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Spray generators for absorption refrigeration systems
A spray generator for an absorption refrigeration system that includes a heat exchanger comprised of a multiplicity of variably spaced heat exchange tubes. The tubes are spaced close together near the top of the heat exchanger and spaced more widely apart near the bottom of the heat exchanger. Dilute absorbent solution is sprayed down through the heat exchanger. The close nesting of the tubes in the top portion of the heat exchanger retards liquid flow and aids heating of the solution. The wide spacing of the tubes in the lower section of the heat exchanger facilitate vapor flow out of the heat exchanger and eliminates liquid "blow-off". The top tubes are covered by a baffle to prevent the liquid solution from splashing out of the heat exchanger off of these top tubes.
Sibley, Howard W. (Baldwinsville, NY)
Cavity Loss Induced Generation of Entangled Atoms
We discuss the generation of entangled states of two two-level atoms inside an optical resonator. When the cavity decay is continuously monitored, the absence of photon-counts is associated with the presence of an atomic entangled state. In addition to being conceptually simple, this scheme could be demonstrated with presently available technology. We describe how such a state is generated through conditional dynamics, using quantum jump methods, including both cavity damping and spontaneous emission decay, and evaluate the fidelity and relative entropy of entanglement of the generated state compared with the target entangled state.
M. B. Plenio; S. F. Huelga; A. Beige; P. L. Knight
Cavity Loss Induced Generation of Entangled Atoms
We discuss the generation of entangled states of two two-level atoms inside an optical resonator. When the cavity decay is continuously monitored, the absence of photon-counts is associated with the presence of an atomic entangled state. In addition to being conceptually simple, this scheme could be demonstrated with presently available technology. We describe how such a state is generated through conditional dynamics, using quantum jump methods, including both cavity damping and spontaneous emission decay, and evaluate the fidelity and relative entropy of entanglement of the generated state compared with the target entangled state.
Plenio, M B; Beige, A; Knight, P L
Atom-photon entanglement generation and distribution
We extend an earlier model by Law {\\it et al.} \\cite{law} for a cavity QED based single-photon-gun to atom-photon entanglement generation and distribution. We illuminate the importance of a small critical atom number on the fidelity of the proposed operation in the strong coupling limit. Our result points to a promisingly high purity and efficiency using currently available cavity QED parameters, and sheds new light on constructing quantum computing and communication devices with trapped atoms and high Q optical cavities.
B. Sun; M. S. Chapman; L. You
The maximum power achieved in a wide variety of high-power devices, including electron and ion diodes, z pinches, and microwave generators, is presently limited by anode-cathode gap breakdown. A frequently-discussed hypothesis for this effect is ionization of fast neutral atoms injected throughout the anode-cathode gap during the power pulse. The authors describe a newly-developed diagnostic tool that provides the first direct test of this hypothesis. Time-resolved vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy is used to directly probe fast neutral atoms with 1 mm spatial resolution in the 10 mm anode-cathode gap of the SABRE 5 MV, 1 TW applied-B ion diode. Absorption spectra collected during Ar RF glow discharges and with CO{sub 2} gas fills confirm the reliability of the diagnostic technique. Throughout the 50--100 ns ion diode pulses no measurable neutral absorption is seen, setting upper limits of 0.12--1.5 x 10{sup 14} cm{sup {minus}3} for ground state fast neutral atom densities of H, C, N, O, F. The absence of molecular absorption bands also sets upper limits of 0.16--1.2 x 10{sup 15} cm{sup {minus}3} for common simple molecules. These limits are low enough to rule out ionization throughout the gap as a breakdown mechanism. This technique can now be applied to quantify the role of neutral atoms in other high-power devices.
Atomic-absorption analysis in a graphite furnace fitted with a metal ballast collector
One reason for the deterioration in sensitivity in the electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy of petroleum products is the uncontrolled spread and diffusion of the liquid throughout the furnace. This paper describes a metal ballast collector whose wettability and sorptive properties contain the sample and allow for its uniform and controlled evaporation and atomization.
Katskov, D.A.; Vasil' eva, L.A.; Grinshtein, I.L.; Savel' eva, G.O.
Remote generation of entanglement for individual atoms via optical fibers
The generation of atomic entanglement is discussed in a system that atoms are trapped in separate cavities which are connected via optical fibers. Two distant atoms can be projected to Bell-state by synchronized turning off the local laser fields and then performing a single quantum measurement by a distant controller. The distinct advantage of this scheme is that it works in a regime that $\\Delta\\approx\\kappa\\gg g$, which makes the scheme insensitive to cavity strong leakage. Moreover, the fidelity is not affected by atomic spontaneous emission.
Y. Q. Guo; H. Y. Zhong; Y. H. Zhang; H. S. Song
Acid effects on the measurement of mercury by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The influence of nitric, hydrochloric and sulfuric acids on the measurement of mercury by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry has been investigated. Small pre-reduction peaks associated with the instability of mercury were observed in solutions containing less than or equal to 12.5, tuna using both of these approaches to overcome the interference problem proved to be successful.
Adeloju, S.B.; Mann, T.F.
A system to determine the density and temperature of ground state hydrogen atoms in a plasma by vacuum ultraviolet laser absorption spectroscopy is described. The continuous tunability of the spectrometer allows for analysis at any of the Lyman transitions. The narrow bandwidth of the laser system allows for the accurate determination of the absorption lineshape and hence the translational temperature. The utility of the system is exemplified by data obtained on an ion-source plasma. The measurements demonstrate the quality of the data as well as illustrating the behavior of this ion source under varying discharge conditions. 9 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
Stutzin, G.C.; Young, A.T.; Schlachter, A.S.; Stearns, J.W.; Leung, K.N.; Kunkel, W.B.; Worth, G.T.; Stevens, R.R.
The Study of Heat and Mass Transfer In The Generator For an Absorption Air Conditioning System.
??This thesis is aimed to study the heat and mass transfer performance of a generator for the absorption cooling system. Both aqueous lithium bromide (LiBr)� (more)
Hsu, Yu-lien
Active Reflection Absorption for a Three Dimensional Multidirectional Wave Generator
In order to implement an accurate system that allows for absorption of reflected waves impinging to a wave maker (Active Reflection Absorption), it was required to apply a method to estimate properly the direction of arrival of the waves that does it in the fastest way possible. Our wavemaker control system has been prepared to handle an algorithm provided by Bosch-Rexroth where the wave angle estimation is practically locked to a very narrow frequency band (spatial gain-mixer). The system was evaluated with physical tests in a 3D wave basin for different conditions of reflected waves arriving with an angle to the wavemaker front, and acceptable performance has been found for the 3D ARA mode. However, for certain conditions over-compensation or sub-compensation can develop resulting in a poor absorption. This is mainly related to not being able to determine accurately the direction from which the reflected waves travel towards the wavemaker. The present work employed concepts found in the areas of antenna array signal processing and signal propagation, which were applied to this problem. This approach coupled naturally with our wavemaker system since it was prepared with 48 gages that can be employed in an array antenna fashion. A program was codified from an algorithm found in literature to calculate the Direction of Arrival (DOA) of the reflected waves. The focus for the testing of this program was with regular waves. The tests were conducted to validate the program with different angles of incidence and show that for regular waves the program was able to detect accurately the DOA of these in as few as 5 snapshots, with a minimum of 7 gages used as the antenna input. With data obtained directly from the control system of our wavemaker using regular waves, the program was able to determine the DOA. The computational burden of the algorithm is not significant in the case of regular waves. A modification of the program is required to analyze the DOA of reflected irregular waves, which could increase the computational burden. Actual implementation of this program to our control system depends on cooperation with Bosch-Rexroth.
Cruz Castro, Oscar
COSMOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF ATOMIC GAS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR 21 cm H I ABSORPTION
Galaxy disks are shown to contain a significant population of atomic clouds of 100 pc linear size which are self-opaque in the 21 cm transition. These objects have H I column densities as high as 10{sup 23} cm{sup -2} and contribute to a global opacity correction factor of 1.34 {+-} 0.05 that applies to the integrated 21 cm emission to obtain a total H I mass estimate. High-resolution, opacity-corrected images of the nearest external galaxies have been used to form a robust redshift zero distribution function of H I, f(N{sub HI}, X, z = 0), the probability of encountering a specific H I column density along random lines of sight per unit comoving distance. This is contrasted with previously published determinations of f(N{sub HI}, X) at z = 1 and 3. A systematic decline of moderate column density (18 < log(N{sub H)} < 21) H I is observed with decreasing redshift that corresponds to a decline in surface area of such gas by a factor of five since z = 3. The number of equivalent Damped Lyman Alpha absorbers (log(N{sub HI})>20.3) has also declined systematically over this redshift interval by a similar amount, while the cosmological mass density in such systems has declined by only a factor of two to its current, opacity-corrected value of {Omega}{sup DLA}{sub HI}(z = 0) = 5.4 {+-} 0.9 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4}. We utilize the tight but strongly nonlinear dependence of 21 cm absorption opacity on column density at z = 0 to transform our high-resolution H I images into ones of 21 cm absorption opacity. These images are used to calculate distribution and pathlength functions of integrated 21 cm opacity. We suggest that that this z = 0 calibration may also apply at higher redshift. In this case, the incidence of deep 21 cm absorption systems is predicted to show very little evolution with redshift, while that of faint absorbers should decline by a factor of 5 between z = 3 and the present. We explicitly consider the effects of H I absorption against background sources that are extended relative to the 100 pc intervening absorber size scale. Extended background sources result in dramatically altered distribution and pathlength functions which are insensitive to the predicted redshift evolution. Future surveys of 21 cm absorption will require very high angular resolution, of about 15 mas, for their unambiguous interpretation.
Braun, Robert, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, P.O. Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710 (Australia)
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Eighteen utility laboratories evaluated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) methods for measuring cadmium, arsenic and chromium in a variety of utility aqueous streams. This EPRI Tailored Collaboration Project, part of the ongoing Analytical Methods Qualification (AMQ) program, will help utilities define reasonable pollutant discharge limits and effluent monitoring requirements.
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer New treatments for CFL are required considering the aim of Directive 202/96/CE. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer It is shown that most of the mercury introduced into a CFL is in the phosphor powder. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Experimental conditions for microwave-assisted sample digestion followed by AAS measurements are described. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer By washing the glass it is possible to reduce the concentration below legal limits. - Abstract: In this study, spent compact fluorescent lamps were characterized to determine the distribution of mercury. The procedure used in this research allowed mercury to be extracted in the vapor phase, from the phosphor powder, and the glass matrix. Mercury concentration in the three phases was determined by the method known as cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Median values obtained in the study showed that a compact fluorescent lamp contained 24.52 {+-} 0.4 ppb of mercury in the vapor phase, 204.16 {+-} 8.9 ppb of mercury in the phosphor powder, and 18.74 {+-} 0.5 ppb of mercury in the glass matrix. There are differences in mercury concentration between the lamps since the year of manufacture or the hours of operation affect both mercury content and its distribution. The 85.76% of the mercury introduced into a compact fluorescent lamp becomes a component of the phosphor powder, while more than 13.66% is diffused through the glass matrix. By washing and eliminating all phosphor powder attached to the glass surface it is possible to classified the glass as a non-hazardous waste.
Rey-Raap, Natalia [Departamento de Ingenieria Mecanica y Construccion, Universitat Jaume I de Castellon, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Espana (Spain); Gallardo, Antonio, E-mail: email@example.com [Departamento de Ingenieria Mecanica y Construccion, Universitat Jaume I de Castellon, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Espana (Spain)
Velocity distribution measurements in atomic beams generated using laser induced back-ablation
We present measurements of the velocity distribution of calcium atoms in an atomic beam generated using a dual-stage laser back-ablation apparatus. Distributions are measured using a velocity selective Doppler time-of-flight technique. They are Boltzmann-like with rms velocities corresponding to temperatures above the melting point for calcium. Contrary to a recent report in the literature, this method does not generate a sub-thermal atomic beam.
Denning, A; Lee, S; Ammonson, M; Bergeson, S D
A diode-laser-based ultraviolet absorption sensor was successfully demonstrated for both in situ and extractive sampling atomic mercury measurements in a laboratory-scale 29.3 kWt (100 000 BTU/h) coal combustor and in situ measurements in a flow reactor at Texas A&M University. Laser sensor measurements were compared to measurements from a commercial mercury analyzer (CMA). A 375 nm single-mode laser and a 784 nm distributed feedback (DFB) laser are sum-frequency-mixed in a nonlinear {beta}-barium borate crystal to generate a 254 nm beam. By tuning the frequency of the DFB laser, the ultraviolet beam frequency was tuned across the transition frequency of mercury at 253.7 nm. The tuning range was large enough that an off-resonant baseline was clearly visible on both sides of the Hg transition. No pretreatment is required for elemental mercury measurements, and the effects of broadband absorption can be effectively eliminated during data analysis. Extractive sampling was demonstrated to improve the detection limit of the sensor and demonstrate the feasibility of total mercury concentration measurements in the future through extractive sampling. Significant variation in the atomic mercury concentration of coal-combustion exhaust was observed over short time periods during our in situ measurements. The sensor detection limits for in situ and extractive sampling are 0.3 and 0.1 parts per billion over a 1 m path length, respectively. 34 refs., 11 figs., 2 tabs.
Jesse K. Magnuson; Thomas N. Anderson; Robert P. Lucht; Udayasarathy A. Vijayasarathy; Hyukjin Oh; Kalyan Annamalai; Jerald A. Caton [Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (United States). School of Mechanical Engineering
An algorithm and code for the determination of the factorized atomic part of the absorption cross-section from experimental spectra in the XANES region were generated and tested on Al and Si K-edge XANES in reference compounds and applied to zeolite Beta with various Si/Al ratios. However, replacement of the theoretically determined background with the experimental absorption cross-section significantly improved the agreement with experiment. The spectral analysis showed that the XANES region can be used to extract detailed structural information when the Muffin-tin approximation can be avoided. Asymmetry in the silicon oxide tetrahedron was observed when increasing the aluminum content of the zeolite.
Bugaev, L. A.; Avakyan, L. A.; Latokha, Ya. V. [Physical Department of Rostov State University, Zorge str., 5, Rostov-on-Don, 344090 (Russian Federation); Bokhoven, J. A. van [Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich (Switzerland)
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We introduce an efficient, quasideterministic scheme to generate maximally entangled states of two atomic ensembles. The scheme is based on quantum nondemolition measurements of total atomic populations and on adiabatic quantum feedback conditioned by the measurements outputs. The high efficiency of the scheme is tested and confirmed numerically for ideal photodetection as well as in the presence of losses.
Di Lisi, Antonio; De Siena, Silvio; Illuminati, Fabrizio [Dipartimento di Fisica 'E. R. Caianiello', Universita di Salerno, INFM-Coherentia, and INFN Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo collegato di Salerno, Via S. Allende, I-84081 Baronissi, SA (Italy); Vitali, David [Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, MC (Italy)
We introduce an efficient, quasideterministic scheme to generate maximally entangled states of two atomic ensembles. The scheme is based on quantum nondemolition measurements of total atomic populations and on adiabatic quantum feedback conditioned by the measurements outputs. The high efficiency of the scheme is tested and confirmed numerically for ideal photodetection as well as in the presence of losses.
Antonio Di Lisi; Silvio De Siena; Fabrizio Illuminati; David Vitali
Quantification of synchrotron XRF analyses is typically done through comparisons with measurements on the NIST SRM 1832/1833 thin film standards. Unfortunately, these standards are inhomogeneous on small scales at the tens of percent level. We are synthesizing new homogeneous multilayer standards using the Atomic Layer Deposition technique and characterizing them using multiple analytical methods, including ellipsometry, Rutherford Back Scattering at Evans Analytical, Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (SXRF) at Advanced Photon Source (APS) Beamline 13-ID, Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) at Advanced Light Source (ALS) Beamlines 11.0.2 and 188.8.131.52 and by electron microscopy techniques. Our motivation for developing much-needed cross-calibration of synchrotron techniques is borne from coordinated analyses of particles captured in the aerogel of the NASA Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector (SIDC). The Stardust Interstellar Dust Preliminary Examination (ISPE) team have characterized three sub-nanogram, {approx}1{micro}m-sized fragments considered as candidates to be the first contemporary interstellar dust ever collected, based on their chemistries and trajectories. The candidates were analyzed in small wedges of aerogel in which they were extracted from the larger collector, using high sensitivity, high spatial resolution >3 keV synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SXRF) and <2 keV synchrotron x-ray transmission microscopy (STXM) during Stardust ISPE. The ISPE synchrotron techniques have complementary capabilities. Hard X-ray SXRF is sensitive to sub-fg mass of elements Z {ge} 20 (calcium) and has a spatial resolution as low as 90nm. X-ray Diffraction data were collected simultaneously with SXRF data. Soft X-ray STXM at ALS beamline 11.0.2 can detect fg-mass of most elements, including cosmochemically important oxygen, magnesium, aluminum and silicon, which are invisible to SXRF in this application. ALS beamline 11.0.2 has spatial resolution better than 25 nm. Limiting factors for Stardust STXM analyses were self-imposed limits of photon dose due to radiation damage concerns, and significant attenuation of <1500 eV X-rays by {approx}80{micro}m thick, {approx}25 mg/cm{sup 3} density silica aerogel capture medium. In practice, the ISPE team characterized the major, light elements using STXM (O, Mg, Al, Si) and the heavier minor and trace elements using SXRF. The two data sets overlapped only with minor Fe and Ni ({approx}1% mass abundance), providing few quantitative cross-checks. New improved standards for cross calibration are essential for consortium-based analyses of Stardust interstellar and cometary particles, IDPs. Indeed, they have far reaching application across the whole synchrotron-based analytical community. We have synthesized three ALD multilayers simultaneously on silicon nitride membranes and silicon and characterized them using RBS (on Si), XRF (on Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}) and STXM/XAS (holey Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}). The systems we have started to work with are Al-Zn-Fe and Y-Mg-Er. We have found these ALD multi-layers to be uniform at {micro}m- to nm scales, and have found excellent consistency between four analytical techniques so far. The ALD films can also be used as a standard for e-beam instruments, eg., TEM EELS or EDX. After some early issues with the consistency of coatings to the back-side of the membrane windows, we are confident to be able to show multi-analytical agreement to within 10%. As the precision improves, we can use the new standards to verify or improve the tabulated cross-sections.
Butterworth, A.L.; Becker, N.; Gainsforth, Z.; Lanzirotti, A.; Newville, M.; Proslier, T.; Stodolna, J.; Sutton, S.; Tyliszczak, T.; Westphal, A.J.; Zasadzinski, J. (UCB)
Correlated photon pairs generated from a warm atomic ensemble
We present measurements of the cross-correlation function of photon pairs at 780 nm and 1367 nm, generated in a hot rubidium vapor cell. The temporal character of the biphoton is determined by the dispersive properties of the medium where the pair generation takes place. We show that short correlation times occur for optically thick samples, which can be understood in terms of off-resonant pair generation. By modifying the linear response of the sample, we produce near-resonant photon pairs, which could in principle be used for entanglement distribution.
Willis, R T; Orozco, L A; Rolston, S L
Correlated photon pairs generated from a warm atomic ensemble
We present measurements of the cross-correlation function of photon pairs at 780 nm and 1367 nm, generated in a hot rubidium vapor cell. The temporal character of the biphoton is determined by the dispersive properties of the medium where the pair generation takes place. We show that short correlation times occur for optically thick samples, which can be understood in terms of off-resonant pair generation. By modifying the linear response of the sample, we produce near-resonant photon pairs, which could in principle be used for entanglement distribution.
R. T. Willis; F. E. Becerra; L. A. Orozco; S. L. Rolston
Entanglement generation between two atoms via surface modes
We discuss the coupling of two identical atoms, separated by a metal or metamaterial slab, through surface modes. We show that the coupling through the surface modes can induce entanglement. We discuss how to control the coupling for the metal or metamaterial slab by adjusting the symmetrical and antisymmetrical property of the surface modes. We analyze the dispersion relation of the surface modes and study the parameter ranges that support the surface modes with the same properties. Our results have potential applications in quantum communication and quantum computation.
Xu Jingping; Yang Yaping [Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-structure Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092 (China); Al-Amri, M. [National Center for Mathematics and Physics, KACST, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442 (Saudi Arabia); Zhu Shiyao [Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-structure Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092 (China); Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084 (China); Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University (Hong Kong); Zubairy, M. Suhail [Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084 (China); Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (United States)
Aspects of Graviton Detection: Graviton Emission and Absorption by Atomic Hydrogen
Graviton absorption cross sections and emission rates for hydrogen are calculated by both semi-classical and field theoretic methods. We point out several mistakes in the literature concerning spontaneous emission of gravitons and related phenomena, some of which are due to a subtle issue concerning gauge invariance of the linearized interaction Hamiltonian.
Stephen Boughn; Tony Rothman
The central stars of planetary nebulae (PNe) are natural targets for FUSE due to their UV brightness. The FUSE spectra of many PNe show absorption features due to circumstellar material in species ranging from H_2 and neutrals in the photodissociation region (PDR) to ions resident in the H II region. We report results from a program designed to search for nebular components in the H_2 Lyman and Werner resonance lines that are responsible for the fluorescent excitation of H_2 in strong FUV radiation fields. Our failure to detect H_2 in absorption in several PNe with strong near-infrared H_2 emission indicates that the molecular material has an asymmetrical or clumpy distribution. We also detect enrichments in the s-process product Ge, find that Fe is not depleted into dust along at least one line of sight through a PN, and show that starlight fluorescence can affect the populations of the excited fine-structure levels of O I.
Dinerstein, H L; Bowers, C W; Dinerstein, Harriet L.; Bowers, Charles W.
The central stars of planetary nebulae (PNe) are natural targets for FUSE due to their UV brightness. The FUSE spectra of many PNe show absorption features due to circumstellar material in species ranging from H_2 and neutrals in the photodissociation region (PDR) to ions resident in the H II region. We report results from a program designed to search for nebular components in the H_2 Lyman and Werner resonance lines that are responsible for the fluorescent excitation of H_2 in strong FUV radiation fields. Our failure to detect H_2 in absorption in several PNe with strong near-infrared H_2 emission indicates that the molecular material has an asymmetrical or clumpy distribution. We also detect enrichments in the s-process product Ge, find that Fe is not depleted into dust along at least one line of sight through a PN, and show that starlight fluorescence can affect the populations of the excited fine-structure levels of O I.
Harriet L. Dinerstein; N. C. Sterling; Charles W. Bowers
We propose an efficient method for controlled generation of field squeezing with cold atomic clouds trapped close to a superconducting transmission line resonator. It is shown that, based on the coherent strong magnetic coupling between the collective atomic spins and microwave fields in the transmission line resonator, two-mode or single mode field squeezed states can be generated through coherent control on the dynamics of the system. The degree of squeezing and preparing time can be directly controlled through tuning the external classical fields. This protocol may offer a promising platform for implementing scalable on-chip quantum information processing with continuous variables.
Li, Peng-Bo
We propose an efficient method for controlled generation of field squeezing with cold atomic clouds trapped close to a superconducting transmission line resonator. It is shown that, based on the coherent strong magnetic coupling between the collective atomic spins and microwave fields in the transmission line resonator, two-mode or single mode field squeezed states can be generated through coherent control on the dynamics of the system. The degree of squeezing and preparing time can be directly controlled through tuning the external classical fields. This protocol may offer a promising platform for implementing scalable on-chip quantum information processing with continuous variables.
Peng-Bo Li; Fu-Li Li
Reactive atomic species play a key role in emerging cold atmospheric pressure plasma applications, in particular, in plasma medicine. Absolute densities of atomic oxygen and atomic nitrogen were measured in a radio-frequency driven non-equilibrium plasma operated at atmospheric pressure using vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) absorption spectroscopy. The experiment was conducted on the DESIRS synchrotron beamline using a unique VUV Fourier-transform spectrometer. Measurements were carried out in plasmas operated in helium with air-like N{sub 2}/O{sub 2} (4:1) admixtures. A maximum in the O-atom concentration of (9.1 {+-} 0.7) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 20} m{sup -3} was found at admixtures of 0.35 vol. %, while the N-atom concentration exhibits a maximum of (5.7 {+-} 0.4) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 19} m{sup -3} at 0.1 vol. %.
Niemi, K.; O'Connell, D.; Gans, T. [York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD (United Kingdom); Oliveira, N. de; Joyeux, D.; Nahon, L. [Synchrotron Soleil, l'Orme des Merisiers, St. Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex (France); Booth, J. P. [Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau (France)
Recent studies have shown geothermal power plants to have a significant environmental impact on the ground water of the area. The heavy metals arsenic and mercury are special problems, as both are concentrated by flora and fauna exposed to the effluent waters. Because the toxicity of these and other metallic pollutants present in geothermal effluent depends on the chemical form, or speciation, of the particular metal, any serious study of the environmental impact of a geothermal development should include studies of trace metal speciation, in addition to trace metal concentration. This proposal details a method for determining metal speciation in dilute waters. The method is based on ion-exchange and backed by atomic absorption spectrometry and multiple scanning anodic stripping voltammetry. Special laboratory studies will be performed on mercury, arsenic and selenium speciation in synthetic geothermal water. The method will be applied to three known geothermal areas in Washington and Oregon, with emphasis on the speciation of mercury, arsenic and selenium in these waters. The computer controlled electrochemical instrumentation was built and tested. Using this instrumentation, a new experimental procedure was developed to determine the chemical form (speciation) of metal ions in very dilute solutions (ng/ml). This method was tested on model systems including Pb, Cd, and As with C1/sup -/, CO/sub 3//sup 2 -/ and glycine ligands. Finally, the speciation of lead in a geothermal water was examined and the PbC1/sup +/ complex was observed and quantified.
Kowalski, B.R.
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
theory and fundamental quantum mechanics In addition to research on hadronic and nuclear physics, we also conduct research in atomic physics, neutron physics, and quantum...
Generation and purification of maximally entangled atomic states in optical cavities
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We present a probabilistic scheme for generating and purifying maximally entangled states of two atoms inside an optical cavity via no-photon detection at the cavity output, where ideal detectors are not required. The intermediate mixed states can be continuously purified so as to violate Bell inequalities in a parametrized manner. The scheme relies on an additional strong-driving field that realizes, atypically, simultaneous Jaynes-Cummings and anti-Jaynes-Cummings interactions.
Lougovski, P.; Walther, H. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Solano, E. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Seccion Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Apartado 1761, Lima (Peru)
Asymptotics of the ground state energy for atoms and molecules in the self-generated magnetic field
Asymptotics of the ground state energy of the heavy atoms and molecules in the self-generated magnetic field has been derived and for minimal energy positions of nuclei remainder estimate $O(N^{16/9})$ has been recovered.
Ivrii, Victor
Asymptotics of the ground state energy for atoms and molecules in the self-generated magnetic field
Asymptotics of the ground state energy of the heavy atoms and molecules in the self-generated magnetic field has been derived and for minimal energy positions of nuclei remainder estimate $O(N^{16/9})$ has been recovered.
Victor Ivrii
Ionization and absorption effects in high-order harmonic generation in gas-filled hollow fibers
, and dkq n ~u! qdKn ~u! being the phase-mismatch compo- nents due to the dispersion of the gas, waveguide! involved in Eq. ~10! depends not only on gas dispersion, but also on the dispersion of waveguide modes by the dispersion and absorption of a gas medium rather than by the parameters of the fiber itself. In other words
von der Linde, D.
Ground state energy of large atoms in a self-generated magnetic field
We consider a large atom with nuclear charge $Z$ described by non-relativistic quantum mechanics with classical or quantized electromagnetic field. We prove that the absolute ground state energy, allowing for minimizing over all possible self-generated electromagnetic fields, is given by the non-magnetic Thomas-Fermi theory to leading order in the simultaneous $Z\\to \\infty$, $\\al\\to 0$ limit if $Z\\al^2\\leq \\kappa$ for some universal $\\kappa$, where $\\al$ is the fine structure constant.
Laszlo Erdos; Jan Philip Solovej
We show that a persistent current flow in an atomic gas Bose-Einstein condensate could be realized when the system is subject to two counterpropagating Laguerre-Gaussian so-called doughnut beams, creating a toroidal trap. The theory is developed involving a two-photon process within three atomic levels leading to a quantized light-induced torque which rotates the atoms, generating an atomic current flow in the ring. We also show that it is possible for the torque to be controlled and even switched on and off by varying the frequencies of the incident light, thereby allowing a mechanism for the control of the current flow.
Lembessis, V. E. [New York College, 38 Amalias Avenue, GR-105 58, Athens (Greece); Babiker, M. [Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD (United Kingdom)
High-order harmonic generation with Rydberg atoms by using an intense few-cycle pulse
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We demonstrate that high-order harmonic generation (HHG) with both high cutoff frequency and high conversion efficiency can be realized by using a Rydberg atom in a few-cycle laser pulse. This is because a Rydberg state has a large electron orbital radius and small binding energy; therefore an electron in the Rydberg state can be ionized easily and accelerated directly toward the core under the interaction of a few-cycle laser pulse, leading to emission of harmonic photons. In this case, the tunneling process of the electron is not involved and, hence, the conversion efficiency and the cutoff frequency of harmonic generation can be higher than that predicted by the conventional three-step model.
Zhai Zhen; Fu Panming; Wang Bingbing [Laboratory of Optical Physics, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080 (China); Zhu Qiren [Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012 (China); Chen Jing [Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088 (China); Yan Zongchao [Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3 (Canada)
Performance of an air-cooled ammonia-water absorption air conditioner at low generator temperatures
An ammonia--water absorption air conditioning system has been tested to investigate the stability of operation near the cut-off conditions. Circulation ratios were from 8 to 30. Relations for the estimation of the coefficient of performance and for the prediction of operating temperatures were derived and verified experimentally. Possible operating conditions for an air-cooled ammonia--water air conditioning system were concluded.
Dao, K.; Simmons, M.; Wolgast, R.; Wahlig, M.
Control of decoherence in the generation of photon pairs from atomic ensembles
We report an investigation to establish the physical mechanisms responsible for decoherence in the generation of photon pairs from atomic ensembles, via the protocol of Duan et. al for long distance quantum communication [Nature (London) 414, 413 (2001)] and present the experimental techniques necessary to properly control the process. We develop a theory to model in detail the decoherence process in experiments with magneto-optical traps. The inhomogeneous broadening of the ground state by the trap magnetic field is identified as the principal mechanism for decoherence. In conjunction with our theoretical analysis, we report a series of measurements to characterize and control the coherence time in our experimental setup. We use copropagating stimulated Raman spectroscopy to access directly the ground state energy distribution of the ensemble. These spectroscopic measurements allow us to switch off the trap magnetic field in a controlled way, optimizing the repetition rate for single-photon measurements. With the magnetic field off, we then measure nonclassical correlations for pairs of photons generated by the ensemble as a function of the storage time of the single collective atomic excitation. We report coherence times longer than 10 microseconds, corresponding to an increase of two orders of magnitude compared to previous results in cold ensembles. The coherence time is now two orders of magnitude longer than the duration of the excitation pulses. The comparison between these experimental results and the theory shows good agreement. Finally, we employ our theory to devise ways to improve the experiment by optical pumping to specific initial states.
D. Felinto; C. W. Chou; H. de Riedmatten; S. V. Polyakov; H. J. Kimble
Generating squeezed vacuum field with non-zero orbital angular momentum with atomic ensembles
We demonstrated that by using a pump field with non-zero orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the polarization self-rotation squeezing process it is possible to generate a squeezed vacuum optical field with the matching OAM. We found a similar level of maximum quantum noise reduction for a first-order Laguerre-Gaussian pump beam and a regular Gaussian pump beam, even though the optimal operational conditions differed in these two cases. Also, we investigated the effect of self-defocusing on the level of the vacuum squeezing by simultaneously monitoring the minimum quantum noise level and the output beam transverse profile at various pump laser powers and atomic densities, and found no direct correlations between the increased beam size and the degree of measured squeezing.
Mi Zhang; Joseph Soultanis; Irina Novikova; Eugeniy E. Mikhailov
Generating squeezed vacuum field with non-zero orbital angular momentum with atomic ensembles
We demonstrated that by using a pump field with non-zero orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the polarization self-rotation squeezing process it is possible to generate a squeezed vacuum optical field with the matching OAM. We found a similar level of maximum quantum noise reduction for a first-order Laguerre-Gaussian pump beam and a regular Gaussian pump beam, even though the optimal operational conditions differed in these two cases. Also, we investigated the effect of self-defocusing on the level of the vacuum squeezing by simultaneously monitoring the minimum quantum noise level and the output beam transverse profile at various pump laser powers and atomic densities, and found no direct correlations between the increased beam size and the degree of measured squeezing.
Zhang, Mi; Novikova, Irina; Mikhailov, Eugeniy E
Inorganic arsenic and organoarsenic compounds were speciated in seven oil shale retort and process waters, including samples from simulated, true and modified in situ processes, using a high performance liquid chromatograph automatically coupled to a graphite furnace atomic absorption detector. The molecular forms of arsenic at ppm levels (({micro}g/mL) in these waters are identified for the first time, and shown to include arsenate, methylarsonic acid and phenylarsonic acid. An arsenic-specific fingerprint chromatogram of each retort or process water studied has significant impliestions regarding those arsenical species found and those marginally detected, such as dimethylarsinic acid and the suspected carcinogen arsenite. The method demonstrated suggests future means for quantifying environmental impacts of bioactive organometal species involved in oil shale retorting technology.
Fish, Richard H.; Brinckman, Frederick E.; Jewett, Kenneth L.
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Using extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectroscopy we have determined the radii of the first three atomic shells around Ga and the first Pu shell in a fcc Pu alloy stabilized by 1 wt. % Ga. We find the Ga to be substitutional in the fcc lattice, with the first and second shells contracted by 3.7 and 0.9%, respectively, relative to distances expected from the lattice constant derived from x-ray diffraction. The lattice is well ordered around Ga, but there is considerable static disorder in all observed coordination shells of Pu. We discuss these results in relation to the mechanism by which Ga effects phase stabilization.
Cox, L.E.; Martinez, R. (Nuclear Materials Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 (United States)); Nickel, J.H.; Conradson, S.D.; Allen, P.G. (Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 (United States))
Generating conditional atomic entanglement by measuring photon number in a single output channel
The polarization analysis of quantized probe light transmitted through an atomic ensemble has been used to prepare entangled collective atomic states. In a "balanced" detection configuration, where the difference signal from two detection ports is analyzed, the continuous monitoring of a component of the Stokes field vector provides a means for conditional projective measurements on the atomic system. Here, we make use of classical driving fields, in the pulsed regime, and of an "unbalanced" detection setup (single detector) where the effective photon number of scattered photons is the detected observable. Conditional atomic spin squeezed states and superpositions of such squeezed states can be prepared in this manner.
Berman, C G P R
Generating conditional atomic entanglement by measuring photon number in a single output channel
The polarization analysis of quantized probe light transmitted through an atomic ensemble has been used to prepare entangled collective atomic states. In a "balanced" detection configuration, where the difference signal from two detection ports is analyzed, the continuous monitoring of a component of the Stokes field vector provides a means for conditional projective measurements on the atomic system. Here, we make use of classical driving fields, in the pulsed regime, and of an "unbalanced" detection setup (single detector) where the effective photon number of scattered photons is the detected observable. Conditional atomic spin squeezed states and superpositions of such squeezed states can be prepared in this manner.
C. Genes P. R. Berman
Pure superposition states of atoms generated by a bichromatic elliptically polarized filed
We find specific polarizations of components of a bichromatic field, which allow one to prepare pure superposition states of atoms, using the coherent population trapping effect. These $m$$-$$m$ states are prepared in the system of Zeeman substates of the ground-state hyperfine levels with arbitrary angular momenta $F_1$ and $F_2$. It is established that, in general case $m\
A. V. Taichenachev; V. I. Yudin; V. L. Velichansky; A. S. Zibrov
Seven-effect absorption refrigeration
A seven-effect absorption refrigeration cycle is disclosed utilizing three absorption circuits. In addition, a heat exchanger is used for heating the generator of the low absorption circuit with heat rejected from the condenser and absorber of the medium absorption circuit. A heat exchanger is also provided for heating the generator of the medium absorption circuit with heat rejected from the condenser and absorber of the high absorption circuit. If desired, another heat exchanger can also be provided for heating the evaporator of the high absorption circuit with rejected heat from either the condenser or absorber of the low absorption circuit.
DeVault, Robert C. (Knoxville, TN); Biermann, Wendell J. (Fayetteville, NY)
Seven-effect absorption refrigeration
A seven-effect absorption refrigeration cycle is disclosed utilizing three absorption circuits. In addition, a heat exchanger is used for heating the generator of the low absorption circuit with heat rejected from the condenser and absorber of the medium absorption circuit. A heat exchanger is also provided for heating the generator of the medium absorption circuit with heat rejected from the condenser and absorber of the high absorption circuit. If desired, another heat exchanger can also be provided for heating the evaporator of the high absorption circuit with rejected heat from either the condenser or absorber of the low absorption circuit. 1 fig.
DeVault, R.C.; Biermann, W.J.
Theoretical Atomic Physics code development IV: LINES, A code for computing atomic line spectra
A new computer program, LINES, has been developed for simulating atomic line emission and absorption spectra using the accurate fine structure energy levels and transition strengths calculated by the (CATS) Cowan Atomic Structure code. Population distributions for the ion stages are obtained in LINES by using the Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) model. LINES is also useful for displaying the pertinent atomic data generated by CATS. This report describes the use of LINES. Both CATS and LINES are part of the Theoretical Atomic PhysicS (TAPS) code development effort at Los Alamos. 11 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
Abdallah, J. Jr.; Clark, R.E.H.
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We studied high-order harmonic generation from plasma that contains an abundance of indium oxide nanoparticles. We found that harmonics from nanoparticle-containing plasma are considerably more intense than from plasma produced on the In{sub 2}O{sub 3} bulk target, with high-order harmonic energy ranging from 6 {mu}J (for the ninth harmonic) to 1 {mu}J (for the 17th harmonic) in the former case. The harmonic cutoff from nanoparticles was at the 21st order, which is lower than that observed using indium oxide solid target. By comparing the harmonic spectra obtained from solid and nanoparticle indium oxide targets, we concluded that intense harmonics in the latter case are dominantly generated from neutral atoms of the In{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoparticles.
Elouga Bom, L. B.; Abdul-Hadi, J.; Vidal, F.; Ozaki, T. [Centre Energie, Materiaux et Telecommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2 (Canada); Ganeev, R. A. [Centre Energie, Materiaux et Telecommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2 (Canada); Scientific Association Akadempribor, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Tashkent 100125 (Uzbekistan)
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
A computer simulation has been conducted to investigate the performance of an absorption heat pump, based on the Generator-Absorber Heat Exchange (GAX) cycle employing ammonia-water as the working fluid pair. The particular feature of this cycle is the ability to recover heat from the absorber and employ it to partially heat the generator, thus improving the COP. In the present study, a detailed simulation has been conducted of one of the preferred configurations for the cycle. A modular computer code for flexible simulation of absorption systems (ABSIM) was employed. Performance parameters, including COP and capacity, were investigated as functions of different operating parameters over a wide range of conditions in both the cooling and heating mode. The effect of the ambient temperature, the rectifier performance, the flowrate in the GAX heat transfer loop and the refrigerant flow control were investigated. COP`s on the order of 1.0 for cooling and 2.0 for heating have been calculated.
Grossman, G. [Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (Israel); DeVault, R.C.; Creswick, F.A. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)
This paper will present operational data and performance parameters of the newest generation polyphase resonant high voltage converter modulator (HVCM) as developed and delivered to the KAERI 100 MeV ''PEFP'' accelerator [1]. The KAERI design realizes improvements from the SNS and SLAC designs [2]. To improve the IGBT switching performance at 20 kHz for the KAERI system, the HVCM utilizes the typical zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) at turn on and as well as artificial zero-current-switching (ZCS) at turn-off. The new technique of artificial ZCS technique should result in a 6 fold reduction of IGBT switching losses (3). This improves the HCVM conversion efficiency to better than 95% at full average power, which is 500 kW for the KAERI two klystron 105 kV, 50 A application. The artificial ZCS is accomplished by placing a resonant RLC circuit across the input busswork to the resonant boost transformer. This secondary resonant circuit provides a damped ''kick-back'' to assist in IGBT commutation. As the transformer input busswork is extremely low inductance (< 10 nH), the single RLC network acts like it is across each of the four IGBT collector-emitter terminals of the H-bridge switching network. We will review these topological improvements and the overall system as delivered to the KAERI accelerator and provide details of the operational results.
Reass, William A [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Baca, David M [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Gribble, Robert F [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Defect state features have been detected in second derivative O K edge spectra for thin films of nano-crystalline TiO"2 and HfO"2. Based on soft X-ray photoelectron band edge spectra, and the occurrence of occupied band edge 4f states in Gd(Sc,Ti)O"3, ... Keywords: Bound resonance states, Divacancies, Immobile and mobile vacancies, Monovacancies, Pre-edge regime, X-ray absorption spectroscopy
G. Lucovsky; K. -B. Chung; J. -W. Kim; D. Norlund
Transition from LEDCOP to ATOMIC
This paper discusses the development of the ATOMIC code, a new low to mid Z opacity code, which will replace the current Los Alamos low Z opacity code LEDCOP. The ATOMIC code is based on the FINE code, long used by the Los Alamos group for spectral comparisons in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and for non-LTE calculations, both utilizing the extensive databases from the atomic physics suite of codes based on the work of R.D. Cowan. Many of the plasma physics packages in LEDCOP, such as line broadening and free-free absorption, are being transferred to the new ATOMIC code. A new equation of state (EOS) model is being developed to allow higher density calculations than were possible with either the FINE or LEDCOP codes. Extensive modernization for both ATOMIC and the atomic physics code suites, including conversion to Fortran 90 and parallelization, are underway to speed up the calculations and to allow the use of expanded databases for both the LTE opacity tables and the non-LTE calculations. Future plans for the code will be outlined, including considerations for new generation opacity tables.
Magee, N. H. (Norman H.); Abdallah, J. (Joseph); Colgan, J. (James); Hakel, P. (Peter); Kilcrease, D. P. (David P.); Mazevet, S. (Stephane); Sherrill, M. E. (Manolo E.); Fontes, C. J. (Christopher J.); Zhang, H. (Honglin)
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We present a non-perturbative theory of a single atom interaction with the multicolor laser field. The theory is based on the use of exact mathematical solutions of the boundary value problem for 'an atom in the external field', as a result the case of arbitrary orientation of atomic angular momentum and electromagnetic wave polarization vector can be described in the consistent mathematical form. We also present the results of numerical simulations on silver and argon atoms interaction with single-and two-color laser fields formed by fundamental frequency and second harmonic of Ti:Sapphire laser. The results of numerical calculations show that the efficiency of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) depends strongly on the laser field parameters (especially on the orientation of polarization vectors and chirp of the two-color laser field components). We have demonstrated the saturation of the cut-off frequency in the laser fields of near-atomic strength and investigated the impact of the field phase in the case of ultrashort laser pulses.
Andreev, A. V.; Stremoukhov, S. Yu.; Shoutova, O. A. [M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, physical department, 119991 Leninskie Gory, 1, build. 2, Moscow (Russian Federation)
The production of gas phase atomic and ionic line spectra accompanying the high laser fluence irradiation of solid surfaces is well known and is most often due to the production and interaction of high densities of atoms, ions, and electrons generated from laser-induced breakdown. The resulting plasma expands and moves rapidly away from the irradiated spot and is accompanied by intense emission of light. This type of plume is well studied and is frequently exploited in the technique of chemical analysis known as laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Here, we describe a similar but weaker emission of light generated in vacuum by the laser irradiation of single crystal ZnO at fluences well below breakdown; this emission consists entirely of optical line emission from excited atomic Zn. We compare the properties of the resulting laser-generated gas-phase light emission (above and below breakdown) and describe a mechanism for the production of the low-fluence optical emission resulting from a fortuitous choice of material and laser wavelength.
Kahn, E. H. [Washington State University, Pullman; Langford, S. C. [Washington State University, Pullman; Dickinson, J. T. [Washington State University, Pullman; Boatner, Lynn A [ORNL
Potassium emission absorption system. Topical report 12
The Potassium Emission Absorption System is one of the advanced optical diagnostics developed at Mississippi State University to provide support for the demonstration of prototype-scale coal-fired combustion magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electrical power generation. Intended for application in the upstream of an MHD flow, the system directly measures gas temperature and neutral potassium atom number density through spectroscopic emission absorption techniques. From these measurements the electron density can be inferred from a statistical equilibrium calculation and the electron conductivity in the MHD channel found by use of an electron mobility model. The instrument has been utilized for field test measurements on MHD facilities for almost a decade and has been proven to provide useful measurements as designed for MHD nozzle, channel, and diffuser test sections. The theory of the measurements, a system description, its capabilities, and field test measurement results are reported here. During the development and application of the instrument several technical issues arose which when addressed advanced the state of the art in emission absorption measurement. Studies of these issues are also reported here and include: two-wavelength measurements for particle-laden flows, potassium D-line far wing absorption coefficient, bias in emission absorption measurements arising from dirty windows and misalignments, non-coincident multiwavelength emission absorption sampling errors, and lineshape fitting for boundary layer flow profile information. Although developed for NLHD application, the instrument could be applied to any high temperature flow with a resonance line in the 300 to 800 nm range, for instance other types of flames, rocket plumes or low temperature plasmas.
Bauman, L.E.
T. Hadeishi and R. D. McLaughlin, Science, 174, 404 (1971)T. Hadeishi, L. Leong, R. D. McLaughlin and B. D. Zak, Anal.D. A. Church, R. D. McLaughlin, B. D. Zak, M. Nakamura and
Koizumi, Hideaki
at 1.5kHz to eliminate blackbody radiation from the furnace.The signal due to the blackbody radiation from the graphite
Koizumi, Hideaki
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Root Absorption Root Absorption Name: Carolyn Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: MY Neice is doing a science fair project on plants. More specifically she needs to know if you water your flowering plants with colored water, does the flower change colors and if so, why? Replies: Dear Carolyn, Dyeing flowers works best on cut stems in water: http://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci032.html#anchor598182 Title: The Effect Of Color On The Speed Of Dyeing Flowers Some rooted plants can change flower color by altering the soil pH: http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/yard/1996/120996.html Sincerely, Anthony R. Brach This sounds like a good question for a science project. I think she should do the project first and get some data and then try to answer the question herself. If she can't figure it out, then she should look for some help.
The Universe Adventure - Atoms
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Matter and Atoms Matter and Atoms Richard Feynman "If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generations of creatures, what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that...all things are made of atoms." -Richard P. Feynman, winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics All is atoms Matter is made of atoms, and atoms are comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Everything in the Universe is made of matter. Though matter exists in many different forms, each form is made out of the same basic constituents: small particles called atoms. Atoms themselves are made of smaller particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are composed of even smaller particles called quarks.
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Iron Absorption Iron Absorption Name: Mary Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: I wrote before to Steve and got a answer back. I would like more information. The cirmcustances were that I first had anaemia and then I went for a gastroscopy. The results of which were I had insufficient acid been produced in the stomach. I was told that acid was nessary for the absorbion of iron and it was because of this that I became anaemic. I was told to eat plently of red meat not too many vegetables. Is there any other information you can give me? Replies: It is very difficult to say for sure without seeing you chart and I am not your doctor. But it sounds to me like you are deficient in the vitamin B12. In your stomach you have 3 basic types of cells. One is called chief cells which secrete the precursor of the enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of protein. Another is called the parietal cells which secrete your stomach acid and a substance called intrinsic factor. Now-switch to your bone marrow which is where your red blood cells are made. In order for your red blood cells to mature in the bone marrow, vitamin B12 is necessary. B12 can only be obtained from animal food sources such as meat, milk and eggs. Unfortunately, B12 cannot be absorbed in the stomach without intrinsic factor. If there is sufficient B12 present in the diet, it can be stored in the liver. If you aren't eating enough animal sources your B12 will be taken from your liver until you run out. You could also be deficient in intrinsic factor. So while the outcome is anemia (not enough red blood cells) the problem could be from a few different things. Follow your doctor's recommendations and eat more sources of B12
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... These Data Centers, one on Atomic Energy Levels and one on Atomic Transition ... After a few years Kessler went on to higher management at NIST. ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The reaction of chlorine (Cl) atoms with the unsaturated C{sub 3}H{sub n} where n=4,6, hydrocarbons propylene, allene, and methyl acetylene have been uninvestigated as a function of temperature and pressure.
Farrell, J.T.; Pilgrim, J.S.; Taatjes, C.A.
An atomic magnetometer is disclosed which uses a pump light beam at a D1 or D2 transition of an alkali metal vapor to magnetically polarize the vapor in a heated cell, and a probe light beam at a different D2 or D1 transition to sense the magnetic field via a polarization rotation of the probe light beam. The pump and probe light beams are both directed along substantially the same optical path through an optical waveplate and through the heated cell to an optical filter which blocks the pump light beam while transmitting the probe light beam to one or more photodetectors which generate electrical signals to sense the magnetic field. The optical waveplate functions as a quarter waveplate to circularly polarize the pump light beam, and as a half waveplate to maintain the probe light beam linearly polarized.
Schwindt, Peter (Albuquerque, NM); Johnson, Cort N. (Albuquerque, NM)
Triple effect absorption chiller utilizing two refrigeration circuits
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
This patent describes a heat absorption method for an absorption chiller. It comprises: providing a firs absorption system circuit for operation within a first temperature range, providing a second absorption system circuit for operation within a second temperature range; heat exchanging refrigerant and absorber solution; thermal communication with an external heat load. This patent describes a heat absorption apparatus for use as an absorption chiller. It includes: a first absorption system circuit for operation within a first temperature range; a second absorption system circuit for operation within a second temperature range which has a lower maximum temperature relative to the first temperature range; the first circuit having generator means, condenser means, evaporator means, and absorber means operatively connected together; the second circuit having generator means condenser means, evaporator means, and absorber means operative connected together; and the first circuit condenser means and the first circuit absorber means being in heat exchange communication with the second circuit generator means.
DeVault, R.C.
Oxygen Absorption in Cooling Flows
The inhomogeneous cooling flow scenario predicts the existence of large quantities of gas in massive elliptical galaxies, groups, and clusters that have cooled and dropped out of the flow. Using spatially resolved, deprojected X-ray spectra from the ROSAT PSPC we have detected strong absorption over energies ~0.4-0.8 keV intrinsic to the central ~1 arcmin of the galaxy, NGC 1399, the group, NGC 5044, and the cluster, A1795. These systems have amongst the largest nearby cooling flows in their respective classes and low Galactic columns. Since no excess absorption is indicated for energies below ~0.4 keV the most reasonable model for the absorber is warm, collisionally ionized gas with T=10^{5-6} K where ionized states of oxygen provide most of the absorption. Attributing the absorption only to ionized gas reconciles the large columns of cold H and He inferred from Einstein and ASCA with the lack of such columns inferred from ROSAT, and also is consistent with the negligible atomic and molecular H inferred from HI, and CO observations of cooling flows. The prediction of warm ionized gas as the product of mass drop-out in these and other cooling flows can be verified by Chandra, XMM, and ASTRO-E.
David A. Buote
Described herein is an apparatus and a method for producing atom clusters based on a gas discharge within a hollow cathode. The hollow cathode includes one or more walls. The one or more walls define a sputtering chamber within the hollow cathode and include a material to be sputtered. A hollow anode is positioned at an end of the sputtering chamber, and atom clusters are formed when a gas discharge is generated between the hollow anode and the hollow cathode.
Donchev, Todor I. (Urbana, IL); Petrov, Ivan G. (Champaign, IL)
Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and other complementary surface-sensitive techniques have been used to study the surface molecular structure and surface mechanical behavior of biologically-relevant polymer systems. SFG and AFM have emerged as powerful analytical tools to deduce structure/property relationships, in situ, for polymers at air, liquid and solid interfaces. The experiments described in this dissertation have been performed to understand how polymer surface properties are linked to polymer bulk composition, substrate hydrophobicity, changes in the ambient environment (e.g., humidity and temperature), or the adsorption of macromolecules. The correlation of spectroscopic and mechanical data by SFG and AFM can become a powerful methodology to study and engineer materials with tailored surface properties. The overarching theme of this research is the interrogation of systems of increasing structural complexity, which allows us to extend conclusions made on simpler model systems. We begin by systematically describing the surface molecular composition and mechanical properties of polymers, copolymers, and blends having simple linear architectures. Subsequent chapters focus on networked hydrogel materials used as soft contact lenses and the adsorption of protein and surfactant at the polymer/liquid interface. The power of SFG is immediately demonstrated in experiments which identify the chemical parameters that influence the molecular composition and ordering of a polymer chain's side groups at the polymer/air and polymer/liquid interfaces. In general, side groups with increasingly greater hydrophobic character will be more surface active in air. Larger side groups impose steric restrictions, thus they will tend to be more randomly ordered than smaller hydrophobic groups. If exposed to a hydrophilic environment, such as water, the polymer chain will attempt to orient more of its hydrophilic groups to the surface in order to minimize the total surface energy. With an understanding of the structural and environmental parameters which govern polymer surface structure, SFG is then used to explore the effects of surface hydrophobicity and solvent polarity on the orientation and ordering of amphiphilic neutral polymers adsorbed at the solid/liquid interface. SFG spectra show that poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) adsorb with their hydrophobic moieties preferentially oriented toward hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces. These same moieties, however, disorder when adsorbed onto a hydrophilic silica/water interface. Water is identified as a critical factor for mediating the orientation and ordering of hydrophobic moieties in polymers adsorbed at hydrophobic interfaces. The role of bulk water content and water vapor, as they influence hydrogel surface structure and mechanics, continues to be explored in the next series of experiments. A method was developed to probe the surface viscoelastic properties of hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA) based contact lens materials by analyzing AFM force-distance curves. AFM analysis indicates that the interfacial region is dehydrated, relative to the bulk. Experiments performed on poly(HEMA+MA) (MA = methacrylic acid), a more hydrophilic copolymer with greater bulk water content, show even greater water depletion at the surface. SFG spectra, as well as surface energy arguments, suggest that the more hydrophilic polymer component (such as MA) is not favored at the air interface; this may explain anomalies in water retention at the hydrogel surface. Adsorption of lysozyme onto poly(HEMA+MA) was found to further reduce near-surface viscous behavior, suggesting lower surface water content. Lastly, protein adsorption is studied using a model polymer system of polystyrene covalently bound with a monolayer of bovine serum albumin. SFG results indicate that some amino acid residues in proteins adopt preferred orientations. SFG spectra also show that the phenyl rings of the bare polystyrene substrate in contact with air or
Koffas, Telly Stelianos
Dilution cycle control for an absorption refrigeration system
A dilution cycle control system for an absorption refrigeration system is disclosed. The control system includes a time delay relay for sensing shutdown of the absorption refrigeration system and for generating a control signal only after expiration of a preselected time period measured from the sensed shutdown of the absorption refrigeration system, during which the absorption refrigeration system is not restarted. A dilution cycle for the absorption refrigeration system is initiated in response to generation of a control signal by the time delay relay. This control system is particularly suitable for use with an absorption refrigeration system which is frequently cycled on and off since the time delay provided by the control system prevents needless dilution of the absorption refrigeration system when the system is turned off for only a short period of time and then is turned back on.
Reimann, Robert C. (Lafayette, NY)
Energy Basics: Absorption Cooling
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
cooling. Other potential heat sources include propane, solar-heated water, or geothermal-heated water. Although mainly used in industrial or commercial settings, absorption...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Analysis of phosphorus concentrations in the gizzards of ducks harvested from munitions sites is necessary to ascertain if acute phosphorus toxicity was the cause of death and to estimate potential secondary hazards to predators and scavengers, such as eagles that readily consume the dead ducks. Gas chromatography-atomic emission detection analysis permitted compound-independent quantification of white phosphorus standards following analysis of the stable phosphorus-containing compound triethyl phosphate. The white phosphorus standards were then used to quantify white phosphorus residues in duck gizzard extracts by gas chromatography-flame photometric detection analysis. For gizzards containing less than 0.01 {micro}g of phosphorus, quantification was based on a three-point calibration curve. For gizzards containing 0.01 {micro}g or more of white phosphorus, single-point calibration was used. Mean recoveries for phosphorus-fortified gizzards ranged from 73 to 91%. The method limit of detection was 0.013 {micro}g of phosphorus. This method was successfully applied to the quantification of white phosphorus in ducks collected from Eagle River Flats, AK. Potential applications to risk assessment and environmental monitoring are also discussed.
Johnston, J.J.; Goldade, D.A.; Kohler, D.J.; Cummings, J.L.
Solar absorption surface panel
A composite metal of aluminum and nickel is used to form an economical solar absorption surface for a collector plate wherein an intermetallic compound of the aluminum and nickel provides a surface morphology with high absorptance and relatively low infrared emittance along with good durability.
Santala, Teuvo J. (Attleboro, MA)
Test of the quantumness of atom-atom correlations in a bosonic gas
It is shown how the quantumness of atom-atom correlations in a trapped bosonic gas can be made observable. Application of continuous feedback control of the center of mass of the atomic cloud is shown to generate oscillations of the spatial extension of the cloud, whose amplitude can be directly used as a characterization of atom-atom correlations. Feedback parameters can be chosen such that the violation of a Schwarz inequality for atom-atom correlations can be tested at noise levels much higher than the standard quantum limit.
D. Ivanov; S. Wallentowitz
Absorption machine with desorber-resorber
An absorption refrigeration system utilizing a low temperature desorber and intermediate temperature resorber. The system operates at three temperatures and three pressures to increase the efficiency of the system and is capable of utilizing a lower generator temperature than previously used.
Biermann, Wendell J. (Fayetteville, NY)
Coupled dual loop absorption heat pump
A coupled dual loop absorption system which utilizes two separate complete loops. Each individual loop operates at three temperatures and two pressures. This low temperature loop absorber and condenser are thermally coupled to the high temperature loop evaporator, and the high temperature loop condenser and absorber are thermally coupled to the low temperature generator.
Sarkisian, Paul H. (Watertown, MA); Reimann, Robert C. (Lafayette, NY); Biermann, Wendell J. (Fayetteville, NY)
Laser light absorption with density profile modifications
Two-dimensional computer simulations studied plasma heating by electron plasma waves. The results emphasize the importance of nonlinear steepening of the density profile near the critical density. A typical simulation result is presented in order to illustrate these profile modifications. It is shown that large dc magnetic field generation is an inherent property of the absorption of obliquely-incident light. (MOW)
Kruer, W.; Valeo, E.; Estabrook, K.; Langdon, B.; Lasinski, B.
ARM - Measurement - Aerosol absorption
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
absorption absorption ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Aerosol absorption The process in which radiation energy is retained by aerosols. Categories Aerosols Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments AOS : Aerosol Observing System CSPHOT : Cimel Sunphotometer IAP : In-situ Aerosol Profiles (Cessna Aerosol Flights) PSAP : Particle Soot Absorption Photometer PASS : Photoacoustic Soot Spectrometer External Instruments OMI : Ozone Monitoring Instrument
The efficiency of an absorption heat pump system is improved by conducting liquid from a second stage evaporator thereof to an auxiliary heat exchanger positioned downstream of a primary heat exchanger in the desorber of the system.
Grossman, Gershon (Oak Ridge, TN)
The efficiency of an absorption heat pump system is improved by conducting liquid from a second stage evaporator thereof to an auxiliary heat exchanger positioned downstream of a primary heat exchanger in the desorber of the system.
Grossman, G.
Solar selective absorption coatings
A new class of solar selective absorption coatings are disclosed. These coatings comprise a structured metallic overlayer such that the overlayer has a sub-micron structure designed to efficiently absorb solar radiation, while retaining low thermal emissivity for infrared thermal radiation. A sol-gel layer protects the structured metallic overlayer from mechanical, thermal, and environmental degradation. Processes for producing such solar selective absorption coatings are also disclosed.
Mahoney, Alan R. (Albuquerque, NM); Reed, Scott T. (Albuquerque, NM); Ashley, Carol S. (Albuquerque, NM); Martinez, F. Edward (Horseheads, NY)
Solar selective absorption coatings
A new class of solar selective absorption coatings are disclosed. These coatings comprise a structured metallic overlayer such that the overlayer has a sub-micron structure designed to efficiently absorb solar radiation, while retaining low thermal emissivity for infrared thermal radiation. A sol-gel layer protects the structured metallic overlayer from mechanical, thermal, and environmental degradation. Processes for producing such solar selective absorption coatings are also disclosed.
Mahoney, Alan R. (Albuquerque, NM); Reed, Scott T. (Albuquerque, NM); Ashley, Carol S. (Albuquerque, NM); Martinez, F. Edward (Horseheads, NY)
Optical absorption measurement system
The system of the present invention contemplates a non-intrusive method for measuring the temperature rise of optical elements under high laser power optical loading to determine the absorption coefficient. The method comprises irradiating the optical element with a high average power laser beam, viewing the optical element with an infrared camera to determine the temperature across the optical element and calculating the absorption of the optical element from the temperature.
Draggoo, V.G.; Morton, R.G.; Sawicki, R.H.; Bissinger, H.D.
Optical absorption measurement system
The system of the present invention contemplates a non-intrusive method for measuring the temperature rise of optical elements under high laser power optical loading to determine the absorption coefficient. The method comprises irradiating the optical element with a high average power laser beam, viewing the optical element with an infrared camera to determine the temperature across the optical element and calculating the absorption of the optical element from the temperature.
Draggoo, Vaughn G. (Livermore, CA); Morton, Richard G. (San Diego, CA); Sawicki, Richard H. (Pleasanton, CA); Bissinger, Horst D. (Livermore, CA)
Solar absorption refrigeration system using new working fluid pairs
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Absorption refrigeration systems powered by solar energy increasingly attract research interests in the last years. In this study, thermodynamic analyses for different working fluid pairs are performed. A computer simulation model has been developed ... Keywords: NH3-LiNO3, absorption, crystallization, generator, performance, refrigeration, solar energy
Jasim M. Abdulateef; Kamaruzzaman Sopian; M. A. Alghoul; Mohd Yusof Sulaiman; Azami Zaharim; Ibrahim Ahmad
Triple effect absorption chiller utilizing two refrigeration circuits
A triple effect absorption method and apparatus having a high coefficient of performance. Two single effect absorption circuits are combined with heat exchange occurring between a condenser and absorber of a high temperature circuit, and a generator of a low temperature circuit. The evaporators of both the high and low temperature circuits provide cooling to an external heat load.
DeVault, Robert C. (Knoxville, TN)
"10 of Io absorbed by Ocean Fig. 1. Contrast of clear air tropical condition with normal solar absorption the surrounding air primarily ('" 94%) by direct solar energy absorption and rapid molecular conduction~ensive ground generators into the boundary layer. By warming the boundary layer air under proper conditions
Gray, William
Monitoring atom-atom entanglement and decoherence in a solvable tripartite open system in cavity QED
We solve exactly the dynamics of two strongly-driven two-level atoms resonantly coupled to a dissipative cavity field mode. Starting with the cavity field vacuum state, we show that the entanglement of the atom-atom subsystem cannot be created or increased. On the other hand, when the atoms are initially entangled the atomic Hilbert space divides into two subspaces. One of them is decoherence free so that the initial atomic entanglement remains available for applications, even in presence of a low enough atomic decay rate. In the other subspace a measure of entanglement, decoherence, and also purity, are described by a similar functional behavior that can be monitored by joint atomic measurements. Furthermore, we show the possible generation of Schr\\"odinger-cat-like states for the whole system in the transient regime, as well as of entanglement for the cavity field and the atom-atom subsystems conditioned by measurements on the complementary subsystem.
Bina, Matteo; Lulli, Alfredo; Solano, Enrique
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Particle Previous Term (Alpha Particle) Glossary Main Index Next Term (Avogadro's Number) Avogadro's Number Atomic Number Silver's atomic number is 47 The atomic number is equal to...
AAS, see Atomic absorption spectrometry Acanthes lanceolata, 138
sources of petroleum is perceived as a risk to our national welfare. However the need for new, sustainable energy sources that minimize greenhouse gas emissions as is the case with petroleum refining, with the effect of enhancing the cost
Pitt, Robert E.
Advanced regenerative absorption refrigeration cycles
Multi-effect regenerative absorption cycles which provide a high coefficient of performance (COP) at relatively high input temperatures. An absorber-coupled double-effect regenerative cycle (ADR cycle) (10) is provided having a single-effect absorption cycle (SEA cycle) (11) as a topping subcycle and a single-effect regenerative absorption cycle (1R cycle) (12) as a bottoming subcycle. The SEA cycle (11) includes a boiler (13), a condenser (21), an expansion device (28), an evaporator (31), and an absorber (40), all operatively connected together. The 1R cycle (12) includes a multistage boiler (48), a multi-stage resorber (51), a multisection regenerator (49) and also uses the condenser (21), expansion device (28) and evaporator (31) of the SEA topping subcycle (11), all operatively connected together. External heat is applied to the SEA boiler (13) for operation up to about 500 degrees F., with most of the high pressure vapor going to the condenser (21) and evaporator (31) being generated by the regenerator (49). The substantially adiabatic and isothermal functioning of the SER subcycle (12) provides a high COP. For higher input temperatures of up to 700 degrees F., another SEA cycle (111) is used as a topping subcycle, with the absorber (140) of the topping subcycle being heat coupled to the boiler (13) of an ADR cycle (10). The 1R cycle (12) itself is an improvement in that all resorber stages (50b-f) have a portion of their output pumped to boiling conduits (71a-f) through the regenerator (49), which conduits are connected to and at the same pressure as the highest pressure stage (48a) of the 1R multistage boiler (48).
Dao, Kim (14 Nace Ave., Piedmont, CA 94611)
Buffer-gas-induced absorption resonances in Rb vapor RID B-9041-2008
We observe transformation of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance into an absorption resonance in a Lambda interaction configuration in a cell filled with Rb-87 and a buffer gas. This transformation occurs as one-photon detuning of the coupling fields is varied from the atomic transition. No such absorption resonance is found in the absence of a buffer gas. The width of the absorption resonance is several times smaller than the width of the EIT resonance, and the changes of absorption near these resonances are about the same. Similar absorption resonances are detected in the Hanle configuration in a buffered cell.
Mikhailov, E. E.; Novikova, I.; Rostovtsev, Y. V.; Welch, George R.
An improvement in an absorption heat pump cycle is obtained by adding adiabatic absorption and desorption steps to the absorber and desorber of the system. The adiabatic processes make it possible to obtain the highest temperature in the absorber before any heat is removed from it and the lowest temperature in the desorber before heat is added to it, allowing for efficient utilization of the thermodynamic availability of the heat supply stream. The improved system can operate with a larger difference between high and low working fluid concentrations, less circulation losses, and more efficient heat exchange than a conventional system.
Grossman, Gershon (Oak Ridge, TN); Perez-Blanco, Horacio (Knoxville, TN)
Atomic Spectroscopy Data Center
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Atomic Spectroscopy Data Center. Summary: ... Atomic Spectroscopy Data Webpage. End Date: ongoing. Lead Organizational Unit: physlab. Contact. ...
Optimal selection of on-site generation with combined heat and power applications
the burning of natural gas for on-site power generation andnatural gas absorption chiller GenL i , m , t , h , u Generated power by distributed generation
Siddiqui, Afzal S.; Marnay, Chris; Bailey, Owen; Hamachi LaCommare, Kristina
Monitoring atom-atom entanglement and decoherence in a solvable tripartite open system in cavity QED
We present a fully analytical solution of the dynamics of two strongly-driven atoms resonantly coupled to a dissipative cavity field mode. We show that an initial atom-atom entanglement cannot be increased. In fact, the atomic Hilbert space divides into two subspaces, one of which is decoherence free so that the initial atomic entanglement remains available for applications, even in presence of a low enough atomic decay rate. In the other subspace a measure of entanglement, decoherence, and also purity, are described by a similar functional behavior that can be monitored by joint atomic measurements. Furthermore, we show the possible generation of Schr\\"odinger-cat-like states for the whole system in the transient regime, as well as of entanglement for the cavity field and the atom-atom subsystems conditioned by measurements on the complementary subsystem.
Matteo Bina; Federico Casagrande; Alfredo Lulli; Enrique Solano
Solid-state superconducting circuits are versatile systems in which quantum states can be engineered and controlled. Recent progress in this area has opened up exciting possibilities for exploring fundamental physics as well as applications in quantum information technology; in a series of experiments it was shown that such circuits can be exploited to generate quantum optical phenomena, by designing superconducting elements as artificial atoms that are coupled coherently to the photon field of a resonator. Here we demonstrate a lasing effect with a single artificial atom - a Josephson-junction charge qubit - embedded in a superconducting resonator. We make use of one of the properties of solid-state artificial atoms, namely that they are strongly and controllably coupled to the resonator modes. The device is essentially different from existing lasers and masers; one and the same artificial atom excited by current injection produces many photons.
O. Astafiev; K. Inomata; A. O. Niskanen; T. Yamamoto; Yu. A. Pashkin; Y. Nakamura; J. S. Tsai
Lesson 6- Atoms to Electricity
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Most power plants make electricity by boiling water to make steam that turns a turbine. A nuclear power plant works this way, too. At a nuclear power plant, splitting atoms produce the heat to boil the water. This lesson covers inside the reactor, fission control and electricity generation.
The Quantum Absorption Refrigerator
A quantum absorption refrigerator driven by noise is studied with the purpose of determining the limitations of cooling to absolute zero. The model consists of a working medium coupled simultaneously to hot, cold and noise baths. Explicit expressions for the cooling power are obtained for Gaussian and Poisson white noise. The quantum model is consistent with the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The third law is quantified, the cooling power J_c vanishes as J_c proportional to T_c^{alpha}, when T_c approach 0, where alpha =d+1 for dissipation by emission and absorption of quanta described by a linear coupling to a thermal bosonic field, where d is the dimension of the bath.
Amikam Levy; Ronnie Kosloff
Dynamical polarization in pionic atoms
Dynamical nuclear polarization occurs in pionic atoms when a nuclear excitation of appropriate multipolarity is nearly degenerate with de-excitation of a pion atomic level. This phenomenon has been studied in several nuclei, one goal being to test the pion optical potential for pion atomic states normally ''hidden'' because of pion absorption. We find that, in addition to Coulomb mixing of the atomic and nuclear levels, strong interaction mixing and nuclear excitations above the lowest collective quadrupole mode are important for understanding the experimental results. All cases except /sup 110/Pd can then be understood. For /sup 110/Pd, additional nuclear structure information is needed to determine whether or not the conventional pion optical potential will suffice again. We discuss the sensitivity of dynamical polarization measurements to the parameters of the optical potential and to various aspects of nuclear structure. In particular, we find that pionic /sup 150/Sm provides a test of the interacting boson model and that the difference in neutron and proton radii predicted by Hartree-Fock calculations affects the mixing appreciably.
Dubach, J.F.; Moniz, E.J.; Nixon, G.D.
Enhanced absorption cycle computer model. Final report
Absorption heat pumps have received renewed and increasing attention in the past two decades. The rising cost of electricity has made the particular features of this heat-powered cycle attractive for both residential and industrial applications. Solar-powered absorption chillers, gas-fired domestic heat pumps, and waste-heat-powered industrial temperatures boosters are a few of the applications recently subjected to intensive research and development. The absorption heat pump research community has begun to search for both advanced cycles in various multistage configurations and new working fluid combinations with potential for enhanced performance and reliability. The development of working absorptions systems has created a need for reliable and effective system simulations. A computer code has been developed for simulation of absorption systems at steady state in a flexible and modular form, making it possible to investigate various cycle configurations with different working fluids. The code is based on unit subroutines containing the governing equations for the system`s components and property subroutines containing thermodynamic properties of the working fluids. The user conveys to the computer an image of his cycle by specifying the different subunits and their interconnections. Based on this information, the program calculates the temperature, flow rate, concentration, pressure, and vapor fraction at each state point in the system, and the heat duty at each unit, from which the coefficient of performance (COP) may be determined. This report describes the code and its operation, including improvements introduced into the present version. Simulation results are described for LiBr-H{sub 2}O triple-effect cycles, LiCl-H{sub 2}O solar-powered open absorption cycles, and NH{sub 3}-H{sub 2}O single-effect and generator-absorber heat exchange cycles. An appendix contains the User`s Manual.
Grossman, G.; Wilk, M. [Technion-Israel Inst. of Tech., Haifa (Israel). Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Atomic Reference Data for Electronic Structure Calculations - TMS
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Feb 7, 2007 ... For this resource, data have been generated for atomic electronic structure calculations, to provide a standard reference for results of specified�...
NIST Ytterbium Atomic Clocks Set Record for Stability
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Ytterbium atoms are generated in an oven (large metal cylinder on the left) and sent to a vacuum chamber in the center of the photo to be ...
NIST: Atomic Reference Data for Electronic Structure Calc.
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... We have generated data for atomic electronic structure calculations, to ... are presented here for total energies and orbital energy eigenvalues for ...
Geek-Up[6.10.10]: Attosecond Absorption Spectroscopy and Kinked Nanopores |
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
6.10.10]: Attosecond Absorption Spectroscopy and Kinked 6.10.10]: Attosecond Absorption Spectroscopy and Kinked Nanopores Geek-Up[6.10.10]: Attosecond Absorption Spectroscopy and Kinked Nanopores August 6, 2010 - 6:07pm Addthis A classical diagram of a krypton atom shows its 36 electrons arranged in shells. | Photo Courtesy of: Berkeley Lab. A classical diagram of a krypton atom shows its 36 electrons arranged in shells. | Photo Courtesy of: Berkeley Lab. Elizabeth Meckes Elizabeth Meckes Director of User Experience & Digital Technologies, Office of Public Affairs Thanks to the attosecond absorption spectroscopy process, an international team of scientists from Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California at Berkeley were able to observe an atom's electrons moving in real time -
Supercomputers and atomic physics data
The advent of the supercomputer has dramatically increased the possibilities for generating and using massive amounts of detailed fine structure atomic physics data. Size, speed, and software have made calculations which were impossible just a few years ago into a reality. Further technological advances make future possibilities seem endless. The cornerstone atomic structure codes of R.D. Cowan have been adapted into a single code CATS for use on Los Alamos supercomputers. We provide a brief overview of the problem; and report a sample CATS calculation using configuration interaction to calculate collision and oscillator strengths for over 300,000 transitions in neutral nitrogen. We also discuss future supercomputer needs. 2 refs.
Abdallah, J. Jr.; Clark, R.E.H.
Ultraviolet absorption hygrometer
An ultraviolet absorption hygrometer is provided including a source of pulsed ultraviolet radiation for providing radiation in a first wavelength region where water absorbs significantly and in a second proximate wavelength region where water absorbs weakly. Ultraviolet radiation in the first and second regions which has been transmitted through a sample path of atmosphere is detected. The intensity of the radiation transmitted in each of the first and second regions is compared and from this comparison the amount of water in the sample path is determined.
Gersh, Michael E. (Bedford, MA); Bien, Fritz (Concord, MA); Bernstein, Lawrence S. (Bedford, MA)
Method of trivalent chromium concentration determination by atomic spectrometry
A method is disclosed for determining the concentration of trivalent chromium Cr(III) in a sample. The addition of perchloric acid has been found to increase the atomic chromium spectrometric signal due to Cr(III), while leaving the signal due to hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) unchanged. This enables determination of the Cr(III) concentration without pre-concentration or pre-separation from chromium of other valences. The Cr(III) concentration may be measured using atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry or atomic fluorescence spectrometry.
Reheulishvili, Aleksandre N. (Tbilisi, 0183, GE); Tsibakhashvili, Neli Ya. (Tbilisi, 0101, GE)
Method of performing MRI with an atomic magnetometer
A method and apparatus are provided for performing an in-situ magnetic resonance imaging of an object. The method includes the steps of providing an atomic magnetometer, coupling a magnetic field generated by magnetically resonating samples of the object through a flux transformer to the atomic magnetometer and measuring a magnetic resonance of the atomic magnetometer.
Savukov, Igor Mykhaylovich; Matlashov, Andrei Nikolaevich; Espy, Michelle A; Volegov, Petr Lvovich; Kraus, Jr., Robert Henry; Zotev, Vadim Sergeyevich
Method of performing MRI with an atomic magnetometer
A method and apparatus are provided for performing an in-situ magnetic resonance imaging of an object. The method includes the steps of providing an atomic magnetometer, coupling a magnetic field generated by magnetically resonating samples of the object through a flux transformer to the atomic magnetometer and measuring a magnetic resonance of the atomic magnetometer.
Savukov, Igor Mykhaylovich; Matlashov, Andrei Nikolaevich; Espy, Michelle A.; Volegov, Petr Lvovich; Kraus, Jr., Robert Henry; Zotev, Vadim Sergeyevich
Time-resolved infrared absorption studies of the dynamics of radical reactions.
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
There is very little information available about the dynamics of radical+radical interactions. These processes are important in combustion being chain termination steps as well as generating new molecular species. To study these processes, a new experimental apparatus has been constructed to investigate radical-radical dynamics. The first radical or atomic species is produced with a known concentration in a microwave discharge flow system. The second is produced by pulsed laser photolysis of a suitable photolyte. The time dependence of individual rovibrational states of the product is followed by absorption of a continuous infrared laser. This approach will allow the reaction of interest to be differentiated from other radical reactions occurring simultaneously. The experimental approach is highly versatile, being able to detect a number of molecular species of particular interest to combustion processes such as water, methane, acetylene etc. at the state specific level. State specific infrared absorption coefficients of radicals can be measured in situ allowing for the determination of the absolute concentrations and hence branching ratios for reactions having multiple reaction pathways.
Macdonald, R. G. (Chemistry)
Absorption Heat Pump Water Heater
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Absorption Heat Pump Water Heater Absorption Heat Pump Water Heater Kyle Gluesenkamp Building Equipment Group, ETSD firstname.lastname@example.com 865-241-2952 April 3, 2013 CRADA - GE Development of High Performance Residential Gas Water Heater Image courtesy John Wilkes 2 | Building Technologies Office eere.energy.gov Purpose & Objectives Problem Statement: Absorption technology could greatly boost water heater efficiency, but faces barriers of high first cost and working fluid challenges. Impact of Project: Energy factor of gas storage water
Absorption Heat Pump Water Heater
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Absorption Heat Pump Water Heater Absorption Heat Pump Water Heater Kyle Gluesenkamp Building Equipment Group, ETSD email@example.com 865-241-2952 April 3, 2013 CRADA - GE Development of High Performance Residential Gas Water Heater Image courtesy John Wilkes 2 | Building Technologies Office eere.energy.gov Purpose & Objectives Problem Statement: Absorption technology could greatly boost water heater efficiency, but faces barriers of high first cost and working fluid challenges. Impact of Project: Energy factor of gas storage water
While it is generally assumed that several light beams propagate independently in a refracting medium, the exception of laser beams may be extended to usual time-incoherent light provided that conditions of space-coherence are fulfilled. Very few molecules have convenient properties, the simplest one being atomic hydrogen in 2S and 2P states (called H* here). The interaction increases the entropy of a set of beams without a permanent excitation of H*, a loss of energy by a beam having a high Planck's temperature producing a decrease of its frequency, and the thermal radiation getting energy. Atomic hydrogen in its ground state is pumped to H* by Lyman alpha absorptions, producing a redshift of the light. The combination of the Lyman absorptions and the redshifts they produce, induce oscillations which generate a spectrum in which the lines deduce from each other by relative frequency shifts which are products of an integer by a constant z_b=0.062. These purely physical results may be applied in astrophysics, searching where H* may appear. In particular, the computed spectra of the accreting neutron stars, remarkably identical to the spectra of the quasars, may explain that these stars seem never observed. The too high frequencies of the radio signals from the Pioneer probes may result from a transfer of energy from the solar light allowed by a cooling of the solar wind able to produce H*. A similar transfer to the CMB may explain its anisotropy bound to the ecliptic.
Jacques Moret-Bailly
This review gives a brief description of the theory and application of X-ray absorption spectroscopy, both X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), especially, pertaining to photosynthesis. The advantages and limitations of the methods are discussed. Recent advances in extended EXAFS and polarized EXAFS using oriented membranes and single crystals are explained. Developments in theory in understanding the XANES spectra are described. The application of X-ray absorption spectroscopy to the study of the Mn4Ca cluster in Photosystem II is presented.
Yano, Junko; Yachandra, Vittal K.
Energy Basics: Absorption Heat Pumps
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Systems Air-Source Heat Pumps Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pumps Absorption Heat Pumps Geothermal Heat Pumps Supporting Equipment for Heating & Cooling Systems Water Heating...
We propose a feasible scheme of quantum state storage and manipulation via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in flexibly $united$ multi-ensembles of three-level atoms. For different atomic array configurations, one can properly steer the signal and the control lights to generate different forms of atomic entanglement within the framework of linear optics. These results shed new light on designing the versatile quantum memory devices by using, e.g., an atomic grid.
H. Jing; X. -J. Liu; M. -L. Ge; M. -S. Zhan
A method of detecting an activator, the method including impinging a receptor material that is not predominately water and lacks a photoluminescent material with an activator and generating Cherenkov effect light due to the activator impinging the receptor material. The method further including identifying a characteristic of the activator based on the light.
Bell, Zane William (Oak Ridge, TN); Boatner, Lynn Allen (Oak Ridge, TN)
Manhattan Project: Atomic Bombardment, 1932-1938
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Solvay Physics Conference, Brussels, October 1933 ATOMIC BOMBARDMENT Solvay Physics Conference, Brussels, October 1933 ATOMIC BOMBARDMENT (1932-1938) Events > Atomic Discoveries, 1890s-1939 A Miniature Solar System, 1890s-1919 Exploring the Atom, 1919-1932 Atomic Bombardment, 1932-1938 The Discovery of Fission, 1938-1939 Fission Comes to America, 1939 M. Stanley Livingston and Ernest O. Lawrence in front of a 27-inch cyclotron, Rad Lab, University of California, Berkeley, 1934. In the 1930s, scientists learned a tremendous amount about the structure of the atom by bombarding it with sub-atomic particles. Ernest O. Lawrence's cyclotron, the Cockroft-Walton machine, and the Van de Graaff generator, developed by Robert J. Van de Graaff at Princeton University, were particle accelerators designed to bombard the nuclei of various elements to disintegrate atoms. Attempts of the early 1930s to split atoms, however, required huge amounts of energy because the first accelerators used proton beams and alpha particles as sources of energy. Since protons and alpha particles are positively charged, they Albert Einstein met substantial resistance from the positively charged target nucleus when they attempted to penetrate atoms. Even high-speed protons and alpha particles scored direct hits on a nucleus only approximately once in a million tries. Most simply passed by the target nucleus. Not surprisingly, Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein (right), and Niels Bohr regarded particle bombardment as useful in furthering knowledge of nuclear physics but believed it unlikely to meet public expectations of harnessing the power of the atom for practical purposes anytime in the near future. In a 1933 interview, Rutherford called such expectations "moonshine." Einstein compared particle bombardment with shooting in the dark at scarce birds, while Bohr, the Danish Nobel laureate, agreed that the chances of taming atomic energy were remote.
Simulated X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy on the Water Dimer
The ability of an individual H{sub 2}O molecule to form multiple hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules makes it an ideal substance for the study of hydrogen bonding. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can be used to study what intermolecular structures the hydrogen-bonded water molecules form. XAS excites core electrons from the oxygen 1 s atomic orbital to an unoccupied orbital. The resulting absorption spectrum shows the energy levels of the unoccupied orbitals, which in turn is dependent on the intermolecular structure of the H{sub 2}O system. Previous studies using molecular dynamics computer simulations have concluded that the intermolecular structure of liquid water is a distorted tetrahedron. Yet x-ray absorption spectra show discrepancies between liquid water and ice Ih, which is already known to have a rigid tetrahedral structure. The research group, which is based in the University of Sweden in Stockholm and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, has studied the possible presence of broken hydrogen bonds in the liquid water intermolecular structure to explain these deviations. Computer simulations are used to construct theoretical absorption spectra for models of liquid water including broken hydrogen bonds. Creating such models requires controlling variables. The simplest method of isolating individual variables, such as hydrogen bond length and angles, is to study the water dimer. Here, the water dimer is used to study how the absorption spectra change with the way the water molecules are positioned and oriented relative to each other.
Wung, A
Reading Comprehension - Atomic History
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Atomic History Atomic History A Greek philosopher named Democritus said that all atoms are small, hard particles. He thought that atoms were made of a single material formed into different shapes and sizes. The word " _________ element compound mixture atom " is derived from the Greek word "atomos" which means "not able to be divided." In 1803, John Dalton, a school teacher, proposed his atomic theory. Dalton's theory states that elements (substances composed of only one type of _________ molecules ions atom ) combine in certain proportions to form _________ compounds atoms mixtures elements . In 1897, a British scientist named J. J. Thomson experimented with a cathode-ray tube which had a positively charged plate. The plate attracted negatively charged particles that we now call _________ protons neutrons
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... DG, * SRD 105 Physic Laboratory's Elemental ... Nuclear Physics SRD 144 Atomic Weights & ... Physical Constants SRD 121 Fundamental Physical ...
Calibrated Atomic Force Microscopy
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Vorburger, SL Tan, NG Orji, J. Fu, �Interlaboratory Comparison of Traceable Atomic Force Microscope Pitch Measurements,� SPIE Proceedings Vol. ...
High pressure atomizing nozzle includes a high pressure gas manifold having a divergent expansion chamber between a gas inlet and arcuate manifold segment to minimize standing shock wave patterns in the manifold and thereby improve filling of the manifold with high pressure gas for improved melt atomization. The atomizing nozzle is especially useful in atomizing rare earth-transition metal alloys to form fine powder particles wherein a majority of the powder particles exhibit particle sizes having near-optimum magnetic properties.
Anderson, I.E.; Figliola, R.S.; Molnar, H.M.
Energy Basics: Absorption Heat Pumps
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
but by a heat source such as natural gas, propane, solar-heated water, or geothermal-heated water. Because natural gas is the most common heat source for absorption heat...
Recently, the design of a white-light-cavity has been proposed using negative dispersion in an intra-cavity medium to make the cavity resonate over a large range of frequencies and still maintain a high cavity build-up. This paper presents the demonstration of this effect in a free-space cavity. The negative dispersion of the intra-cavity medium is caused by bi-frequency Raman gain in an atomic vapor cell. A significantly broad cavity response over a bandwidth greater than 20 MHz has been observed. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical model, taking into account effects of residual absorption. A key application of this device would be in enhancing the sensitivity-bandwidth product of the next generation gravitational wave detectors that make use of the so-called signal-recycling mirror.
G. S. Pati; M. Salit; K. Salit; M. S. Shahriar
Heat exchanger bypass system for an absorption refrigeration system
A heat exchanger bypass system for an absorption refrigeration system is disclosed. The bypass system operates to pass strong solution from the generator around the heat exchanger to the absorber of the absorption refrigeration system when strong solution builds up in the generator above a selected level indicative of solidification of strong solution in the heat exchanger or other such blockage. The bypass system includes a bypass line with a gooseneck located in the generator for controlling flow of strong solution into the bypass line and for preventing refrigerant vapor in the generator from entering the bypass line during normal operation of the refrigeration system. Also, the bypass line includes a trap section filled with liquid for providing a barrier to maintain the normal pressure difference between the generator and the absorber even when the gooseneck of the bypass line is exposed to refrigerant vapor in the generator. Strong solution, which may accumulate in the trap section of the bypass line, is diluted, to prevent solidification, by supplying weak solution to the trap section from a purge system for the absorption refrigeration system.
Reimann, Robert C. (Lafayette, NY)
H{alpha} ABSORPTION IN TRANSITING EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES
Absorption of stellar H{alpha} by the upper atmosphere of the planet HD 189733b has recently been detected by Jensen et al. Motivated by this observation, we have developed a model for atomic hydrogen in the n = 2 state and compared the resulting H{alpha} line profile to the observations. The model atmosphere is in hydrostatic balance, as well as thermal and photoionization equilibrium. Collisional and radiative transitions are included in the determination of the n = 2 state level population. We find that H{alpha} absorption is dominated by an optical depth {tau} {approx} 1 shell, composed of hydrogen in the metastable 2s state that is located below the hydrogen ionization layer. The number density of the 2s state within the shell is found to vary slowly with radius, while that of the 1s state falls rapidly. Thus while the Ly{alpha} absorption, for a certain wavelength, occurs inside a relatively well defined impact parameter, the contribution to H{alpha} absorption is roughly uniform over the entire atomic hydrogen layer. The model can approximately reproduce the observed Ly{alpha} and H{alpha} integrated transit depths for HD 189733b by using an ionization rate enhanced over that expected for the star by an order of magnitude. For HD 209458b, we are unable to explain the asymmetric H{alpha} line profile observed by Jensen et al., as the model produces a symmetric line profile with transit depth comparable to that of HD 189733b. In an appendix, we study the effect of the stellar Ly{alpha} absorption on the net cooling rate.
Christie, Duncan; Arras, Phil; Li Zhiyun, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400325, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4325 (United States)
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Thorium (Th) Homepage - Introduction Finding list Select element by name. Select element by atomic number. ... Atomic Data for Thorium (Th). ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Mercury (Hg) Homepage - Introduction Finding list Select element by name. Select element by atomic number. ... Atomic Data for Mercury (Hg). ...
Atomic Data for Plutonium (Pu)
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Plutonium (Pu) Homepage - Introduction Finding list Select element by name. Select element by atomic number. ... Atomic Data for Plutonium (Pu). ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Tungsten (W) Homepage - Introduction Finding list Select element by name. Select element by atomic number. ... Atomic Data for Tungsten (W). ...
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... Hydrogen (H) Homepage - Introduction Finding list Select element by name. Select element by atomic number. ... Atomic Data for Hydrogen (H). ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Uranium (U) Homepage - Introduction Finding list Select element by name. Select element by atomic number. ... Atomic Data for Uranium (U). ...
UV Absorption Hygrometer for Fast-Response Airborne Water Vapor Measurements
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
A next-generation vacuum-ultraviolet (Lyman-alpha) absorption hygrometer for high-rate research aircraft humidity measurements designed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research is described. It retains the high data rate, optical and ...
Stuart P. Beaton; Mike Spowart
Direct Refrigeration from Heat Recovery Using 2-Stage Absorption Chillers
Although the cost of some fossil fuels has moderated, the importance of energy conservation by heat recovery has not diminished. The application of waste heat generated steam to produce chilled water is not new. However, there is a newly developed absorption chiller which can produce chilled water 44% more efficiently than the conventional single stage absorption chillers. The new 2-stage parallel flow system makes the chiller package more compact, more efficient, and easier to operate. Many types of waste heat, not just steam, can be used directly in this new chiller without the need for costly recovery and conversion systems.
Hufford, P. E.
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
ATOMS ATOMS PEACE WAR Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission Richard G. Hewlett and lack M. Roll With a Foreword by Richard S. Kirkendall and an Essay on Sources by Roger M. Anders University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London Published 1989 by the University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Prepared by the Atomic Energy Commission; work made for hire. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hewlett, Richard G. Atoms for peace and war, 1953-1961. (California studies in the history of science) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Nuclear energy-United States-History. 2. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission-History. 3. Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969.
A chemical laser which operates by formation of metal or carbon atoms and reaction of such atoms with a gaseous oxidizer in an optical resonant cavity is described. The lasing species are diatomic or polyatomic in nature and are readily produced by exchange or other abstraction reactions between the metal or carbon atoms and the oxidizer. The lasing molecules may be metal or carbon monohalides or monoxides. (auth)
Jensen, R.J.; Rice, W.W.; Beattie, W.H.
A chemical laser which operates by formation of metal or carbon atoms and reaction of such atoms with a gaseous oxidizer in an optical resonant cavity is described. The lasing species are diatomic or polyatomic in nature and are readily produced by exchange or other abstraction reactions between the metal or carbon atoms and the oxidizer. The lasing molecules may be metal or carbon monohalides or monoxides.
Jensen, R.J.; Rice, W.W.; Beattie, W.H.
NETL: Pressure Swing Absorption Device
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Pressure Swing Absorption Device and Process for Separating CO2 from Shifted Syngas and its Capture for Subsequent Storage Pressure Swing Absorption Device and Process for Separating CO2 from Shifted Syngas and its Capture for Subsequent Storage Project No.: DE-FE0001323 New Jersey Institute of Technology is developing an advanced pressure swing absorption-based (PSAB) device via laboratory-based experiments. The device will be used to accomplish a cyclic process to process low temperature post-shift-reactor synthesis gas resulting from the gasification process into purified hydrogen at high pressure for use by the combustion turbine of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant. The overall goal of the proposed work is to develop an advanced PSAB device and cyclic process for use in a coal-fired IGCC plant to produce purified hydrogen at high pressure and a highly purified CO2 stream suitable for use or sequestration.
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... the first time caused a gas of atoms ... mysterious data in ultracold gases of rubidium ... Material May Demonstrate Long-Sought 'Liquid' Magnetic State ...
Atomic Spectroscopy: An Introduction
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... 60. A. de-Shalit and I. Talmi, Nuclear Shell Theory (Academic, New York, 1963). ... CE Moore, Atomic Energy Levels, Natl. Stand. Ref. ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Ground states and ionization energies of atoms ... the US Department of Energy, by the ... SRDP), and by NIST's Systems Integration for Manufacturing ...
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Collapse State Observed Aided by Simulations, Scientists Observe Atomic Collapse State Quantum Mechanics Prediction Confirmed in Graphene Using NERSC's Hopper April 26, 2013 |...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
The Harnessed Atom is a new middle school science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) curriculum extension that focuses on nuclear science and energy. It offers teachers accurate, unbiased,...
An improvement in an absorption heat pump cycle is obtained by adding adiabatic absorption and desorption steps to the absorber and desorber of the system. The adiabatic processes make it possible to obtain the highest temperature in the absorber before any heat is removed from it and the lowest temperature in the desorber before heat is added to it, allowing for efficient utilization of the thermodynamic availability of the heat supply stream. The improved system can operate with a larger difference between high and low working fluid concentrations, less circulation losses, and more efficient heat exchange than a conventional system.
Grossman, G.; Perez-Blanco, H.
Solar absorption cooling plant in Seville
A solar/gas cooling plant at the Engineering School of Seville (Spain) was tested during the period 2008-2009. The system is composed of a double-effect LiBr + water absorption chiller of 174 kW nominal cooling capacity, powered by: (1) a pressurized hot water flow delivered by mean of a 352 m{sup 2} solar field of a linear concentrating Fresnel collector and (2) a direct-fired natural gas burner. The objective of the project is to indentify design improvements for future plants and to serve as a guideline. We focused our attention on the solar collector size and dirtiness, climatology, piping heat losses, operation control and coupling between solar collector and chiller. The daily average Fresnel collector efficiency was 0.35 with a maximum of 0.4. The absorption chiller operated with a daily average coefficient of performance of 1.1-1.25, where the solar energy represented the 75% of generator's total heat input, and the solar cooling ratio (quotient between useful cooling and insolation incident on the solar field) was 0.44. (author)
Bermejo, Pablo; Pino, Francisco Javier; Rosa, Felipe [Departamento de Ingenieria Energetica, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimiento s/n, 41092 Sevilla (Spain)
Residential solar-absorption chiller thermal dynamics
Research is reported on the transient performance of a commercial residential 3 ton lithium bromide-water absorption chiller designed for solar firing. Emphasis was placed on separating the chiller response from that of the entire test facility so that its transient response could solely be observed and quantified. It was found that the entire system time response and thermal capacitance has a major impact on performance degradation due to transient operation. Tests run to ascertain computer algorithms which simulate system isolated chiller performance, revealed processes hitherto undocumented. Transient operation is simulated by three distinct algorithms associated with the three phases of chiller operation. The first phase is start up time. It was revealed during testing that the time required to reach steady state performance values, when the chiller was turned on, was a linear function of steady state water supply temperatures. The second phase is quasi steady state performance. Test facility's performance compared favorably with the manufacturer's published data. The third phase is the extra capacity produced during spin down. Spin down occurs when the hot water supply pump is turned off while the other system pumps remain operating for a few minutes, thus allowing extra chiller capacity to be realized. The computer algorithms were used to generate plots which show the operational surface of an isolated absorption chiller subjected to off design and transient operation.
Guertin, J.M.; Wood, B.D.; McNeill, B.W.
Laser supported solid state absorption fronts in silica
We develop a model based on simulation and experiment that explains the behavior of solid-state laser-supported absorption fronts generated in fused silica during high intensity (up to 5GW/cm{sup 2}) laser exposure. We find that the absorption front velocity is constant in time and is nearly linear in laser intensity. Further, this model can explain the dependence of laser damage site size on these parameters. This behavior is driven principally by the temperature-activated deep sub band-gap optical absorptivity, free electron transport and thermal diffusion in defect-free silica for temperatures up to 15,000K and pressures < 15GPa. The regime of parameter space critical to this problem spans and extends that measured by other means. It serves as a platform for understanding general laser-matter interactions in dielectrics under a variety of conditions.
Carr, C W; Bude, J D
Density functional theory was applied to the initial steps of uranium hydriding: surface phenomena, absorption, bulk transport and trapping. H adsorbs exothermically to the (0 0 1) surface, yet H absorption into the bulk is endothermic, with off-center octahedral absorption having the lowest absorption energy of 0.39 eV, relative to molecular H{sub 2}. H absorption in interstitial sites causes a local softening of the bulk modulus. Diffusion of H in unstrained {alpha}-U has a barrier of 0.6 eV. The energy of H absorption adjacent to the chemical impurities C, S, Si was lowered by an amount proportional to the size of the impurity atom, and the resulting lattice strain Si > S > C. Thus, impurities may promote hydriding by providing surfaces or prestrained zones for H uptake.
Taylor, Christopher D [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lillard, R Scott [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Electronic and structural properties of materials generated by the reduction and subsequent oxidation of pyrite in a lithium-based solid polymer electrolyte have been examined by in situ fluorescence Fe K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) in a FeS{sub 2}/Li battery environment. The XAFS results obtained are consistent with the formation of metallic iron as one of the products of the full (4-electron) discharge, in agreement with information reported in other laboratories. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data reveal that a subsequent 2-electron or 4-electron recharge generates a species with a Fe-S bond distance identical to that of pyrite, d(Fe-S) = 2.259 {angstrom}, with no other clearly detectable interactions due to more distant atoms. Based on the similarities between the metrical parameters and other features in the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), the ferrous sites in these species appear to be tetrahedrally coordinated, as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS{sub 2}), for which d(Fe-S) is 2.257 {angstrom}, and, thus, different than in Li{sub 2} FeS{sub 2}, a material that exhibits longer Fe-S distances.
Totir, D.; Bae, I.T.; Hu, Y.; Scherson, D.A. [Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH (United States). Dept. of Chemistry; Antonio, M.R. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States). Chemistry Div.
Dynamic Absorption Model for Off-Gas Separation
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Modeling and simulations will aid in the future design of U.S. advanced reprocessing plants for the recovery and recycle of actinides in used nuclear fuel. The specific fuel cycle separation process discussed in this report is the off-gas treatment system. The off-gas separation consists of a series of scrubbers and adsorption beds to capture constituents of interest. Dynamic models are being developed to simulate each unit operation involved so each unit operation can be used as a stand-alone model and in series with multiple others. Currently, a rate based, dynamic absorption model is being developed in gPROMS software. Inputs include liquid and gas stream constituents, column properties, liquid and gas phase reactions, number of stages, and inlet conditions. It simulates multiple component absorption with countercurrent flow and accounts for absorption by mass transfer and chemical reaction. The assumption of each stage being a discrete well-mixed entity was made. Therefore, the model is solved stagewise. The simulation outputs component concentrations in both phases as a function of time from which the rate of absorption is determined. Temperature of both phases is output as a function of time also. The model will be used able to be used as a standalone model in addition to in series with other off-gas separation unit operations. The current model is being generated based on NOx absorption; however, a future goal is to develop a CO2 specific model. The model will have the capability to be modified for additional absorption systems. The off-gas models, both adsorption and absorption, will be made available via the server or web for evaluation by customers.
Veronica J. Rutledge
Absorption Heat Pumps | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Absorption Heat Pumps Absorption Heat Pumps Absorption Heat Pumps June 24, 2012 - 2:11pm Addthis Absorption heat pumps are essentially air-source heat pumps driven not by electricity, but by a heat source such as natural gas, propane, solar-heated water, or geothermal-heated water. Because natural gas is the most common heat source for absorption heat pumps, they are also referred to as gas-fired heat pumps. There are also absorption (or gas-fired) coolers available that work on the same principle. Unlike some absorption heat pumps, however, these are not reversible and cannot serve as a heat source. Residential absorption heat pumps use an ammonia-water absorption cycle to provide heating and cooling. As in a standard heat pump, the refrigerant (in this case, ammonia) is condensed in one coil to release its heat; its
Absorption Heat Pumps | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Absorption Heat Pumps Absorption Heat Pumps Absorption Heat Pumps June 24, 2012 - 2:11pm Addthis Absorption heat pumps are essentially air-source heat pumps driven not by electricity, but by a heat source such as natural gas, propane, solar-heated water, or geothermal-heated water. Because natural gas is the most common heat source for absorption heat pumps, they are also referred to as gas-fired heat pumps. There are also absorption (or gas-fired) coolers available that work on the same principle. Unlike some absorption heat pumps, however, these are not reversible and cannot serve as a heat source. Residential absorption heat pumps use an ammonia-water absorption cycle to provide heating and cooling. As in a standard heat pump, the refrigerant (in this case, ammonia) is condensed in one coil to release its heat; its
Absorption Heat Pump Basics | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Absorption Heat Pump Basics Absorption Heat Pump Basics Absorption Heat Pump Basics August 19, 2013 - 11:11am Addthis Absorption heat pumps are essentially air-source heat pumps driven not by electricity, but by a heat source such as natural gas, propane, solar-heated water, or geothermal-heated water. Because natural gas is the most common heat source for absorption heat pumps, they are also referred to as gas-fired heat pumps. There are also absorption coolers available that work on the same principal, but are not reversible and cannot serve as a heat source. These are also called gas-fired coolers. How Absorption Heat Pumps Work Residential absorption heat pumps use an ammonia-water absorption cycle to provide heating and cooling. As in a standard heat pump, the refrigerant (in this case, ammonia) is condensed in one coil to release its heat; its
Method and apparatus for atomic imaging
A method and apparatus for three dimensional imaging of the atomic environment of disordered adsorbate atoms are disclosed. The method includes detecting and measuring the intensity of a diffuse low energy electron diffraction pattern formed by directing a beam of low energy electrons against the surface of a crystal. Data corresponding to reconstructed amplitudes of a wave form is generated by operating on the intensity data. The data corresponding to the reconstructed amplitudes is capable of being displayed as a three dimensional image of an adsorbate atom. The apparatus includes a source of a beam of low energy electrons and a detector for detecting the intensity distribution of a DLEED pattern formed at the detector when the beam of low energy electrons is directed onto the surface of a crystal. A device responsive to the intensity distribution generates a signal corresponding to the distribution which represents a reconstructed amplitude of a wave form and is capable of being converted into a three dimensional image of the atomic environment of an adsorbate atom on the crystal surface.
Saldin, Dilano K. (Milwaukee, WI); de Andres Rodriquez, Pedro L. (Madrid, ES)
Changes related to "Zhejiang Windey Wind Generating Engineering...
"http:en.openei.orgwikiSpecial:RecentChangesLinkedZhejiangWindeyWindGeneratingEngineering" Atom Special pages About us Disclaimers Energy blogs Developer services...
Thermo-fluid Dynamics of Flash Atomizing Sprays and Single Droplet Impacts.
??Spray atomization and droplet dynamics are research topics that have existed for many decades. Their prevalence in manufacturing, energy generation and other practical applications is� (more)
Vu, Henry
Materials' Deformation Dynamics at Atomic Scale In situ Atomic ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Presentation Title, Materials' Deformation Dynamics at Atomic Scale In situ Atomic .... What Can We Learn from Measurements of Li-ion Battery Single Particles?
Photodetector with enhanced light absorption
A photodetector including a light transmissive electrically conducting layer having a textured surface with a semiconductor body thereon. This layer traps incident light thereby enhancing the absorption of light by the semiconductor body. A photodetector comprising a textured light transmissive electrically conducting layer of SnO.sub.2 and a body of hydrogenated amorphous silicon has a conversion efficiency about fifty percent greater than that of comparative cells. The invention also includes a method of fabricating the photodetector of the invention.
Kane, James (Lawrenceville, NJ)
Purge needs in absorption chillers
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Absorption chillers are regaining a significant share of large tonnage chiller sales, such as they had 20 years ago. Gas-fired chillers are now available that have a base energy (ultimate fuel usage) consumption rate per ton comparable to that in electric units. Effective purging in an absorption chiller is an absolute necessity to achieve the low chilled water temperature needed for dehumidification and to fully benefit from the energy savings offered by double-effect cycles. Although the purge system is usually not shown on the typical cycle schematic, its proper functioning is a key requirement for satisfactory machine operation. This article discusses the effect of noncondensible (N/C) gases on the absorption cooling process and the basics of purge systems. In addition, the article discusses the rationale for the important design step of selecting the location of the N/C probe, and discusses purge systems applicable to the direct-fired, double-effect machines now entering the marketplace.
Murray, J.G. (Battelle, Columbus, OH (United States))
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Discussions between DOE and General Atomics led to an agreed cost-sharing and no-fee arrangement for the decontamination and site...
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former former General Atomics Hot Cell Facility was constructed in 1959 and operated until 1991. The site encompassed approximately 7,400 square feet of laboratory and remote operations cells. Licensed operations at the facility included receipt, handling, and shipment of radioactive materials; remote handling, examination, and storage of previously irradiated nuclear fuel materials; pilot-scale tritium extraction operations; and development, fabrication, and inspection of uranium oxide-beryllium oxide fuel materials. General Atomics performed most of the work for the federal government. The General Atomics Hot Cell Facility was located in a 60-acre complex 13 miles northwest of downtown San Diego, 1 mile inland from the Pacific Ocean, and approximately 300 feet above sea level. The General Atomics site is in the center of Torrey Mesa Science Center, a 304-acre industrial
Questions and Answers - How do atoms form?
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(Biggest and smallest atom?) Questions and Answers Main Index Next Question (Does gravity affect atoms?) Does gravity affect atoms? How do atoms form? The current view is that...
Questions and Answers - Can you crush atoms?
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Does gravity affect atoms? Previous Question (Does gravity affect atoms?) Questions and Answers Main Index Next Question (Parts and weights of atoms?) Parts and weights of atoms?...
Localized light absorption by nanoscale semiconducting tips ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Page 1. Localized light absorption ... constructive interference between transmitted light and internal reflections at resonant radii Page 14. ...
Atomic Data for Americium (Am)
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Atomic Number = 95. Atomic Weight = (243). Reference E95. Isotope, Mass, Abundance, Spin, Mag Moment, 241 Am, 241.056823, 0, 5/2, +1.61. ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Shaken by the devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and fearful that the American atomic monopoly would spark an arms race, Dean Acheson led a push in 1946 to place the bomb-indeed, all atomic energy-under international control. But as the memories of wartime collaboration faded, relations between the superpowers grew increasingly tense, and the confrontational atmosphere undid his proposal. Had Acheson succeeded, the Cold War might not have been. 2 figs.
Chace, J.
Metal atomization spray nozzle
A spray nozzle for a magnetohydrodynamic atomization apparatus has a feed passage for molten metal and a pair of spray electrodes mounted in the feed passage. The electrodes, diverging surfaces which define a nozzle throat and diverge at an acute angle from the throat. Current passes through molten metal when fed through the throat which creates the Lorentz force necessary to provide atomization of the molten metal.
Huxford, Theodore J. (Harriman, TN)
This book focuses on the lifelong effects of atomic radiation exposure in language understandable by the concerned layperson or the specialist in another field. The base of knowledge used is the work of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and its successor since 1975 the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. Within the range of Chronic effects on human health the book provides a thorough review, although effects of nonionizing radiation, effects on structures, effects on other living species, and acute effects are not discussed.
Schull, W.J.
Metal atomization spray nozzle
A spray nozzle for a magnetohydrodynamic atomization apparatus has a feed passage for molten metal and a pair of spray electrodes mounted in the feed passage. The electrodes, diverging surfaces which define a nozzle throat and diverge at an acute angle from the throat. Current passes through molten metal when fed through the throat which creates the Lorentz force necessary to provide atomization of the molten metal. 6 figures.
Huxford, T.J.
A high pressure close-coupled gas atomizing nozzle includes multiple discrete gas jet discharge orifices having aerodynamically designed convergent-divergent geometry with an first converging section communicated to a gas supply manifold and to a diverging section by a constricted throat section to increase atomizing gas velocity. The gas jet orifices are oriented at gas jet apex angle selected relative to the melt supply tip apex angle to establish a melt aspiration condition at the melt supply tip.
Ting, Jason (Ames, IA); Anderson, Iver E. (Ames, IA); Terpstra, Robert L. (Ames, IA)
Lyman-alpha wing absorption in cool white dwarf stars
Kowalski & Saumon (2006) identified the missing absorption mechanism in the observed spectra of cool white dwarf stars as the Ly-alpha red wing formed by the collisions between atomic and molecular hydrogen and successfully explained entire spectra of many cool DA-type white dwarfs. Owing to the important astrophysical implications of this issue, we present here an independent assessment of the process. For this purpose, we compute free-free quasi-molecular absorption in Lyman-alpha due to collisions with H and H2 within the one-perturber, quasi-static approximation. Line cross-sections are obtained using theoretical molecular potentials to describe the interaction between the radiating atom and the perturber. The variation of the electric-dipole transition moment with the interparticle distance is also considered. Six and two allowed electric dipole transitions due to H-H and H-H2 collisions, respectively, are taken into account. The new theoretical Lyman-alpha line profiles are then incorporated in our ...
Rohrmann, R D; Kepler, S O
Strongly driven one-atom laser and decoherence monitoring
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We propose the implementation of a strongly driven one-atom laser, based on the off-resonant interaction of a three-level atom in {lambda} configuration with a single cavity mode and three laser fields. We show that the system can be described equivalently by a two-level atom resonantly coupled to the cavity and driven by a strong effective coherent field. The effective dynamics can be solved exactly, including a thermal field bath, allowing an analytical description of field statistics and entanglement properties. We also show the possible generation of quantum superposition (Schroedinger cat) states for the whole atom-field system and for the field alone after atomic measurement. We propose a way to monitor the system decoherence by measuring atomic populations. Finally, we confirm the validity of our model through numerical solutions.
Lougovski, P. [Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (United States); Casagrande, F.; Lulli, A. [Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan (Italy); Solano, E. [Physics Department, ASC, and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 Munich (Germany); Seccion Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Apartado 1761, Lima (Peru)
Strongly-Driven One-Atom Laser and Decoherence Monitoring
We propose the implementation of a strongly-driven one-atom laser, based on the off-resonant interaction of a three-level atom in $\\Lambda$-configuration with a single cavity mode and three laser fields. We show that the system can be described equivalently by a two-level atom resonantly coupled to the cavity and driven by a strong effective coherent field. The effective dynamics can be solved exactly, including a thermal field bath, allowing an analytical description of field statistics and entanglement properties. We also show the possible generation of Schr\\"odinger cat states for the whole atom-field system and for the field alone after atomic measurement. We propose a way to monitor the system decoherence by measuring atomic population. Finally, we confirm the validity of our model through numerical solutions.
P. Lougovski; F. Casagrande; A. Lulli; E. Solano
Triple loop heat exchanger for an absorption refrigeration system
A triple loop heat exchanger for an absorption refrigeration system is disclosed. The triple loop heat exchanger comprises portions of a strong solution line for conducting relatively hot, strong solution from a generator to a solution heat exchanger of the absorption refrigeration system, conduit means for conducting relatively cool, weak solution from the solution heat exchanger to the generator, and a bypass system for conducting strong solution from the generator around the strong solution line and around the solution heat exchanger to an absorber of the refrigeration system when strong solution builds up in the generator to an undesirable level. The strong solution line and the conduit means are in heat exchange relationship with each other in the triple loop heat exchanger so that, during normal operation of the refrigeration system, heat is exchanged between the relatively hot, strong solution flowing through the strong solution line and the relatively cool, weak solution flowing through the conduit means. Also, the strong solution line and the bypass system are in heat exchange relationship in the triple loop heat exchanger so that if the normal flow path of relatively hot, strong solution flowing from the generator to an absorber is blocked, then this relatively, hot strong solution which will then be flowing through the bypass system in the triple loop heat exchanger, is brought into heat exchange relationship with any strong solution which may have solidified in the strong solution line in the triple loop heat exchanger to thereby aid in desolidifying any such solidified strong solution.
Reimann, Robert C. (Lafayette, NY)
Calibration of X-ray absorption in our Galaxy
Prediction of the soft X-ray absorption along lines of sight through our Galaxy is crucial for understanding the spectra of extragalactic sources, but requires a good estimate of the foreground column density of photoelectric absorbing species. Assuming uniform elemental abundances this reduces to having a good estimate of the total hydrogen column density, N(Htot)=N(HI)+2N(H2). The atomic component, N(HI), is reliably provided using the mapped 21 cm radio emission but estimating the molecular hydrogen column density, N(H2), expected for any particular direction, is difficult. The X-ray afterglows of GRBs are ideal sources to probe X-ray absorption in our Galaxy because they are extragalactic, numerous, bright, have simple spectra and occur randomly across the entire sky. We describe an empirical method, utilizing 493 afterglows detected by the Swift XRT, to determine N(Htot) through the Milky Way which provides an improved estimate of the X-ray absorption in our Galaxy and thereby leads to more reliable meas...
Willingale, R; Beardmore, A P; Tanvir, N R; O'Brien, P T
MODELING THE OXYGEN K ABSORPTION IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM: AN XMM-NEWTON VIEW OF Sco X-1
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We investigate the X-ray absorption structure of oxygen in the interstellar medium by analyzing XMM - Newton observations of the low-mass X-ray binary Sco X-1. Simple models based on the O I atomic photoabsorption cross section from different sources are used to fit the data and evaluate the impact of the atomic data on the interpretation of the observations. We show that relatively small differences in the atomic calculations can yield spurious results, and that the most complete and accurate set of atomic cross sections successfully reproduce the observed data in the 21.0-24.5 A wavelength region of the spectrum. Our fits indicate that the absorption is mainly due to neutral gas with an ionization parameter of {xi} = 10{sup -4} erg cm s{sup -1} and an oxygen column density of N{sub O} {approx} (8-10) x 10{sup 17} cm{sup -2}. The models are able to reproduce both the K edge and the K{alpha} absorption line from O I which are the two main features in this region. We find no conclusive evidence for absorption by anything other than atomic oxygen.
GarcIa, J.; Bautista, M. A. [Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 (United States); RamIrez, J. M. [Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sternwarte 16 D-14482 Potsdam (Germany); Kallman, T. R.; Witthoeft, M. [NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (United States); Mendoza, C. [Centro de Fisica, IVIC, Caracas 1020 (Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of); Palmeri, P.; Quinet, P., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Astrophysique et Spectroscopie, Universite de Mons-UMONS, B-7000 Mons (Belgium)
Peaceful Uses of the Atom and Atoms for Peace
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Peaceful Uses of the Atom Peaceful Uses of the Atom Fermi and Atoms for Peace · Understanding the Atom · Seaborg · Teller Atoms for Peace Atoms for Peace + 50 - Conference, October 22, 2003 Celebrating the 50th anniversary of President Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" speech to the UN General Assembly Atoms for Peace (video 12:00 Minutes) Atoms for Peace Address given by Dwight D. Eisenhower before the General Assembly of the United Nations, New York City, December 8, 1953 Documents: Atomic Power in Space: A History A history of the Space Isotope Power Program of the United States from the mid-1950s through 1982; interplanetary space exploration successes and achievements have been made possible by this technology. Establishing Site X: Letter, Arthur H. Compton to Enrico Fermi, September 14, 1942
A method of generating energy which comprises utilizing relatively lower temperature available heat to effect partial distillation of at least portion of a multicomponent working fluid stream at an intermediate pressure to generate working fluid fractions of differing compositions. The fractions are used to produce at least one main rich solution which is relatively enriched with respect to the lower boiling component, and to produce at least one lean solution which is relatively improverished with respect to the lower boiling component. The pressure of the main rich solution is increased whereafter it is evaporated to produce a charged gaseous main working fluid. The main working fluid is expanded to a low pressure level to release energy. The spent low pressure level working fluid is condensed in a main absorption stage by dissolving with cooling in the lean solution to regenerate an initial working fluid for reuse.
Kalina, A. I.
A method of generating energy which comprises utilizing relatively lower temperature available heat to effect partial distillation of at least portion of a multicomponent working fluid stream at an intermediate pressure to generate working fluid fractions of differing compositions. The fractions are used to produce at least one main rich solution which is relatively enriched with respect to the lower boiling component, and to produce at least one lean solution which is relatively improverished with respect to the lower boiling component. The pressure of the main rich solution is increased whereafter it is evaporated to produce a charged gaseous main working fluid. The main working fluid is expanded to a low pressure level to release energy. The spent low pressure level working fluid is condensed in a main absorption stage by dissolving with cooling in the lean solution to regenerate an initial working fluid for reuse.
Kalina, Alexander I. (12214 Clear Fork, Houston, TX 77077)
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Untapped Value of Backup Generation Untapped Value of Backup Generation While new guidelines and regulations such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 1547 have come a long way in addressing interconnection standards for distributed generation, utilities have largely overlooked the untapped potential of these resources. Under certain conditions, these units (primarily backup generators) represent a significant source of power that can deliver utility services at lower costs than traditional centralized solutions. These backup generators exist today in large numbers and provide utilities with another option to reduce peak load, relieve transmission congestion, and improve power reliability. Backup generation is widely deployed across the United States. Carnegie Mellon's Electricity
All-optical ion generation for ion trap loading
We have investigated the all-optical generation of ions by photo-ionisation of atoms generated by pulsed laser ablation. A direct comparison between a resistively heated oven source and pulsed laser ablation is reported. Pulsed laser ablation with 10 ns Nd:YAG laser pulses is shown to produce large calcium flux, corresponding to atomic beams produced with oven temperatures greater than 650 K. For an equivalent atomic flux, pulsed laser ablation is shown to produce a thermal load more than one order of magnitude smaller than the oven source. The atomic beam distributions obey Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics with most probable speeds corresponding to temperatures greater than 2200 K. Below a threshold pulse fluence between 280 mJ/cm^2 and 330 mJ/cm^2, the atomic beam is composed exclusively of ground state atoms. For higher fluences ions and excited atoms are generated.
Sheridan, Kevin; Keller, Matthias
NIST Atomic Spectroscopy Data Center
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Atomic Spectroscopy Data Center. ... Responds to user requests for data, literature references, and technical information. ...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
You�ve probably heard people refer to nuclear energy as �atomic energy.� Why? Nuclear energy is the energy that is stored in the bonds of atoms, inside the nucleus. Nuclear power plants are designed to capture this energy as heat and convert it to electricity. This lesson looks closely at what atoms are and how atoms store energy.
Save by absorption heat pumping
The author compares absorption heat pumping (AHP) to mechanical vapor compressor (MVC) heat pumping. The moving part of the AHP is a pump easy to maintain and inexpensive to spare. The mechanical component of the MVC is a vapor compressor which requires more maintenance and is cost-prohibitive to spare. Also, in the MVC system, a purified product stream is heat pumped in an open compressor, thus risking product contamination. In the AHP system, the cold and hot utilities are heat pumped. Therefore, product integrity with an AHP system is well protected as in a conventional fractionation column.
Davidson, W.F.; Campagne, W.V.L.
Layered Atom Arrangements in Complex Materials
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
In this report, we develop an atom layer stacking model to describe systematically the crystal structures of complex materials. To illustrate the concepts, we consider a sequence of oxide compounds in which the metal cations progress in oxidation state from monovalent (M{sup 1+}) to tetravalent (M{sup 4+}). We use concepts relating to geometric subdivisions of a triangular atom net to describe the layered atom patterns in these compounds (concepts originally proposed by Shuichi Iida). We demonstrate that as a function of increasing oxidation state (from M{sup 1+} to M{sup 4+}), the layer stacking motifs used to generate each successive structure (specifically, motifs along a 3 symmetry axis), progress through the following sequence: MMO, MO, M{sub r}O, MO{sub r/s}O{sub u/v}, MOO (where M and O represent fully dense triangular atom nets and r/s and u/v are fractions used to describe partially filled triangular atom nets). We also develop complete crystallographic descriptions for the compounds in our oxidation sequence using trigonal space group R{bar 3}.
K.E. Sikafus; R.W.Grimes; S.M.Corish; A.R. Cleave; M.Tang; C.R.Stanek; B.P. Uberuaga; J.A.Valdez
Tomography of a High-Purity Narrowband Photon From a Transient Atomic Collective Excitation
We demonstrate the efficient heralded generation of high purity narrow-bandwidth single photons from a transient collective spin excitation in a hot atomic vapour cell. Employing optical homodyne tomography, we fully reconstruct the density matrix of the generated photon and observe a Wigner function reaching the zero value without correcting for any inefficiencies. The narrow bandwidth of the photon produced is accompanied by a high generation rate yielding a high spectral brightness. The source is therefore compatible with atomic-based quantum memories as well as other applications in light-atom interfacing. This work paves the way to preparing and measuring arbitrary superposition states of collective atomic excitations.
MacRae, A; Lvovsky, A I
Generator-absorber-heat exchange heat transfer apparatus and method and use thereof in a heat pump
Numerous embodiments and related methods for generator-absorber heat exchange (GAX) are disclosed, particularly for absorption heat pump systems. Such embodiments and related methods use the working solution of the absorption system for the heat transfer medium.
Phillips, Benjamin A. (Benton Harbor, MI); Zawacki, Thomas S. (St. Joseph, MI); Marsala, Joseph (Glen Ellyn, IL)
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
former General former General Atomics Hot Cell Facility was constructed in 1959 and operated until 1991. The site encompassed approximately 7,400 square feet of laboratory and remote operations cells. Licensed operations at the facility included receipt, handling, and shipment of radioactive materials; remote handling, examination, and storage of previously irradiated nuclear fuel materials; pilot-scale tritium extraction operations; and development, fabrication, and inspection of uranium oxide-beryllium oxide fuel materials. General Atomics performed most of the work for the federal government. The General Atomics Hot Cell Facility was located in a 60-acre complex 13 miles northwest of downtown San Diego, 1 mile inland from the Pacific Ocean, and approximately 300 feet above sea level.
JILA Researchers Discover Atomic Clock Can Simulate ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Artist's conception of interactions among atoms in JILA's strontium atomic clock during a quantum simulation experiment. ...
Request for Support for the Conference on Super Intense Laser Atom Physics
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The Conference on Super Intense Laser Atom Physics (SILAP) was held in November 2003 in Dallas, Texas. The venue for the meeting was South Fork Ranch in the outskirts of Dallas. The topics of the meeting included high harmonic generation and attosecond pulse generation, strong field interactions with molecules and clusters, particle acceleration, and relativistic laser atom interactions.
Todd Ditmire
Previously we have shown that the size of laser induced damage sites in both KDP and SiO{sub 2} is largely governed by the duration of the laser pulse which creates them. Here we present a model based on experiment and simulation that accounts for this behavior. Specifically, we show that solid-state laser-supported absorption fronts are generated during a damage event and that these fronts propagate at constant velocities for laser intensities up to 4 GW/cm{sup 2}. It is the constant absorption front velocity that leads to the dependence of laser damage site size on pulse duration. We show that these absorption fronts are driven principally by the temperature-activated deep sub band-gap optical absorptivity, free electron transport, and thermal diffusion in defect-free silica for temperatures up to 15,000K and pressures < 15GPa. In addition to the practical application of selecting an optimal laser for pre-initiation of large aperture optics, this work serves as a platform for understanding general laser-matter interactions in dielectrics under a variety of conditions.
Carr, C W; Bude, J D; Shen, N; Demange, P
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
A second-generation diode-laser-based master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configured micropulse differential absorption lidar (DIAL) instrument for profiling of lower-tropospheric water vapor is presented. The DIAL transmitter is based on a ...
Amin R. Nehrir; Kevin S. Repasky; John L. Carlsten
Absorption Cooling Basics | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Cooling Basics Cooling Basics Absorption Cooling Basics August 16, 2013 - 2:26pm Addthis Absorption coolers use heat rather than electricity as their energy source. Because natural gas is the most common heat source for absorption cooling, it is also referred to as gas-fired cooling. Other potential heat sources include propane, solar-heated water, or geothermal-heated water. Although mainly used in industrial or commercial settings, absorption coolers are commercially available for large residential homes. How Absorption Cooling Works An absorption cooling cycle relies on three basic principles: When a liquid is heated it boils (vaporizes) and when a gas is cooled it condenses Lowering the pressure above a liquid reduces its boiling point Heat flows from warmer to cooler surfaces.
Absorption media for irreversibly gettering thionyl chloride
Thionyl chloride is a hazardous and reactive chemical used as the liquid cathode in commercial primary batteries. Contrary to previous thinking, ASZM-TEDA.RTM. carbon (Calgon Corporation) reversibly absorbs thionyl chloride. Thus, several candidate materials were examined as irreversible getters for thionyl chloride. The capacity, rate and effect of temperature were also explored. A wide variety of likely materials were investigated through screening experiments focusing on the degree of heat generated by the reaction as well as the material absorption capacity and irreversibility, in order to help narrow the group of possible getter choices. More thorough, quantitative measurements were performed on promising materials. The best performing getter was a mixture of ZnO and ASZM-TEDA.RTM. carbon. In this example, the ZnO reacts with thionyl chloride to form ZnCl.sub.2 and SO.sub.2. The SO.sub.2 is then irreversibly gettered by ASZM-TEDA.RTM. carbon. This combination of ZnO and carbon has a high capacity, is irreversible and functions effectively above -20.degree. C.
Buffleben, George (Tracy, CA); Goods, Steven H. (Livermore, CA); Shepodd, Timothy (Livermore, CA); Wheeler, David R. (Albuquerque, NM); Whinnery, Jr., LeRoy (Danville, CA)
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Transition Metal-Magnesium Hydride Thin
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X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Transition Metal-Magnesium Hydride Thin X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Transition Metal-Magnesium Hydride Thin Films Title X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Transition Metal-Magnesium Hydride Thin Films Publication Type Journal Article LBNL Report Number LBNL-50574 Year of Publication 2002 Authors Richardson, Thomas J., Baker Farangis, Jonathan L. Slack, Ponnusamy Nachimuthu, Rupert C. C. Perera, Nobumichi Tamura, and Michael D. Rubin Journal Journal of Alloys and Compounds Volume 356-357 Start Page 204 Pagination 204-207 Date Published 08/2003 Keywords A. hydrogen storage materials, NEXAFS, thin film s; C. EXAFS, x-ray diffraction Abstract Mixed metal thin films containing magnesium and a first-row transition element exhibit very large changes in both reflectance and transmittance on exposure to hydrogen gas. Changes in electronic structure and coordination of the magnesium and transition metal atoms during hydrogen absorption were studied using dynamic in situ transmission mode X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Mg K-edge and Ni, Co, and Ti L-edge spectra reflect both reversible and irreversible changes in the metal environments. A significant shift in the nickel L absorption edge shows it to be an active participant in hydride formation. The effect on cobalt and titanium is much less dramatic, suggesting that these metals act primarily as catalysts for formation of magnesium hydride.
Backscatter absorption gas imaging system
A video imaging system for detecting hazardous gas leaks. Visual displays of invisible gas clouds are produced by radiation augmentation of the field of view of an imaging device by radiation corresponding to an absorption line of the gas to be detected. The field of view of an imager is irradiated by a laser. The imager receives both backscattered laser light and background radiation. When a detectable gas is present, the backscattered laser light is highly attenuated, producing a region of contrast or shadow on the image. A flying spot imaging system is utilized to synchronously irradiate and scan the area to lower laser power requirements. The imager signal is processed to produce a video display.
McRae, Jr., Thomas G. (Livermore, CA)
Quantum-enhanced absorption refrigerators
Thermodynamics is a branch of science blessed by an unparalleled combination of generality of scope and formal simplicity. Based on few natural assumptions together with the four laws, it sets the boundaries between possible and impossible in macroscopic aggregates of matter. This triggered groundbreaking achievements in physics, chemistry and engineering over the last two centuries. Close analogues of those fundamental laws are now being established at the level of individual quantum systems, thus placing limits on the operation of quantum-mechanical devices. Here we study quantum absorption refrigerators, which are driven by heat rather than external work. We establish thermodynamic performance bounds for these machines and investigate their quantum origin. We also show how those bounds may be pushed beyond what is classically achievable, by suitably tailoring the environmental fluctuations via quantum reservoir engineering techniques. Such superefficient quantum-enhanced cooling realises a promising step towards the technological exploitation of autonomous quantum refrigerators.
Luis A. Correa; Jos� P. Palao; Daniel Alonso; Gerardo Adesso
Generation of attosecond electron bunches
Ultra-fast science is an important new research frontier that is driving the development of novel sources for generation of extremely short x-ray and electron pulses. Recent advances in femtosecond lasers have stimulated development of femtosecond x-ray sources that allow the study of matter at the time scale shorter than period of oscillations of atoms in molecules, {approx} 100 fs. The next breakthrough would be a source of electron pulses comparable with atomic periods {omega}{sup -1} {approx} 100 attosecond (10{sup -16} s), where {omega} is a transition frequency between atomic levels. This will open qualitatively new class of phenomena based on the interaction of atomic electrons in the medium with a collective electric field of electron pulses and not with their individual electrons. For example, one can expect coherent ionization losses that are proportional to a square number of electrons in the microbunch, phase synchronized excitation of medium followed by its relaxation with a radiation of a single-cycled optical pulse, excitation of entanglement states in the medium of atoms with few valence electrons, and possibly other new phenomena, yet to be identified. Simple estimation of coherent ionization losses shows that a 100 MeV, 100 attosecond electron pulse containing 10{sup 5} electrons will lose its total energy after propagating only {approx} 200{micro}m through liquid hydrogen. This is approximately 104 times shorter stopping range than it is for a long (on atomic scale) electron bunch.
Zholents, Alexander A.; Zolotorev, Max S.; Wan, Weishi
Absorption Chillers and Heat Pumps - Technology, Applications...
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applications. The last decade saw intensive research and development efforts of gas-fired absorption systems for both heating and cooling applications in the USA, Europe and Japan....
Evaluation of Mg for Local Energy Absorption
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The AZ31 material exhibited the best energy absorption performance, .... Effects of Alloying Elements and Cooling Rate on Morphology of Phases in CaO Added
Computation of X-Ray Absorption
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... of the absorption at other energies, assuming they ... and at DoE's National Energy Research Scientific ... With the improved efficiency of FeffMPI now in ...
X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic study of uranium nitrides
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Uranium mononitride (UN), sesquinitride (U2N3) and dinitride (UN2) were characterized by extended X-Ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Analysis on UN indicate the presence of three uranium shells at distances of 3.46(3), 4.89(5) and 6.01(6) A and a nitrogen shell at a distance of 2.46(2) A . For U2N3, two absorbing uranium atoms at different crystallographic positions are present in the structure. One of the uranium atoms is surrounded by nitrogen atoms at 2.28(2) A and by uranium atoms at 3.66(4) and 3.95(4) A . The second type of uranium atom is surrounded by nitrogen atoms at 2.33(2) and 2.64(3) A and by uranium atoms at 3.66(4), 3.95(4) and 5.31(5) A . Results on UN2 indicate two uranium shells at 3.71(4) and 5.32(5) A and two nitrogen shells at 2.28(2).
Poineau, Frederic [University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Yeamans, Charles B. [University of California, Berkeley; Cerefice, Gary S. [University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Sattelberger, Alfred P [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL); Czerwinski, Ken R. [University of Nevada, Las Vegas
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with another option to reduce peak load, relieve transmission congestion, and improve power reliability. Backup generation is widely deployed across the United States. Carnegie...
Manipulating Synchronous Optical Signals with a Double $?$ Atomic Ensemble
We analyze a double $\\Lambda $ atomic configuration interacting with two signal beams and two control beams. Because of the quantum interference between the two $\\Lambda $ channels, the four fields are phase-matched in electromagnetically induced transparency. Our numerical simulation shows that this system is able to manipulate synchronous optical signals, such as generation of optical twin signals, data correction, signal transfer and amplification in the atomic storage.
Zhuan Li; De-Zhong Cao; Kaige Wang
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Although there are only a few known examples of supported single atoms, they are unique because they bridge the gap between homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis. The metal center is single supported atoms can be isoelectronic with their homogenous catalyst counterpart and may allow mechanistic pathways normally seen in homogenous catalysts. Here, we report CO oxidation activity of mono-disperse single Pt atoms supported on an inert substrate, -alumina (Al2O3), in the presence of stoichiometric oxygen. Since CO oxidation on single Pt atoms cannot occur via a conventional Langmuir-Hinshelwood scheme (L-H scheme) which requires at least one Pt-Pt bond, we have carried out a first principles density functional theoretical study of a proposed pathway which is a variation on the conventional L-H scheme and is inspired by organometallic chemistry of platinum. We find that a single supported Pt atom prefers to bond to O2 over CO. The CO then bonds with the oxygenated Pt atom and forms a carbonate which dissociates to liberate CO2, leaving an oxygen atom on Pt. A subsequent reaction with another CO molecule regenerates the single atom catalyst. An in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared study of CO adsorption on the catalyst s supported single atoms has been carried out to infer information on CO absorption modes and compare the observed spectra with calculated ones for intermediates in the proposed CO oxidation pathway. Our results clearly show that supported Pt single atoms are catalytically active and that this catalytic activity can occur without involving the substrate. Characterization by electron microscopy and X-ray absorption studies of the mono-disperse Pt/ -Al2O3, synthesized by solution methods, are also presented.
Narula, Chaitanya Kumar [ORNL; Debusk, Melanie Moses [ORNL; Yoon, Mina [ORNL; Allard Jr, Lawrence Frederick [ORNL; Mullins, David R [ORNL; Wu, Zili [ORNL; Yang, Xiaofan [ORNL; Veith, Gabriel M [ORNL; Stocks, George Malcolm [ORNL
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
A computationally fast line-by-line method for the determination of atmospheric absorption is described. This method is based on the creation of an Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas (4A) covering all possible plausible atmospheric ...
N. A. Scott; A. Chedin
Tenth Atomic Physics Program workshop
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
This report contains short papers and abstracts on the following main topics: Ion-atom collision theory; laser physics; spectroscopy of atoms; spectroscopy of ions; and high velocity collisions.
Not Available
Nuclear effects in atomic transitions
Atomic electrons are sensitive to the properties of the nucleus they are bound to, such as nuclear mass, charge distribution, spin, magnetization distribution, or even excited level scheme. These nuclear parameters are reflected in the atomic transition energies. A very precise determination of atomic spectra may thus reveal information about the nucleus, otherwise hardly accessible via nuclear physics experiments. This work reviews theoretical and experimental aspects of the nuclear effects that can be identified in atomic structure data. An introduction to the theory of isotope shifts and hyperfine splitting of atomic spectra is given, together with an overview of the typical experimental techniques used in high-precision atomic spectroscopy. More exotic effects at the borderline between atomic and nuclear physics, such as parity violation in atomic transitions due to the weak interaction, or nuclear polarization and nuclear excitation by electron capture, are also addressed.
P�lffy, Adriana
Effect of Temperature on NOx Reduction by Nitrogen Atom Injection
Chemical reduction of NO{sub x} can be accomplished by injection of nitrogen atoms into the diesel engine exhaust stream. The nitrogen atoms can be generated from a separate stream of pure N{sub 2} by means of plasma jets or non-thermal plasma reactors. This paper examines the effect of exhaust temperature on the NO{sub x} reduction efficiency that can be achieved by nitrogen atom injection. It is shown that to achieve a high NO{sub x} reduction efficiency at a reasonable power consumption penalty, the exhaust temperature needs to be 100 C or less.
Penetrante, B
Ytterbium Gains Ground in Quest for Next-Generation Atomic ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... (Because the international definition of the ... A laser that �ticks� 518 trillion times per second induces a transition between two energy levels in the ...
X-ray absorption studies of battery materials
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is ideal for {ital in}{ital situ} studies of battery materials because both the probe and signal are penetrating x rays. The advantage of XAS being element specific permits investigation of the environment of a constituent element in a composite material. This makes it very powerful for studying electrode additives and corrosion of individual components of complex metal hydride alloys. The near edge part of the spectrum (XANES) provides information on oxidation state and site symmetry of the excited atom. This is particularly useful in study of corrosion and oxidation changes in cathode materials during charge/discharge cycle. Extended fine structure (EXAFS) gives structural information. Thus the technique provides both chemical and structural information. Since XAS probes only short range order, it can be applied to study of amorphous electrode materials and electrolytes. This paper discusses advantages and limitations of the method, as well as some experimental aspects.
McBreen, J.
Atomic Devices and Instrumentation Group
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... 2001 and 2005, demonstrated an atomic clock physics package with ... magnetometers for magnetic anomaly detection, nuclear magnetic resonance ...
Atom-Based Dimensional Metrology
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... Awarded a five year, three phase DARPA contract to conduct collaborative research in atomically precise positioning, patterning and metrology ...
Cavity-enhanced absorption for optical refrigeration
A 20-fold increase over the single path optical absorption is demonstrated with a low loss medium placed in a resonant cavity. This has been applied to laser cooling of Yb:ZBLAN glass resulting in 90% absorption of the incident pump light. A coupled-cavity scheme to achieve active optical impedance matching is analyzed.
Seletskiy, Denis V; Sheik-Bahae, Mansoor
NIST: Phys. Lab. Brochure; Atomic Physics Div.
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... ultra-cold atoms and investigate atom optics for innovative instrumentation. Measure and analyze spectra of highly ionized atoms for fusion energy ...
Why is hydrogen's atomic number 1?
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the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. Hydrogen's atomic number is 1 because all hydrogen atoms contain exactly one proton. Author: Steve Gagnon, Science Education Specialist...
Hydrogen Absorption in Pd-based Nanostructures - Final Report
Pd is known to absorb hydrogen. Molecules are normally chemisorbed at the surface in a process where the molecule breaks into two hydrogen atoms, and the protons are then absorbed into the bulk. This process consists of electron filling holes in the Pd 4d band near the Fermi energy, which due to the high density of states at the Fermi energy, is an energetically favorable process. Our aim with this project was to determine possible changes in magnetic properties with Pd nm-length-scale thick layers intercalated by magnetic materials. Before the start of this work, the literature indicated that there were several possible scenarios by which this could happen: i) the Pd will be magnetized due to a proximity effect with nearby magnetic layers, resulting in changes in the magnetization due to H2 absorption; ii) some H will be absorbed into the magnetic layers, causing a change in the magnetic exchange interactions; or iii) absorption of H2 will cause an expansion of the lattice, resulting in a magnetoelastic effect which changes the magnetic properties.
David Lederman
The energy distribution of atoms in the field of thermal blackbody radiation
Using the principle of detailed balance and the assumption on the absorption cross-section consistent with available astrophysical data, we obtain the energy distribution of atoms in the field of thermal blackbody radiation and show that this distribution diverges from the Boltzmann law.
F. V. Prigara
The energy distribution of atoms in the field of thermal radiation
Using the principle of detailed balance and the assumption on the absorption cross-section consistent with available astrophysical data, we obtain the energy distribution of atoms in the field of thermal blackbody radiation and show that this distribution diverges from the Boltzmann law. There is an inversion of the high energy level population at sufficiently high temperatures.
F. V. Prigara
United States Department of Energy large commercial absorption chiller development program
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is working with partners from the gas cooling industry to improve energy efficiency and US competitiveness by using advanced absorption technologies that eliminate the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), refrigerants that contribute to ozone depletion and global warming. Absorption cooling uses natural gas as the heat source, which produces much lower NO{sub x} emissions than oil- or coal-generated electricity. Gas-fired chillers also have the advantage of helping reduce peak electrical usage during summer months. To assist industry in developing advanced absorption cooling technologies, DOE sponsors the Large Commercial Chiller Development Program. The goal of the program is to improve chiller cooling efficiency by 30--50% compared with the best currently available absorption systems.
Garland, P.W.; DeVault, R.C.; Zaltash, A.
Hydrogen atom in Palatini theories of gravity
We study the effects that the gravitational interaction of $f(R)$ theories of gravity in Palatini formalism has on the stationary states of the Hydrogen atom. We show that the role of gravity in this system is very important for lagrangians $f(R)$ with terms that grow at low curvatures, which have been proposed to explain the accelerated expansion rate of the universe. We find that new gravitationally induced terms in the atomic Hamiltonian generate a strong backreaction that is incompatible with the very existence of bound states. In fact, in the 1/R model, Hydrogen disintegrates in less than two hours. The universe that we observe is, therefore, incompatible with that kind of gravitational interaction. Lagrangians with high curvature corrections do not lead to such instabilities.
Gonzalo J. Olmo
Cancer in atomic bomb survivors
This book presents information on the following topics: sampling of atomic bomb survivors and method of cancer detection in Hiroshima and Nagasaki; atomic bomb dosimetry for epidemiological studies of survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki; tumor and tissue registries in Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the cancer registry in Nagasaki, with atomic bomb survivor data, 1973-1977; cancer mortality; methods for study of delayed health effects of a-bomb radiation; experimental radiation carcinogenesis in rodents; leukemia, multiple myeloma, and malignant lymphoma; cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands; malignant tumors in atomic bomb survivors with special reference to the pathology of stomach and lung cancer; colorectal cancer among atomic bomb survivors; breast cancer in atomic bomb survivors; and ovarian neoplasms in atomic bomb survirors.
Shigematsu, I.; Kagan, A.
Radioisotope photoelectric generator
This disclosure is directed to a radioisotope photoelectric generator for producing electrical energy. The construction of the generator is similar to that of a well-known storage battery. The generator is composed of alternate layers of high-Z, (high atomic-number) and low-Z (low atomic-number) material which are insulated by vacuum or other insulating material. Low-energy photons from a radioactive source interact predominantly with the high-Z material by the photoelectric process, ejecting photoelectrons whose energy extends up to the incident gamma-ray energy E. By selecting the high-Z material thickness to be less than one electron range (at energy E) and the low-Z material thickness to be more than one electron range, there is a net electron transfer from the high-Z plates to the low-Z plates because electrons are emitted predominantly from the high-Z plates and stop in the low-Z plates. After start-up, a potential difference will build up between the high-Z and low-Z plates. An upper limit for this potential difference in kilovolts is the energy E in keV. The high-Z plates are connected together electrically and the low-Z plates are connected together electrically thus forming a battery. The battery delivers power to an external electrical load, preferably but not necessarily a resistor, whose value is chosen to maximize the power delivered to the electrical load, to yield the voltage desired, to control the temperature of the plates, or a combination of such considerations.
Ritter, J.C.
Over the last few decades, researchers have made significant developments in producing more advanced electrocatalytic materials for power generation applications. For example, traditional fuel cell catalysts often involve high-priced precious metals such as Pt. However, in order for fuel cells to become commercially viable, there is a need to reduce or completely remove precious metal altogether. As a result, a myriad of novel, unconventional materials have been explored such as chalcogenides, porphyrins, and organic-metal-macrocycles for low/medium temperature fuel cells as well as enzymatic and microbial fuel cells. As these materials increasingly become more complex, researchers often find themselves in search of new characterization methods, especially those which are allow in situ and operando measurements with element specificity. One such method that has received much attention for analysis of electrocatalytic materials is X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). XAS is an element specific, core level absorption technique which yields structural and electronic information. As a core electron method, XAS requires an extremely bright source, hence a synchrotron. The resulting intensity of synchrotron radiation allow for experiments to be conducted in situ, under electrochemically relevant conditions. Although a bulk-averaging technique requiring rigorous mathematical manipulation, XAS has the added benefit that it can probe materials which possess no long range order. This makes it ideal to characterize nano-scale electrocatalysts. XAS experiments are conducted by ramping the X-ray photon energy while measuring absorption of the incident beam the sample or by counting fluorescent photons released from a sample due to subsequent relaxation. Absorption mode XAS follows the Beer-Lambert Law, {mu}x = log(I{sub 0}/I{sub t}) (1) where {mu} is the absorption coefficient, x is the sample thickness and I{sub 0} and I{sub t} are the intensities of the incident and transmission beams respectively. When the energy of the incident X-rays exceed the electron binding energy (E{sub 0}) of the element under investigation, the electron is ejected from the core to available excited states in the form of a photoelectron with kinetic energy: E{sub k} = h? - E{sub 0} (2) with, E{sub k} being the kinetic energy of the released photoelectron and h? the energy of the incident beam. In general, the X-ray absorption spectrum is broken down into two distinct energy regions: the X-ray absorption near-edge structure or XANES (-50eV {le} E{sub 0} {le} 50eV) and the extended X-ray absorption fine-structure or EXAFS (50eV {le} E{sub 0} {le} {approx}1000eV). The XANES region is dominated by low-energy photoelectrons which undergo multiple scattering events. As such, it can reveal information about oxidation state, local symmetry, electronic structure, and the extent of oxidation of a material. Due to this complex multiple scattering, there is no simple XANES equation to describe it quantitatively. However, recent advancements in computers and the evolution of numerical methods such as the FEFF code have made possible reliable XANES simulations. Photoelectrons in the EXAFS region have high enough E{sub k} to undergo primarily single back-scattering events. These back-scattered photoelectrons interfere with the outgoing photoelectrons, causing the oscillations in the absorption spectrum. Using the previously developed EXAFS equations it is now possible to model EXAFS data to determine coordination numbers, bond distances, and mean-square disorder (commonly referred to as Debye-Waller factor). EXAFS data is often shown by Fourier Transforming KSpace into distance, r, space where the total magnitude is plotted against the radial coordinates. This allow for easy qualitative comparison of samples. Employing EXAFS on nanoscale materials has the added advantage that it can quantitatively illustrate changes in atom-atom coordination, which can be related to particle size or morphology. Overall this technique enables the measurement of both bulk and surface adsor
Mukerjee, S.; Ziegelbauer, J; Arruda, T; Ramaker, D; Shyam, B
This report provides a handbook of recommended cross-section and rate-coefficient data for inelastic collisions between hydrogen, helium and lithium atoms, molecules and ions, and encompasses more than 400 different reactions of primary interest in fusion research. Published experimental and theoretical data have been collected and evaluated, and the recommended data are presented in tabular, graphical and parametrized form. Processes include excitation and spectral line emission, charge exchange, ionization, stripping, dissociation and particle interchange reactions. The range of collision energies is appropriate to applications in fusion-energy research.
Hunter, H.T.; Kirkpatrick, M.I.; Alvarez, I.; Cisneros, C.; Phaneuf, R.A. (eds.) [eds.; Barnett, C.F.
Absorption chillers: Technology for the future
In an era of heightened awareness of energy efficiency and the associated environmental impacts, many industries worldwide are exploring ``environmentally friendly`` technologies that provide equivalent or improved performance while reducing or eliminating harmful side-effects. The refrigeration and air-conditioning industry, due to its reliance on CFCs and HCFCs, has invested in research in alternatives to the industry standard vapor compression machines. One alternative technology with great promise is chemical absorption. Absorption chillers offer comparable refrigeration output with reduced SO{sub 2}, CO{sub 2}, and NO{sub x} emissions. Absorption chillers do not use CFCs or HCFCs, refrigerants that contribute to ozone depletion and global warming. Additionally, gas-fired absorption chillers can save significant amounts in energy costs when used in combination with a vapor compression chiller in a hybrid system. The hybrid system can take advantage of the comparatively low price of natural gas (per unit ton) and rely on the high performance of vapor compression when electricity prices are lower. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction for those new to absorption technology as well as a discussion of selected high efficiency cycles, a discussion on the technology of coupling absorption with vapor compression systems to form a hybrid system, and the environmental impacts of absorption.
Garland, P.W. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Garland, R.W. [Dept. of Energy, Washington, DC (United States)
Optics and interferometry with atoms and molecules
Interference with atomic and molecular matter waves is a rich branch of atomic physics and quantum optics. It started with atom diffraction from crystal surfaces and the separated oscillatory fields technique used in atomic ...
Cronin, Alexander D.
Questions and Answers - Does gravity affect atoms?
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
and Answers Main Index Next Question (Can you crush atoms?) Can you crush atoms? Does gravity affect atoms? Gravity affects atoms the same way it affects all other matter. Every...
Triple-effect absorption refrigeration system with double-condenser coupling
A triple effect absorption refrigeration system is provided with a double-condenser coupling and a parallel or series circuit for feeding the refrigerant-containing absorbent solution through the high, medium, and low temperature generators utilized in the triple-effect system. The high temperature condenser receiving vaporous refrigerant from the high temperature generator is double coupled to both the medium temperature generator and the low temperature generator to enhance the internal recovery of heat within the system and thereby increase the thermal efficiency thereof.
DeVault, Robert C. (Knoxville, TN); Biermann, Wendell J. (Fayetteville, NY)
Triple-effect absorption refrigeration system with double-condenser coupling
A triple effect absorption refrigeration system is provided with a double-condenser coupling and a parallel or series circuit for feeding the refrigerant-containing absorbent solution through the high, medium, and low temperature generators utilized in the triple-effect system. The high temperature condenser receiving vaporous refrigerant from the high temperature generator is double coupled to both the medium temperature generator and the low temperature generator to enhance the internal recovery of heat within the system and thereby increase the thermal efficiency thereof.
DeVault, R.C.; Biermann, W.J.
Laser Cooling and Cold Atomic Matter
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Laser Cooling and Cold Atomic Matter: to advance the understanding and applications of cold atomic matter, including ...
NIST - Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra Bibliographic ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... in this database are from Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and ... references to atomic transition probabilities, line intensities, or broadening. ...
Magnetometry with entangled atomic samples
We present a theory for the estimation of a scalar or a vector magnetic field by its influence on an ensemble of trapped spin polarized atoms. The atoms interact off-resonantly with a continuous laser field, and the measurement of the polarization rotation of the probe light, induced by the dispersive atom-light coupling, leads to spin-squeezing of the atomic sample which enables an estimate of the magnetic field which is more precise than that expected from standard counting statistics. For polarized light and polarized atoms, a description of the non-classical components of the collective spin angular momentum for the atoms and the collective Stokes vectors of the light-field in terms of effective gaussian position and momentum variables is practically exact. The gaussian formalism describes the dynamics of the system very effectively and accounts explicitly for the back-action on the atoms due to measurement and for the estimate of the magnetic field. Multi-component magnetic fields are estimated by the measurement of suitably chosen atomic observables and precision and efficiency is gained by dividing the atomic gas in two or more samples which are entangled by the dispersive atom-light interaction.
Vivi Petersen; Lars Bojer Madsen; Klaus Molmer
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BIRTH OF NUCLEAR-GENERATED ELECTRICITY BIRTH OF NUCLEAR-GENERATED ELECTRICITY The first time that electricity was generated from nuclear energy occurred in an experimental breeder reactor in Idaho in 1951. The idea for a breeder reactor (a reactor that could produce more fuel than it uses) first occurred to scientists working on the nation's wartime atomic energy program in the early 1940's. Experimental evidence indicated that the breeding of nuclear fuel was possible in a properly designed reactor, but time and resources were not then available to pursue the idea After the war, the newly established Atomic Energy Commission (now the Department of Energy) assigned some of the nation's nuclear skills and resources to developing peaceful uses of the atom. The large bodies of uranium ore found in the 1950's were
). These sensors would be useful in research for generating a greater understanding of the atomization process of the best available models and a heuristic understanding of atomization can be used with sensors to develop
Atomic Energy Commission Takes Over Responsibility for all Atomic...
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Takes Over Responsibility for all Atomic Energy Programs | National Nuclear Security Administration Our Mission Managing the Stockpile Preventing Proliferation Powering the Nuclear...
Atomic total energies: Atomic Ref.Data Elec Struc Cal
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... These tables contain the atomic total energies and orbital eigenvalues, for the ground electronic configuration of the elements H ... Definition of format ...
Atomic total energies: Atomic Ref. Data Elec. Struc. Cal.
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... These tables contain the atomic total energies and orbital eigenvalues, for the ground electronic configuration of the elements H ... Definition of format ...
A New Method for Measuring Aerosol Absorption
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
A new technique has recently been developed to measure aerosol absorption by means of a microdensitometer. Black particulate material is collected into six spots on membrane filters by a laboratory-tested impaction/concentration technique. Follow-...
B. B. Murphey; S. I. Reynolds
Variable effect desorber-resorber absorption cycle
An absorption refrigeration system has an intermediate temperature desorber-resorber pair. A valve between the desorber-resorber pair is modulated to control the capacity for load matching.
Biermann, Wendell J. (Fayetteville, NY)
Minor Elements in Oil Shale and Oil-Shale Products. LERC RIChemistry of Tar Sands and Oil Shale, ACS, New Orleans.Constituent Analysis of Oil Shale and Solvent-Refined Coal
Girvin, D.G.
and R. E. Poulson. Mercury Emissions From A Simulated In-for the Measurement of Mercury in Oil Shale Gases D. GirvinJFOR THE MEASUREMENT OF MERCURY IN OIL SHALE GASES D. C.
Girvin, D.G.
W. A. Robb, and T. J. Spedding. Minor Elements in Oil Shaleand Oil-Shale Products. LERC RI 77-1, 1977. Bertine, K. K.From A Simulated In-Situ Oil Shale Retort. In: Procedings of
Girvin, D.G.
A. Robb, and T. J. Spedding. Minor Elements in Oil Shale andOil-Shale Products. LERC RI 77-1, 1977. Bertine, K. K. andFrom A Simulated In-Situ Oil Shale Retort. In: Procedings of
Girvin, D.G.
T. Hadeishi and R. D. McLaughlin, Science, 174, 404 (1971).Koizumi, Tetsuo Hadeishi and Ralph McLaughlin January 1978Hadeishi and Ralph McLaughlin Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Koizumi, H.
Laser system for secondary cooling of {sup 87}Sr atoms
A laser system with a narrow generation line for secondary laser cooling of {sup 87}Sr atoms has been developed and investigated. It is planned to use ultracold {sup 87}Sr atoms loaded in an optical lattice in an optical frequency standard. To this end, a 689-nm semiconductor laser has been stabilised using an external reference ultrastable cavity with vibrational and temperature compensation near the critical point. The lasing spectral width was 80 Hz (averaging time 40 ms), and the frequency drift was at a level of 0.3 Hz s{sup -1}. Comparison of two independent laser systems yielded a minimum Allan deviation: 2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -14} for 300-s averaging. It is shown that this system satisfies all requirements necessary for secondary cooling of 87Sr atoms using the spectrally narrow {sup 1}S{sub 0} - {sup 3}P{sub 1} transition ({lambda} = 689 nm). (cooling of atoms)
Khabarova, K Yu; Slyusarev, S N; Strelkin, S A; Belotelov, G S; Kostin, A S; Pal'chikov, Vitaly G; Kolachevsky, Nikolai N
EA-1053: Decontaminating and Decommissioning the General Atomics Hot Cell
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
3: Decontaminating and Decommissioning the General Atomics 3: Decontaminating and Decommissioning the General Atomics Hot Cell Facility, San Diego, California EA-1053: Decontaminating and Decommissioning the General Atomics Hot Cell Facility, San Diego, California SUMMARY This EA evaluates the environmental impacts of the proposal for low-level radioactive and mixed wastes generated by decontaminating and decommissioning activities at the U.S. Department of Energy's General Atomics' Hot Cell Facility would be transported to either a DOE owned facility, such as the Hanford site in Washington, or to a commercial facility, such as Envirocare in Utah, for treatment and/or storage and disposal. PUBLIC COMMENT OPPORTUNITIES None available at this time. DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD August 14, 1995 EA-1053: Finding of No Significant Impact
Study of atomic physics and population inversions with plasma focus
The plasma focus can be used to generate high temperature and high density plasmas. Neon-like plasmas have previously been studied in Z-pinches and laser produced plasmas as sources for XUV and x-ray lasers. The plasma focus provides a simple and inexpensive source for studying atomic physics of highly ionized atoms. A detailed understanding of atomic physics at high temperatures, densities, and megagauss magnetic fields is necessary for possible x-ray laser designs. Methods that are generally used for obtaining population inversions include collisional ionization of the inner shells of multi-electron atoms and ions, photoexcitation, and electron collisional excitation of ions, collisional combination of ions, and atom-ion resonant charge exchange. We will discuss some possible experiments to help understand the atomic physics under the above condition. Some ideas and calculations will be given to show the feasibility of doing atomic physics relating to x-ray lasers with a plasma focus. 13 refs., 2 figs.
Oona, H.; Hodgdon, M.L.; Rickel, D.G.; Freeman, B.L.
Atoms.inp Archive: Crystallographic Data from GSECARS
The Atoms.inp Archive is a collection of crystallographic data for use in XAFS analysis. The crystallographic data is stored as atoms.inp files, which contain all the information necessary to describe the crystal, and can be used by the program ATOMS to generate feff.inp files. These files can then be used by the FEFF program [See http://leonardo.phys.washington.edu/feff/] to calculate a theoretical XAFS spectrum for the crystal. This archive exists because it can take a considerable amount of time to locate a suitable reference for a model structure to use for making theoretical XAFS standards. Even then, references sometimes give non-standard or incomplete crystallographic notation that ATOMS has difficulty interpreting. All of this means that getting a reliable atoms.inp file can take quite a bit of effort. It is hoped that this collection of well-documented and well-tested atoms.inp files will eliminate much of the work in creating theoretical XAFS standards from FEFF. [Taken from http://cars9.uchicago.edu/~newville/adb/]. The collection currently has more than 200 crystal structures, 2748 data files, and it continues to expand. The collection is related to the UWXAFS Project [http://depts.washington.edu/uwxafs/] and to the work of the Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources (CARS). After searching the Archive, a user may also choose to run the web version of ATOMS software.
Newville, Matthew
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
' ' ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION Frank K. Pittman, Director, bivisioa of Waste &&gement and s- portation, Headquarters j CONTAMItUTED RX-AEC-OWNED OR LEASED FACILITIES' This memorandum responds to your TWX certain information on the above subject. the documentation necessary to answer your available due to the records disposal vailing at the time of release or From records that are available and from disc&ions with most familiar with the transfer operations, &have the current radiological conditibn of transferred property is adequate under present standards. The following tabulations follow the format suggested in your TWX and are grouped to an operations or contract r+ponsibility. A,I Ex-AEC Storage Sites - I r:/ National Stockpile Site '(NSS) and OperatEonal
NIST Atomic Spectra Bibliographic Databases
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... The Atomic Energy Levels Data Center and Data Center on ... Reference Data Program (SRDP) and by NIST's Systems Integration for Manufacturing ...
Technical Highlights Atomic Physics Division
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Physics Division is to develop and apply atomic physics research methods ... community, and to produce and critically compile physical reference data ...
NIST: Atomic Spectroscopy Group - Homepage
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... The program in atomic spectroscopy at NIST provides accurate reference data on spectral lines and energy levels for a wide variety of important ...
Atomic Devices and Instrumentation Group
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... ten millionths of a second over the course of one day, and are paving the way for atomic-level timekeeping in portable, battery-operated systems ...
Evidence from the U.S. and some other countries indicates that organized wholesale markets for electrical energy and operating reserves do not provide adequate incentives to stimulate the proper quantity or mix of generating capacity consistent with mandatory reliability criteria. A large part of the problem can be associated with the failure of wholesale spot market prices for energy and operating reserves to rise to high enough levels during periods when generating capacity is fully utilized. Reforms to wholesale energy markets, the introduction of well-design forward capacity markets, and symmetrical treatment of demand response and generating capacity resources to respond to market and institutional imperfections are discussed. This policy reform program is compatible with improving the efficiency of spot wholesale electricity markets, the continued evolution of competitive retail markets, and restores incentives for efficient investment in generating capacity consistent with operating reliability criteria applied by system operators. It also responds to investment disincentives that have been associated with volatility in wholesale energy prices, limited hedging opportunities and to concerns about regulatory opportunism. 1
Paul L. Joskow; Paul L. Joskow; Paul L. Joskow
NOx reduction by electron beam-produced nitrogen atom injection
Deactivated atomic nitrogen generated by an electron beam from a gas stream containing more than 99% N.sub.2 is injected at low temperatures into an engine exhaust to reduce NOx emissions. High NOx reduction efficiency is achieved with compact electron beam devices without use of a catalyst.
Penetrante, Bernardino M. (San Ramon, CA)
An advanced absorption refrigeration cycle was proposed as a heat-activated refrigeration system. Referred to as the double-effect regenerative absorption cycle of cycle 2R, it improves the performance of the conventional single-effect absorption cycle at high heat source temperatures. The performance of cycle 2R continually improves as input temperatures rise, in contrast to the conventional double-effect absorption cycle that has a sharp cut-off temperature below which it ceases to operate. Cycle 2R operates with two subcycles, the first-effect and the second-effect subcycles.
Dao, K.
Atomic Inference from Weak Gravitational Lensing Data
We present a novel approach to reconstructing the projected mass distribution from the sparse and noisy weak gravitational lensing shear data. The reconstructions are regularized via the knowledge gained from numerical simulations of clusters, with trial mass distributions constructed from n NFW profile ellipsoidal components. The parameters of these ''atoms'' are distributed a priori as in the simulated clusters. Sampling the mass distributions from the atom parameter probability density function allows estimates of the properties of the mass distribution to be generated, with error bars. The appropriate number of atoms is inferred from the data itself via the Bayesian evidence, and is typically found to be small, reecting the quality of the data. Ensemble average mass maps are found to be robust to the details of the noise realization, and succeed in recovering the demonstration input mass distribution (from a realistic simulated cluster) over a wide range of scales. As an application of such a reliable mapping algorithm, we comment on the residuals of the reconstruction and the implications for predicting convergence and shear at specific points on the sky.
Marshall, Phil; /KIPAC, Menlo Park
Atomic Frequency standards Based on Pulsed Coherent Light Storage
We propose a new scheme of microwave frequency standards based on pulsed coherent optical information storage. Unlike the usual frequency reference where the Ramsey fringe is printed on the population of a certain state, we print the Ramsey fringe on the coherence. Then the coherence is detected in the form of a retrieval light. The central line of the Ramsey fringe can be used as a frequency reference in an absorption-cell-based atomic frequency standard. This scheme is free of light shifts as the interrogating process is separated from the optical pumping processes, and the cavity pulling effect is negligible due to the low Q requirement. Encoding the Ramsey interference into the retrieval light pulse has the merit of high signal to noise ratio and the estimated frequency stability of shot noise limit is about $2\\times10^{-14}$ in 1 second, this scheme is promising for building small, compact and stable atomic frequency standards.
Yan, Bo; Wang, Yuzhu
The intensive need of atomic data is expanding continuously in a wide variety of applications (e.g. fusion energy and astrophysics, laser-produced, plasma researches, and plasma processing).This paper will introduce our ongoing research work to build a comprehensive, complete, up-to-date, user friendly and online atomic Database Management System (DBMS) namely called AIMS by using SQLite (http://www.sqlite.org/about.html)(8). Programming language tools and techniques will not be covered here. The system allows the generation of various atomic data based on professional online atomic calculators. The ongoing work is a step forward to bring detailed atomic model accessible to a wide community of laboratory and astrophysical plasma diagnostics. AIMS is a professional worldwide tool for supporting several educational purposes and can be considered as a complementary database of IAEA atomic databases. Moreover, it will be an exceptional strategy of incorporating the output data of several atomic codes to external ...
Tahat, Amani
An improved magnetocumulative generator is described that is useful for producing magnetic fields of very high energy content over large spatial volumes. The polar directed pleated magnetocumulative generator has a housing providing a housing chamber with an electrically conducting surface. The chamber forms a coaxial system having a small radius portion and a large radius portion. When a magnetic field is injected into the chamber, from an external source, most of the magnetic flux associated therewith positions itself in the small radius portion. The propagation of an explosive detonation through high-explosive layers disposed adjacent to the housing causes a phased closure of the chamber which sweeps most of the magnetic flux into the large radius portion of the coaxial system. The energy content of the magnetic field is greatly increased by flux stretching as well as by flux compression. The energy enhanced magnetic field is utilized within the housing chamber itself.
Pettibone, J.S.; Wheeler, P.C.
Nondegenerate parametric down conversion in coherently prepared two-level atomic gas
We describe parametric down conversion process in a two-level atomic gas, where the atoms are in a superposition state of relevant energy levels. This superposition results in splitting of the phase matching condition into three different conditions. Another, more important, peculiarity of the system under discussion is the nonsaturability of amplification coefficients with increasing pump wave intensity, under "sideband" generation conditions.
Gevorg Muradyan; Atom Zh. Muradyan
Nondegenerate parametric down conversion in coherently prepared two-level atomic gas
We describe parametric down conversion process in a two-level atomic gas, where the atoms are in a superposition state of relevant energy levels. This superposition results in splitting of the phase matching condition into three different conditions. Another, more important, peculiarity of the system under discussion is the nonsaturability of amplification coefficients with increasing pump wave intensity, under "sideband" generation conditions.
Muradyan, Gevorg
Testing of Crystallization Temperature of a New Working Fluid for Absorption Heat Pump Systems
Lithium bromide/water (LiBr/water) absorption systems are potential candidates for absorption heat pump water heating applications since they have been widely commercialized for cooling applications. One drawback to LiBr/water absorption water heater systems is that they are unable to operate at typical water heating temperatures due to solution crystallization hazards. Binary or ternary mixtures, serving as working fluids, were reported (Ally, 1988; Herold et al., 1991; Iyoki and Uemura, 1981; Yasuhide Nemoto et al., 2010; Zogg et al., 2005) to help improve the absorption performance or avoid crystallization of absorption heat pump systems. A recent development (De Lucas et al., 2007) investigated the use of a ternary mixture of aqueous mixture of lithium bromide and sodium formate (CHO2Na). The new working fluid composition maintains a ratio of LiBr/CHO2Na of 2 by weight. This new working fluid is a potential competitor to aqueous LiBr solution in absorption system due to higher water vapor absorption rates and lower generation temperature needed (De Lucas et al., 2004). There exists data on equilibrium performance and other physical properties of this new working fluid. However, there is no available data on crystallization behavior. Crystallization temperature is crucial for the design of absorption heat pump water heater in order to avoid crystallization hazards during operation. We have therefore conducted a systematic study to explore the crystallization temperature of LiBr/CHO2Na water solution and compared it against aqueous LiBr solutions. These results were then used to evaluate the feasibility of using the new working fluid in water heating applications showing limited potential.
Wang, Kai [ORNL; Kisari, Padmaja [ORNL; Abdelaziz, Omar [ORNL; Vineyard, Edward Allan [ORNL
A photon generator includes an electron gun for emitting an electron beam, a laser for emitting a laser beam, and an interaction ring wherein the laser beam repetitively collides with the electron beam for emitting a high energy photon beam therefrom in the exemplary form of x-rays. The interaction ring is a closed loop, sized and configured for circulating the electron beam with a period substantially equal to the period of the laser beam pulses for effecting repetitive collisions.
Srinivasan-Rao, Triveni (Shoreham, NY)
A thermoelectric generator having a rigid coupling or stack'' between the heat source and the hot strap joining the thermoelements is described. The stack includes a member of an insulating material, such as ceramic, for electrically isolating the thermoelements from the heat source, and a pair of members of a ductile material, such as gold, one each on each side of the insulating member, to absorb thermal differential expansion stresses in the stack. (Official Gazette)
Pryslak, N.E.
This patent describes apparatus for producing an electricity neutral ionized gas discharge, termed a plasma, substantially free from contamination with neutral gas particles. The plasma generator of the present invention comprises a plasma chamber wherein gas introduced into the chamber is ionized by a radiofrequency source. A magnetic field is used to focus the plasma in line with an exit. This magnetic field cooperates with a differential pressure created across the exit to draw a uniform and uncontaminated plasma from the plasma chamber.
Foster, J.S. Jr.
Atomic Energy for Military Purposes
Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: The Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb member of the project, to draft a report about its activities. Smyth completed the report in the summer, in a censored version. On August 11, 1945, five days after the Allies dropped the first nuclear bomb on Japan
Landweber, Laura
Since a uniform federal statute hss not been passed in the German Federal Republic, the development of atomic law has centered around the formation of the Federal Ministry for Atomic Affairs, appeal to the German Commission, and the enactment of temporary laws in several of the states. (J.S.R.)
Fischerhof, H.
Atomic clocks with suppressed blackbody radiation shift
We develop a nonstandard concept of atomic clocks where the blackbody radiation shift (BBRS) and its temperature fluctuations can be dramatically suppressed (by one to three orders of magnitude) independent of the environmental temperature. The suppression is based on the fact that in a system with two accessible clock transitions (with frequencies v1 and v2) which are exposed to the same thermal environment, there exists a "synthetic" frequency v_{syn} (v1-e12 v2) largely immune to the BBRS. As an example, it is shown that in the case of ion 171Yb+ it is possible to create a clock in which the BBRS can be suppressed to the fractional level of 10^{-18} in a broad interval near room temperature (300\\pm 15 K). We also propose a realization of our method with the use of an optical frequency comb generator stabilized to both frequencies v1 and v2. Here the frequency v_{syn} is generated as one of the components of the comb spectrum and can be used as an atomic standard.
V. I. Yudin; A. V. Taichenachev; M. V. Okhapkin; S. N. Bagayev; Chr. Tamm; E. Peik; N. Huntemann; T. E. Mehlstaubler; F. Riehle
Spectral Emission of Moving Atom
A renewed analysis of the H.E. Ives and G.R. Stilwell's experiment on moving hydrogen canal rays (J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1938, v.28, 215) concludes that the spectral emission of a moving atom exhibits always a redshift which informs not the direction of the atom's motion. The conclusion is also evident from a simple energy relation: atomic spectral radiation is emitted as an orbiting electron consumes a portion of its internal energy on transiting to a lower-energy state which however has in a moving atom an additional energy gain; this results in a redshift in the emission frequency. Based on auxiliary experimental information and a scheme for de Broglie particle formation, we give a vigorous elucidation of the mechanism for deceleration radiation of atomic electron; the corresponding prediction of the redshift is in complete agreement with the Ives and Stilwell's experimental formula.
J. X. Zheng-Johansson
Atomic, Molecular & Optical Sciences
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Atomic, Molecular and Optical Sciences Atomic, Molecular and Optical Sciences The goal of the program is to understand the structure and dynamics of atoms and molecules using photons and ions as probes. The current program is focussed on studying inner-shell photo-ionization and photo-excitation of atoms and molecules, molecular orientation effects in slow collisions, slowing and cooling molecules, and X-ray photo-excitation of laser-dressed atoms. The experimental and theoretical efforts are designed to break new ground and to provide basic knowledge that is central to the programmatic goals of the Department of Energy (DOE). Unique LBNL facilities such as the Advanced Light Source (ALS), the ECR ion sources at the 88-inch cyclotron, and the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) are
Manhattan Project: Adventures Inside the Atom
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
ADVENTURES INSIDE THE ATOM ADVENTURES INSIDE THE ATOM General Electric, National Archives (1948) Resources > Library Below is Adventures Inside the Atom, a comic book history of nuclear energy that was produced in 1948 by the General Electric Company. Scroll down to view the full-size images of each page. This publication was produced at the request of the the Assistant Manager for Public Education, Oak Ridge Operations Office, Atomic Energy Commission. It is reproduced here via the National Archives. Adventures Inside the Atom, p. 1 Adventures Inside the Atom, p. 2 Adventures Inside the Atom, p. 3 Adventures Inside the Atom, p. 4 Adventures Inside the Atom, p. 5 Adventures Inside the Atom, p. 6 Adventures Inside the Atom, p. 7 Adventures Inside the Atom, p. 8 Adventures Inside the Atom, p. 9
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HTML_PAGES HTML_PAGES This AtomicNuclearProperties page is under intermittent development. Suggestions and comments are welcome. Please report errors. Chemical elements: For entries in red, a pull-down menu permits selection of the physical state. Cryogenic liquid densties are at the boiling point at 1 atm. 0n 1Ps 1H 2He 3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne 11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar 19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr 37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe 55Cs 56Ba 57La 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn 87Fr 88Ra 89Ac 104Rf 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112 113 114 115 116 mt 118
Solar absorption aqua-ammonia absorption system simulation base on climate of Malaysia
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Solar energy is one of the most well known green sources of energy. This research presents a feasibility study of evacuated solar thermal collector by aqua-ammonia ejector absorption systems as a small scale air conditioning unit. The modeling has been ... Keywords: ejector, evacuated tubes, solar assisted absorption system
Poorya Ooshaksaraei; Sohif Mat; M. Yahya; Ahmad Mahir Razali; Azami Zaharim; K. Sopian
Anticipating the atom: popular perceptions of atomic power before Hiroshima
Before Hiroshima made the Bomb an object of popular concern, possible implications and applications of atomic physics had been discussed in the public forum. The new science of X-rays and radium promised the possibilities of unlimited energy and the transmutation of elements in the two decades leading up to World War 1. During the twenties, as scientific method struggled to keep pace with atomic theory, discussion centered on the feasibility of atomic disintegration as an energy source and the many uses of radium. The 1927 case of the New Jersey Radium Dial Painters, who sued their employers for compensation after contracting radium poisoning, revealed a dark side to the new science, that, along with the development of artificial radioactive isotopes by the Jollot-Curies in Paris, and, in Italy, Enrico Fenni's neutron bombardment experiments, sobered attitudes toward the ever-increasing probability of atomic power. When Otto Hahn finally split the atom in 1938, it opened the way to the practical industrial use of atomic fission, and stimulated a flurry of newspaper and magazine articles before World War 11 brought about censorship. Popular entertainment through 1945 reflects the extent to which atomic power had entered the public awareness. Atomic themes and motifs appeared in English language fiction as early as 1895, as did discussions of the social implications of the new science. Such popular culture imagery, including motion pictures and comic book superheroes, that presented the atom to mass audiences provide insight into the popular perceptions at the time, and to the shaping of attitudes toward the Bomb after Hiroshima.
d'Emal, Jacques-Andre Christian
In-situ control system for atomization
Melt atomizing apparatus comprising a melt supply orifice for supplying the melt for atomization and gas supply orifices proximate the melt supply orifice for supplying atomizing gas to atomize the melt as an atomization spray is disclosed. The apparatus includes a sensor, such as an optical and/or audio sensor, for providing atomization spray data, and a control unit responsive to the sensed atomization spray data for controlling at least one of the atomizing gas pressure and an actuator to adjust the relative position of the gas supply orifice and melt supply in a manner to achieve a desired atomization spray. 3 figs.
Anderson, I.E.; Figliola, R.S.; Terpstra, R.L.
In-situ control system for atomization
Melt atomizing apparatus comprising a melt supply orifice for supplying the melt for atomization and gas supply orifices proximate the melt supply orifice for supplying atomizing gas to atomize the melt as an atomization spray. The apparatus includes a sensor, such as an optical and/or audio sensor, for providing atomization spray data, and a control unit responsive to the sensed atomization spray data for controlling at least one of the atomizing gas pressure and an actuator to adjust the relative position of the gas supply orifice and melt supply in a manner to achieve a desired atomization spray.
Anderson, Iver E. (Ames, IA); Figliola, Richard S. (Central, SC); Terpstra, Robert L. (Ames, IA)
Supersonic coal water slurry fuel atomizer
A supersonic coal water slurry atomizer utilizing supersonic gas velocities to atomize coal water slurry is provided wherein atomization occurs externally of the atomizer. The atomizer has a central tube defining a coal water slurry passageway surrounded by an annular sleeve defining an annular passageway for gas. A converging/diverging section is provided for accelerating gas in the annular passageway to supersonic velocities.
Becker, Frederick E. (Reading, MA); Smolensky, Leo A. (Concord, MA); Balsavich, John (Foxborough, MA)
X-ray Diagnostics of Broad Absorption Line Quasar Geometry
A new generation of sensitive X-ray measurements are indicating that the existence of X-ray attenuation column densities, $N_{H}>10^{24}\\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ is quite common amongst broad absorption line quasars (BALQSOs). This is significant to the geometry of the broad absorption line (BAL) outflow. In particular, such an X-ray shield also shields equatorial accretion disk winds from the UV, thereby preventing high velocity equatorial outflows from being launched. By contrast, bipolar winds initiated by continuum radiation pressure from the funnel of a slim accretion disk flare outward (like a trumpet) and offer vastly different absorbing columns to the X-ray and UV emission which are emitted from distinct regions of the disk, $\\sim 6M$ and $\\sim 10M-40M$, respectively (where $M$ is the radius of the black hole). Recent numerical work indicates that it is also possible to launch bipolar outflows from the inner regions of a thin disk. The recent discovery with VLBI that the Galactic analog of a BALQSO, the X-ray binary Circinus X-1 (with high velocity P Cygni X-ray absorption lines) is viewed virtually along the radio jet axis (and therefore along the spin axis of the black hole and the normal to the accretion disk) has rekindled interest in the bipolar models of BALQSOs. We explore this possibility by studying the nearest BAL QSO, MRK 231. High resolution 2-D optical spectroscopy and VLBI mappings of the radio jet axis indicates that the BAL outflow is parallel to the parsec scale radio jet.
Brian Punsly; Sebastian Lipari
Energy Saving with Absorption Refrigeration Technologies
Absorption refrigeration technology can be an economical and cost effective means of reducing energy cost and/or improving the efficiency and output of your process. We believe the potential benefits of absorption refrigeration technology have generally been overlooked by the process industry. This paper will address the application of the lithium bromide-water cycle in various energy saving modes. A waste heat powered absorption chiller producing chilled water can reduce energy consumption in a process plant by replacing an existing mechanical refrigeration system or replacing cooling tower water with a lower temperature cooling medium at negligible increase in energy cost. A variety of waste heat sources can be used at temperatures as low as 150 F.
Davis, R. C.
Posters Long-Pathlength Infrared Absorption Measurements
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3 3 Posters Long-Pathlength Infrared Absorption Measurements in the 8- to 14-µm Atmospheric Window: Self-Broadening Coefficient Data T. J. Kulp (a) and J. Shinn Geophysics and Environmental Research Program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Introduction The accurate characterization of the latent infrared (IR) absorption in the atmospheric window regions continues to be an area of research interest for the global climate modeling community. In the window between 8 and 14 µm, this absorption can be attributed primarily to water vapor. It consists of 1) weak lines originating from the edge of the water vapor pure rotational band (at low wavenumbers) and the trailing P-branch of the υ 2 rovibrational band (at the high-wavenumber boundary of the window); and 2) the
Heat is generated by the utilization of high energy neutrons produced as by nuclear reactions between hydrogen isotopes in a blanket zone containing lithium, a neutron moderator, and uranium and/or thorium effective to achieve multtplicatton of the high energy neutron. The rnultiplied and moderated neutrons produced react further with lithium-6 to produce tritium in the blanket. Thermal neutron fissionable materials are also produced and consumed in situ in the blanket zone. The heat produced by the aggregate of the various nuclear reactions is then withdrawn from the blanket zone to be used or otherwise disposed externally. (AEC)
Imhoff, D.H.; Harker, W.H.
Generator-absorber-heat exchange heat transfer apparatus and method and use thereof in a heat pump
Numerous embodiments and related methods for generator-absorber heat exchange (GAX) are disclosed, particularly for absorption heat pump systems. Such embodiments and related methods use, as the heat transfer medium, the working fluid of the absorption system taken from the generator at a location where the working fluid has a rich liquor concentration.
Phillips, Benjamin A. (Benton Harbor, MI); Zawacki, Thomas S. (St. Joseph, MI)
Sequential generation of matrix-product states in cavity QED
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We study the sequential generation of entangled photonic and atomic multiqubit states in the realm of cavity QED. We extend the work of C. Schoen et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 110503 (2005)], where it was shown that all states generated in a sequential manner can be classified efficiently in terms of matrix-product states. In particular, we consider two scenarios: photonic multiqubit states sequentially generated at the cavity output of a single-photon source and atomic multiqubit states generated by their sequential interaction with the same cavity mode.
Schoen, C. [Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ (United Kingdom); Hammerer, K. [Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria); Wolf, M. M.; Cirac, J. I. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching (Germany); Solano, E. [Physics Department, ASC, and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 Munich (Germany); Seccion Fisica, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Apartado Postal 1761, Lima (Peru)
Absorption Cooling Optimizes Thermal Design for Cogeneration
Contrary to popular concept, in most cases, thermal energy is the real VALUE in cogeneration and not the electricity. The proper consideration of the thermal demands is equal to or more important than the electrical demands. High efficiency two-stage absorption chillers of the type used at Rice University Cogen Plant offer the most attractive utilization of recoverable thermal energy. With a coefficient of performance (COP) up to 1.25, the two-stage, parallel flow absorption chiller can offer over fifty (50) percent more useful thermal energy from the same waste heat source--gas turbine exhaust, I.C. engine exhaust and jacketwater, incinerator exhaust, or steam turbine extraction.
Hufford, P. E.
Laser isotope separation by multiple photon absorption
Multiple photon absorption from an intense beam of infrared laser light may be used to induce selective chemical reactions in molecular species which result in isotope separation or enrichment. The molecular species must have a sufficient density of vibrational states in its vibrational manifold that, in the presence of sufficiently intense infrared laser light tuned to selectively excite only those molecules containing a particular isotope, multiple photon absorption can occur. By this technique, for example, intense CO.sub.2 laser light may be used to highly enrich .sup.34 S in natural SF.sub.6 and .sup.11 B in natural BCl.sub.3.
Robinson, C. Paul (Los Alamos, NM); Rockwood, Stephen D. (Los Alamos, NM); Jensen, Reed J. (Los Alamos, NM); Lyman, John L. (Los Alamos, NM); Aldridge, III, Jack P. (Los Alamos, NM)
Laser isotope separation by multiple photon absorption
Multiple photon absorption from an intense beam of infrared laser light may be used to induce selective chemical reactions in molecular species which result in isotope separation or enrichment. The molecular species must have a sufficient density of vibrational states in its vibrational manifold that, is the presence of sufficiently intense infrared laser light tuned to selectively excite only those molecules containing a particular isotope, multiple photon absorption can occur. By this technique, for example, intense CO.sub.2 laser light may be used to highly enrich .sup.34 S in natural SF.sub.6 and .sup.11 B in natural BCl.sub.3.
Robinson, C. Paul (Los Alamos, NM); Rockwood, Stephen D. (Los Alamos, NM); Jensen, Reed J. (Los Alamos, NM); Lyman, John L. (Los Alamos, NM); Aldridge, III, Jack P. (Los Alamos, NM)
An improved magnetocumulative generator is described that is useful for producing magnetic fields of very high energy content over large spatial volumes. The polar directed pleated magnetocumulative generator has a housing (100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105) providing a housing chamber (106) with an electrically conducting surface. The chamber (106) forms a coaxial system having a small radius portion and a large radius portion. When a magnetic field is injected into the chamber (106), from an external source, most of the magnetic flux associated therewith positions itself in the small radius portion. The propagation of an explosive detonation through high-explosive layers (107, 108) disposed adjacent to the housing causes a phased closure of the chamber (106) which sweeps most of the magnetic flux into the large radius portion of the coaxial system. The energy content of the magnetic field is greatly increased by flux stretching as well as by flux compression. The energy enhanced magnetic field is utilized within the housing chamber itself.
Pettibone, Joseph S. (Livermore, CA); Wheeler, Paul C. (Livermore, CA)
Cooling flows, central galaxy--cluster alignments, X-ray absorption and dust
We present the analysis of pointed ROSAT PSPC observations of five of the most luminous, intermediate redshift ($0.1 cooling flows. The alignment between CCGs and their host clusters has been investigated. For those clusters with cooling flows, the position angles of the X-ray emission from the clusters and the optical emission from the CCGs agrees within 5 degrees. For the one probable non-cooling flow cluster in the sample, Abell 2208, the alignment is significantly poorer. We examine the evidence for intrinsic X-ray absorption in the clusters. The X-ray spectra for Abell 1068 and Abell 1664 show that the cooling flows in these clusters are intrinsically absorbed by equivalent hydrogen column densities $\\geq 10^{21} atom cm$^{-2}$. The optical spectra of the CCGs in these clusters exhibit substantial intrinsic reddening, at levels consistent with the X-ray absorption results if standard dust to gas ratios are assumed.
S. W. Allen; A. C. Fabian; A. C. Edge; H. Bohringer; D. A. White
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Spectroscopy of Transition Metal-Magnesium Spectroscopy of Transition Metal-Magnesium Hydride Thin Films T. J. Richardson a, *, B. Farangis a , J. L. Slack a , P. Nachimuthu b , R. Pereira b , N. Tamura b , and M. Rubin a a Environmental Energy Technologies Division, b Advanced Light Source, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720, USA *Corresponding author, E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract Mixed metal thin films containing magnesium and a first-row transition element exhibit very large changes in both reflectance and transmittance on exposure to hydrogen gas. Changes in electronic structure and coordination of the magnesium and transition metal atoms during hydrogen absorption were studied using dynamic in situ transmission mode X-ray absorption
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We have calculated the electronic structure and the x-ray absorption (XA) spectrum of a hydrogenated single graphite plane, in order to simulate recent experimental results on hydrogenated single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) as well as hydrogenated graphene. We find that the presence of H induces a substantial component of sp{sup 3} bonding and as a result the {pi} and {pi}* components to the electronic structure vanish. We have calculated a theoretical x-ray absorption spectrum using a multiband version of the Mahan-Nozieres-De Dominicis theory. By making a fitting of the XA signal of C atoms that have H attached to them and C atoms without H in the vicinity we obtain a good representation of the experimental data and we can draw the conclusion that in the experiments [A. Nikitin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 225507 (2005)] some 35-50 % H have been absorbed in the SWCNT.
Wessely, O.; /Uppsala U. /Imperial Coll., London; Katsnelson, M.I.; /Nijmegen U.; Nilsson, A.; /SLAC, SSRL /Stockholm U.; Nikitin, A.; Ogasawara, H.; /SLAC, SSRL; Odelius, M.; /Stockholm U.; Sanyal, B.; Eriksson, O.; /Uppsala U.
Questions and Answers - Does an atom smasher really smash atoms?
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is an accelerator? is an accelerator? Previous Question (What is an accelerator?) Questions and Answers Main Index Next Question (Where and how do you get your electrons for your accelerator?) Where and how do you get yourelectrons for your accelerator? Does an atom smasher really smash atoms? Well, yes, they do, but we now prefer to call them by their less aggression-centered name, "particle harmony disrupters." Of course some atom smashers do much more smashing than others. We use electrons in our accelerator to study the nucleus of an atom. Remember that electrons are negative, as are the electrons surrounding the target. Since like charged particles repel each other, our particles have to have enough energy to blast through that electron cloud to get to the nucleus. The electrons then
A paradox about an atom and a photon
In this article we propose a new relativistic paradox concerning the absorption of a photon by a hydrogen atom. We show that the actual cause of the paradox is one of the hypotheses of Bohr model; therefore, in order to solve the paradox, we have to move away from Bohr model. Our analysis is carried out only in the special relativistic framework, so we are not interested in giving a full quantum mechanical treatment of the problem. We derive some expressions for emission and absorption of photons by atoms, which are in perfect agreement with special relativity, although comparable to the classical Bohr formula with an excellent degree of approximation. Quite interestingly, these expressions are no more invariant under a global shift of energy levels, showing a breaking of classical "gauge invariance" of energy. We stress that, to the best of our knowledge, the present approach has never been considered in literature. At the end we will be able to solve the proposed paradox.
Carlo Maria Scandolo
Survey of absorption cooling technology in solar applications
A comprehensive survey of the current state of the absorption cooling technology has been conducted. This survey discusses the basic and applied absorption cooling/heating technology, analyses the current state of the art including the discussion of limitations and possible solutions, identifies areas where promising developments are indicated, lists the current products and activities of the absorption industry, and presents the current RD and D efforts of the U.S. government. The main subjects covered in the survey are as follows: Principles of absorption cooling technology (NH/sub 3/-H/sub 2/O cycle and H/sub 2/O-LiBr Cycle), Adaptation of absorption cooling technology for solar cooling applications, Thermal performance of absorption cooling units, Comparison of NH/sub 3/-H/sub 2/O absorption with H/sub 2/O-LiBr absorption, Commercially available solar absorption units, General trends of the absorption cooling industry toward solar application, Absorption cooling system performance in actual installations, Limitations of absorption cooling technology, Solar-powered absorption heat pumps, and U.S. ERDA activities relating to solar absorption cooling. The treatment of the subjects is intended to be basic and comprehensive in order that the general readers may understand the current aspects of absorption technology in solar cooling applications. 36 references.
Auh, P C
A New Absorption Cycle: The Single-Effect Regenerative Absoprtion Refrigeration Cycle
REGENERATIVE ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION CYCLE ABSTRACT A new absorption cycle , using heat as the energy
Dao, K.
Heat and mass transfer in a falling film absorber of ammonia-water absorption systems
For ammonia-water generator-absorber heat exchanger (GAX) systems to work at high coefficient of performance, the heat and mass transfer components have to operate at optimum performance within a narrow range of conditions for the recovery of internal energy. In the present work, an analysis is performed to study the absorption process of an ammonia-water vapor mixture by an aqueous solution of ammonia in a falling film absorber. The combined heat and mass transfer processes involved are analyzed through an integral formulation of the continuity, momentum, energy, and diffusion equations. The effects of vapor flow direction relative to the solution, cooling ability, ammonia concentration of solution and vapor, and interfacial momentum and heat transfer rate on absorption processes are investigated. The characteristics of the absorption process are found to be governed by the relative significance of the mass transfer resistance and the driving forces between the solution film and the vapor mixture.
Kim, B. [Hongik Univ., Seoul (Korea, Republic of). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Theoretical Atomic Physics code development II: ACE: Another collisional excitation code
A new computer code for calculating collisional excitation data (collision strengths or cross sections) using a variety of models is described. The code uses data generated by the Cowan Atomic Structure code or CATS for the atomic structure. Collisional data are placed on a random access file and can be displayed in a variety of formats using the Theoretical Atomic Physics Code or TAPS. All of these codes are part of the Theoretical Atomic Physics code development effort at Los Alamos. 15 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Clark, R.E.H.; Abdallah, J. Jr.; Csanak, G.; Mann, J.B.; Cowan, R.D.
Manipulation of Non-classical Atomic Spin States
We report successful manipulation of non-classical atomic spin states. We generate squeezed spin states by a spin quantum nondemolition measurement, and apply an off-resonant circularly-polarized light pulse to the atoms. By changing the pulse duration, we have clearly observed a rotation of anisotropic quantum noise distribution in good contrast with the case of manipulation of a coherent spin state where the quantum noise distribution is always isotropic. This is an important step for quantum state tomography, quantum swapping, and precision spectroscopic measurement.
Tetsushi Takano; Shin-Ichi-Ro Tanaka; Ryo Namiki; Yoshiro Takahashi
Optimum hot water temperature for absorption solar cooling
The hot water temperature that maximizes the overall instantaneous efficiency of a solar cooling facility is determined. A modified characteristic equation model is used and applied to single-effect lithium bromide-water absorption chillers. This model is based on the characteristic temperature difference and serves to empirically calculate the performance of real chillers. This paper provides an explicit equation for the optimum temperature of vapor generation, in terms of only the external temperatures of the chiller. The additional data required are the four performance parameters of the chiller and essentially a modified stagnation temperature from the detailed model of the thermal collector operation. This paper presents and discusses the results for small capacity machines for air conditioning of homes and small buildings. The discussion highlights the influence of the relevant parameters. (author)
Lecuona, A.; Ventas, R.; Venegas, M.; Salgado, R. [Dpto. Ingenieria Termica y de Fluidos, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganes, Madrid (Spain); Zacarias, A. [ESIME UPA, IPN, Av. de las Granjas 682, Col. Santa Catarina, 02550, D.F. Mexico (Mexico)
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Another internet tool by: Another internet tool by: Build Your Own Page 1 of 5 Teach...build...learn...renewable energy! Biogas Generator A Renewable Energy Project Kit The Pembina Institute What Is Biogas? Biogas is actually a mixture of gases, usually carbon dioxide and methane. It is produced by a few kinds of microorganisms, usually when air or oxygen is absent. (The absence of oxygen is called "anaerobic conditions.") Animals that eat a lot of plant material, particularly grazing animals such as cattle, produce large amounts of biogas. The biogas is produced not by the cow or elephant, but by billions of microor- ganisms living in its digestive system. Biogas also develops in bogs and at the bottom of lakes, where decaying organic matter builds up under wet and
Local structure of indium oxynitride from x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Synchrotron x-ray absorption near edge structures (XANES) measurements of In L{sub 3} edge is used in conjunction with first principles calculations to characterize rf magnetron sputtered indium oxynitride at different O contents. Good agreement between the measured and the independently calculated spectra are obtained. Calculations show that the XANES spectra of this alloy are sensitive to the coordination numbers of the In atoms, i.e., fourfold for indium nitride-like structures and sixfold for indium oxide-like structures, but not to the substitution of nearest neighbor N by O or vice versa.
T-Thienprasert, J.; Onkaw, D.; Rujirawat, S.; Limpijumnong, S. [School of Physics, Suranaree University of Technology and National Synchrotron Research Center, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 (Thailand); Nukeaw, J.; Sungthong, A. [Nanotechnology Research Center of KMITL and Department of Applied Physics, King Mongkut' s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520 (Thailand); Porntheeraphat, S. [Thai Microelectronics Center, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Pathumthani 12120 (Thailand); Singkarat, S. [Fast Neutron Research Facility, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 (Thailand)
Absorption of solar radiation by solar neutrinos
We calculate the absorption probability of photons radiated from the surface of the Sun by a left-handed neutrino with definite mass and a typical momentum for which we choose |p_1|=0.2 MeV, producing a heavier right-handed antineutrino. Considering two transitions the \
G. Duplancic; P. Minkowski; J. Trampetic
#12;ABSORPTION HEAT PUMP IN THE DISTRICT HEATING PLANT Dr.sc.ing. Agnese Lickrastina M.Sc. Normunds European Heat Pump Summit 2013, Nuremberg, 15-16.10.2013 · Riga District Heating company · Operation #12;JSC RGAS SILTUMS · the biggest District Heating company in Latvia and in the Baltic states
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Corrosion inhibitor for aqueous ammonia absorption system
A method of inhibiting corrosion and the formation of hydrogen and thus improving absorption in an ammonia/water absorption refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump system by maintaining the hydroxyl ion concentration of the aqueous ammonia working fluid within a selected range under anaerobic conditions at temperatures up to 425.degree. F. This hydroxyl ion concentration is maintained by introducing to the aqueous ammonia working fluid an inhibitor in an amount effective to produce a hydroxyl ion concentration corresponding to a normality of the inhibitor relative to the water content ranging from about 0.015 N to about 0.2 N at 25.degree. C. Also, working fluids for inhibiting the corrosion of carbon steel and resulting hydrogen formation and improving absorption in an ammonia/water absorption system under anaerobic conditions at up to 425.degree. F. The working fluids may be aqueous solutions of ammonia and a strong base or aqueous solutions of ammonia, a strong base, and a specified buffer.
Phillips, Benjamin A. (Benton Harbor, MI); Whitlow, Eugene P. (St. Joseph, MI)
Corrosion inhibitor for aqueous ammonia absorption system
A method is described for inhibiting corrosion and the formation of hydrogen and thus improving absorption in an ammonia/water absorption refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump system by maintaining the hydroxyl ion concentration of the aqueous ammonia working fluid within a selected range under anaerobic conditions at temperatures up to 425 F. This hydroxyl ion concentration is maintained by introducing to the aqueous ammonia working fluid an inhibitor in an amount effective to produce a hydroxyl ion concentration corresponding to a normality of the inhibitor relative to the water content ranging from about 0.015 N to about 0.2 N at 25 C. Also, working fluids for inhibiting the corrosion of carbon steel and resulting hydrogen formation and improving absorption in an ammonia/water absorption system under anaerobic conditions at up to 425 F. The working fluids may be aqueous solutions of ammonia and a strong base or aqueous solutions of ammonia, a strong base, and a specified buffer. 5 figs.
Phillips, B.A.; Whitlow, E.P.
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
producing uranium for the Mo"hz,t,a, Projec, can best be qwtcd Irom the Smyth official report - Atomic Energy - . ' .: CCL, + NaCl - ."-l Figure 6. apparatus used in electrcdytic...
u. S. Atomic Energy Commission
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
October 31, 1949 Manager of Operations u. S. Atomic Energy Commission R. 0. Box 30, Ansonia Station New York ES, N. Y. MATERIALS 5+k& hJf Reference: SK:BL Attention: Mr. R. J....
Atomic Physics Division 1999 - Future Directions
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... lying Rydberg states constitute a "frozen" Rydberg gas. ... of atom interactions in cold atomic gases and Bose ... or optical fields and tight confinement of ...
Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics with Ultracold Atoms.
??Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Wechselwirkung ultrakalter Atome mit der Mode eines optischen Resonators hoher Gu?te. Die Atome sind dabei in einem periodischen� (more)
Habibian, Hessam
Exotic atoms and leptonic conservations
The major 1989 efforts have been on two aspects of experiments at TRIUMF. One effort was production of muonic hydrogen and muonic deuterium into a vacuum. We study rates relevant to muonic catalyzed fusion, and if there are found an adequate number of muons in the 2s state then we plan to measure precision energies. The second effort was to develop plans for kaonic atoms at the kaon factory. We also completed analyses from the experiments with pionic atoms at LAMPF.
Kunselman, R.
Generator-Absorber heat exchange transfer apparatus and method using an intermediate liquor
Numerous embodiments and related methods for generator-absorber heat exchange (GAX) are disclosed, particularly for absorption heat pump systems. Such embodiments and related methods use the working solution of the absorption system for the heat transfer medium where the working solution has an intermediate liquor concentration.
Phillips, Benjamin A. (Benton Harbor, MI); Zawacki, Thomas S. (St. Joseph, MI)
Manipulating mesoscopic multipartite entanglement with atom-light interfaces
Entanglement between two macroscopic atomic ensembles induced by measurement on an ancillary light system has proven to be a powerful method for engineering quantum memories and quantum state transfer. Here we investigate the feasibility of such methods for generation, manipulation and detection of genuine multipartite entanglement between mesoscopic atomic ensembles. Our results extend in a non trivial way the EPR entanglement between two macroscopic gas samples reported experimentally in [B. Julsgaard, A. Kozhekin, and E. Polzik, Nature {\\bf 413}, 400 (2001)]. We find that under realistic conditions, a second orthogonal light pulse interacting with the atomic samples, can modify and even reverse the entangling action of the first one leaving the samples in a separable state.
Stasi?ska, Julia; Paganelli, Simone; Birkl, Gerhard; Sanpera, Anna
Manipulating mesoscopic multipartite entanglement with atom-light interfaces
Entanglement between two macroscopic atomic ensembles induced by measurement on an ancillary light system has proven to be a powerful method for engineering quantum memories and quantum state transfer. Here we investigate the feasibility of such methods for generation, manipulation and detection of genuine multipartite entanglement between mesoscopic atomic ensembles. Our results extend in a non trivial way the EPR entanglement between two macroscopic gas samples reported experimentally in [B. Julsgaard, A. Kozhekin, and E. Polzik, Nature {\\bf 413}, 400 (2001)]. We find that under realistic conditions, a second orthogonal light pulse interacting with the atomic samples, can modify and even reverse the entangling action of the first one leaving the samples in a separable state.
Julia Stasi?ska; Carles Rod�; Simone Paganelli; Gerhard Birkl; Anna Sanpera
The development of several novel oil burner applications based on low pressure air atomization is described. The atomizer used is a prefilming, airblast nozzle of the type commonly used in gas turbine combustion. The air pressure used can be as low as 1,300 Pa and such pressure can be easily achieved with a fan. Advantages over conventional, pressure-atomized nozzles include ability to operate at low input rates without very small passages and much lower fuel pressure requirements. The development of three specific applications is presented. The first two are domestic heating burners covering a capacity range 10 to 26 kW. The third application presented involves the use of this burner in an oil-fired thermophotovoltaic power generator system. Here the design firing rate is 2.9 kW and the system produces 500 watts of electric power.
DOE - Office of Legacy Management -- Shippingport Atomic Power Plant - PA
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
Shippingport Atomic Power Plant - Shippingport Atomic Power Plant - PA 13 FUSRAP Considered Sites Site: SHIPPINGPORT ATOMIC POWER PLANT (PA.13 ) Eliminated from further consideration under FUSRAP. Designated Name: Not Designated Alternate Name: Duquesne Light Company PA.13-1 Location: 25 miles west of Pittsburgh in Beaver County , Shippingport , Pennsylvania PA.13-2 Evaluation Year: circa 1987 PA.13-3 Site Operations: First commercially operated nuclear power reactor. Joint project (Federal Government an Duquesne Light Company) to demonstrate pressurized water reactor technology and to generate electricity. Plant operated by Duquesne Light Company under supervision of the Office of the DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Naval Reactors -- 1957 to October 1982. PA.13-2 Site Disposition: Eliminated - No Authority. DOE chartered Major Project #118, Shippingport Station Decommissioning Project completed cleanup in 1989. PA.13-1
ROSAT Evidence for Intrinsic Oxygen Absorption in Cooling Flow Galaxies and Groups
Using spatially resolved, deprojected ROSAT PSPC spectra of 10 of the brightest cooling flow galaxies and groups with low Galactic column densities we have detected intrinsic absorption over energies ~0.4-0.8 keV in half of the sample. Since no intrinsic absorption is indicated for energies below ~0.4 keV, the most reasonable model for the absorber is collisionally ionized gas at temperatures T=10^{5-6} K with most of the absorption arising from ionized states of oxygen but with a significant contribution from carbon and nitrogen. The soft X-ray emission of this warm gas can explain the sub-Galactic column densities of cold gas inferred within the central regions of most of the systems. Attributing the absorption to ionized gas reconciles the large columns of cold H and He inferred from EINSTEIN and ASCA with the lack of such columns inferred from ROSAT. Within the central ~10-20 kpc, where the constraints are most secure, the estimated mass of the ionized absorber is consistent with most (perhaps all) of the matter deposited by a cooling flow over the lifetime of the flow. Since the warm absorber produces no significant H or He absorption the large absorber masses are consistent with the negligible atomic and molecular H inferred from HI and CO observations of cooling flows. It is also found that if T > ~2x10^5 K then the optical and UV emission implied by the warm gas does not violate published constraints. Finally, we discuss how the prediction of warm ionized gas as the product of mass drop-out in these and other cooling flows can be verified with new CHANDRA and XMM observations. (Abridged)
David A. Buote
The HERMES Polarized Atomic Beam Source
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The atomic beam source (ABS) provides nuclear polarized hydrogen or deuterium atoms for the HERMES target at flow rates of about 6.5 ? 1016H?/s (hydrogen in two hyperfine substates) and 6.0 ? 1016D?/s (deuterium in three hyperfine substates). The degree of dissociation of 93% for H (95% for D) at the entrance of the storage cell and the nuclear polarization of around 0.97 (H) and 0.92 (D) have been found to be constant within a a couple of percent over the whole running period of the HERMES experiment. A new dissociator (MWD) based on a microwave discharge at 2.45 GHz has been developed and installed into the HERMES?ABS in 2000. Since the velocity distribution of the MWD differs from that of the RFD the intensity could be increased further with a modified sextupole magnet system. For this purpose the way for a new start generator for sextupole tracking calculations was opened. Monte?Carlo simulations were successfully used to describe the gas expansion between nozzle
A. Nass; HERMES target group
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... gov SCHROEDINGER'S CAT IN AN ATOMIC CAGE. They ... conditions. Schroedinger cat states are extremely fragile. Any ...
NIST: Atomic Spectros. - Spectral Continuum Radiation
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Atomic Spectroscopy: home page. 21. Spectral Continuum Radiation. Hydrogenic Species. Precise quantum-mechanical ...
Observation of relativistic antihydrogen atoms
An observation of relativistic antihydrogen atoms is reported in this dissertation. Experiment 862 at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory observed antihydrogen atoms produced by the interaction of a circulating beam of high momentum (3 < p < 9 GeV/c) antiprotons and a jet of molecular hydrogen gas. Since the neutral antihydrogen does not bend in the antiproton source magnets, the detectors could be located far from the interaction point on a beamline tangent to the storage ring. The detection of the antihydrogen is accomplished by ionizing the atoms far from the interaction point. The positron is deflected by a magnetic spectrometer and detected, as are the back to back photons resulting from its annihilation. The antiproton travels a distance long enough for its momentum and time of flight to be measured accurately. A statistically significant sample of 101 antihydrogen atoms has been observed. A measurement of the cross section for {bar H}{sup 0} production is outlined within. The cross section corresponds to the process where a high momentum antiproton causes e{sup +} e{sup -} pair creation near a nucleus with the e{sup +} being captured by the antiproton. Antihydrogen is the first atom made exclusively of antimatter to be detected. The observation experiment's results are the first step towards an antihydrogen spectroscopy experiment which would measure the n = 2 Lamb shift and fine structure.
Blanford, Glenn DelFosse
Overview-absorption/Rankine solar cooling program
The tasks being performed in the absorption and Rankine program areas run the gamut from basic work on fluids to development of chillers and chiller components, to field and reliability testing of complete cooling systems. In the absorption program, there are six current and five essentially completed projects. In the Rankine program, there are five current projects directly supported by DOE, and three projects funded through and managed by NASA/MSFC (Manned Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama). The basic features of these projects are discussed. The systems under development in five of these current projects have been selected for field testing in the new SOLERAS program, a joint US-Saudi Arabian enterprise. Some technical highlights of the program are presented.
Wahlig, M.; Heitz, A.; Boyce, B.
This paper describes the dynamic modeling of a solar absorption cooling plant that will be built for both research and demonstration purposes by the end of 2007. The synchronizing of cooling loads with solar radiation intensity is an important advantage when utilizing solar energy in air conditioning in buildings. The first part of this work deals with the dynamic modeling of an evacuated tube collector. A field of these collectors feed a single-effect absorption chiller of 35 kW nominal cooling capacity. The simulation model has been done in a modular way under TRNSYS16. In a second part, simulation and optimization of the system has been investigated in order to determine the effect of several parameters (collector area, tank volume...) on chiller performance.
J. P. Praene; D. Morau; F. Lucas; F. Garde; H. Boyer; J. P. Praene
Integrated vacuum absorption steam cycle gas separation
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Methods and systems for separating a targeted gas from a gas stream emitted from a power plant. The gas stream is brought into contact with an absorption solution to preferentially absorb the targeted gas to be separated from the gas stream so that an absorbed gas is present within the absorption solution. This provides a gas-rich solution, which is introduced into a stripper. Low pressure exhaust steam from a low pressure steam turbine of the power plant is injected into the stripper with the gas-rich solution. The absorbed gas from the gas-rich solution is stripped in the stripper using the injected low pressure steam to provide a gas stream containing the targeted gas. The stripper is at or near vacuum. Water vapor in a gas stream from the stripper is condensed in a condenser operating at a pressure lower than the stripper to concentrate the targeted gas. Condensed water is separated from the concentrated targeted gas.
Chen, Shiaguo (Champaign, IL); Lu, Yonggi (Urbana, IL); Rostam-Abadi, Massoud (Champaign, IL)
Next Generation Light Source Workshops
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Next Generation Light Source Workshops Next Generation Light Source Workshops A series of workshops will be held in late August with the goal of refining the scientific drivers for the facility and translating the scientific needs into the technical performance requirements. Feedback from these workshops will provide important input for advancing the design of the facility. Workshops are planned in the following areas Fundamental Atomic, Molecular, Optical Physics & Combustion Dynamics Mon. Aug. 20 - Tues. Aug 21, 2012 Physical Chemistry, Catalysis, & Photosynthesis Thurs. Aug. 23 - Fri. Aug 24, 2012 Quantum Materials, Magnetism & Spin Dynamics Mon. Aug. 27 - Tues. Aug 28, 2012 Materials & Bio-imaging at the Nanoscale Thurs. Aug. 30 - Fri. Aug 31, 2012 Further information is available on the workshop website:
Ultrabroadband light absorption by a sawtooth anisotropic metamaterial slab
We present an ultrabroadband thin-film infrared absorber made of sawtoothed anisotropic metamaterial. Absorptivity of higher than 95% at normal incidence is supported in a wide range of frequencies, where the full absorption ...
Cui, Yanxia
Development of laser absorption sensors for combustion gases.
??In situ sensors based on laser absorption spectroscopy are developed to monitor key species in combustion exhaust gases. Direct absorption (DA) and wavelength-modulation-spectroscopy (WMS) strategies� (more)
Chao, Xing.
Solar Radiation Absorption due to Water Vapor: Advanced Broadband Parameterizations
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Accurate parameterizations for calculating solar radiation absorption in the atmospheric column due to water vapor lines and continuum are proposed for use in broadband shortwave radiative transfer codes. The error in the absorption values is ...
Tatiana A. Tarasova; Boris A. Fomin
Light-induced gauge fields for ultracold atoms
Gauge fields are central in our modern understanding of physics at all scales. At the highest energy scales known, the microscopic universe is governed by particles interacting with each other through the exchange of gauge bosons. At the largest length scales, our universe is ruled by gravity, whose gauge structure suggests the existence of a particle - the graviton - that mediates the gravitational force. At the mesoscopic scale, solid-state systems are subjected to gauge fields of different nature: materials can be immersed in external electromagnetic fields, but they can also feature emerging gauge fields in their low-energy description. In this review, we focus on another kind of gauge field: those engineered in systems of ultracold neutral atoms. In these setups, atoms are suitably coupled to laser fields that generate effective gauge potentials in their description. Neutral atoms "feeling" laser-induced gauge potentials can potentially mimic the behavior of an electron gas subjected to a magnetic field, but also, the interaction of elementary particles with non-Abelian gauge fields. Here, we review different realized and proposed techniques for creating gauge potentials - both Abelian and non-Abelian - in atomic systems and discuss their implication in the context of quantum simulation. While most of these setups concern the realization of background and classical gauge potentials, we conclude with more exotic proposals where these synthetic fields might be made dynamical, in view of simulating interacting gauge theories with cold atoms.
N. Goldman; G. Juzeliunas; P. Ohberg; I. B. Spielman
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Absorption features from K-shell aluminum z-pinch plasmas have recently been studied on Zebra, the 1.7 MA pulse power generator at the Nevada Terawatt Facility. In particular, tungsten plasma has been used as a semi-backlighter source in the generation of aluminum K-shell absorption spectra by placing a single Al wire at or near the end of a single planar W array. All spectroscopic experimental results were recorded using a time-integrated, spatially resolved convex potassium hydrogen phthalate (KAP) crystal spectrometer. Other diagnostics used to study these plasmas included x-ray detectors, optical imaging, laser shadowgraphy, and time-gated and time-integrated x-ray pinhole imagers. Through comparisons with previous publications, Al K-shell absorption lines are shown to be from much lower electron temperature ({approx}10-40 eV) plasmas than emission spectra ({approx}350-500 eV).
Osborne, G. C.; Kantsyrev, V. L.; Safronova, A. S.; Esaulov, A. A.; Weller, M. E.; Shrestha, I.; Shlyaptseva, V. V. [Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557 (United States); Ouart, N. D. [Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375 (United States)
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
TENDER ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTION TENDER ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (TES) Project Team: S. Bare 1,2 , J. Brandes 3 , T. Buonassisi 4 , J. Chen 5,2 , M. Croft 6 , E. DiMasi 7 , A. Frenkel 8,2 , D. Hesterberg 9 , S. Hulbert 7,2 , S. Khalid 7 , S. Myneni 10 , P. Northrup 7,11 , E.T. Rasbury 11 , B. Ravel 12 , R. Reeder 11 , J. Rodriguez 7,2 , D. Sparks 5,13 , V. Stojanoff 7 , G. Waychunas 14 1 UOP LLC, 2 Synchrotron Catalysis Consortium, 3 Skidaway Inst. of Oceanography, 4 MIT Laboratory for Photovoltaics Research, 5 Univ. of Delaware, 6 Rutgers Univ., 7 Brookhaven National Lab, 8 Yeshiva Univ., 9 North Carolina State Univ., 10 Princeton Univ., 11 Stony Brook Univ., 12 NIST, 13 Delaware Environmental Inst., 14 Lawrence Berkeley National Lab TECHNIQUES: High performance and in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and spatially-resolved XAS of
Distributed Generation with Heat Recovery and Storage
involved, supplemental absorption cooling allows downsizingwater heating and for absorption cooling) in a day SHPricedisplaced by absorption cooling. The same principle applies
Siddiqui, Afzal S.; Marnay, Chris; Firestone, Ryan M.; Zhou, Nan
Distributed Generation with Heat Recovery and Storage
involved, supplemental absorption cooling allows downsizingdisplaced by absorption cooling. The same principle appliesof storage and absorption cooling in case of the cooling
Siddiqui, Afzal; Marnay, Chris; Firestone, Ryan M.; Zhou, Nan
Distributed Generation with Heat Recovery and Storage
fired natural gas absorption chiller (kW) Turnkey cost offired natural gas absorption chiller (US$) Annualized costfired natural gas absorption chiller (US$), where DCCap
Siddiqui, Afzal S.; Marnay, Chris; Firestone, Ryan M.; Zhou, Nan
Cancer in atomic bomb survivors
Radiation carcinogenesis was first noted in studies of individuals with occupational or therapeutic exposure to radiation. Data from long-term follow-up studies of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki have greatly enhanced our knowledge of radiation carcinogenesis. This book presents current results obtained from epidemiological studies and pathological studies on cancer among atomic bomb survivors. It includes a description of the dosimetry system which is currently being revised. Although many of the details about radiation carcinogenesis remain unknown or uncertain, it is clear that the incidence of radiation-induced cancer among atomic bomb survivors continues unabated 40 years after exposure. Recent increases in occupational and environmental exposure to radiation together with the need for a thorough review of radiation protection standards have led to increased recognition of the importance of research on radiation carcinogenesis and risk assessment.
Shigematsu, I.; Kagan, A.
Hot atom chemistry and radiopharmaceuticals
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The chemical products made in a cyclotron target are a combined result of the chemical effects of the nuclear transformation that made the radioactive atom and the bulk radiolysis in the target. This review uses some well-known examples to understand how hot atom chemistry explains the primary products from a nuclear reaction and then how radiation chemistry is exploited to set up the optimal product for radiosynthesis. It also addresses the chemical effects of nuclear decay. There are important principles that are common to hot atom chemistry and radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Both emphasize short-lived radionuclides and manipulation of high specific activity nuclides. Furthermore, they both rely on radiochromatographic separation for identification of no-carrieradded products.
Krohn, Kenneth A.; Moerlein, Stephen M.; Link, Jeanne M.; Welch, Michael J. [University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 356004, Seattle, WA 98195-6004 (United States); Washington University, Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, 510 South Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110 (United States); University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 356004, Seattle, WA 98195-6004 (United States); Washington University, Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, 510 South Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110 (United States)
Degeneracy Breaking of Hydrogen Atom
The three dimensional rotation group, SO(3), is a symmetry group of the normal hydrogen atom. Each reducible representation of this group can be associated with a degenerate energy level. If this atom is placed in an external magnetic field, the interaction between the orbital magnetic moment with this field will lead to a symmetry breaking where the symmetry group of the atom is a new group distinct from the SO(3) group. This phenomenon describes the normal Zeeman effect, where a degenerate energy level splits into several new energy levels. It is explicitly shown that each of the new energy levels can be associated with an irreducible representation of the new symmetry group.
Agung Trisetyarso; Pantur Silaban
Supersonic coal water slurry fuel atomizer
A supersonic coal water slurry atomizer utilizing supersonic gas velocities to atomize coal water slurry is provided wherein atomization occurs externally of the atomizer. The atomizer has a central tube defining a coal water slurry passageway surrounded by an annular sleeve defining an annular passageway for gas. A converging/diverging section is provided for accelerating gas in the annular passageway to supersonic velocities. 3 figs.
Becker, F.E.; Smolensky, L.S.; Balsavich, J.
The Nature of Interstellar Gas toward the Pleiades Revealed in Absorption Lines
We present high-resolution, high signal to noise absorption-line observations of CN, Ca II, Ca I, CH^+, and CH along twenty lines of sight toward members of the Pleiades. The acquired data enable the most detailed study to date of the interaction between cluster stars and the surrounding interstellar gas. Total equivalent widths are consistent with previous investigations except where weaker features are detected owing to our greater sensitivity. Mean b-values for the molecular species indicate that toward most of the Pleiades CH is associated with the production of CH^+ rather than CN. An analysis of radial velocities reveals a kinematic distinction between ionized atomic gas and molecular and neutral gas. Molecular components are found with velocities in the local standard of rest of either ~ +7 km s^-1 or ~ +9.5 km s^-1, with the higher-velocity components associated with the strongest absorption. Atomic gas traced by Ca II shows a strong central component at v_LSR ~ +7 km s^-1 exhibiting velocity gradients indicative of cloud-cluster interactions. Gas density estimates derived from measured CH/CH^+ column density ratios show good agreement with those inferred from H_2 rotational populations, yielding typical values of n ~ 50 cm^-3. Our models do not include the important time-dependent effects on CH^+ formation which may ultimately be needed to extract physical conditions in these clouds.
A. M. Ritchey; M. Martinez; K. Pan; S. R. Federman; D. L. Lambert
The Nature of Interstellar Gas toward the Pleiades Revealed in Absorption Lines
We present high-resolution, high signal to noise absorption-line observations of CN, Ca II, Ca I, CH^+, and CH along twenty lines of sight toward members of the Pleiades. The acquired data enable the most detailed study to date of the interaction between cluster stars and the surrounding interstellar gas. Total equivalent widths are consistent with previous investigations except where weaker features are detected owing to our greater sensitivity. Mean b-values for the molecular species indicate that toward most of the Pleiades CH is associated with the production of CH^+ rather than CN. An analysis of radial velocities reveals a kinematic distinction between ionized atomic gas and molecular and neutral gas. Molecular components are found with velocities in the local standard of rest of either ~ +7 km s^-1 or ~ +9.5 km s^-1, with the higher-velocity components associated with the strongest absorption. Atomic gas traced by Ca II shows a strong central component at v_LSR ~ +7 km s^-1 exhibiting velocity gradient...
Ritchey, A M; Pan, K; Federman, S R; Lambert, D L
Split-flow regeneration in absorptive air separation
A chemical absorptive separation of air in multiple stage of absorption and desorption is performed with partial recycle of absorbent between stages of desorption necessary to match equilibrium conditions in the various stages of absorption. This allows reduced absorbent flow, reduced energy demand and reduced capital costs. 4 figs.
Weimer, R.F.
Gas Powered Air Conditioning Absorption vs. Engine-Drive
It used to be that the only alternative to costly electric air conditioning was the double-effect gas-fired absorption chiller/heaters. Beginning in the 1980's, they were the "star" equipment promoted by gas companies throughout the nation. Although not a new technology at the time, neither was the gas engine. But now in the 19901s, gas engine-drive (GED) chillers have "hit" the air conditioning market with a "bang". In the Lone Star Gas Company area in 1995, GED chillers are now being considered in as many projects as are Absorption. units. Where once the only studies being analyzed were absorption vs. electric chiller operation costs. Now, the choice is: Why, Where, and How to choose between gas fired Absorption and GED chillers. WHY Absorption or Engine ? . Absorption uses the most environmentally friendly refrigerant - water. . Absorption chillers are chiller/heaters Absorption chillers are manufactured by the four US major manufacturers Absorption chillers have few moving parts . Engine chillers provide "free" hot water Engine chillers retrofit with DX systems . Engine chillers use less gas per ton WHERE Do Absorption And Engine Chillers Belong? . Absorption: Office buildings, restaurants, industries, churches, universities . Engine: Hospitals, universities, hotels, apartments, industries HOW To Choose Between Absorption And Engine Chillers? Energy cost Operation and maintenance costs Equipment cost Environmental concerns Thermal requirements . Space requirements Staff experience
Phillips, J. N.
X-ray free electron lasers (xFEL) will open new avenues to the virtually unexplored territory of non-linear interactions of x rays with matter. Initially xFELs will be based on the principle of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE). Each SASE pulse consists of a number of coherent intensity spikes of random amplitude, i.e. the process is chaotic and pulses are irreproducible. The coherence time of SASE xFELs will be a few femtoseconds for a photon energy near 1 keV. The importance of coherence properties of light in non-linear optical processes was theoretically discovered in the early 1960s. In this contribution we will illustrate the impact of field chaoticity on x-ray non-linear optical processes on neon for photon energies around 1 keV and intensities up to 10{sup 18} W/cm{sup 2}. Resonant and non-resonant processes are discussed. The first process to be addressed is the formation of a double-core hole in neon by photoionization with x rays above 1.25 keV energy. In contrast to the long-wavelength regime, non-linear optical processes in the x-ray regime are characterized in general by sequential single-photon single-electron interactions. Despite this fact, the sequential absorption of multiple x-ray photons depends on the statistical properties of the radiation field. Treating the x rays generated by a SASE FEL as fully chaotic, a quantum-mechanical analysis of inner-shell two-photon absorption is performed. By solving a system of time-dependent rate equations, we demonstrate that double-core hole formation in neon via x-ray two-photon absorption is enhanced by chaotic photon statistics. At an intensity of 10{sup 16} W/cm{sup 2}, the statistical enhancement is about 30%, much smaller than typical values in the optical regime. The second part of this presentation discusses the resonant Auger effect of atomic neon at the 1s-3p transition (at 867.1 eV). For low X-ray intensity, the excitation process 1s {yields} 3p in Neon can be treated perturbatively. The core-hole excited 1s{sup -1} 3p state is embedded in the continuum and decays via Auger-process on the timescale of approximately 5 fs. Increasing the x-ray intensity above 1.5 x 10{sup 18} W/cm{sup 2}, a peak intensity accessible with xFEL sources in the near future, x-ray induced emission from 3p back to 1s becomes possible, i.e. Rabi oscillations between these two levels can be induced. For the numerical analysis of this process, an effective two-level model, including a description of the resonant Auger decay process, is employed. The observation of x-ray-driven atomic populations dynamics in the time domain is challenging for chaotic xFEL pulses. In addition to requiring single-shot measurements, sub-femtosecond temporal resolution would be needed. The Rabi oscillations will, however, be imprinted on the kinetic energy distribution of the resonant Auger electron (see Fig. 1). Measuring the resonant Auger-electron line profile will provide information on both atomic population dynamics and x-ray pulse properties.
Rohringer, N
Photoionization via autoionizing atomic levels combined with conventional mass spectroscopy provides a technique for quantitative analysis of trace quantities of chemical elements in the presence of much larger amounts of other elements with substantially the same atomic mass. Ytterbium samples smaller than 10 ng have been detected using an ArF* excimer laser which provides the atomic ions for a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Elemental selectivity of greater than 5:1 with respect to lutetium impurity has been obtained. Autoionization via a single photon process permits greater photon utilization efficiency because of its greater absorption cross section than bound-free transitions, while maintaining sufficient spectroscopic structure to allow significant photoionization selectivity between different atomic species. Separation of atomic species from others of substantially the same atomic mass is also described.
Miller, C.M.; Nogar, N.S.
Outflowing atomic and molecular gas at $z \\sim 0.67$ towards 1504+377
We report the detection of OH 1667 MHz and wide HI 21cm absorption at $z \\sim 0.67$ towards the red quasar 1504+377, with the Green Bank Telescope and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. The HI 21cm absorption extends over a velocity range of $\\sim 600$ km/s blueward of the quasar redshift ($z=0.674$), with the new OH 1667 MHz absorption component at $\\sim -430$ \\kms, nearly coincident with earlier detections of mm-wave absorption at $z \\sim 0.6715$. The atomic and molecular absorption appear to arise from a fast gas outflow from the quasar, with a mass outflow rate ${\\dot M} \\sim 12 M_\\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and a molecular hydrogen fraction $f_{\\rm H_2} \\equiv (N_{\\rm H_2}/N_{\\rm HI}) \\sim 0.2$. The radio structure of 1504+377 is consistent with the outflow arising due to a jet-cloud interaction, followed by rapid cooling of the cloud material. The observed ratio of HCO$^+$ to OH column densities is $\\sim 20$ times higher than typical values in Galactic and high-$z$ absorbers. This could arise due to small-scale ...
Kanekar, Nissim
Outflowing atomic and molecular gas at $z \\sim 0.67$ towards 1504+377
We report the detection of OH 1667 MHz and wide HI 21cm absorption at $z \\sim 0.67$ towards the red quasar 1504+377, with the Green Bank Telescope and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. The HI 21cm absorption extends over a velocity range of $\\sim 600$ km/s blueward of the quasar redshift ($z=0.674$), with the new OH 1667 MHz absorption component at $\\sim -430$ \\kms, nearly coincident with earlier detections of mm-wave absorption at $z \\sim 0.6715$. The atomic and molecular absorption appear to arise from a fast gas outflow from the quasar, with a mass outflow rate ${\\dot M} \\sim 12 M_\\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and a molecular hydrogen fraction $f_{\\rm H_2} \\equiv (N_{\\rm H_2}/N_{\\rm HI}) \\sim 0.2$. The radio structure of 1504+377 is consistent with the outflow arising due to a jet-cloud interaction, followed by rapid cooling of the cloud material. The observed ratio of HCO$^+$ to OH column densities is $\\sim 20$ times higher than typical values in Galactic and high-$z$ absorbers. This could arise due to small-scale structure in the outflowing gas on sub-parsec scales, which would also explain the observed variability in the HI 21cm line.
Nissim Kanekar; Jayaram N. Chengalur
Atomic physics and non-equilibrium plasmas
Three lectures comprise the report. The lecture, Atomic Structure, is primarily theoretical and covers four topics: (1) Non-relativistic one-electron atom, (2) Relativistic one-electron atom, (3) Non-relativistic many-electron atom, and (4) Relativistic many-electron atom. The lecture, Radiative and Collisional Transitions, considers the problem of transitions between atomic states caused by interactions with radiation or other particles. The lecture, Ionization Balance: Spectral Line Shapes, discusses collisional and radiative transitions when ionization and recombination processes are included. 24 figs., 11 tabs.
Weisheit, J.C.
Magneto-Optical Cooling of Atoms
We propose an alternative method to laser cooling. Our approach utilizes the extreme brightness of a supersonic atomic beam, and the adiabatic atomic coilgun to slow atoms in the beam or to bring them to rest. We show how internal-state optical pumping and stimulated optical transitions, combined with magnetic forces can be used to cool the translational motion of atoms. This approach does not rely on momentum transfer from photons to atoms, as in laser cooling. We predict that our method can surpass laser cooling in terms of flux of ultra-cold atoms and phase-space density, with lower required laser power and reduced complexity.
Raizen, Mark G; Rochester, Simon; Narevicius, Julia; Narevicius, Edvardas
Distributed Bragg Reflectors With Reduced Optical Absorption
A new class of distributed Bragg reflectors has been developed. These distributed Bragg reflectors comprise interlayers positioned between sets of high-index and low-index quarter-wave plates. The presence of these interlayers is to reduce photon absorption resulting from spatially indirect photon-assisted electronic transitions between the high-index and low-index quarter wave plates. The distributed Bragg reflectors have applications for use in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for use at 1.55 .mu.m and at other wavelengths of interest.
Klem, John F. (Albuquerque, NM)
Harmonic generation at high intensities
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Atomic electrons subject to intense laser fields can absorb many photons, leading either to multiphoton ionization or the emission of a single, energetic photon which can be a high multiple of the laser frequency. The latter process, high-order harmonic generation, has been observed experimentally using a range of laser wavelengths and intensities over the past several years. Harmonic generation spectra have a generic form: a steep decline for the low order harmonics, followed by a plateau extending to high harmonic order, and finally an abrupt cutoff beyond which no harmonics are discernible. During the plateau the harmonic production is a very weak function of the process order. Harmonic generation is a promising source of coherent, tunable radiation in the XUV to soft X-ray range which could have a variety of scientific and possibly technological applications. Its conversion from an interesting multiphoton phenomenon to a useful laboratory radiation source requires a complete understanding of both its microscopic and macroscopic aspects. We present some recent results on the response of single atoms at intensities relevant to the short pulse experiments. The calculations employ time-dependent methods, which we briefly review in the next section. Following that we discuss the behavior of the harmonics as a function of laser intensity. Two features are notable: the slow scaling of the harmonic intensities with laser intensity, and the rapid variation in the phase of the individual harmonics with respect to harmonic order. We then give a simple empirical formula that predicts the extent of the plateau for a given ionization potential, wavelength and intensity.
Schafer, K.J.; Krause, J.L.; Kulander, K.C.
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Several studies have shown that substantial compositional changes can occur during the coarsening of bimetallic nanoparticles (CoPt, AuPd). To explain this phenomenon that could dramatically impacts all the technologically relevant properties of nanoalloys, we have exploited the sensitivity of the latest generation of electron microscope to prove that during the beam-induced coarsening of CoPt nanoparticles, the dynamic of atom exchanges between the particles is different for Co and Pt. By distinguishing the chemical nature of individual atoms of Co and Pt, while they are diffusing on a carbon film, we have clearly shown that Co atoms have a higher mobility than Pt atoms because of their higher evaporation rate from the particles. These atomic-scale observations bring the experimental evidence on the origin of the compositional changes in nanoalloys induced by Ostwald ripening mechanisms.
Alloyeau, D.; Nelayah, J.; Wang, G.; Ricolleau, C. [Laboratoire Materiaux et Phenomenes Quantiques, Universite Paris Diderot/CNRS, UMR 7162, Batiment Condorcet, 4 rue Elsa Morante, 75205 Paris Cedex 13 (France); Oikawa, T. [Laboratoire Materiaux et Phenomenes Quantiques, Universite Paris Diderot/CNRS, UMR 7162, Batiment Condorcet, 4 rue Elsa Morante, 75205 Paris Cedex 13 (France); JEOL Ltd, 1-2 Musashino 3-Chome, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558 (Japan)
Frequency Synthesis for Atomic Standards
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... A new generation of synthesizers includes digital control of the oscillators so that ... needed over a 25-year lifetime of normal aging; power from single ...
500�F Absorption Heat Pump Under Development
Economic industrial heat pumping to temperatures above 500�F (260�C) is promised in the near future. A new absorption fluid is the key. Tested under DOE sponsorship, the new fluid has proven to be thermally stable and noncorrosive to austenitic stainless steel up to 500�F, or mild steel up to 430�F. Heat transfer properties are comparable to those of the conventional LiBr-H20 system. Paired with water as the working fluid, laboratory tests have shown that useful temperature lifts of over 162�F (90�C) ?T can be achieved allowing 10�F heat exchangers. The fluid is nontoxic and noncombustible. Good economics for the system should stem from (1) high temperature capabilities for wider and more highly valued uses, (2) high internal temperature lifts for low heat exchanger surface areas, (3) predominantly carbon steel components, and (4) better COP in the heat amplifier mode than current absorption heat pumps. Recent laboratory results are presented including temperature applicability maps.
Davidson, W. F.; Erickson, D. C.
Absorptive Recycle of Distillation Waste Heat
When the heat source available to a distillation process is at a significantly higher temperature than the reboiler temperature, there is unused availability (ability to perform work) in the heat supplied to the reboiler. Similarly, if the reflux condenser operates above ambient temperature, the rejected heat also contains unused availability. By incorporating an absorption heat pump (AHP) into the distillation process, these sources of unused availability can be tapped so as to recycle (and hence, conserve) up to 50% of the required distillation energy. In contrast to compressor driven heat pumps, this savings is accomplished without need for a separate substantial input of mechanical power. A different AHP configuration is used depending on whether the excess availability is in the source heat or reject heat. In the excessive source temperature case, the higher temperature source heat is applied to the AHP, which then supplies the total reboiler requirement and recycles half the reject heat, with the remainder being rejected conventionally. In the excessive reject temperature case, all the reject heat is supplied to a reverse absorption heat pump (HAHP) which recycles half to reboiler temperature while reducing the remainder to ambient temperature.
Erickson, D. C.; Lutz, E. J., Jr.
Absorption isotherm data exists for a wide variety of hydrogen-metal systems. When working with high purity gases, appropriately sized equipment, and hydrides with equilibrium pressures above several hundred Pa, data collection is relatively straightforward. Special consideration must be given to experiments involving low equilibrium pressure hydrides, as even sub-ppm levels of gas impurities can generate partial pressures many times greater than the equilibrium pressures to be measured. Tritium absorption experiments are further complicated by the continuous generation of helium-3. The time required to transfer and absorb a known quantity of tritium onto a sample ultimately limits the minimum pressure range that can be studied using the standard technique. Equations are presented which show the pressure of helium-3 in a sample cell based on the amount of tritium to be absorbed, the sample cell volume and temperature, and the decay time of tritium. Sample calculations for zirconium show that at 300 C, the estimated helium-3 pressure in the cell will be equal to the hydrogen absorption pressure after only milliseconds of tritium decay. An alternate method is presented that permits the collection of equilibrium data at pressures orders of magnitude lower than possible using a direct approach.
Staack, G.; Klein, J.
Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms*
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... 1 m/s, any gas in equilibrium (other than spin-polarized atomic hydro- ... lattice-trapped atoms, a physical picture with the simplicity and power of the ...
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation process
A laser spectroscopy system is utilized in an atomic vapor laser isotope separation process. The system determines spectral components of an atomic vapor utilizing a laser heterodyne technique. 23 figs.
Wyeth, R.W.; Paisner, J.A.; Story, T.
Role of atomic collisions in fusion
Atomic physics issues have played a large role in controlled fusion research. A general discussion of the present role of atomic processes in both magnetic and inertial controlled fusion work is presented.
Post, D.E.
NIST Atomic Form Factors: Summary of uncertainties
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... element. This "H92 - 3/5CL" value is 1.09 e/atom for uranium or 0.002 e/atom for Z = 6 (ie, 40 % of the dipole correction). ...
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) is a general and powerful technique. A major present application to the enrichment of uranium for light-water power reactor fuel has been under development for over 10 years. In June 1985 the Department of Energy announced the selection of AVLIS as the technology to meet the nation's future need for the internationally competitive production of uranium separative work. The economic basis for this decision is considered, with an indicated of the constraints placed on the process figures of merit and the process laser system. We then trace an atom through a generic AVLIS separator and give examples of the physical steps encountered, the models used to describe the process physics, the fundamental parameters involved, and the role of diagnostic laser measurements.
Stern, R.C.; Paisner, J.A.
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
I(S.0 -01: I(S.0 -01: SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL LlCEWSE Pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, Part 70, "Special Nuclear Material Regulations," o. license is hereby issued authorizing the licensee to receive and possess the special nuclear material designated below; to use such special nuclear material for the purpose(s) and at the place(s) designated below; and to transfer such material to persons' authorized to receive it in accordance with the regulations in said Port. This license shall be deemed to contain the conditions specified in Section 70.32(a) of said regulations, and is subject to all applicable rules, regtdations, and orders of the Atomic Energy Commission now or hereafter in
DOE R&D Accomplishments (OSTI)
There is definitely a technical possibility that atomic power may gradually develop into one of the principal sources of useful power. If this expectation will prove correct, great advantages can be expected to come from the fact that the weight of the fuel is almost negligible. This feature may be particularly valuable for making power available to regions of difficult access and far from deposits of coal. It also may prove a great asset in mobile power units for example in a power plant for ship propulsion. On the negative side there are some technical limitations to be applicability of atomic power of which perhaps the most serious is the impossibility of constructing light power units; also there will be some peculiar difficulties in operating atomic plants, as for example the necessity of handling highly radioactive substances which will necessitate, at least for some considerable period, the use of specially skilled personnel for the operation. But the chief obstacle in the way of developing atomic power will be the difficulty of organizing a large scale industrial development in an internationally safe way. This presents actually problems much more difficult to solve than any of the technical developments that are necessary, It will require an unusual amount of statesmanship to balance properly the necessity of allaying the international suspicion that arises from withholding technical secrets against the obvious danger of dumping the details of the procedures for an extremely dangerous new method of warfare on a world that may not yet be prepared to renounce war. Furthermore, the proper balance should be found in the relatively short time that will elapse before the 'secrets' will naturally become open knowledge by rediscovery on part of the scientists and engineers of other countries.
Fermi, E.
NIST: Atomic Spectroscopy Group - Past News
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics of the American Physical Society (DAMOP) in ... and Determination of Relative Nuclear Charge Radius.". ...
NIST Atomic Physics Division 2000 - Technical Highlights
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Astrophysical Quantities," a handbook widely used ... and single-atom chemistry, where controlled ... understanding of fundamental processes occurring ...
Atomic Scale Deformation Mechanisms of Amorphous Polyethylene ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Atomic Scale Deformation Mechanisms of Amorphous Polyethylene under Tensile Loading � Atomistic Predictions of Age Hardening in Al-Cu Alloys.
NIST: Atomic Spectroscopy Group - John Curry
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... chemical equilibrium and deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium. I am also interested in the acquisition and compilation of basic atomic data. ...
Argonne Chemical Sciences & Engineering - Institute for Atom...
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Catalysis & Energy Conversion Electrochemical Energy Storage Nuclear & Environmental Processes National Security Institute for Atom-Efficient Chemical Transformations Center for...
Towards a high-precision atomic gyroscope
In this thesis, I report on the design and construction of the Rubidium Atomic Gyroscope Experiment (RAGE) at Draper Lab.
Van Camp, Mackenzie A. (Mackenzie Anne)
Observations of nearby galaxies have firmly established, over a broad range of galactic environments and metallicities, that star formation occurs exclusively in the molecular phase of the interstellar medium (ISM). Theoretical models show that this association results from the correlation between chemical phase, shielding, and temperature. Interstellar gas converts from atomic to molecular only in regions that are well shielded from interstellar ultraviolet (UV) photons, and since UV photons are also the dominant source of interstellar heating, only in these shielded regions does the gas become cold enough to be subject to Jeans instability. However, while the equilibrium temperature and chemical state of interstellar gas are well correlated, the timescale required to reach chemical equilibrium is much longer than that required to reach thermal equilibrium, and both timescales are metallicity-dependent. Here I show that the difference in timescales implies that, at metallicities below a few percent of the solar value, well shielded gas will reach low temperatures and proceed to star formation before the bulk of it is able to convert from atomic to molecular. As a result, at extremely low metallicities, star formation will occur in a cold atomic phase of the ISM rather than a molecular phase. I calculate the observable consequences of this result for star formation in low-metallicity galaxies, and I discuss how some current numerical models for H{sub 2}-regulated star formation may need to be modified.
Krumholz, Mark R., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 (United States)
Definition: Thermoelectric power generation | Open Energy Information
Thermoelectric power generation Thermoelectric power generation Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Thermoelectric power generation The conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy. Thermoelectric generation relies on a fuel source (e.g. fossil, nuclear, biomass, geothermal, or solar) to heat a fluid to drive a turbine[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice-versa. A thermoelectric device creates voltage when there is a different temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, it creates a temperature difference. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes charge carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold
Aerodynamic effects on fuel spray characteristics: Air-assist atomizer
Results are presented on the internal structure of a kerosene fuel spray, generated with an air-assist type nozzle. Effects of atomization air flow rate and combustion air swirl on droplet transport processes have been investigated. Spatially-resolved measurements have been obtained on mean droplet size, number density and velocity, at different combustion air swirl and atomization air flow rates. An ensemble light scattering technique, based on measurement of the polarization ratio, and laser velocimetry have been used for these measurements. The results indicate that as atomization air flow rate increases, the spray becomes confined to a narrower spray angle; in addition, mean droplet size decreases and number density increases significantly along the spray centerline. Larger droplets are found generally on the spray boundary, and smaller ones near the spray centerline. In all cases, there is a gradual increase in mean droplet size along the spray centerline with axial distance. Under burning conditions the flame plume becomes short and intense, with fewer droplets penetrating through the flame envelope. Combustion air swirl and atomization air have a significant effect on the transport of droplets and on combustion characteristics of spray flames. 20 refs., 9 figs.
Presser, C.; Semerjian, H.G.; Gupta, A.K.
Collisionally Induced Atomic Clock Shifts and Correlations
We develop a formalism to incorporate exchange symmetry considerations into the calculation of collisional frequency shifts and blackbody radiation effects for atomic clock transitions using a density matrix formalism. The formalism is developed for both fermionic and bosonic atomic clocks. Results for a finite temperature ${}^{87}$Sr ${}^1S_0$ ($F = 9/2$) atomic clock in a magic wavelength optical lattice are presented.
Y. B. Band; I. Osherov
Stability of a superconductive atom chip with persistent current
The lifetime of {sup 87}Rb atoms trapped in a z wire trap generated by a closed-circuit superconductive current on a MgB{sub 2} strip is measured as a function of the distance between the atom and the strip. The lifetime is found to be longer than 10 s at a distance of 40 {mu}m. This value is an order of magnitude longer than the lifetime of a trap generated by a normal current at the same distance. However, it is many orders of magnitude shorter than the theoretical decay rate induced by the spin-flip transition caused by the fluctuation of the current. This shows that for a type-II superconductor the dominant trap loss mechanism is not the spin-flip transition caused by noise as with a normal current atom trap. An analysis of our measurement suggests that magnetic field distortion resulting from flux penetration into the superconductor leads to much faster decay.
Hufnagel, Christoph; Mukai, Tetsuya [NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198 (Japan); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 (Japan); Shimizu, Fujio [NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198 (Japan); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 (Japan); Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 113-8585 (Japan)
General Atomics (GA) Fusion News: A New Spin on Understanding...
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General Atomics (GA) Fusion News: A New Spin on Understanding Plasma Confinement American Fusion News Category: General Atomics (GA) Link: General Atomics (GA) Fusion News: A New...
Pages that link to "Atomic City, Idaho" | Open Energy Information
Share this page on Facebook icon Twitter icon Pages that link to "Atomic City, Idaho" Atomic City, Idaho Jump to: navigation, search What links here Page: Atomic City,...
Single-atom and two-atom Ramsey interferometry with quantized fields
Implications of field quantization on Ramsey interferometry are discussed and general conditions for the occurrence of interference are obtained. Interferences do not occur if the fields in two Ramsey zones have a precise number of photons. However, in this case we show how an analog of Hanbury-Brown Twiss photon-photon correlation interferometry can be used to discern a variety of interference effects as the two independent Ramsey zones get entangled by the passage of the first atom. Interferences are restored by working with fields at a single-photon level. Generation of entangled states including states such as vertical bar 2,0>+e{sup i{theta}} vertical bar 0,2> is discussed.
Agarwal, G.S.; Pathak, P.K. [Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 (India); Scully, M.O. [Department of Physics, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (United States); Max-Planck Institut fuer Quantenoptik, Garching (Germany)
Next Generation Radioisotope Generators | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
» Next Generation Radioisotope Generators » Next Generation Radioisotope Generators Next Generation Radioisotope Generators Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) - The ASRG is currently being developed as a high-efficiency RPS technology to support future space missions on the Martian surface or in the vacuum of space. This system uses Stirling convertors, which have moving parts to mechanically convert heat to electricity. This power conversion system, if successfully deployed, will reduce the weight of each RPS and the amount of Pu-238 needed per mission. A HISTORY OF MISSION SUCCESSES For over fifty years, the Department of Energy has enabled space exploration on 27 missions by providing safe reliable radioistope power systems and radioisotope heater units for NASA, Navy and Air Force.
Generator-absorber-heat exchange heat transfer apparatus and method and use thereof in a heat pump
Numerous embodiments and related methods for generator-absorber heat exchange (GAX) are disclosed, particularly for absorption heat pump systems. Such embodiments and related methods use the working solution of the absorption system for the heat transfer medium. A combination of weak and rich liquor working solution is used as the heat transfer medium.
Phillips, Benjamin A. (Benton Harbor, MI); Zawacki, Thomas S. (St. Joseph, MI)
Colored glass filters ( Corning UG-11) were used to blockand colored glass filters (Corning BG-39) were used to blockcolored glass filters (Corning UG-11) were used to block all
Clay, Gabriel Omar
Chapter 2 Suggested Problems: Final Answer Key Atomic mass: mass of an individual atom
Chapter 2 Suggested Problems: Final Answer Key 2.1 Atomic mass: mass of an individual atom Atomic;Chapter 3 Suggested Problems: Final Answer Key 3.1 Atomic Structure: relates the # of protons and neutrons of intercepts 2 2 1 Reduction not necessary Enclosure (221) #12;Chapter 12 Suggested Problems: Final Answer Key
Grunlan, Melissa A.
Gas separation using ultrasound and light absorption
An apparatus and method for separating a chosen gas from a mixture of gases having no moving parts and utilizing no chemical processing is described. The separation of particulates from fluid carriers thereof has been observed using ultrasound. In a similar manner, molecular species may be separated from carrier species. It is also known that light-induced drift may separate light-absorbing species from carrier species. Therefore, the combination of temporally pulsed absorption of light with ultrasonic concentration is expected to significantly increase the efficiency of separation by ultrasonic concentration alone. Additionally, breaking the spatial symmetry of a cylindrical acoustic concentrator decreases the spatial distribution of the concentrated particles, and increases the concentration efficiency.
Sinha, Dipen N. (Los Alamos, NM)
Performance bound for quantum absorption refrigerators
An implementation of quantum absorption chillers with three qubits has been recently proposed, that is ideally able to reach the Carnot performance regime. Here we study the working efficiency of such self-contained refrigerators, adopting a consistent treatment of dissipation effects. We demonstrate that the coefficient of performance at maximum cooling power is upper bounded by 3/4 of the Carnot performance. The result is independent of the details of the system and the equilibrium temperatures of the external baths. We provide design prescriptions that saturate the bound in the limit of a large difference between the operating temperatures. Our study suggests that delocalized dissipation, which must be taken into account for a proper modelling of the machine-baths interaction, is a fundamental source of irreversibility which prevents the refrigerator from approaching the Carnot performance arbitrarily closely in practice. The potential role of quantum correlations in the operation of these machines is also investigated.
Luis A. Correa; Jos� P. Palao; Gerardo Adesso; Daniel Alonso
Laser sustained discharge apparatus for the production of intense beams of high kinetic energy atomic species is described. A portion of the plasma resulting from a laser sustained continuous optical discharge which generates energetic atomic species from a gaseous source thereof is expanded through a nozzle into a region of low pressure. The expanded plasma contains a significant concentration of the high kinetic energy atomic species which may be used to investigate the interaction of surfaces therewith. In particular, O-atoms having velocities in excess of 3.5 km/s can be generated for the purpose of studying their interaction with materials in order to develop protective materials for spacecraft which are exposed to such energetic O-atoms during operation in low earth orbit.
Cross, J.B.; Cremers, D.A.
A high-resolution projection and imaging system for ultracold atoms is implemented using a compound silicon and glass atom chip. The atom chip is metalized to enable magnetic trapping while glass regions enable high numerical aperture optical access to atoms residing in the magnetic trap about 100 microns below the chip surface. The atom chip serves as a wall of the vacuum system, which enables the use of commercial microscope components for projection and imaging. Holographically generated light patterns are used to optically slice a cigar-shaped magnetic trap into separate regions; this has been used to simultaneously generate up to four Bose-condensates. Using fluorescence techniques we have demonstrated in-trap imaging resolution down to 2.5 microns
Evan A. Salim; Seth C. Caliga; Jonathan B. Pfeiffer; Dana Z. Anderson
Laser sustained discharge apparatus for the production of intense beams of high kinetic energy atomic species. A portion of the plasma resulting from a laser sustained continuous optical discharge which generates energetic atomic species from a gaseous source thereof is expanded through a nozzle into a region of low pressure. The expanded plasma contains a significant concentration of the high kinetic energy atomic species which may be used to investigate the interaction of surfaces therewith. In particular, O-atoms having velocities in excess of 3.5 km/s can be generated for the purpose of studying their interaction with materials in order to develop protective materials for spacecraft which are exposed to such energetic O-atoms during operation in low earth orbit.
Cross, Jon B. (Santa Fe, NM); Cremers, David A. (Los Alamos, NM)
Ultrabroad-Band, Greatly Enhanced Light Absorption by Monolayer Graphene
We demonstrate greatly enhanced light absorption by monolayer graphene over a broad spectral range, from visible to near infrared, based on the attenuated total reflection. In the experiment, graphene is sandwiched between two dielectric media referred as superstrate and substrate. Based on numerical calculation and experimental results, the closer the refractive indices of the superstrate and the substrate, the higher the absorption of graphene will be. The light absorption of monolayer graphene up to 42.7% is experimentally achieved.
Zhao, Wangshi; Lu, Zhaolin
The role of solar absorption in climate and climate change
1 The role of solar absorption in climate and climate change William Collins UC Berkeley alter the radiative energy budget of the climate. · We will focus on solar reflection, absorption.43 -0.84 CO2 0.31 0.04 -0.31 (CH4) 0.22 0.40 -0.53 Change in Shortwave Absorption (2000-1860) Solar CH4
Carbon Dioxide Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate
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Carbon Dioxide Capture by Absorption Carbon Dioxide Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate Background Although alkanolamine solvents, such as monoethanolamine (MEA), and solvent blends have been developed as commercially-viable options for the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from waste gases, natural gas, and hydrogen streams, further process improvements are required to cost-effectively capture CO 2 from power plant flue gas. The promotion of potassium carbonate (K
Development and proof-testing of advanced absorption refrigeration cycle concepts
The overall objectives of this project are to evaluate, develop, and proof-test advanced absorption refrigeration cycles that are applicable to residential and commercial heat pumps for space conditioning. The heat pump system is to be direct-fired with natural gas and is to use absorption working fluids whose properties are known. Target coefficients of performance (COPs) are 1.6 at 47{degrees}F and 1.2 at 17{degrees} in the heating mode, and 0.7 at 95{degree}F in the cooling mode, including the effect of flue losses. The project is divided into three phases. Phase I entailed the analytical evaluation of advanced cycles and included the selection of preferred concepts for further development. Phase II involves the development and testing of critical components and of a complete laboratory breadboard version of the selected system. Phase III calls for the development of a prototype unit and is contingent on the successful completion of Phase II. This report covers Phase I work on the project. In Phase 1, 24 advanced absorption cycle/fluid combinations were evaluated, and computer models were developed to predict system performance. COP, theoretical pump power, and internal heat exchange were calculated for each system, and these calculations were used as indicators of operating and installed costs in order to rank the relative promise of each system. The highest ranking systems involve the cycle concept of absorber/generator heat exchange, generator heat exchanger/absorber heat exchange, regeneration, and resorption/desorption, in combination with the NH{sub 3}/H{sub 2}O/LiBr ternary absorption fluid mixture or with the NH{sub 3}/H{sub 2}O binary solution. Based upon these conclusions, the recommendation was made to proceed to Phase II, the laboratory breadboard proof-of- concept.
Modahl, R.J.; Hayes, F.C. (Trane Co., La Crosse, WI (United States). Applied Unitary/Refrigeration Systems Div.)
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
WESTINGHOUSE ATOMIC POWER DEVELOPMENT PLANT WESTINGHOUSE ATOMIC POWER DEVELOPMENT PLANT EAST PITTSBURGH PLANT FOREST HILLS PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Terminal Waste Disposal and Remedial Action Division of Remedial Action Projects ..-.. --__- _".-.-l--_--l -_._ _- --- ~~~. . ..~ CONTENTS Page - - I NTRODUCTI ON 1 Purpose 1 Docket Contents 1 Exhibit I: Summary of Activities at Westinghouse Atomic Power Development Plant, East Pittsburgh Plant, Forest Hills, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania I-l Exhibit II: Documents Supporting the Certification of Westinghouse Atomic Power Development Plant, East Pittsburgh Plant, Forest Hills, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania iii II-1 . . .- .__.^ I ^_... _.-__^-____-. - CERTIFICATION DOCKET WESTINGHOUSE ATOMIC POWER DEVELOPMENT PLANT
Princeton Plasma Physics Lab - General Atomics (GA)
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general-atomics-ga General general-atomics-ga General Atomics en The Scorpion's Strategy: "Catch and Subdue" http://www.pppl.gov/node/1132
Precision spectroscopy of the helium atom.
Persistent efforts in both theory and experiment have yielded increasingly precise understanding of the helium atom. Because of its simplicity, the helium atom has long been a testing ground for relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in few-body atomic systems theoretically and experimentally. Comparison between theory and experiment of the helium spectroscopy in 1s2p{sup 3}P{sub J} can potentially extract a very precise value of the fine structure constant a. The helium atom can also be used to explore exotic nuclear structures. In this paper, we provide a brief review of the recent advances in precision calculations and measurements of the helium atom.
Hu, S.-M.; Lu, Z.-T.; Yan, Z.-C.; Physics; Univ. of Science and Technology of China; Univ. of Chicago; Univ. of New Brunswick
The Atomic Energy Commission By Alice Buck
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Atomic Energy Atomic Energy Commission By Alice Buck July 1983 U.S. Department of Energy Office of Management Office of the Executive Secretariat Office of History and Heritage Resources 1 Introduction Almost a year after World War II ended, Congress established the United States Atomic Energy Commission to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology. Reflecting America's postwar optimism, Congress declared that atomic energy should be employed not only in the Nation's defense, but also to promote world peace, improve the public welfare, and strengthen free competition in private
The Atomic AXAFS and XANES Techniques as Applied to Heterogeneous Catalysis and Electrocatalysis
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
X-Ray absorption spectroscopy (XAFS) is an attractive in situ and in operando technique. In recent years, the more conventional extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data analysis technique has been complemented by two newer analysis methods: the 'atomic' XAFS (AXAFS) technique, which analyzes the scattering from the absorber atom itself, and the {Delta}{mu} XANES technique, which uses a difference method to isolate the changes in the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) due to adsorbates on a metal surface. With AXAFS it is possible to follow the electronic effect a support has on a metal particle; with {Delta}{mu} XANES it is possible to determine the adsorbate, the specific adsorption sites and adsorbate coverage on a metal catalyst. This unprecedented new information helps a great deal to unravel the complex kinetic mechanisms operating in working reactors or fuelcell systems. The fundamental principles and methodology for applying the AXAFS and {Delta}{mu} XANES techniques are given here, and then specific applications are summarized, including H adsorption on supported Pt in the gas phase, wateractivation at a Pt cathode and methanol oxidation at a Pt anode in an electrochemical cell, sulfur oxidation on Pt, and oxygenreduction on a Au/SnO{sub x} cathode. Finally, the future outlook for time and/or space resolved applications of these techniques is contemplated.
Ramaker, D.; Koningsberger, D
Improved method for the production of atomic ion species from plasma ion sources
A technique to enhance the yield of neutral atomic and ionic species (H{sup +}, D{sup +}, O{sup +}, N{sup +}, etc.) from plasmas. The technique involves the addition of catalyzing agents to the ion discharge. Effective catalysts include H{sub 2}O, O{sub 2}, and SF{sub 6}, among others, with the most effective being water (H{sub 2}O). This technique has been developed at Argonne National Laboratory, where microwave produced beams consisting essentially of 100% atomic neutral species (H) have been generated, and ion beams of close to 100% purity have been generated.
Spence, D.; Lykke, K.
Numerical simulation of microwave absorption of regenerative heat ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The regenerative heat exchanger has a good absorption when the mullite refractory .... Point Alloys and Refractory Compounds with Its Own Chemical Energy.
Compression Behavior and Energy Absorption of Aluminum Alloys ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Presentation Title, Compression Behavior and Energy Absorption of ... Abstract Scope, The usage of advanced high strength steels and Aluminum Alloys as�...
Optimization of Hierarchical Lattice Structures for Energy Absorption
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... potential to outperform foams in many applications, including energy absorption. ... of Fe-C Alloy as a Function of Cooling Rate and Local Solidification Time.
Advanced Exergy Analysis for a Solar Double Stage Absorption Chiller.
??Solar driven absorption chiller technology as an alternative mechanism for cooling has been the focus of tremendous recent interest due to its potential advantages for� (more)
Hu, Yang
Platinum Group Metal Oxide Absorption Properties of Perovskite ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
In this study, the absorption properties of various perovskite-type oxide is .... Influence of Different Cooling Structure on Surface Crack of HSLA Steel Plate by
J-51: Effect of Phonon Emission and Absorption in Electron ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We present investigation on effects of phonon emission/absorption in ... Energy Harvesting and Cooling with Flexible and Light-Weight Organic Nanocomposites.
Fast magnetosonic wave propagation and absorption in Tokamaks
Fast magnetostatic wave propagation and absorption in a tokamak model consisting of an axially symmetric cylindrical plasma column with a radially varying density profile is considered.
Phillips, C.K.; Perkins, F.W.; Hwang, D.Q.
CO2 Capture from Flue Gas by Phase Transitional Absorption
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
A novel absorption process called Phase Transitional Absorption was invented. What is the Phase Transitional Absorption? Phase Transitional Absorption is a two or multi phase absorption system, CO{sub 2} rich phase and CO{sub 2} lean phase. During Absorption, CO{sub 2} is accumulated in CO{sub 2} rich phase. After separating the two phases, CO{sub 2} rich phase is forward to regeneration. After regeneration, the regenerated CO{sub 2} rich phase combines CO{sub 2} lean phase to form absorbent again to complete the cycle. The advantage for Phase Transitional Absorption is obvious, significantly saving on regeneration energy. Because CO{sub 2} lean phase was separated before regeneration, only CO{sub 2} rich phase was forward to regeneration. The absorption system we developed has the features of high absorption rate, high loading and working capacity, low corrosion, low regeneration heat, no toxic to environment, etc. The process evaluation shows that our process is able to save 80% energy cost by comparing with MEA process.
Liang Hu
Geothermal: Sponsored by OSTI -- Chapter 13. Absorption Refrigeration
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES LEGACY COLLECTION - Sponsored by OSTI -- Chapter 13. Absorption Refrigeration Geothermal Technologies Legacy Collection HelpFAQ | Site Map | Contact Us |...
Overview on absorption cooling technology in solar applications
The following topics are reviewed briefly: chiller performance, commercial availability, system performance, internal energy storage, water-cooling limitation, COP limitation, absorption heat pump, and DOE activities. (MHR)
Auh, P.C.
Hydrogen Generation by Electrolysis
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Better Engineered Solutions. Better Engineered Solutions. What Listening Generates. Better Engineered Solutions. What Listening Generates. Hydrogen Generation by Electrolysis September 2004 Steve Cohen Hydrogen Generation by Electrolysis September 2004 Steve Cohen NREL H 2 Electrolysis - Utility Integration Workshop NREL H 2 Electrolysis - Utility Integration Workshop 2 Hydrogen Generation by Electrolysis Hydrogen Generation by Electrolysis Intro to Teledyne Energy Systems H 2 Generator Basics & Major Subsystems H 2 Generating & Storage System Overview Electrolysis System Efficiency & Economics Focus for Attaining DOE H 2 Production Cost Goals 3 Teledyne Energy Systems Locations - ISO 9001 Teledyne Energy Systems Locations - ISO 9001 Hunt Valley, Maryland State-of-the-art thermoelectric,
Siemens Power Generation, Inc.
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Presented at the 2005 Pittsburgh Coal Conference Siemens Power Generation, Inc. Page 1 of 10 Siemens Power Generation, Inc., All Rights Reserved Development of a Catalytic...
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9) Page 2 of 7 Industrial Waste Generation Work with Engineered Nanomaterials Power Consumption Historical Contamination (groundwater, soil) Hazardous Waste Generation Atmospheric...
Dynamical density functional theory for dense atomic liquids
Starting from Newton's equations of motion, we derive a dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) applicable to atomic liquids. The theory has the feature that it requires as input the Helmholtz free energy functional from equilibrium density functional theory. This means that, given a reliable equilibrium free energy functional, the correct equilibrium fluid density profile is guaranteed. We show that when the isothermal compressibility is small, the DDFT generates the correct value for the speed of sound in a dense liquid. We also interpret the theory as a dynamical equation for a coarse grained fluid density and show that the theory can be used (making further approximations) to derive the standard mode coupling theory that is used to describe the glass transition. The present theory should provide a useful starting point for describing the dynamics of inhomogeneous atomic fluids.
A. J. Archer
Generation of fan-states of radiation field in a cavity
A scheme of generating recently introduced fan-states | \\alpha, 2k>_F (\\alpha is complex, k=1,2,3,...) is proposed basing on a \\Lambda-type atom-cavity field interaction. We show that with suitable atomic preparations and measurements a passage of a sequence of N atoms through a cavity may transform an initial field coherent state | \\alpha> to a fan-state | \\alpha, 2k>_F with k=2^{N-2}.
Nguyen Ba An; Truong Minh Duc
Quantitative measurement of atomic sodium in the plume of a single burning coal particle
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The release of volatile sodium during coal combustion is a significant factor in the fouling and corrosion of heat transfer surfaces within industrial coal-fired boilers. A method for measuring the temporal release of atomic sodium from a single coal particle is described. Laser absorption was used to calibrate laser-induced fluorescence measurements of atomic sodium utilising the sodium D1 line (589.59 nm) in a purpose-designed flat flame environment. The calibration was then applied to planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of sodium atoms in the plume from a single Victorian brown coal particle (53 mg) suspended within the flat flame. The peak concentration of atomic sodium was approximately 64.1 ppb after 1080.5 s, which appears to correspond to the end of char combustion. To our knowledge this is the first in situ quantitative measurement of the concentration field of atomic sodium in the plume above a burning particle. A simple kinetic model has been used to estimate the rate of sodium decay in the post-flame gases. Comparison of the estimated and measured decay rates showed reasonable agreement. (author)
van Eyk, P.J.; Ashman, P.J.; Alwahabi, Z.T. [Cooperative Research Centre for Clean Power from Lignite, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 (Australia); Nathan, G.J. [School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 (Australia)
Free fermion antibunching in a degenerate atomic Fermi gas released from an optical lattice
Noise in a quantum system is fundamentally governed by the statistics and the many-body state of the underlying particles. Whereas for bosonic particles the correlated noise observed for e.g. photons or bosonic neutral atoms can still be explained within a classical field description with fluctuating phases, the anticorrelations in the detection of fermionic particles have no classical analogue. The observation of such fermionic antibunching is so far scarce and has been confined to electrons and neutrons. Here we report on the first direct observation of antibunching of neutral fermionic atoms. Through an analysis of the atomic shot noise in a set of standard absorption images, of a gas of fermionic 40K atoms released from an optical lattice, we find reduced correlations for distances related to the original spacing of the trapped atoms. The detection of such quantum statistical correlations has allowed us to characterise the ordering and temperature of the Fermi gas in the lattice. Moreover, our findings are an important step towards revealing fundamental fermionic many-body quantum phases in periodic potentials, which are at the focus of current research.
T. Rom; Th. Best; D. van Oosten; U. Schneider; S. Foelling; B. Paredes; I. Bloch
A vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy system for a wide measurement range of atomic number densities is developed. Dual-tube inductively coupled plasma was used as a light source. The probe beam profile was optimized for the target number density range by changing the mass flow rate of the inner and outer tubes. This system was verified using cold xenon gas. As a result, the measurement number density range was extended from the conventional two orders to five orders of magnitude.
Kuwahara, Akira; Matsui, Makoto; Yamagiwa, Yoshiki [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-4 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Shizuoka (Japan)
Manhattan Project: Atomic Discoveries, 1890s-1939
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Excerpt from the comic book "Adventures Inside the Atom." Click on this image or visit the "Library" to view the whole comic book. ATOMIC DISCOVERIES Excerpt from the comic book "Adventures Inside the Atom." Click on this image or visit the "Library" to view the whole comic book. ATOMIC DISCOVERIES (1890s-1939) Events A Miniature Solar System, 1890s-1919 Exploring the Atom, 1919-1932 Atomic Bombardment, 1932-1938 The Discovery of Fission, 1938-1939 Fission Comes to America, 1939 Philosophers of Ancient Greece reasoned that all matter in the universe must be composed of fundamental, unchangeable, and indivisible objects, which they called "atoma" ("ατoµα"). The exact nature of these atoms remained elusive, however, despite centuries of attempts by alchemists to create a "philosopher's stone" that could transmute atoms of lead to gold, prove the Greeks wrong, and make its inventors Modern model of an atom very rich. It was only in the late 1890s and the early twentieth-century that this view of a solid atom, bouncing around the universe like a billiard ball, was replaced by an atom that resembled more a miniature solar system, its electrons orbiting around a small nucleus. Explorations into the nature of the atom from 1919 to 1932 confirmed this new model, especially with Ernest Rutherford's 1919 success in finally transmuting an atom of one substance into another and with James Chadwick's 1932 discovery of the elusive final basic particle of the atom, the neutron. From 1932 to 1938, scientists around the world learned a great deal more about atoms, primarily by bombarding the nuclei of atoms and using a variety of particle accelerators. In 1938, word came from Berlin of the most startling result of them all: the nucleus of an atom could actually be split in two, or "fissioned." This breakthrough was quickly confirmed in the United States and elsewhere. According to the theories of Albert Einstein, the fission of an atom should result in a release of energy. An "atomic bomb" was now no longer just science fiction -- it was a distinct possibility.
CTrigger: Exposing Atomicity Violation Bugs from Their Hiding Places
of the two molecules, broken down by atom, helps the user to understand which atoms of the drug and protein
Lu, Shan
A new technique, vacuum ultraviolet laser absorption spectroscopy, has been developed to quantitatively determine the absolute density of H and H{sub 2} within a plasma. The technique is particularly well suited to measurement in a plasma, where high charged particle and photon backgrounds complicate other methods of detection. The high selectivity and sensitivity of the technique allows for the measurement of the rotational-vibrational state distribution of H{sub 2} as well as the translational temperature of the atoms and molecules. The technique has been used to study both pulsed and continuous plasma discharges. H{sub 2} state distributions show a high degree of internal excitation, with levels up to v=5 and J=8 being observed. Hydrogen atom measurements indicate that, even for modest discharge currents, the fraction of H{sub 2} molecules dissociated can be greater than 0.15.
Young, A.T.; Stutzin, G.C.; Schlachter, A.S.; Stearns, J.W.; Leung, K.N.; Kunkel, W.B. (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (US)); Worth, G.T.; Stevens, R.R. (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 (USA))
Hydrogen Atom in Relativistic Motion
The Lorentz contraction of bound states in field theory is often appealed to in qualitative descriptions of high energy particle collisions. Surprisingly, the contraction has not been demonstrated explicitly even in simple cases such as the hydrogen atom. It requires a calculation of wave functions evaluated at equal (ordinary) time for bound states in motion. Such wave functions are not obtained by kinematic boosts from the rest frame. Starting from the exact Bethe-Salpeter equation we derive the equal-time wave function of a fermion-antifermion bound state in QED, i.e., positronium or the hydrogen atom, in any frame to leading order in alpha. We show explicitly that the bound state energy transforms as the fourth component of a vector and that the wave function of the fermion-antifermion Fock state contracts as expected. Transverse photon exchange contributes at leading order to the binding energy of the bound state in motion. We study the general features of the corresponding fermion-antifermion-photon Fock states, and show that they do not transform by simply contracting. We verify that the wave function reduces to the light-front one in the infinite momentum frame.
M. Jarvinen
Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems: Septic Tank/Soil Absorption Field
For septic tank and soil absorption systems to work properly, homeowners must choose the right kind of system for their household size and soil type, and they must maintain them regularly. This publication explains the treatment, design, operation, and maintenance of septic tank and soil absorption systems.
Lesikar, Bruce J.
96 ESRF HIGHLIGHTS 2005 X-RAY ABSORPTION AND MAGNETIC SCATTERING References [1] C. Antoniak, J to original phenomena. These effects are observed in charge-density wave (CDW) materials. Upon cooling of the screw like dislocation shown in Figure 121b. #12;97 HIGHLIGHTS 2005 ESRF X-RAY ABSORPTION AND MAGNETIC
Paris-Sud 11, Université de
Molecular Line Absorption in a Scattering Atmosphere. Part I: Theory
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
This paper revisits the classical problem of particle scattering�gaseous absorption and considers the extent to which the growth of absorption lines of a known gas can be used to obtain information about the scattering particles. The focus of the ...
Graeme L. Stephens; Andrew Heidinger
Measurement of Absorption in Rooms with Sound Absorbing Ceilings
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Serious difficulties have been encountered in attempts to measure the absorption coefficients of sound absorbing ceilings in large offices. An analysis of the sound field is made and it is concluded (1) that the reverberation time formula is usually invalid if the absorption is concentrated on one surface of the room
J. R. Power
Permeation absorption sampler with multiple detection
A system for detecting analytes in air or aqueous systems includes a permeation absorption preconcentrator sampler for the analytes and analyte detectors. The preconcentrator has an inner fluid-permeable container into which a charge of analyte-sorbing liquid is intermittently injected, and a fluid-impermeable outer container. The sample is passed through the outer container and around the inner container for trapping and preconcentrating the analyte in the sorbing liquid. The analyte can be detected photometrically by injecting with the sorbing material a reagent which reacts with the analyte to produce a characteristic color or fluorescence which is detected by illuminating the contents of the inner container with a light source and measured the absorbed or emitted light, or by producing a characteristic chemiluminescence which can be detected by a suitable light sensor. The analyte can also be detected amperometrically. Multiple inner containers may be provided into which a plurality of sorbing liquids are respectively introduced for simultaneously detecting different analytes. baffling may be provided in the outer container. A calibration technique is disclosed. 9 figs.
Zaromb, S.
Using Quantum Coherence to Enhance Gain in Atomic Physics
Quantum coherence and interference effects in atomic and molecular physics has been extensively studied due to intriguing counterintuitive physics and potential important applications. Here we present one such application of using quantum coherence to generate and enhance gain in extreme ultra-violet(XUV)(@58.4nm in Helium) and infra-red(@794.76nm in Rubidium) regime of electromagnetic radiation. We show that using moderate external coherent drive, a substantial enhancement in the energy of the lasing pulse can be achieved under optimal conditions. We also discuss the role of coherence. The present paper is intended to be pedagogical on this subject of coherence-enhanced lasing.
Pankaj K. Jha
Absorption and spectra of optical parameters in amorphous solid solutions of the Se-S system
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
A study of the optical properties of the Se-S system has revealed a correlation between the dependences of optical absorption coefficient {alpha}, effective concentration of charged defects N{sub t}, and characteristic energy E{sub 0} corresponding to the Urbach optical absorption in the spectral region where the Urbach rule works for the Se-S system on the S concentration. These optical properties are controlled by charged defects. It is shown that concentrations of intrinsic charged defects can be changed by variation in composition of the Se-S system. Reflectance spectra of amorphous solid solutions of the Se-S system are studied within the energy range 1-6 eV. Using the Kramers-Kronig method, spectral dependences of optical constants and derivative optical and dielectric functions are calculated. Variation in the spectra of optical parameters with composition of the Se-S system are explained within a cluster model in which the density of electron states is a function of atomic configurations in clusters, i.e., of the character of a short-range order.
Djalilov, N. Z.; Damirov, G. M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Institute of Physics (Azerbaijan)
This was a study of electrode degradation mechanisms and the reaction kinetics of LaNi{sub 4.7}Sn{sub 0.3}, La{sub (1{minus}x)}, (x = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) and La{sub 0.7}Y{sub 0.3}Ni{sub 4.6}Sn{sub 0.3}Co{sub 0.1} metal hydride electrodes. Alloy characterization included x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray absorption (XAS), hydrogen absorption in a Sieverts apparatus, and electrochemical cycling of alloy electrodes. The atomic volume of H was determined for two of the alloys. Electrochemical kinetic measurements were made using steady state galvanostatic measurements, galvanodynamic sweep, and electrochemical impedance techniques. XAS was used to examine the degree of corrosion of the alloys with cycling. Alloying with Y decreased the corrosion rate. The results are consistent with corrosion inhibition by a Y containing passive film. The increase in the kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) with increasing depth of discharge was much greater on the Y containing alloys. This may be due to the dehydriding of the catalytic species on the surface of the metal hydride particles.
The Harnessed Atom | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Services » The Harnessed Atom Services » The Harnessed Atom The Harnessed Atom The Harnessed Atom The Harnessed Atom is a new middle school science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) curriculum extension that focuses on nuclear science and energy. It offers teachers accurate, unbiased, and up-to-date information on the roles that energy and nuclear science play in our lives. The curriculum includes essential principles and fundamental concepts of energy science. This teacher's kit is an updated and expanded edition of the acclaimed 1985 Harnessed Atom curriculum from the U.S. Department of Energy. It was developed with extensive input from classroom teachers across the country in pilot test reviews and workshops, as well as technical reviews from scientists and experts at universities, professional societies, and
Cavity cooling of a single atom
All conventional methods to laser-cool atoms rely on repeated cycles of optical pumping and spontaneous emission of a photon by the atom. Spontaneous emission in a random direction is the dissipative mechanism required to remove entropy from the atom. However, alternative cooling methods have been proposed for a single atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse cavity; the role of spontaneous emission is replaced by the escape of a photon from the cavity. Application of such cooling schemes would improve the performance of atom cavity systems for quantum information processing. Furthermore, as cavity cooling does not rely on spontaneous emission, it can be applied to systems that cannot be laser-cooled by conventional methods; these include molecules (which do not have a closed transition) and collective excitations of Bose condensates, which are destroyed by randomly directed recoil kicks. Here we demonstrate cavity cooling of single rubidium atoms stored in an intracavity dipole trap. The cooling mechanism res...
Maunz, P; Schuster, I; Syassen, N; Pinkse, P W H; Rempe, G
In magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power systems, potassium may be used to enhance the electrical conductivity of the high temperature products of combustion. In order to better evaluate the performance of MHD generators, it is desirable to be able to measure the distribution of the electrical conductivity of the gases throughout the channel through which the hot gases are passing. One such system is based on the emission/absorption spectra of potassium as a function of temperature. Diagnostic instruments, based on the emission/absorption characteristics of potassium in a flame or plasma require calibration in known temperature and potassium concentration conditions. A laboratory-scale hydrogen/oxygen burner which is seeded with gaseous potassium has been designed, fabricated, and operated for the purpose of providing a calibration facility for the potassium emission/absorption spectrographic (PE/AS) instrument. A nickel block was machined appropriately to provide separate flows of oxygen, hydrogen, and potassium vapor in a hot nitrogen stream mixed with hydrogen. A potassium evaporator was designed and fabricated to allow hot nitrogen gas to bubble through hot molten potassium to provide a known mass fraction of potassium to the resultant flame. The vapor pressure variation of the potassium with temperature was used to predict the amount of potassium carried to the flame by assuming that the hot nitrogen stream resulted in a saturated mixture as it bubbled through the heated molten potassium. Operational aspects as well as safety considerations in the operation of this burner are described. 10 refs., 1 fig.
Bouchillon, C.W.
Method for enhanced atomization of liquids
In a process for atomizing a slurry or liquid process stream in which a slurry or liquid is passed through a nozzle to provide a primary atomized process stream, an improvement which comprises subjecting the liquid or slurry process stream to microwave energy as the liquid or slurry process stream exits the nozzle, wherein sufficient microwave heating is provided to flash vaporize the primary atomized process stream.
Thompson, Richard E. (27121 Puerta del Oro, Mission Viejo, CA 92691); White, Jerome R. (44755 Wyandotte, Hemet, CA 92544)
Theory of atomic motion in resonant radiation
Atomic motion in resonant and near resonant electromagnetic radiation is investigated theoretically. The exposition begins with a study of atomic motion in a resonant standing light wave, with a view toward isotope separation by selective photodeflection, and proceeds to the investigation of more general problems of atomic motion in resonant radiation. The body of the work consists of six chapters, each of which was prepared as a manuscript for publication in the open literature.
Cook, R.J.
Apparatus and method for producing coherent secondary x-rays that are controlled as to direction by illuminating a mixture of high z and low z gases with an intense burst of primary x-rays. The primary x-rays are produced with a laser activated plasma, and these x-rays strip off the electrons of the high z atoms in the lasing medium, while the low z atoms retain their electrons. The neutral atoms transfer electrons to highly excited states of the highly striped high z ions giving an inverted population which produces the desired coherent x-rays. In one embodiment, a laser, light beam provides a laser spark that produces the intense burst of coherent x-rays that illuminates the mixture of high z and low z gases, whereby the high z atoms are stripped while the low z ones are not, giving the desired mixture of highly ionized and neutral atoms. To this end, the laser spark is produced by injecting a laser light beam, or a plurality of beams, into a first gas in a cylindrical container having an adjacent second gas layer co-axial therewith, the laser producing a plasma and the intense primary x-rays in the first gas, and the second gas containing the high and low atomic number elements for receiving the primary x-rays, whereupon the secondary x-rays are produced therein by stripping desired ions in a neutral gas and transfer of electrons to highly excited states of the stripped ions from the unionized atoms. Means for magnetically confining and stabilizing the plasma are disclosed for controlling the direction of the x-rays.
Dawson, John M. (Los Angeles, CA)
Particle-hole entanglement of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice
We study the ground state of two-component bosonic atoms in a one-dimensional optical lattice. By applying an external field to the atoms at one end of lattice, the atoms are transported and becomes localized at that site. The holes are then created in the remaining sites. The particle-hole superpositions are produced in this process. We investigate the entanglement entropy between the atoms in the two different parts of a lattice. A large degree of particle-hole entanglement is generated in the ground state. The particle-hole quantum correlations can be probed by the two-site parity correlation functions. The transport properties of the low-lying excited states are also discussed.
H. T. Ng
Design of a millimetre-scale magnetic surface trap for cold atoms
We study a novel millimetre-scale magnetic trap for ultracold atoms, in which the current carrying conductors can be situated outside the vacuum region, a few mm away from the atoms. This design generates a magnetic field gradient in excess of \\SI{1000}{G/cm} at a distance of \\SI{2}{mm} from the conductors. We perform electromagnetic and thermo-mechanical characterisation using Finite Element Methods (FEM). The predicted behaviour has been verified by electrical and thermal measurements on a prototype, but has not been implemented on an apparatus with cold atoms. Operating this trap at the highest gradient allows for rapid evaporative cooling comparable to that achieved by atom chips.
Trypogeorgos, Dimitris
Extending synchrotron-based atomic physics experiments into the hard X-ray region
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The high-brightness, hard x-ray beams available from third-generation synchrotron sources are opening new opportunities to study the deepest inner shells of atoms, an area where little work has been done and phenomena not observed in less tightly bound inner-shells are manifested. In addition scattering processes which are weak at lower energies become important, providing another tool to investigate atomic structure as well as an opportunity to study photon/atom interactions beyond photoabsorption. In this contribution the authors discuss some of the issues related to extending synchrotron-based atomic physics experiments into the hard x-ray region from the physical and the experimental point of view. They close with a discussion of a technique, resonant Raman scattering, that may prove invaluable in determining the spectra of the very highly-excited states resulting from the excitation of deep inner shells.
LeBrun, T. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States). Physics Div.
Hyperbaric hydrothermal atomic force microscope
A hyperbaric hydrothermal atomic force microscope (AFM) is provided to image solid surfaces in fluids, either liquid or gas, at pressures greater than normal atmospheric pressure. The sample can be heated and its surface imaged in aqueous solution at temperatures greater than 100.degree. C. with less than 1 nm vertical resolution. A gas pressurized microscope base chamber houses the stepper motor and piezoelectric scanner. A chemically inert, flexible membrane separates this base chamber from the sample cell environment and constrains a high temperature, pressurized liquid or gas in the sample cell while allowing movement of the scanner. The sample cell is designed for continuous flow of liquid or gas through the sample environment.
Knauss, Kevin G. (Livermore, CA); Boro, Carl O. (Milpitas, CA); Higgins, Steven R. (Laramie, WY); Eggleston, Carrick M. (Laramie, WY)
Atomic force microscope: Enhanced sensitivity
Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are a recent development representing the state of the art in measuring ultrafine surface features. Applications are found in such fields of research as biology, microfabrication, material studies, and surface chemistry. Fiber-optic interferometer techniques developed at LLNL offer the potential of improving the vertical resolution of these instruments by up to 2 orders of magnitude. We are attempting to replace the current AFM measurement scheme, which consists of an optical beam deflection approach, with our fiber-optic interferometer scheme, a much more sensitive displacement measurement technique. In performing this research, we hope to accomplish two important goals; (1) to enhance the sensitivity of the AFM, and (2) to achieve important improvements in our fiber-optic interferometer technology.
Davis, D.T.
A History of the Atomic Energy Commission
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
A History of the Atomic Energy Commission - written by Alice L. BuckWashington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, July 1983.�41 pp.�
NIST Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... The compilation includes data for the neutral and singly-ionized atoms of all elements hydrogen through einsteinium (Z = 1-99). ... Access the Data. ...
NIST Atomic Form Factors: Concerns with standard ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... pair production cross-section in the nuclear field (? n ... upon angle (in f 0 ) and energy (in f ... All general theories make the isolated atom approximation ...
Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... FW96 JR Fuhr and WL Wiese, NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th ed., DR Lide, ed. CRC ...
Critically Evaluated Atomic Transition Probabilities for Sulfur ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... In this new work all ionization stages (except for hydro- genic) are covered. The data are presented in separate tables for each atom and ion. ...
Prospects for Atomic-Scale Tomography
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Abstract Scope, Atomic-scale tomography (AST) may be defined as any technique that ... Initial Age Hardening and Nanostructural Evolution in a Cu-Ni-P Alloy.
Materials Synthesis from Atoms to Systems | ORNL
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
to produce unique single crystals and epitaxial structures that are deposited with atomic-level precision is critical for many applications, such as thermoelectrics,...
NIST Unveils Chip-Scale Atomic Clock
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... 100 times smaller than any other atomic clock�has ... precise timekeeping in portable, battery-powered devices ... to be operated on batteries) and are ...
Schroedinger's Cat in an Atomic Cage
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Schroedinger's Cat in an Atomic Cage. ... ``Schroedinger's cat'' soon became a shorthand way to refer to a whole class of superposed states. ...
Primary Atomic Frequency Standards at NIST
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... a set of four quartz oscillators calibrated against the mean solar second [4 ... The cesium oven, operated near 100 C, creates a vapor of atoms that are ...
NIST Atomic Physics Division 2000 - Current Directions
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... Although these data are needed for magnetic fusion research, astronomy, and industry, there is ... Physics of Cold, Trapped Gases of Neutral Atoms. ...
Atom Probe Tomography and Transmission Electron Microscopy ...
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Abstract Scope, Atom probe tomography (APT) and analytical transmission .... of a Leaking Type 316 Socket Weld in a Boron Injection Tank Sampling Line.
Quantization of Atomic and Nuclear Rest Masses
We were able to quantize phenomenologically the first time the atomic and nuclear rest masses. Note that this quantization rule is justified for atoms and nuclei with different A, N and Z and the nuclei and atoms represent a coherent synchronized systems - a complex of coupled oscillators (resonators). The cooperative resonance synchronization mechanisms are responsible for explanation of how the electron volt world can influence the nuclear mega electron volt world. It means that we created new possibilities for inducing and controlling nuclear reactions by atomic processes.
F. A. Gareev; G. F. Gareeva; I. E. Zhidkova
Atom Manipulation with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
... nanostructure from an unknown random collection of atoms without human intervention. ... a set of extensible rules, and allows for error correction. ...
Photonic entanglement source and quantum memory are two basic building blocks of linear-optical quantum computation and long-distance quantum communication. In the past decades, intensive researches have been carried out, and remarkable progress, particularly based on the spontaneous parametric down-converted (SPDC) entanglement source and atomic ensembles, has been achieved. Currently, an important task towards scalable quantum information processing (QIP) is to efficiently write and read entanglement generated from a SPDC source into and out of an atomic quantum memory. Here we report the first experimental realization of a quantum interface by building a 5 MHz frequency-uncorrelated SPDC source and reversibly mapping the generated entangled photons into and out of a remote optically thick cold atomic memory using electromagnetically induced transparency. The frequency correlation between the entangled photons is almost fully eliminated with a suitable pump pulse. The storage of a triggered single photon wi...
Jin, Xian-Min; Zhang, Han; Dai, Han-Ning; Yang, Sheng-Jun; Zhao, Tian-Ming; Rui, Jun; He, Yu; Jiang, Xiao; Yang, Fan; Pan, Ge-Sheng; Yuan, Zhen-Sheng; Deng, Youjin; Chen, Zeng-Bing; Bao, Xiao-Hui; Zhao, Bo; Chen, Shuai; Pan, Jian-Wei
Atomic physics at the Advanced Photon Source: Workshop report
The first Workshop on Atomic Physics at the Advanced Photon Source was held at Argonne National Laboratory on March 29--30, 1990. The unprecedented brightness of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) in the hard X-ray region is expected to make possible a vast array of new research opportunities for the atomic-physics community. Starting with discussions of the history and current status of the field, presentations were made on various future directions for research with hard X-rays interacting with atoms, ions, clusters, and solids. Also important were the discussions on the design and status of the four next-generation rings coming on line during the 1990's: the ALS 1.6 GeV ring at Berkeley; the ESRF 6.0-GeV ring at Grenoble (1993); the APS 7.0-GeV ring at Argonne (1995); and the SPring-8 8.0-GeV ring in Japan (1998). The participation of more than one hundred scientists from domestic as well as foreign institutions demonstrated a strong interest in this field. We plan to organize follow-up workshops in the future emphasizing specific research topics.
Not Available
Improving the Ni I atomic model for solar and stellar atmospheric models
Neutral nickel (Ni I) is abundant in the solar atmosphere and is one of the important elements that contribute to the emission and absorption of radiation in the spectral range between 1900 and 3900 A. Previously, the Solar Radiation Physical Modeling (SRPM) models of the solar atmosphere considered only few levels of this species. Here we improve the Ni I atomic model by taking into account 61 levels and 490 spectral lines. We compute the populations of these levels in full NLTE using the SRPM code and compare the resulting emerging spectrum with observations. The present atomic model improves significantly the calculation of the solar spectral irradiance at near-UV wavelengths that are important for Earth atmo spheric studies, and particularly for ozone chemistry.
Vieytes, Mariela C
We report the detection of a strong H I 21 cm absorption system at z = 0.5344, as well as a candidate system at z = 0.3389, in the sight line toward the z = 2.64 quasar MG J0414+0534. This, in addition to the absorption at the host redshift and the other two intervening absorbers, takes the total to four (possibly five). The previous maximum number of 21 cm absorbers detected along a single sight line is two and so we suspect that this number of gas-rich absorbers is in some way related to the very red color of the background source. Despite this, no molecular gas (through OH absorption) has yet been detected at any of the 21 cm redshifts, although, from the population of 21 cm absorbers as a whole, there is evidence for a weak correlation between the atomic line strength and the optical-near-infrared color. In either case, the fact that so many gas-rich galaxies (likely to be damped Ly{alpha} absorption systems) have been found along a single sight line toward a highly obscured source may have far-reaching implications for the population of faint galaxies not detected in optical surveys, a possibility which could be addressed through future wide-field absorption line surveys with the Square Kilometer Array.
Tanna, A.; Webb, J. K. [School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 (Australia); Curran, S. J. [Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia); Whiting, M. T. [CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, P.O. Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710 (Australia); Bignell, C., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box 2, Rt. 28/92 Green Bank, WV 24944-0002 (United States)
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Power outages are commonplace during disasters, and they may last for several days. You can reduce losses and speed the recovery process by installing an emergency generator. Portable generators...
Main Generator Rotor Maintenance
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Main generator rotors are constructed and designed to provide decades of reliable and trouble-free operation. However, a number of incidences have occurred over the years that can adversely impact reliable operation of generator rotors and, ultimately, production of electrical power. This report is a guide for power plant personnel responsible for reliable operation and maintenance of main generators. As a guide, this report provides knowledge and experience from generator experts working at power plants...
1007 Electronic energy transfer between state selected metastable argon atoms and ground state that the relative populations of the N2 (C, 3nu) product vibrational and rotational substates were dependent,0) atoms to ground state Kr atoms, which also shows large differences between the two metastable Ar states
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Trans-spectral absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by diesel soot
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The mass density normalized absorption and total scattering coefficients have been measured using in situ techniques at selected wavelengths from the visible to {similar to}1 cm for soot generated by the open combustion of diesel fuel. Particle morphologies are complex although similar to those of soots of other hydrocarbons and methods of generation. An ellipsoidal model has been applied as an approximation to the often multiconnected, chainlike aerosol and then compared with the measured results. The experimental results show an approximate ({lambda}){sup {minus}1} dependence over more than five decades of wavelength data. There is only general agreement with the simplified calculations in this feature as well as in the magnitude.
Bruce, C.W. (U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002 (USA)); Stromberg, T.F. (New Mexico State University, Physics Department, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 (USA)); Gurton, K.P. (U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002 (USA)); Mozer, J.B. (New Mexico State University, Physics Department, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 (USA))
Isotope Enrichment Detection by Laser Ablation - Dual Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometry
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The rapid global expansion of nuclear energy is motivating the expedited development of new safeguards technology to mitigate potential proliferation threats arising from monitoring gaps within the uranium enrichment process. Current onsite enrichment level monitoring methods are limited by poor sensitivity and accuracy performance. Offsite analysis has better performance, but this approach requires onsite hand sampling followed by time-consuming and costly post analysis. These limitations make it extremely difficult to implement comprehensive safeguards accounting measures that can effectively counter enrichment facility misuse. In addition, uranium enrichment by modern centrifugation leads to a significant proliferation threat, since the centrifuge cascades can quickly produce a significant quantity of highly enriched uranium (HEU). The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing an engineered safeguards approach having continuous aerosol particulate collection and uranium isotope analysis to provide timely detection of HEU production in a low enriched uranium facility. This approach is based on laser vaporization of aerosol particulate samples, followed by wavelength tuned laser diode spectroscopy, to characterize the 235U/238U isotopic ratio by subtle differences in atomic absorption wavelengths arising from differences in each isotope�s nuclear mass, volume, and spin (hyperfine structure for 235U). Environmental sampling media is introduced into a small, reduced pressure chamber, where a focused pulsed laser vaporizes a 10 to 20-�m sample diameter. The ejected plasma forms a plume of atomic vapor. A plume for a sample containing uranium has atoms of the 235U and 238U isotopes present. Tunable diode lasers are directed through the plume to selectively excite each isotope and their presence is detected by monitoring absorbance signals on a shot-to-shot basis. Single-shot detection sensitivity approaching the femtogram range and abundance uncertainty less than 10% have been demonstrated with measurements on surrogate materials. In this paper we present measurement results on samples containing background materials (e.g., dust, minerals, soils) laced with micron-sized target particles having isotopic ratios ranging from 1 to 50%.
Anheier, Norman C.; Bushaw, Bruce A.
Generating safe template languages
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Template languages are widely used within generative programming, because they provide intuitive means to generate software artefacts expressed in a specific object language. However, most template languages perform template instantiation on the level ... Keywords: generative programming, language extension, safe authoring, template language
Florian Heidenreich; Jendrik Johannes; Mirko Seifert; Christian Wende; Marcel B�hme
Relativistic atomic physics at the SSC
This report discusses the following proposed work for relativistic atomic physics at the Superconducting Super Collider: Beam diagnostics; atomic physics research; staffing; education; budget information; statement concerning matching funds; description and justification of major items of equipment; statement of current and pending support; and assurance of compliance.
Interaction of trapped ions with trapped atoms
In this thesis, I present results from two Paul-trap based ion traps carried out in the Vuleti? laboratory: the Atom-Ion trap for collision studies between cold atoms and cold ions, and the Cavity-Array trap for studying ...
Grier, Andrew T. (Andrew Todd)
Fast Access to Distributed Atomic Memory
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We study efficient and robust implementations of an atomic read-write data structure over an asynchronous distributed message-passing system made of reader and writer processes, as well as a number of servers implementing the data structure. We determine ... Keywords: Byzantine failures, atomic registers, distributed algorithms, fault-tolerance, shared-memory emulations, time-complexity
Partha Dutta; Rachid Guerraoui; Ron R. Levy; Marko Vukoli?
Texture of atomic layer deposited ruthenium
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Ruthenium films were grown by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) on Si(100) and ALD TiN. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the as-deposited films on Si(100) were polycrystalline, on TiN they were (002) oriented. After annealing at 800^oC ... Keywords: Ammonia plasma, Atomic layer deposition, Ruthenium, Silicide, Texture
J. Musschoot; Q. Xie; D. Deduytsche; K. De Keyser; D. Longrie; J. Haemers; S. Van den Berghe; R. L. Van Meirhaeghe; J. D'Haen; C. Detavernier
Implementing Synchronous Coordinated Atomic Actions Based on
the execution of action participants. A very important decision was to structure any atomic action as a package: concurrent systems, atomicity, coordinated error recovery, fault tolerant software structuring, conversations to improve the structuring of cooperative concurrent systems and to incorporate fault tolerance
Newcastle upon Tyne, University of
Atomic Data Needs for Modeling Photoionized Plasmas
Many of the fundamental questions in astrophysics can be addressed using spectroscopic observations of photoionized cosmic plasmas. However, the reliability of the inferred astrophysics depends on the accuracy of the underlying atomic data used to interpret the collected spectra. In this paper, we review some of the most glaring atomic data needs for better understanding photoionized plasmas.
Daniel Wolf Savin
Cavity cooling of a single atom
All conventional methods to laser-cool atoms rely on repeated cycles of optical pumping and spontaneous emission of a photon by the atom. Spontaneous emission in a random direction is the dissipative mechanism required to remove entropy from the atom. However, alternative cooling methods have been proposed for a single atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse cavity; the role of spontaneous emission is replaced by the escape of a photon from the cavity. Application of such cooling schemes would improve the performance of atom cavity systems for quantum information processing. Furthermore, as cavity cooling does not rely on spontaneous emission, it can be applied to systems that cannot be laser-cooled by conventional methods; these include molecules (which do not have a closed transition) and collective excitations of Bose condensates, which are destroyed by randomly directed recoil kicks. Here we demonstrate cavity cooling of single rubidium atoms stored in an intracavity dipole trap. The cooling mechanism results in extended storage times and improved localization of atoms. We estimate that the observed cooling rate is at least five times larger than that produced by free-space cooling methods, for comparable excitation of the atom.
P. Maunz; T. Puppe; I. Schuster; N. Syassen; P. W. H. Pinkse; G. Rempe
Instead of splitting the atom --the
Instead of splitting the atom - - the principle behind the 1940s Manhattan Project that build of the Sun and the stars. BACK STAR POWER: ITER, BOLDEST NUCLEAR INITIATIVE SINCE MANHATTAN PROJECT Received infinite. Instead of splitting the atom -- the principle behind the 1940s Manhattan Project that build
Oxidation Resistance of Reactive Atoms in Graphene
We have found that reactive elements that are normally oxidized at room temperature are present as individual atoms or clusters on and in graphene. Oxygen is present in these samples but it is only detected in the thicker amorphous carbon layers present in the graphene specimens we have examined. However, we have seen no evidence that oxygen reacts with the impurity atoms and small clusters of these normally reactive elements when they are incorporated in the graphene layers. First principles calculations suggest that the oxidation resistance is due to kinetic effects such as preferential bonding of oxygen to nonincorporated atoms and H passivation. The observed oxidation resistance of reactive atoms in graphene may allow the use of these incorporated metals in catalytic applications. It also opens the possibility of designing and producing electronic, opto-electronic, and magnetic devices based on these normally reactive atoms.
Chisholm, Matthew F [ORNL; Duscher, Gerd [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Windl, Wolfgang [Ohio State University
Cavity cooling of a single atom
All conventional methods to laser-cool atoms rely on repeated cycles of optical pumping and spontaneous emission of a photon by the atom. Spontaneous emission in a random direction is the dissipative mechanism required to remove entropy from the atom. However, alternative cooling methods have been proposed1, 2 for a single atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse cavity; the role of spontaneous emission is replaced by the escape of a photon from the cavity. Application of such cooling schemes would improve the performance of atom cavity systems for quantum information processing3, 4. Furthermore, as cavity cooling does not rely on spontaneous emission, it can be applied to systems that cannot be laser-cooled by conventional methods; these include molecules2 (which do not have a closed transition) and collective excitations of
P. Maunz; I. Schuster; N. Syassen; P. W. H. Pinkse; G. Rempe
A motor/generator is provided for connecting between a transmission input shaft and an output shaft of a prime mover. The motor/generator may include a motor/generator housing, a stator mounted to the motor/generator housing, a rotor mounted at least partially within the motor/generator housing and rotatable about a rotor rotation axis, and a transmission-shaft coupler drivingly coupled to the rotor. The transmission-shaft coupler may include a clamp, which may include a base attached to the rotor and a plurality of adjustable jaws.
Hickam, Christopher Dale (Glasford, IL)
High-Pressure Evolution of Fe2O3 Electronic Structure Revealed by X-ray Absorption
We report the first high pressure measurement of the Fe K-edge in hematite (Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}) by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in partial fluorescence yield geometry. The pressure-induced evolution of the electronic structure as Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} transforms from a high-spin insulator to a low-spin metal is reflected in the x-ray absorption pre-edge. The crystal field splitting energy was found to increase monotonically with pressure up to 48 GPa, above which a series of phase transitions occur. Atomic multiplet, cluster diagonalization, and density-functional calculations were performed to simulate the pre-edge absorption spectra, showing good qualitative agreement with the measurements. The mechanism for the pressure-induced phase transitions of Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} is discussed and it is shown that ligand hybridization significantly reduces the critical high-spin/low-spin gap pressure.
Kao, Chi-Chang
Use Low-Grade Waste Steam to Power Absorption Chillers
This revised ITP tip sheet on waste steam to power absorption chillers provides how-to advice for improving the system using low-cost, proven practices and technologies.
Not Available
Alteration of Atmospheric Solar Absorption by Clouds: Simulation and Observation
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
This study investigated theoretically and experimentally two parameters employed in recent attempts to address cloud absorption anomaly. One is the ratio, R, of shortwave cloud radiative forcing (CRF) at the surface to that at the top of the ...
Zhanqing Li; Louis Moreau
Multi-Phase Galaxy Formation and Quasar Absorption Systems
Abstract. The central problem of galaxy formation is understanding the cooling and condensation of gas in dark matter halos. It is now clear that to match observations this requires further physics than the simple assumptions of single phase gas cooling. A model of multi-phase cooling (Maller & Bullock 2004) can successfully account for the upper cutoff in the masses of galaxies and provides a natural explanation of many types of absorption systems (Mo & Miralda-Escude 1996). Absorption systems are our best probes of the gaseous content of galaxy halos and therefore provide important constraints on models for gas cooling into galaxies. All physical processes that effect gas cooling redistribute gas and therefore are detectable in absorption systems. Detailed studies of the nature of gas in galaxy halos using absorption systems are crucial for building a correct theory of galaxy formation.
P. R. Williams; C. Shu; B. M�nard; Ariyeh H. Maller
Multi-Phase Galaxy Formation and Quasar Absorption Systems
The central problem of galaxy formation is understanding the cooling and condensation of gas in dark matter halos. It is now clear that to match observations this requires further physics than the simple assumptions of single phase gas cooling. A model of multi-phase cooling (Maller & Bullock 2004) can successfully account for the upper cutoff in the masses of galaxies and provides a natural explanation of many types of absorption systems (Mo & Miralda-Escude 1996). Absorption systems are our best probes of the gaseous content of galaxy halos and therefore provide important constraints on models for gas cooling into galaxies. All physical processes that effect gas cooling redistribute gas and therefore are detectable in absorption systems. Detailed studies of the nature of gas in galaxy halos using absorption systems are crucial for building a correct theory of galaxy formation.
Ariyeh H. Maller
Multi-Phase Galaxy Formation and Quasar Absorption Systems
The central problem of galaxy formation is understanding the cooling and condensation of gas in dark matter halos. It is now clear that to match observations this requires further physics than the simple assumptions of single phase gas cooling. A model of multi-phase cooling (Maller & Bullock 2004) can successfully account for the upper cutoff in the masses of galaxies and provides a natural explanation of many types of absorption systems (Mo & Miralda-Escude 1996). Absorption systems are our best probes of the gaseous content of galaxy halos and therefore provide important constraints on models for gas cooling into galaxies. All physical processes that effect gas cooling redistribute gas and therefore are detectable in absorption systems. Detailed studies of the nature of gas in galaxy halos using absorption systems are crucial for building a correct theory of galaxy formation.
Maller, A H
Integrating giant microwave absorption with magnetic refrigeration in one
Integrating giant microwave absorption with magnetic refrigeration in one multifunctional with magnetic refrigeration in one multifunctional material. This integration not only advances our EMI problem, it is becoming very urgent to design and fabricate the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC
Wang, Wei Hua
Absorption of Solar Radiation by Atmospheric O4
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Spectroscopic measurements of the atmospheric solar radiation attenuation reveal that the near ultraviolet�visible�near-infrared absorption of the oxygen collision complex (O2)2, thus far omitted from models, is important for the direct heating ...
Klaus Pfeilsticker; Frank Erle; Ulrich Platt
Development of solar driven absorption air conditioners and heat pumps
The objective of this project is the development of absorption refrigeration systems for solar active heating and cooling applications. The approaches being investigated are those using air-cooled condenser-absorbers and those leading to coefficient of performances (COP) that increase continuously with heat source temperature. This is primarily an experimental project, with the emphasis on designing, fabricating and testing absorption chillers in operating regimes that are particularly suited for solar energy applications. The first phase of this project has been concluded and has experimentally demonstrated that the conventional single-effect ammonia-water absorption cycle can be used (with minor modifications) for solar cooling. The second phase of this project explores the commercial potential of the single-effect (SE) NH/sub 3//H/sub 2/O absorption air conditioner. (WHK)
Dao, K.; Wahlig, M.; Wali, E.; Rasson, J.; Molishever, E.
Gas Absorption into a Moving Spheroidal Water Drop
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out to describe the absorption of sulfur dioxide by moving spheroidal water drops under transient flow conditions. These investigations allow the determination of the rate at which SO2 is ...
H. Amokrane; B. Caussade
A Theory of Gravity Wave Absorption by a Boundary Layer
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
A one-layer model of the atmospheric boundary layer (BL) is proposed to explain the nature of lee-wave attenuation and gravity wave absorption seen in numerical simulations. Two complex coefficients are defined: the compliance coefficient and the ...
Ronald B. Smith; Qingfang Jiang; James D. Doyle
The role of solar absorption in climate and climate change
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
role of solar absorption in climate and role of solar absorption in climate and climate change William Collins UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley Lab with Andrew Conley, David Fillmore, and Phil Rasch National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado, USA 2 Prior Research on Absorption and Climate Field Experiments: * Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment * Indian Ocean Experiment Modeling studies of clouds: * The color of the planet * Climate with enhanced cloud absorption Synthesis of models and aerosol observations: * Development of aerosol assimilation * Application to aerosol/climate interactions 3 Natural and anthropogenic aerosols India, March 2000 California, October 2003 Africa, March 2003 4 Historical and projected sulfate emissions * Emissions from India have tripled in last 20 years of 20 th century..
Hewlett and Duncan - Atomic Shield | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Duncan - Atomic Shield Duncan - Atomic Shield Hewlett and Duncan - Atomic Shield Hewlett, Richard G. and Francis Duncan. Atomic Shield, 1947-1952. U.S. Atomic Energy Comission, 1972. The second volume of the three volume A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Text in each PDF is fully searchable. "Hewlett and Duncan - Atomic Shield (complete).pdf" contains the complete text and images from Atomic Shield. 12mb "Hewlett and Duncan - Atomic Shield (figures only).pdf" contains hi-res (600dpi) scans of the images from Atomic Shield. 30mb Hewlett and Duncan - Atomic Shield (complete).pdf Hewlett and Duncan - Atomic Shield (figures only).pdf More Documents & Publications A History of the Atomic Energy Commission Hewlett and Duncan, Nuclear Navy, 1946-1962
Atomic magnetometer for human magnetoencephalograpy.
We have developed a high sensitivity (<5 fTesla/{radical}Hz), fiber-optically coupled magnetometer to detect magnetic fields produced by the human brain. This is the first demonstration of a noncryogenic sensor that could replace cryogenic superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers in magnetoencephalography (MEG) and is an important advance in realizing cost-effective MEG. Within the sensor, a rubidium vapor is optically pumped with 795 laser light while field-induced optical rotations are measured with 780 nm laser light. Both beams share a single optical axis to maximize simplicity and compactness. In collaboration with neuroscientists at The Mind Research Network in Albuquerque, NM, the evoked responses resulting from median nerve and auditory stimulation were recorded with the atomic magnetometer and a commercial SQUID-based MEG system with signals comparing favorably. Multi-sensor operation has been demonstrated with two AMs placed on opposite sides of the head. Straightforward miniaturization would enable high-density sensor arrays for whole-head magnetoencephalography.
Schwindt, Peter; Johnson, Cort N.
Shape coexistence in atomic nuclei
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Shape coexistence in nuclei appears to be unique in the realm of finite many-body quantum systems. It differs from the various geometrical arrangements that sometimes occur in a molecule in that in a molecule the various arrangements are of the widely separated atomic nuclei. In nuclei the various ''arrangements'' of nucleons involve (sets of) energy eigenstates with different electric quadrupole properties such as moments and transition rates, and different distributions of proton pairs and neutron pairs with respect to their Fermi energies. Sometimes two such structures will ''invert'' as a function of the nucleon number, resulting in a sudden and dramatic change in ground-state properties in neighboring isotopes and isotones. In the first part of this review the theoretical status of coexistence in nuclei is summarized. Two approaches, namely, microscopic shell-model descriptions and mean-field descriptions, are emphasized. The second part of this review presents systematic data, for both even- and odd-mass nuclei, selected to illustrate the various ways in which coexistence is observed in nuclei. The last part of this review looks to future developments and the issue of the universality of coexistence in nuclei. Surprises continue to be discovered. With the major advances in reaching to extremes of proton-neutron number, and the anticipated new ''rare isotope beam'' facilities, guidelines for search and discovery are discussed.
Heyde, Kris; Wood, John L. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Gent (Belgium); School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430 (United States)
Case Study: Darlington Nuclear Generating Station
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Darlington is a four-reactor nuclear plant east of Toronto. It is operated by Ontario Hydro. Each reactor has two independent shutdown systems: SDS1 drops neutron-absorbing rods into the core, while SDS2 injects liquid poison into the moderator. Both ... Keywords: Atomic Energy Control Board of Canada, Canada, Darlington nuclear generating station, Ontario Hydro, case study, certification, code quality, decision-making logic, documentation, fission reactor core control and monitoring, fission reactor safety, formal methods, formal model-based inspection, formal specification, licensing, liquid poison injection, neutron-absorbing rods, nuclear engineering computing, nuclear plant, safety, safety-critical systems, software driven shutdown systems, software reliability, specifications
Dan Craigen; Susan Gerhart; Ted Ralston
We solve exactly the dynamics of N strongly driven two-level atoms equally cou- pled on resonance to a dissipative cavity mode. Analytical results are derived on decoherence, entanglement, purity, atomic correlations and cavity field mean photon number. Decoherence-free subspaces are predicted for the whole system and the N-qubit subsystem. Multi-partite entangled states can be conditionally generated. The decay of quantum coherence and purity can be monitored by joint measurements on atomic populations. Atoms prepared in states invariant under permutation of any two components evolve within the subspace spanned by the completely symmetric Dicke states. Applications to N=3,4 illustrate the protection from decoherence of multi-partite atomic entanglement and the conditioned preparation of cavity cat-like states in the transient and/or for low enough cavity decay rate.
Bina, M; Lulli, A
We solve the dynamics of an open quantum system where N strongly driven two-level atoms are equally coupled on resonance to a dissipative cavity mode. Analytical results are derived on decoherence, entanglement, purity, atomic correlations and cavity field mean photon number. We predict decoherence-free subspaces for the whole system and the N-qubit subsystem, the monitoring of quantum coherence and purity decay by atomic populations measurements, the conditional generation of atomic multi-partite entangled states and of cavity cat-like states. We show that the dynamics of atoms prepared in states invariant under permutation of any two components remains restricted within the subspace spanned by the completely symmetric Dicke states. We discuss examples and applications in the cases N=3,4.
M. Bina; F. Casagrande; A. Lulli
We have investigated the time scale for formation of molecular clouds by examining the conversion of HI to H2 using a time-dependent model. H2 formation on dust grains and cosmic ray and photo destruction are included in one-dimensional model slab clouds which incorporate time-independent density and temperature distributions. We calculate 21cm spectral line profiles seen in absorption against a background provided by general Galactic HI emission, and compare the model spectra with HI Narrow Self-Absorption, or HINSA, profiles absorbed in a number of nearby molecular clouds. The time evolution of the HI and H2 densities is dramatic, with the atomic hydrogen disappearing in a wave propagating from the central, denser regions which have a shorter H2 formation time scale, to the edges, where the density is lower and the time scale for H2 formation longer. The model 21cm spectra are characterized by very strong absorption at early times, when the HI column density through the model clouds is extremely large. The minimum time required for a cloud to have evolved to its observed configuration, based on the model spectra, is set by the requirement that most of the HI in the outer portions of the cloud, which otherwise overwhelms the narrow absorption, be removed. The characteristic time that has elapsed since cloud compression and initiation of the HI to H2 conversion is a few x 10^{14} s or ~ 10^7 yr. This sets a minimum time for the age of these molecular clouds and thus for the star formation that may take place within them.
Paul F. Goldsmith; Di Li; Marko Krco
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