Battery Data Base for electric vehicle applications at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). The objectives of the Data Base are to collect, store, and make available to the electric vehicle community battery data from the INEL. Argonne National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory, and DOE battery contractors in forms appropriate for evaluating the batteries in electric vehicles. The Data Base currently includes data from over 500 test on 15 batteries of 5 different types. The data (over 120 MB) is stored on a 760 MB harddisk attached to a MicroVax 2. PC-based software to access the data has been developed on the IBM PS/2 using dBASE 4. The initial version of the Data Base to be distributed on a single floppy disk is nearly complete. The first release will include the physical characteristics of the batteries, summary tables showing the test results for each cycle of the battery test programs, and some constant power discharge data for the batteries. Later versions of the Data Base will include second-by-second peak power and SFUDS data, which will require several floppy of Bernoulli disks to store the data. 2 refs., 4 figs.
Burke, A.F.; Hardin, J.E.; Kiser, D.M.
Zinc alkaline secondary battery
A zinc alkaline secondary battery with improved service life in which a multi-layer separator is interposed between the negative and positive electrodes and the quantity of the alkaline electrolyte in the layer of the separator adjacent to the negative electrode is less than that of the electrolyte in the layer of the separator adjacent to the positive electrode.
Furukawa, N.; Nishizawa, N.
Technology Improvement Pathways to Cost-Effective Vehicle Electrification
Electrifying transportation can reduce or eliminate dependence on foreign fuels, emission of green house gases, and emission of pollutants. One challenge is finding a pathway for vehicles that gains wide market acceptance to achieve a meaningful benefit. This paper evaluates several approaches aimed at making plug-in electric vehicles (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) cost-effective including opportunity charging, replacing the battery over the vehicle life, improving battery life, reducing battery cost, and providing electric power directly to the vehicle during a portion of its travel. Many combinations of PHEV electric range and battery power are included. For each case, the model accounts for battery cycle life and the national distribution of driving distances to size the battery optimally. Using the current estimates of battery life and cost, only the dynamically plugged-in pathway was cost-effective to the consumer. Significant improvements in battery life and battery cost also made PHEVs more cost-effective than today's hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (CVs).
Brooker, A.; Thornton, M.; Rugh, J. P.
Attempting clairvoyance with battery performance
The light-weight, long-lasting, high-performance attributes of cellular phones and laptop computers, among other equally impressive portable devices currently in the marketplace, are responsible for igniting the overwhelming growth of the battery-powered electronics industry. The demand for smaller and longer lasting solutions, in fact, is only increasing, and key to this success is the battery, which can range from single-use alkaline and zinc-air to rechargeable nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion, and lithium-polymer technologies. Unfortunately, however, advancements in circuit and system integration have outpaced energy and power density improvements in the battery. Consequently, as batteries conform to the size constraints of portable applications, capacity and output power are necessarily compromised. Degradation in battery performance over time not only affects functionality but also operational life, proving inadequate the traditional assumption that the battery is an ideal voltage source. Including the effects of the battery on state-of-theart systems during the design phase is therefore of increasing importance for optimal life and performance. The problem is securing a suitable Cadence-compatible model. Battery Models State-of-the-art electrical models for batteries are either Thevenin-, impedance-, or runtime-based. Thevenin- and impedance-based models, shown in Figures 1(a)-(b), assume both open-circuit voltage and capacity or state-of-charge (SOC) are constant and approximate loading and ac/transient effects with an impedance network of passive devices for
A. Rinc¾n-mora; Min Chen
Ensuring lead-acid battery performance with pulse technology
Basic lead-acid battery technology has remained virtually unchanged for almost 100 years. Although improvements have been made in chemistry and construction, the common causes that promote battery failure have remained the same. These causes are the result of sulfation buildup on the battery plates. The most effective solution to this problem is pulse technology. Pulse technology helps eliminate battery failure in the following ways: Prevents sulfation buildup; Enables the battery to have more active material in the electrolyte; and Prevents physical degradation of the battery plates. As a result, productivity is improved, replacement and other battery-related expenses are avoided, and unnecessary negative environmental impact is averted.
Shilling, S. [PulseTech Products Corp., Irving, TX (United States)
Accelerating Design of Batteries Using Computer-Aided Engineering Tools (Presentation)
Pesaran, A.; Kim, G. H.; Smith, K.
Conductive Binder for Lithium Ion Battery Electrode - IB-2643 ...
The Berkeley Lab electrode technology contributes to improved battery safety by circumventing lithium metal dendrite ... Scalable manufacturing using ...
Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Technologies - Energy Innovation Portal
The Berkeley Lab technology contributes to improved battery safety by circumventing lithium metal dendrite formation. Benefits. ... hybrid electric vehicles;
Battery pack
A battery pack is described, having a center of mass, for use with a medical instrument including a latch, an ejector, and an electrical connector, the battery pack comprising: energy storage means for storing electrical energy; latch engagement means, physically coupled to the energy storage means, for engaging the latch; ejector engagement means, physically coupled to the energy storage means, for engaging the ejector; and connector engagement means, physically coupled to the energy storage means, for engaging the connector, the latch engagement means, ejector engagement means, and connector engagement means being substantially aligned in a plane offset from the center of mass of the battery pack.
Weaver, R.J.; Brittingham, D.C.; Basta, J.C.
European battery market
The electric battery industry in Europe is discussed. As in any other part of the world, battery activity in Europe is dependent on people, prosperity, car numbers, and vehicle design. The European battery industry is discussed from the following viewpoints: battery performance, car design, battery production, marketing of batteries, battery life, and technology changes.
??Lithium-ion batteries with higher capacity and longer cycle life than that available today are required as secondary energy sources for a wide range of emergingģ (more)
Li, Juchuan
Battery Offgas Behavior under Stress Conditions: Implications for ...
As Li-based battery chemistries find more applications outside of the automotive sector, they experience duty cycles which extend their operational requirementsĀ...
Alkali metal/sulfur battery
Alkali metal/sulfur batteries in which the electrolyte-separator is a relatively fragile membrane are improved by providing means for separating the molten sulfur/sulfide catholyte from contact with the membrane prior to cooling the cell to temperatures at which the catholyte will solidify. If the catholyte is permitted to solidify while in contact with the membrane, the latter may be damaged. The improvement permits such batteries to be prefilled with catholyte and shipped, at ordinary temperatures.
Anand, Joginder N. (Clayton, CA)
Battery loading device
A battery loading device for loading a power source battery, built in small appliances having a battery loading chamber for selectively loading a number of cylindrical unit batteries or a one body type battery having the same voltage as a number of cylindrical unit batteries, whereby the one body type battery and the battery loading chamber are shaped similarly and asymmetrically in order to prevent the one body type battery from being inserted in the wrong direction.
Phara, T.; Suzuki, M.
Argonne TTRDC - APRF - Research Activities - Ultracapacitors with Batteries
Active Combination of Ultracapacitors with Batteries for PHEVs Active Combination of Ultracapacitors with Batteries for PHEVs Ultracapacitors Ultracapacitors will dramatically boost the power of lithium-ion batteries, enabling plug-in vehicles to travel much further on a single charge. Lithium-ion battery The newest generation of lithium-ion battery (foreground) has an energy density three times that of the batteries in today's electric cars (background). Argonne researchers are investigating the benefits of combining ultracapacitors with lithium-ion batteries. This combination can dramatically boost the power of lithium-ion batteries, offering a potential solution to the battery-related challenges facing electric vehicles. This technology can: Exponentially increase the calendar and cycle lifetimes of lithium-ion batteries
Lithium Polysulfidophosphates: A Family of Lithium-Conducting Sulfur-Rich Compounds for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Given the great potential for improving the energy density of state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries by a factor of 5, a breakthrough in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries will have a dramatic impact in a broad scope of energy related fields. Conventional Li-S batteries that use liquid electrolytes are intrinsically short-lived with low energy efficiency. The challenges stem from the poor electronic and ionic conductivities of elemental sulfur and its discharge products. We report herein lithium polysulfidophosphates (LPSP), a family of sulfur-rich compounds, as the enabler of long-lasting and energy-efficient Li-S batteries. LPSP have ionic conductivities of 3.0 10-5 S cm-1 at 25 oC, which is 8 orders of magnitude higher than that of Li2S (~10-13 S cm-1). The high Li-ion conductivity of LPSP is the salient characteristic of these compounds that impart the excellent cycling performance to Li-S batteries. In addition, the batteries are configured in an all-solid state that promises the safe cycling of high-energy batteries with metallic lithium anodes.
Lin, Zhan [ORNL; Liu, Zengcai [ORNL; Fu, Wujun [ORNL; Dudney, Nancy J [ORNL; Liang, Chengdu [ORNL
Fab cycle time improvement through inventory control : a wafer starts approach
Intel's Colorado Springs wafer fabrication facility, known internally as F23, has undertaken several initiatives to reduce cycle time including High Precision Maintenance (HPM), content reduction through the application ...
Ward, Matthew John
PHEV Energy Storage and Drive Cycle Impacts (Presentation)
Plug-in Hybrid vehicles energy storage and drive cycle impacts, presented at the 7th Advanced Automotive Battery Conference.
Markel, T.; Pesaran, A.
Battery Council International
Forecasts of electric battery use, economic impacts of electric batteries, and battery technology and research were presented at the conference. (GHT)
Bipolar battery
A bipolar battery having a plurality of cells. The bipolar battery includes: a negative electrode; a positive electrode and a separator element disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, the separator element electrically insulating the electrodes from one another; an electrolyte disposed within at least one of the negative electrode, the positive electrode and the separator element; and an electrode containment structure including a cup-like electrode holder.
Modeling of Nonuniform Degradation in Large-Format Li-ion Batteries (Presentation)
Study of impacts of large-format cell design features on battery useful life to improve battery engineering models, including both realistic geometry and physics.
Smith, K.; Kim, G. H.; Pesaran, A.
Virus-Enabled Silicon Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Virus-Enabled Silicon Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries Xilin Chen, Konstantinos Gerasopoulos emerged as one of the most promising next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to its with remarkable cycling stability. KEYWORDS: silicon anode ┬Ę lithium-ion battery ┬Ę Tobacco mosaic virus ┬Ę physical
Ghodssi, Reza
The Effects of Temperature on the Electrochemical Performance of Sodium-Nickel Chloride Batteries
The sodium-nickel chloride (ZEBRA) battery is typically fabricated with a thick tubular ?"-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) and operated at relatively high temperatures (? 300║C) to achieve adequate electrochemical performance. In the present work, a planar-type sodium-nickel chloride battery possessing a thin BASE (~600 ?m thick) was tested in order to evaluate the feasibility of the battery operation at low temperatures (?200░C). Electrochemical test results revealed that the battery was able to be cycled at C/3 rate at as low as 175░C despite the higher cell polarization at the reduced temperature. Overall, low operating temperature resulted in a considerable improvement in the stability of cell performance. Cell degradation was negligible at 175░C, while 55% increase in end-of-charge polarization was observed at 280░C after 60 cycles. SEM analysis indicated that the performance degradation at higher temperatures was related to the particle growth of both nickel and sodium chloride in the cathode. The cells tested at lower temperatures (e.g., 175 and 200░C), however, exhibited a sharp drop in cell voltage at the end of discharge due to the diffusion limitation, possibly caused by the limited ionic conductivity of NaAlCl4 melt or the poor wettability of sodium on the BASE. Therefore, improvements in the ionic conductivity of a secondary electrolyte and sodium wetting are desirable to further enhance the battery performance at low temperatures.
Lu, Xiaochuan; Li, Guosheng; Kim, Jin Yong; Lemmon, John P.; Sprenkle, Vincent L.; Yang, Zhenguo
Increased cycling efficiency and rate capability of copper-coated...
cycling efficiency and rate capability of copper-coated silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries Title Increased cycling efficiency and rate capability of copper-coated silicon...
Battery test facility hardware, software, and system operation
Division 2525 Battery Test Laboratory is a fully automated battery testing facility used in evaluating various battery technologies. The results of these tests are used to verify developers` claims, characterize prototypes, and assist in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each technology. The Test Facility consists of a central computer and nine remote computer controlled battery test systems. Data acquired during the battery testing process is sent to the central computer system. The test data is then stored in a large database for future analysis. The central computer system is also used in configuring battery tests. These test configurations are then sent to their appropriate remote battery test sites. The Battery Test Facility can perform a variety of battery tests, which include the following: Life Cycle Testing; Parametric Testing at various temperature levels, cutoff parameters, charge rates, and discharge rates; Constant Power Testing at various power levels; Peak Power Testing at various State-of-Charge levels; Simplified Federal Urban Driving Schedule Tests (SFUDS79). The Battery Test Facility is capable of charging a battery either by constant current, constant voltage, step current levels, or any combination of them. Discharge cycles can be by constant current, constant resistance, constant power, step current levels, or also any combination of them. The Battery Test Facility has been configured to provide the flexibility to evaluate a large variety of battery technologies. These technologies include Lead-Acid, Sodium/Sulfur, Zinc/Bromine, Nickel/Hydrogen, Aluminum/Air, and Nickel/Cadmium batteries.
Rodriguez, G.P.
Division 2525 Battery Test Laboratory is a fully automated battery testing facility used in evaluating various battery technologies. The results of these tests are used to verify developers' claims, characterize prototypes, and assist in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each technology. The Test Facility consists of a central computer and nine remote computer controlled battery test systems. Data acquired during the battery testing process is sent to the central computer system. The test data is then stored in a large database for future analysis. The central computer system is also used in configuring battery tests. These test configurations are then sent to their appropriate remote battery test sites. The Battery Test Facility can perform a variety of battery tests, which include the following: Life Cycle Testing; Parametric Testing at various temperature levels, cutoff parameters, charge rates, and discharge rates; Constant Power Testing at various power levels; Peak Power Testing at various State-of-Charge levels; Simplified Federal Urban Driving Schedule Tests (SFUDS79). The Battery Test Facility is capable of charging a battery either by constant current, constant voltage, step current levels, or any combination of them. Discharge cycles can be by constant current, constant resistance, constant power, step current levels, or also any combination of them. The Battery Test Facility has been configured to provide the flexibility to evaluate a large variety of battery technologies. These technologies include Lead-Acid, Sodium/Sulfur, Zinc/Bromine, Nickel/Hydrogen, Aluminum/Air, and Nickel/Cadmium batteries.
Vehicle battery polarity indicator
Battery jumper cables provide an effective means to connect a charged battery to a discharged battery. However, the electrodes of the batteries must be properly connected for charging to occur and to avoid damage to the batteries. A battery polarity indicator is interposed between a set of battery jumper cables to provide a visual/aural indication of relative battery polarity as well as a safety circuit to prevent electrical connection where polarities are reversed.
Cole, L.
Battery charging system
A battery charging system designed to charge a battery, especially a nickel-cadmium (Ni-cd) battery from a lead acid power supply without overcharging, and to charge uniformly a plurality of batteries in parallel is described. A non-linear resistance is utilized and is matched to the voltage difference of the power supply battery and the batteries being charged.
Komatsu, K.; Mabuchi, K.
Development of the Zinc-Chloride Battery for Utility Applications
This report reviews progress in Phase 2 (April 1978-March 1980) of a program to develop the zinc-chloride battery for utility load-leveling applications. Tasks in this phase included refurbishment of a 45-kWh module to increase capacity and efficiency, cycle testing of a 1.7-kWh battery, and development of a 50-kWh module to serve as the building block for the 4-MWh battery for the Battery Energy Test Facility.
Are batteries ready for plug-in hybrid buyers?
type of battery for next PriusÆ, The Wall Street Journal,2008) simulations for Toyota Prius with US06 drive cycleŚ2008) simulations for Toyota Prius with US06 drive cycleŚ
Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S.; Burke, Andrew
Are Batteries Ready for Plug-in Hybrid Buyers?
Axsen, Jonn; Kurani, Kenneth S; Burke, Andy
type of battery for next Prius, The Wall Street Journal June2008) simulations for Toyota Prius with US06 drive cycleŚ2008) simulations for Toyota Prius with US06 drive cycleŚ
Axsen, Jonn; Burke, Andy; Kurani, Kenneth S
Anti-stratification battery separator
This patent describes a separator for an electric storage battery comprising a thin microporous sheet for suppressing dendrite growth between adjacent plates of the battery. The sheet has top, bottom and lateral edges defining the principal face of the separator and ribs formed on the surface of the face. The improvement described here comprises: the ribs each (1) having a concave shape, (2) being superposed one over another and (3) extending laterally across the face substantially from one the lateral edge to the other the lateral edge for reducing the accumulation of highly concentrated electrolyte at the bottom of the battery during recharge.
Stahura, D.W.; Smith, V.V. Jr.
Vehicle Technologies Office: Batteries
Batteries to someone by Batteries to someone by E-mail Share Vehicle Technologies Office: Batteries on Facebook Tweet about Vehicle Technologies Office: Batteries on Twitter Bookmark Vehicle Technologies Office: Batteries on Google Bookmark Vehicle Technologies Office: Batteries on Delicious Rank Vehicle Technologies Office: Batteries on Digg Find More places to share Vehicle Technologies Office: Batteries on AddThis.com... Just the Basics Hybrid & Vehicle Systems Energy Storage Batteries Battery Systems Applied Battery Research Long-Term Exploratory Research Ultracapacitors Advanced Power Electronics & Electrical Machines Advanced Combustion Engines Fuels & Lubricants Materials Technologies Batteries battery/cell diagram Battery/Cell Diagram Batteries are important to our everyday lives and show up in various
Preprint of: A.H. Nosrat, L.G. Swan, J.M. Pearce, Improved Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Trigeneration Systems Over Photovoltaic-Cogen Systems Including Effects of Battery Storage, Energy 49, pp. 366-374 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.201
-Trigeneration Systems Over Photovoltaic-Cogen Systems Including Effects of Battery Storage, Energy 49, pp. 366-374 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.11.005 Improved Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Photovoltaic-Cogen Systems Including Effects of Battery Storage, Energy 49, pp. 366-374 (2013). http
A radioactive battery which includes a capsule containing the active material and a thermopile associated therewith is presented. The capsule is both a shield to stop the radiations and thereby make the battery safe to use, and an energy conventer. The intense radioactive decay taking place inside is converted to useful heat at the capsule surface. The heat is conducted to the hot thermojunctions of a thermopile. The cold junctions of the thermopile are thermally insulated from the heat source, so that a temperature difference occurs between the hot and cold junctions, causing an electrical current of a constant magnitude to flow.
Birden, J.H.; Jordan, K.C.
California Lithium Battery, Inc. | Department of Energy
California California Lithium Battery, Inc. America's Next Top Energy Innovator Challenge 626 likes California Lithium Battery, Inc. Argonne National Laboratory California Lithium Battery ("CALBattery") is a start-up California company established in 2011 to develop and manufacture a breakthrough high energy density and long cycle life lithium battery for utility energy storage, transportation, and defense industries. The company is a joint venture between California-based Ionex Energy Storage Systems and CALiB Power. US production of this advanced Very Large Format (400Ah+) si-graphene LI-ion battery is scheduled to start in California in 2014. Plans are to produce the initial batteries for CALBattery JV partner Ionex Energy Storage Systems for use in 1-100MW grid scale energy storage
Energy Efficient Battery Management Carla F. Chiasserini Ramesh R. Rao
Energy Efficient Battery Management Carla F. Chiasserini Ramesh R. Rao Dipartimento di Elettronica be maximized. In this paper we investigate battery management techniques that can dramatically improve, is implemented to achieve a further improvement in the battery performances. In this case, the discharge demand
Understanding the function and performance of carbon-enhanced lead-acid batteries : milestone report for the DOE Energy Storage Systems Program (FY11 Quarter 4: July through September 2011).
This report describes the status of research being performed under CRADA No. SC10/01771.00 (Lead/Carbon Functionality in VRLA Batteries) between Sandia National Laboratories and East Penn Manufacturing, conducted for the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Storage Systems Program. The Quarter 4 Milestone was completed on time. The milestone entails the initiation of high rate, partial state of charge (HRPSoC) cycling of the carbon enhanced batteries. The morphology, porosity, and porosity distribution within the plates after 1k and 10k cycles were documented, illustrating the changes which take place in the early life of the carbon containing batteries, and as the battery approaches failure due to hard sulfation for the control battery. Longer term cycling on a subset of the received East Penn cells containing different carbons (and a control) continues, and will progress into FY12. Carbon has been explored as an addition to lead-acid battery electrodes in a number of ways. Perhaps the most notable to date has been the hybrid 'Ultrabattery' developed by CSIRO where an asymmetric carbon-based electrochemical capacitor is combined with a lead-acid battery into a single cell, dramatically improving high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) operation. As illustrated below, the 'Ultrabattery' is a hybrid device constructed using a traditional lead-acid battery positive plate (i.e., PbO2) and a negative electrode consisting of a carbon electrode in parallel with a lead-acid negative plate. This device exhibits a dramatically improved cycle life over traditional VRLA batteries, as well as increased charge power and charge acceptance. The 'Ultrabattery' has been produced successfully by both The Furukawa Battery Co. and East Penn Manufacturing. An example illustrating the dramatic improvement in cycle life of the Ultrabattery over a conventional VRLA battery is shown in a graph. In addition to the aforementioned hybrid device, carbon has also been added directly to traditional VRLA batteries as an admixture in both the positive and negative plates, the latter of which has been found to result in similar improvements to battery performance under high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) operation. It is this latter construction, where carbon is added directly to the negative active material (NAM) that is the specific incarnation being evaluated through this program. Thus, the carbon-modified (or Pb-C) battery (termed the 'Advanced' VRLA battery by East Penn Manufacturing) is a traditional VRLA battery where an additional component has been added to the negative electrode during production of the negative plate. The addition of select carbon materials to the NAM of VRLA batteries has been demonstrated to increase cycle life by an order of magnitude or more under (HRPSoC) operation. Additionally, battery capacity increases on cycling and, in fact, exceeds the performance of the batteries when new.
Ferreira, Summer Rhodes; Shane, Rodney (East Penn Manufacturing, Lyon Station, PA); Enos, David George
Routing Protocols to Maximize Battery Efficiency
In this paper we propose a routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks whose nodes are largely battery powered. The battery capacity of the nodes is viewed as a common resource of the system and its use is to be optimized. Results from a previous study on battery management have shown that: (1) pulsed current discharge outperforms constant current discharge, (2) battery capacity can be improved by using a bursty discharge pattern due to charge recovery effects that take place during idle periods, (3) given a certain value of current drawn off the battery, higher current impulses degrade battery performance, even if the percentage of higher current impulses is relatively small. We develop a network protocol based on these findings. This protocol favors routes whose links have a low energy cost. We also distribute multihop traffic in a manner that allows all nodes a good chance to recover their battery energy reserve.
Carla F. Chiasserini; Ramesh R. Rao
An analytical model for predicting the remaining battery capacity of lithium-ion batteries
Predicting the residual energy of the battery source that powers a portable electronic device is imperative in designing and applying an effective dynamic power management policy for the device. This paper starts up by showing that a 30% error in predicting ... Keywords: accelerated rate capacity, cycle aging and dynamic voltage scaling, remaining battery capacity, temperature
Peng Rong; Massoud Pedram
Summary of aqueous mobile battery development
Progress at ANL in developing improved aqueous battery technology for use in electric vehicles is briefly described. Research directed at improving the lead-acid, nickel/iron, and nickel/zinc technologies is emphasized. (WHK)
Christianson, C.C.; Yao, N.P.; Rajan, J.; Miller, J.; Lee, J.; Choi, K.
Materials issues in lithium ion rechargeable battery technology
Lithium ion rechargeable batteries are predicted to replace Ni/Cd as the workhorse consumer battery. The pace of development of this battery system is determined in large part by the availability of materials and the understanding of interfacial reactions between materials. Lithium ion technology is based on the use of two lithium intercalating electrodes. Carbon is the most commonly used anode material, while the cathode materials of choice have been layered lithium metal chalcogenides (LiMX{sub 2}) and lithium spinel-type compounds. Electrolytes may be either organic liquids or polymers. Although the first practical use of graphite intercalation compounds as battery anodes was reported in 1981 for molten salt cells and in 1983 for ambient temperature systems, it was not until Sony Energytech announced a new lithium ion intercalating carbon anode in 1990, that interest peaked. The reason for this heightened interest is that these electrochemical cells have the high energy density, high voltage and light weight of metallic lithium, but without the disadvantages of dendrite formation on charge, improving their safety and cycle life.
Doughty, D.H.
Shock absorbing battery housing
A portable battery device is provided which dampens shock incident upon the battery device such that an electrical energizable apparatus connected to the battery device is subject to reduced shock whenever the battery device receives an impact. The battery device includes a battery housing of resilient shock absorbing material injection molded around an interconnecting structure which mechanically and electrically interconnects the battery housing to an electrically energizable apparatus.
McCartney, W.J.; Jacobs, J.D.; Keil, M.J.
Universal battery terminal connector
This patent describes a universal battery terminal connector for connecting either a top post battery terminal or a side post battery terminal to a battery cable. The connector comprises an elongated electrically conductive body having: (a) first means for connection to a top post battery terminal; (b) second means for connection to a side post battery terminal, and (c) third means for receiving one end of a battery cable and providing an electrical connection therewith.
Norris, R.W.
The very high theoretical capacity of lithium (3829 mAh/g) provided a compelling rationale from the 1970's onward for development of rechargeable batteries employing the elemental metal as an anode. The realization that some transition metal compounds undergo reductive lithium intercalation reactions reversibly allowed use of these materials as cathodes in these devices, most notably, TiS{sub 2}. Another intercalation compound, LiCoO{sub 2}, was described shortly thereafter but, because it was produced in the discharged state, was not considered to be of interest by battery companies at the time. Due to difficulties with the rechargeability of lithium and related safety concerns, however, alternative anodes were sought. The graphite intercalation compound (GIC) LiC{sub 6} was considered an attractive candidate but the high reactivity with commonly used electrolytic solutions containing organic solvents was recognized as a significant impediment to its use. The development of electrolytes that allowed the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on surfaces of the carbon particles was a breakthrough that enabled commercialization of Li-ion batteries. In 1990, Sony announced the first commercial batteries based on a dual Li ion intercalation system. These devices are assembled in the discharged state, so that it is convenient to employ a prelithiated cathode such as LiCoO{sub 2} with the commonly used graphite anode. After charging, the batteries are ready to power devices. The practical realization of high energy density Li-ion batteries revolutionized the portable electronics industry, as evidenced by the widespread market penetration of mobile phones, laptop computers, digital music players, and other lightweight devices since the early 1990s. In 2009, worldwide sales of Li-ion batteries for these applications alone were US$ 7 billion. Furthermore, their performance characteristics (Figure 1) make them attractive for traction applications such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and electric vehicles (EVs); a market predicted to be potentially ten times greater than that of consumer electronics. In fact, only Liion batteries can meet the requirements for PHEVs as set by the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), although they still fall slightly short of EV goals. In the case of Li-ion batteries, the trade-off between power and energy shown in Figure 1 is a function both of device design and the electrode materials that are used. Thus, a high power battery (e.g., one intended for an HEV) will not necessarily contain the same electrode materials as one designed for high energy (i.e., for an EV). As is shown in Figure 1, power translates into acceleration, and energy into range, or miles traveled, for vehicular uses. Furthermore, performance, cost, and abuse-tolerance requirements for traction batteries differ considerably from those for consumer electronics batteries. Vehicular applications are particularly sensitive to cost; currently, Li-ion batteries are priced at about $1000/kWh, whereas the USABC goal is $150/kWh. The three most expensive components of a Li-ion battery, no matter what the configuration, are the cathode, the separator, and the electrolyte. Reduction of cost has been one of the primary driving forces for the investigation of new cathode materials to replace expensive LiCoO{sub 2}, particularly for vehicular applications. Another extremely important factor is safety under abuse conditions such as overcharge. This is particularly relevant for the large battery packs intended for vehicular uses, which are designed with multiple cells wired in series arrays. Premature failure of one cell in a string may cause others to go into overcharge during passage of current. These considerations have led to the development of several different types of cathode materials, as will be covered in the next section. Because there is not yet one ideal material that can meet requirements for all applications, research into cathodes for Li-ion batteries is, as of this
The very high theoretical capacity of lithium (3829 mAh/g) provided a compelling rationale from the 1970's onward for development of rechargeable batteries employing the elemental metal as an anode. The realization that some transition metal compounds undergo reductive lithium intercalation reactions reversibly allowed use of these materials as cathodes in these devices, most notably, TiS{sub 2}. Another intercalation compound, LiCoO{sub 2}, was described shortly thereafter but, because it was produced in the discharged state, was not considered to be of interest by battery companies at the time. Due to difficulties with the rechargeability of lithium and related safety concerns, however, alternative anodes were sought. The graphite intercalation compound (GIC) LiC{sub 6} was considered an attractive candidate but the high reactivity with commonly used electrolytic solutions containing organic solvents was recognized as a significant impediment to its use. The development of electrolytes that allowed the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on surfaces of the carbon particles was a breakthrough that enabled commercialization of Li-ion batteries. In 1990, Sony announced the first commercial batteries based on a dual Li ion intercalation system. These devices are assembled in the discharged state, so that it is convenient to employ a prelithiated cathode such as LiCoO{sub 2} with the commonly used graphite anode. After charging, the batteries are ready to power devices. The practical realization of high energy density Li-ion batteries revolutionized the portable electronics industry, as evidenced by the widespread market penetration of mobile phones, laptop computers, digital music players, and other lightweight devices since the early 1990s. In 2009, worldwide sales of Li-ion batteries for these applications alone were US$ 7 billion. Furthermore, their performance characteristics (Figure 1) make them attractive for traction applications such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and electric vehicles (EVs); a market predicted to be potentially ten times greater than that of consumer electronics. In fact, only Liion batteries can meet the requirements for PHEVs as set by the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), although they still fall slightly short of EV goals. In the case of Li-ion batteries, the trade-off between power and energy shown in Figure 1 is a function both of device design and the electrode materials that are used. Thus, a high power battery (e.g., one intended for an HEV) will not necessarily contain the same electrode materials as one designed for high energy (i.e., for an EV). As is shown in Figure 1, power translates into acceleration, and energy into range, or miles traveled, for vehicular uses. Furthermore, performance, cost, and abuse-tolerance requirements for traction batteries differ considerably from those for consumer electronics batteries. Vehicular applications are particularly sensitive to cost; currently, Li-ion batteries are priced at about $1000/kWh, whereas the USABC goal is $150/kWh. The three most expensive components of a Li-ion battery, no matter what the configuration, are the cathode, the separator, and the electrolyte. Reduction of cost has been one of the primary driving forces for the investigation of new cathode materials to replace expensive LiCoO{sub 2}, particularly for vehicular applications. Another extremely important factor is safety under abuse conditions such as overcharge. This is particularly relevant for the large battery packs intended for vehicular uses, which are designed with multiple cells wired in series arrays. Premature failure of one cell in a string may cause others to go into overcharge during passage of current. These considerations have led to the development of several different types of cathode materials, as will be covered in the next section. Because there is not yet one ideal material that can meet requirements for all applications, research into cathodes for Li-ion batteries is, as of this writ
Interim Report: Air-Cooled Condensers for Next Generation Geothermal Power Plants Improved Binary Cycle Performance
As geothermal resources that are more expensive to develop are utilized for power generation, there will be increased incentive to use more efficient power plants. This is expected to be the case with Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) resources. These resources will likely require wells drilled to depths greater than encountered with hydrothermal resources, and will have the added costs for stimulation to create the subsurface reservoir. It is postulated that plants generating power from these resources will likely utilize the binary cycle technology where heat is rejected sensibly to the ambient. The consumptive use of a portion of the produced geothermal fluid for evaporative heat rejection in the conventional flash-steam conversion cycle is likely to preclude its use with EGS resources. This will be especially true in those areas where there is a high demand for finite supplies of water. Though they have no consumptive use of water, using air-cooling systems for heat rejection has disadvantages. These systems have higher capital costs, reduced power output (heat is rejected at the higher dry-bulb temperature), increased parasitics (fan power), and greater variability in power generation on both a diurnal and annual basis (larger variation in the dry-bulb temperature). This is an interim report for the task æAir-Cooled Condensers in Next- Generation Conversion SystemsÆ. The work performed was specifically aimed at a plant that uses commercially available binary cycle technologies with an EGS resource. Concepts were evaluated that have the potential to increase performance, lower cost, or mitigate the adverse effects of off-design operation. The impact on both cost and performance were determined for the concepts considered, and the scenarios identified where a particular concept is best suited. Most, but not all, of the concepts evaluated are associated with the rejection of heat. This report specifically addresses three of the concepts evaluated: the use of recuperation, the use of turbine reheat, and the non-consumptive use of EGS make-up water to supplement heat rejection
Daniel S. Wendt; Greg L. Mines
Improvements of characteristics of open cycle Faraday type MHD power generator
It would be possible to improve the characteristics of Faraday type generator by (a) properly choosing the aspect ratio or (b) using cap-type electrodes which are not plate type but closer to DCW type electrodes. In this paper, first the three dimensional equivalent circuit is derived using generalized Ohm's law and Maxwell's electromagnetic equations and taking into account the effect of boundary layer of working fluid. Next the three dimensional equivalent circuit is used to show numerically that the above two means are effective for improving the characteristics of Faraday type generator.
Yoshida, M.; Umoto, J.; Aoki, S.
Li-Ion Battery with LiFePO4 Cathode and Li4Ti5O12 Anode for Stationary Energy Storage
i-ion batteries based on commercially available LiFePO4 cathode and Li4Ti5O12 anode were investigated for potential stationary energy storage applications. The full cell that operated at flat 1.85V demonstrated stable cycling for 200 cycles followed by a rapid fade. A significant improvement in cycling stability was achieved via Ketjen black coating of the cathode. A Li-ion full cell with Ketjen black modified LiFePO4 cathode and an unmodified Li4Ti5O12 anode exhibited negligible fade after more than 1200 cycles with a capacity of ~130mAh/g. The improved stability, along with its cost-effectiveness, environmentally benignity and safety, make the LiFePO4/ Li4Ti5O12 Li-ion battery a promising option of storing renewable energy.
Wang, Wei; Choi, Daiwon; Yang, Zhenguo
Battery capacity indicator
This patent describes a battery capacity indicator for providing a continuous indication of battery capacity for a battery powered device. It comprises means for periodically effecting a first and a second positive discharge rate of the battery; voltage measurement means, for measuring the battery terminal voltage at the first and second positive discharge rates during the operation of the device, and for generating a differential battery voltage value in response thereto; memory means for storing a set of predetermined differential battery voltage values and a set of predetermined battery capacity values, each of the set of predetermined differential battery voltage values defining one of the set of predetermined battery capacity values; comparison means, coupled to the memory means and to the voltage measurement means, for comparing the measured differential battery voltage values with the set of predetermined differential battery voltage values, and for selecting the predetermined battery capacity value corresponding thereto.
Kunznicki, W.J.
Metal-Air Batteries
Metal-air batteries have much higher specific energies than most currently available primary and rechargeable batteries. Recent advances in electrode materials and electrolytes, as well as new designs on metal-air batteries, have attracted intensive effort in recent years, especially in the development of lithium-air batteries. The general principle in metal-air batteries will be reviewed in this chapter. The materials, preparation methods, and performances of metal-air batteries will be discussed. Two main metal-air batteries, Zn-air and Li-air batteries will be discussed in detail. Other type of metal-air batteries will also be described.
Zhang, Jiguang; Bruce, Peter G.; Zhang, Gregory
A highly efficient battery charging system is described in which the amperehour discharge of the battery is sensed for controlling the battery charging rate. The battery is charged at a relatively high charge rate during a first time period proportional to the extent of battery discharge and at a second lower rate thereafter.
Bilsky, H.W.; Callen, P.J.
Theory of SEI Formation in Rechargeable Batteries: Capacity Fade, Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction
Cycle life is critically important in applications of rechargeable batteries, but lifetime prediction is mostly based on empirical trends, rather than mathematical models. In practical lithium-ion batteries, capacity fade ...
Pinson, Matthew Bede
Secondary battery
Secondary batteries are described with aqueous acid solutions of lead salts as electrolytes and inert electrode base plates which also contain redox systems in solution. These systems have a standard potential of from -0.1 to + 1.4 V relative to a standard hydrogen reference electrode, do not form insoluble compounds with the electrolytes and are not oxidized or reduced irreversibly by the active compositions applied to the electrode base plates, within their range of operating potentials.
Wurmb, R.; Beck, F.; Boehlke, K.
Battery Life Prediction Method for Hybrid Power Applications: Preprint
Batteries in hybrid power applications that include intermittent generators, such as wind turbines, experience a very irregular pattern of charge and discharge cycles. Because battery life is dependent on both depth and rate of discharge (and other factors such as temperature, charging strategy, etc.), estimating battery life and optimally sizing batteries for hybrid systems is difficult. Typically, manufacturers give battery life data, if at all, as cycles to failure versus depth of discharge, where all discharge cycles are assumed to be under conditions of constant temperature, current, and depth of discharge. Use of such information directly can lead to gross errors in battery lifetime estimation under actual operating conditions, which may result in either a higher system cost than necessary or an undersized battery bank prone to early failure. Even so, most current battery life estimation algorithms consider only the effect of depth of discharge on cycle life. This paper will discuss a new battery life prediction method, developed to investigate the effects of two primary determinants of battery life in hybrid power applications, varying depths of discharge and varying rates of discharge. A significant feature of the model is that it bases its analysis on battery performance and cycle life data provided by the manufacturer, supplemented by a limited amount of empirical test data, eliminating the need for an electrochemical model of the battery. It performs the analysis for a user-prescribed discharge profile consisting of a series of discharge events of specified average current and duration. Sample analyses are presented to show how the method can be used to select the most economical battery type and size for a given hybrid power system application.
Drouilhet, S.; Johnson, B. L.
Analysis of an improved solar-powered cooling system utilizing open-cycle absorbent regeneration
A solar-powered cooling system which promises high system C.O.P.'s and low collector costs is analyzed. It consists of a desiccant and an absorption cooling system operating in series to both dry and cool the air. A common solution of lithium chloride is used as the absorbant. The lithium chloride solution is regenerated by evaporating the excess water to the atmosphere in an ''open'' collector. This collector consists merely of a blackened flat surface. The weak solution of lithium chloride is introduced at the top of the collector and then flows by gravity over the entire collector surface where it is subsequently heated and dried. The daily performance of this combined system is compared by computer simulation to that of either an absorption or desiccant system alone using actual weather data for five typical U.S. cities. The performance improvement of the combined system ranged from 25% to 95%, the greatest improvement being for humid, windy conditions.
Collier, R.K.
Comparison of various battery technologies for electric vehicles
Battery technologies of different chemistries, manufacture and geometry were evaluated as candidates for use in Electric Vehicles (EV). The candidate batteries that were evaluated include four single cell and seven multi-cell modules representing four technologies; Lead-Acid, Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel-Metal Hydride and Zinc-Bromide. A standard set of testing procedures for electric vehicle batteries, based on industry accepted testing procedures, and any tests which were specific to individual battery types were used in the evaluations. The batteries were evaluated by conducting performance tests, and by subjecting them to cyclical loading, using a computer controlled charge - discharge cycler, to simulate typical EV driving cycles. Criteria for comparison of batteries were: performance, projected vehicle range, cost, and applicability to various types of EVs. The four battery technologies have individual strengths and weaknesses and each is suited to fill a particular application. None of the batteries tested can fill every EV application.
Dickinson, Blake Edward
Comparison of advanced battery technologies for electric vehicles
Battery technologies of different chemistries, manufacture and geometry were evaluated as candidates for use in Electric Vehicles (EV). The candidate batteries that were evaluated include four single cell and seven multi-cell modules representing four technologies: Lead-Acid, Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel-Metal Hydride and Zinc-Bromide. A standard set of testing procedures for electric vehicle batteries, based on industry accepted testing procedures, and any tests which were specific to individual battery types were used in the evaluations. The batteries were evaluated by conducting performance tests, and by subjecting them to cyclical loading, using a computer controlled charge--discharge cycler, to simulate typical EV driving cycles. Criteria for comparison of batteries were: performance, projected vehicle range, cost, and applicability to various types of EVs. The four battery technologies have individual strengths and weaknesses and each is suited to fill a particular application. None of the batteries tested can fill every EV application.
Dickinson, B.E.; Lalk, T.R. [Texas A and M Univ., College Station, TX (United States). Mechanical Engineering Dept.; Swan, D.H. [Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Inst. of Transportation Studies
AbstractŚPredicting the residual energy of the battery source that powers a portable electronic device is imperative in designing and applying an effective dynamic power management policy for the device. This paper starts up by showing that a 30 % error in predicting the battery capacity of a lithium-ion battery can result in up to 20 % performance degradation for a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling algorithm. Next, this paper presents a closed form analytical expression for predicting the remaining capacity of a lithium-ion battery. The proposed high-level model, which relies on online current and voltage measurements, correctly accounts for the temperature and cycle aging effects. The accuracy of the highlevel model is validated by comparing it with DUALFOIL simulation results, demonstrating a maximum of 5 % error between simulated and predicted data. Index TermsŚAccelerated rate capacity, cycle aging and dynamic voltage scaling, remaining battery capacity, temperature. I.
Peng Rong; Student Member; Massoud Pedram
The environmentally safe battery
There are three aspects to an environmentally safe battery. The first deals with the manufacturing process, the second with the use of environmentally friendly materials, and the third with the disposal and/or recycling of spent units. In this paper, several ongoing programs at Sandia National Laboratories that relate to the environmentally conscious manufacturing of batteries, are discussed. The solvent substitution/elimination program is a two-pronged effort, aimed at identifying new solvents which are compatible with the environment, while at the same time developing dry process cleaning technology. The joining program is evaluating new solvents for flux removal as well as the development of fluxless soldering processes. In the area of welding, new cleaning processes are under study. Chemical microsensors are under development that are capable of identifying and quantifying single chemical species. These sensors have been used to monitor and improve processes using toxic/hazardous solvents. 1 ref., 1 fig.
Levy, S.C.; Brown, N.E.
Battery management system
A battery management system is described, comprising: a main battery; main battery charging system means coupled to the main battery for charging the main battery during operation of the main battery charging system means; at least one auxiliary battery; primary switching means for coupling the auxiliary battery to a parallel configuration with the main battery charging system means and with the main battery, where upon both the main battery and the auxiliary battery are charged by the main battery charging system means, the primary switching means also being operable to decouple the auxiliary battery from the parallel configuration; and sensing means coupled to the primary switching means and operable to sense presence or absence of charging current from the main battery charging system means to the main battery, the sensing means being operable to activate the switching means for coupling the auxiliary battery into the parallel configuration during presence of the charging current, wherein the main battery charging system provides a charging signal to the main battery having an alternating current component, and wherein the sensing means includes transformer means coupled to the charging signal for inducing a voltage, the voltage being applied to a switching circuit of the switching means.
Albright, C.D.
Battery-Recycling Chain
...The battery-recycling chain has changed dramatically over the past ten years. The changes have resulted from environmental regulation, changes in battery-processing technology, changes in battery distribution and sales techniques, changes in lead-smelting...
vehicles. In fact, every hybrid vehicle on the market currently uses Nickel-Metal-Hydride high-voltage batteries in its battery system. Lithium ion batteries appear to be the...
Battery depletion monitor
A cmos inverter is used to compare pacemaker battery voltage to a referenced voltage. When the reference voltage exceeds the measured battery voltage, the inverter changes state to indicate battery depletion.
Lee, Y.S.
Methods for thermodynamic evaluation of battery state of health
Described are systems and methods for accurately characterizing thermodynamic and materials properties of electrodes and battery systems and for characterizing the state of health of electrodes and battery systems. Measurement of physical attributes of electrodes and batteries corresponding to thermodynamically stabilized electrode conditions permit determination of thermodynamic parameters, including state functions such as the Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy of electrode/electrochemical cell reactions, that enable prediction of important performance attributes of electrode materials and battery systems, such as energy, power density, current rate, cycle life and state of health. Also provided are systems and methods for charging a battery according to its state of health.
Yazami, Rachid; McMenamin, Joseph; Reynier, Yvan; Fultz, Brent T
Thermal control of electric vehicle batteries
The need to operate electric vehicles in warm, summer conditions and also provide for long periods of standby in cold climates is a challenging problem for any battery system. All advanced batteries of high specific energy require active cooling systems because adiabatic heating will raise the temperature to a level that is deleterious to cycle life. This cooling requires efficient paths for escape of heat to cooled surfaces; cooling the exterior of modules is insufficient. If a battery is heated by its own energy, and insulated to withstand exposure to a cold climate, only vacuum insulation will afford an appreciable reduction (>10{degrees}C) in the ambient temperature that can be tolerated. Standard insulations are of little use for this purpose because the heat loss rate causes too high a drain on the battery energy even for near-ambient temperature batteries.
Nelson, P.A.; Battaglia, V.S.; Henriksen, G.L.
Argonne Transportation - Lithium Battery Technology Patents
Awarded Lithium Battery Technology Patents Awarded Lithium Battery Technology Patents "Composite-structure" material is a promising battery electrode for electric vehicles Argonne National Laboratory has been granted two U.S. patents (U.S. Pat. 6,677,082 and U.S. Pat. 6,680,143) on new "composite-structure" electrode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Electrode compositions of this type are receiving worldwide attention. Such electrodes offer superior cost and safety features over state-of-the-art LiCoO2 electrodes that power conventional lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, they demonstrate outstanding cycling stability and can be charged and discharged at high rates, making them excellent candidates to replace LiCoO2 for consumer electronic applications and hybrid electric vehicles.
Rechargeable Batteries, Photochromics, Electrochemical Lithography: From
Rechargeable Batteries, Photochromics, Electrochemical Lithography: From Rechargeable Batteries, Photochromics, Electrochemical Lithography: From Interfacial Studies to Practical Applications Speaker(s): Robert Kostecki Date: January 11, 2001 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg 90 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Satkartar K. Kinney The constantly growing power requirements of portable electronic devices and the need for high-power batteries for electric vehicles have created a strong demand for new batteries or substantial improvements of existing ones. Fundamental problems associated with complex interfacial processes in batteries must be resolved to enhance battery performance and lifetime. An overview of the principles of electrode-electrolyte interfacial studies, experimental methods, recent results, and potential applications will be presented. Advanced instrumental techniques and
Ambient Operation of Li/Air Batteries
In this work, Li/air batteries based on nonaqueous electrolytes were investigated in ambient conditions (with an oxygen partial pressure of 0.21 atm and relative humidity of ~20%). A heat-sealable polymer membrane was used as both an oxygen-diffusion membrane and as a moisture barrier for Li/air batteries. The membrane also can minimize the evaporation of the electrolyte from the batteries. Li/air batteries with this membrane can operate in ambient conditions for more than one month with a specific energy of 362 Wh kg-1, based on the total weight of the battery including its packaging. Among various carbon sources used in this work, Li/air batteries using Ketjenblack (KB) carbon-based air electrodes exhibited the highest specific energy. However, KB-based air electrodes expanded significantly and absorbed much more electrolyte than electrodes made from other carbon sources. The weight distribution of a typical Li/air battery using the KB-based air electrode was dominated by the electrolyte (~70%). Lithium-metal anodes and KB-carbon anodes account for only 5.12% and 5.78% of the battery weight, respectively. We also found that only ~ 20% of the mesopore volume of the air electrode was occupied by reaction products after discharge. To further improve the specific energy of the Li/air batteries, the microstructure of the carbon electrode needs to be further improved to absorb much less electrolyte while still holding significant amounts of reaction products
Zhang, Jiguang; Wang, Deyu; Xu, Wu; Xiao, Jie; Williford, Ralph E.
Battery Standard Scenario
Scenario: Fast Tracking a Battery Standard. ... with developing a new standard specifying quality controls for the development of batteries used in ...
Battery cell feedthrough apparatus
A compact, hermetic feedthrough apparatus comprising interfitting sleeve portions constructed of chemically-stable materials to permit unique battery designs and increase battery life and performance.
SAND2006-1982J Solid-State Environmentally Safe Battery for Replacing Lithium Batteries 1. Submitting Organization Sandia National Laboratories PO Box 5800, MS 1033 Albuquerque, NM...
SYSPLAN. Load Leveling Battery System Costs
SYSPLAN evaluates capital investment in customer side of the meter load leveling battery systems. Such systems reduce the customer`s monthly electrical demand charge by reducing the maximum power load supplied by the utility during the customer`s peak demand. System equipment consists of a large array of batteries, a current converter, and balance of plant equipment and facilities required to support the battery and converter system. The system is installed on the customer`s side of the meter and controlled and operated by the customer. Its economic feasibility depends largely on the customer`s load profile. Load shape requirements, utility rate structures, and battery equipment cost and performance data serve as bases for determining whether a load leveling battery system is economically feasible for a particular installation. Life-cycle costs for system hardware include all costs associated with the purchase, installation, and operation of battery, converter, and balance of plant facilities and equipment. The SYSPLAN spreadsheet software is specifically designed to evaluate these costs and the reduced demand charge benefits; it completes a 20 year period life cycle cost analysis based on the battery system description and cost data. A built-in sensitivity analysis routine is also included for key battery cost parameters. The life cycle cost analysis spreadsheet is augmented by a system sizing routine to help users identify load leveling system size requirements for their facilities. The optional XSIZE system sizing spreadsheet which is included can be used to identify a range of battery system sizes that might be economically attractive. XSIZE output consisting of system operating requirements can then be passed by the temporary file SIZE to the main SYSPLAN spreadsheet.
Hostick, C.J. [Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States)
Communication architecture based power management for battery efficient system design
Communication-based power management (CBPM) is a new battery-driven system-level power management methodology in which the system-level communication architecture regulates the execution of various system components, with the aim of improving battery ... Keywords: battery efficiency, communication architectures, embedded systems, low power design, power management
Kanishka Lahiri; Sujit Dey; Anand Raghunathan
Automating Personalized Battery Management on Smartphones
3 Automating Battery Management . . . . . . .122 Battery Goal Setting UI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Power and Battery Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Falaki, Mohamamd Hossein
Piezonuclear battery
This invention, a piezonuclear battery generates output power arising from the piezoelectric voltage produced from radioactive decay particles interacting with a piezoelectric medium. Radioactive particle energy may directly create an acoustic wave in the piezoelectric medium or a moderator may be used to generate collision particles for interacting with the medium. In one embodiment a radioactive material ({sup 252}Cf) with an output of about 1 microwatt produced a 12 nanowatt output (1.2% conversion efficiency) from a piezoelectric copolymer of vinylidene fluoride/trifluroethylene.
Bongianni, W.L.
A piezonuclear battery generates output power arising from the piezoelectric voltage produced from radioactive decay particles interacting with a piezoelectric medium. Radioactive particle energy may directly create an acoustic wave in the piezoelectric medium or a moderator may be used to generate collision particles for interacting with the medium. In one embodiment a radioactive material (.sup.252 Cf) with an output of about 1 microwatt produced a 12 nanowatt output (1.2% conversion efficiency) from a piezoelectric copolymer of vinylidene fluoride/trifluorethylene.
Bongianni, Wayne L. (Los Alamos, NM)
The Science of Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries
Rechargeable lithium batteries continue to play the central role in power systems for portable electronics, and could play a role of increasing importance for hybrid transportation systems that use either hydrogen or fossil fuels. For example, fuel cells provide a steady supply of power, whereas batteries are superior when bursts of power are needed. The National Research Council recently concluded that for dismounted soldiers "Among all possible energy sources, hybrid systems provide the most versatile solutions for meeting the diverse needs of the Future Force Warrior. The key advantage of hybrid systems is their ability to provide power over varying levels of energy use, by combining two power sources." The relative capacities of batteries versus fuel cells in a hybrid power system will depend on the capabilities of both. In the longer term, improvements in the cost and safety of lithium batteries should lead to a substantial role for electrochemical energy storage subsystems as components in fuel cell or hybrid vehicles. We have completed a basic research program for DOE BES on anode and cathode materials for lithium batteries, extending over 6 years with a 1 year phaseout period. The emphasis was on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the lithiation reaction, and how these pertain to basic electrochemical properties that we measure experimentally Ś voltage and capacity in particular. In the course of this work we also studied the kinetic processes of capacity fade after cycling, with unusual results for nanostructued Si and Ge materials, and the dynamics underlying electronic and ionic transport in LiFePO4. This document is the final report for this work.
Fultz, Brent
Energy-E cient Design of Battery-Powered Embedded Systems Tajana Simunicy Luca Benini Giovanni De Micheliy
Energy-E cient Design of Battery-Powered Embedded Systems Tajana Simunicy Luca Benini Giovanni De Bologna, ITALY 40136 Abstract Energy-e cient design of battery-powered embedded sys- tems demands extend cycle-accurate architectural power simulation with battery models that provide battery lifetime
Composite electrodes for lithium batteries.
The stability of composite positive and negative electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries is discussed. Positive electrodes with spinel-type structures that are derived from orthorhombic-LiMnO{sub 2} and layered-MnO{sub 2} are significantly more stable than standard spinel Li[Mn{sub 2}]O{sub 4} electrodes when cycled electrochemically over both the 4-V and 3-V plateaus in lithium cells. Transmission electron microscope data of cycled electrodes have indicated that a composite domain structure accounts for this greater electrochemical stability. The performance of composite Cu{sub x}Sn materials as alternative negative electrodes to amorphous SnO{sub x} electrodes for lithium-ion batteries is discussed in terms of the importance of the concentration of the electrochemically inactive copper component in the electrode.
Hackney, S. A.; Johnson, C. S.; Kahaian, A. J.; Kepler, K. D.; Shao-Horn, Y.; Thackeray, M. M.; Vaughey, J. T.
Understanding the function and performance of carbon-enhanced lead-acid batteries : milestone report for the DOE Energy Storage Systems program (FY11 Quarter 2: January through March 2011).
This report describes the status of research being performed under CRADA No. SC10/01771.00 (Lead/Carbon Functionality in VRLA Batteries) between Sandia National Laboratories and East Penn Manufacturing, conducted for the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Storage Systems Program. The Quarter 2 Milestone was completed on time. The milestone entails an ex situ analysis of the four carbons that have been added to the negative active material of valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries for the purposes of this study. The four carbons selected for this study were a graphitic carbon, a carbon black, an activated carbon, and acetylene black. The morphology, crystallinity, and impurity contents of each of the four carbons were analyzed; results were consistent with previous data. Cycling on a subset of the received East Penn cells containing different carbons (and a control) has been initiated. Carbon has been explored as an addition to lead-acid battery electrodes in a number of ways. Perhaps the most notable to date has been the hybrid 'Ultrabattery' developed by CSIRO where an asymmetric carbon-based electrochemical capacitor is combined with a lead-acid battery into a single cell, dramatically improving high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) operation. As illustrated below, the 'Ultrabattery' is a hybrid device constructed using a traditional lead-acid battery positive plate (i.e., PbO{sub 2}) and a negative electrode consisting of a carbon electrode in parallel with a lead-acid negative plate. This device exhibits a dramatically improved cycle life over traditional VRLA batteries, as well as increased charge power and charge acceptance. The 'Ultrabattery' has been produced successfully by both The Furukawa Battery Co. and East Penn Manufacturing. An example illustrating the dramatic improvement in cycle life of the Ultrabattery over a conventional VRLA battery is shown.
Shane, R. (East Penn Manufacturing, Lyon Station, PA); Enos, David George; Hund, Thomas D.
Modification of LiCl-LiBr-KBr electrolyte for LiAl/FeS{sub 2} batteries
The bipolar LiAl/FeS{sub 2} battery is being developed to achieve the high performance and long cycle life needed for electric vehicle application. The molten-salt (400 to 440 C operation) electrolyte composition for this battery has evolved to support these objectives. An earlier change to LiCl-LiBr-KBr electrolyte is responsible for significantly increased cycle life (up to 1,000 cycles). Recent electrolyte modification has significantly improved cell performance; approximately 50% increased power, with increased high rate capacity utilization. Results are based on power-demanding EV driving profile test at 600 W/kg. The effects of adding small amounts (1--5 mol%) of LiF and LiI to LiCl-LiBr-KBr electrolyte are discussed. By cyclic voltammetry, the modified electrolytes exhibit improved FeS{sub 2} electrochemistry. Electrolyte conductivity is little changed, but high current density (200 mA/cm{sup 2}) performance improved by approximately 50%. A specific feature of the LiI addition is an enhanced cell overcharge tolerance rate from 2.5 to 5 mA/cm{sup 2}. The rate of overcharge tolerance is related to electrolyte properties and negative electrode lithium activity. As a result, the charge balancing of a bipolar battery configuration with molten-salt electrolyte is improved to accept greater cell-to-cell deviations.
Kaun, T.D.; Jansen, A.N.; Henriksen, G.L.; Vissers, D.R. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States). Chemical Technology Div.
Development of near-term batteries for electric vehicles. Summary report, October 1977-September 1979
The status and results through FY 1979 on the Near-Term Electric Vehicle Battery Project of the Argonne National Laboratory are summarized. This project conducts R and D on lead-acid, nickel/zinc and nickel/iron batteries with the objective of achieving commercialization in electric vehicles in the 1980's. Key results of the R and D indicate major technology advancements and achievement of most of FY 1979 performance goals. In the lead-acid system the specific energy was increased from less than 30 Wh/kg to over 40 Wh/kg at the C/3 rate; the peak power density improved from 70 W/kg to over 110 W/kg at the 50% state of charge; and over 200 deep-discharge cycle life demonstrated. In the nickel/iron system a specific energy of 48 Wh/kg was achieved; a peak power of about 100 W/kg demonstrated and a life of 36 cycles obtained. In the nickel/zinc system, specific energies of up to 64 Wh/kg were shown; peak powers of 133 W/kg obtained; and a life of up to 120 cycles measured. Future R and D will emphasize increased cycle life for nickel/zinc batteries and increased cycle life and specific energy for lead-acid and nickel/iron batteries. Testing of 145 cells was completed by NBTL. Cell evaluation included a full set of performance tests plus the application of a simulated power profile equivalent to the power demands of an electric vehicle in stop-start urban driving. Simplified test profiles which approximate electric vehicle demands are also described.
Rajan, J.B. (comp.) [comp.
??The purpose of this study was to quantify the improvement in the performance of a battery withthe addition of an ultracapacitor as an auxillary energyģ (more)
Tammineedi, Charith
Battery Choices for Different Plug-in HEV Configurations (Presentation)
Presents battery choices for different plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) configurations to reduce cost and to improve performance and life.
Pesaran, A.
Novel Electrolyte Enables Stable Graphite Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries
Berkeley Lab researchers led by Gao Liu have developed an improved lithium ion battery electrolyte containing a solvent that remains liquid at typical ...
Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Issues and Thermal Management Techniques (Presentation)
This presentation examines the issues concerning thermal management in electric drive vehicles and management techniques for improving the life of a Li-ion battery in an EDV.
Rugh, J. P.; Pesaran, A.; Smith, K.
Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Materials for Fast Charging and ...
Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Materials for Fast Charging and Improved Safety Technology Summary ... a great low cost substitute for cobalt, were
Battery cell soldering apparatus
A battery cell soldering apparatus for coupling a plurality of battery cells within a battery casing comprises a support platform and a battery casing holder. The support platform operatively supports a soldering block including a plurality of soldering elements coupled to an electrical source together with a cooling means and control panel to control selectively the heating and cooling of the soldering block when the battery cells within the battery casing are held inverted in operative engagement with the plurality of soldering elements by the battery casing holder.
Alvarez, O.E.
Battery life extender
A battery life extender is described which comprises: (a) a housing disposed around the battery with terminals of the battery extending through top of the housing so that battery clamps can be attached thereto, the housing having an access opening in the top thereof; (b) means for stabilizing temperature of the battery within the housing during hot and cold weather conditions so as to extend operating life of the battery; and (c) a removable cover sized to fit over the access opening in the top of the housing so that the battery can be serviced without having to remove the housing or any part thereof.
Foti, M.; Embry, J.
Overcoming the Range Limitation of Medium-Duty Battery Electric Vehicles through the use of Hydrogen Fuel-Cells
Battery electric vehicles possess great potential for decreasing lifecycle costs in medium-duty applications, a market segment currently dominated by internal combustion technology. Characterized by frequent repetition of similar routes and daily return to a central depot, medium-duty vocations are well positioned to leverage the low operating costs of battery electric vehicles. Unfortunately, the range limitation of commercially available battery electric vehicles acts as a barrier to widespread adoption. This paper describes the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy and industry partners to analyze the use of small hydrogen fuel-cell stacks to extend the range of battery electric vehicles as a means of improving utility, and presumably, increasing market adoption. This analysis employs real-world vocational data and near-term economic assumptions to (1) identify optimal component configurations for minimizing lifecycle costs, (2) benchmark economic performance relative to both battery electric and conventional powertrains, and (3) understand how the optimal design and its competitiveness change with respect to duty cycle and economic climate. It is found that small fuel-cell power units provide extended range at significantly lower capital and lifecycle costs than additional battery capacity alone. And while fuel-cell range-extended vehicles are not deemed economically competitive with conventional vehicles given present-day economic conditions, this paper identifies potential future scenarios where cost equivalency is achieved.
Wood, E.; Wang, L.; Gonder, J.; Ulsh, M.
Control circuit for automatic battery chargers
An improved battery charger apparatus having a control circuit providing different charging periods which are automatically correlated with the type of battery connected to the charge for charging the connected battery to a preselected full charge state. The apparatus has a charging circuit for charging the battery, a sensing circuit for sensing the state of the battery during charging thereof by the charging circuit and a circuit for determining first and second predetermined reference voltage/current states. The apparatus causes the charging of the battery at a preselected initial charging level for an initial time period and establishes a first finish time period. The apparatus further determines a first time at which the state of the battery reaches the first predetermined referenced voltage/current state during the initial time period, and causes the charging circuit to continue to charge the battery at a preselected first charging level after the determination of the first time for a first finish time period. The apparatus further establishes a second finish time period and determines a second time at which the state of the battery reaches the second predetermined referenced voltage/current state during the first finish time period. The apparatus terminates charging of the battery if the state of the battery does not reach the second predetermined referenced voltage/current state during the first finish time period, and causes the charging circuit to continue to charge the battery at a preselected second charging level after the determination of the second time for a second finish time period.
Lambert, F.J.; Bosack, D.J.; Johansen, D.K.
Safety Hazards of Batteries
Safety Hazards of Batteries Safety Hazards of Batteries Battery technology is at the heart of much of our technological revolution. One of the most prevalent rechargeable batteries in use today is the Lithium-ion battery. Cell phones, laptop computers, GPS systems, iPods, and even cars are now using lithium- ion rechargeable battery technology. In fact, you probably have a lithium-ion battery in your pocket or purse right now! Although lithium-ion batteries are very common there are some inherent dangers when using ANY battery. Lithium cells are like any other technology - if they are abused and not used for their intended purpose catastrophic results may occur, such as: first-, second-, and third-degree burns, respiratory problems, fires, explosions, and even death. Please handle the lithium-ion batteries with care and respect.
Battery Choices and Potential Requirements for Plug-In Hybrids (Presentation)
Plug-in Hybrid vehicles energy storage and drive cycle impacts presentation given at the 7th Advanced Automotive Battery Conference.
X-Ray Absorption and X-Ray Raman Scattering Studies of Battery ...
Knowledge of the redox chemistry and changes in the structure during electrochemical cycling is of paramount importance in designing new battery materialsĀ...
Modeling of Nonuniform Degradation in Large-Format Li-ion Batteries (Poster)
Shows results of an empirical model capturing effects of both storage and cycling and developed the lithium ion nickel cobalt aluminum advanced battery chemistry.
A New Hybrid Redox Flow Battery with Multiple Redox Couples
A redox flow battery using V{sup 4+}/V{sup 5+} vs. V{sup 2+}/V{sup 3+} and Fe{sup 2+}/Fe{sup 3+} vs. V{sup 2+}/V{sup 3+} redox couples in chloric/sulphuric mixed acid supporting electrolyte was investigated for potential stationary energy storage applications. The Fe/V hybrid redox flow cell using mixed reactant solutions operated within a voltage window of 0.5-1.7 V demonstrated stable cycling over 100 cycles with energy efficiency {approx}80% and no capacity fading at room temperature. A 66% improvement in the energy density of the Fe/V hybrid cell was achieved compared with the previous reported Fe/V cell using only Fe{sup 2+}/Fe{sup 3+} vs. V{sup 2+}/V{sup 3+} redox couples.
Wang, Wei; Li, Liyu; Nie, Zimin; Chen, Baowei; Luo, Qingtao; Shao, Yuyan; Wei, Xiaoliang; Chen, Feng; Xia, Guanguang; Yang, Zhenguo
Battery Balancing at Xtreme Power.
??Battery pack imbalance is one of the most pressing issues for companies involved in Battery Energy Storage. The importance of Battery Balancing with respect toģ (more)
Ganesan, Rahul
Vehicle Technologies Office: Battery Systems
Battery Systems to someone by E-mail Share Vehicle Technologies Office: Battery Systems on Facebook Tweet about Vehicle Technologies Office: Battery Systems on Twitter Bookmark...
Hybrid Electric Vehicles - HEV Batteries
Optima Batteries | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Optima Batteries Jump to: navigation, search Name Optima Batteries Place Milwaukee, WI Website http:www.optimabatteries.com References Optima Batteries1 Information About...
Understanding the function and performance of carbon-enhanced lead-acid batteries : milestone report for the DOE Energy Storage Systems program (FY11 Quarter 1: October through December 2010).
This report describes the status of research being performed under CRADA No. SC10/01771.00 (Lead/Carbon Functionality in VRLA Batteries) between Sandia National Laboratories and East Penn Manufacturing, conducted for the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Storage Systems Program. The Quarter 1 Milestone was completed on time. The milestone entails conducting a thorough literature review to establish the current level of understanding of the mechanisms through which carbon additions to the negative active material improve valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. Most studies have entailed phenomenological research observing that the carbon additions prevent/reduce sulfation of the negative electrode; however, no understanding is available to provide insight into why certain carbons are successful while others are not. Impurities were implicated in one recent review of the electrochemical behavior of carbon additions. Four carbon samples have been received from East Penn Manufacturing and impurity contents have been analyzed. Carbon has been explored as an addition to lead-acid battery electrodes in a number of ways. Perhaps the most notable to date has been the hybrid 'Ultrabattery' developed by CSIRO where an asymmetric carbon-based electrochemical capacitor is combined with a lead-acid battery into a single cell, dramatically improving high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) operation. As illustrated below, the 'Ultrabattery' is a hybrid device constructed using a traditional lead-acid battery positive plate (i.e., PbO{sub 2}) and a negative electrode consisting of a carbon electrode in parallel with a lead-acid negative plate. This device exhibits a dramatically improved cycle life over traditional VRLA batteries, as well as increased charge power and charge acceptance. The 'Ultrabattery' has been produced successfully by both The Furukawa Battery Co. and East Penn Manufacturing. An example illustrating the dramatic improvement in cycle life of the Ultrabattery over a conventional VRLA battery is shown in the graph.
Performance of battery charge controllers: First year test report
The results of the first year of an evaluation of charge controllers for stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems are presented. The objectives of the test program are to positively influence the development of battery charge controllers for stand-alone PV applications and to develop design and application criteria that will improve PV system reliability and battery performance. Future goals are to expand the evaluation program to include various battery technologies and controller algorithms. Also, the information is being communicated to manufacturers to aid in the design of more effective and reliable charge controllers for PV systems. Eight different models of small (nominal 10 amp) charge controllers are being subjected to a comprehensive evaluation. These evaluations include operational tests in identical stand-alone PV systems and environmental and electrical cycling tests. Selected custom tests are also performed on the controllers to determine the response to transients, installation requirements and system design compatibilities. Data presented in this paper include measured electrical characteristics of the controllers, temperature effects on set points, and operational performance in PV systems both in the lab and in the field. A comparison is presented for four different charge controller algorithms which include array-shunt, series-interrupting, series-linear constant-voltage and series-linear-multistep constant-current. 9 refs., 11 figs., 2 tabs.
Dunlop, J. (Florida Solar Energy Center, Cape Canaveral, FL (United States)); Bower, W. (Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States)); Harrington, S. (Ktech Corp., Albuquerque, NM (United States))
ABAA - 6th International Conference on Advanced Lithium Batteries for
Goals Goals Environmental pollution and the looming energy crisis have been attracting significant concerns worldwide. Much of the criticism has been directed to the consumption of fossil fuels and the greenhouse gases emitted by automobiles, which consume almost 45% of all fossil fuels produced. The huge amount of carbon dioxide emitted by automobiles is also highly blamed for global warming. Recently, there has been a worldwide active effort to develop hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) to effectively reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in the transportation sector. Among the available battery technologies, lithium-ion batteries have the highest capacity density and energy density, and are promising candidates for energy storage devices for HEV and PHEV with improved energy efficiency. However, the key technological barriers that hinder commercial use of lithium-ion batteries for HEV and PHEV are their high cost, not enough calendar and cycle life, limited low temperature performance during cold cranking, and intrinsic abuse tolerance.
Long-Range Electric Vehicle Batteries: High Energy Density Lithium Batteries
Broad Funding Opportunity Announcement Project: In a battery, metal ions move between the electrodes through the electrolyte in order to store energy. Envia Systems is developing new silicon-based negative electrode materials for Li-Ion batteries. Using this technology, Envia will be able to produce commercial EV batteries that outperform todayÆs technology by 2-3 times. Many other programs have attempted to make anode materials based on silicon, but have not been able to produce materials that can withstand charge/discharge cycles multiple times. Envia has been able to make this material which can successfully cycle hundreds of times, on a scale that is economically viable. Today, EnviaÆs batteries exhibit world-record energy densities.
Charging Algorithm Extends the Life of Lead-acid Batteries: 2001 R and D 100 Award Recipient
Fact sheet describing NREL's work with Recombination Technologies and Optima Batteries to develop a current interrupt charging algorithm to extend the deep life cycle of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries.
High energy density, thin-lm, rechargeable lithium batteries for marine eld operations
/discharge performance of a Li-ion battery. In their model, loss of cyclable lithium ions and increase in the anode film a one-dimensional schematic of a recharge- able Li-ion battery. During discharge, lithium ions deinter in the cycle life model of rechargeable Li-ion batteries Parameter Cathode (LixCoO2) Membrane separator
Sadoway, Donald Robert
HypoEnergy: Hybrid supercapacitor-battery power-supply optimization for Energy efficiency
HypoEnergy: Hybrid supercapacitor-battery power-supply optimization for Energy efficiency Azalia the hybrid battery-supercapacitor power supply life- time. HypoEnergy combines high energy density of recharge cycles of supercapacitors. The lifetime optimizations consider nonlinear battery characteristics
Auxiliary battery charging terminal
In accordance with the present invention there is provided an auxiliary battery charging terminal that may selectively engage battery charging circuitry inside a portable radio pager. There is provided a current conducting cap having a downwardly and outwardly flared rim that deforms to lock under the crimped edge an insulating seal ring of a standard rechargeable cell by application of a compressive axial force. The auxiliary battery charging terminal is further provided with a central tip axially projecting upwardly from the cap. The auxiliary terminal may be further provided with a cap of reduced diameter to circumferentially engage the raised battery cathode terminal on the battery cell. A mating recess in a remote battery charging receptacle may receive the tip to captivate the battery cell against lateral displacement. The tip may be further provided with a rounded apex to relieve localized frictional forces upon insertion and removal of the battery cell from the remote battery charging receptacle.
Field, H.; Richter, R. E.
ArgonneÆs intermetallic electrodes improve safety and ...
Towards Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries
Towards Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries Towards Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries Speaker(s): Guoying Chen Date: October 25, 2007 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Venkat Srinivasan Safety problems associated with rechargeable lithium batteries are now well recognized. Recent spectacular fires involving cell phones, laptops, and (here at LBNL) AA cells have made the news. These events are generally caused by overcharging and subsequent development of internal shorts. Before these batteries can be used in vehicle applications, improvement in cell safety is a must. We have been active in the area of lithium battery safety for many years. For example, a versatile, inexpensive overcharge protection approach developed in our laboratory, uses an electroactive polymer to act as a reversible, self-actuating, low resistance internal
Fluidic: Grid-Scale Batteries for Wind and Solar | Department...
up to 5,000 charge and discharge cycles - enough to support grid-scale integration of wind and solar power. Fluidic's battery could also help optimize electric grid performance...
Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries: Low-Cost Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries with High Energy Density
BEEST Project: Pellion Technologies is developing rechargeable magnesium batteries that would enable an EV to travel 3 times farther than it could using Li-ion batteries. Prototype magnesium batteries demonstrate excellent electrochemical behavior; delivering thousands of charge cycles with very little fade. Nevertheless, these prototypes have always stored too little energy to be commercially viable. Pellion Technologies is working to overcome this challenge by rapidly screening potential storage materials using proprietary, high-throughput computer models. To date, 12,000 materials have been identified and analyzed. The resulting best materials have been electrochemically tested, yielding several very promising candidates.
Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries
1 1 Linda Gaines Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries Illinois Sustainable Technology Center University of Illinois We don't want to trade one crisis for another! 'é¦ Battery material shortages are unlikely - We demonstrated that lithium demand can be met - Recycling mitigates potential scarcity 'é¦ Life-cycle analysis checks for unforeseen impacts 'é¦ We need to find something to do with the used materials - Safe - Economical 2 We answer these questions to address material supply issues 'é¦ How many electric-drive vehicles will be sold in the US and world-wide? 'é¦ What kind of batteries might they use? - How much lithium would each battery use? 'é¦ How much lithium would be needed each year?
Li-Ion and Other Advanced Battery Technologies
scientist viewing computer screen scientist viewing computer screen Li-Ion and Other Advanced Battery Technologies The research aims to overcome the fundamental chemical and mechanical instabilities that have impeded the development of batteries for vehicles with acceptable range, acceleration, costs, lifetime, and safety. Its aim is to identify and better understand cell performance and lifetime limitations. These batteries have many other applications, in mobile electronic devices, for example. The work addresses synthesis of components into battery cells with determination of failure modes, materials synthesis and evaluation, advanced diagnostics, and improved electrochemical model development. This research involves: Battery development and analysis; Mathematical modeling; Sophisticated diagnostics;
Rechargeable electric battery system
A rechargable battery, system and method for controlling its operation and the recharging thereof in order to prolong the useful life of the battery and to optimize its operation is disclosed. In one form, an electronic microprocessor is provided within or attached to the battery for receiving and processing electrical signals generated by one or more sensors of battery operational variable and for generating output signals which may be employed to control the charge of the battery and to display one or more variables concerned with the battery operation.
Lemelson, J.H.
Temperature-Dependent Battery Models for High-Power Lithium-Ion Batteries
In this study, two battery models for a high-power lithium ion (Li-Ion) cell were compared for their use in hybrid electric vehicle simulations in support of the U.S. Department of Energy's Hybrid Electric Vehicle Program. Saft America developed the high-power Li-Ion cells as part of the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium/U.S. Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles programs. Based on test data, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) developed a resistive equivalent circuit battery model for comparison with a 2-capacitance battery model from Saft. The Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) was used to compare the predictions of the two models over two different power cycles. The two models were also compared to and validated with experimental data for a US06 driving cycle. The experimental voltages on the US06 power cycle fell between the NREL resistive model and Saft capacitance model predictions. Generally, the predictions of the two models were reasonably close to th e experimental results; the capacitance model showed slightly better performance. Both battery models of high-power Li-Ion cells could be used in ADVISOR with confidence as accurate battery behavior is maintained during vehicle simulations.
Johnson, V.H.; Pesaran, A.A. (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Sack, T. (Saft America)
Analysis of Cycling Induced Fatigue in Electrode Materials
Abstract Scope, Degradation in batteries due to electrochemical cycling of active electrode materials remains a challenging problem to meet new application'sĀ...
Battery cell for a primary battery
A battery cell for a primary battery, particularly a flat cell battery to be activated on being taken into use, e.g., when submerged into water. The battery cell comprises a positive current collector and a negative electrode. A separator layer which, being in contact with the negative electrode, is disposed between said negative electrode and the positive current collector. A depolarizing layer containing a depolarizing agent is disposed between the positive current collector and the separate layer. An intermediate layer of a porous, electrically insulating, and water-absorbing material is disposed next to the positive current collector and arranged in contact with the depolarizing agent.
Hakkinen, A.
Optimization of mesoporous carbon structures for lithium¢sulfur battery applications
Mesoporous carbon (MC) with tunable pore sizes (22nm, 12nm, 7nm, and 3nm) and pore volumes (from 1.3 to 4.8 cc/g) containing sulfur inside the pores were systematically studied as mesoporous carbon-sulfur (MCS) composite electrodes for Li-S batteries. Investigation on these MCS composites reveals that the pore structure has no influence on the battery performance at full sulfur loading conditions (the pore volume is fully filled by sulfur) but the maximum sulfur loading capability is higher for MC with larger pore volume. MC with large pore volumes, partial sulfur filling (part of the pore volume left unfilled), and surface modification, can have reasonably high sulfur loading, improved electrical and ionic contacts of sulfur with MC and with electrolytes, which subsequently promotes the battery performance. An initial capacity of ~1250 mAh/g (based on sulfur) and 650 mAh/g capacity retention over 100 cycles were obtained with 50 wt% sulfur loading in the MC with 22nm pore size (4.8 cc/g). When the surface of MCS was coated with Clevios P to reduce the dissolve of polysulfide anions in electrolytes, it exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of ~1390 mAh/g and improved cycling stability with capacity retention of ~840 mAh/g over 100 cycles. The reported correlation among the structure, sulfur filling, surface modification and the electrochemical performance of the MCS composite cathodes provides guidance in designing new electrodes for lithium-sulfur batteries
Li, Xiaolin; Cao, Yuliang; Qi, Wen N.; Saraf, Laxmikant V.; Xiao, Jie; Nie, Zimin; Mietek, Jaroniec; Zhang, Jiguang; Schwenzer, Birgit; Liu, Jun
Solar battery energizer
A battery energizer for button batteries, such as zinc-silver oxide or zinc-mercuric oxide batteries, that are normally considered unchargeable, provides for energizing of the batteries in a safe and simple manner. A solar cell having a maximum current output (e.g., 20 milliamps) is operatively connected to terminals for releasably receiving a button battery. A light emitting diode, or like indicator, provides an indication of when the battery is fully energized, and additionally assists in preventing overenergization of the battery. The solar cell, terminals, LED, and the like can be mounted on a nonconductive material mounting plate which is mounted by a suction cup and hook to a window, adjacent a light bulb, or the like. A battery charger for conventional dry cell rechargeable batteries (such as nickel-cadmium batteries) utilizes the solar cells, and LED, and a zener diode connected in parallel with terminals. An adaptor may be provided with the terminal for adapting them for use with any conventional size dry cell battery, and a simple dummy battery may be utilized so that less than the full complement of batteries may be charged utilizing the charger.
Thompson, M. E.
Structural Underpinnings of the Enhanced Cycling Stability upon Al-Substitution in LiNi[subscript 0.45]Mn[subscript 0.45]Co[subscript 0.1?y]Al[subscript y]O[subscript 2] Positive Electrode Materials for Li-ion Batteries
Single-phase LiNi{sub 0.45}Mn{sub 0.45}Co{sub 0.1-y}Al{sub y}O{sub 2} layered oxide materials with 0 {materials, but raises the operating voltage and reduces the capacity fade of the materials during prolonged cycling compared to the unsubstituted system. In situ X-ray diffraction suggests the presence of Al has a significant structural impact during battery operation. It acts to limit the changes in lattice parameters observed during electrochemical charging and cycling of the materials. High-resolution X-ray diffraction reveals structural distortions in the transition metal layers of as-synthesized powders with high Al-contents, as well as a structural evolution seen in all materials after cycling.
Conry, Thomas E.; Mehta, Apurva; Cabana, Jordi; Doeff, Marca M. (UCB); (SSRL)
PNGV Battery Performance Testing and Analyses
In support of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) has developed novel testing procedures and analytical methodologies to assess the performance of batteries for use in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVÆs). Tests have been designed for both Power Assist and Dual Mode applications. They include both characterization and cycle life and/or calendar life. At periodic intervals during life testing, a series of Reference Performance Tests are executed to determine changes in the baseline performance of the batteries. Analytical procedures include a battery scaling methodology, the calculation of pulse resistance, pulse power, available energy, and differential capacity, and the modeling of calendar- and cycle-life data. PNGV goals, test procedures, analytical methodologies, and representative results are presented.
Motloch, Chester George; Belt, Jeffrey R; Christophersen, Jon Petter; Wright, Randy Ben; Hunt, Gary Lynn; Sutula, Raymond; Duong, T.Q.; Barnes, J.A.; Miller, Ted J.; Haskind, H. J.; Tartamella, T. J.
Battery charger polarity circuit control
A normally open polarity sensing circuit is interposed between the charging current output of a battery charger and battery terminal clamps connected with a rechargeable storage battery. Normally open reed switches, closed by battery positive terminal potential, gates silicon controlled recitifiers for battery charging current flow according to the polarity of the battery.
Santilli, R.R.
Modeling of Transport in Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes
Lithium ion battery systems are promising solutions to current energy storage needs due to their high operating voltage and capacity. Numerous efforts have been conducted to model these systems in order to aid the design process and avoid expensive and time consuming prototypical experiments. Of the numerous processes occurring in these systems, solid state transport in particular has drawn a large amount of attention from the research community, as it tends to be one of the rate limiting steps in lithium ion battery performance. Recent studies have additionally indicated that purposeful design of battery electrodes using 3D microstructures offers new freedoms in design, better use of available cell area, and increased battery performance. The following study is meant to serve as a first principles investigation into the behaviors of 3D electrode architectures by monitoring concentration and cycle behaviors under realistic operating conditions. This was accomplished using computational tools to model the solid state diffusion behavior in several generated electrode morphologies. Developed computational codes were used to generate targeted structures under prescribed conditions of particle shape, size, and overall morphology. The diffusion processes in these morphologies were simulated under conditions prescribed from literature. Primary results indicate that parameters usually employed to describe electrode geometry, such as volume to surface area ratio, cannot be solely relied upon to predict or characterize performance. Additionally, the interaction between particle shapes implies some design aspects that may be exploited to improve morphology behavior. Of major importance is the degree of particle isolation and overlap in 3D architectures, as these govern gradient development and lithium depletion within the electrode structures. The results of this study indicate that there are optimum levels of these parameters, and so purposeful design must make use of these behaviors.
Martin, Michael
Evaluation of Emerging Battery Technologies for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
The performance, cycle life, and cost of available batteries are key issues in determining the marketability of plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs). The California Air Resources Board (CARB) initiated a project to evaluate emerging lithiumion battery technologies for PHEV applications. Work initially focused on the determination of the characteristics of one of the most interesting of the emerging lithium-ion batteries, the lithium titanate battery in commercial development by Altairnano, but other ...
Modeling & Simulation - Batteries
Production of Batteries for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Production of Batteries for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles battery assessment graph Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are currently being implemented in hybrid electric (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV), and electric (EV) vehicles. While nickel metal-hydride will continue to be the battery chemistry of choice for some HEV models, Li-ion will be the dominate battery chemistry of the remaining market share for the near-future. Large government incentives are currently necessary for customer acceptance of the vehicles such as the Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf. Understanding the parameters that control the cost of Li-ion will help researchers and policy makers understand the potential of Li-ion batteries to meet battery energy density and cost goals, thus enabling widespread adoption without incentives.
Batteries and Fuel Cells
Collage of electric cars, plug, battery research lab Collage of electric cars, plug, battery research lab Batteries and Fuel Cells EETD researchers study the basic science and development of advanced batteries and fuel cells for transportation, electric grid storage, and other stationary applications. This research is aimed at developing more environmentally friendly technologies for generating and storing energy, including better batteries and fuel cells. Li-Ion and Other Advanced Battery Technologies Research conducted here on battery technology is aimed at developing low-cost rechargeable advanced electrochemical batteries for both automotive and stationary applications. The goal of fuel cell research is to provide the technologies for the successful commercialization of polymer-electrolyte and solid oxide fuel
A compact, hermetic feedthrough apparatus is described comprising interfitting sleeve portions constructed of chemically-stable materials to permit unique battery designs and increase battery life and performance. 8 figs.
BEST for batteries
The Battery Energy Storage Test (BEST) Facility, Hillsborough Township, New Jersey, will investigate advanced battery performance, reliability, and economy and will verify system characteristics and performance in an actual utility environment.
Lihach, N.
Manufacturer: Panasonic Battery Type: ...
Battery Specifi cations Manufacturer: Panasonic Battery Type: Nickel Metal Hydride Rated Capacity: 5.5 Ahr Rated Power: Not Available Nominal Pack Voltage: 158.4 VDC Nominal Cell...
Aluminum ION Battery
ĢLower cost because of abundant aluminum resources ... Li-ion battery (LiC 6 - Mn 2 O 4) 106 4.0 424 Al-ion battery (Al - Mn 2 O 4) 400 2.65 1,060
Dual battery system
A dual battery system is described, comprising: a primary first battery having a first open circuit voltage, the first battery including a first positive electrode, a first negative electrode, and a first electrolyte; a second battery having a second open circuit voltage less than the first open circuit voltage, the second battery including a second positive electrode, a second negative electrode, and a second electrolyte stored separately and isolated from the first electrolyte; a pair of positive and negative terminals; and electrical connections connecting the first and second batteries in parallel to the terminals so that, as current is drawn from the batteries, the amount of current drawn from each respective battery at a constant voltage level varies with the magnitude of the current.
Wruck, W.J.
Battery separators: Past, present and future
The separator is an essential component of state of the art battery technology. It not only must meet the essential function as a current insulator to the electrodes of different polarity, but must also meet the requirements demanded by the steadily changing manufacturing technology. Improved battery energy density, higher reserve capacity and cold cranking performance as well as increased battery productivity have required changes in separators which will be addressed in this presentation. Some of the more important separator characteristics are discussed as well as separator market.
Strzempko, S.J.; Choi, W.M. [Grace Battery Separators, Cambridge, MA (United States)
Anodes for Batteries
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss, "constructive corrosion" as it occurs in power generated devices, specifically batteries.
Windisch, Charles F.
Soldier power. Battery charging.
Soldier power. Marine. Battery charging. Advertising. Remote. SOFC (NanoDynamics, AMI) 60 watts q SOFC #12;
Hong, Deog Ki
Nickel/zinc batteries
A review of the design, components, electrochemistry, operation and performance of nickel-zinc batteries is presented. 173 references. (WHK)
McBreen, J.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory - Designer Glue Improves...
Designer Glue Improves Lithium-ion Battery Life By Mike Ross August 19, 2013 When it comes to improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries, no part should be overlooked - not...
battery, map parcel, med
Attic *** book teachest Servant dictionary scarf [11] Winery demijohn battery, map AuntLair X] EastAnnex battery[4] Cupboard2 [2] mask DeadEnd rucksack AlisonWriting [16] TinyBalcony [17] gold key. [2] Need new torch battery (see [4]) to enter. Then get painting. [3] To please aunt, must move
Rosenthal, Jeffrey S.
Servant dictionary battery, map
This invention is directed to a seal for a sodium sulfur battery in which a flexible diaphragm sealing elements respectively engage opposite sides of a ceramic component of the battery which separates an anode compartment from a cathode compartment of the battery.
Topouzian, Armenag (Birmingham, MI)
Recycle of battery materials
Studies were conducted on the recycling of advanced battery system components for six different battery systems. These include: Nickel/Zinc, Nickel/Iron, Zinc/Chlorine, Zinc/Bromine, Sodium/Sulfur, and Lithium-Aluminum/Iron Sulfide. For each battery system, one or more processes has been developed which would permit recycling of the major or active materials.
Pemsler, J.P.; Spitz, R.A.
Alkaline storage battery
An alkaline storage battery having located in a battery container a battery element comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and a gas ionizing auxiliary electrode, in which the gas ionizing electrode is contained in a bag of microporous film, is described.
Suzuki, S.
Primary and secondary ambient temperature lithium batteries
These proceedings collect papers on the subject of batteries. Topics include: lithium-oxygen batteries, lithium-sulphur batteries, metal-metal oxide batteries, metal-nonmetal batteries, spacecraft power supplies, electrochemistry, and battery containment materials.
Gabano, J.P.; Takehara, Z.; Bro, P.
Transformative Battery Technology at the National Labs | Department of
Transformative Battery Technology at the National Labs Transformative Battery Technology at the National Labs Transformative Battery Technology at the National Labs January 17, 2012 - 10:45am Addthis Vince Battaglia leads a behind-the-scenes tour of Berkeley Lab's Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies Program where researchers aim to improve batteries upon which the range, efficiency, and power of tomorrow's electric cars will depend. Michael Hess Michael Hess Former Digital Communications Specialist, Office of Public Affairs What are the key facts? Berkeley's Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies Program is developing lithium-ion technology to power a vehicle for 300 miles. Lithium-sulfur and lithium-air are "unknown known" technologies for the future of electric vehicle batteries.
Two Studies Reveal Details of Lithium-Battery Function
Two Studies Reveal Details of Lithium-Battery Function Print Two Studies Reveal Details of Lithium-Battery Function Print Our way of life is deeply intertwined with battery technologies that have enabled a mobile revolution powering cell phones, laptops, medical devices, and cars. As conventional lithium-ion batteries approach their theoretical energy-storage limits, new technologies are emerging to address the long-term energy-storage improvements needed for mobile systems, electric vehicles in particular. Battery performance depends on the dynamics of evolving electronic and chemical states that, despite advances in material synthesis and structural probes, remain elusive and largely unexplored. At Beamlines 8.0.1 and 9.3.2, researchers studied lithium-ion and lithium-air batteries, respectively, using soft x-ray spectroscopy techniques. The detailed information they obtained about the evolution of electronic and chemical states will be indispensable for understanding and optimizing better battery materials.
Advanced Metal-Hydrides-Based Thermal Battery: A New Generation of High Density Thermal Battery Based on Advanced Metal Hydrides
HEATS Project: The University of Utah is developing a compact hot-and-cold thermal battery using advanced metal hydrides that could offer efficient climate control system for EVs. The teamÆs innovative designs of heating and cooling systems for EVs with high energy density, low-cost thermal batteries could significantly reduce the weight and eliminate the space constraint in automobiles. The thermal battery can be charged by plugging it into an electrical outlet while charging the electric battery and it produces heat and cold through a heat exchanger when discharging. The ultimate goal of the project is a climate-controlling thermal battery that can last up to 5,000 charge and discharge cycles while substantially increasing the driving range of EVs, thus reducing the drain on electric batteries.
Alan MacDiarmid, Conductive Polymers, and Plastic Batteries
Alan MacDiarmid, Conductive Polymers, and Plastic Batteries Alan MacDiarmid, Conductive Polymers, and Plastic Batteries Resources with Additional Information ┬Ę Patents Alan MacDiarmid ┬®Alan MacDiarmid/ University of Pennsylvania Photo by Felice Macera Until 1987, the billions of batteries that had been marketed in myriad sizes and shapes all had one thing in common. To make electricity, they depended exclusively upon chemical reactions involving metal components of the battery. But today a revolutionary new type of battery is available commercially. It stores electricity in plastic. Plastic batteries are the most radical innovation in commercial batteries since the dry cell was introduced in 1890. Plastic batteries offer higher capacity, higher voltage, and longer shelf-life than many competitive designs. Companies are testing new shapes and configurations, including flat batteries, that can be bent like cardboard. Researchers expect that the new technology will free electronic designers from many of the constraints imposed by metal batteries such as limited recharging cycles, high weight, and high cost.
Highly - conductive cathode for lithium-ion battery using M13 phage - SWCNT complex
Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in portable electronics, and the rapid growth of mobile technology calls for an improvement in battery capabilities. Reducing the particle size of electrode materials in synthesis ...
Adams, Melanie Chantal
Structural Integration of Silicon Solar Cells and Lithium-ion Batteries Using Printed Electronics
lead to improvement in the capacity of a battery for UAVs.battery characteristics under mechanical static loading: charge/discharge capacitybattery characteristics under mechanical static loading: charge/discharge capacity
Kang, Jin Sung
Battery condition indicator
A battery condition indicator is described for indicating both the charge used and the life remaining in a rechargeable battery comprising: rate multiplying and counting means for indirectly measuring the charge useed by the battery between charges; means for supplying variable rate clock pulse to the rate multiplying and counting means, the rate of the clock pulses being a function of whether a high current consumption load is connected to the battery or not; timing means for measuring the total time in service of the battery; charge used display means responsive to the rate multiplying and counting means for providing an indication of the charge remaining in the battery; and age display means responsive to the timing means for providing an indication of the life or age of the battery.
Fernandez, E.A.
Understanding Li-ion battery processes at the atomic to nano-scale.
Reducing battery materials to nano-scale dimensions may improve battery performance while maintaining the use of low-cost materials. However, we need better characterization tools with atomic to nano-scale resolution in order to understand degradation mechanisms and the structural and mechanical changes that occur in these new materials during battery cycling. To meet this need, we have developed a micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)-based platform for performing electrochemical measurements using volatile electrolytes inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). This platform uses flip-chip assembly with special alignment features and multiple buried electrode configurations. In addition to this platform, we have developed an unsealed platform that permits in situ TEM electrochemistry using ionic liquid electrolytes. As a test of these platform concepts, we have assembled MnO{sub 2} nanowires on to the platform using dielectrophoresis and have examined their electrical and structural changes as a function of lithiation. These results reveal a large irreversible drop in electronic conductance and the creation of a high degree of lattice disorder following lithiation of the nanowires. From these initial results, we conclude that the future full development of in situ TEM characterization tools will enable important mechanistic understanding of Li-ion battery materials.
Zhan, Yongjie (Rice University, Houston, TX); Subramanian, Arunkumar; Hudak, Nicholas; Sullivan, John Patrick; Shaw, Michael J.; Huang, Jian Yu
Industrial battery stack
A novel industrial battery stack is disclosed, wherein positive plates which have been longitudinally wrapped with a perforate or semi-perforate material are accurately aligned with respect to the negative plates and separators in the stack during the stacking operation. The novel spacing members of the present invention have a generally U-shaped cross section for engaging through the wrapping a portion of the positive plate adjacent to the longitudinal edges of that plate. Projections protruding substantially from the base of the ''U'' provide the proper distance between the edge of the wrapped plate and an adjacent longitudinal surface. During the stacking and burning operation, this longitudinal surface comprises the back wall of a novel industrial battery plate holder. Following the burning of the battery stack and its subsequent assembly into an appropriate industrial battery case, the spacing member or members act to protect the positive battery plates and retain them in their proper alignment during the operation of the battery. Applicants have also provided a novel apparatus and method for stacking, aligning and burning industrial battery stacks which comprises a battery stack holder having several upstanding walls which define a stacking column having a coplanar terminus. An adjustably locatable partition within said stacking column may be disposed at any of a plurality of positions parallel with respect to the coplanar terminus so that the battery stack holder may be adjusted for any of a variety of given sizes of plates and separators. The battery plates and separators may then be stacked into the battery stack holder so that only the plate lugs extrude beyond the coplanar terminus. A dam is insertable along the top of the battery plates and across the top of the upstanding side walls of the battery stack holder to facilitate the rapid efficient burning of the industrial battery stack.
Digiacomo, H.L.; Sacco, J.A.
Utility Battery Storage Systems Program plan: FY 1994--FY 1998
The Utility Battery Storage Systems Program, sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), is addressing needed improvements so that the full benefits of these systems can be realized. A key element of the Program is the quantification of the benefits of batteries used in utility applications. The analyses of the applications and benefits are ongoing, but preliminary results indicate that the widespread introduction of battery storage by utilities could benefit the US economy by more than $26 billion by 2010 and create thousands of new jobs. Other critical elements of the DOE Program focus on improving the batteries, power electronics, and control subsystems and reducing their costs. These subsystems are then integrated and the systems undergo field evaluation. Finally, the most important element of the Program is the communication of the capabilities and benefits of battery systems to utility companies. Justifiably conservative, utilities must have proven, reliable equipment that is economical before they can adopt new technologies. While several utilities are leading the industry by demonstrating battery systems, a key task of the DOE program is to inform the entire industry of the value, characteristics, and availability of utility battery systems so that knowledgeable decisions can be made regarding future investments. This program plan for the DOE Utility Battery Storage Systems Program describes the technical and programmatic activities needed to bring about the widespread use of batteries by utilities. By following this plan, the DOE anticipates that many of the significant national benefits from battery storage will be achieved in the near future.
Collecting battery data with Open Battery Gareth L. Jones1
Collecting battery data with Open Battery Gareth L. Jones1 and Peter G. Harrison2 1,2 Imperial present Open Battery, a tool for collecting data on mobile phone battery usage, describe the data we have a useful tool in future work to describe mobile phone battery traces. 1998 ACM Subject Classification D.4
Imperial College, London
Redox polymer electrodes for advanced batteries
Advanced batteries having a long cycle lifetime are provided. More specifically, the present invention relates to electrodes made from redox polymer films and batteries in which either the positive electrode, the negative electrode, or both, comprise redox polymers. Suitable redox polymers for this purpose include pyridyl or polypyridyl complexes of transition metals like iron, ruthenium, osmium, chromium, tungsten and nickel; porphyrins (either free base or metallo derivatives); phthalocyanines (either free base or metallo derivatives); metal complexes of cyclams, such as tetraazacyclotetradecane; metal complexes of crown ethers and metallocenes such as ferrocene, cobaltocene and ruthenocene. 2 figs.
Gregg, B.A.; Taylor, A.M.
Advanced batteries having a long cycle lifetime are provided. More specifically, the present invention relates to electrodes made from redox polymer films and batteries in which either the positive electrode, the negative electrode, or both, comprise redox polymers. Suitable redox polymers for this purpose include pyridyl or polypyridyl complexes of transition metals like iron, ruthenium, osmium, chromium, tungsten and nickel; porphyrins (either free base or metallo derivatives); phthalocyanines (either free base or metallo derivatives); metal complexes of cyclams, such as tetraazacyclotetradecane; metal complexes of crown ethers and metallocenes such as ferrocene, cobaltocene and ruthenocene.
Gregg, Brian A. (Golden, CO); Taylor, A. Michael (Golden, CO)
Sulfur-graphene oxide material for lithium-sulfur battery cathodes
Sulfur-graphene oxide material for lithium-sulfur battery cathodes Sulfur-graphene oxide material for lithium-sulfur battery cathodes Theoretical specific energy and theoretical energy density Scanning electron micrograph of the GO-S nanocomposite June 2013 Searching for a safer, less expensive alternative to today's lithium-ion batteries, scientists have turned to lithium-sulfur as a possible chemistry for next-generation batteries. Li/S batteries have several times the energy storage capacity of the best currently available rechargeable Li-ion battery, and sulfur is inexpensive and nontoxic. Current batteries using this chemistry, however, suffer from extremely short cycle life-they don't last through many charge-discharge cycles before they fail. A research team led by Elton Cairns and Yuegang Zhang has developed a new
Nanotechnology in Li-ion Batteries
This is the second of three talks on nanostructures for li-ion batteries. The talks provide an up-to-date review of the issues and challenges facing Li-ion battery research with special focus on how nanostructures/ nanotechnology are being applied to this field. Novel materials reported as prospective candidates for anode, cathode and electrolyte will be summarized. The expected role of nanostructures in improving the performance of Li-ion batteries and the actual pros and cons of using such structures in this device will be addressed. Electrochemical experiments used to study Li-ion batteries will also be discussed. This includes the introduction to the standard experimental set-up and how experimental data (from charge-discharge experiments, cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, etc) are interpreted.
Mukaibo, Hitomi (University of Florida, Martin Research Group)
Stochastic Battery Model for Embedded Systems
This paper explores the recovery and rate capacity effect for batteries used in embedded systems. It describes the prominent battery models with their advantages and drawbacks. It then throws new light on the battery recovery behavior, which can help determine optimum discharge profiles and hence result in significant improvement in battery lifetime. Finally it proposes a fast and accurate stochastic model which draws the positives from the earlier models and minimizes the drawbacks. The parameters for this model are determined by a pretest, which takes into account the newfound background into recovery and rate capacity hence resulting in higher accuracy. Simulations conducted suggest close correspondence with experimental results and a maximum error of 2.65 %. 1.
Venkat Rao; Gaurav Singhal; Anshul Kumar; Nicolas Navet
Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Surface Heterogeneity in Graphite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Passive Layer
, but was lower at later cycles. The temperature that optimizes the active surface in a lithium-ion battery. Published February 14, 2011. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have been extensively used in mobile-discharge rate. The lithium-ion battery is also promising for electric (plug-in and hybrid) vehicles
Barton, Paul I.
Silicon Based Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries
Silicon is environmentally benign and ubiquitous. Because of its high specific capacity, it is considered one of the most promising candidates to replace the conventional graphite negative electrode used in today's Li ion batteries. Silicon has a theoretical specific capacity of nearly 4200 mAh/g (Li21Si5), which is 10 times larger than the specific capacity of graphite (LiC6, 372 mAh/g). However, the high capacity of silicon is associated with huge volume changes (more than 300 percent) when alloyed with lithium, which can cause severe cracking and pulverization of the electrode and lead to significant capacity loss. Significant scientific research has been conducted to circumvent the deterioration of silicon based anode materials during cycling. Various strategies, such as reduction of particle size, generation of active/inactive composites, fabrication of silicon based thin films, use of alternative binders, and the synthesis of 1-D silicon nanostructures have been implemented by a number of research groups. Fundamental mechanistic research has also been performed to better understand the electrochemical lithiation and delithiation process during cycling in terms of crystal structure, phase transitions, morphological changes, and reaction kinetics. Although efforts to date have not attained a commercially viable Si anode, further development is expected to produce anodes with three to five times the capacity of graphite. In this chapter, an overview of research on silicon based anodes used for lithium-ion battery applications will be presented. The overview covers electrochemical alloying of the silicon with lithium, mechanisms responsible for capacity fade, and methodologies adapted to overcome capacity degradation observed during cycling. The recent development of silicon nanowires and nanoparticles with significantly improved electrochemical performance will also be discussed relative to the mechanistic understanding. Finally, future directions on the development of silicon based anodes will be considered.
Zhang, Jiguang; Wang, Wei; Xiao, Jie; Xu, Wu; Graff, Gordon L.; Yang, Zhenguo; Choi, Daiwon; Li, Xiaolin; Wang, Deyu; Liu, Jun
Zinc air battery development for electric vehicles
This report summarizes the results of research conducted during the sixteen month continuation of a program to develop rechargeable zinc-air batteries for electric vehicles. The zinc-air technology under development incorporates a metal foam substrate for the zinc electrode, with flow of electrolyte through the foam during battery operation. In this soluble'' zinc electrode the zincate discharge product dissolves completely in the electrolyte stream. Cycle testing at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, where the electrode was invented, and at MATSI showed that this approach avoids the zinc electrode shape change phenomenon. Further, electrolyte flow has been shown to be necessary to achieve significant cycle life (> 25 cycles) in this open system. Without it, water loss through the oxygen electrode results in high-resistance failure of the cell. The Phase I program, which focused entirely on the zinc electrode, elucidated the conditions necessary to increase electrode capacity from 75 to as much as 300 mAh/cm{sup 2}. By the end of the Phase I program over 500 cycles had accrued on one of the zinc-zinc half cells undergoing continuous cycle testing. The Phase II program continued the half cell cycle testing and separator development, further refined the foam preplate process, and launched into performance and cycle life testing of zinc-air cells.
Putt, R.A.; Merry, G.W. (MATSI, Inc., Atlanta, GA (United States))
Fact Sheet: Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries (October 2012)
batteries are currently used in a variety of applications, ranging from automotive batteries are currently used in a variety of applications, ranging from automotive starting batteries to storage for renewable energy sources. Lead-acid batteries form deposits on the negative electrodes that hinder their performance, which is a major hurdle to the wider use of lead-acid batteries for grid-scale energy storage. The formation of deposits is exacerbated under the operating conditions required by many large-scale energy storage systems, which cycle at a high electrical current while remaining in a partially charged state (high-rate, partial state of charge operation, or HRPSoC). In 1997, researchers made two important advancements to lead-acid batteries. First, the Japan Storage Battery Company showed that adding carbon to the battery dramatically
Cycle-life improvement of Zn/NiOOH cells by the addition of Ca(OH) sub 2 to the zinc electrode
The addition of Ca(OH){sub 2} to the zinc electrode of Zn/NiOOH cells was investigated in order to determine its effect on reducing the rate of Zinc redistribution. Cells containing 0, 10, 25, and 40 mol% Ca(OH){sub 2} in the zinc electrode were constructed and tested. Ca(OH){sub 2} was found to form a calcium zincate complex with the zincate-supersaturated KOH solution created during the discharge half-cycle. As Ca(OH){sub 2} is insoluble in the electrolyte, the formation of this complex (containing two Zn atoms to one Ca) significantly reduces the Zinc redistribution rate. Electrodes with only 10% Ca(OH){sub 2} were found to contain insufficient Ca(OH){sub 2} to complex with enough Zinc to make a dramatic improvement on cycle life. The 25%-Ca(OH){sub 2} electrodes, however, were found to retain their capacity beyond 150 deep discharge cycles, with indication that further Zinc redistribution would occur very slowly. The Zinc utilization of the Ca-containing electrodes showed dramatic improvement over the Ca-free zinc electrodes. 23 refs., 49 figs., 7 tabs.
Jain, R.; McLarnon, F.R.; Cairns, E.J.
Investigating potential efficiency improvement for light-duty transportation applications through simulation of an organic Rankine cycle for waste-heat recovery
Modern diesel engines used in light-duty transportation applications have peak brake thermal efficiencies in the range of 40-42% for high-load operation with substantially lower efficiencies at realistic road-load conditions. Thermodynamic energy and exergy analysis reveals that the largest losses from these engines are due to heat loss and combustion irreversibility. Substantial improvement in overall engine efficiency requires reducing or recovering these losses. Unfortunately, much of the heat transfer either occurs at relatively low temperatures resulting in large entropy generation (such as in the air-charge cooler), is transferred to low-exergy flow streams (such as the oil and engine coolant), or is radiated or convected directly to the environment. While there are significant opportunities for recovery from the exhaust and EGR cooler for heavy-duty applications, the potential benefits of such a strategy for light-duty applications are unknown due to transient operation, low-load operation at typical driving conditions, and the added mass of the system. We have developed an organic Rankine cycle model using GT-Suite to investigate the potential for efficiency improvement through waste-heat recovery from the exhaust and EGR cooler of a light-duty diesel engine. Results from steady-state and drive-cycle simulations are presented, and we discuss strategies to address operational difficulties associated with transient drive cycles and competition between waste-heat recovery systems, turbochargers, aftertreatment devices, and other systems for the limited thermal resources.
Edwards, Kevin Dean [ORNL; Wagner, Robert M [ORNL
Battery utilizing ceramic membranes
A thin film battery is disclosed based on the use of ceramic membrane technology. The battery includes a pair of conductive collectors on which the materials for the anode and the cathode may be spin coated. The separator is formed of a porous metal oxide ceramic membrane impregnated with electrolyte so that electrical separation is maintained while ion mobility is also maintained. The entire battery can be made less than 10 microns thick while generating a potential in the 1 volt range.
Yahnke, Mark S. (Berkeley, CA); Shlomo, Golan (Haifa, IL); Anderson, Marc A. (Madison, WI)
Lithium battery management system
Provided is a system for managing a lithium battery system having a plurality of cells. The battery system comprises a variable-resistance element electrically connected to a cell and located proximate a portion of the cell; and a device for determining, utilizing the variable-resistance element, whether the temperature of the cell has exceeded a predetermined threshold. A method of managing the temperature of a lithium battery system is also included.
Dougherty, Thomas J. (Waukesha, WI)
Controlled Nucleation and Growth Process of Li2S2/Li2S in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Lithium-sulfur battery is a promising next-generation energy storage system because of its potentially three to five times higher energy density than that of traditional lithium ion batteries. However, the dissolution and precipitation of soluble polysulfides during cycling initiate a series of key-chain reactions that significantly shorten battery life. Herein, we demonstrate that through a simple but effective strategy, significantly improved cycling performance is achieved for high sulfur loading electrodes through controlling the nucleation and precipitation of polysulfieds on the electrode surface. More than 400 or 760 stable cycling are successfully displayed in the cells with locked discharge capacity of 625 mAh g-1 or 500 mAh g-1, respectively. The nucleation and growth process of dissolved polysulfides has been electrochemically altered to confine the thickness of discharge products passivated on the cathode surface, increasing the utilization rate of sulfur while avoiding severe morphology changes on the electrode. More importantly, the exposure of new lithium metal surface to the S-containing electrolyte is also greatly reduced through this strategy, largely minimizing the anode corrosion caused by polysulfides. This work interlocks the electrode morphologies and its evolution with electrochemical interference to modulate cell performances by using Li-S system as a platform, providing different but critical directions for this community.
Zheng, Jianming; Gu, Meng; Wang, Chong M.; Zuo, Pengjian; Koech, Phillip K.; Zhang, Jiguang; Liu, Jun; Xiao, Jie
Composite Battery Boost | Advanced Photon Source
Water-Like Properties of Soft Nanoparticle Suspensions Water-Like Properties of Soft Nanoparticle Suspensions Real-Time Capture of Intermediates in Enzymatic Reactions A New Multilayer-Based Grating for Hard X-ray Grating Interferometry The Most Detailed Picture Yet of a Key AIDS Protein Superconductivity with Stripes Science Highlights Archives: 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 2001 | 2000 | 1998 | Subscribe to APS Science Highlights rss feed Composite Battery Boost December 2, 2013 Bookmark and Share Normalized XANES spectra of Li/Se cell during cycling. Black line is the battery voltage profile. New composite materials based on selenium (Se) sulfides that act as the positive electrode in a rechargeable lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery could boost the range of electric vehicles by up to five times, according to
Composit, Nanoparticle-Based Anode material for Li-ion Batteries Applied in Hybrid Electric (HEV's)
Lithium-ion batteries are promising energy storage devices in hybrid and electric vehicles with high specific energy values ({approx}150 Wh/kg), energy density ({approx}400 Wh/L), and long cycle life (>15 years). However, applications in hybrid and electric vehicles require increased energy density and improved low-temperature (<-10 C) performance. Silicon-based anodes are inexpensive, environmentally benign, and offer excellent theoretical capacity values ({approx}4000 mAh/g), leading to significantly less anode material and thus increasing the overall energy density value for the complete battery (>500 Wh/L). However, tremendous volume changes occur during cycling of pure silicon-based anodes. The expansion and contraction of these silicon particles causes them to fracture and lose electrical contact to the current collector ultimately severely limiting their cycle life. In Phase I of this project Yardney Technical Products, Inc. proposed development of a carbon/nano-silicon composite anode material with improved energy density and silicon's cycleability. In the carbon/nano-Si composite, silicon nanoparticles were embedded in a partially-graphitized carbonaceous matrix. The cycle life of anode material would be extended by decreasing the average particle size of active material (silicon) and by encapsulation of silicon nanoparticles in a ductile carbonaceous matrix. Decreasing the average particle size to a nano-region would also shorten Li-ion diffusion path and thus improve rate capability of the silicon-based anodes. Improved chemical inertness towards PC-based, low-temperature electrolytes was expected as an additional benefit of a thin, partially graphitized coating around the active electrode material.
Dr. Malgorzata Gulbinska
Battery Photo Archive
Research and Analysis Computing Center Working With Argonne Contact TTRDC Battery Photo Archive The following images may be used freely as long as they are accompanied...
Electronically configured battery pack
Battery packs for portable equipment must sometimes accommodate conflicting requirements to meet application needs. An electronically configurable battery pack was developed to support two highly different operating modes, one requiring very low power consumption at a low voltage and the other requiring high power consumption at a higher voltage. The configurable battery pack optimizes the lifetime and performance of the system by making the best use of all available energy thus enabling the system to meet its goals of operation, volume, and lifetime. This paper describes the cell chemistry chosen, the battery pack electronics, and tradeoffs made during the evolution of its design.
Kemper, D.
Zinc-Nickel Battery
The short lifetime of the conventional zinc-nickel oxide battery has been the primary factor limiting its commercial use, ... Higher voltage, lower co ...
Energy Materials: Battery Technologies
... batteries of miniature electronic devices to large power source of electric vehicles. ... process developments on electrodes and separators and safety design.
Recommended mission directed goals for electric vehicle battery research and development. The task force on electric vehicle battery goals
Research and development goal packages were developed for the state-of-the-art, flow-through, and bipolar lead-acid batteries, nickel/iron, nickel/zinc, nickel/cadmium, zinc/bromine, iron/air, lithium/iron sulfide, and sodium/sulfur technologies. Since each battery must satisfy mission power/energy requirements throughout every cycle of its operating life, the principal ''design point'' is the end-of-life condition. Since all batteries exhibit deteriorating performance with age, excess kWh capacity of 20 to 30 percent is required early in life. The Battery Panel first identified present state-of-the-art performance characteristics and design interrelationships for each battery technology, and projected the degree of advance expected by 1995. Near-term and 1995 design tradeoffs were modeled using the EVA computerized system developed by ANL. The next step was to target each battery system for a single range (80, 120 or 160 km), depending on its projected 1995 capabilities. For each battery, baseline calculations were carried out assuming the maximum battery weight (695 kg) to be on board. In addition to performance, life, and cost goals, development targets were also established for efficiency, maintenance, and allowable self-discharge rate. The Task Force attempted to establish battery cost requirements, assuming economic parity (in 1995) with other modes of transportation.
Applying the Battery Ownership Model in Pursuit of Optimal Battery...
vehicle types, configurations, and use strategies - Accounting for the added utility, battery wear, and infrastructure costs of range-extension techniques (battery swap, fast...
Mesoporous Block Copolymer Battery Separators
is ~1-2 $ kg -1 , the cost of battery separators is ~120-240greatly reduce the cost of battery separators. Our approach1-2 $ kg -1 , the cost of a typical battery separator is in
Wong, David Tunmin
Feature - Lithium-air Batteries
Develop Lithium-Air Battery Li-air Li-air batteries hold the promise of increasing the energy density of Li-ion batteries by as much as five to 10 times. But that potential will...
Battery electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells and biofuels. Which will
1 Battery electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells and biofuels. Which will be the winner? ICEPT considered are: improved internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) powered by biofuels, battery electric. All three fuels considered (i.e.: biofuels, electricity and hydrogen) are in principle compatible
Sulfonated polysulfone battery membrane for use in corrosive environments
For batteries containing strong oxidizing electrolyte and a membrane separating two electrolyte solutions, e.g., a zinc ferricyanide battery, an improved membrane is provided comprising an oxidative resistant, conductive, ion-selective membrane fabricated from a catenated aromatic polymer having an absence of tertiary hydrogens, e.g., a sulfonated polysulfone.
Arnold, Jr., Charles (Albuquerque, NM); Assink, Roger (Albuquerque, NM)
OUT Success Stories: Battery Electricity Storage for Quality Power
A 3.5-megawatt valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery system installed at a lead recycling plant in California provides one hour of energy storage for both peak-shaving and uninterruptible power. It incorporates improvements in battery materials, manufacturing processes, and quality control.
Recca, L.
Battery Technology Life Verification Testing and Analysis
A critical component to the successful commercialization of batteries for automotive applications is accurate life prediction. The Technology Life Verification Test (TLVT) Manual was developed to project battery life with a high level of statistical confidence within only one or two years of accelerated aging. The validation effort that is presently underway has led to several improvements to the original methodology. For example, a newly developed reference performance test revealed a voltage path dependence effect on resistance for lithium-ion cells. The resistance growth seems to depend on how a target condition is reached (i.e., by a charge or a discharge). Second, the methodology for assessing the level of measurement uncertainty was improved using a propagation of errors in the fundamental measurements to the derived response (e.g., resistance). This new approach provides a more realistic assessment of measurement uncertainty. Third, the methodology for allocating batteries to the test matrix has been improved. The new methodology was developed to assign batteries to the matrix such that the average of each test group would be representative of the overall population. These changes to the TLVT methodology will help to more accurately predict a battery technologyÆs life capability with a high degree of confidence.
Jon P. Christophersen; Gary L. Hunt; Ira Bloom; Ed Thomas; Vince Battaglia
High Energy Batteries for Hybrid Buses
EnerDel batteries have already been employed successfully for electric vehicle (EV) applications. Compared to EV applications, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) bus applications may be less stressful, but are still quite demanding, especially compared to battery applications for consumer products. This program evaluated EnerDel cell and pack system technologies with three different chemistries using real world HEV-Bus drive cycles recorded in three markets covering cold, hot, and mild climates. Cells were designed, developed, and fabricated using each of the following three chemistries: (1) Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) - hard carbon (HC); (2) Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) - HC; and (3) LMO - lithium titanium oxide (LTO) cells. For each cell chemistry, battery pack systems integrated with an EnerDel battery management system (BMS) were successfully constructed with the following features: real time current monitoring, cell and pack voltage monitoring, cell and pack temperature monitoring, pack state of charge (SOC) reporting, cell balancing, and over voltage protection. These features are all necessary functions for real-world HEV-Bus applications. Drive cycle test data was collected for each of the three cell chemistries using real world drive profiles under hot, mild, and cold climate conditions representing cities like Houston, Seattle, and Minneapolis, respectively. We successfully tested the battery packs using real-world HEV-Bus drive profiles under these various climate conditions. The NMC-HC and LMO-HC based packs successfully completed the drive cycles, while the LMO-LTO based pack did not finish the preliminary testing for the drive cycles. It was concluded that the LMO-HC chemistry is optimal for the hot or mild climates, while the NMC-HC chemistry is optimal for the cold climate. In summary, the objectives were successfully accomplished at the conclusion of the project. This program provided technical data to DOE and the public for assessing EnerDel technology, and helps DOE to evaluate the merits of underlying technology. The successful completion of this program demonstrated the capability of EnerDel battery packs to satisfactorily supply all power and energy requirements of a real-world HEV-Bus drive profile. This program supports green solutions to metropolitan public transportation problems by demonstrating the effectiveness of EnerDel lithium ion batteries for HEV-Bus applications.
Bruce Lu
Advanced Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles: A Technology and Cost-Effectiveness Assessment for Battery Electric Vehicles, Power Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Availability of affordable advanced battery technology is a crucial challenge to the growth of the electric-drive vehicle (EDV) market. This study assesses the state of advanced battery technology for EDVs, which include battery electric vehicles (BEVs), power assist hybrid electric vehicles (HEV 0s -- hybrids without electric driving range), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel cell vehicles. The first part of this study presents assessments of current battery performance and cycle life ca...
NREL: News Feature - Award-Winning Battery's Secret is 'Buried'
Award-Winning Battery's Secret is 'Buried' Award-Winning Battery's Secret is 'Buried' September 11, 2009 Photo of three men in a laboratory. In the background is a glovebox. NREL scientists Ed Tracy, left, Roland Pitts, right, and Dane Gillaspie, rear, pose in the lab where they continue to work on improving the award-winning buried-anode battery. Credit: Joe Poellot An innovative microbattery based on a National Renewable Energy Laboratory team's inspired digression is already bringing home major awards. But those involved with the buried anode thin-film rechargeable battery's ongoing development say the technology holds greatest promise as a building block for big batteries powering automobiles and storing power generated by wind, solar and other renewable energy systems. The PowerPlane UX, a coin-cell-sized battery produced by Planar Energy
Advanced lead acid battery development project. Final report
This project involved laboratory and road testing of the Horizon (registered) advanced lead acid batteries produced by Electrosource, Inc. A variety of electric vehicles in the fleet operated by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District and McClellan Air Force Base were used for road tests. The project was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under RA 93-23 entitled Electric Vehicle Technology and Infrastructure. The Horizon battery is a valve regulated, or sealed, lead acid battery produced in a variety of sizes and performance levels. During the project, several design and process improvements on the Horizon battery resulted in a production battery with a specific energy approaching 45 watt-hours per kilogram (Whr/kg) capable of delivering a peak current of 450 amps. The 12 volt, 95 amp-hour (Ahr) Horizon battery, model number 12N95, was placed into service in seven (7) test vehicles, including sedans, prototype lightweight electric vehicles, and passenger vans. Over 20,000 miles have been driven to date on vehicles powered by the Horizon battery. Road test results indicate that when the battery pack is used with a compatible charger and charge management system, noticeably improved acceleration characteristics are evident, and the vehicles provide a useful range almost 20% greater than with conventional lead-acid batteries.
Redox Flow Batteries: a Review
1137-1164 Date Published 102011 ISSN 1572-8838 Keywords Flow battery, Flow cell, Redox, Regenerative fuel cell, Vanadium Abstract Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are enjoying a...
Phylion Battery | Open Energy Information
| Sign Up Search Page Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon Phylion Battery Jump to: navigation, search Name Phylion Battery Place Suzhou, Jiangsu Province,...
Nanowire Lithium-Ion Battery
... workings of Li-ion batteries, they either lack the nanoscale spatial resolution commensurate with the morphology of the active battery materials and ...
How Green Is Battery Recycling?
Gaines Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory How Green Is Battery Recycling? 28 th International Battery Seminar and Exhibit Ft. Lauderdale, FL March...
Argonne to Advise Battery Alliance
and Analysis Computing Center Working With Argonne Contact TTRDC Argonne to advise battery alliance Lithium ion batteries are anticipated to replace gasoline as a major source...
Advanced Flow-Battery Systems
Presentation Title, Advanced Flow-Battery Systems ... Abstract Scope, Flow- battery systems (FBS) were originally developed over 30 years ago and have sinceĀ...
Lithium-Ion Battery Issues
Lithium-Ion Battery Issues IEA Workshop on Battery Recycling Hoboken, Belgium September 26-27, 2011 Linda Gaines Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory...
Prieto Battery | Open Energy Information
Colorado-based startup company that is developing lithium ion batteries based on nano-structured materials. References Prieto Battery1 LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase...
BATTERY -FRIENDLY DESIGN OF SIGNAL PROCESSING ALGORITHMS Praveen Raghavan & Chaitali Chakrabarti
BATTERY - FRIENDLY DESIGN OF SIGNAL PROCESSING ALGORITHMS Praveen Raghavan & Chaitali Chakrabarti metric. This is unfortunate since maximizing battery lifetime is a more appropriate inetric, and lowering energy does not necessarily mean improving battery lifetime. In this paper we first show how to design
Chakrabarti, Chaitali
Revisit Carbon/Sulfur Composite for Li-S Batteries
To correlate the carbon properties e.g. surface area and porous structure, with the electrochemical behaviors of carbon/sulfur (C/S) composite cathodes for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, four different carbon frameworks including Ketjen Black (KB, high surface area and porous), Graphene (high surface area and nonporous), Acetylene Black (AB, low surface area and nonporous) and Hollow Carbon Nano Sphere (HCNS, low surface area and porous) are employed to immobilize sulfur (80 wt.%). It has been revealed that high surface area of carbon improves the utilization rate of active sulfur and decreases the real current density during the electrochemical reactions. Accordingly, increased reversible capacities and reduced polarization are observed for high surface area carbon hosts such as KB/S and graphene/S composites. The porous structure of KB or HCNS matrix promotes the long-term cycling stability of C/S composites but only at relatively low rate (0.2 C). Once the current density increases, the pore effect completely disappears and all Li-S batteries show similar trend of capacity degradation regardless of the different carbon hosts used in the cathodes. The reason has been assigned to the formation of reduced amount of irreversible Li2S on the cathode as well as shortened time for polysulfides to transport towards lithium anode at elevated current densities. This work provides valuable information for predictive selection on carbon materials to construct C/S composite for practical applications from the electrochemical point of view.
Zheng, Jianming; Gu, Meng; Wagner, Michael J.; Hays, Kevin; Li, Xiaohong S.; Zuo, Pengjian; Wang, Chong M.; Zhang, Jiguang; Liu, Jun; Xiao, Jie
Nickel-metal hydride battery development. Final technical report
Rechargeable batteries are used as the power source for a broad range of portable equipment. Key battery selection criteria typically are weight, volume, first cost, life cycle cost, and environmental impact. Rechargeable batteries are favored from a life cycle cost and environmental impact standpoint over primary batteries. The nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery system has emerged as the battery of choice for many applications based on its superior characteristics when judged on the above criteria against other battery types. In most cases commercial Ni-MH batteries are constructed with coiled electrodes in cylindrical metal containers. Electro Energy, Inc. (EEI) has been developing a novel flat bipolar configuration of the Ni-MH system that offers weight, volume, and cost advantages when compared to cylindrical cells. The unique bipolar approach consists of fabricating individual flat wafer cells in conductive, carbon-filled, plastic face plates. The individual cells contain a nonconductive plastic border which is heat sealed around the perimeter to make a totally sealed unit cell. Multi-cell batteries are fabricated by stacking the individual wafer cells in such a way that the positive face of one cell contacts the negative face of the adjacent cell. The stack is then contained in an outer housing with end contacts. The purpose of this program was to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate the capabilities of the EEI Ni-MH battery system for consumer applications. The work was directed at the development and evaluation of the compact bipolar construction for its potential advantages of high power and energy density. Experimental investigations were performed on various nickel electrode types, hydride electrode formulations, and alternate separator materials. Studies were also directed at evaluating various oxygen recombination techniques for low pressure operation during charge and overcharge.
Hysteresis in Thin-Film Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Discharge - charge cycling of thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries with an amorphous or nanocrystalline LiXMn2.Y04 cathode reveals evidence for a true hysteresis in the lithium insertion reaction. This is compared with an apparent hysteresis attributed to a kinetically hindered phase transition near 3 V for batteries with either a crystalline or a nanocrystalline LiJ@Yo4 cathode.
Bates, J.B.; Dudney, N.J.; Evans, C.D.; Hart, F.X.
Batteries Batteries battery/cell diagram Battery/Cell Diagram Batteries are important to our everyday lives and show up in various consumer electronics and appliances, from MP3 players to laptops to our vehicles. Batteries play an important role in our vehicles and are gradually becoming more and more important as they assume energy storage responsibilities from fuel in vehicle propulsion systems. A battery is a device that stores chemical energy in its active materials and converts it, on demand, into electrical energy by means of an electrochemical reaction. An electrochemical reaction is a chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons, and it is that reaction which creates electricity. There are three main parts of a battery: the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The anode is the "fuel" electrode which gives up electrons to the external circuit to create the flow of electrons or electricity. The cathode is the oxidizing electrode which accepts electrons in the external circuit. Finally, the electrolyte carries the electric current, as ions, inside the cell, between the anode and cathode.
Battery paste expander material
Battery paste expander material for the negative plate of a lead--acid storage battery had the following composition: finely divided carbon; barium sulfate; lignosulfonic acid; sulfur; carbohydrates; and Ca/sup 2 +/, Na/sup +/, and NH/sub 4//sup +/ ions. (RWR)
Limbert, J.L.; Procter, H.G.; Poe, D.T.
Accurate Electrical Battery Model Capable of Predicting Runtime and I-V Performance
AbstractŚLow power dissipation and maximum battery runtime are crucial in portable electronics. With accurate and efficient circuit and battery models in hand, circuit designers can predict and optimize battery runtime and circuit performance. In this paper, an accurate, intuitive, and comprehensive electrical battery model is proposed and implemented in a Cadence environment. This model accounts for all dynamic characteristics of the battery, from nonlinear open-circuit voltage, current-, temperature-, cycle number-, and storage time-dependent capacity to transient response. A simplified model neglecting the effects of self-discharge, cycle number, and temperature, which are nonconsequential in low-power Li-ion-supplied applications, is validated with experimental data on NiMH and polymer Li-ion batteries. Less than 0.4 % runtime error and 30-mV maximum error voltage show that the proposed model predicts both the battery runtime and I¢V performance accurately. The model can also be easily extended to other battery and power sourcing technologies. Index TermsŚBatteries, cadence simulation, electrical model, I¢V performance, nickel-metal hydride battery, polymer lithiumion battery, runtime prediction, test system. I.
Min Chen; Student Member; Gabriel A. Rinc¾n-mora; Senior Member
High energy cathode material for long-life and safe lithium batteries.
Layered lithium nickel-rich oxides, Li[Ni{sub 1-x}M{sub x}]O{sub 2} (M=metal), have attracted significant interest as the cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries owing to their high capacity, excellent rate capability and low cost. However, their low thermal-abuse tolerance and poor cycle life, especially at elevated temperature, prohibit their use in practical batteries. Here, we report on a concentration-gradient cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries based on a layered lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide. In this material, each particle has a central bulk that is rich in Ni and a Mn-rich outer layer with decreasing Ni concentration and increasing Mn and Co concentrations as the surface is approached. The former provides high capacity, whereas the latter improves the thermal stability. A half cell using our concentration-gradient cathode material achieved a high capacity of 209 mA h g{sup -1} and retained 96% of this capacity after 50 charge-discharge cycles under an aggressive test profile (55 C between 3.0 and 4.4 V). Our concentration-gradient material also showed superior performance in thermal-abuse tests compared with the bulk composition Li[Ni{sub 0.8}Co{sub 0.1}Mn{sub 0.1}]O{sub 2} used as reference. These results suggest that our cathode material could enable production of batteries that meet the demanding performance and safety requirements of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
Sun, Y.-K.; Myung, S.-T.; Park, B.-C.; Prakash, J.; Belharouak, I.; Amine, K.; Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division; Hanyang Univ.; Iwate Univ.; Illinois Inst. of Tech.
DOE-sponsored battery R and D: recent advances
The main thrust of the battery research is in electric and hybrid vehicles. At the same time, batteries are being developed for utility load leveling and photovoltaic storage. Electric vehicle battery technology will be advanced in the late 1980's through RandD. Key battery development goals, based on the requirements of a passenger vehicle with a 100 mile range, acceptable performance, and a reasonable life cycle cost, are a specific energy of 56 Wh/kg (C/3 rate), a specific peak power for 30 seconds of 104 W/kg, a life of 800 cycles (80% depth of discharge), and an OEM price of /70/Wh-hr. Since 1978, differing technical approaches directed at achieving the battery goals have been pursued by each of the nine RandD contractors (three lead-acid, two nickel/iron, three nickel/zinc, and one zinc/chloride). RandD emphasis is placed on specific energy/power for lead-acid, cost for nickel/iron, cycle life for nickel/zinc, and packaging design and system control for the zinc/chloride battery. The article reviews progress by 12 laboratories.
Modeling, testing and economic analysis of a wind-electric battery charging station
Battery charging systems are very important in many developing countries where rural families cannot afford a solar-battery home system or other electricity options, but they can afford to own a battery (in some cases more than one battery) and can pay for it to be charged on a regular basis. Because the typical households that use batteries are located far from the grid, small wind battery charging stations can be a cost-competitive options for charging batteries. However, the technical aspects of charging numerous 12-volt batteries on one DC bus with a small permanent magnet alternator wind turbine suggest that a special battery charging station be developed. NREL conducted research on two different types of wind battery charging stations: a system that uses one charge controller for the entire DC bus and charges batteries in parallel strings of four batteries each, and one that uses individual charge controllers for each battery. The authors present test results for both system configurations. In addition, modeling results of steady-state time series simulations of both systems are compared. Although the system with the single charge controller for the entire bus is less expensive, it results in less efficient battery charging. The authors also include in the paper a discussion of control strategies to improve system performance and an economic comparison of the two alternative system architectures.
Gevorgian, V.; Corbus, D.A.; Drouilhet, S.; Holz, R. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (US). National Wind Technology Center; Thomas, K.E. [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (US). Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Battery capacity measurement and analysis using lithium coin cell battery
Keywords: DC/DC converter, battery, coin cell, data acquisition, embedded system, energy estimation, power estimation
Sung Park; Andreas Savvides; Mani Srivastava
An improved characterization method for international accountancy measurements of fresh and irradiated mixed oxide (MOX) fuel: helping achieve continual monitoring and safeguards through the fuel cycle
Nuclear fuel accountancy measurements are conducted at several points through the nuclear fuel cycle to ensure continuity of knowledge (CofK) of special nuclear material (SNM). Non-destructive assay (NDA) measurements are performed on fresh fuel (prior to irradiation in a reactor) and spent nuclear fuel (SNF) post-irradiation. We have developed a fuel assembly characterization system, based on the novel concept of 'neutron fingerprinting' with multiplicity signatures to ensure detailed CofK of nuclear fuel through the entire fuel cycle. The neutron fingerprint in this case is determined by the measurement of the various correlated neutron signatures, specific to fuel isotopic composition, and therefore offers greater sensitivity to variations in fissile content among fuel assemblies than other techniques such as gross neutron counting. This neutron fingerprint could be measured at the point of fuel dispatch (e.g. from a fuel fabrication plant prior to irradiation, or from a reactor site post-irradiation), monitored during transportation of the fuel assembly, and measured at a subsequent receiving site (e.g. at the reactor site prior to irradiation, or reprocessing facility post-irradiation); this would confirm that no unexpected changes to the fuel composition or amount have taken place during transportation and/or reactor operations. Changes may indicate an attempt to divert material for example. Here, we present the current state of the practice of fuel measurements for both fresh mixed oxide (MOX) fuel and SNF (both MOX and uranium dioxide). This is presented in the framework of international safeguards perspectives from the US and UK. We also postulate as to how the neutron fingerprinting concept could lead to improved fuel characterization (both fresh MOX and SNF) resulting in: (a) assured CofK of fuel across the nuclear fuel cycle, (b) improved detection of SNM diversion, and (c) greater confidence in safeguards of SNF transportation.
Evans, Louise G [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Croft, Stephen [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Swinhoe, Martyn T [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Tobin, S. J. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Boyer, B. D. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Menlove, H. O. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Schear, M. A. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Worrall, Andrew [U.K., NNL
Nuclear fuel accountancy measurements are conducted at several points through the nuclear fuel cycle to ensure continuity of knowledge (CofK) of special nuclear material (SNM). Non-destructive assay (NDA) measurements are performed on fresh fuel (prior to irradiation in a reactor) and spent nuclear fuel (SNF) post-irradiation. We have developed a fuel assembly characterization system, based on the novel concept of 'neutron fingerprinting' with multiplicity signatures to ensure detailed CofK of nuclear fuel through the entire fuel cycle. The neutron fingerprint in this case is determined by the measurement of the various correlated neutron signatures, specific to fuel isotopic composition, and therefore offers greater sensitivity to variations in fissile content among fuel assemblies than other techniques such as gross neutron counting. This neutron fingerprint could be measured at the point of fuel dispatch (e.g. from a fuel fabrication plant prior to irradiation, or from a reactor site post-irradiation), monitored during transportation of the fuel assembly, and measured at a subsequent receiving site (e.g. at the reactor site prior to irradiation, or reprocessing facility post-irradiation); this would confirm that no unexpected changes to the fuel composition or amount have taken place during transportation and/ or reactor operations. Changes may indicate an attempt to divert material for example. Here, we present the current state of the practice of fuel measurements for both fresh mixed oxide (MOX) fuel and SNF (both MOX and uranium dioxide). This is presented in the framework of international safeguards perspectives from the US and UK. We also postulate as to how the neutron fingerprinting concept could lead to improved fuel characterization (both fresh MOX and SNF) resulting in: (a) assured CofK of fuel across the nuclear fuel cycle, (b) improved detection of SNM diversion, and (c) greater confidence in safeguards of SNF transportation.
Evans, Louise G [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Croft, Stephen [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Swinhoe, Martyn T [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Tobin, S. J. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Menlove, H. O. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Schear, M. A. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Worrall, Andrew [U.K. NNL
PNGV Battery Testing Procedures and Analytical Methodologies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Novel testing procedures and analytical methodologies to assess the performance of hybrid electric vehicle batteries have been developed. Tests include both characterization and cycle life and/or calendar life, and have been designed for both Power Assist and Dual Mode applications. Analytical procedures include a battery scaling methodology, the calculation of pulse resistance, pulse power, available energy, and differential capacity, and the modeling of calendar and cycle life data. Representative performance data and examples of the application of the analytical methodologies including resistance growth, power fade, and cycle and calendar life modeling for hybrid electric vehicle batteries are presented.
Motloch, Chester George; Belt, Jeffrey R; Christophersen, Jon Petter; Wright, Randy Ben; Hunt, Gary Lynn; Haskind, H. J.; Tartamella, T.; Sutula, R.
Improved Improved cache performance in Monte Carlo transport calculations using energy banding A. Siegel a , K. Smith b , K. Felker c,ŌłŚ , P . Romano b , B. Forget b , P . Beckman c a Argonne National Laboratory, Theory and Computing Sciences and Nuclear Engineering Division b Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering c Argonne National Laboratory, Theory and Computing Sciences Abstract We present an energy banding algorithm for Monte Carlo (MC) neutral parti- cle transport simulations which depend on large cross section lookup tables. In MC codes, read-only cross section data tables are accessed frequently, ex- hibit poor locality, and are typically much too large to fit in fast memory. Thus, performance is often limited by long latencies to RAM, or by off-node communication latencies when the data footprint is very large and must be decomposed on
Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride electrolyte battery. [Patent application
It is an object of the invention to provide a primary cell or battery using ammonium fluoride--anhydrous hydrogen fluoride electrolyte having improved current and power production capabilities at low temperatures. It is operable at temperatures substantially above the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride. (GRA)
Food Battery Competition Sponsored by
Food Battery Competition Sponsored by: The University of Tennessee, Materials Research Society (MRS growing populations and energy needs forever. Batteries have evolved a great deal and when you compare the bulky, heavy, toxic car lead batteries to the novel and outstanding lithium-ion batteries, you can
Tennessee, University of
Substation battery-maintenance procedures
The frequency of substation battery failures is gratifyingly low. One trouble spot appears to be extraneous short circuits that drain an otherwise healthy battery. Use of the lead--calcium battery promises to reduce substantially the amount of maintenance that substation batteries need.
Timmerman, M.H.
A New Fe/V Redox Flow Battery Using Sulfuric/Chloric Mixed Acid Supporting Electrolyte
A redox flow battery using Fe2+/Fe3+ and V2+/V3+ redox couples in chloric/sulphuric mixed acid supporting electrolyte was investigated for potential stationary energy storage applications. The Fe/V redox flow cell using mixed reactant solutions operated within a voltage window of 0.5-1.35 V with a nearly 100% utilization ratio and demonstrated stable cycling over 100 cycles with energy efficiency > 80% and no capacity fading at room temperature. A 25% improvement in the discharge energy density of the Fe/V cell was achieved compared with the previous reported Fe/V cell using pure chloride acid supporting electrolyte. Stable performance was also achieved in the temperature range between 0 C and 50 C as well as using microporous separator as the membrane. The improved electrochemical performance at room temperature makes the Fe/V redox flow battery a promising option as a stationary energy storage device to enable renewable integration and stabilization of the electrical grid.
Wang, Wei; Nie, Zimin; Chen, Baowei; Chen, Feng; Luo, Qingtao; Wei, Xiaoliang; Xia, Guanguang; Skyllas-Kazacos, Maria; Li, Liyu; Yang, Zhenguo
Simplified Electrode Formation using Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMP) Doping of Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes
lithium ion battery electrode formation that can boost a cellÆs charge capacity and lower its cost while improving reliability and safety.
Efficient Power Profiling for Battery-Driven Embedded System Design
The ability to efficiently and accurately estimate battery life under different design choices at the system level is an important aid in designing battery-efficient systems. Recently developed battery models help by estimating battery life under given profiles of the battery discharge current over time. However, existing techniques for energy (or average power) estimation do not provide sufficient information (such as time profiles of system power consumption) to drive battery-life estimation. Techniques that are capable of generating such profiles often lack the efficiency required to support exploration at the system level. In this paper, we describe techniques for efficient generation of system-level power profiles, for use in a battery-life estimation framework. Our power profiling technique allows a designer to experiment with: 1) the mapping of system tasks to a set of architectural components and 2) the mapping of system communications to a specified communication architecture, and efficiently generate system power profiles for each alternative. The resulting profiles can then be analyzed using existing battery models to estimate battery lifetime and capacity. Extensive experiments conducted on an IEEE 802.11 MAC processor design demonstrate that our power profiler offers orders of magnitude improvement in runtimes over state-of-the-art cosimulation-based power estimation techniques, while suffering minimal loss of accuracy (average profiling error was 3.8%).
Kanishka Lahiri; Anand Raghunathan; Senior Member; Sujit Dey
Costs of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles
One of the most promising battery types under development for use in both pure electric and hybrid electric vehicles is the lithium-ion battery. These batteries are well on their way to meeting the challenging technical goals that have been set for vehicle batteries. However, they are still far from achieving the current cost goals. The Center for Transportation Research at Argonne National Laboratory undertook a project for the US Department of Energy to estimate the costs of lithium-ion batteries and to project how these costs might change over time, with the aid of research and development. Cost reductions could be expected as the result of material substitution, economies of scale in production, design improvements, and/or development of new material supplies. The most significant contributions to costs are found to be associated with battery materials. For the pure electric vehicle, the battery cost exceeds the cost goal of the US Advanced Battery Consortium by about $3,500, which is certainly enough to significantly affect the marketability of the vehicle. For the hybrid, however, the total cost of the battery is much smaller, exceeding the cost goal of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles by only about $800, perhaps not enough to deter a potential buyer from purchasing the power-assist hybrid.
Gaines, L.; Cuenca, R.
Battery/Charger Load Switch Approximates Ideal Diode
Abstract: Two circuits are described. The first uses external MOSFETs driven by the Power OK (POK) output of a Li-cell charger IC (MAX8814), to switch a load between battery and charging source without intervention from a microcontroller or system software. For charger ICs without a POK output (such as the MAX1507), the second circuit does the same switching using MOSFETs and a comparator (MAX920). A similar version of this article appeared in the July 19, 2010 issue of Electronic Design magazine. Most rechargeable battery-powered systems include a switch that connects the load either to the battery or to a source of charging power. Without it, a system with depleted battery may not operate immediately when plugged in. A switching circuit also allows the system to operate on adapter power while the battery is charging. The simplest and lowest-cost method for this battery/adapter power handoff is a diode-OR connection. The load connects to each power source (battery and adapter) through separate Schottky diodes, so power is applied by the higher voltageŚbattery or adapter. The drawback to this approach is the power loss (P D = I BATTERYV DIODE) and voltage drop (V DIODE = 0.350V at 0.5A, from the PMEG2010AEH data sheet) incurred when the battery services the load. Such losses may not be significant for high-voltage multicell batteries, but for 1-cell Li+ batteries or 2¢4 cell NiMh batteries, the percentages of power loss and diode drop across the blocking diode are considerable. The circuit of Figure 1 switches loads with a voltage drop of only 45mV at 0.5A, which is a head-room improvement of 350mV-
Budge Ing; Hubert Bugajski
Evaluation of near-term electric vehicle battery systems through in-vehicle testing: Interim report
EVTF personnel tested 10 batteries, including lead-acid (flat plate and tubular design), Gel Cell III, advanced lead-acid, nickel iron, nickel zinc, nickel cadmium, and zinc chloride systems. The assessment encompassed the following tasks: initial acceptance testing of battery components and systems, daily in-vehicle operation of the batteries, monthly in-vehicle driving range tests, and periodic static discharge tests under computer control. Performance data were based on specific energy versus accumulated vehicle mileage and vehicle driving range over a fixed operating cycle at 35-mph constant speed and the SAE J227a C cycle. A battery's life cycle was terminated when its measured capacity dropped below 60% of the rating, at a 2-h rate, after 25% of the battery modules had been replaced. The EVs used for the tests were 10 Volkswagen vans and 2 General Motors Griffin vans.
Blickwedel, T.W.
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Sodium Intercalation Battery for Stationary Storage - David Ofer, Tiax
Sodium Intercalation Battery for Sodium Intercalation Battery for Stationary Storage Energy Storage Systems Program (ESS) Peer Review and Update Meeting 2012 David Ofer email@example.com Washington DC, September 27, 2012 Sodium Intercalation Battery for Stationary Storage Background and Purpose 2 Large-scale stationary energy storage for integration with renewables and for off-peak energy capture is a new application requiring new rechargeable batteries. * New combination of requirements - Long cycle life under deep cycling use profile - High cycling efficiency - Moderate rate capability - Very low cost - No requirement for particularly high specific energy or energy density * TIAX is developing a novel Na-ion battery - Leverages teachings of Li-ion technology - Targets novel low-cost chemistry and cell design
A thin film battery is disclosed based on the use of ceramic membrane technology. The battery includes a pair of conductive collectors on which the materials for the anode and the cathode may be spin coated. The separator is formed of a porous metal oxide ceramic membrane impregnated with electrolyte so that electrical separation is maintained while ion mobility is also maintained. The entire battery can be made less than 10 microns thick while generating a potential in the 1 volt range. 2 figs.
Yahnke, M.S.; Shlomo, G.; Anderson, M.A.
BEEST: Electric Vehicle Batteries
BEEST Project: The U.S. spends nearly a $1 billion per day to import petroleum, but we need dramatically better batteries for electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles (EV/PHEV) to truly compete with gasoline-powered cars. The 10 projects in ARPA-EÆs BEEST Project, short for ōBatteries for Electrical Energy Storage in Transportation,ö could make that happen by developing a variety of rechargeable battery technologies that would enable EV/PHEVs to meet or beat the price and performance of gasoline-powered cars, and enable mass production of electric vehicles that people will be excited to drive.
Polymeric battery separators
Configurations of cross-linked or vulcanized amphophilic or quaternized block copolymer of haloalkyl epoxides and hydroxyl terminated alkadiene polymers are useful as battery separators in both primary and secondary batteries, particularly nickel-zinc batteries. The quaternized block copolymers are prepared by polymerizing a haloalkyl epoxide in the presence of a hydroxyl terminated 1,3-alkadiene to form a block copolymer that is then reacted with an amine to form the quaternized or amphophilic block copolymer that is then cured or cross-linked with sulfur, polyamines, metal oxides, organic peroxides and the like.
Minchak, R. J.; Schenk, W. N.
Intermetallic Electrodes Improve Safety and Performance in Lithium ...
volumetric and gravimetric capacity and improves battery stability and safety. ... Transportation applications, such as electric and hybrid-electric vehicles
Assessment of battery technologies for electric vehicles
This document, Part 2 of Volume 2, provides appendices to this report and includes the following technologies, zinc/air battery; lithium/molybdenum disulfide battery; sodium/sulfur battery; nickel/cadmium battery; nickel/iron battery; iron/oxygen battery and iron/air battery. (FI)
Ratner, E.Z. (Sheladia Associates, Inc., Rockville, MD (USA)); Henriksen, G.L. (ed.) (EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID (USA))
High power battery test methods for hybrid vehicle applications
Commonly used EV battery tests are not very suitable for testing hybrid vehicle batteries, which may be primarily intended to supply vehicle acceleration power. The capacity of hybrid vehicle batteries will be relatively small, they will typically operate over a restricted range of states-of-charge, and they may seldom if ever be fully recharged. Further, hybrid propulsion system designs will commonly impose a higher regeneration content than is typical for electric vehicles. New test methods have been developed for use in characterizing battery performance and life for hybrid vehicle use. The procedures described in this paper were developed from the requirements of the government-industry cooperative Partnership for A New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) program; however, they are expected to have broad application to the testing of energy storage devices for hybrid vehicles. The most important performance measure for a high power battery is its pulse power capability as a function of state-of-charge for both discharge and regeneration pulses. It is also important to characterize cycle life, although the {open_quote}cycles{close_quote} involved are quite different from the conventional full-discharge, full-recharge cycle commonly used for EV batteries, This paper illustrates in detail several test profiles which have been selected for PNGV battery testing, along with some sample results and lessons learned to date from the use of these test profiles. The relationship between the PNGV energy storage requirements and these tests is described so that application of the test methods can be made to other hybrid vehicle performance requirements as well. The resulting test procedures can be used to characterize the pulse power capability of high power energy storage devices including batteries and ultracapacitors, as well as the life expectancy of such devices, for either power assist or dual mode hybrid propulsion system designs.
Hunt, G.L.; Haskins, H.; Heinrich, B.; Sutula, R.
Understanding Li+ Battery Operation Lessens Charging Safety Concerns
Abstract: Due to the high energy/power density, in relation to the weight and volume of Lithium-ion (Li+) battery technology, there are some lingering safety concerns when charging and discharging the batteries. Although an already mature technology, improvements to Li+ battery operation are ongoing. This application note describes some of those improvements. It also presents various charging control schemes to ensure that the cells are properly charged using constant-current, constant-voltage (CCCV) approaches. Several charging circuits illustrate approaches for single-cell and multiple-cell Li+ chargers.
unknown authors
Effects of battery technologies, driving patterns, and climate comfort control on the performance of electric vehicles
A computer software package, EAGLES, has been developed at Argonne National Laboratory to analyze electric vehicle (EV) performance. In this paper, we present EAGLES predictions of EV driving range, acceleration rate, and energy consumption under various driving patterns, with different battery technologies, and with assumptions concerning use of air conditioners and/or heaters for climate comfort control. The specifications of a baseline, four-passenger EV for given design performance requirements are established, assuming urban driving conditions represented by the Los Angeles 92 (LA-92) driving cycle and using battery characteristics similar to those of the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) midterm battery performance goals. To examine the impacts of driving patterns, energy consumption is simulated under three different driving cycles: the New York City Cycle, the Los Angeles 92 Cycle, and the ECE-15 Cycle. To test the impacts of battery technologies, performance attributes of an advanced lead-acid battery, the USABC midterm battery goals, and the USABC long-term battery goals are used. Finally, EV energy consumption from use of air conditioners and/or heaters under different climates is estimated and the associated driving range penalty for one European city (Paris) and two United States cities (Chicago and Los Angeles) is predicted. The results of this paper show the importance of considering various effects, such as battery technology, driving pattern, and climate comfort control, in the determination of EV performances. Electric vehicle energy consumption decreases more than 20% when a battery with characteristics similar to the USABC long-term goals is used instead of an advanced lead-acid battery.
Marr, W.W.; Wang, M.Q.; Santini, D.J.
Analysis of batteries for use in photovoltaic systems. Final report
An evaluation of 11 types of secondary batteries for energy storage in photovoltaic electric power systems is given. The evaluation was based on six specific application scenarios which were selected to represent the diverse requirements of various photovoltaic systems. Electrical load characteristics and solar insulation data were first obtained for each application scenario. A computer-based simulation program, SOLSIM, was then developed to determine optimal sizes for battery, solar array, and power conditioning systems. Projected service lives and battery costs were used to estimate life-cycle costs for each candidate battery type. The evaluation considered battery life-cycle cost, safety and health effects associated with battery operation, and reliability/maintainability. The 11 battery types were: lead-acid, nickel-zinc, nickel-iron, nickel-hydrogen, lithium-iron sulfide, calcium-iron sulfide, sodium-sulfur, zinc-chlorine, zinc-bromine, Redox, and zinc-ferricyanide. The six application scenarios were: (1) a single-family house in Denver, Colorado (photovoltaic system connected to the utility line); (2) a remote village in equatorial Africa (stand-alone power system); (3) a dairy farm in Howard County, Maryland (onsite generator for backup power); (4) a 50,000 square foot office building in Washington, DC (onsite generator backup); (5) a community in central Arizona with a population of 10,000 (battery to be used for dedicated energy storage for a utility grid-connected photovoltaic power plant); and (6) a military field telephone office with a constant 300 W load (trailer-mounted auxiliary generator backup). Recommendations for a research and development program on battery energy storage for photovoltaic applications are given, and a discussion of electrical interfacing problems for utility line-connected photovoltaic power systems is included. (WHK)
Podder, A.; Kapner, M.
Defective graphene as promising anode material for Na-ion battery and Ca-ion battery
We have investigated adsorption of Na and Ca on graphene with divacancy (DV) and Stone-Wales (SW) defect. Our results show that adsorption is not possible on pristine graphene. However, their adsorption on defective sheet is energetically favorable. The enhanced adsorption can be attributed to the increased charge transfer between adatoms and underlying defective sheet. With the increase in defect density until certain possible limit, maximum percentage of adsorption also increases giving higher battery capacity. For maximum possible DV defect, we can achieve maximum capacity of 1459 mAh/g for Na-ion batteries (NIBs) and 2900 mAh/g for Ca-ion batteries (CIBs). For graphene full of SW defect, we find the maximum capacity of NIBs and CIBs is around 1071 mAh/g and 2142 mAh/g respectively. Our results will help create better anode materials with much higher capacity and better cycling performance for NIBs and CIBs.
Datta, Dibakar; Shenoy, Vivek B
Combined cycle electric power plant and a heat recovery steam generator having improved boiler feed pump flow control
A combined cycle electric power plant is described that includes gas and steam turbines and a steam generator for recovering the heat in the exhaust gases exited from the gas turbine and for using the recovered heat to produce and supply steam to the steam turbine. The steam generator includes an economizer tube and a high pressure evaporator tube and a boiler feed pump for directing the heat exchange fluid serially through the aforementioned tubes. A condenser is associated with the steam turbine for converting the spent steam into condensate water to be supplied to a deaerator for removing undesired air and for preliminarily heating the water condensate before being pumped to the economizer tube. Condensate flow through the economizer tube is maintained substantially constant by maintaining the boiler feed pump at a predetermined, substantially constant rate. A bypass conduit is provided to feed back a portion of the flow heated in the economizer tube to the deaerator; the portion being equal to the difference between the constant flow through the economizer tube and the flow to be directed through the high pressure evaporator tube as required by the steam turbine for its present load.
Martz, L.F.; Plotnick, R.J.
SOLAR BATTERY CHARGERS FOR NIMH BATTERIES1 Abstract -This paper proposes new solar battery
SOLAR BATTERY CHARGERS FOR NIMH BATTERIES1 Abstract - This paper proposes new solar battery chargers for NiMH batteries. Used with portable solar panels, existing charge control methods are shown of consumer portable solar arrays. These new arrays are lightweight, durable, and flexible and have been
Lehman, Brad
Rechargeable Lithium-Air Batteries: Development of Ultra High Specific Energy Rechargeable Lithium-Air Batteries Based on Protected Lithium Metal Electrodes
BEEST Project: PolyPlus is developing the worldÆs first commercially available rechargeable lithium-air (Li-Air) battery. Li-Air batteries are better than the Li-Ion batteries used in most EVs today because they breathe in air from the atmosphere for use as an active material in the battery, which greatly decreases its weight. Li-Air batteries also store nearly 700% as much energy as traditional Li-Ion batteries. A lighter battery would improve the range of EVs dramatically. Polyplus is on track to making a critical breakthrough: the first manufacturable protective membrane between its lithium¢based negative electrode and the reaction chamber where it reacts with oxygen from the air. This gives the battery the unique ability to recharge by moving lithium in and out of the batteryÆs reaction chamber for storage until the battery needs to discharge once again. Until now, engineers had been unable to create the complex packaging and air-breathing components required to turn Li-Air batteries into rechargeable systems.
Fact Sheet: Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries (October 2012) | Department
Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries (October 2012) Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries (October 2012) Fact Sheet: Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries (October 2012) DOE's Energy Storage Program is funding research and testing to improve the performance and reduce the cost of lead-acid batteries. Research to understand and quantify the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect of carbon additions will help demonstrate the near-term feasibility of grid-scale energy storage with lead-acid batteries, and may also benefit other battery chemistries. Fact Sheet: Carbon-Enhanced Lead-Acid Batteries (October 2012) More Documents & Publications Fact Sheet: Grid-Scale Energy Storage Demonstration Using UltraBattery Technology (October 2012) New Reports and Other Materials Energy Storage Systems 2012 Peer Review Presentations - Day 1, Session 2
Flow-Assisted Alkaline Battery: Low-Cost Grid-Scale Electrical Storage using a Flow-Assisted Rechargeable Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Battery
GRIDS Project: Traditional consumer-grade disposable batteries are made of Zinc and Manganese, 2 inexpensive, abundant, and non-toxic metals. But these disposable batteries can only be used once. If they are recharged, the Zinc in the battery develops filaments called dendrites that grow haphazardly and disrupt battery performance, while the Manganese quickly loses its ability to store energy. CUNY Energy Institute is working to tame dendrite formation and to enhance the lifetime of Manganese in order to create a long-lasting, fully rechargeable battery for grid-scale energy storage. CUNY Energy Institute is also working to reduce dendrite formation by pumping fluid through the battery, enabling researchers to fix the dendrites as theyÆre forming. The team has already tested its Zinc battery through 3,000 recharge cycles (and counting). CUNY Energy Institute aims to demonstrate a better cycle life than lithium-ion batteries, which can be up to 20 times more expensive than Zinc-based batteries.
Parallel flow diffusion battery
A parallel flow diffusion battery for determining the mass distribution of an aerosol has a plurality of diffusion cells mounted in parallel to an aerosol stream, each diffusion cell including a stack of mesh wire screens of different density.
Yeh, Hsu-Chi (Albuquerque, NM); Cheng, Yung-Sung (Albuquerque, NM)
Batteries Breakout Session
models (trailers with engine or battery for long drives) "Out-of-the-Box" Ideas * High voltage packs> 600V Packs (getting rid of high current components) * Cars driven on...
Yeh, H.C.; Cheng, Y.S.
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Development of High Energy Lithium-Sulfur Cells for Electric Vehicle Applications
BEEST Project: Sion Power is developing a lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery, a potentially cost-effective alternative to the Li-Ion battery that could store 400% more energy per pound. All batteries have 3 key partsŚa positive and negative electrode and an electrolyteŚthat exchange ions to store and release electricity. Using different materials for these components changes a batteryÆs chemistry and its ability to power a vehicle. Traditional Li-S batteries experience adverse reactions between the electrolyte and lithium-based negative electrode that ultimately limit the battery to less than 50 charge cycles. Sion Power will sandwich the lithium- and sulfur-based electrode films around a separator that protects the negative electrode and increases the number of charges the battery can complete in its lifetime. The design could eventually allow for a battery with 400% greater storage capacity per pound than Li-Ion batteries and the ability to complete more than 500 recharge cycles.
Mapping Particle Charges in Battery Electrodes
Mapping Particle Charges in Battery Electrodes Print The deceivingly simple appearance of batteries masks their chemical complexity. A typical lithium-ion battery in a cell phone...
Battery SEAB Presentation | Department of Energy
Battery SEAB Presentation Battery SEAB Presentation Battery SEAB Presentation More Documents & Publications Energy Storage Systems 2012 Peer Review Presentations - Day 1, Session 1...
Vehicle Technologies Office: Applied Battery Research
Applied Battery Research to someone by E-mail Share Vehicle Technologies Office: Applied Battery Research on Facebook Tweet about Vehicle Technologies Office: Applied Battery...
get the new available battery capacity that can be assignedof expected lifetime of 1% battery capacity in minutes. Forof energy supply (battery capacity) and demand on cell
What's Next for Batteries? - Energy Innovation Portal
What's Next for Batteries? July 30, 2013. What will batteries look like in the future? How will they work? Argonne National Laboratory battery research experts ...
Centers Field Sites Power Marketing Administration Other Agencies You are here Home Battery SEAB Presentation Battery SEAB Presentation Battery SEAB Presentation More Documents...
Aerospatiale Batteries ASB | Open Energy Information
Aerospatiale Batteries ASB Jump to: navigation, search Name Aerospatiale Batteries (ASB) Place France Product Research, design and manufacture of Thermal Batteries. References...
Final Report: Modifications and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle to Improve the Recovery of Waste Heat
This research and development (R&D) project exemplifies a shared public private commitment to advance the development of energy efficient industrial technologies that will reduce the U.S. dependence upon foreign oil, provide energy savings and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this project was to develop and demonstrate a Direct Evaporator for the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for the conversion of waste heat from gas turbine exhaust to electricity. In conventional ORCs, the heat from the exhaust stream is transferred indirectly to a hydrocarbon based working fluid by means of an intermediate thermal oil loop. The Direct Evaporator accomplishes preheating, evaporation and superheating of the working fluid by a heat exchanger placed within the exhaust gas stream. Direct Evaporation is simpler and up to 15% less expensive than conventional ORCs, since the secondary oil loop and associated equipment can be eliminated. However, in the past, Direct Evaporation has been avoided due to technical challenges imposed by decomposition and flammability of the working fluid. The purpose of this project was to retire key risks and overcome the technical barriers to implementing an ORC with Direct Evaporation. R&D was conducted through a partnership between the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and General Electric (GE) Global Research Center (GRC). The project consisted of four research tasks: (1) Detailed Design & Modeling of the ORC Direct Evaporator, (2) Design and Construction of Partial Prototype Direct Evaporator Test Facility, (3) Working Fluid Decomposition Chemical Analyses, and (4) Prototype Evaluation. Issues pertinent to the selection of an ORC working fluid, along with thermodynamic and design considerations of the direct evaporator, were identified. The FMEA (Failure modes and effects analysis) and HAZOP (Hazards and operability analysis) safety studies performed to mitigate risks are described, followed by a discussion of the flammability analysis of the direct evaporator. A testbed was constructed and the prototype demonstrated at the GE GRC Niskayuna facility.
Donna Post Guillen; Jalal Zia
A new battery energy storage system control method based on SOC and variable filter time constant
Because of large fluctuations and strong randomness of active power generated by renewable energy resources, taking into account the constraints such as battery life cycle, a new battery energy storage system control method based on real-time state-of-charge ...
Li Guo; Ye Zhang; Cheng Shan Wang
Nano-structured anode material for high-power battery system in electric vehicles.
A new MSNP-LTO anode is developed to enable a high-power battery system that provides three times more power than any existing battery system. It shows excellent cycle life and low-temperature performance, and exhibits unmatched safety characteristics.
Amine, K.; Belharouak, I.; Chen, Z.; Taison, T.; Yumoto, H.; Ota, N.; Myung, S.-T.; Sun, Y.-K. (Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division); (Enerdel Lithium Power Systems); (Iwate Univ.); (Hanyang Univ.)
Flywheel Battery Commercialization Study
High energy-density flywheel batteries, already in development as load leveling devices for electric and hybrid vehicles, have the potential to form part of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) for utilities and their customers. This comprehensive assessment of the potential of flywheels in a power conditioning role shows that a sizeable market for flywheel battery-UPS systems may emerge if units can be manufactured in sufficient volume.
Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
The vanadium redox flow battery, sometimes abbreviated as VRB, is an energy storage technology with significant potential for application in a wide range of contexts. Vanadium redox batteries have already been used in a number of demonstrations in small-scale utility-scale applications, and it is believed that the technology is close to being viable for more widespread use. This report examines the vanadium redox technology, including technical performance and cost issues that drive its application today...
Battery availability for near-term (1998) electric vehicles
Battery Requirements were determined for a wide spectrum of electric vehicles ranging from 2-passenger sports cars and microvans to full-size vans with a payload of 500 kg. All the vehicles utilize ac, high voltage (340--360 V) powertrains and have acceleration performance (0--80 km/h in less than 15 seconds) expected to be the norm in 1988 electric vehicles. Battery packs were configured for each of the vehicles using families of sealed lead-acid and nickel-cadmium modules which are either presently available in limited quantities or are being developed by battery companies which market a similar battery technology. It was found that the battery families available encompass the Ah cell sizes required for the various vehicles and that they could be packaged in the space available in each vehicle. The acceleration performance and range of the vehicles were calculated using the SIMPLEV simulation program. The results showed that all the vehicles had the required acceleration characteristics and ranges between 80--160 km (50--100 miles) with the ranges using nickel-cadmium batteries being 40--60% greater than those using lead-acid batteries. Significant changes in the design of electric vehicles over the last fifteen years are noted. These changes make the design of the batteries more difficult by increasing the peak power density required from about 60 W/kg to 100--150 W/kg and by reducing the Ah cell size needed from about 150 Ah to 30--70 Ah. Both of these changes in battery specifications increase the difficulty of achieving low $/kWh cost and long cycle life. This true for both lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. 25 refs., 6 figs., 16 tabs.
Burke, A.F.
Environmental, health, and safety issues of sodium-sulfur batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles. Volume 1, Cell and battery safety
This report is the first of four volumes that identify and assess the environmental, health, and safety issues involved in using sodium-sulfur (Na/S) battery technology as the energy source in electric and hybrid vehicles that may affect the commercialization of Na/S batteries. This and the other reports on recycling, shipping, and vehicle safety are intended to help the Electric and Hybrid Propulsion Division of the Office of Transportation Technologies in the US Department of Energy (DOE/EHP) determine the direction of its research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) program for Na/S battery technology. The reports review the status of Na/S battery RD&D and identify potential hazards and risks that may require additional research or that may affect the design and use of Na/S batteries. This volume covers cell design and engineering as the basis of safety for Na/S batteries and describes and assesses the potential chemical, electrical, and thermal hazards and risks of Na/S cells and batteries as well as the RD&D performed, under way, or to address these hazards and risks. The report is based on a review of the literature and on discussions with experts at DOE, national laboratories and agencies, universities, and private industry. Subsequent volumes will address environmental, health, and safety issues involved in shipping cells and batteries, using batteries to propel electric vehicles, and recycling and disposing of spent batteries. The remainder of this volume is divided into two major sections on safety at the cell and battery levels. The section on Na/S cells describes major component and potential failure modes, design, life testing and failure testing, thermal cycling, and the safety status of Na/S cells. The section on batteries describes battery design, testing, and safety status. Additional EH&S information on Na/S batteries is provided in the appendices.
Ohi, J.M.
Issue and challenges facing rechargeable thin film lithium batteries
New materials hold the key to fundamental advances in energy conversion and storage, both of which are vital in order to meet the challenge of global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Nanomaterials in particular offer unique properties or combinations of properties as electrodes and electrolytes in a range of energy devices. Technological improvements in rechargeable solid-state batteries are being driven by an ever-increasing demand for portable electronic devices. Lithium batteries are the systems of choice, offering high energy density, flexible, lightweight design and longer lifespan than comparable battery technologies. We present a brief historical review of the development of lithium-based thin film rechargeable batteries highlight ongoing research strategies and discuss the challenges that remain regarding the discovery of nanomaterials as electrolytes and electrodes for lithium batteries also this article describes the possible evolution of lithium technology and evaluates the expected improvements, arising from new materials to cell technology. New active materials under investigation and electrode process improvements may allow an ultimate final energy density of more than 500 Wh/L and 200 Wh/kg, in the next 5-6 years, while maintaining sufficient power densities. A new rechargeable battery technology cannot be foreseen today that surpasses this. This report will provide key performance results for thin film batteries and highlight recent advances in their development.
Patil, Arun; Patil, Vaishali; Shin, Dong Wook; Choi, Ji-Won; Paik, Dong-Soo [Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Yoon, Seok-Jin [Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791 (Korea, Republic of)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Fact Sheet: Sodium-Beta Batteries (October 2012) | Department of Energy
Beta Batteries (October 2012) Beta Batteries (October 2012) Fact Sheet: Sodium-Beta Batteries (October 2012) DOE's Energy Storage Program is funding research to further develop a novel planar design for sodium-beta batteries (Na-beta batteries or NBBs) that will improve energy and power densities and simplify manufacturing. This project will demonstrate a planar prototype that operates at <300 degrees Celsius and will scale up the storage capacity to 5 kW, improving on the performance levels being pursued in related battery research projects. Fact Sheet: Sodium-Beta Batteries (October 2012) More Documents & Publications Energy Storage Systems 2012 Peer Review Presentations - Poster Session 1 (Day 1): ARPA-E Projects Energy Storage Systems 2012 Peer Review and Update Meeting Advanced Materials and Devices for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage
Battery Capacity Measurement And Analysis
In this paper, we look at different battery capacity models that have been introduced in the literatures. These models describe the battery capacity utilization based on how the battery is discharged by the circuits that consume power. In an attempt to validate these models, we characterize a commercially available lithium coin cell battery through careful measurements of the current and the voltage output of the battery under different load profile applied by a micro sensor node. In the result, we show how the capacity of the battery is affected by the different load profile and provide analysis on whether the conventional battery models are applicable in the real world. One of the most significant finding of our work will show that DC/DC converter plays a significant role in determining the battery capacity, and that the true capacity of the battery may only be found by careful measurements.
Using Lithium Coin; Sung Park; Andreas Savvides; Mani B. Srivastava
EA-1939: Reese Technology Center Wind and Battery Integration Project,
9: Reese Technology Center Wind and Battery Integration 9: Reese Technology Center Wind and Battery Integration Project, Lubbock County, TX EA-1939: Reese Technology Center Wind and Battery Integration Project, Lubbock County, TX SUMMARY This EA will evaluate the potential environmental impacts of a proposal by the Center for Commercialization of Electric Technologies to demonstrate battery technology integration with wind generated electricity by deploying and evaluating utility-scale lithium battery technology to improve grid performance and thereby aid in the integration of wind generation into the local electricity supply. Under the proposed action, DOE's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability would provide cost shared funding for the project through American Reinvestment and Recovery Act
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Flow Battery Modeling - Mario Martinez, SNL
Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white space between photos and header Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white space between photos and header Flow Battery Modeling Energy Storage Systems Peer Review September 26-28, 2012 MJ Martinez (PI), J Clausen, SM Davison, HK Moffat Flow Battery Modeling Schematic of a Flow Battery PURPOSE: The flow battery modeling task seeks to improve fundamental understanding and enable high-performing, low-cost designs of flow batteries through
Fact Sheet: Sodium-Beta Batteries (October 2012)
Sodium-Beta Batteries Sodium-Beta Batteries Improving the performance and reducing the cost of sodium-beta batteries for large-scale energy storage Sodium-beta batteries (Na-beta batteries or NBBs) use a solid beta-alumina (├¤╦Ø-Al 2 O 3 ) electrolyte membrane that selectively allows sodium ion transport between a positive electrode (e.g., a metal halide) and a negative sodium electrode. NBBs typically operate at temperatures near 350╦ÜC. They are increasingly used in renewable storage and utility applications due to their high round-trip efficiency, high energy densities, and energy storage capacities ranging from a few kilowatt-hours to multiple megawatt-hours. In fact, U.S. utilities
Fact Sheet: Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (October 2012) | Department of
Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (October 2012) Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (October 2012) Fact Sheet: Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (October 2012) DOE's Energy Storage Program is funding research to develop next-generation vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) that reduce costs by improving energy and power densities, widening the operating temperature window, and simplifying and optimizing stack/system designs. These efforts build on Pacific Northwest National Laboratory research that has developed new redox electrolytes that enable increased VRB operating temperatures and energy storage capabilities. Fact Sheet: Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (October 2012) More Documents & Publications Energy Storage Systems 2012 Peer Review Presentations - Day 3, Session 2 Energy Storage Systems 2012 Peer Review Presentations - Poster Session 2
Electrochemical studies of lithium-oxygen reactions for lithium-air battery applications
Fundamentally understanding reaction mechanisms during Li-O? cell operation is critical for implementing Li-air batteries with high reversibility and long cycle life. In this thesis, the rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) ...
Kwabi, David G. (David Gator)
45nm direct battery DC-DC converter for mobile applications
Portable devices use Lithium-ion batteries as the energy source due to their high energy density, long cycle life and low memory effects. With the aggressive downscaling of CMOS, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ...
Bandyopadhyay, Saurav
Building aggressively duty-cycled platforms to achieve energy efficiency.
??Managing power consumption and improving energy efficiency is a key driver in the design of computing devices today. This is true for both battery poweredģ (more)
Agarwal, Yuvraj