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The A-Team | |
The A-Team title screen (seasons 1–4) | |
Created by | Frank Lupo Stephen J. Cannell |
Starring | George Peppard Dirk Benedict Dwight Schultz Mr. T Melinda Culea Marla Heasley Tia Carrere Eddie Velez Robert Vaughn |
Narrated by | John Ashley |
Theme music composer | Mike Post Pete Carpenter |
Composer(s) | Mike Post Pete Carpenter Garry Schyman (uncredited) |
Country of origin | United States |
Original language(s) | English |
No. of seasons | 5 |
No. of episodes | 98 (List of episodes) |
Production | |
Executive producer(s) | Frank Lupo Stephen J. Cannell |
Producer(s) | John Ashley (seasons 1-4), Patrick Hasburgh (season 1) Tom Blomquist (season 5) |
Camera setup | Film (1982–1986) Film (principal photography)/Videotape (post-production) (1986) Single-camera setup |
Running time | 48 minutes |
Production company(s) | Universal Television Stephen J. Cannell Productions |
Broadcast | |
Original channel | NBC |
Original run | January 23, 1983 | – March 8, 1987
The A-Team | |
The A-Team title screen (seasons 1–4) | |
Created by | Frank Lupo Stephen J. Cannell |
Starring | George Peppard Dirk Benedict Dwight Schultz Mr. T Melinda Culea Marla Heasley Tia Carrere Eddie Velez Robert Vaughn |
Narrated by | John Ashley |
Theme music composer | Mike Post Pete Carpenter |
Composer(s) | Mike Post Pete Carpenter Garry Schyman (uncredited) |
Country of origin | United States |
Original language(s) | English |
No. of seasons | 5 |
No. of episodes | 98 (List of episodes) |
Production | |
Executive producer(s) | Frank Lupo Stephen J. Cannell |
Producer(s) | John Ashley (seasons 1-4), Patrick Hasburgh (season 1) Tom Blomquist (season 5) |
Camera setup | Film (1982–1986) Film (principal photography)/Videotape (post-production) (1986) Single-camera setup |
Running time | 48 minutes |
Production company(s) | Universal Television Stephen J. Cannell Productions |
Broadcast | |
Original channel | NBC |
Original run | January 23, 1983 | – March 8, 1987
The A-Team is an American action-adventure television series, running from 1983 to 1987, about a fictional group of ex–U.S. Army Special Forces personnel who, after being imprisoned as war criminals "for a crime they didn't commit", escape and, while still on the run from the army, work as soldiers of fortune. A feature film based on the series was released by 20th Century Fox in June 2010.
The A-Team was created by writers and producers Stephen J. Cannell and Frank Lupo at the behest of Brandon Tartikoff, NBC's Entertainment president. Cannell was fired from ABC in the early 1980s, after failing to produce a hit show for the network, and was hired by NBC; his first project was The A-Team. Brandon Tartikoff pitched the series to Cannell as a combination of The Dirty Dozen, Mission Impossible, The Magnificent Seven, Mad Max and Hill Street Blues, with "Mr. T driving the car".[1][2][3][4]
The A-Team was not generally expected to become a hit, although Stephen J. Cannell has said that George Peppard suggested it would be a huge hit "before we ever turned on a camera".[5] The show became very popular; the first regular episode, which aired after Super Bowl XVII on January 30, 1983, reached 26.4% of the television audience, placing fourth in the top 10 Nielsen-rated shows.[6]
The A-Team was always portrayed as acting on the side of good and helping the oppressed. Cannell was known for having a particular skill at capitalizing on momentary cultural trends, such as the helicopters, machine guns, cartoonish violence, and joyful militarism of this series, which are now recognizable as trademarks of popular entertainment in the 1980s as seen in the TV shows Magnum, P.I. and Airwolf as well as the films Rambo: First Blood Part II and Top Gun.
The show remains prominent in popular culture for its cartoonish, over-the-top violence (in which people were seldom seriously hurt), formulaic episodes, its characters' ability to form weaponry and vehicles out of old parts, and its distinctive theme tune. The show boosted the career of Mr. T, who portrayed the character of B. A. Baracus, around whom the show was initially conceived.[7][8] Some of the show's catchphrases, such as "I love it when a plan comes together",[9] "Hannibal's on the jazz", and "I ain't gettin' on no plane!" have also made their way onto T-shirts and other merchandise.
The show's name comes from the "A-Teams", the nickname coined for U.S. Special Forces' Operational Detachments Alpha (ODA) during the Vietnam War,[10] although this connection was never referenced on-screen.
In 2003, in research conducted by web-portal Yahoo! amongst 1,000 television viewers, The A-Team was voted as the one "oldie" television show viewers would most like to see revived, beating out other popular televisions series from the 1980s such as The Dukes of Hazzard and Knight Rider.[11]
In 1972, a crack commando unit was sent to prison by a military court for a crime they didn't commit. These men promptly escaped from a maximum security stockade to the Los Angeles underground. Today, still wanted by the government, they survive as soldiers of fortune. If you have a problem, if no one else can help, and if you can find them, maybe you can hire the A-Team.
—John Ashley's opening narration.
The A-Team is a naturally episodic show, with few overarching stories, except the characters' continuing motivation to clear their names, with few references to events in past episodes and a recognizable and steady episode structure. In describing the ratings drop that occurred during the show's fourth season, reviewer Gold Burt points to this structure as being a leading cause for the decreased popularity "because the same basic plot had been used over and over again for the past four seasons with the same predictable outcome".[12] Similarly, reporter Adrian Lee called the plots "stunningly simple" in a 2006 article for The Express (UK newspaper), citing such recurring elements "as BA's fear of flying, and outlandish finales when the team fashioned weapons from household items".[13] The show became emblematic of this kind of "fit-for-TV warfare" due to its depiction of high-octane combat scenes, with lethal weapons, wherein the participants (with the notable exception of General Fulbright) are never killed and rarely seriously injured (see also on-screen violence and Principle of Evil Marksmanship).
As the television ratings of The A-Team fell dramatically during the fourth season, the format was changed for the show's final season in 1986–87 in a bid to win back viewers. After years on the run from the authorities, the A-Team is finally apprehended by the military. General Hunt Stockwell, a mysterious CIA operative played by Robert Vaughn, propositions them to work for him, whereupon he will arrange for their pardons upon successful completion of several suicide missions. In order to do so, the A-Team must first escape from their captivity. With the help of a new character, Frankie "Dishpan Man" Santana, Stockwell fakes their deaths before a military firing squad. The new status of the A-Team, no longer working for themselves, remained for the duration of the fifth season while Eddie Velez and Robert Vaughn received star billing along with the principal cast. The missions that the team had to perform in season five were somewhat reminiscent of Mission: Impossible, and based more around political espionage than beating local thugs, also usually taking place in foreign countries, including successfully overthrowing an island dictator, the rescue of a scientist from East Germany, and recovering top secret Star Wars defense information from Soviet hands. These changes proved unsuccessful with viewers, however, and ratings continued to decline. Only 13 episodes aired in the fifth season. In what was supposed to be the final episode, "The Grey Team" (although "Without Reservations" was broadcast on NBC as the last first-run episode in March 1987), Hannibal, after being misled by Stockwell one time too many, tells him that the team will no longer work for him. At the end, the team discusses what they were going to do if they get their pardon, and it is implied that they would continue doing what they were doing as the A-Team. The character of Howling Mad Murdock can be seen in the final scene wearing a T-shirt that says, "fini".
During the Vietnam War, the A-Team were members of the 5th Special Forces Group (see Season 1, Episode 10, "West Coast Turnaround"). In Season 2, Episode 4, "Bad Time on the Border", Colonel John "Hannibal" Smith, portrayed by George Peppard, indicated that the A-Team were "ex–Green Berets". During the Vietnam War, the A-Team's commanding officer, Colonel Morrison, gave them orders to rob the Bank of Hanoi to help bring the war to an end. They succeeded in their mission, but on their return to base four days after the end of the war, they discovered that Morrison had been killed by the Viet Cong, and that his headquarters had been burned to the ground. This meant that the proof that the A-Team members were acting under orders had been destroyed. They were arrested, and imprisoned at Fort Bragg, from which they quickly escaped before standing trial.
The origin of the A-Team is directly linked to the Vietnam War, during which the team formed. The show's introduction in the first four seasons mentions this, accompanied by images of soldiers coming out of a helicopter in an area resembling a forest or jungle. Besides this, The A-Team would occasionally feature an episode in which the team came across an old ally or enemy from those war days. For example, the first season's final episode "A Nice Place To Visit" revolved around the team traveling to a small town to honor a fallen comrade and end up avenging his death, and in season two's "Recipe For Heavy Bread", a chance encounter leads the team to meet both the POW cook who helped them during the war, and the American officer who sold his unit out.
An article in the New Statesman (UK) published shortly after the premiere of The A-Team in the United Kingdom, also pointed out The A-Team's connection to the Vietnam War, characterizing it as the representation of the idealization of the Vietnam War, and an example of the war slowly becoming accepted and assimilated into American culture.[14]
One of the team's primary antagonists, Col. Roderick Decker (Lance LeGault), had his past linked back to the Vietnam War, in which he and Hannibal had come to fisticuffs in "the DOOM Club" (Da Nang Open Officers' Mess).[15] At other times, members of the team would refer back to a certain tactic used during the War, which would be relevant to the team's present predicament. Often, Hannibal would refer to such a tactic, after which the other members of the team would complain about its failure during the War. This was also used to refer to some of Face's past accomplishments in scamming items for the team, such as in the first season episode "Holiday In The Hills", in which Murdock fondly remembers Face being able to secure a '53 Cadillac while in the Vietnam jungle.
The team's ties to the Vietnam War were referenced again in the fourth season finale, "The Sound of Thunder", in which the team is introduced to Tia (Tia Carrere), a war orphan and daughter of fourth season antagonist General Fulbright. Returning to Vietnam, Fulbright is shot in the back and gives his last words as he dies. The 2006 documentary Bring Back The A-Team joked that the scene lasted seven and a half minutes,[16] but his death actually took a little over a minute. His murderer, a Vietnamese colonel, is killed in retaliation. Tia then returns with the team to the United States (see also: casting). This episode is notable for having one of the show's few truly serious dramatic moments, with each team member privately reminiscing on their war experiences, intercut with news footage from the war with Barry McGuire's Eve of Destruction playing in the background.
The show's ties to the Vietnam War are fully dealt with in the opening arc of the fifth season, dubbed "The Revolution"/"The Court-Martial", in which the team is finally court-martialed for the robbery of the bank of Hanoi. The character of Roderick Decker makes a return on the witness stand, and various newly introduced characters from the A-Team's past also make appearances. The team, after a string of setbacks, decides to plead guilty to the crime and they are sentenced to be executed. They escape this fate and come to work for a General Hunt Stockwell, leading into the remainder of the fifth season.
The show ran for five seasons on the NBC television network, from January 23, 1983 to December 30, 1986 (with one additional, previously unbroadcast episode shown on March 8, 1987), for a total of 98 episodes.
The A-Team revolves around the four members of a former commando outfit, now mercenaries. Their leader is Lieutenant Colonel/Colonel John "Hannibal" Smith (George Peppard), whose plans tend to be unorthodox but effective. Lieutenant Templeton Peck (Dirk Benedict; Tim Dunigan appeared as Templeton Peck in the pilot), usually called "Face" or "Faceman", is a smooth-talking con man who serves as the team's appropriator of vehicles and other useful items, as well as the team's second-in-command. The team's pilot is Captain H.M. "Howling Mad" Murdock (Dwight Schultz), who has been declared insane and lives in a Veterans Administration mental institution for the show's first four seasons. Finally, there is the team's strong man and mechanic, Sergeant First Class Bosco Albert "B.A.", or "Bad Attitude", Baracus (Lawrence "Mr. T." Tureaud).
It is unclear to which U.S. Army unit the four belonged. A patch on Hannibal's uniform in the season 1 episode "A Nice Place To Visit" indicates they belonged to the 101st Airborne division in Vietnam, but the patch was replaced by the 1st Air Cavalry Division patch in the Season 5 episode "Trial by Fire". In the Season 1 episode "West Coast Turnaround", Hannibal stated they were with the "5th Special Forces Group". Though the name they have adopted comes from the "A-Teams", the nickname coined for Special Forces Operational Detachments Alpha, these detachments usually consisted of twelve members; whether the four were considered a "detachment" all their own or had once had eight compatriots who were killed in action was never revealed.
For its first season and the first half of the second season, the team was assisted by reporter Amy Amanda Allen (Melinda Culea). In the second half of the second season, Allen was replaced by fellow reporter Tawnia Baker (Marla Heasley). The character of Tia (Tia Carrere), a Vietnam war orphan now living in the United States, was meant to join the Team in the fifth season,[17] but she was replaced by Frankie Santana (Eddie Velez), who served as the team's special effects expert. Velez was added to the opening credits of the fifth season after its second episode.
During their adventures, the A-Team was constantly met by opposition from the military police. In the show's first season, the MPs were led by Colonel Francis Lynch (William Lucking), but he was replaced for the second, third, and earlier fourth season by Colonel Roderick Decker (Lance LeGault) and his aide Captain Crane (Carl Franklin). Lynch returned for one episode in the show's third season ("Showdown!") but was not seen after. Decker was also briefly replaced by a Colonel Briggs (Charles Napier) in the third season for one episode ("Fire!") when LeGault was unavailable, but returned shortly after. For the latter portion of the show's fourth season, the team was hunted by General Harlan "Bull" Fulbright (Jack Ging), who would later hire the A-Team to find Tia in the season four finale, during which Fulbright was killed.
The fifth season introduced General Hunt Stockwell (Robert Vaughn) who, while serving as the team's primary antagonist, was also the team's boss and joined them on several missions. He was often assisted by Carla (Judith Ledford, sometimes credited as Judy Ledford).
John "Hannibal" Smith: Master of Disguise. His most used disguise (although not onscreen) is Mr. Lee, the dry cleaner. This is one of the final parts of the client screening process, as he tells the client where to go in order to make full contact with the A-Team. He dresses most often in a white safari jacket and black leather gloves. He also is constantly seen smoking a cigar. Hannibal carries either a Browning Hi Power, Colt M1911A1 or a Smith and Wesson Model 39 as a sidearm, most often "Mexican Carried" although he uses a holster when on missions. His catchphrase is, "I love it when a plan comes together." Often said, usually by B.A. to be "on the jazz" when in the fury of completing a mission.
Templeton "Faceman" Peck: Master of the Persuasive Arts. The team's scrounger, he can get virtually anything he sets his mind to, usually exploiting women with sympathy-appeal and flirtation. However, he is not without integrity, as stated by Murdock in the episode "Family Reunion": "He would rip the shirt off his back for you, and then scam one for himself." Faceman is also the A-Team's accountant. He dresses suavely, often appearing in suits. Faceman carries a Colt Lawman Mk III revolver for protection, and drives a white Corvette.
Bosco Albert "B.A." (Bad Attitude) Baracus: The muscle for the A-Team, Able to perform amazing feats of strength. He is also the team's mechanic. B.A affects a dislike for Murdock, calling him a "crazy fool", but his true feelings of friendship are revealed when he prevents Murdock from drowning in his desire to live like a fish. B.A. also has a deep fear of flying, and the others usually have to trick and/or knock him out in order to get on a plane. It is very rare that B.A is awake while flying, and even rarer for him actually to consent to it. However, he then goes into a catatonic state. B.A generally wears overalls and leopard or tiger print shirts in the early seasons, then later wears a green jumpsuit in the later seasons. He is almost always seen with about 50 pounds of gold necklaces and rings on every finger, and also wears a weightlifting belt. Baracus's hair is always styled in a mohawk-like cut. He drives a customized GMC van, which is the team's usual mode of transport.
H.M "Howling Mad" Murdock: The A-Team's pilot, he can fly any kind of aircraft with extreme precision. However, due to a helicopter crash in Vietnam, Murdock apparently went insane. He lives in a Veterans Hospital in the mental wing. Whenever the rest of the team requires a pilot, they have to break him out of the hospital, generally using Faceman to do so. In Seasons 1-4, Murdock has a different pet, imaginary friend, or persona in each episode. Whenever one of his pets or imaginary friends is killed by an enemy, Murdock snaps and takes revenge (but never kills). Many times, when B.A is mad at Murdock for being crazy, Hannibal will side with Murdock in a sympathetic way. Once he is discharged from the hospital in Season 5, Murdock has a different job each episode. Essentially, B.A. and Murdock get on each other's nerves. Murdock usually wears a leather flight jacket, a baseball cap, and basketball sneakers.
Although the part of Face was written by Frank Lupo and Stephen J. Cannell with Dirk Benedict in mind, NBC insisted that the part should be played by another actor, instead. Therefore, in the pilot, Face was portrayed by Tim Dunigan, who was later replaced by Dirk Benedict, with the comment that Dunigan was "too tall and too young".[18] According to Dunigan: "I look even younger on camera than I am. So it was difficult to accept me as a veteran of the Vietnam War, which ended when I was a sophomore in high school."[19]
Carrere was intended to join the principal cast of the show in its fifth season after appearing in the season four finale,[17] providing a tie to the team's inception during the war. Unfortunately for this plan, Carrere was under contract to General Hospital, which prevented her from joining The A-Team. Her character was abruptly dropped as a result.
According to Mr. T's account in Bring Back... The A-Team in 2006, the role of B. A. Baracus was written specifically for him. This is corroborated by Stephen J. Cannell's own account of the initial concept proposed by Tartikoff.[1]
James Coburn, who co-starred in The Magnificent Seven, was considered for the role of Hannibal in The A-Team, while George Peppard (Hannibal) was the original consideration for the role of Vin (played by Steve McQueen instead) in The Magnificent Seven.[16] Robert Vaughn, of course, actually appeared in the film.
According to Dirk Benedict, Robert Vaughn was actually added to the cast in season 5 because of his friendship with the notoriously difficult George Peppard. It was hoped that Vaughn would help ease worsening tensions between Peppard and Mr. T.
Notable guest stars included:
During the show's first three seasons, The A-Team managed to pull in 17% to 20% of the American households on average. The first regular episode ("Children of Jamestown"), reached 26.4% of the television watching audience, placing fourth in the top 10 rated shows, according to the Nielsen ratings.[6] By March, The A-Team, now on its regular Tuesday timeslot, dropped to the eight spot, but rated a 20.5%.[20] During the sweeps week in May of that year, The A-Team dropped again but remained steady at 18.5%,[21] and rose to 18.8% during the second week of May sweeps.[22] It was the highest ratings NBC had achieved in five years.,[23] During the second season, the ratings continued to soar reaching third place in the twenty highest rated programs, behind Dallas and Simon & Simon, in January (mid-season),[24] while during the third season was only beaten out by four other NBC shows, including The Cosby Show.
The fourth season saw The A-Team experience a dramatic fall, as it started to lose its position while television viewership increased. As such, the ratings, while stable, were relatively less. The season premiere ranked a 17.4% (a 26% audience share on that timeslot) on the Nielsen Rating scale,[25] but after ratings quickly declined. In October, The A-Team had fallen to the 19th and by Super Bowl Night had fallen still to 29th the night on which the show had originally scored its first hit three years before.[26] For the remainder of its fourth season The A-Team managed to hang around the 20th spot, far from original top 10 position it had enjoyed during its first three seasons.
After four years on Tuesday, NBC decided to move The A-Team to a new timeslot on Friday for what would be its final season. Ratings continued to drop, and after seven episodes, The A-Team fell out of the top 50 altogether with a 13.3 Nielsen Rating.[27] In November 1986, NBC cancelled the series, declining to order the last nine episodes of what would've been a 22-episode season.
The show's seasonal rankings and audience were as follows:[28]
The series has achieved cult status through heavy syndication in the U.S. and internationally. It has also remained popular overseas, such as in the United Kingdom, where the show has been on-air almost continuously in some form since it was first shown in July 1983 (currently running on the satellite and cable channel Esquire Network).
The A-Team has been broadcast all over the world; international response has been varied. In 1984, the main cast members of The A-Team, George Peppard, Mr. T, Dirk Benedict and Dwight Schultz were invited to the Netherlands. George Peppard was the first to receive the invitation and thus thought the invite pertained only to him. When the other cast members were also invited, Peppard declined, leaving only Mr. T, Benedict and Schultz to visit the Netherlands.[29] The immense turn-out for the stars was unpredicted, and they were forced to leave early as a security measure. A video was released with the present actors in which Dwight Schultz apologized and thanked everyone that had attended.[30]
In Australia "The A-Team" was broadcast on Channel Ten. The show was broadcast in New Zealand on TV2. In the UK the program was shown on ITV started on Friday 29 July 1983 on ITV, before switching to Saturday 5.35 slot S2-S5. The series continued to be repeated until 1992 on ITV before moving to satellite channels, The series was later repeated on UK Gold from 1997 through to 2007 and was aired at various times firstly it was aired at weekend teatimes at 5.15pm after The Pink Panther and afterwards it took a break from the channel until September 2001 when it returned at weekend mornings at 6.00am and 11.00am and came onto weekdays at 6.00pm before moving an hour earlier to 5.00pm. Then in 2002 it took a break from the channel again and returned in 2005 at 11.00pm before leaving the channel in 2006. it was also repeated on Bravo from 1997 through to 1999 and was on weeknights at 8.00pm (repeated at 5.00am), It returned to the channel in 2009 at 4.00pm and repeated again at 7.00pm. and it was repeated on Sky One from 1993 to 1994. Although ratings soared during its early seasons, many television critics described the show largely as cartoonish and thereby wrote the series off. Most reviews focused on acting and the formulaic nature of the episodes, most prominently the absence of actual killing in a show about Vietnam War veterans.
They are all Vietnam veterans. The gradual assimilation of Vietnam into acceptable popular mythology, which began solemnly with The Deer Hunter, has reached its culmination with The A-Team: No longer a memory to be hurriedly brushed aside, but heroes of a network adventure show. Their enemy is a comic army officer, Col. Lynch, see Sgt. Bilko, see Beetle Bailey, see M*A*S*H*, whose pursuit of our heroes is doomed to slapstick failure. This is classic right-wing American populism; patriotic, macho, anti-authority, and is unlikely to be understood in Britain, where to be right-wing implies an obsequiousness towards officers and the status quo. But right-wing this series certainly is. The bandits, it turns out, are in league with a group of sinister guerrillas who are trying to destabilise the country. Thanks to the A-Team's hearts and minds policy, the villagers rise up and put them to rout, in a 20-minute series of comic-book battle scenes, over-turning cars and airplane stunt-tricks, in which not a single person is hurt.
The violence presented in The A-Team is highly sanitized. People do not bleed or bruise when hit (though they might develop a limp or require a sling), nor do the members of the A-Team kill people. The results of violence were only ever presented when it was required for the script. In almost every car crash there is a short take showing the occupants of the vehicle climbing out of the mangled or burning wreck, even in helicopter crashes. However, more of these types of takes were dropped near the end of the fourth season. According to Stephen J. Cannell, this part of the show did become a running joke for the writing staff and they would at times test the limits of realism on purpose.[32]
The show has been described as cartoonish and likened to Tom and Jerry. Dean P. of the Courier-Mail described the violence in the show as "hypocritical" and that "the morality of giving the impression that a hail of bullets does no-one any harm is ignored. After all, Tom and Jerry survived all sorts of mayhem for years with no ill-effects."[33] Television reviewer Ric Meyers joked that the A-Team used "antineutron bullets—they destroy property for miles around, but never harm a human being".[34] According to certain estimates, an episode of the A-Team held up to 46 violent acts. Stephen J. Cannell, co-creator of the show responds: "They were determined to make a point, and we were too big a target to resist. Cartoon violence is a scapegoat issue."[2] Originally, The A-Team's status as a hit show remained strong, but it ultimately lost out to more family-oriented shows such as The Cosby Show, Who's the Boss? and Growing Pains.[2] John J. O'Connor of The New York Times wrote in an 1986 article that "...a substantial number of viewers, if the ratings in recent months are to be believed, are clearly fed up with mindless violence of the car-chasing, fist-slugging variety".[35]
During the show's tenure, the show was occasionally criticized for being sexist.[16] These critiques were based on the notion that most female roles on the show were either a lead-in to the episode's plot, the recipient of Face's affections, or both. The only two regular female members of the cast, Melinda Culea (season 1 and the first half of season 2) and Marla Heasley (the latter half of season 2) did not have a very long tenure with the show. Both Culea and Heasley had been brought in by the network and producers to stem these critiques, hoping that a female character would properly balance the otherwise all-male cast.[36] Culea was fired during the second season because of creative differences between her and the show's writers; she wanted more lines and more action scenes.[37] Heasley was brought in to replace Culea as a similar assisting reporter character, but with a more fragile and seductive quality to her.
Ultimately, she was written out of the show at the start of the third season when the network determined that a female cast member was not necessary. While the character of Amy Allen suddenly disappeared between two episodes, Tawnia left the team on-screen, choosing to marry and move out of Los Angeles. The character of Amy Allen was only briefly referred to once in the episode "In Plane Sight", and a couple of times in "The Battle of Bel Air", the same episode that introduced Tawnia Baker, in which she was cited to have taken a correspondence job overseas (in Jakarta, Indonesia).
As Marla Heasley recounts in Bring Back... The A-Team (May 18, 2006), although sexism was not prevalent on the set per se, there was a sense that a female character was not necessary on the show. On her first day on set George Peppard took her aside and told her "We don't want you on the show. None of the guys want you here. The only reason you're here is because the network and the producers want you. For some reason they think they need a girl." The interview continues with Marla Heasley noting that on her last day of work Peppard took her aside again, saying: "I'm sorry that this is your last day, but remember what I said the very first day, that we didn't want a girl, has nothing to do with you. You were very professional, but no reason to have a girl."
In an interview with the Sunday Mail (AUS), Peppard admitted that he thought that "whenever the studio slips an actress on to the team, she becomes a distraction. She always slows down the action. She's someone who's only there for the glamour shots. Everything stops for the sexy smiles – and I can't see why that's necessary on The A-Team."[38]
In Bring Back... the A-Team, Dirk Benedict also remarked that, indeed, the show was very male driven:
It was a guy's show. It was male driven. It was written by guys. It was directed by guys. It was acted by guys. It's about what guys do. We talked the way guys talked. We were the boss. We were the God. We smoked when we wanted. We shot guns when we wanted. We kissed the girls and made them cry... when we wanted. It was the last truly masculine show.
The 1983[39] black and metallic gray GMC Vandura van used by the A-Team, with its characteristic red stripe, black and red turbine mag wheels, and rooftop spoiler, has become an enduring pop culture icon. The GMC Vandura used on the A-Team movie was also on display at the 2010 New York International Auto Show.[40]
Early examples of the van had a red GMC logo on the front grille, and an additional GMC logo on the rear left door. Early in the second season, these logos were blacked out, although GMC continued to supply vans and receive a credit on the closing credits of each episode.
It is a common error that the van is said to be all-black,[citation needed] whereas in fact the section above the red stripe is metallic gray; this error was even continued on most toy models of the van. The angle of the rear spoiler can also be seen to vary on different examples of the van within the series. Additionally, some versions of the van have a sunroof, whereas others, typically those used for stunts (and including the one displayed in the aforementioned Cars of the Stars Motor Museum) do not. This led to continuity errors in some episodes, such as in the third season's "The Bells Of St. Mary's", in a scene where (the double of) Face jumps from a building onto the roof of the van. There is clearly no sunroof. Moments later, in an interior studio shot, Face climbs in through the sunroof. Also, in many stunts where the van would surely be totaled, other makes have been used, such as a black Ford Econoline with red hubcaps painted to simulate the original red turbine mag wheels.
A number of devices were seen in the back of the van in different episodes, including a mini printing press ("Pros and Cons"), an audio surveillance recording device ("A Small and Deadly War"), and Hannibal's disguise kits in various episodes.
Many GMC/Chevrolet Vandura vans, and many of the very similar Bedford CF vans, were styled after the A-Team's van by fans of the show.
Merchandise based upon the show has included toys and snacks. Action figures of the characters and vehicles, including a Hot Wheels A-Team van. A cola-flavored popsicle in the shape of Mr. T was on the market at the show's height. A View-Master A-Team gift set, with 3-D viewer and 3 reels containing 21 3-D pictures of the A-Team episode "When You Comin' Back, Range Rider?", was produced by View-Master International. There is an electric race car track with A-Team vehicle covers instead of normal cars. TYCo produced a train set with various accessories and pieces themed for the A-Team look. The set includes a Baldwin shark nose engine painted up like the Van and a matching Caboose.
Marvel Comics produced a three-issue A-Team comic book series, which was later reprinted as a trade paperback. Mr. T has appeared in his own comic books, while a Mr. T graphic novel is set for worldwide release in summer 2008, preceded by a Limited Advance Edition launched in February 2008. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, an A-Team comic strip appeared for several years in the 1980s as part of the children's television magazine and comic Look-In, to tie in with the British run of the series. It was preceded, though, by a short run in the final year (1984) of TV Comic, drawn by Jim Eldridge.
Several novels were based on the series, the first six published in America by Dell and in Britain by Target Books; the last four were only published in Britain. The first six are credited to Charles Heath.
The original main theme by Mike Post and Pete Carpenter was released on the vinyl LP Mike Post – Television Theme Songs (Elektra Records E1-60028Y, 1982) and again on the Mike Post – Mike Post LP (RCA Records AFL1-5183, 1984), both long out-of-print. The theme, as heard on seasons two through four (including the opening narration and sound effects), was also released on TVT's Television's Greatest Hits: 70s and 80s.
Though no original music other than the theme has been released, in 1984 Silva Screen issued an album of re-recorded material from the series conducted by Daniel Caine (reissued on compact disc in 1999, SILVAD 3509).
During its time, The A-Team was nominated for 3 Emmy Awards: In 1983 (Outstanding Film Sound Mixing for a Series) for the pilot episode, in 1984 (Outstanding Film Sound Mixing for a Series) for the episode "When You Comin' Back, Range Rider?" and in 1987 (Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series) for the episode "Firing Line".
The show featured professional wrestlers such as Hulk Hogan, Professor Toru Tanaka, Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat, The Dynamite Kid, Bobby "The Brain" Heenan, Davey Boy Smith, Big John Studd and Greg "The Hammer" Valentine, in most cases playing themselves. In the episode "Body Slam", which featured Hogan, wrestling interviewer and announcer "Mean" Gene Okerlund also appeared.
The opening theme tune was composed by Mike Post and Pete Carpenter.
In early episodes the team used Colt AR-15 SP1 semi-automatic rifles (with automatic sound effects, simulating the M16), while in later seasons they used the Ruger Mini-14, and on rare occasions, the selective fire AC-556K variant of the Mini-14. Hannibal is also seen using an M60 machine gun in some episodes as well as a Micro-Uzi. Hannibal's sidearms are either a nickel plated Smith and Wesson Model 59, or a stainless steel Smith and Wesson Model 639. Unusually in the episode "Black Day At Bad Rock" he is seen carrying a Browning Hi-Power. Many antagonists and members of the team are seen using 1911s as well. "So many different firearms were used in the 1980s hit "The A-Team" that it's impossible to list them all. For five seasons, the wrongly accused foursome used rifles, handguns, submachine guns and shotguns to bring justice for the little guy while trying to stay out of jail. And the best part had to be that regardless of the number of explosions or rounds fired, nobody ever got seriously hurt except for the occasional flesh wound of a team member."[41] As a result, the American Rifleman declared The A-Team the Number One Show on Television to regularly feature firearms.[41]
Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released all five seasons of The A-Team on DVD in Region 1, 2, and 4. In Region 2, a complete series set entitled "The A-Team--The Ultimate Collection" was released on October 8, 2007.[42] A complete series set was released in Region 1 on June 8, 2010.[43] The set includes 25 discs packaged in a replica of the A-Team's signature black van from the show.The complete series set was released in Region 4 on November 3, 2010.
All 5 seasons were re-released in Region 2 with new packaging on June 21, 2010.
DVD Name | Ep# | Release dates | ||
Region 1 | Region 2 | Region 4 | ||
Season One | 14 | June 8, 2004 | September 13, 2004 | December 3, 2004 |
Season Two | 22 | April 12, 2005 | July 4, 2005 | July 13, 2005 |
Season Three | 25 | January 31, 2006 | May 22, 2006 (R2 has different cover art) | July 20, 2006 |
Season Four | 24 | April 4, 2006 | September 18, 2006 | September 19, 2006 |
Season Five: The Final Season | 13 | October 10, 2006 | February 12, 2007 (R2 has different cover art) | February 21, 2007 |
The Complete Series | 98 | June 8, 2010 | October 8, 2007 | November 3, 2010 |
On May 18, 2006, Channel 4 in the UK attempted to reunite the surviving cast members of The A-Team for the show Bring Back... in an episode titled "Bring Back...The A-Team".[44] Justin Lee Collins presented the challenge, securing interviews and appearances from Dirk Benedict, Dwight Schultz, Marla Heasley, Jack Ging, series co-creator Stephen Cannell, and Mr. T.
Collins eventually managed to bring together Benedict, Schultz, Heasley, Ging and Cannell, along with William Lucking, Lance LeGault, and George Peppard's son, Christian. Mr. T was unable to make the meeting, which took place in the Friar's Club in Beverly Hills, but he did manage to appear on the show for a brief talk with Collins.
A feature film based on The A-Team was released on June 11, 2010, and was produced by 20th Century Fox.[45] Both Dirk Benedict (Face) and Dwight Schultz (Murdock) made brief cameo appearances in the film (as a prisoner using a sunbed and a psychiatrist overseeing Murdock's shock therapy, respectively); because of timing issues, these scenes were moved to the end of the credits.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The A-Team |
Preceded by 60 Minutes 1982 | Super Bowl lead-out program The A-Team 1983 | Succeeded by Airwolf 1984 |


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Spring Forecast for Your Sign
What Spring Equinox 2013 Has Ready for You
By Kelli Fox, The Astrologer and Lifescript Horoscope Expert
Published March 14, 2013
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Renew and replenish. That's spring season's motto. So what does this new quarter bring for your sign? Lifescript Horoscope Expert Kelli Fox has your spring forecast…
The Spring Equinox occurs on or around March 21 each year, when the Sun enters the Cardinal sign of Aries and spring season officially begins in the Northern Hemisphere.
Spring has long been associated with burgeoning sexuality; in song, this season suggests the youthful maiden or lad as they inch closer to adulthood. Hormones act up and libidinal urges simmer within.
The season also represents a time when life offers unexplored opportunities – everything is fresh, new and exciting. The Spring Equinox is also an in-between period that's perfect for refreshing and renewing yourself and your surroundings – hence the expression "
spring cleaning
Enjoy more freedom outside of the house in warmer weather, that is, until April showers come your way. Plant seeds for herbs, vegetables and flowers that will blossom in the coming months.
Learn how this season will shape up for your sign in this spring forecast.
Spring Forecast for Aries (March 21 – April 19)
Money and travel are on your mind this spring. With two of this season's three eclipses triggering your financial sectors, watch your spending.
The Lunar Eclipse on May 24 activates your travel sector, so planning or taking a trip is likely.
Your energy will be high from late March through April, when the Sun is in your sign, so make the most of it. The Full Moon on March 27 calls your attention to relationships. Find a balance between honoring your independence and making time for your honey.
The New Moon in Aries on April 10 is a great time to initiate new projects or make a change to your appearance. Late spring is a good time to speak your mind or present your ideas.
Spring Forecast for Taurus (April 20 – May 20)
This spring is your time to make personal transformations. The Solar Eclipse on May 9 is in your sign, enabling you to show the world a new side of yourself. But before new beginnings can take place, tie up loose ends and complete anything that's outstanding.
With the Full Moon on April 25, relationships will be tested; choose your battles carefully. Love planet Venus and passion planet Mars will be in your sign from mid-April through May; it's a fabulous time for dating and mating, whether you're single or coupled.
Lucky Jupiter continues through your sector of money, so financial windfalls could land in your lap during this period – although, during the month of June, it may be a case of easy come, easy go.
Spring Forecast for Gemini (May 21 – June 20)
This spring season starts off with a full plate on your social calendar. The Full Moon on March 27 triggers your sector of good times, although don't go overboard in the fun department, or your pocketbook will take a hit.
A month later, the Lunar Eclipse on April 25 activates your sector of health. If you've been dealing with health issues, get them checked out immediately; it's better to be safe than sorry.
Lucky Jupiter continues through your sign, bringing you a deep sense of optimism. This is a time for broadening your horizons and looking beyond what's right in front of you. Throughout May and June, many planets will be in your sign, which means communication takes priority – everything from socializing to presenting your ideas in a more formal setting.
The season ends on a high note with the New Moon on June 8 in your sign. This is your opportunity to turn over a new leaf.
Spring Forecast for Cancer (June 21 – July 22)
This season it will be important for the Crab to join groups, make new friends and increase your social network. The Solar Eclipse on May 9 activates your sector of friends, bringing you a variety of opportunities.
As spring begins, your career will be at the forefront of your mind as Venus travels through your sector of vocation. There will be plenty of opportunities for advancement, but you have to be proactive – especially around the Full Moon on March 27.
In April, think before you speak, as you may blurt out something you haven't yet researched and shouldn't present as fact. Friends will bring you great comfort and security from mid-April through mid-May; be sure to pencil in some time with those you care about.
With many planets in your sign as the season comes to an end, your energy is sure to be on high.
Spring Forecast for Leo (July 23 – Aug. 22)
Spring brings a burst of energy for the Lion. Taking a course of study or planning a trip is a great way to use this influence. You're feeling adventurous, but stick to your budget. A realistic approach to finances is important this spring.
During the second half of April, your career will claim the lion's share of your attention. Seeing a project through to completion is necessary now. The Lunar Eclipse on April 25 brings a culmination to something you started last November related to your home or family.
For many Lions, the past few months have been a time of change, and this cycle promises to come to a head during this season. Take a long-term approach rather than looking for quick fixes.
The second Lunar Eclipse of the season, on May 24, will trigger your sector of romance, so be open to having some fun!
Spring Forecast for Virgo (Aug. 23 – Sept. 22)
As spring begins, your mind is on getting your message across, especially when it comes to relationships. Speak up about your needs now. You can achieve intimacy only if you're truly open.
As optimistic Jupiter continues to travel through your career sector, your prospects for promotion at work are favorable. When it comes to your job, this is your season to be ambitious and go after what you want.
Once again, the Lunar Eclipse on April 25 emphasizes a need to speak up, or to present your ideas in a more formal way. Virgo is usually good with detail, and this time, others will appreciate your thoroughness.
The Solar Eclipse on May 9 is a great time to expand your horizons through study or travel. Go ahead and treat yourself. Take care around May 24, when the second Lunar Eclipse of the season triggers your sector of home and family. Someone may ruffle your feathers, but taking a step back and looking at the bigger picture should bring you insight.
Spring Forecast for Libra (Sept. 23 – Oct. 22)
Your relationships are on your mind at the start of spring. Find a balance between independence and leaning too heavily on others. This will be particularly evident during the Full Moon in your sign on March 27.
Many Librans have been busy transforming the foundations of your life. During mid-April, when powerful Pluto turns retrograde, you may have to revisit your past in order to reclaim your personal power. This won't be an overnight process, so have patience and look toward the long term when making plans.
The Eclipses during April and May bring your finances to light. Settle a debt or wrap up a certain investment before you can begin anew. Also, before you go splurging on a high-ticket item, make sure you can afford it.
As others wind down for the summer season, you could feel as if you're just hitting your stride in your career. When making work-related decisions, don't let your emotions get too much in the way. Remember, it's just business.
Spring Forecast for Scorpio (Oct. 23 – Nov. 21)
Saturn, planet of rules and restrictions, continues to travel in retrograde motion throughout spring, and many Scorpions will be forced to toe the line and abide by the rules.
Someone else may be calling the shots, which doesn't sit well with you; you're used to being the one who's in control. Patience and perseverance will help you through this tough spot.
There's more good news: Lucky Jupiter is traveling through your money sector, bringing potential for making some extra cash. The Lunar Eclipse on April 25 is in your sign; own your power. If you don't, you could attract others who have ulterior motives.
For single Scorpions, the Solar Eclipse on May 9 brings an opportunity to meet someone special – but before that can happen, tie up loose ends from previous relationships. If you're romantically involved, take your relationship to the next level now.
As the season comes to a close, get your summer vacation plans in order, as the stars are aligned for travel.
Spring Forecast for Sagittarius (Nov. 22 – Dec. 21)
There's something about the spring season that creates a boundless sense of fun and adventure for you, Sagittarius, and 2013 is no exception! Lucky Jupiter continues through your sector of relationships, so single Archers may find themselves connecting on an intellectual level with several suitors. If you're coupled, your relationship will bring you a sense of hope and optimism.
When it comes to your diet and fitness, April is a good time to turn over a new leaf. In fact, letting go of bad habits and establishing better ones will never be easier than during the Solar Eclipse on May 9.
The Lunar Eclipse on May 24 is in your sign, giving you a major energy boost – but also heightening the likelihood that you could miss details. If things get a little too crazy, slow down and take deep breaths.
As spring comes to a close, your attention focuses once more on your relationships and connecting with others at a deeper level.
Spring Forecast for Capricorn (Dec. 22 – Jan. 19)
Many Capricorns have recently been going through deep personal transformation, and this will continue this spring season. Change doesn't happen overnight, but know that better things are ahead.
Your ruling planet, Saturn, is helping with breaking down certain structures in your life. Don't resist this process of evolution. Letting fear take over not only halts progress, it also slows you down as you proceed along your path.
As much as you like to focus primarily on your career, your home and family life require your attention at the start of the season. Again, allow any changes to occur naturally, and be willing to accept new ways of being.
April and May promise a reprieve as your sector of fun and romance is triggered, especially around the Solar Eclipse on May 9. Diet and fitness will play an important role in your life in May and June. Find a workout buddy and exercise will be much easier – and more fun – than tackling it on your own.
As summer begins, your focus is back on your emotions and finding a balance between your professional and domestic lives.
Spring Forecast for Aquarius (Jan. 20 – Feb. 18)
As spring begins, speak up and present your ideas to others, whether in a personal or professional arena. Your financial affairs may have been an issue last season, but confusion should clear once spring arrives.
Lucky Jupiter continues through your sector of fun and romance; for single Aquarians, get out and socialize now. You're sure to meet all kinds of interesting people. For coupled Water-Bearers, your relationship promises a new kind of connectedness.
The Lunar Eclipse on April 25 lands in your sector of career. Don't resist any work changes. The Solar Eclipse on May 9 marks a good time to renovate or change residence.
Friends, groups and acquaintances will bring opportunities your way on the second Lunar Eclipse of the season, on May 24. Increasing your social network will have long-term advantages. Start the summer focusing on diet and fitness. The warmer weather will help make the decision easier.
Spring Forecast for Pisces (Feb. 19 – March 20)
Spring begins with messenger Mercury in your sign. Your words have the potential to make a real impact, so choose them carefully. Your ruling planet, imaginative Neptune, continues through your sign; use this energy to engage in creative outlets such as art or music, or even pursue spiritual endeavors.
Expansive Jupiter is in your home sector this season, making it a great time to move or renovate your living space. You may luck into a great new home or find an excellent designer or builder who understands your vision.
During March and April, your finances may be a case of easy come, easy go, so stick to your budget. The Lunar Eclipse on May 24 triggers your career sector; focus on the big picture as you enhance your job skills.
June is your month for romance – as the weather heats up, so does your blood! Whether you're single or coupled, make the most of this period to ignite your passion.
Kelli Fox is a certified astrologer, co-founder of The Astrologer Inc. (
) and Lifescript horoscope expert. Kelli is a member the American Federation of Astrologers, National Council for Geocosmic Research and International Society for Astrological Research. In 1995, Kelli founded Astrology.com, which became the largest astrology website. She currently publishes daily horoscopes and planetary updates, annual forecasts and compatibility reports for The Astrologer and her iPhone app, "Today's Horoscope."
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SEC Stashes $439 Million to Reward Whistleblowers
By Hal M. Bundrick
NEW YORK (MainStreet) Under two months ago, the Securities and Exchange Commission's office of the Whistleblower (OWB) announced the largest award since the program began: a $14 million bounty for information that led to the recovery of "substantial investor funds."
The result? Increased awareness for a program seeking tips to stem investor fraud.
"This will open the floodgates -- the higher the lottery ticket the more people play," says Jordon Thomas, a partner with Labaton Sucharow. Thomas's practice concentrates on investigating and prosecuting securities fraud on behalf of whistleblowers and institutional clients.
"In the recent Wall Street Survey commissioned by Labaton Sucharow, there was a 20% increase in awareness of the SEC Whistleblower Program since last year," Thomas told MainStreet. "Following this significant award, awareness will continue to grow along with the number of whistleblower submissions that the SEC receives. At our firm, after the award was announced, we saw an immediate increase in the number of case evaluation requests that we received." The OWB reports the number of whistleblower tips and complaints the Commission received increased from 3,001 for the 2012 fiscal year to 3,238 in 2013. Since the program was established in August 2011, the Commission has received 6,573 tips and complaints from whistleblowers. It's quite possible even more substantial awards will be offered to tipsters in the future. Under the program, individuals who voluntarily provide the Commission with original information that leads to a successful enforcement action resulting in monetary sanctions of over $1,000,000, may be eligible to receive an award equal to between 10 and 30% of the monies collected by the Commission. The SEC has banked over $439 million to pay future awards. But many whistleblowers fear retribution from employers. "The best protection against retaliation and blacklisting is to report possible violations anonymously," Thomas says. "The SEC Whistleblower Program permits anonymous reporting if the whistleblower is represented by legal counsel. Sophisticated whistleblower attorneys use numerous strategies to further protect the identity of their clients." Although whistleblowers must disclose their identity to the Commission before they can be paid an award, the SEC does not publicly disclose whistleblower identities when it announces awards. The first award was issued on August 21, 2012, for a tip leading to shutdown of a multi-million dollar fraud. In June of this year the Commission announced it had issued an award to three whistleblowers that helped shut down a sham hedge fund. "The most common violations reported in recent years have been financial reporting violations, offering frauds and market manipulations," says Thomas. While tips have been received from all 50 states during the past year, California tops the list for 2013 whistleblower leads, outpacing New York, the state that provided the most tips in 2012. Since the program began, leads have been received from 68 countries outside the U.S., with the U.K. surpassing China this year as the biggest source of international tips. --Written by Hal M. Bundrick for MainStreetCheck Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Process Temperature Control Equipment Maker Delta T Systems Has Big Plans For A Small Unit
Growing demand for a smaller water circulating temperature control system got the wheels turning and the Engineers thinking at Delta T Systems. With a blueprint for success, the manufacturer of process temperature control equipment has announced a new product line
Eco-Energy Commences Operations At State-Of-The-Art Rail To Pipe Ethanol Facility In Knoxville, TN
Eco-Energy, a leading biofuel supply chain company, is pleased to announce the opening of its distribution facility located within the Knoxville, TN terminal complex.
Praxair Gulf Coast Expansion To Serve Freeport, Texas, And Supply New World-Scale Ammonia Project
Praxair, Inc. has signed a 20-year agreement to supply approximately 170 million standard cubic feet per day of hydrogen and 2,000 tons per day of nitrogen to a new 750,000 metric tons per year ammonia complex being built by a new entity formed by Yara and BASF
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I don't expect guarantees, only encouragement.
The FCC passed net neutrality and will now consider Internet access as a utility. Here are what the proponents and critics of net neutrality are saying that means for everyday people.
"Job U" author pushes tested European model for apprenticeships and vocational skills training.
There is a special comfort to hearing a friend talk.
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Walt Disney Studios released a sneak peek of the new "Frozen" short that will air before Disney's live-action "Cinderella," which hits theaters March 13.
All great religions encourage patience, tolerance and humility. That's what role modeling religion looks like, even when offended.
Sometimes we ignore guidance offered from others, and yet when serendipity weighs in, we tend to pay more attention.
The arrival of a new year is a wonderful opportunity to sit back, reflect, take stock, realize you'll never have a clue what "Auld Lang Syne" actually means, and think about your life.
You can make the case that Christmas is the religious holiday best suited for those who are skeptical of piety. If you put aside television ads for BMWs and the like, it's the most humble holy day and the one closest to where people live. It's...
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Uses of GBIF in scientific research
Extracted from the Mendeley GBIF Public Library.
List of publications
Alfonso, G., Belmonte, G.
Neolovenula alluaudi (Guerne and Richard, 1890) (Calanoida: Diaptomidae: Paradiaptominae): first record in Italy and review of geographical distribution
(Journal name unavailable from Mendeley API. To be updated soon...)
As part of recent limnological campaigns in Puglia region (South-Eastern Italy), 217 temporary and permanent ponds were studied. The diaptomid calanoid copepod Neolovenula alluaudi (Guerne and Richard, 1890) was collected in eight of these ponds. These findings represent the first record of the species in Italy. Morphological features are provided with original drawings, which are compared with currently available descriptions. Environmental variables were recorded in order to provide information on the ecological preferenda of the species in its Italian occurrence sites; in addition, the co-occurring crustacean fauna was identified and reported for each pond. A review of the available literature allowed us to determine more accurately the chorology of the species and to propose a biogeo- graphical hypothesis concerning its distribution. An updated map of the species' distribution including the new Italian sites is presented and we provide evidence to support the idea that the current chorotype of N. alluaudi is the result of an association of the Saharan and Turanic-European-Mediterranean chorotypes.
Keywords: biogeography, Copepoda, inland waters, Italian fauna, species distribution, zooplankton
Bellard, C., Thuiller, W., Leroy, B., Genovesi, P., Bakkenes, M., Courchamp, F.
Will climate change promote future invasions?
(Journal name unavailable from Mendeley API. To be updated soon...)
Biological invasion is increasingly recognized as one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Using ensemble forecasts from species distribution models to project future suitable areas of the 100 of the world's worst invasive species defined by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, we show that both climate and land use changes will likely cause drastic species range shifts. Looking at potential spatial aggregation of invasive species, we identify three future hotspots of invasion in Europe, northeastern North America, and Oceania. We also emphasize that some regions could lose a significant number of invasive alien species, creating opportunities for ecosystem restoration. From the list of 100, scenarios of potential range distributions show a consistent shrinking for invasive amphibians and birds, while for aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates distributions are projected to substantially increase in most cases. Given the harmful impacts these invasive species currently have on ecosystems, these species will likely dramatically influence the future of biodiversity.
Keywords: climate change, invasive species, land use change, species distribution models
Brundu, G., Camarda, I.
The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis
PhytoKeys 23 1-18.
A checklist of the flora of Chad has been compiled by the authors, based on literature, on-line data-bases, herbarium collections and land surveys (1998-2011). It counts 2,460 records, i.e. 2,288 species (including 128 autonyms), 83 subspecies, 81 varieties, 8 forms, while all the previous available information reported 1,600 species. Tey belong to 151 Families, with 48.7% of the taxa belonging to the 6 largest families, i.e. Poaceae (14.6%), Fabaceae (13.6%), Cyperaceae (7.0%), Asteraceae (6.2 %), Malvaceae (3.9%) and Rubiaceae (3.4%). A total number or 2,173 species (88.3%) are native to Chad, including 55 (2.2%) endemic species, while 274 (11.0%) are alien to Chad, and 13 (0.5%) are considered cryptogenic, i.e. of uncertain status. It represents a considerable update on previous knowledge on the alien flora of Chad that counted for 131 taxa (5.3%). Tere are 657 therophytes (26.7%), 546 phanerophytes (22.2%), 378 hemicryptophytes (15.4%), 256 chamaephytes (10.4%), 160 geophytes (6.5%), 107 helophytes (4.3%), 104 hydrophytes (4.2%). A total of 252 taxa (10.2) may have different life forms (e.g. terophytes or chamaephytes).
Keywords: chad, checklist, flora, plant diversity
Capinha, C., Larson, E., Tricarico, E., Olden, J., Gherardi, F.
Effects of Climate Change, Invasive Species, and Disease on the Distribution of Native European Crayfishes
(Journal name unavailable from Mendeley API. To be updated soon...)
Climate change will require species to adapt to new conditions or follow preferred climates to higher latitudes or elevations, but many dispersal-limited freshwater species may be unable to move due to barriers imposed by watershed boundaries. In addition, invasive nonnative species may expand into new regions under future climate conditions and contribute to the decline of native species. We evaluated future distributions for the threatened European crayfish fauna in response to climate change, watershed boundaries, and the spread of invasive crayfishes, which transmit the crayfish plague, a lethal disease for native European crayfishes. We used climate projections from general circulation models and statistical models based on Mahalanobis distance to predict climate-suitable regions for native and invasive crayfishes in the middle and at the end of the 21st century. We identified these suitable regions as accessible or inaccessible on the basis of major watershed boundaries and present occurrences and evaluated potential future overlap with 3 invasive North American crayfishes. Climate-suitable areas decreased for native crayfishes by 19% to 72%, and the majority of future suitable areas for most of these species were inaccessible relative to native and current distributions. Overlap with invasive crayfish plague-transmitting species was predicted to increase. Some native crayfish species (e.g., noble crayfish [Astacus astacus]) had no future refugia that were unsuitable for the modeled nonnative species. Our results emphasize the importance of preventing additional introductions and spread of invasive crayfishes in Europe to minimize interactions between the multiple stressors of climate change and invasive species, while suggesting candidate regions for the debatable management option of assisted colonization.
Keywords: biotic interactions, dispersal barriers, europe, freshwater, invasive species, species distribution
Di Febbraro, M., Lurz, P., Genovesi, P., Maiorano, L., Girardello, M., Bertolino, S.
The Use of Climatic Niches in Screening Procedures for Introduced Species to Evaluate Risk of Spread: A Case with the American Eastern Grey Squirrel
PloS one 8(7) e66559.
Species introduction represents one of the most serious threats for biodiversity. The realized climatic niche of an invasive species can be used to predict its potential distribution in new areas, providing a basis for screening procedures in the compilation of black and white lists to prevent new introductions. We tested this assertion by modeling the realized climatic niche of the Eastern grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis. Maxent was used to develop three models: one considering only records from the native range (NRM), a second including records from native and invasive range (NIRM), a third calibrated with invasive occurrences and projected in the native range (RCM). Niche conservatism was tested considering both a niche equivalency and a niche similarity test. NRM failed to predict suitable parts of the currently invaded range in Europe, while RCM underestimated the suitability in the native range. NIRM accurately predicted both the native and invasive range. The niche equivalency hypothesis was rejected due to a significant difference between the grey squirrel's niche in native and invasive ranges. The niche similarity test yielded no significant results. Our analyses support the hypothesis of a shift in the species' climatic niche in the area of introductions. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) appear to be a useful tool in the compilation of black lists, allowing identifying areas vulnerable to invasions. We advise caution in the use of SDMs based only on the native range of a species for the compilation of white lists for other geographic areas, due to the significant risk of underestimating its potential invasive range.
Keywords: biotic interactions, dispersal barriers, europe, freshwater, invasive species, species distribution
Ficetola, G., Rondinini, C., Bonardi, A., Katariya, V., Padoa-schioppa, E., Angulo, A.
An evaluation of the robustness of global amphibian range maps
Journal of Biogeography.
Aim Maps of species ranges are among the most frequently used distribution data in biodiversity studies. As with any biological data, range maps have some level of measurement error, but this error is rarely quantified. We assessed the error associated with amphibian range maps by comparing them with point locality data. Location Global. Methods The maps published by the Global Amphibian Assessment were assessed against two data sets of species point localities: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), and a refined data set including recently published, high-quality presence data from both GBIF and other sources. Range fit was measured as the proportion of presence records falling within the range polygon(s) for each species. Results Using the high-quality point data provided better fit measures than using the raw GBIF data. Range fit was highly variable among continents, being highest for North American and European species (a fit of 84–94%), and lowest for Asian and South American species (a fit of 57–64%). At the global scale, 95% of amphibian point records were inside the ranges published in maps, or within 31 km of the range edge. However, differences among continents were striking, and more points were found far from range edges for South American and Asian species. Main conclusions The Global Amphibian Assessment range maps represent the known distribution of most amphibians well; this study provides measures of accuracy that can be useful for future research using amphibian maps as baseline data. Nevertheless, there is a need for greater investment in the continuous updating and improvement of maps, particularly in the megadiverse areas of tropical Asia and South America.
Keywords: alpha-hulls, amphibians, conservation biogeography, data quality, gbif, mea-, point data, range size, species distribution range, surement error, wallacean
Gatto, F., Katsanevakis, S., Vandekerkhove, J., Zenetos, A., Cardoso, A.
Evaluation of Online Information Sources on Alien Species in Europe: The Need of Harmonization and Integration.
Environmental Management.
Europe is severely affected by alien invasions, which impact biodiversity, ecosystem services, economy, and human health. A large number of national, regional, and global online databases provide information on the distribution, pathways of introduction, and impacts of alien species. The sufficiency and efficiency of the current online information systems to assist the European policy on alien species was investigated by a comparative analysis of occurrence data across 43 online databases. Large differences among databases were found which are partially explained by variations in their taxonomical, environmental, and geographical scopes but also by the variable efforts for continuous updates and by inconsistencies on the definition of "alien" or "invasive" species. No single database covered all European environments, countries, and taxonomic groups. In many European countries national databases do not exist, which greatly affects the quality of reported information. To be operational and useful to scientists, managers, and policy makers, online information systems need to be regularly updated through continuous monitoring on a country or regional level. We propose the creation of a network of online interoperable web services through which information in distributed resources can be accessed, aggregated and then used for reporting and further analysis at different geographical and political scales, as an efficient approach to increase the accessibility of information. Harmonization, standardization, conformity on international standards for nomenclature, and agreement on common definitions of alien and invasive species are among the necessary prerequisites.
Keywords: Biological invasions, European policy, Interoperable web services, Online databases, Standardization
Habel, J., Husemann, M., Schmitt, T., Dapporto, L., Rödder, D., Vandewoestijne, S.
A forest butterfly in sahara desert oases: isolation does not matter.
The Journal of heredity 104(2) 234-47.
Numerous studies addressing the impact of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity have been performed. In this study, we analyze the effects of a seemingly nonpermeable matrix on the population structure of the forest-dwelling butterfly Pararge aegeria in geographically isolated oases at the northern margin of the Sahara desert using microsatellites, morphological characters, and species distribution modeling. Results from all analyses are mostly congruent and reveal 1) a split between European and North African populations, 2) rather low divergence between populations from the eastern and western part of North Africa (Morocco vs. Tunisia), 3) a lack of differentiation between the oasis and Atlas Mountain populations, 4) as well as among the oasis populations, and 5) no reduction of genetic variability in oasis populations. However, one exception to this general trend resulted from the analyses of wing shape; wings of butterflies from oases are more elongated compared with those from the other habitats. This pattern of phenotypic divergence may suggest a recent colonization of the oasis habitats by individuals, which might be accompanied by a rather dispersive behavior. Species distribution modeling suggests a fairly recent reexpansion of the species' climatic niche starting in the Holocene at about 6000 before present. The combined results indicate a rather recent colonization of the oases by highly mobile individuals from genetically diverse founder populations. The colonization was likely followed by the expansion and persistence of these founder populations under relatively stable environmental conditions. This, together with low rates of gene flow, likely prevented differentiation of populations via drift and led to the maintenance of high genetic diversity.
Keywords: differentiation, genetic diversity, genitalia, geometric morphometrics, habitat isolation, microsatellites, Pararge aegeria, species distribution modeling, wing morphology
Katsanevakis, S., Gatto, F., Zenetos, A., Cardoso, A.
How many marine aliens in Europe?
Management of Bioloigical Invasions 4.
Keywords: biological invasions, easin, european seas, information system, non-indigenous species
Luque, G., Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Bonnaud, E., Genovesi, P., Simberloff, D., Courchamp, F.
The 100th of the world's worst invasive alien species
Biological Invasions.
Biological invasions are among the greatest threats to global biodiversity, but in contrast to most other global threats, they suffer from specific communication issues. Our paper presents the first new addition to the widely cited IUCN list of ''100 of the world's worst invasive species'', a list created a decade ago in response to these communication issues. We briefly present this list, the recent removal of one species from that list, and the rationale to include a novel, 100th species to replace it. The new species of this list, giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta), was chosen by the community of invasion biologists (over 650 experts from over 60 countries). This new addition to the list will draw public attention to the damage caused by invasive alien species and it will help stimulate the necessary discussion of this critical issue in science and policy circles. G.
Keywords: biological invasions, ISSG, salvinia molesta


text:
Be Wary of Deere's Potential Trend Reversal
The bears swooped in on Wall Street right at Monday's opening
bell as weaker-than-expected China GDP data sent a wave of worry
across equity markets around the globe. Profit taking pressures
also returned to the precious metals market at the start of the
week, sparking a massive sell-off in gold; the yellow metal dropped
upwards of $150 an ounce on Monday, sending the prices well below
the $1,400 mark in just a matter of hours.
Amid the ongoing tug of war between the bulls and bears,
agriculture and forestry equipment manufacturer
Deere & Co.
) presents an intriguing opportunity at the moment that warrants a
closer look from swing traders looking to get a piece of the action
on Wall Street.
Chart Analysis
Consider Deere's one-year daily performance chart below. This
agriculture stock has enjoyed a nice steady uptrend (green line)
since bottoming out in early June 2012, and then moving up through
its recent peak of $95.60 per share. DE's decline over the past two
months appears to be a healthy correction when considering the
longer-term uptrend at hand along with the stock's ability to hold
its head above the 200-day moving average (yellow line) in recent
weeks. Plain and simple, DE's chart looks like a "buy" at the
moment as traders can establish a long position in anticipation of
a rebound while still closely managing downside as this stock is
trading near a major support level (yellow line).
Click to enlarge
Before jumping in long, investors should take note of the potential
trend reversal that may be brewing; since peaking at $95.60 per
share in late January 2013, this stock has posted a series of
consecutive lower-highs (red line) and lower-lows, perhaps hinting
at a potential trend reversal. As such, we advise using a tight
stop-loss for anyone looking to take a long position at current
levels in case our bearish suspicions prove correct.
DE's chart pattern is sending mixed signals as the ongoing
correction can be interpreted as either a healthy pullback or a
sign of a trend reversal. From a technical perspective, this stock
has major support around $82-$84 per share; in terms of upside, DE
could face selling pressures as it nears the $88 level. As always,
investors of all experience levels are advised to use stop-loss
orders and practice disciplined profit-taking techniques.
Follow us on Twitter
Editor's note: This article by Stoyan Bojinov was originally
published on
Commodity HQ


text:
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text:
Hey Y'all. I am thinking about teaming a Glock 20 & 29 10MM together for Hog Bustin'/ close encounters. I am thinking flat nosed hard cast lead bullets. Any thoughts or experiences?
"True Happiness is a warm .357,.45 ACP,.38 Special,.410 or a 12 gauge & a cold Sun Drop." ME "Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety. " (Benjamin Franklin) 'God made man and woman; Colonel Colt made them equal'." (Ann Coulter) " Praise The Lord but Polly pass the Ammo"( Unknown) "The 1st one through the door gets the copper coated candy." ( Andy the gunshop owner from "Dawn of the Dead")
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I thought Glocks had a polygonal rifling system that didn't shoot cast bullets well. How about CorBon or Buffalo Bore with 200 gr JSPs?
Call glock and ask them, it will tell you a lot about the company.
I second freefall. We use 1911 45 hp here in AZ just for Javalina. For a real pig I think I would use that 10 with as much beef as possible!!
i personally dont own a glock or a 10mm for that matter but from what ive seen and heard the 10 is great on hogs ...use cor -bons .the hot rod 10 is one bad mutha as uncle ted would say ...excellant on whitetails too
10mm will be fine. NOLEAD IN GLOCK BARRELS! Use CorBon DPX or Speer Gold Dots.
I could make a list of a bunch of guns i have, or "have", or wish I had. Why would one feel compelled to provide that infornation freely? Do you feel the need to show off? Is it some immature game of oneupsmanship? Why do you feel it necessary to list your guns?
I carry a G20 about 75% of the time, or a G29 about 25% of the time when I'm hunting, loaded with DT 180gr Gold Dots. I haven't shot a hog with one...yet . But I have shot hogs with a .44 Mag revolver, .243, .270WSM and a 7mm Ram Mag. I have no doubt about the 10mm working just fine. We have a ton of hogs on our lease, so I'm sure I'll have a chance to take one with my 10mm someday.


text:
Dawn of Halo Development Group
Hobbies & Interests group with 3 members, invitation onlyMod group for the mod Dawn of Halo for Dawn of War: Soulstorm
This member has provided no bio about themself...
0 comments by Torzel on Feb 14th, 2012
I desire to make a well balanced mod for Soulstorm that includes all factions that have a codex or are significant enough to be included.
When Finished, something like this
Total Races
-Chaos Marines
-Dark Eldar
-Imperial Guard
-Sisters of Battle
-Space Marines
Mods Made-
-Black Templars
-Daemon Hunters
-Steel Legion
Being Made-
-Adeptus Mechanicus
-Chaos Daemons
I've Made-
-Space Wolves
-Renegade Guardsmen
Worthy by Codex-
-Blood Angels
-Craftworld Eldar
-Dark Angels
-Death Watch
-Grey KnightsWorthy by Concept-
-Black Legion
-Blood Ravens
-Catachan Jungle Fighters Guardsmen
-Chaos Mechanicus
-Chaos Radicals (Any type of inquisitional units that have fallen to chaos)
-Death Guard
-Death Korps of Krieg Guardsmen
-Emperor's Children
-Fallen Angels
-Feral Orks
-Genestealers Cult
-Harakoni Warhawks Guardsmen
-Imperial Fists
-Iron Hands
-Iron Warriors
-Kanak Skull Takers Guardsmen
-Mordian Iron Guard
-Night Lords
-Raven Guard
-Savlar Chem-Dogs Guardsmen
-Space Wolves 13th Company
-Tallarn Desert Raiders
-Tanith First & Only Guard
-Terrax Guard
-Thousand Sons
-Word Bearers
-World Eaters
-Valhallan Ice Warriors Guardsmen
I could possible be forgetting some, let me know what you think. And if you have links to ones that I don't have let me know.
Mod group for the mod Dawn of Halo for Dawn of War: Soulstorm
waz up! So If ya wanna bi big an'mean, If ya wanna be best an' green,If ya wanna get da job done fast,Da ORK CLAN iz where it's at! greetings from moddlord1...
waz up! this is a fan group for science fiction,fantasy fans and dark forces and warhammer fans.come on join and be a member.and know you are not alone...
I got an picture of the Renegade guardsman. Just take a look at my pictures.
Have you seen these models Stigmartus they also have many models. Moddb.com
YOu may need to update your list.
I must say I like the models, but they kind of just fall into Renegade Guard.
This is quite a big task!! I wish you well and know that there are always gamers who appreciate yours and everyones hard work.....
waz up! your ultimate goal sounds great.so even more races and factions then the codex mod.every race! salamanders,catachans woow been waiting for those.the fleshhound and sorcerer models looking great. much respect


text:
Participate, or pledge your support to help the Jerome Henry Foundation in this year's Scotiabank Toronto Waterfront Marathon Charity Challenge. This is our second year participating, but our first as a charity challenge participant, so let's make it a great one!
The Jerome Henry Foundation is a registered charity created in honour of a man many individuals grew to love and respect. He placed great value in education and community service, Jerome embodied an undeniable exuberance for life. He was a mentor, a leader, and an advocate. His legacy will be carried on through the initiatives of the Jerome Henry Foundation.
The aim of the Jerome Henry Foundation is to promote excellence in education and engagement in service to others. We invite you to support our efforts in making a positive contribution to the lives of children and youth.
The mission of the Jerome Henry Foundation is to provide educational grants to children, youth and/or schools in need, thereby, contributing to ongoing enrichment in the lives of children and youth and their achievement of excellence in education.
Maintain the Jerome Henry scholarship fund which will be used to fund scholarships on a yearly basis.
Support community groups/programs and registered charities whose goals and visions align with those of the Jerome Henry Foundation.
Every year scholarships of up to $1000 are available to students entering accredited post-secondary institutions. Applicants must reside in or attend school in one of GTA's Priority Neighbourhoods.
Please visit www.jeromehenryfoundation.com for more information.
If you are unable to join us on October 19, please show your support by sponsoring an individual or Jerome Henry Foundation.