text: On Sun, 11 Jan 2004 13:41:36 +0100 Miguel Bazdresch <lfs-01 at thewizardstower.org> wrote: > > Coreutils > > -Replace /bin/false and /bin/true. > > Why? I know you think those two programs are dangerous because they > accept --version and --help. they are also mega-bloated... -- Spyros lair: http://www.mnementh.co.uk/ |||| Maintainer: arm26 linux Do not meddle in the affairs of Dragons, for you are tasty and good with ketchup.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tag Heuer LRS Sunglasses - Outdoor Green/BlackWhat LRS means? L is for Link, reminiscent of the iconic TAG Heuer watch collection. The hinge sports the recognizable shape that the Link model is famous for. Made of 316L stainless steel, with a triple finish, the design of the hinge is perfectly integrated.RS is for Racing Sport. Straight elastomer temples, combined with 8-base lenses, give the LRS its sporty character, directly inspired by TAG Heuers passion for Motor racing. Thanks to their straight design, the temples fit easily and comfortablyunder a helmet. |
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EDINA ULTIMATE DAY CAMP! by Edina - 8 months ago
"Edina Ultimate Frisbee is rapidly growing in the community. Edina High School just won their first State Championships last June for Boys Divison & Girls Division. This Summer we are hosting a camp..." view full details
Art2Light Art Camp 2014! by Art2Light - 8 months ago
"Once a year the Art2Light children's fine art program (taught from a Christian perspective) has a 1-week summer arts & crafts day camp in East Texas to have fun making amazing artwork and to just e..." view full details
Youth Journalism Day by Dana Plewka - over 1 year ago
"Denver, CO. July 19, 2013: Kids ages 4 to 8 spent the day at The Denver Post to learn about journalism. They met with reporters, editors and a Pultizer Prize winning photographer. Then they went..." view full details
Young Performers Day Camp by Young Performers Day Camp - over 1 year ago
"Performing arts event held every summer through Pequot Lakes Community Education. I had absolutely no problems working with Customink, we plan to use them again next year. " view full details
Berkeley CA Girls' Jazz & Blues Camp by Girls_Jazz_Camp - about 3 years ago
"You can tell how much fun the girls are having at the Berkeley, CA Girl's Jazz & Blues Camp! This weeklong August day camp, first of its kind in the nation, is open to instrumentalists and vocalist..." view full details
Sunny Day Camp by erinostheimer - over 5 years ago
"This is the camp my friend and I run for 3-5 year olds. We love our t-shirts, and so do our campers!" view full details
Day Camp Group Photo by wfroncek - over 5 years ago
"This is a picture of the Girl Scouts of Camden County, MO. It was taken during our Day Camp at Ha Ha Tonka State Park on June 13th. During our Day Camp our girls learned about archery, canoeing, fi..." view full details
Gallia Girl Scout Day Camp 2006 by campdirector - almost 8 years ago
"These shirts were for our annual Girl Scout Day Camp in Gallia County. Our theme was Island Paradise. The girls loved the bright colors available and the chance to give ideas for the design. The..." view full details


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For more information on KPFA's archiving policy go here: Learn More.
With Kris Welch.
« Previous Month April 2010 | Current Month: May 2010 | Next Month » June 2010 |
Saturday Morning Talkies - May 8, 2010 at 9:00am
Gulf oil spill: why oil and politics shouldn't mix
Looking for more? Click here to browse all available archives of this program.


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Accommodative Introduction
Crystalens Lifestyle Lens
Crystalens® IOL, a intraocular lens (IOL), can be the remedy for presbyopia, as well as the loss of near and intermediate vision. This lens can be implanted during catarct surgery. Most people experience a loss in their ability to focus up close, which usually begins in their forties, and requires the reliance on reading glasses. The Crystalens® implant offers the ability to reduce the dependency on glasses and contacts by recreating the accommodation similar to the eye's natural lens. This lifestyle intraocular lens may reduce or eliminate the need for glasses for most activities including: reading a watch, working on the computer and reading signs while driving.
Crystalens® is designed to allow the optic, to move back and forth, as you constantly change focus on images around you. The Crystalens® moves, using the eye's natural focusing mechanism, instead of remaining fixed and stationary within the eye. This particular, the Crystalens® provides significant advantages in addressing intermediate vision. After the Crystalens® surgery, most patients see brighter and clearer from near, intermediate and distance, similar to when they were younger.
Accommodative Lens Videos |
The Crystalens® Difference
Few patients with Crystalens® have experienced problems with glare, halos and night vision. Crystalens® focuses only one image to the back of the eye, unlike a multifocal lens that projects multiple images, requiring your brain to "adjust to the differences.
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Don't-Miss Headphone Stories
Wear Buhel 'Soundglasses' and you'll hear music and phone calls right through your skull
These high-tech sunglasses combine Bluetooth with bone-conduction technology to replace earbuds and headphones.
Rock on and recharge with the Phaz Model P2 headphone-battery combo
A headset with an integrated battery pack! Why not: We check out this marriage of convenience from startup company Phaz.
50 Cent's headphones will measure your heart rate
Biometric headphones that measure your heart rate will be out later this year from SMS Audio.
Biometric headphones measure a wearer's heart rate
The headphones from SMS Audio, majority owned by rapper 50 Cent, work with a popular fitness application
The Week in iOS Accessories: Sights and sounds
This week's roundup of new iOS gear includes headphones that include a high-def camera for sending live video to your iPhone or iPad for immediate editing and distribution.
The Week in iOS Accessories: Better batteries
This week's roundup of new iOS gear includes several new ways of powering up your iOS device when a power plug isn't nearby.
Apple officially acquires Beats for $3 billion
After much discussion and many theories, Apple has officially plunked down $3 billion to buy Beats Music and Beats Electronics.
Expo Notes: Glyph is the ideal mobile personal theater for Daft Punk videos
Glyph is a set of headphones, but the bar moves down over your eyes so you can see its display.
Report: Google thwarted Motorola's attempts to build the ultimate Google phone
The Google-Motorola marriage wasn't exactly a match made in Heaven, a new report suggests.


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Countdown to UFC 87 Seek and Destroy. Featuring Georges St. Pierre, Jon Fitch, Kenny Florian, Roger Huerta, Brock Lesnar, and Heath Herring. watch video >>
UFC president Dana White discusses UFC 157, the recent cuts, Nick and Nate Diaz costing him money, free agents Eddie Alvarez and Josh Barnett, Rory MacDonald's injury, Floyd Mayweather signing with S watch video >>
Jon Anik and Kenny Florian preview the UFC 164 matchup between Anthony "Showtime" Pettis and lightweight champion Benson Henderson. watch video >>
UFC 141, December 30th. Former champ Brock Lesnar returns to the octagon to welcome Strikeforce heavyweight king Allistair Overeem. The winner will earn a title shot against the new Heavyweight Cha watch video >>
http://fightnetwork.com/ - Fight Network previews UFC 141 featuring Brock Lesnar vs. Alistair Overeem and Nate Diaz vs. Donald Cerrone, plus a look at DREAM: New Year! 2011. For additional coverage watch video >>
Top welterweight Jon Fitch is eager to return to the Octagon, and Johny Hendricks can't wait to show the world he's a top-level fighter. Hear what they have in store, besides their wrestling pedigree watch video >>
After the UFC 153 post-fight press conference, Dana White talks about Jones vs. Silva, Jon Fitch, Erick Silva, Alistair Overeem and much more. Subscribe to our channel for more MMA videos like this. watch video >>
UFC superstar Georges St-Pierre was joined in the Tristar Gym by Kenny Florian and FUEL TV for an exclusive look at his training camp. GSP has the fight of his life right around the corner against Ca watch video >>
UFC vet Jon Fitch picks the winner of the welterweight championship fight between Georges St-Pierre and Carlos Condit. Who do you think is going to take home the belt? watch video >>


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News about Massage, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Dec. 1, 2013
Vocations column features interview with massage therapist Manny Granillo discussing his career. MORE
Jun. 26, 2013
More than half a dozen day spas that offer full-body massages as their principal service have opened in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, especially on a stretch of Fifth Avenue, and community leaders are receiving some complaints that the parlors are covers for sex workers. MORE
Oct. 28, 2012
John Jeremiah Sullivan article describes undergoing marathon of massages, and degree to which it helped him both physically and emotionally. MORE
Sep. 16, 2012
Most women and men request female massage therapists at spas because of their own comfort level and biases, but culture and nationality also play a role. MORE
May. 3, 2012
Growing number of airports are featuring licensed massage therapists, ready to ease the stresses of modern travel, especially for those constantly on the road for business. MORE
An Aging Population Also Poses Opportunities for Retirement Careers
One increasingly popular niche for those who want to be their own boss are jobs that target people who want to stay in their own homes, rather than move to an assisted living facility.
March 8, 2014, Saturday
MORE ON MASSAGE AND: Longevity
Personal Finances
Careers and Professions
Healing With His Hands
En route to becoming a massage therapist, Manny Granillo always remembered a Spanish expression: Si, se puede. (Yes, you can.)
December 1, 2013, Sunday
Prostitution Investigation at Day Spas Results in 19 Arrests
In two quiet Brooklyn neighborhoods, four men and 15 women were arrested and charged with running paid sexual services behind the doors of massage parlors and day spas.
July 12, 2013, Friday
MORE ON MASSAGE AND: Prostitution
Police Department (NYC)
Kelly, Raymond W
Hynes, Charles J
Bay Ridge (Brooklyn, NY)
Brooklyn (NYC)
New York City
In Brooklyn Neighborhood, Multiplying Massage Parlors Cause Residents to Fret
A number of day spas have opened recently in Bay Ridge, especially on a stretch of Fifth Avenue, and community leaders have received some complaints.
June 26, 2013, Wednesday
My Multiday Massage-a-Thon
An epic quest to find comfort in being naked with strangers.
October 28, 2012, Sunday
MORE ON MASSAGE AND: Massage
Wilmington (NC)
The First Issue in Any Massage
Most women ask for female massage therapists, spa managers say, and the same goes for men. But culture and nationality also play a role.
September 16, 2012, Sunday
Massage Spas, New Oases for the Harried Flier
A growing number of airports are featuring licensed massage therapists, ready to relieve the headache of modern travel.
May 3, 2012, Thursday
The Sedate Spa Massage Goes Extreme
At several spas, the standard sedate massage is being accessorized with rock music, colored lights, vibrating tables, and other extreme bells and whistles.
February 16, 2012, Thursday
Maldives: Ban Is Quickly Lifted on Massage Parlors and Spas
A ban on luxury spas at hotels and massage parlors in the Maldives was lifted on Wednesday under pressure from the country's key tourism industry a week after it was imposed as part of an effort to curb perceived vice.
January 5, 2012, Thursday
Deep Tissue, Hot Stones, And Hands That 'See'
Blind masseurs, known throughout Asia to be better therapists because of their heightened sense of touch, are becoming a trend for spa and wellness retreats worldwide. ''It seems with the loss of their sight, their 'eyes' have been relocated in...
July 17, 2011, Sunday


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Feelings are Dust (even when ours are the same)Dark chocolate & espressowith Bic ink you're dust.My stomach & your brainmakes dawn a twilight red dusk.A couple of wordsdescribe us two.Two words:me & you.Get the drift? Feel that draft?That's an ozone aroma, a prelude to rain.Nature's craft is my giftand my gift is just a game.I don't know how you feel now but if you'll have some dark chocolate and espresso with me we'll probably feel the same.Whatever that's worth.
How to Reap What Eludes YouTo whom I craveWhen all is sullen, melancholy and graveWhere are you now?To the shed of blessed verseWhen my earth is defiled, and shrouded in curseWhere are they now?By day I pay homage to her fluctuating formThe vision I wield to brave every stormHer elusive frame is my source of despairA hefty burden I am honored to bearTo where do I embarkWhen the ghostly reveries emerge from the darkHow can i slay them?To whom I adoreWhen life yields a lingering boreHow shall I maintain?
Broken prayerOh Lord, Father God,Please forgive me for what I have done.I am sorry for lying,I'm sorry for disobeying my mother,I'm sorry for not honoring my father,I'm sorry for cheating,I'm sorry for stealing,I'm sorry for not praying,I'm sorry for not taking prayer seriously enough,I'm sorry for drifting so far away from you,I'm sorry for doubting you.Lord, I'm sorry.Why was I acting so ungrateful for all that you've done for me? If anything I have more than I have to give to give you my thanks. You're the reason why I am who I am. You gave me all that I ever needed and only now do I choose see it Thank you for my family Thank you for my home Thank you for my life Thank you for giving me aid in my darkest hour of need Now I come to you again Here I am before you, as I am. Broken but broken I am. I come seeking Sight, for if I walk alone I am walking with out Sight. Lord, I ask for you to hear me, and not to withhold your ear from me. I
The Highway To Success.The Highway To Success.Caught in the same cycle,Venturing on different routes.Dealt an equal amount of cards,All attempting to follow suit.Each path is only built for one,So the other is destined to lose.The hungry and the blind are equal,But who is misleading who?Multiple mouths moulded to lie,Resulting in many truths.So when you offer me....A way out of this unfair world.An opportunity to avoid the sheer cold.To have the freedom of being brave innovative and bold.A place where all of my dreams are promised to unfold.Where all of my dreams will be mine to grasp and hold.And my story will become an infamous legend brought and told.How can I believe any of your declarations?When I know this will be a short lived collaboration.However I yearn for your belief and your validation.I appreciate you taking my dream in to consideration.But you see we are on the same path of self gratification.If the path was to decrease, you will dismiss me with no hesitation.It's not b
Mirror, MirrorI can't stand the sight of my reflection.Every time I see her, I cringe. Look at her - the dark shadows beneath her eyes, the slumped shoulders, the half-empty gaze that stares back at me. She's disgusting. She's a monster.She's me.But is she real? Am I real?I don't know.Maybe she's the real one and the reason she looks the way she does is because she always sees me and is terrified that something horrible will happen. Maybe I'm the real one and I'm terrified that she's going to let that something occur.Or maybe we're just the same person and I'm letting my thoughts become too unraveled. There's no such thing as another side to a mirror. It's just a piece of glass that reflects that which is in front of its surface. But then again, what do I know? Not much, if I'm being completely honest.There are times where I'll pass my reflection and stop, stare at her, and the urge to do nothing more but take her hand and say I'm sorry. I'm sorry for everything I've said t
Jesus walkedJesus walked on the stormy seas.


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- Final0BOS
Boston won 4-3
Game 1: Saturday, May 14th | ||
Lightning | 5 | Final |
Bruins | 2 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 2: Tuesday, May 17th | ||
Lightning | 5 | Final |
Bruins | 6 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 3: Thursday, May 19th | ||
Bruins | 2 | Final |
Lightning | 0 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 4: Saturday, May 21st | ||
Bruins | 3 | Final |
Lightning | 5 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 5: Monday, May 23rd | ||
Lightning | 1 | Final |
Bruins | 3 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 6: Wednesday, May 25th | ||
Bruins | 4 | Final |
Lightning | 5 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 7: Friday, May 27th | ||
Lightning | 0 | Final |
Bruins | 1 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Coverage: NBCSN
8:00 PM ET, May 25, 2011
Amalie Arena, Tampa, Florida
Points | Goals | Assists | |
BOS | D Krejci 23 | D Krejci 12 | P Bergeron 14 |
TB | S Stamkos 13 | S Stamkos 6 | S Stamkos 7 |
M. St. Louis (Lightning - RW): Goals: 2, Assists: 1
D. Krejci (Bruins - C): Goals: 3, Assists: 0
T. Purcell (Lightning - RW): Goals: 2, Assists: 0
TAMPA, Fla. -- When the Tampa Bay Lightning are in a pinch, they know where to turn for leadership.
Martin St. Louis delivered inspiring pregame words in the locker room, then took the ice and scored two goals to help his team stay alive in the Eastern Conference finals with a 5-4 win over the Boston Bruins in Game 6 on Wednesday night.
More Lightning-Bruins Coverage
The Lightning turned their words into actions as they finally made the Bruins pay for taking penalties, something Boston has yet to figure out, writes Scott Burnside. Story
The Bruins have painted themselves into a corner by letting the Lightning off the hook, but Boston is staying positive entering Game 7, writes Joe McDonald. Story
The Lightning scored three power-play goals in Game 6, but Bruins coach Claude Julien wondered whether counterpart Guy Boucher's pregame comments swayed the refs, writes James Murphy. Story
• Murphy: Top line delivers | Rapid reax
• Bruins blog | ESPN Boston
"He's the heart and soul of our team," rising young star Steven Stamkos said of St. Louis, a six-time All-Star who is one of three players remaining on the roster from Tampa Bay's only Stanley Cup championship team from seven years ago.
"He's the first guy to step up and get the guys going. He's obviously been through every type of experience and every single type of championship you could win, he's been there. He's won individual awards. He's won the Stanley Cup and he's always been a big part. He knows what to do and how to react in those situations. He stepped up before the game and said a few words, and just the respect he has from every single guy on the team, we take it to heart. ... He's been our go-to guy, and he was again."
Teddy Purcell also scored twice and resilient goalie Dwayne Roloson weathered a hat trick by Boston's David Krejci to force Game 7 in Boston on Friday night.
The Bruins are seeking their first trip to the Stanley Cup finals in 21 years, and the Lightning will try to clinch their first appearance on hockey's biggest stage since they won their title in 2004.
The Western Conference champion Vancouver Canucks await the winner.
"We knew it was going to be a long series. ... Comes down to one game. Luckily and fortunately, all our team has been through a Game 7," St. Louis said. "Some of us have played more, but we've had that experience. So we know what to expect. The fourth win is always the toughest one to get and we know both teams will battle hard to get it."
St. Louis also assisted on a third-period goal that put the Lightning up 4-2. His second goal -- and NHL-leading 10th of the playoffs -- restored Tampa Bay's two-goal lead after Boston pulled within 4-3 on one of two goals Krejci scored to keep the Bruins within striking distance in the closing minutes.
Roloson, who didn't play in Game 5 after being pulled from two of the previous three games because of ineffectiveness, also gave up a pair of first-period goals and finished with 16 saves.
Boston's Tim Thomas gave up another early goal, then struggled after Krejci and Milan Lucic scored to give the Bruins a 2-1 lead through one period.
The Lightning took control when St. Louis, Purcell and Stamkos scored power-play goals within a 12-minute span of the second and third periods.
"The fourth win, they don't give it to you, as we learned once again. Not that we were looking for them to give it to us. It's just more proof that's the way it goes," said Thomas, who stopped 21 shots after a superb performance in Game 5 moved the Bruins within one victory of their first Stanley Cup finals appearance since 1991.
"It all comes down to one game now," Boston center Patrice Bergeron said. "So it's about making sure we're keeping our chins up and heads up and make sure we're ready for that game."
Roloson improved to 7-0 in elimination games during his career, including 4-0 this postseason. The Lightning rallied from a 3-1 deficit to beat Pittsburgh in the first round, with their 41-year-old goalie shutting out the Penguins in Game 7 on the road.
Tampa Bay coach Guy Boucher gave backup goalie Mike Smith his first career playoff start Monday night, saying he felt Roloson -- whose midseason acquisition was one of the keys to Tampa Bay emerging as a contender -- needed a "breather" after starting the Lightning's first 15 postseason games.
Smith stopped 17 of 19 shots in the Game 5 loss; however, Boucher didn't hesitate to go back to Roloson with the Lightning facing elimination.
Boston coach Claude Julien said his team would need to play its best game of the series to clinch it, and the Bruins certainly had to have some doubt about how the night might go when Vincent Lecavalier won a faceoff in the right circle, and Purcell scored on Tampa Bay's opening shot.
Lucic countered for Boston less than seven minutes later with a wrist shot from the slot that got past Roloson. Krejci's third goal of the series, after he took a nice backhand pass from along the boards from Daniel Paille, gave the Bruins a 2-1 lead with 3:30 remaining in the first period.
But an inability to take advantage of three more power plays caught up with Boston in the middle of the second period when Tampa Bay, which hadn't scored in man-advantage situations since Game 2, converted three within 12 minutes to regain the lead for good.
"We've been able to bounce back, but it's going to be our toughest challenge. We need to put together a full 60 minutes and that's going to be important going into the next game," Lucic said.
"You have a chance to close it out and you don't do it, being up 3-2 you get another chance," Lucic added. "You've got to be excited for it, you've got to enjoy it and you've got to be looking forward to that challenge, because for almost all of us it's the biggest game of our careers. You've got to go out there, have fun and have no regrets."
Game notes
Purcell's quick goal marked the fourth time in the series a team scored less than two minutes into a game. ... The Lightning played without injured LW Sean Bergenheim, who began the night with a league-leading nine goals during the playoffs after scoring 14 during the regular season. He missed the last two periods of Game 5 with an undisclosed injury. ... The Bruins, 1-for-5 on the power play, had 15 straight advantages without a goal when Krejci trimmed Tampa Bay's lead to 4-3 midway through the third period. It was also Boston's first power-play goal on the road during the playoffs. The Bruins entered the game 0-for-21.
Game Information
Arena: Amalie Arena Location: Tampa, Florida |
Referees: Eric Furlatt, Kelly Sutherland Linesmen: Brad Kovachik, Jean Morin |
Attendance: 21,426 (111.6% full) |
Team Stat Comparison
Boston | Tampa Bay | ||
4 | Goals | 5 | |
1 | Power Play Goals | 3 | |
5 | Power Play Opportunities | 4 | |
0 | Shorthanded Goals | 0 | |
5 | Penalties | 5 | |
10 | Penalty Minutes | 10 | |
20 | Shots on Goal | 26 | |
18 | Hits | 23 | |
31 | Faceoffs Won | 34 |
Scoring Summary
1st Period | BOS | TB | ||
0:36 | Teddy Purcell (5)
Assist: Vincent Lecavalier |
0 | 1 | |
7:09 | Milan Lucic (3)
Assists: Nathan Horton, Johnny Boychuk |
1 | 1 | |
16:30 | David Krejci (8)
Assist: Daniel Paille |
2 | 1 | |
2nd Period | BOS | TB | ||
7:55 | Martin St. Louis (9)
(Power Play) Assists: Vincent Lecavalier, Steven Stamkos |
2 | 2 | |
13:35 | Teddy Purcell (6)
(Power Play) Assists: Steve Downie, Brett Clark |
2 | 3 | |
3rd Period | BOS | TB | ||
0:34 | Steven Stamkos (6)
(Power Play) Assists: Eric Brewer, Martin St. Louis |
2 | 4 | |
9:46 | David Krejci (9)
(Power Play) Assists: Nathan Horton, Tomas Kaberle |
3 | 4 | |
10:15 | Martin St. Louis (10)
Assists: Steve Downie, Steven Stamkos |
3 | 5 | |
13:28 | David Krejci (10)
Assists: Milan Lucic, Tomas Kaberle |
4 | 5 |


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Multiplying Monomials #3
Can your algebra student give the definition of a monomial? It is the product of a power of variables! Although monomials can be confusing, these supplemental sheets will help your student learn to multiply them. See the example to learn how to do it, and check the answer sheet if you get stumped.
Updated on Sep 5, 2012
Recommended Learning Products
Trust Education.com to find smart things kids love
Unlimited Workbooks and Worksheets
90% of Students Understand Concepts Better Since Using PLUS
Make Math Practice Fun and Engaging
Interactive Math Lessons for Elementary School Students


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Staten Island Expressway Crash Leaves Pedestrian Critically Injured
By Ben Fractenberg on January 25, 2012 7:24pm
STATEN ISLAND — A man was critically injured Wednesday night when he was struck by a car on the Staten Island Expressway in Bulls Head, the fire department said.
The incident happened on the highway near the West Shore Expressway about 6 p.m.
The fire department sad the man was in the cardiac arrest when he was taken to Richmond University Medical Center.
It was not immediately clear if the man was trying to cross the highway.


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Climate Change in Europe & Central Asia
- Today
- Past 7 Days
- Past Month
- Past Year
- Specific Date Range
- Agreement (23)
- Board Report (2)
- Board Summary (3)
- Brief (13)
- Blog (49)
- Brief (14)
- Feature Story (49)
- Loans & Credits (3)
- Opinion (6)
- Press Release (99)
- Africa (88)
- Europe and Central Asia (304)
- Date
Bulgaria has substantial green growth potential, but it depends upon bold and systematic actions in areas like agriculture, energy efficiency, and green manufacturing, says Markus Repnik, World Bank Country Manager for Bulgaria. Read More »
For Water and non-Water Wonks: A World Water Day 2013 (not comprehensive) Reading List
As Climate Change Threatens, Water Cooperation Becomes Vital
Climate change impacts are often experienced as water-related events, such as flooding, drought, or extreme storms. Extreme weather events associated with a changing climate carry both economic and human... Show More +
Looking beyond the horizon : how climate change impacts and adaptation responses will reshape agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
This volume presents a synthesis of the multi-country collaborative program of analytical and advisory activities titled reducing vulnerability to climate change in... Show More +
Innovation Means Never Looking to Your Own Field for New Ideas
The Unnoticed Energy Consensus
Assume KOSID and allied civil society organizations will "win" the energy debate, with the Kosova e Re power plant (KRPP) remaining unbuilt. Would that transform Kosovo and bring the kind of future envisioned... Show More +
Russia and World Bank Bolster Cooperation on Improving Business Climate and Supporting Innovation
MOSCOW, February 16, 2013 — World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim today wrapped up a three-day visit to the Russian Federation that focused on building on the country's two-decade partnership, improving... Show More +
World Bank President Jim Kim at G20 Meeting: Climate Change Represents Real, Present Danger
"Looking further down the road, I would be remiss in not highlighting the serious consequences to the economic outlook of failing to tackle the serious challenges presented by climate change. ... Show More +
Controlling greenhouse gas emissions generated by the transport sector in ECA : policy options
Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) generated from transport are among the fastest growing in Europe and in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, posing a challenge in... Show More +
Uzbekistan - Sustainable Agriculture & Climate Change Mitigation Project
GEF Grant: US$12.69 million Project ID: P127486Project Description: The objectives of the project are to promote the introduction of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies of relevance to... Show More +
More Than 10 Million Rural Residents in Eight Regions of Uzbekistan to Benefit from Increased Economic Opportunities and Improved Environmental Conditions
WASHINGTON, January 29, 2013 – Rural communities of over 10 million people in eight regions of Uzbekistan will benefit from the US$12.699 million Global Environment Facility (GEF) grant financing for the... Show More +
The objectives of the Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Mitigation Project for Uzbekistan are to: (i) promote the introduction of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies of releva... Show More +
Central Asia Regional Workshop on Environment and Climate Change: Learning, Partnerships, And Knowledge Exchange
Almaty, January 24, 2013 - The Central Asia Regional Workshop "Environment and climate change: Learning, partnerships, and knowledge exchange" took place in Almaty on January 22-23, 2013.... Show More +
Climate Action in Europe and Central Asia
Three studies show how to achieve a greener growth path by prioritizing investments in energy efficiency, expanding the use of cleaner energy, and improving natural resources management. They also... Show More +
Bloomberg, Kim on Need for Greener, More Efficient Transport in Cities
ENPI East Countries FLEG II Program
Growing green : the economic benefits of climate action
In the two decades since they started their transition from command to market economy, countries in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) have gone through difficult changes.... Show More +


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- Extremely promising new compounds target 'M2-PK'
Cancer research is facing a radical change of direction. Cancer cells do not obtain their energy from the breakdown of sugar to carbon dioxide and water, but from energy-rich intermediates of sugar metabolism instead. This confirms the hypothesis developed by the German Noble prizewinner Otto Warburg over 80 years ago, that an altered energy production in human metabolism is characteristic of cancer. The key enzyme 'M2-PK' (PKM2) hereby plays a decisive role, as scientists from Harvard Medical School report in the current issue of the world-renowned specialist magazine 'Science'.
The results of these experiments represent a significant change in direction in the field of cancer research. They also confirm the earlier findings of scientists such as Warburg, Eigenbrodt and Mazurek that tumour cells express their own characteristic isoform of the glycolytic key enzyme pyruvate kinase. M2-PK is the synonym for both the dimeric and also the tetrameric forms of the M2 pyruvate kinase isoenzyme (also known as PKM2). The dimeric form of M2-PK is dominant in tumour cells.
A simple commercial test is already available to measure the biomarker M2-PK in stool and blood
M2-PK in stool samples can be used to screen for bowel (colorectal) cancer and in blood for monitoring therapy response and patient follow-up of various cancers. Effective and simple tests are already available for the detection of this enzyme, which have been developed and patented by the company ScheBo Biotech AG situated in Giessen, Germany, and are already marketed as commercial test kits.
Biomarker M2-PK in stool samples for the screening and early detection of bowel cancer and polyps
Clinical studies from Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, which tested
M2-PK in stool samples as a metabolic marker for the early detection
SOURCE ScheBo Biotech AG Copyright©2010 PR Newswire. All rights reserved |


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April 12th, 2007, 02:24 PM
Is there a website that is dedicated to trout fishing and learning more about them. I fish for them but was just wondering if there is a website that you can learn more about them. Some secrets and stuff.
View Full Version : Is there somewhere i can learn about trout


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Money Matters
Favorite thing: This is information about money in Zambia
You can use US $, Euro, British Pound, South African Rands or Kwachas to pay for things around this area. You will often get your change in Kwachas if you pay with a foreign currency.
Be aware of what the exchange rates are so that you are not done in. -
Get Multiple entry visa if going over border
Favorite thing: If you visit the Chobe National Park Botswana do try to also do one of the Chobe river cruises, it was wonderful and you see lots of wildlife, do remember if you leave zambia you will pay visa again to return unless you have multiple entry visa!for ppl from Uk the visa is 140 USD, and those on the trip had to pay again that amount to enter after our visit in Botswana... so kinda expensive, I advise multiple entry visa if you consider going over the border.
Remember near Livingstone is where 4 countries come together... Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, standing at the river crossing between Zambia and Botswana you can see all 4 countires.. quite an unique experience.- Singles
- Road Trip
- Family Travel
Visiting in November: Low Water Month
Favorite thing: Obviously, the reason to come to Livingstone is to visit Victoria Falls. Certainly, that was the primary thing I came to visit, and that is where I spent most of my time during my brief visit to this area.
However, you need to understand something about visiting in November: that is a month you will find some great deals, but you will also find that it is the lowest water month of the year. The rains have just started, so your risk of getting hit by a storm are failry high. However, there hasn't been enough rain for the river to fill up.
Thus, there is a good reason for the good deals you will find at this time of the year.
If you don't believe me, look at the photo!
There is a fair amount of water in the river, but most of it is over on the Zimbabwe side of the river. You can visit the Zimbabwe side, but unfortunately on that side of the river there are other problems: many of the falls are simply too close to the edge to be able to see the entire falls.- Photography
- National/State Park
- Hiking and Walking
Banks Livingstone & Post office
Favorite thing: On main road Mosi-oa-Tunya- you will find Barclays Bank, standard Bank near Post office, its almost opposite PEP STORES,
When you come from airport you turn right here( at the corner where curio stalls are)- Family Travel
- Road Trip
Map of Zambia
Favorite thing: The central southern African country of Zambia is also known as the "Real Africa" a bustling area that comprises of many other attractions besides Livingstone and the Victoria Falls; as can be seen on the enclosed map.
- Trains
- Road Trip
- Backpacking
Walk on the wild side!
Favorite thing: Definitely get them to walk along the length of the Falls, then if they are keen, also get them to do the same from the neighbouring country - Zimbabwe.
For Zimbabwe, you will be ending up in the town called 'Victoria falls' itself!
If you're up for some bunjee-jumping, then this is also possible from the bridge linking the two countries.
Fondest memory: Bunjee-jumping to a stretch of 300 foot, facind the river Zambezi, and it's crocodiles!!- Bungy Jumping
- Hiking and Walking
- Romantic Travel and Honeymoons
ATM in Livingstone
Fondest memory: Withdrawal in local currency from ATM's in Livingstone is easy. However, from time to time, the banks lose their connections with the credit card exchanges which makes withdrawals impossible.
The picture is taken right outside the post office in Livingstone downtown.- National/State Park
- Adventure Travel
- Arts and Culture
Livingstone border and visa on arrival
Fondest memory: Visa on arrival is possible in Livingstone. The border is 400 meters after the Victoria Bridge. The tourist visa at the border cost 50 USD for all, and takes less than 15 minutes if there is no queue. If you already got a visa from an embassy prior to your arrival, there is nothing for you to write. The officer stamps your passport and the handling takes less than a minute. A tourist visa is valid for 90 days.
I was fooled by another web site to believe the visa fee on arrival was up to 200 USD. And therefor had my passport sent by mail to the Zambian embassy in another country. The total price with postal fee was more than the visa-on-arrival-fee.
A day-trip visa can be issued for 20 USD (typically issued to tourists visiting Victoria Falls from a neighboring country). Visitors who wish to stay longer than their initial period of entry must visit an immigration office to obtain.- Backpacking
- Adventure Travel
- Road Trip
Post office in Livingstone
Fondest memory: Livingstone has a large post office in Mosi-oa-Tunya Road in the city centre. A bureaux de change and a forex dealer (Western Union) is located in the same hall.
A stamp to Europe, America or other Mzungi-land costs 5000 Kwacha (1 USD). The poscards took 12 days to Scandinavia.- Arts and Culture
- Motorcycle
- Backpacking
The immigration office in Livingstone
Fondest memory: I f you need to extend your visa in Zambia, you can do that at the immigration at the intersection of Mosi-Oa-Tunia Road and Libala Road.
Note: Zambian Immigration officials insist that visitors carry the original or a certified copy of their passport and immigration permit at all times. Certified copies must be obtained from the immigration office that issued the permit. I didn't do that, but it is an idea if you shall walk around in the streets.- Arts and Culture
- Road Trip
- Backpacking
Bureaux de change in Livingstone
Fondest memory: There are many banks and bureaux de change along the main street in Livingstone. They will not accept dollar notes issued before 1990. 50 and 100 USD notes gives better rates than small notes.
- Arts and Culture
- Adventure Travel
- Backpacking
In the streets of Livingstone
Fondest memory: The main road, Mosi-Oa-Tunya Road, is an avenue with a median strip. But also the rest of the streets of Livingstone are wider than average.
- Arts and Culture
- Road Trip
- Backpacking
The aircraft outside Livingstone Museum
Fondest memory: A 1951 model De Havilland Canada DHC-1 aircraft is mounted right outside the Livingstone Museum. It was sold to the Zambian airforce in 1966.
- Adventure Travel
- Photography
- Arts and Culture
The highest building in Livingstone
Fondest memory: The highest building in Livingstone is the 8 storey tall "Mosi-oa-Tunya House". It's located in Mosi-oa-Tunya Road, just opposite the Livingstone Museum.
- Road Trip
- Backpacking
- Adventure Travel
- 1
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- Save money, Book now!
- Booking.com Excellent choice, Low rates
- Great room rates
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Welcome to Hearts Delight Clothiers.
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Thank you for visiting.
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3 children among 5 dead in Minneapolis fire
MINNEAPOLIS — Paul Cox woke up around 4:45 a.m. Friday when he and his family smelled smoke. They ran outside and saw their upstairs neighbor leaning out a back window of their burning North Minneapolis duplex, screaming. Cox asked the man what was on fire.
"The heater," the man said.
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- Whole Lotta Hustle
- Im Back
- Stay Up!
- Front Porch Freestyle (Interlude)
- Never Gonna Miss
- Pop That Trunk Feat. Track$tar
- 01First Song
- 02Track Number Two
- 03Third Song
- 04Composition #Four
- 055th
- 06Song
23 year old inspiring hip-hop artist out of West Chester, PA. Frequently collaborating with Semmi and Jonny Bell, this trifecta has combined their individual flows and skills into an incomparable style. All three artist draw on different inspirations ranging from A Tribe Called Quest, The Roots, Mos Def & Talib Kweli, T.I., Nelly, Eminem, and J. Cole. With addictive hooks and neck breaking beats (production coming from Jonny Bell) the three artist look to make a name for themselves within the industry.
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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an integral part of multi-modality approach in the management of locally advanced breast cancer. It is vital to predict response to chemotherapy in order to tailor the regime for a particular patient. The prediction would help in avoiding the toxicity induced by an ineffective chemotherapeutic regime in a non-responder and would also help in the planning of an alternate regime. Development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a major problem and one of the mechanisms considered responsible is the expression of 170-k Da membrane glycoprotein (usually referred to as p-170 or p-glycoprotein), which is encoded by multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene. This glycoprotein acts as an energy dependent pump, which actively extrudes certain families of chemotherapeutic agents from the cells. The expression of p-glycoprotein at initial presentation has been found to be associated with refractoriness to chemotherapy and a poor outcome. Against this background a prospective study was conducted using C219 mouse monoclonal antibody specific for p-glycoprotein to ascertain whether pretreatment detection of p-glycoprotein expression could be utilized as a reliable predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer.
Patients and methods
Fifty cases of locally advanced breast cancer were subjected to trucut® biopsy and the tissue samples were evaluated immunohistochemically for p-glycoprotein expression and ER, PR status. The response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was assessed clinically and by using ultrasound after three cycles of FAC regime (cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, Adriamycin 50 mg/m2, 5-fluorourail 600 mg/m2 at an interval of three weeks). The clinical response was correlated with both the pre and post chemotherapy p-glycoprotein expression. Descriptive studies were performed with SPSS version 10. The significance of correlation between tumor response and p-glycoprotein expression was determined with chi square test.
A significant relationship was found between the pretreatment p-glycoprotein expression and clinical response. The positive p-glycoprotein expression was associated with poor clinical response rates. When the clinical response was correlated with p-glycoprotein expression, a statistically significant negative correlation was observed between the clinical response and p- glycoprotein expression (p < 0.05). There was another significant observation in terms of development of post NACT p-glycoprotein positivity. Before initiation of NACT, 26 patients (52%) were p-glycoprotein positive and after three cycles of NACT, the positivity increased to 73.5% patients.
The study concluded that pretreatment p-glycoprotein expression predicts and indicates a poor clinical response to NACT. Patients with positive p-glycoprotein expression before initiation of NACT were found to be poor responders. Thus pretreatment detection of p-glycoprotein expression may be utilized, as a reliable predictor of response to NACT in patients with breast cancer The chemotherapy induced p-glycoprotein positivity observed in the study could possibly explain the phenomenon of acquired chemoresistance and may also serve as an intermediate end point in evaluating drug response particularly if the adjuvant therapy is planned with the same regime.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an integral part of multi-modality approach for the local and systemic management of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) [1-5]. However chemoresistance is a major problem and one of the proposed mechanisms for its development is the expression of 170-kDa-membrane glycoprotein (usually referred to as P-170 or P-glycoprotein) encoded by multi drug resistance-1 (MDR-1) gene [6-9]. This membrane glycoprotein acts as an energy dependent pump, which actively inhibits accumulation of certain families of chemotherapeutic agents by extruding them from the cells thus leading to a poor response [8,9].
Immunohistochemical detection using monoclonal antibody for p-glycoprotein has been considered to be a more sensitive method than southern, northern or western blot analysis because even very low number of positive cells or lower grade of expression could be readily recognized [10,11].
In some tumors like leukemia's, multiple myelomas, Hodgkin's lymphomas, soft tissue sarcomas the expression of p-glycoprotein at initial presentation has been found to correlate significantly with refractoriness to chemotherapy thus highlighting its importance as a contributor to chemoresistance [12,13].
Pretreatment detection of p-glycoprotein has not been found to be a useful tool for predicting response before the initiation of chemotherapy in breast cancers as its expression has not been commonly observed in the untreated breast cancer cell lines [9,14,15]. There are only scattered reports in the literature of extraordinarily high incidence of p-glycoprotein expression in untreated breast cancer specimen and its role in the assessment of pretreatment p-glycoprotein expression for predicting treatment failure [15-19].
Against this background a prospective study was conducted using C-219 mouse monoclonal antibody specific for p-glycoprotein to ascertain whether pretreatment detection of p-glycoprotein in patients of LABC could be utilized as a reliable predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Patients and methods
After approval by the Institution Review Board and the ethical committee of the hospital, 50 fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) proven cases of LABC according to AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) classification were included in the study. The tumor size and the axillary lymph node status were measured clinically and by using ultrasonography. Core biopsy was performed for immunohistochemical estimations of p-glycoprotein and ER, PR status in the biopsy specimen before initiating the chemotherapy. Routine and metastatic work up (total blood count, platelet count), chest radiograph, electrocardiography (ECG) (echocardiography when ECG had a positive finding), liver function tests, bone scan, ultrasonography (USG) of the abdomen, renal function tests were routinely done in all the cases.
Three cycles of FAC regime (cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, adriamycin 50 mg/m2, 5-fluorourail 600 mg/m2) were given at three weekly intervals and the patients were assessed both clinically and by USG for response in the form of reduction in breast tumor size and axillary lymph node status. Patey's modified radical mastectomy was performed three weeks after the last cycle and the mastectomy specimen was examined for pathological response, resected margins, axillary lymph nodes, ER, PR status and p-glycoprotein expression (post NACT).
The pathological tumor response was evaluated by size measurement at the time of tumor resection macroscopically and by detecting tumor cell existence (or not) microscopically.
Clinical responders were defined as patients with a complete (CR) or partial response (PR) [CR: complete resolution of tumor, PR>50% regression in maximum diameter of initial tumor] after 3 cycles of NACT. Non-responders were patients with a minimal response (MR<50% regression in maximum diameter of initial tumor), no change (NC) or local progression. Pathological complete response (pCR) was defined as absence of any gross or microscopic evidence of residual tumor in the mastectomy specimen i.e. absence of residual invasive or in situ disease following NACT. Its assessment was done irrespective of the clinical response status. Clinical response was taken in to consideration for statistical analysis as the pCR was observed in only seven patients (n = 50).
Immunohistochemical methods
Biopsy specimen was preserved in buffered formalin solution and five-micron sections were prepared on poly-l-lysine coated glass slides. Sections were deparaffinized in xylene and hydrated in alcohol for 15 minutes. Further, incubation was done in 0.3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol solution for 45 minutes; the slides were washed with citrate buffer and kept in koplin jar with citrate buffer (pH-6) at 200 power in microwave (5–6 pulses). Sections were washed with Tris Buffer Saline (TBS) solution and incubated with blocking antibody (C-219 mouse monoclonal antibody) at 37°C overnight. Dilutions used were 1:20. Sections were washed with TBS solution, incubation done with avidin biotin complex (ABC) at 37°C for one hour and 3,3 Diaminobezidine tetra hydrochloride solution was applied for 3–5 minutes. Counter staining with hematoxylin solution was done for 3–5 minutes. The sections were washed with distilled water, air-dried and mounted using DPX mount.
For p-glycoprotein positive, controls were taken as positive breast cancerous cells and negative controls were taken as test slides without primary antibody. The pattern of positive staining was cytoplasmic. The monoclonal antibody used was C219 antibody (DAKO M3521) [It recognizes an epitope lying in cytoplasmic domain, 200 amino acids long, of the terminal regions of the p-glycoprotein polypeptide].
The p-glycoprotein expression was interpreted on the basis of percentage of p-glycoprotein positive cells against total population of cells [1+<25%, 2+ = 25–50 % and 3+ >50% positive cells] (figure 1, figure 2, figure 3, figure 4, figure 5, figure 6, figure 7).
Figure 1. Positive immunoreactivity for p-glycoprotein in breast carcinoma (200×).
Figure 2. Positive immunoreactivity for p-glycoprotein in breast carcinoma (400×).
Figure 3. p glycoprotein expression 1+.
Figure 4. p glycoprotein expression 2+.
Figure 5. p glycoprotein expression 3+.
Figure 6. p glycoprotein expression 3+1.
Figure 7. p glycoprotein expression 3+2.
The intensity of staining was also assessed and it was found that staining intensity correlated closely with percentage of positive cells and a single index i.e. percentage of positive cells was used for analysis.
Descriptive studies were performed with SPSS version 10. The significance of correlation between tumor response and p-glycoprotein expression was determined with chi square test.
Fifty cases of LABC were included in the study with the mean age being 43 years (range 25–60 years) and 26 patients (53.3 %) were premenopausal. The mean tumor size before NACT was 8 cm. Twenty-four (48%) had N1 disease while 26 patients (52%) presented with N2 disease in the axilla (table 1).
Table 1. Tumor size and axillary lymph node status before NACT (n = 50)
In the biopsy specimen before initiation of NACT, 26 patients (52%) were p-glycoprotein positive and 24 were negative (n = 50). The distribution of p-glycoprotein positive patients based on grades was 1+ and 2+ in 8 patients each (16%), 3+ in 6(12%) and 4+ in 4(8%) (1). Among the premenopausal patients 16 (59.2%) stained positive for p-glycoprotein while only 10 (43.4%) of postmenopausal patients stained positive. The difference was statistically not significant.
Additional File 1. The tumor response and staining pattern of tumor samples
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The clinical response was assessed using stringent World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and reduction in mean tumor size after three cycles of NACT was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05)(table 2). Thirty patients (n = 50) were responders [complete response in 7 and partial response in 23 patients (n = 30)] while the rest 20 (40%) were non-responders (table 2).
Table 2. Mean tumor size before and after NACT (Paired sample statistics)
Significant clinical response was observed in the axillary lymph node status after NACT. There was complete response in N1 patients (n = 24) i.e. they were all down staged to N0. Amongst the patients with N2 disease (n = 26), 18(69.2%) were downstaged to N1, the rest 8(31.3%) patients showed no response (table 3). This downstaging in the axillary lymph node status was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Table 3. Axillary lymph node status before and after NACT(n = 50)
The clinical response however did not show have any significant correlation with the pre NACT tumor size, age and menopausal status of the patients. Only seven patients (14%) showed pCR (pathological response) and significantly all these were p-glycoprotein negative. There was no statistically significant correlation observed between ER status and clinical response in the present study.
When pre NACT p-glycoprotein expression was correlated with the clinical response, it was observed that out of 30 clinical responders 21 patients (70%) were p-Glycoprotein -ve and 9(30%) were p-glycoprotein +ve while out of 20 clinical non-responders 17 patients were p-glycoprotein positive (85%). This was found to be statistically significant and as it was observed that most of the non-responders were p-glycoprotein positive.
Significantly all the seven complete responders were p-glycoprotein negative and out of nine p-glycoprotein positive patients that were partial responders, six showed very low levels of p-glycoprotein expression (1+). Thus, there was a statistically significant correlation observed between the degree of positivity of p-glycoprotein expression and poor clinical response (p < 0.05).
When p-glycoprotein positive patients were analyzed for the grades of positivity and clinical response, it was observed that increase in grade was associated with decreased response rates. There was thus an inverse relation ship observed between p-glycoprotein expression and the clinical response to NACT.
With an increase in the level of p-glycoprotein expression, the response rates dropped significantly. When the clinical response was correlated with pre-NACT p-glycoprotein expression, (With the confidence limit of 99%-p = 0.01, chi square test was applied) a statistically significant negative correlation was observed between p-glycoprotein expression and clinical response
The change in the p-glycoprotein expression before and after NACT was also found to be statistically significant in the present study. Before initiation of NACT 26 patients (52%)were p-glycoprotein positive and after three cycles of NACT, it increased to 73.5%. This chemotherapy induced p-glycoprotein positivity could possibly explain the phenomenon of acquired chemoresistance after NACT and may also serve as an intermediate end point in evaluating drug response particularly if the adjuvant therapy is planned with the same regime.
Carcinoma of breast is a leading cause of cancer mortality in women all over the world and the second most common malignancy in India after carcinoma of the uterine cervix [1,4]. In India like in other developing countries 25–30% cases are locally advanced at the time of diagnosis [1,4]. The recommended approach for the management of LABC is a multimodality approach intended to provide both local and systemic control and studies have confirmed that surgery alone is an inadequate treatment [3]. The realization that patients with LABC are likely to have undetectable micro metastases at diagnosis has lead to systemic treatment assuming an important role, as even aggressive surgical techniques do not reduce the higher incidence of local recurrence. Most importantly surgery does not change the pattern of distant failure in these patients as they often have micrometastatic disease at the time of diagnosis [18-21].
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was first introduced with a 70% objective response rate in 1970s and was initially utilized to convert unresectable tumors to smaller tumors making them more amenable to local control with either surgery or radiotherapy. Although the correlation between the tumor response and prognosis is still uncertain, it is generally believed that such a relationship may exist [2,16,17]. The other important advantage of NACT is that it provides an in vivo chemosensitivity test for assessment of tumor response from which prognostic information could be obtained.
Development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a major and evolving problem and the search for an ideal predictor of response is still on [2]. One of the proposed contributory mechanisms is the expression of p-glycoprotein, which is encoded by a family of three genes (MDR1, MDR2 and MDR3) in rodents and two genes MDR1 (also known as PGY 1) and MDR 3 (also known on PGY3) in humans. The MDR 1 and MDR 2 gene products (class 1 and class II isoforms) are involved in drug resistance, whereas the biological properties of MDR3 gene product with class II, III isoform are not multidrug resistance [17-22]. The p-glycoprotein is a 17 Kda membrane glycoprotein which functions as an energy dependent drug efflux pump leading to poor response due to decreased accumulation of drugs inside the cells.
The electrophoretic methods such as Northern and Western blotting in detecting p-glycoprotein expression with tiny tissue samples containing very small number of p-glycoprotein expressing tumor cells have not proved satisfactory. Therefore immunohistochemical detection of p-glycoprotein using monoclonal antibodies is now widely accepted for detecting even a single p-glycoprotein expressing cell or low levels of expression, which could be missed by electrophoretic analysis [11].
The p-glycoprotein has been reported to be expressed in several normal human tissues also, notably epithelial cells with excretory/secretary functions (kidney, liver, colon), in endothelial cells at several blood tissue barrier sites (brain, testis), in secretary and gestational endometrium, in placental trophoblasts, and in adrenal glands (predominantly in the cortex). p-glycoprotein is also expressed in natural killer cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and in a minority of CD 34+ hematopoetic stem cells. The pattern of distribution of p-glycoprotein in normal humans suggests that its physiological role is to protect cells against xenobiotics and endogenous toxins [23-25].
Tumors arising in organs that normally express high levels of p-glycoprotein, such as kidneys, adrenals or colon are known to be intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy [9]. p-glycoprotein over expression has also been observed in leukemia's, cervix cancer as well as in soft tissue sarcomas [24]. The role of p-glycoprotein in human breast cancer is however unclear. Most of the published data suggests that p-glycoprotein expression in primary breast tumor is not a common phenomenon [23-25].
Sugawara et al detected one positive sample out of nine tumor samples using MRK-16 monoclonal antibody (Mab) in a classical immunoperoxidase staining study. In this study only a few tumor cells were stained within the positive specimen [14]. Using C219 MAb in an avidin biotin immunoperoxidase system, Schneider et al, tested 23 breast cancer specimens. None, or only minimal reactivity was found in specimens coming from untreated patients (12 cases) [9]. Dixon et al, reported no clear positivity for p-glycoprotein out of 26 primary breast tumors using 219 Mab [26] and Hyun C et al, used JSB-1 MAb and detected only 6 p-glycoprotein positive tumors out of 23(26%) primary breast tumors [26]. Verrelle et al,. used C494 MAb and detected 17 p-glycoprotein positive tumors out of 20 primary breast tumors. There was a significant negative correlation observed between p-glycoprotein expression and clinical response [18]. They had however used fresh frozen tissue unlike in the present study where paraffin embedded tissue was used. Schneider et al, [9] used C 494 and reached exactly opposite results to those observed in the study by Verrelle et al, [16-18] where the same antibody was used, this could also be because of the fact that they used fresh frozen tissue [9,18]. In the present study c219 CoAb antibody was used and the results obtained were opposite to those of Schneider et al. probably because of the same reasons.
The p-glycoprotein expression in primary breast cancer is therefore not a commonly observed phenomenon and only two reports of extraordinarily high incidence of p-glycoprotein involved in untreated breast cancer specimen, have appeared in the recent past [17,18]. Ro et al, had used 219 Mab and reported that intrinsic drug resistance (pretreatment p-glycoprotein positivity) may play a role in the failure of induction chemotherapy in locally advanced breast carcinoma.
In the present study, 26 out of 50 patients were p-glycoprotein positive (52%) and 30 patients (60%) showed clinical response to NACT however out of 30 clinical responders, 21 patients (70%) were p-glycoprotein negative. It was observed that of the 9 p-glycoprotein positive patients that were responders, 6 patients showed very low levels of p-glycoprotein expression (1+). With an increase in p-glycoprotein expression, the response rate was therefore found to drop significantly. The p-glycoprotein positivity correlated inversely with clinical response to NACT in the present study.
There are some published reports of a correlation between p-glycoprotein expression and menopausal status. The premenopausal patients have been found to have a higher p-glycoprotein expression than the postmenopausal patients [26-32]. In the present study however, there was no statistically significant correlation observed between the menopausal status and the p-glycoprotein expression. This discrepancy could have been due to a smaller sample size.
The presence of estrogen receptors provides a molecular basis for the distinction between human breast carcinoma that are responsive to hormone therapy and those that are not [31]. In various studies correlation between p-glycoprotein expression and estrogen receptor status has been found to be unclear [32]. In some studies it was found that patients whose tumors lacked ER had a higher response rate to chemotherapy [26-32]. In the present study no significant correlation between the ER status and the p-glyoprotein expression could be found although the sample size was small and most of the patients were loco regionally advanced.
The reported response rates following NACT vary between 49 to 94 % in various studies and this has been due to use of different chemotherapy combinations given at variable intervals and doses. The reported pCR rate in most studies has been 4–34(%)[2]. The largest trial (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project NSABP trial B-18) reported a pCR rate of 13 % [2,33-35]. More recently pCR rate of 26–34% have been reported with the use of texanes and the 5-year overall and disease free survival rates were found to be significantly higher in the group whose primary tumor had a pCR than in the remaining responders [2,33-35].
The response rate in our study was 60% while the pCR rate was 14%(n = 7). The overall clinical response rate observed was lower than that reported in some published series (table 4). This could have been due to a smaller sample size or the fact that majority of our patients were locoregionally advanced or because of both these factors.
Table 4. Response to NACT observed in various studies (22,27–31)
There was a significant clinical response observed in the axillary lymph node status after NACT in the present study (table 3). It has also been observed in a recent NSABP B-18 trial where a significant down staging of the axillary lymph node status following NACTwas observed [35-37].
In the study of Kuerer et al, conducted at M D Anderson Cancer Center, on 372 cases of LABC the difference in the axillary lymph node status before and after NACT was not found to be statistically significant but a significant correlation has been reported between disease free and overall survival and the pathological response in the axillary lymph node status in various studies [2,38].
There are only few studies reporting an increase in the frequency of p-glycoprotein expression during or after NACT [15,16]. In the present study it was observed that before initiation of chemotherapy 26 patients (52%) were p-glycoprotein positive and after three cycles of NACT, 73.5% patients showed positivity. This increase in frequency of expression after three cycles of NACT could explain the phenomenon of acquired resistance to chemotherapy. The immunohistochemical detection of p-glycoprotein in surgical specimen after NACT would be an available tool to predict the acquired chemo resistance in breast carcinoma. It could also be used as an intermediate end point in determining drug sensitivity for adjuvant treatment, especially when adjuvant chemotherapy is planned with the same regimen as NACT.
This study highlights the importance of p-glycoprotein expression in predicting response to NACT in breast cancer patients. Patients with positive p-glycoprotein expression before initiation of NACT were found to be poor clinical responders. This pretreatment detection of p-glycoprotein expression may thus be utilized as a predictor of response to NACT. The increased expression of p-glycoprotein induced by the NACT probably explains the phenomenon of acquired resistance to chemotherapy and the detection of post NACT p-glycoprotein can be used as an intermediate end point in determining drug sensitivity for adjuvant treatment, especially when adjuvant chemotherapy is planned with the same regimen as induction chemotherapy. The toxic and ineffective chemotherapy may thus be avoided in non-responders.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
C was the surgeon in charge who designed the study and standardized the treatment.
JP, PK were the postgraduates in charge of the cases and contributed in the study design's
AB were responsible for the immunohistochemical analysis and molecular biology of the tissue,
AsB: contributed in the dose regulation and statistical analysis of the results.
MM was responsible for the ultrasound assessment of the breast to assess the response.
The study was conducted after the approval of IRB and the Ethical committee of the hospital
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14/15 Season Cast Lists: Don Giovanni | Tosca | Semele | Ariadne auf Naxos
Don Giovanni Tosca Semele Ariadne auf Naxos
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Richard Margison made his Seattle Opera debut in 2003 as Florestan in Beethoven's Fidelio and returned to Seattle Opera in 2004 to sing Dick Johnson in Puccini's Faniculla del West. This native of Victoria, B.C., has sung frequently with some of the most prestigious opera companies in North America and Europe, including the Metropolitan Opera, Royal Opera Covent Garden, Vienna Staatsoper, Deutsche Oper Berlin, Paris Opéra, Gran Teatre del Liceu, Canadian Opera Company, Opera Australia, Lyric Opera of Chicago, and San Francisco Opera. His roles at the Met include Pollione in Bellini's Norma, Faust in Boito's Mefistofele, Radames in Verdi's Aida, Calaf in Puccini's Turandot, and Bacchus in Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos. Other roles for Margison include Don José in Bizet's Carmen, Cavaradossi in Puccini's Tosca, Rodolfo in Puccini's Bohème, the title role in Britten's Peter Grimes, and many Verdi roles, including Riccardo (Gustavus) in Un Ballo in Maschera and Manrico in Il trovatore. In 2008, he will sing Florestan at Vancouver Opera and O'Brien in Lorin Maazel's 1984 at La Scala. He returns to Seattle as Aegisth in Elektra.
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Consolidated B-24M Liberator at Castle Air Museum in Atwater California. More information on the B-24 is here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator. A flight aboard the Collins Foundation B-24 is here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSy4Qlug6T4. The B-24 used Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engines. More information on the R-1830 engine is here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-1830_Twin_Wasp. More B-24 stuff here: www.zenoswarbirdvideos.com/B-24.html. B-24 training film that includes damaged aircraft landings: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hv6D8_p7ozw. A video of a deliberate ditching of a B-24: www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjadMxpXprk. Some B-24s were pressed into service as air tankers flying fuel over the Burma Hump. Here is an article on flying the Burma Hump during WWII from Air Force Magazine: www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2009/October%20....
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Unbiased Reviews by Real People
I had these headphones for about 6 months but recently sold them after I got my new beats. When I had them I thought they were really great. When I compared them with the beats though I figured out that the Bose's weren't what I really wanted. The Bose headphones are meant more for noise cancelation than to listen to music which is the opposite of what I wanted. The QuietComfort headphones do not have very good sound quality especially for the price of them. If you want to get really good sound then I would recommend getting beats studios, I wrote a review on those also. If you are often on planes and need silence whether its to work or fall asleep the Bose headphones are for you. I like the noise cancelation on these because they really work and you can hear almost nothing. I also like how comfortable they were they were a great snug fit. The problem I had was that I really wanted good sound and these just weren't the headphones for it. Don't get me wrong they were good headphones it's just they weren't what I was looking for in headphones. In summary, if you want noise cancelation get these headphones, if you want sound quality then get beats by dr. dre.


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trying to cool off in new orleans
hey there everyone. just drove from california to louisiana. drove with the heat on all the way....had one break down...alternator in the middle of the desert....kept the heat on so as to keep the engine cooled.......now i can drive the thing for about an hour in town before its starts to overheat a bit....all the hoses seem to be good....
so. 1. is there a way to tell if a thermostat is bad? 2.radiator cap? 3.replacement of radiator. 4. water pump?(puuukkkeeee) 5.any other suggestions???????? thanks yall! |
Sounds like thermostat to me but it could be a couple other things you listed. I'm not super mechanically inclined so I'm not that big of help. :( I'm sure someone will chime in. Good luck!
Lots of things could lead to overheating.
How is your coolant level? How old is your coolant? How many miles on the truck? Do you see any coolant leaks? Does your exhaust smelly funny? Hows the engine power? If your coolant isnt low then I would change out the thermostat and radiator cap with a coolant flush. If this dosent solve the problem you can check the radiator. Waterpumps dont normally stop pumping water when they go bad, they make noise from loosing a bearing or start leaking, so if no noise and no leak, there shouldnt be a problem. The real big problem is a headgasket but if you arnt loosing coolant and exhaust dosent smell funny and the truck runs well hopefully this is unlikely. If you overheated it real bad it could be the headgasket. If you aren't seeing the signs of a headgasket then start with the thermostat and radiator cap with a flush. When the radiator cap is off look in your radiator, there will be a little crap (corrosion) in there but as long as it dosent look totally plugged you should be ok. Good Luck and let us know what you find. |
hey there,
coolant is to the tip top and is god damn new because i had to put a half a gallon in the radiator about a month ago..(.but did not do a proper flush)....she got about 200,800 miles.....remilled head about 6000 miles ago....because my dumb ass overheated it...had a photo of my ex-boyfriend over the temp gauge...smart one....no leaking......smells a little burnt......engine has great power....going to put in new thermostat today and then do a proper flushing of the radiator...,,, its so wierd that it leaked just the once....it was from the bottom left of the radiator......the cap seems to fit on tightly....could be tighter i guess...is this that big of a deal?...i never let the temp go to high when driving it across the country...i kept the heat on and kept the temp down much to the discontent of my dog and i.....three thousand miles later....... -griz |
If the radiator is leaking, or leaked it might have to be replaced. Do you think that is where all the coolant went? Sounds like you have a new headgasket, that is good, but even new ones can be bad. Do the 3RZ's need to have their heads re-tourqued after a head gasket job?
As far as the thermostat and radiator cap it is not whether they are on tight but the condition of the spring. On the radiator cap it is supposed to maintain a certain pressure at a certain temperature so as to open and close letting coolant expand and contract as needed. The thermostat is supposed to open at a certain temperature to allow the coolant to flow through the system. Below that temperature it closes off the flow through the radiator so that the engine can warm up. These two can go bad and it is a cheap and easy way to ensure your coolant system is working properly. It would concern me that you lost coolant but as long as it hasnt continued and you saw a leak then you can move on to other things. Have you tightened all of the hoseclamps to ensure that it stops leaking, that is only if somone pulled off the nice spring-loaded factory clamps. Good luck, I hope you find the culprit. |
just put new thermostat in......still overheating....coolant level normal...hose clamps secure, hoses all extremley hot, engine has normal power...radiator feels cool to the touch(which is bizzare i think) when engine is hot, radiator cap secure, ......radiator?????needs to be changed??... not making any wierd noises...no serious smell or change....just the temp is sky rocketing...even used high temp liquid gasket maker to ensure that itd be good...but the thermostat came from autozone and yall know how they suck a big one.....
If the radiator is cold with the engine up in the "hot" range, that still points to a bad thermostat.
I've gotten brand new thermostats out of the box. ALWAYS test a thermostat in a pan of water on the stove with a candy thermometer. Beyond that, it could be the water pump, but that doesn't make sense since your heater is blowing hot... bad water pump you would not get hot water into the heater except by convection. Finally... do you KNOW that the engine is actually hot? Maybe the temp sending unit has gone bad and is falsely reporting overtemp. Stop off at Harbor Freight or a similar shop and pick up an infrared thermometer and shoot different areas of the engine and cooling system, particularly the water outlet. |
:) From reading what you have posted, your thermostat is not your problem. If the radiator is original and you have over 200 thousand miles on it and you did not do any proper flushing, You have a clogged radiator. You may be able to take it to a radiator shop and get the radiator rodded, but that is not done much any more and most people buy a Chinese radiator and go on from there.
If your thermostat is opening and the top tank of your radiator is not warm to the touch, then the radiator is clogged and your fastest solution is a replacement. If you have the time, the cheapest radiators are on E-bay and would cost half of what most auto shops want for one. If you are in a hurry, then Auto zone or Advance will be the cheapest. Good Luck. |
Before spending lots of money, try blowing compressed air back through the radiator from the engine side to the front to rid it of dead bugs and debris. Unlesss this has been done before, you have 15 years of dead bugs clogging your radiator fins. Some of the other ideas are good, but try the cheap things first.
Ya, the radiator likely needs to be cleaned, but it doesn't sound like that's the immediate problem. |
I must have been typing when she entered about "cool radiator". I agree, more than just clogged fins, time for a replacement radiator. I don't think they can boil out today's radiators. |
Sucks too... the new ones aren't good quality either. Put a new one in my '95 Suburban and 4 days later a tank blew at the crimp. Towed it back in and the replacement held. They used to remove the tanks, rod out the core, solder any leaks, solder the tanks back on, and paint the whole thing. That was if the core tubed were really bad. An acid bath would do the job if it was a minor blockage/cleaning... not with aluminum cores and plastic tanks. |
clogged radiator!!!!......bought a replacement radiator from a really nice 50 year and running radiator shop....also replaced the fan clutch for the hell of it....figured it was already opened up...why not....but then get this,.........was driving down the street a couple blocks from my house and the damn ball joint comes off...and i skid across the road on my axle!!!!! goddddammmitt!!!!!! pretty sure i got this one....constant velocity joint and ball joint (lower) (and hopefully not upper as well)......when it rains it pours...hanging in there.......
ouch. Glad you atleast got one thing fixed.....
Ya know... lose a ball joint and I'd seriously replace all 4. Even if it was just the lower, when it went, it put some serious stress on the upper, as well as the control arm bushings and steering components. I lost a front wheel bearing on my '69 Camaro. Needed a new spindle and hub. Since it was that far apart, I just went rotor to rotor and rebuilt the front end with performance parts. |
Well, I am glad you got the cooling issue corrected. It is a good thing you were not at highway speed when the front end let loose. |
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