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A 10-Year Climatology of Tropical Radiative Heating and Its Vertical Structure from TRMM Observations
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
This paper outlines recent advances in estimating atmospheric radiative heating rate profiles from the sensors aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The approach employs a deterministic framework in which four distinct retrievals ...
Tristan S. L�Ecuyer; Greg McGarragh
Radiation Budget of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation
This study examines the relationship between precipitation and radiative heating on intraseasonal time scales in the Tropics using collocated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and surface radiative flux measurements from special field program data [...
Jia-Lin Lin; Brian E. Mapes
Heat Budget of Tropical Ocean and Atmosphere
Heat budget estimates for the global tropics are derived from recent calculations of the oceanic heat budget and satellite measurements of net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. Annual mean heat export from the zone 30�N�30�S amounts to 101 ...
Stefan Hastenrath
Comparison of Simulated and Observed Continental Tropical Anvil Clouds and Their Radiative Heating Profiles
Vertically pointing millimeter-wavelength radar observations of anvil clouds extending from mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that pass over an Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) field site in Niamey, Niger, are compared to anvil structures generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model using six different microphysical schemes. The radar data provide the statistical distribution of the radar reflectivity values as a function of height and anvil thickness. These statistics are compared to the statistics of the modeled anvil cloud reflectivity at all altitudes. Requiring the model to be statistically accurate at all altitudes is a stringent test of the model performance. The typical vertical profile of radiative heating in the anvil clouds is computed from the radar observations. Variability of anvil structures from the different microphysical schemes provides an estimate of the inherent uncertainty in anvil radiative heating profiles. All schemes underestimate the optical thickness of thin anvils and cirrus, resulting in a bias of excessive net anvil heating in all of the simulations.
Powell, Scott W.; Houze, R.; Kumar, Anil; McFarlane, Sally A.
Heating Rates in Tropical Anvils
The interaction of infrared and solar radiation with tropical cirrus anvils is addressed. Optical properties of the anvils are inferred from satellite observations and from high-altitude aircraft measurements. An infrared multiple-scattering ...
Thomas P. Ackerman; Kuo-Nan Liou; Francisco P. J. Valero; Leonhard Pfister
Cloud-Induced Infrared Radiative Heating and Its Implications for Large-Scale Tropical Circulations
Three-dimensional global distributions of longwave radiative cooling for the summer of 1988 and the winter of 1989 are generated from radiative transfer calculations using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts temperature and ...
Byung-Ju Sohn
Heating, Moisture, and Water Budgets of Tropical and Midlatitude Squall Lines: Comparisons and Sensitivity to Longwave Radiation
A two-dimensional, time-dependent, and nonhydrostatic numerical cloud model is used to estimate the heating (Q1, moisture (Q2), and water budgets in the convective and stratiform regions for a tropical and a midlatitude squall line (EMEX and PRE-...
W. -K. Tao; J. Simpson; C. H. Sui; B. Ferrier; S. Lang; J. Scala; M. D. Chou; K. Pickering
Vertically pointing millimeter-wavelength radar observations of anvil clouds extending from mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that pass over an Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) field site in Niamey, Niger, are compared to anvil ...
Scott W. Powell; Robert A. Houze Jr.; Anil Kumar; Sally A. McFarlane
Shallow and Deep Latent Heating Modes over Tropical Oceans Observed with TRMM PR Spectral Latent Heating Data
Three-dimensional distributions of the apparent heat source (Q1) ? radiative heating (QR) estimated from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) utilizing the spectral latent heating (SLH) algorithm are analyzed. Mass-...
Yukari N. Takayabu; Shoichi Shige; Wei-Kuo Tao; Nagio Hirota
Building Blocks of Tropical Diabatic Heating
Rotated EOF analyses are used to study the composition and variability of large-scale tropical diabatic heating profiles estimated from eight field campaigns. The results show that the profiles are composed of a pair of building blocks. These are ...
Samson Hagos
Surface Radiation in the Tropical Pacific
Monthly surface radiative fluxes in the tropical Pacific between January 1970 and February 1978 have been calculated using a radiative transfer package which includes detailed treatments of the molecular and droplet absorptions and of the surface ...
Ming-Dah Chou
Rainfall and Radiative Heating Rates from TOGA COARE Atmospheric Budgets
Atmospheric heat and moisture budgets are used to determine rainfall and radiative heating rates over the western Pacific warm pool during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Results are ...
Richard H. Johnson; Paul E. Ciesielski
The Influence of Tropical heating Displacements on the Extratropical Climate
The hypothesis is advanced that a latitudinal shift in the tropical convective heating pattern can significantly alter temperatures in the extratropics. Results of a simplified GCM show that the shift of a prescribed tropical heating toward the ...
Arthur Y. Hou
On the Wave Spectrum Generated by Tropical Heating
Convective heating profiles are computed from one month of rainfall rate and cloud-top height measurements using global Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and infrared cloud-top products. Estimates of the tropical wave response to this heating ...
David A. Ortland; M. Joan Alexander; Alison W. Grimsdell
Surface Solar Irradiance in the Central Pacific during Tropic Heat: Comparisons between in Situ Measurements and Satellite Estimates
We present the first results concerning solar radiation at the ocean surface during the Tropic Heat experiment. Using calibrated GOES visible brightness measurements, a simple radiative transfer model calculates hourly and daily surface solar ...
Catherine Gautier
Radiative Forcing of Simulated Tropical Cloud Clusters
A number of field experiments and subsequent studies in the 1970s and 1980s have led to the belief that radiative processes play a more significant role in the evolution of tropical mesoscale convective systems (MCSS) than was once thought. In ...
Rosemary Auld Miller; William M. Frank
A Generalization of Gill's Heat-Induced Tropical Circulation
In this note, the local solution of Gill for the symmetric and the antisymmetric heat sources and sinks is extended to the entire global tropical belt by the authors. The symmetric and antisymmetric heating forced solutions of the motion field ...
Z. Zhang; T. N. Krishnamurti
The Direct Response to Tropical Heating in a Baroclinic Atmosphere
The global response to tropical heating is studied by performing a time integration of a 15-level primitive equation model, starting with a basic flow maintained by a constant forcing. The direct, quasi-steady response to the tropical heating is ...
Feifei Jin; Brian J. Hoskins
The Sensitivity of the Tropical-Mean Radiation Budget
A key disagreement exists between global climate model (GCM) simulations and satellite observations of the decadal variability in the tropical-mean radiation budget. Measurements from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) over the period ...
Amy C. Clement; Brian Soden
Influence of cloud-radiative forcing on tropical cyclone structure
We demonstrate how and why cloud-radiative forcing (CRF), the interaction of hydrometeors with longwave and shortwave radiation, can influence tropical cyclone structure through �semi-idealized� integrations of the Hurricane Weather Research and ...
Yizhe Peggy Bu; Robert G. Fovell; Kristen L. Corbosiero
ARM - Measurement - Radiative heating rate
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
govMeasurementsRadiative heating rate govMeasurementsRadiative heating rate ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Radiative heating rate The heating rate due to the divergence of long and shortwave radiative flux. Categories Radiometric, Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. External Instruments MOLTS : Model Output Location Time Series Datastreams MOLTS : Model Output Location Time Series Datastreams MOLTSEDASSNDCLASS1 : Model Output Loc. Time Ser. (MOLTS): EDAS
Effects of Penetrative Radiation on the Upper Tropical Ocean Circulation
The effects of penetrative radiation on the upper tropical ocean circulation have been investigated with an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) with attenuation depths derived from remotely sensed ocean color data. The OGCM is a reduced ...
Raghu Murtugudde; James Beauchamp; Charles R. McClain; Marlon Lewis; Antonio J. Busalacchi
Effects of Radiation and Turbulence on the Diabatic Heating and Water Budget of the Stratiform Region of a Tropical Cloud Cluster
A two-dimensional, kinematic model, incorporating ice- and water-cloud microphysics, visible and infrared radiation, and convective adjustment, is used to diagnose the thermodynamic, water vapor, and hydrometeor fields of the stratiform clouds ...
Dean D. Churchill; Robert A. Houze Jr.
Simulation of the Effects of Tropical Heat Sources on the Atmospheric Circulation
For 35 seasons in the years 1974�84, the importance of seasonal anomalies in tropical diabatic heating was investigated for the circulation in the tropics and in the extratropics. The heating was estimated from anomalies in outgoing longwave ...
R. Mureau; J. D. Opsteegh; J. S. Winston
Sensitivity of Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates to Cloud Microphysics
Sensitivity of Radiative Fluxes and Heating Sensitivity of Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates to Cloud Microphysics S. F. Iacobellis and R. C. J. Somerville Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California G. M. McFarquhar University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois D. L. Mitchell Desert Research Institute Reno, Nevada Introduction A single-column model (SCM) is used to examine the sensitivity of basic quantities such as atmospheric radiative heating rates and surface and top of atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes to various parameter- izations of clouds and cloud microphysics. The SCM was run at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP), Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), and North Slope of Alaska (NSA) sites using forcing data derived from forecast products. The forecast
Dynamic Effects on the Tropical Cloud Radiative Forcing and Radiation Budget
Vertical velocity is used to isolate the effect of large-scale dynamics on the observed radiation budget and cloud properties in the tropics, using the methodology suggested by Bony et al. Cloud and radiation budget quantities in the tropics show ...
Jian Yuan; Dennis L. Hartmann; Robert Wood
Cloud Types and the Tropical Earth Radiation Budget
Nimbus-7 cloud and earth radiation budget data are compared in a study of the effects of clouds on the tropical radiation budget. The data consist of daily averages over fixed (500 km)2 target areas, and the months of July 1979 and January 1980 ...
Harbans L. Dhuria; H. Lee Kyle
Radiation Budgets in the Western Tropical Pacific
The usefulness of the radiances measured by operational satellites in deriving radiation budgets is demonstrated by comparing the model calculations with the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) fluxes. The radiation budgets in the atmosphere ...
Mino-Dah Chou
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment
Tropical Warm Pool Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment General Description The Tropical Warm Pool - International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) was a collaborative effort led by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Beginning January 21 and ending February 14, 2006, the experiment was conducted in the region near the ARM Climate Research Facility in Darwin, Northern Australia. This permanent facility is fully equipped with sophisticated instruments for measuring cloud and other atmospheric properties to provide a long-term record of continuous observational data. Measurements obtained from the other experiment components (explained below) will complement this dataset to provide a detailed description of the tropical atmosphere.
Interhemispheric teleconnections from tropical heat sources in intermediate and simple models
The mechanisms that control the interhemispheric teleconnections from tropical heat sources are investigated using an intermediate complexity model (a Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model, QTCM) and a simple linear two-level model with dry ...
X. Ji; J. D. Neelin; S.-K. Lee; C. R. Mechoso
The Radiative Heating in Underexplored Bands Campaigns
Accurately accounting for radiative energy balance between the incoming solar and the outgoing infrared radiative fluxes is very important in modeling the Earth's climate. Water vapor absorption plays a critical role in the radiative heating rate ...
D. D. Turner; E. J. Mlawer
Solid state radiative heat pump
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A solid state radiative heat pump (10, 50, 70) operable at room temperature (300.degree. K.) utilizes a semiconductor having a gap energy in the range of 0.03-0.25 eV and operated reversibly to produce an excess or deficit of charge carriers as compared to thermal equilibrium. In one form of the invention (10, 70) an infrared semiconductor photodiode (21, 71) is used, with forward or reverse bias, to emit an excess or deficit of infrared radiation. In another form of the invention (50), a homogeneous semiconductor (51) is subjected to orthogonal magnetic and electric fields to emit an excess or deficit of infrared radiation. Three methods of enhancing transmission of radiation through the active surface of the semiconductor are disclosed. In one method, an anti-reflection layer (19) is coated into the active surface (13) of the semiconductor (11), the anti-reflection layer (19) having an index of refraction equal to the square root of that of the semiconductor (11). In the second method, a passive layer (75) is spaced from the active surface (73) of the semiconductor (71) by a submicron vacuum gap, the passive layer having an index of refractive equal to that of the semiconductor. In the third method, a coupler (91) with a paraboloid reflecting surface (92) is in contact with the active surface (13, 53) of the semiconductor (11, 51), the coupler having an index of refraction about the same as that of the semiconductor.
Berdahl, Paul H. (Oakland, CA)
A solid state radiative heat pump operable at room temperature (300 K) utilizes a semiconductor having a gap energy in the range of 0.03-0.25 eV and operated reversibly to produce an excess or deficit of change carriers as compared equilibrium. In one form of the invention an infrared semiconductor photodiode is used, with forward or reverse bias, to emit an excess or deficit of infrared radiation. In another form of the invention, a homogenous semiconductor is subjected to orthogonal magnetic and electric fields to emit an excess or deficit of infrared radiation. Three methods of enhancing transmission of radiation the active surface of the semiconductor are disclosed. In one method, an anti-refection layer is coated into the active surface of the semiconductor, the anti-reflection layer having an index of refraction equal to the square root of that of the semiconductor. In the second method, a passive layer is speaced trom the active surface of the semiconductor by a submicron vacuum gap, the passive layer having an index of refractive equal to that of the semiconductor. In the third method, a coupler with a paraboloid reflecting surface surface is in contact with the active surface of the semiconductor, the coupler having an index of refraction about the same as that of the semiconductor.
Berdahl, P.H.
The Role of Longwave Radiation and Boundary Layer Thermodynamics in Forcing Tropical Surface Winds
This paper reveals major deficiencies of the existing intermediate climate models for tropical surface winds and elaborates the important roles of cloud-longwave radiational forcing and boundary layer thermodynamics in driving the tropical ...
Xiouhua Fu; Bin Wang
Utilization of geothermal heat in tropical fruit-drying process
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
The power plant utilizes only the steam portion of the HGP-A well production. There are approximately 50,000 pounds per hour of 360/sup 0/F water produced (approximately 10 million Btu per hour) and the water is currently not used and is considered a waste. This tremendous resource could very well be used in applications such as food processing, food dehydration and other industrial processing that requires low-grade heat. One of the applications is examined, namely the drying of tropical fruits particularly the papaya. The papaya was chosen for the obvious reason that it is the biggest crop of all fruits produced on the Big Island. A conceptual design of a pilot plant facility capable of processing 1000 pounds of raw papaya per day is included. This facility is designed to provide a geothermally heated dryer to dehydrate papayas or other tropical fruits available on an experimental basis to obtain data such as drying time, optimum drying temperature, etc.
Chen, B.H.; Lopez, L.P.; King, R.; Fujii, J.; Tanaka, M.
Heat radiation from long cylindrical objects
E-Print Network (OSTI)
The heat radiated by objects smaller than or comparable in size to the thermal wavelength can be very different from the classical blackbody radiation as described by the Planck and Stefan-Boltzmann laws. We use methods ...
Golyk, Vladyslav A.
Tropical Stationary Wave Response to ENSO: Diabatic Heating Influence on the Indian Summer Monsoon
The atmospheric response to boreal summer tropical diabatic heating is studied in the atmospheric model component of the Community Atmosphere Model [CAM, version 3 (CAM3)] of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. An idealized heating ...
Youkyoung Jang; David M. Straus
Conceptual design of a heat pipe radiator
SciTech Connect
A conceptual design of a waste heat radiator has been developed for a thermoelectric space nuclear power system. The basic shape of the heat pipe radiator was a frustum of a right circular cone. The design included stringer heat pipes to carry reject heat from the thermoelectric modules to the radiator skin that was composed of small-diameter, thin-walled cross heat pipes. The stringer heat pipes were armored to resist puncture by a meteoroid. The cross heat pipes were designed to provide the necessary unpunctured radiating area at the mission end with a minimum initial system mass. Several design cases were developed in which the individual stringer survival probabilities were varied and the radiator system mass was calculated. Results are presented for system mass as a function of individual stringer survival probability for six candidate container materials, three candidate heat pipe fluids, two radiator operating temperatures, two meteoroid shield types, and two radiating surface cases. Results are also presented for radiator reject heat as a function of system mass, area, and length for three system sizes.
Bennett, G.A.
ARM - PI Product - Cloud Properties and Radiative Heating Rates for TWP
ProductsCloud Properties and Radiative Heating Rates for ProductsCloud Properties and Radiative Heating Rates for TWP Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send PI Product : Cloud Properties and Radiative Heating Rates for TWP 2002.01.01 - 2012.02.08 Site(s) TWP General Description A cloud properties and radiative heating rates dataset is presented where cloud properties retrieved using lidar and radar observations are input into a radiative transfer model to compute radiative fluxes and heating rates at three ARM sites located in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) region. The cloud properties retrieval is a conditional retrieval that applies various retrieval techniques depending on the available data, that is if lidar, radar or both instruments detect cloud. This Combined Remote
The role of the tropical super greenhouse effect in heating the ocean surface
Measurements made by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroradiometer operating in the middle infrared (5 to 20 micrometers, with a spectral resolution of one inverse centimeter) imply that there is an anomalously large greenhouse effect over equatorial oceans that is caused by water vapor. As sea-surface temperature increased from 297 to 303 degrees kelvin, the net infrared cooling at the surface decreased by 30 to 50 watts per square meter. Thus, according to the FTIR data, the super greenhouse effect that has been inferred from satellite measurements contributes directly to radiative heating of the sea surface. The data demonstrate that most of this heating occurs in the middle infrared by means of the continuum emission window of water vapor and that tropical deep convection contributes substantially to this super greenhouse effect.
Lubin, D. (Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States))
Radiative heat transfer between dielectric bodies
The recent development of a scanning thermal microscope (SThM) has led to measurements of radiative heat transfer between a heated sensor and a cooled sample down to the nanometer range. This allows for comparision of the known theoretical description of radiative heat transfer, which is based on fluctuating electrodynamics, with experiment. The theory itself is a macroscopic theory, which can be expected to break down at distances much smaller than 10-8m. Against this background it seems to be reasonable to revisit the known macroscopic theory of fluctuating electrodynamics and of radiative heat transfer.
Svend-Age Biehs
A Climatology of Surface Cloud Radiative Effects at the ARM Tropical Western Pacific Sites
Cloud radiative effects on surface downwelling fluxes are investigated using datasets from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) sites in the tropical western Pacific Ocean (TWP) region. The Nauru Island (Republic of Nauru) and ...
Sally A. McFarlane; Charles N. Long; Julia Flaherty
Interannual Variability of the Tropical Radiation Balance and the Role of Extended Cloud Systems
The tropical radiation balance is investigated on an interannual time scale using a five-year(1979�83) dataset obtained from the Nimbus-7 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment. The study emphasizes the separate contributions to interannual ...
Eric A. Smith; Matthew R. Smith
Clouds, Radiation, and the Diurnal Cycle of Sea Surface Temperature in the Tropical Western Pacific
The relationship among clouds, surface radiation flux, and the sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical western Pacific Ocean over the diurnal cycle is addressed in the context of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program ...
Peter J. Webster; Carol Anne Clayson; Judith A. Curry
Radiative Heat Transfer between Neighboring Particles
The near-field interaction between two neighboring particles is known to produce enhanced radiative heat transfer. We advance in the understanding of this phenomenon by including the full electromagnetic particle response, heat exchange with the environment, and important radiative corrections both in the distance dependence of the fields and in the particle absorption coefficients. We find that crossed terms of electric and magnetic interactions dominate the transfer rate between gold and SiC particles, whereas radiative corrections reduce it by several orders of magnitude even at small separations. Radiation away from the dimer can be strongly suppressed or enhanced at low and high temperatures, respectively. These effects must be taken into account for an accurate description of radiative heat transfer in nanostructured environments.
Alejandro Manjavacas; F. Javier Garcia de Abajo
Relationship between Tropical Heating and Subtropical Westerly Maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE
FGGE Level III-b analyses, produced by the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA, are used to investigate the relationship between tropical heating and subtropical westerly maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1 (5 January-4 March 1979)...
James W. Hurrell; Dayton G. Vincent
Precipitation and Latent Heating Characteristics of the Major Tropical Western Pacific Cloud Regimes
An objective tropical cloud regime classification based on daytime averaged cloud-top pressure and optical thickness information from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) is combined with precipitation and latent heating ...
Christian Jakob; Courtney Schumacher
The Dynamical Basis of Regional Vertical Motion Fields Surrounding Localized Tropical Heating
A series of real-data integrations of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model with tropical heat anomalies display regions of pronounced subsidence and drying surrounding the anomaly. The present emphasis is upon ...
Julio Buchmann; Lawrence E. Buja; Julia Nogu�s-Paegle; Jan Paegle
Why Tropical Sea Surface Temperature is Insensitive to Ocean Heat Transport Changes
Previous studies have shown that increases in poleward ocean heat transport (OHT) do not strongly affect tropical SST. The goal of this paper is to explain this observation. To do so, the authors force two atmospheric global climate models (GCMs) ...
Daniel D. B. Koll; Dorian S. Abbot
Interannual Variation in Net Heating at the Surface of the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Interannual variations of net surface heating of the tropical Pacific Ocean are analyzed for the period 1957�76. Special emphasis is given to exploring the relationship between these variations and those in sea temperature associated with El Ni�o/...
Bryan C. Weare
Transient Response to Localized Episodic Heating in the Tropics. Part II: Far-Field Behavior
In Part I of this investigation, we described the stochastic, near-field behavior of disturbances excited by randomly evolving tropical heating. In the present paper, we examine how these disturbances are modified as they propagate through the ...
Rolando R. Garcia; Murry L. Salby
Latent Heating and Mixing Due to Entrainment in Tropical Deep Convection
Recent studies have noted the role of latent heating above the freezing level in reconciling Riehl and Malkus� Hot Tower Hypothesis (HTH) with evidence of diluted tropical deep convective cores. This study evaluates recent modifications to the HTH ...
Clayton J. McGee; Susan C. van den Heever
Atmospheric Latent Heating Distributions in the Tropics Derived from Satellite Passive Microwave Radiometer Measurements
A method for the remote sensing of three-dimensional latent heating distributions in precipitating tropical weather systems from satellite passive microwave observations is presented. In this method, cloud model simulated hydrometeor/latent ...
William S. Olson; Christian D. Kummerow; Ye Hong; Wei-Kuo Tao
Response of Tropical Deep Convection to Localized Heating Perturbations: Implications for Aerosol-Induced Convective Invigoration
A cloud-system-resolving model is used to investigate the effects of localized heating/cooling perturbations on tropical deep convection, in the context of the aerosol �invigoration effect.� This effect supposes that a reduction of droplet ...
Hugh Morrison; Wojciech W. Grabowski
A Numerical Study of the Effect of Dissipative Heating on Tropical Cyclone Intensity
The impact of dissipative heating on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts is investigated using the U.S. Navy�s operational mesoscale model (the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System). A physically consistent method of ...
Yi Jin; William T. Thompson; Shouping Wang; Chi-Sann Liou
Impact of the latitudinal distribution of tropical cyclones on ocean heat transport
The heavy winds associated with tropical cyclones generate strong upper ocean mixing. Recent studies suggest that this enhanced mixing significantly contributes to the ocean poleward heat transport, mainly due to a ...
Jansen, Malte Friedrich
Poleward-Propagating Angular Momentum Perturbations Induced by Zonally Symmetric Heat Sources in the Tropics
A series of experiments has been performed using an idealized model of the global atmosphere to study the role eddies play in communicating changes in the zonal mean state between the Tropics and extratropics. When an oscillatory heating ...
Edmund K. M. Chang
Seasonal Cycle of the Mixed Layer Heat Budget in the Northeastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean
The seasonal cycle of the mixed layer heat budget in the northeastern tropical Atlantic (0��25�N, 18��28�W) is quantified using in situ and satellite measurements together with atmospheric reanalysis products. This region is characterized by ...
Gregory R. Foltz; Claudia Schmid; Rick Lumpkin
The Linear and Nonlinear Extratropical Response of the Atmosphere to Tropical Intraseasonal Heating
This study examines the dynamical nature of the linear and nonlinear extratropical response of the atmosphere to tropical intraseasonal heating with various temporal and spatial structures. A global two-level model is used. It is found that the ...
Ileana Blad�; Dennis L. Hartmann
Annual Heat Gain of the Tropical Atlantic Computed from Subsurface Ocean Data
Charts are presented which show the seasonal and annual rates of heat gain of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. These rates have been computed using subsurface oceanographic data and wind-stress data. In these computations the interseasonal ...
David W. Behringer; Henry Stommel
Previous studies have shown that increases in poleward ocean heat transport (OHT) do not strongly affect tropical SST. The goal of this paper is to explain this observation. To do so we force two atmospheric global climate models (GCMs) in ...
Radiative Heating Rates for Saharan Dust
A combined longwave and shortwave radiative transfer model was used to determine effects of Saharan dust on the radiative fluxes and heating/cooling rates in the atmosphere. Cases are treated for cloud-free and overcast conditions over the ocean ...
Toby N. Carlson; Stanley G. Benjamin
Transient Response to Localized Episodic Heating in the Tropics. Part I: Excitation and Short-Time Near-Field Behavior
The dynamical response to localized, unsteady tropical heating is studied in a stochastic framework. Spectral statistics of the random wave response are derived from those of tropical convection using the primitive equations for a spherical ...
Murry L. Salby; Rolando R. Garcia
Variational Data Assimilation for Determining the Seasonal Net Surface Heat Flux Using a Tropical Pacific Ocean Model
The authors present a study for determining the seasonal net surface heat flux over the tropical Pacific Ocean using an adjoint technique. A simple tropical ocean model with thermodynamics is chosen and the seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) ...
Lisan Yu; James J. O'Brien
Cloud and Radiative Characteristics of Tropical Deep Convective Systems in Extended Cloud Objects from CERES Observations
The physical and radiative properties of tropical deep convective systems for the period from January to August 1998 are examined with the use of Clouds and the Earth�s Radiant Energy System Single-Scanner Footprint (SSF) data from the Tropical ...
Zachary A. Eitzen; Kuan-Man Xu; Takmeng Wong
Relationship between Cloud Radiative Forcing and Sea Surface Temperatures over the Entire Tropical Oceans
Satellite measurements from January 1985 to December 1989 show that warmer tropical oceans as a whole are associated with less longwave greenhouse effect of clouds and less cloud reflection of solar radiation to the space. The regression slopes ...
M. H. Zhang; R. D. Cess; S. C. Xie
Annual and Interannual Variations in Outgoing Longwave Radiation over the Tropics
Four years of satellite observations of the outgoing longwave radiation have been used to study the distribution of cloudiness and rainfall over the tropics. Annual and interannual variations are described, partially with the help of an ...
Thomas R. Heddinghaus; Arthur F. Krueger
The Radiative, Cloud, and Thermodynamic Properties of the Major Tropical Western Pacific Cloud Regimes
This study investigates the radiative, cloud, and thermodynamic characteristics of the atmosphere separated into objectively defined cloud regimes in the tropical western Pacific (TWP). A cluster analysis is applied to 2 yr of daytime-only data ...
Christian Jakob; George Tselioudis; Timothy Hume
Reproducibility by Climate Models of Cloud Radiative Forcing Associated with Tropical Convection
In this study, cloud radiative forcing (CRF) associated with convective activity over tropical oceans is analyzed for monthly mean data from twentieth-century simulations of 18 climate models participating in phase 3 of the Coupled Model ...
Hiroki Ichikawa; Hirohiko Masunaga; Yoko Tsushima; Hiroshi Kanzawa
Tropical Cyclogenesis Sensitivity to Environmental Parameters in Radiative-Convective Equilibrium
In this study, the relationship between the likelihood of tropical cyclogenesis and external environmental forcings is explored in the simplest idealized modelling framework possible: radiative-convective equilibrium on a ...
Nolan, David S.
Feedbacks between Eddy Heat Fluxes and Radiative Heating in an Energy-Balance Model
The response of midlatitude temperature structure to changes in radiative forcing is examined in an analytical energy-balance model that includes parameterized eddy heat fluxes and linear radiative heating. The characteristics of heat-...
Lee E. Branscome; Enda O'Brien
Radiative Heating in Underexplored Bands Campaign (RHUBC)
Bands Campaign (RHUBC) D. Turner and E. Mlawer RHUBC Breakout Session 2008 ARM Science Team Meeting 13 March, 2008 Norfolk, Virginia Motivation * Radiative heating/cooling in the mid-troposphere modulate the vertical motions of the atmosphere - This heating/cooling occurs primarily in water vapor absorption bands that are opaque at the surface * Approximately 40% of the OLR comes from the far-IR * Until recently, the observational tools were not available to evaluate the accuracy of the far-IR radiative transfer models - Spectrally resolved far-IR radiances, accurate PWV * Need to validate both clear sky (WV) absorption and cirrus scattering properties in these normally opaque bands Scientific Objectives * Conduct clear sky radiative closure studies in order to reduce uncertainties
Climate and the Tropical Oceans
An attempt is made to determine the role of the ocean in establishing the mean tropical climate and its sensitivity to radiative perturbations. A simple two-box energy balance model is developed that includes ocean heat transports as an ...
Amy Clement; Richard Seager
The Role of Local Heating in Producing Temperature Variations in the Offshore Waters of the Eastern Tropical Pacific
The role of local heating in producing annual and interannual sea-surface temperature variations in the eastern tropical Pacific is studied. Removed from the eastern boundary (122�W), and off the equator, local heating plays a major role in ...
Ants Leetmaa
The Role of Oceanic Heat Advection in the Evolution of Tropical North and South Atlantic SST Anomalies
The role of horizontal oceanic heat advection in the generation of tropical North and South Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated through an analysis of the oceanic mixed layer heat balance. It is found that SST ...
Gregory R. Foltz; Michael J. McPhaden
Rayleigh Friction, Newtonian Cooling, and the Linear Response to Steady Tropical Heating
A series of studies are performed to examine the response of the tropical atmosphere to a prescribed steady, large-scale, elevated heat source (i.e., a region of persistent precipitation). Special emphasis is placed on the surface wind response ...
Zhaohua Wu; David S. Battisti; E. S. Sarachik
On the Use of Satellite-Derived Heating Rates for Data Assimilation within the Tropics
The HIRS instrument on the NOAA polar orbiting satellites is used to obtain coverage of outward-going longwave radiation across the global tropics and subtropics four times a day. Fractional coverage of cold cloud is obtained from this, which is ...
William A. Heckley; Graeme Kelly; Michael Tiedtke
Estimates of Tropical Diabatic Heating Profiles: Commonalities and Uncertainties
This study aims to evaluate the consistency and discrepancies in estimates of diabatic heating profiles associated with precipitation based on satellite observations and microphysics and those derived from the thermodynamics of the large-scale ...
Samson Hagos; Chidong Zhang; Wei-Kuo Tao; Steve Lang; Yukari N. Takayabu; Shoichi Shige; Masaki Katsumata; Bill Olson; Tristan L�Ecuyer
Heat pipe technology development for high temperature space radiator applications
Technology requirements for heat pipe radiators, potentially among the lightest weight systems for space power applications, include flexible elements, and improved specific radiator performance(kg/kW). For these applications a flexible heat pipe capable of continuous operation through an angle of 180/sup 0/ has been demonstrated. The effect of bend angle on the heat pipe temperature distribution is reviewed. An analysis of lightweight membrane heat pipe radiators that use surface tension forces for fluid containment has been conducted. The design analysis of these lightweight heat pipes is described and a potential application in heat rejection systems for space nuclear power plants outlined.
Merrigan, M.A.; Keddy, E.S.; Sena, J.T.; Elder, M.G.
Origin of Lapse Rate Changes in the Upper Tropical Troposphere
Vertical motions in clouds arise from a variety of thermodynamic processes, including latent heat release, evaporative cooling, melting, and cloud radiative heating. In the Tropics, the net upward vertical mass flux from convective systems should ...
Ian Folkins
Spectral Retrieval of Latent Heating Profiles from TRMM PR Data. Part II: Algorithm Improvement and Heating Estimates over Tropical Ocean Regions
The spectral latent heating (SLH) algorithm was developed for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) in Part I of this study. The method uses PR information [precipitation-top height (PTH), precipitation rates at ...
Shoichi Shige; Yukari N. Takayabu; Wei-Kuo Tao; Chung-Lin Shie
Effects of Tropical Cyclones on Ocean Heat Transport in a High-Resolution Coupled General Circulation Model
In this paper the interplay between tropical cyclones (TCs) and the Northern Hemispheric ocean heat transport (OHT) is investigated. In particular, results from a numerical simulation of the twentieth-century and twenty-first-century climates, ...
Enrico Scoccimarro; Silvio Gualdi; Alessio Bellucci; Antonella Sanna; Pier Giuseppe Fogli; Elisa Manzini; Marcello Vichi; Paolo Oddo; Antonio Navarra
The NCEP GODAS Ocean Analysis of the Tropical Pacific Mixed Layer Heat Budget on Seasonal to Interannual Time Scales
The mixed layer heat budget in the tropical Pacific is diagnosed using pentad (5 day) averaged outputs from the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS), which is operational at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The ...
Boyin Huang; Yan Xue; Dongxiao Zhang; Arun Kumar; Michael J. McPhaden
Further Experiments on the Effect of Tropical Atlantic Heating Anomalies upon GCM Rain Forecasts over the Americas
A series of real-data experiments is performed with a general circulation model to study the sensitivity of extended range rain forecasts over the Americas to the structure and magnitude of tropical beating anomalies. The emphasis is upon heat ...
Julio Buchmann; Lawrence E. Buja; Jan Paegle; Robert E. Dickinson
Latent Heating and Cooling Rates in Developing and Nondeveloping Tropical Disturbances during TCS-08: TRMM PR versus ELDORA Retrievals
Unique sets of Electra Doppler Radar (ELDORA) observations in both developing and nondeveloping tropical disturbances in the western North Pacific are used to retrieve latent heating and cooling rates. During the reintensification of Sinlaku, ...
Myung-Sook Park; Russell L. Elsberry
A Composite Life Cycle of Nonsquall Mesoscale Convective Systems over the Tropical Ocean. Part II: Heat and Moisture Budgets
The heat and moisture budgets associated with five large nonsquall cloud clusters observed during Phase 3 of the Global Atmospheric Research Program's Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) are investigated. The input data for the budget ...
Steven K. Esbensen; Jough-Tai Wang; Edward I. Tollerud
Relative Roles of Elevated Heating and Surface Temperature Gradients in Driving Anomalous Surface Winds over Tropical Oceans
Elevated heating by cumulus convection and sea surface temperature gradients are both thought to contribute to surface winds over tropical oceans. The relative strength and role of each mechanism is examined by imposing forcing derived from data ...
John C. H. Chiang; Stephen E. Zebiak; Mark A. Cane
Explorations of the Annual Mean Heat Budget of the Tropical Indian Ocean. Part I: Studies with an Idealized Model
Annual mean net heat fluxes from ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) are systematically too low in the tropical Indian Ocean, compared to observations. In the models, only some of the geostrophic inflow replacing southward Ekman outflow is ...
J. Stuart Godfrey; Rui-Jin Hu; Andreas Schiller; R. Fiedler
Testing the Role of Radiation in Determining Tropical Cloud-Top Temperature
A cloud-resolving model is used to test the hypothesis that radiative cooling by water vapor emission is the primary control on the temperature of tropical anvil clouds. The temperature of ice clouds in the simulation can be increased or decreased ...
Bryce E. Harrop; Dennis L. Hartmann
Trace formulas for nonequilibrium Casimir interactions, heat radiation, and heat transfer for arbitrary objects
We present a detailed derivation of heat radiation, heat transfer, and (Casimir) interactions for N arbitrary objects in the framework of fluctuational electrodynamics in thermal nonequilibrium. The results can be expressed ...
Bimonte, Giuseppe
Aerosol Radiative Effects and Single-Scattering Properties in the Tropical Western Pacific
Effects and Single-Scattering Properties Effects and Single-Scattering Properties in the Tropical Western Pacific A. M. Vogelmann and P. J. Flatau Center for Atmospheric Sciences Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego, California M. A. Miller, M. J. Bartholomew, and R. M. Reynolds Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York P. J. Flatau University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Naval Research Laboratory Monterey, California K. M. Markowicz Institute of Geophysics University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland Introduction The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) sites are downwind from Southeast Asia where biomass burning occurs and can advect over the tropical warm pool. Previous research (Vogelmann 2001, 2002, 2003) indicates that aerosol forcing was particularly large
An Improved Microwave Radiative Transfer Model for Tropical Oceanic Precipitation
In preparation for the launch of TRMM, new algorithms must be created that take advantage of the combined data from radar and microwave radiometers that will be on board the satellite. A microwave radiative transfer algorithm with a one-...
Jeffrey R. Tesmer; Thomas T. Wilheit
Reduce Radiation Losses from Heating Equipment
This DOE Industrial Technologies Program tip sheet describes how to save energy and costs by reducing expensive heat losses from industrial heating equipment, such as furnaces.
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Diurnal Covariation in Soil Heat Flux and Net Radiation
Diurnal variation in soil heat flux is a key constraint on the amount of energy available for sensible and latent heating of the lower troposphere. Many studies have demonstrated that soil heat flux G is strongly correlated with net radiation Rn. ...
Joseph A. Santanello Jr.; Mark A. Friedl
Microphysical and Radiative Effects of Ice Clouds on Tropical Equilibrium States: A Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study
The microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on tropical equilibrium states are investigated based on three two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations imposed by zero vertical velocity and time-invariant zonal wind and sea surface ...
Fan Ping; Zhexian Luo; Xiaofan Li
A Radiative�Convective Equilibrium Perspective of Weakening of the Tropical Walker Circulation in Response to Global Warming
Both observational analysis and GCM simulations indicate that the tropical Walker circulation is becoming weaker and may continue to weaken as a consequence of climate change. Here, the authors use a conceptual radiative�convective equilibrium (...
Xianglei Huang; Hui-Wen Chuang; Andrew Dessler; Xiuhong Chen; Kenneth Minschwaner; Yi Ming; V. Ramaswamy
The effects of imposed stratospheric cooling on the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones in axisymmetric radiative-convective equilibrium
The effects of stratospheric cooling and sea surface temperature (SST) warming on tropical cyclone (TC) potential intensity (PI) are explored using an axisymmetric cloud-resolving model run to radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE). Almost all ...
Hamish A. Ramsay
The sensitivity of tropical convective precipitation to the direct radiative forcings of black carbon aerosols emitted from major regions
Previous works have suggested that the direct radiative forcing (DRF) of black carbon (BC) aerosols are able to force a significant change in tropical convective precipitation ranging from the Pacific and Indian Ocean to ...
Wang, Chien
Comparison of the Highly Reflective Cloud and Outgoing Longwave Radiation Datasets for Use in Estimating Tropical Deep Convection
Currently, there are two long-term satellite-derived datasets most are frequently used as indices for tropical deep convection. These are the Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and Highly Reflective Cloud (HRC) datasets. Although both of these ...
Duane E. Waliser; Nicholas E. Graham; Catherine Gautier
Sensitivity of Tropical Storm Forecast to Radiative Destabilization
This paper examines the medium-range forecast of a typhoon using a global model. The focus of this study is on a comparison of two longwave radiative transfer calculations, one is based on an emissivity formulation while the other utilizes a band ...
T. N. Krishnamurti; K. S. Yap; D. K. Oosterhof
Obtaining Best Estimates for the Microphysical and Radiative Properties of Tropical Ice Clouds from TWP-ICE In Situ Microphysical Observations
Best estimates of the bulk microphysical and radiative properties (ice water content, visible extinction, effective radius, and total concentration) are derived for three case studies of tropical ice clouds sampled during the Tropical Warm Pool ...
A. Protat; G. M. McFarquhar; J. Um; J. Delano�
Long titanium heat pipes for high-temperature space radiators
Titanium heat pipes are being developed to provide light weight, reliable heat rejection devices as an alternate radiator design for the Space Reactor Power System (SP-100). The radiator design includes 360 heat pipes, each of which is 5.2 m long and dissipates 3 kW of power at 775 K. The radiator heat pipes use potassium as the working fluid, have two screen arteries for fluid return, a roughened surface distributive wicking system, and a D-shaped cross-section container configuration. A prototype titanium heat pipe, 5.5-m long, has been fabricated and tested in space-simulating conditions. Results from startup and isothermal operation tests are presented. These results are also compared to theoretical performance predictions that were used to design the heat pipe initially.
Girrens, S.P.; Ernst, D.M.
Radiative Heating and Cooling Rates in the Middle Atmosphere
One of the limitations to the accurate calculation of radiative heating and cooling rates in the stratosphere and mesosphere has been the lack of accurate data on the atmospheric temperature and composition. Data from the LIMS experiment on ...
John C. Gille; Lawrence V. Lyjak
Heat pipe radiation cooling evaluation: Task 2 concept studies report
This report presents the result of Task 2, Concept Studies for Heat Pipe Radiation Cooling (HPRC), which was performed for Los Alamos National Laboratory under Contract 9-XT1-U9567. Studies under a prior contract defined a reference HPRC conceptual design for hypersonic aircraft engines operating at Mach 5 and an altitude of 80,000 ft. Task 2 involves the further investigation of heat pipe radiation cooling (HPRC) systems for additional design and operating conditions.
Silverstein, C.C.
Latent Heating and Cooling Rates in Developing and Nondeveloping Tropical Disturbances during TCS-08: Radar-Equivalent Retrievals from Mesoscale Numerical Models and ELDORA
Latent heating and cooling rates have a critical role in predicting tropical cyclone formation and intensification. In a prior study, Park and Elsberry estimated the latent heating and cooling rates from aircraft Doppler radar [Electra Doppler ...
Myung-Sook Park; Andrew B. Penny; Russell L. Elsberry; Brian J. Billings; James D. Doyle
Enhanced radiative heat transfer between nanostructured gold plates
We compute the radiative heat transfer between nanostructured gold plates in the framework of the scattering theory. We predict an enhancement of the heat transfer as we increase the depth of the corrugations while keeping the distance of closest approach fixed. We interpret this effect in terms of the evolution of plasmonic and guided modes as a function of the grating's geometry.
R. Gu�rout; J. Lussange; F. S. S. Rosa; J. -P. Hugonin; D. A. R. Dalvit; J. -J. Greffet; A. Lambrecht; S. Reynaud
Computational study of atmospheric transfer radiation on an equatorial tropical desert (La Tatacoa, Colombia)
Radiative transfer models explain and predict interaction between solar radiation and the different elements present in the atmosphere, which are responsible for energy attenuation. In Colombia there have been neither measurements nor studies of atmospheric components such as gases and aerosols that can cause turbidity and pollution. Therefore satellite images cannot be corrected radiometrically in a proper way. When a suitable atmospheric correction is carried out, loss of information is avoided, which may be useful for discriminating image land cover. In this work a computational model was used to find radiative atmospheric attenuation (300 1000nm wavelength region) on an equatorial tropical desert (La Tatacoa, Colombia) in order to conduct an adequate atmospheric correction.
Delgado-Correal, Camilo; Casta�o, Gabriel
Trace formulae for non-equilibrium Casimir interactions, heat radiation and heat transfer for arbitrary objects
We present a detailed derivation of heat radiation, heat transfer and (Casimir) interactions for N arbitrary objects in the framework of fluctuational electrodynamics in thermal non-equilibrium. The results can be expressed as basis-independent trace formulae in terms of the scattering operators of the individual objects. We prove that heat radiation of a single object is positive, and that heat transfer (for two arbitrary passive objects) is from the hotter to a colder body. The heat transferred is also symmetric, exactly reversed if the two temperatures are exchanged. Introducing partial wave-expansions, we transform the results for radiation, transfer and forces into traces of matrices that can be evaluated in any basis, analogous to the equilibrium Casimir force. The method is illustrated by (re)deriving the heat radiation of a plate, a sphere and a cylinder. We analyze the radiation of a sphere for different materials, emphasizing that a simplification often employed for metallic nano-spheres is typically invalid. We derive asymptotic formulae for heat transfer and non-equilibrium interactions for the cases of a sphere in front a plate and for two spheres, extending previous results. As an example, we show that a hot nano-sphere can levitate above a plate with the repulsive non-equilibrium force overcoming gravity -- an effect that is not due to radiation pressure.
Matthias Kr�ger; Giuseppe Bimonte; Thorsten Emig; Mehran Kardar
Tropical Tropospheric-Only Responses to Absorbing Aerosols
Absorbing aerosols affect the earth�s climate through direct radiative heating of the troposphere. This study analyzes the tropical tropospheric-only response to a globally uniform increase in black carbon, simulated with an atmospheric general ...
Geeta G. Persad; Yi Ming; V. Ramaswamy
Approximations for radiative cooling and heating in the solar chromosphere
Context. The radiative energy balance in the solar chromosphere is dominated by strong spectral lines that are formed out of LTE. It is computationally prohibitive to solve the full equations of radiative transfer and statistical equilibrium in 3D time dependent MHD simulations. Aims. To find simple recipes to compute the radiative energy balance in the dominant lines under solar chromospheric conditions. Methods. We use detailed calculations in time-dependent and 2D MHD snapshots to derive empirical formulae for the radiative cooling and heating. Results. The radiative cooling in neutral hydrogen lines and the Lyman continuum, the H and K and intrared triplet lines of singly ionized calcium and the h and k lines of singly ionized magnesium can be written as a product of an optically thin emission (dependent on temperature), an escape probability (dependent on column mass) and an ionization fraction (dependent on temperature). In the cool pockets of the chromosphere the same transitions contribute to the heat...
Carlsson, Mats
Tropical cyclone size in observations and in radiative-convective equilibrium
Tropical cyclone size remains an unsolved problem in tropical meteorology, yet size plays a significant role in the damage caused by tropical cyclones due to wind, storm surge, and inland freshwater flooding. This work ...
Chavas, Daniel Robert
Enhancement of Tropical Ocean Evaporation and Sensible Heat Flux by Atmospheric Mesoscale Systems
The enhancement of monthly averaged evaporation by atmospheric mesoscale systems is estimated from long-term hourly observations of surface meteorological data from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy ...
Steven K. Esbensen; Michael J. McPhaden
The Impact of Horizontal Resolution on the Tropical Heat Budget in an Atlantic Ocean Model
An ocean general circulation model (OGCM) of the tropical Atlantic is coupled to an advective atmospheric boundary layer model. This configuration is used to investigate the hypothesis that resolving tropical instability waves (TIWs) in OGCMs ...
Markus Jochum; Raghu Murtugudde; Raffaele Ferrari; Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli
The Tropical Dynamical Response to Latent Heating Estimates Derived from the TRMM Precipitation Radar
A 3-yr (1998�2000) climatology of near-surface rainfall and stratiform rain fraction observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) was used to calculate the four-dimensional distribution of tropical latent ...
Courtney Schumacher; Robert A. Houze Jr.; Ian Kraucunas
Feasibility of night-sky radiation with heat pumps
This report presents the procedure involved in the determination of the feasibility of high-sky radiation as the means of rejecting heat through solar collectors for a sample residential house in the Evansville area. It presents conclusions on different types of coatings that are used on solar collectors. It also designs the system, and its backup, in schematic form. For the purpose of cost analysis it discusses the difference of a cooling tower and night-sky radiation.
McKinney, T.G.
Cloud radiative effects on surface downwelling fluxes are investigated using long-term datasets from the three Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) region. The Nauru and Darwin sites show significant variability in sky cover, downwelling radiative fluxes, and surface cloud radiative effect (CRE) due to El Ni�o and the Australian monsoon, respectively, while the Manus site shows little intra-seasonal or interannual variability. Cloud radar measurement of cloud base and top heights are used to define cloud types so that the effect of cloud type on the surface CRE can be examined. Clouds with low bases contribute 71-75% of the surface shortwave (SW) CRE and 66-74% of the surface longwave (LW) CRE at the three TWP sites, while clouds with mid-level bases contribute 8-9% of the SW CRE and 12-14% of the LW CRE, and clouds with high bases contribute 16-19% of the SW CRE and 15-21% of the LW CRE.
McFarlane, Sally A.; Long, Charles N.; Flaherty, Julia E.
A mesoscopic description of radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale
We present a formulation of the nanoscale radiative heat transfer (RHT) using concepts of mesoscopic physics. We introduce the analog of the Sharvin conductance using the quantum of thermal conductance. The formalism provides a convenient framework to analyse the physics of RHT at the nanoscale. Finally, we propose a RHT experiment in the regime of quantized conductance.
Svend-Age Biehs; Emmanuel Rousseau; Jean-Jacques Greffet
Changes in the Interaction between Tropical Convection, Radiation, and the Large-Scale Circulation in a Warming Environment
This paper explores the response of the tropical hydrologic cycle to surface warming through the lens of large-domain cloud-system-resolving model experiments run in a radiative�convective equilibrium framework. Simulations are run for 55 days and ...
Derek J. Posselt; Susan van den Heever; Graeme Stephens; Matthew R. Igel
Effects of Downdrafts and Mesoscale Convective Organization on the Heat and Moisture Budgets of Tropical Cloud Clusters. Part III: Effects of Mesoscale Convective Organization
The effects of mesoscale convective organization on the large-scale heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud clusters are studied using the GATE Phase III data. Two basic questions concerning the mesoscale effects are addressed: 1) the ...
Ming-Dean Cheng; Michio Yanai
Tropical Warm Pool Surface Heat Budgets and Temperature: Contrasts between1997/98 El Ni�o and 1998/99 La Ni�a
Seasonal to interannual variations of the net surface heating (FNET) and its relationship to sea surface temperature tendency (dTs/dt) in the tropical eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans are studied for the period October 1997�September ...
Shu-Hsien Chou; Ming-Dah Chou; Pui-King Chan; Po-Hsiung Lin; Kung-Hwa Wang
Effects of Downdrafts and Mesoscale Convective Organization on the Heat and Moisture Budgets of Tropical Cloud Clusters. Part I: A Diagnostic Cumulus Ensemble Model
A diagnostic cumulus ensemble model is developed to study the effects of convective-scale downdrafts and mesoscale convective organization on the heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud clusters. The model adopts the spectral representation ...
Ming-Dean Cheng
Numerical Modeling of Heat Pipe Radiator and Fin Size Optimization for Low and No Gravity Environments.
??A heat-pipe radiator element has been designed and modeled to study the efficiency of heat transfer for low and no gravity environments, like in lunar� (more)
Bieger, Virginia Ruth
Scalable photon monte carlo algorithms and software for the solution of radiative heat transfer problems
Radiative heat transfer plays a central role in many combustion and engineering applications. Because of its highly nonlinear and nonlocal nature, the computational cost can be extremely high to model radiative heat transfer effects accurately. In this ...
Ivana Veljkovic; Paul E. Plassmann
Handbook of radiative heat transfer in high-temperature gases
This work offers both an original method for calculating optical properties of low-temperature plasma at elevated densities ... and an effective new means for calculating radiative heat transfer in hot gases and plasma with arbitrary temperature and pressure distributions. These methods allow for automatic accounting of all details of the plasma spectrum, including the line structure. This volume contains radiant transfer in problems of heat transfer; integration over frequency; methods of partial characteristics; method of effective populations; calculation of partial characteristics; appendix: tabular data.
Soloukhin, R.I.; Golovnev, I.F.; Zamurayev, V.P.; Katsnelson, S.S.; Kovalskaya, G.A.; Sevastyanenko, V.G.; Soloukhin, R.I.
Cloud Microphysical and Radiative Properties Derived from MODIS, VIRS, AVHRR, and GMS Data Over the Tropical Western Pacific
Microphysical and Radiative Properties Derived Microphysical and Radiative Properties Derived from MODIS, VIRS, AVHRR, and GMS Data Over the Tropical Western Pacific G. D. Nowicki, M. L. Nordeen, P. W. Heck, D. R. Doelling, and M. M. Khaiyer Analytical Services and Materials, Inc. Hampton, Virginia P. Minnis National Aeronautics and Space Administration Atmospheric Sciences Division Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia S. Sun-Mack Science Applications International Corporation Hampton, Virginia Introduction Utilization of the geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS) imagery has allowed for the derivation of cloud and radiative properties over the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) on relatively high spatial and temporal scales. The layered bispectral threshold method (LBTM) has been applied to GMS data
Radiative Forcing of a Tropical Direct Circulation by Soil Dust Aerosols
The effect of soil dust aerosols upon the tropical climate is estimated by forcing a simple model of a tropical direct circulation. The model consists of a region vertically mixed by deep convection and a nonconvecting region, for which budgets ...
R. L. Miller; I. Tegen
Barotropic Rossby Waves Radiating from Tropical Instability Waves in the Pacific Ocean
Tropical instability waves are triggered by instabilities of the equatorial current systems, and their sea level signal, with peak amplitude near 5�N, is one of the most prominent features of the dynamic topography of the tropics. Cross-spectral ...
J. Thomas Farrar
Influence of Infrared Radiation on Attic Heat Transfer
An experimental study concerned with different modes of heal transfer in fibrous and cellulose insulating material is presented. A series of experiments were conducted using an attic simulator to determine the effects of ventilation on attic heat transfer, and the effect of infrared radiation on the thermal conductivity of the insulation system and on attic heat transfer. All the tests were performed at steady state conditions by controlling the roof deck temperature. Calculations are performed for insulation thicknesses between 1 inch (2.54cm) and 6.0 inches (15.24cm) and roof deck temperatures between 145�F (62.78�C) and 100�F (36.78�C). The temperature profiles within the insulation were measured by placing thermocouples at various levels within the insulation. The profiles for the cellulose insulation are linear. The profiles within the glass fiber insulation are non-linear due to the effect of infrared radiation. Also heat fluxes were measured through different insulation thicknesses and for different roof temperatures. It was found that a radiant barrier such as aluminum foil can reduce the heat flux significantly. Experimental results were compared to a Three-Region approximate solution developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL). The model was in good agreement with experimental results.
Katipamula, S.; Turner, W. D.; Murphy, W. E.; O'Neal, D. L.
The Effect of Tropical Atlantic Heating Anomalies upon GCM Rain Forecasts over the Americas
Severe droughts occurred over eastern sections of North America and central sections of South America in 1986 and 1988. We summarize data suggesting that both periods were characterized by above-normal tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures ...
Julio Buchmann; Jan Paegle; Lawrence E. Buja; Robert E. Dickinson
Seasonal Mixed Layer Heat Balance of the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean
Sea surface temperature (SST) in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean exerts a significant influence on global climate through its influence on the Indian summer monsoon and Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation. In this study, ...
Gregory R. Foltz; J�r�me Vialard; B. Praveen Kumar; Michael J. McPhaden
Microwave radiative transfer in the mixed-phase regions of tropical rainfall
Current physically-based Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) algorithms for estimating oceanic rain use a very simplified hydrometeor profile that ignores the mixed-phase regions (Wilheit et al., 1977). However, to estimate hydrometeor profiles more reasonably in the tropical precipitation regions, understanding of the brightness temperature (Tb) variations in the mixed-phase regions is essential. Further, establishing physical assumptions for microwave radiative transfer in the mixed-phase regions is necessary for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties in the rainfall retrieval. Consequently, the objective of this study was to quantify uncertainties and to achieve a solid basis for improvement of the current rainfall retrieval, which is based on an RTM. To accomplish this, we examined data taken by the Convair-580 aircraft during the KWAJEX (Kwajalein Experiment). In order to calculate radiative transfer, the AMMR (Airborne Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer) data were combined with radiosonde data and aircraft microphysics data. Analyses were performed for the stratiform and convective rainfall regions respectively. In stratiform precipitation with a bright band, the main concern was to examine the needed physical assumptions for describing the abrupt change of Tb just below the freezing level. In the case of convective precipitation, the focus was to investigate the effective additional rain layer thickness corresponding to the super-cooled water layer above the freezing level. From the results, it was required to assume the bright-band (around 1/2 km below the FL) as having 2 times the absorption as the rain below to explain the Tb variation due to the phase change of hydrometeors. On the other hand, in the case of convective rainfall, it was suggested that approximately from 1/4km to 3km of super-cooled layer thickness should be considered to describe the additional hydrometeor layer due to the strong updrafts in the convective regions.
Jin, Kyoung-Wook
Design and development of a titanium heat-pipe space radiator
A titanium heat-pipe radiator has been designed for use in a 100-kW/sub e/ nuclear-thermoelectric (TE) space power plant. The radiator is required to have a 99% probability of remaining functional at full power at the end of a seven-year mission. The radiator has a conical-cylindrical shape and is compatible for launch in the space shuttle. The radiator heat pipes are arranged into panel segments and each reactor-core thermoelectric heat-pipe unit has four radiator heat pipes for redundancy. Radiator mass was minimized was based on acceptable losses due to micrometeoroid impact. Results of studies on various design parameters are presented in terms of radiator mass. Developments on the design and testing of the radiator heat pipes are also presented. Prototype titanium (potassium working fluid) heat pipes were fabricated and tested in space-simulating conditions. Testing results are compared to analytical performance predictions.
Girrens, S.P.
Near-field radiative heat transfer for structured surfaces
We apply an analytical approach for determining the near-field radiative heat transfer between a metallic nanosphere and a planar semi-infinite medium with some given surface structure. This approach is based on a perturbative expansion, and evaluated to first order in the surface profile. With the help of numerical results obtained for some simple model geometries we discuss typical signatures that should be obtainable with a near-field scanning thermal microscope operated in either constant-height or constant-distance mode.
Svend-Age Biehs; Oliver Huth; Felix R�ting
Thermal heat radiation, near-field energy density and near-field radiative heat transfer of coated materials
We investigate the thermal radiation and thermal near-field energy density of a metal-coated semi-infinite body for different substrates. We show that the surface polariton coupling within the metal coating leads to an enhancement of the TM-mode part of the thermal near-field energy density when a polar substrate is used. In this case the result obtained for a free standing metal film is retrieved. In contrast, in the case of a metal substrate there is no enhancement in the TM-mode part, as can also be explained within the framework of surface plasmon coupling within the coating. Finally, we discuss the influence of the enhanced thermal energy density on the near-field radiative heat transfer between a simple semi-infinite and a coated semi-infinite body for different material combinations.
Biehs, Svend-Age
A Climatology of Tropical Anvil and Its Relationship to the Large-Scale Circulation
This dissertation uses multiple tools to investigate tropical anvil, i.e., thick, non-precipitating cloud associated with deep convection with the main objectives to provide a climatology of tropics-wide anvil properties and a better understanding of anvil formation, and to provide a more realistic assessment of the radiative impact of tropical anvil on the large-scale circulation. Based on 10 years (1998-2007) of observations, anvil observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation (PR) shows significant geographical variations, which can be linked to variations in the parent convection. Strong upper level wind shear appears to assist the generation of anvil and may further explain the different anvil statistics over land and ocean. Variations in the large-scale environment appear to play a more important role in anvil production in regions where convection regularly attains heights greater than 7 km. For regions where convection is less deep, variations in the depth of the convection and the large-scale environment likely contribute more equally to anvil generation. Anvil radiative heating profiles are estimated by extrapolating millimeter cloud radar (MMCR) radiative properties from Manus to the 10-year TRMM PR record. When the unconditional anvil areal coverage is taken into account, the anvil radiative heating becomes quite weak, increasing the PR latent heating profile by less than 1 percent at mid and upper levels. Stratiform rain and cirrus radiative heating contributions increase the upper level latent heating by 12 percent. This tropical radiative heating only slightly enhances the latent heating driven model response throughout the tropics, but more significantly over the East Pacific. These modest circulation changes suggest that previous studies may have overemphasized the importance of radiative heating in terms of Walker and Hadley circulation variations. Further, the relationship of cloud radiative heating to latent heating needs to be taken into account for more realistic studies of cloud radiative forcing on the large-scale circulation.
Li, Wei
Upper Ocean Shear and Density Variability at the Equator during TROPIC HEAT
A four and one-half day time series of upper-ocean shear and density observations was collected in the tropical Pacific Ocean in November 1984. The measurements were made on the equator at 139�50?W during a period when the equatorial undercurrent ...
John M. Toole; Hartmut Peters; Michael C. Gregg
The Role of Radiation in Influencing Tropical Cloud Distributions in a Radiative�Convective Equilibrium Cloud-Resolving Model
Observations by Johnson et al. depict regions of active tropical convection as possessing increased relative humidity through a deep layer and reduced low-level static stability when compared to nonconvecting regions. Shallow cumulus clouds, ...
Lyle Pakula; Graeme L. Stephens
Calculating Monthly Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates fromMonthly Cloud Observations
The radiative transfer model from NCAR�s general circulation model CCM3 is modified to calculate monthly radiative fluxes and heating rates from monthly observations of cloud properties from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ...
John W. Bergman; Harry H. Hendon
Radiative Heat Transfer Analysis within Three-Dimensional Clouds Subjected to Solar and Sky Irradiation
A three-dimensional radiative heat transfer analysis of an arbitrary-shaped modeled cloud subjected to solar and sky irradiation has been performed. The Radiation Element Method by Ray Emission Model (REM2) was used for numerical simulation. ...
Toru Nishikawa; Shigenao Maruyama; Seigo Sakai
A Variational Method for Computing Surface Heat Fluxes from ARM Surface Energy and Radiation Balance Systems
A variational method is developed to compute surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat from observed wind, temperature, humidity, and surface energy and radiation budget by the surface energy and radiation balance systems (SERBS). In comparison ...
Qin Xu; Chong-Jian Qiu
Radiative Heating Errors in Naturally Ventilated Air Temperature Measurements Made from Buoys*
Solar radiative heating errors in buoy-mounted, naturally ventilated air temperature sensors are examined. Data from sensors with multiplate radiation shields and collocated, fan-aspirated air temperature sensors from three buoy deployments ...
Steven P. Anderson; Mark F. Baumgartner
Seasonal Heat Transport in a Primitive Equations Model of the Tropical Indian Ocean
This work analyses seasonal heat transport in an ocean-only numerical simulation of the Indian Ocean forced by realistic seasonal winds and surface heat fluxes north of 15�S, assuming no Indonesian Throughflow. The seasonal changes in the model ...
S. Wacongne; R. Pacanowski
Aerosol Indirect Effects on Tropical Convection Characteristics under Conditions of Radiative�Convective Equilibrium
The impacts of enhanced aerosol concentrations such as those associated with dust intrusions on the trimodal distribution of tropical convection have been investigated through the use of large-domain (10 000 grid points), fine-resolution (1 km), ...
Susan C. van den Heever; Graeme L. Stephens; Norman B. Wood
Tabulation of Fundamental Assembly Heat and Radiation Source Files
The purpose of this calculation is to tabulate a set of computer files for use as input to the WPLOAD thermal loading software. These files contain details regarding heat and radiation from pressurized water reactor (PWR) assemblies and boiling water reactor (BWR) assemblies. The scope of this calculation is limited to rearranging and reducing the existing file information into a more streamlined set of tables for use as input to WPLOAD. The electronic source term files used as input to this calculation were generated from the output files of the SAS2H/ORIGIN-S sequence of the SCALE Version 4.3 modular code system, as documented in References 2.1.1 and 2.1.2, and are included in Attachment II.
T. deBues; J.C. Ryman
Radiative component and combined heat transfer in the thermal calculation of finned tube banks
For more exact calculation of combined heat transfer in the case of finned tube banks (e.g., in the convective section of a furnace), the radiative heat transfer cannot be neglected. A new method for relatively simple calculation of total heat flux (convection + radiation + conduction in fins) is fully compatible with that for bare tube banks/bundles developed earlier. It is based on the method of radiative coefficients. However, the resulting value of heat flux must be corrected due to fin thickness and especially due to the fin radiative influence. For this purpose the so-called multiplicator of heat flux was introduced. The applicability of this methods has been demonstrated on a tubular fired heater convective section. A developed computer program based on the method has also been used for an analysis of the influence of selected parameters to show the share of radiation on the total heat flux.
Stehlik, P. [Technical Univ. of Brno (Czech Republic). Dept. of Process Engineering] [Technical Univ. of Brno (Czech Republic). Dept. of Process Engineering
Effects of Downdrafts and Mesoscale Convective Organization on the Heat and Moisture Budgets of Tropical Cloud Clusters. Part II: Effects of Convective-Scale Downdrafts
The diagnostic cumulus ensemble model presented in Part I of this paper is applied to the data taken during Phase III of the GARP Tropical Atlantic Experiment (GATE) to examine the effects of convective-scale downdrafts on the large-scale heat ...
Hindcast/Forecast of ENSO Events Based upon the Redistribution of Observed and Model Heat Content in the Western Tropical Pacific, 1964�86
The redistribution of observed upper-ocean heat content in the western tropical North Pacific for the four-year period 1979�82 was shown by Pazan et al. to provide a qualitative hindcast capability for the 1982�83 ENSO event. A related study (...
Warren B. White; Stephen E. Pazan; Masamichi Inoue
Explorations of the Annual Mean Heat Budget of the Tropical Indian Ocean. Part II: Studies with a Simplified Ocean General Circulation Model
Present-day OGCMs give low values of annual mean net heat flux (AMNHF) in the tropical Indian Ocean, compared to climatologies. AMNHF generation is examined in an open-boundary model of this region with realistic coastlines. In the first two of ...
Rui-Jin Hu; J. Stuart Godfrey
Can Shipboard Measurements Reveal Secular Changes in Tropical Air�Sea Heat Flux?
A new Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set for the period 1854�1979 will soon become available for studies of secular climate changes in ocean surface heat flux. Of the observed variables from which heat flux is calculated, wind speed and sea ...
C. S. Ramage
The Annual March of the Heat Budget of the North and Tropical Atlantic Oceans
This paper documents the annual march of the following processes for the 70�N�20�S region of the Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea: net surface heat gains (monthly mean time-scale), subsurface heat storage change (bimonthly)...
Peter J. Lamb; Andrew F. Bunker
Quantification of Solar Heating of the Dome of a Pyrgeometer for a Tropical Location: Ilorin, Nigeria
A two-year database (September 1992�August 1994) on global solar radiation and downward infrared radiation measured at Ilorin, Nigeria (8�32?N, 4�34?E), using a precision spectral pyranometer and pyrgeometer, respectively, was analyzed so as to ...
S. O. Udo
Modeling Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature with Satellite-Derived Solar Radiative Forcing
Two independent datasets for the solar radiation at the surface derived from satellites are compared. The data derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) is for the net solar radiation at the surface whereas the International ...
Richard Seager; M. Benno Blumenthal
Radiative Heat Transfer in Enhanced Hydrogen Outgassing of Glass
W/m 2 .�m) f (?T ) Blackbody radiation function I ? SpectralW/m 2 .sr.�m) I b,? Blackbody radiation intensity (W/m 2 .can be treated as blackbody radiation at temperature T sur .
Kitamura, Rei; Pilon, Laurent
Variability in the Characteristics of Precipitation Systems in the Tropical Pacific. Part II: Implications for Atmospheric Heating
This paper explores changes in the principal components of observed energy budgets across the tropical Pacific in response to the strong 1998 El Ni�o event. Multisensor observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave ...
Tristan S. L'Ecuyer; Hirohiko Masunaga; Christian D. Kummerow
The Influence of Radiative Transfer on the Mass and Heat Budgets of Ice Crystals Failing in the Atmosphere
A theoretical study was carried out to investigate the effect of radiative heating and cooling on the mass and heat budgets of an ice crystal. Equations describing the radiative budget of an ice crystal were derived and particle absorption ...
Graeme L. Stephens
Assessment of Uncertainty in Cloud Radiative Effects and Heating Rates through Retrieval Algorithm Differences: Analysis using 3-years of ARM data at Darwin, Australia
Ground-based radar and lidar observations obtained at the Department of Energy�s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program�s Tropical Western Pacific site located in Darwin, Australia are used to retrieve ice cloud properties in anvil and cirrus clouds. Cloud microphysical properties derived from four different retrieval algorithms (two radar-lidar and two radar only algorithms) are compared by examining mean profiles and probability density functions of effective radius (Re), ice water content (IWC), extinction, ice number concentration, ice crystal fall speed, and vertical air velocity. Retrieval algorithm uncertainty is quantified using radiative flux closure exercises. The effect of uncertainty in retrieved quantities on the cloud radiative effect and radiative heating rates are presented. Our analysis shows that IWC compares well among algorithms, but Re shows significant discrepancies, which is attributed primarily to assumptions of particle shape. Uncertainty in Re and IWC translates into sometimes-large differences in cloud radiative effect (CRE) though the majority of cases have a CRE difference of roughly 10 W m-2 on average. These differences, which we believe are primarily driven by the uncertainty in Re, can cause up to 2 K/day difference in the radiative heating rates between algorithms.
Comstock, Jennifer M.; Protat, Alain; McFarlane, Sally A.; Delanoe, Julien; Deng, Min
Performance Analysis of Potassium Heat Pipes Radiator for HP-STMCs Space Reactor Power System
A detailed design and performance results of C-C finned, and armored potassium heat pipes radiator for a 110 kWe Heat Pipes-Segmented Thermoelectric Module Converters (HP-STMCs) Space Reactor Power system (SRPS) are presented. The radiator consists of two sections; each serves an equal number of STMCs and has 162 longitudinal potassium heat pipes with 0.508 mm thick C-C fins. The width of the C-C fins at the minor diameter of the radiator is almost zero, but increases with distance along the radiator to reach 3.7 cm at the radiator's major diameter. The radiator's heat pipes (OD = 2.42 cm in front and 3.03 cm in rear) have thin titanium (0.0762 mm thick) liners and wicks (0.20 mm thick with an effective pore radius of 12-16 {mu}m) and a 1.016 mm thick C-C wall. The wick is separated from the titanium liner by a 0.4 mm annulus filled with liquid potassium to increase the capillary limit. The outer surfaces of the heat pipes in the front and rear sections of the radiator are protected with a C-C armor that is 2.17 mm and 1.70 mm thick, respectively. The inside surface of the heat pipes in the front radiator is thermally insulated while the C-C finned condensers of the rear heat pipes are exposed, radiating into space through the rear opening of the radiator cavity. The heat pipes in both the front and the rear radiators have a 1.5 m long evaporator section and each dissipates 4.47 kW while operating at 43.6% of the prevailing sonic limit. The front and rear radiator sections are 5.29 m and 2.61 m long with outer surface area and mass of 47.1 m2 and 314.3 kg, and 39.9 m2 and 243.2 kg, respectively. The total radiator is 7.63 m long and has minor and major diameters of 1.48 m and 5.57 m, respectively, and a total surface area of 87 m2; however, the effective radiator area, after accounting for heat rejection through the rear of the radiator cavity, is 98.8 m2. The radiator's total mass including the C-C armor is 557.5 kg and the specific area and specific mass are 6.41 kg/m2 and 5.07 kg/kWe, respectively.
El-Genk, Mohamed S.; Tournier, Jean-Michel [Institute for Space and Nuclear Power Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131 (United States); Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Dept., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131 (United States)
Tropical Precipitation Rates during SOP-1, FGGE, Estimated from Heat and Moisture Budgets
This study presents global estimates of precipitation rates from 30�N to 30�S, derived from the �apparent� heat source (Q1) and �apparent� moisture sink (Q2) budgets using the NASA Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres Level III-b analyses collected ...
Catherine B. Pedigo; Dayton G. Vincent
Influence of a Tropical Island Mountain on Solar Radiation, Air Temperature and Vapor Pressure
Measured solar radiation, air temperature, and water vapor pressure at 17 stations on the northwest flank of Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii are compared with modeled clear day solar radiation and free atmosphere air temperature and water vapor pressure. ...
Dennis Nullet
Analytical and experimental studies of heat pipe radiation cooling of hypersonic propulsion systems
Preliminary, research-oriented, analytical and experimental studies were completed to assess the feasibility of using high-temperature heat pipes to cool hypersonic engine components. This new approach involves using heat pipes to transport heat away from the combustor, nozzle, or inlet regions, and to reject it to the environment by thermal radiation from an external heat pipe nacelle. For propulsion systems using heat pipe radiation cooling (HPRC), it is possible to continue to use hydrocarbon fuels into the Mach 4 to Mach 6 speed range, thereby enhancing the economic attractiveness of commercial or military hypersonic flight. In the second-phase feasibility program recently completed, we found that heat loads produced by considering both convection and radiation heat transfer from the combustion gas can be handled with HPRC design modifications. The application of thermal insulation to ramburner and nozzle walls was also found to reduce the heat load by about one-half and to reduce peak HPRC system temperatures to below 2700{degrees}F. In addition, the operation of HPRC at cruise conditions of around Mach 4.5 and at an altitude of 90, 000 ft lowers peak hot section temperatures to around 2800{degrees}F. An HPRC heat pipe was successfully fabricated and tested at Mach 5 conditions of heat flux, heat load, and temperature. 24 refs.
Martin, R.A.; Merrigan, M.A.; Elder, M.G.; Sena, J.T.; Keddy, E.S. (Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States)); Silverstein, C.C. (CCS Associates, Bethel Park, PA (United States))
Martin, R.A.; Merrigan, M.A.; Elder, M.G.; Sena, J.T.; Keddy, E.S. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Silverstein, C.C. [CCS Associates, Bethel Park, PA (United States)
Fluctuating-surface-current formulation of radiative heat transfer for arbitrary geometries
We describe a fluctuating-surface-current formulation of radiative heat transfer, applicable to arbitrary geometries in both the near and far field, that directly exploits efficient and sophisticated techniques from the ...
Rodriguez, Alejandro W.
Lecture 3 week 2/3 2012: Solar radiation, the greenhouse, global heat engine
... that would be like 13.68 one- hundred watt light bulbs illuminating a one-meter square surface, except that light bulbs put about 80% of their 100 watts of power into heat/infrared radiation. Given the distance
Design and demonstration of a high-temperature, deployable, membrane heat-pipe radiator element
Demonstration of a high-temperature, deployable, membrane heat-pipe radiator element has been conducted. Membrane heat pipes offer the potential for compact storage, ease of transportation, self-deployment, and a high specific radiator performance (kg/kW) for use in thermal reflection systems of space nuclear power plants. A demonstration heat pipe 8-cm wide and 100-cm long was fabricated. The heat pipe containment and wick structure were made of stainless steel and sodium used as the working fluid. The tests demonstrated passive deployment of the high-temperature membrane radiator, simulating a single segment in a flat array, at a temperature of 800 K. Details of test procedures and results of the tests are presented in this paper together with a discussion of the design and development of a full-scale, segmented high-temperature, deployable membrane heat pipe. 5 refs., 7 figs.
Trujillo, V.L.; Keddy, E.S.; Merrigan, M.A.
Membrane heat pipe development for space radiator applications
A self-deploying membrane heat pipe (SMHP) is being designed and fabricated to operate in an in-cabin experiment aboard a STS flight. The heat pipe comprises a mylar membrane with a woven fabric arterial wick and R-11 as the working fluid. Preliminary results indicate that this SMHP design will successfully expand and retract in response to an applied heat load; the retraction force is provided by a constant force spring.
Woloshun, K.; Merrigan, M.
An Atmospheric Radiation and Cloud Station in the Tropical Western Pacific
The interaction of clouds and radiation is a particularly difficult issue in the study of climate change. Clouds have a large impact on the earth's radiation budget but the range of spatial and temporal scales and the complexity of the physical ...
J. H. Mather; T. P. Ackerman; W. E. Clements; F. J. Barnes; M. D. Ivey; L. D. Hatfield; R. M. Reynolds
Design considerations for a thermophotovoltaic energy converter using heat pipe radiators
The purpose of this paper is to discuss concepts for using high temperature heat pipes to transport energy from a heat source to a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) converter. Within the converter, the condenser portion of each heat pipe acts as a photon radiator, providing a radiant flux to adjacent TPV cells, which in turn create electricity. Using heat pipes in this way could help to increase the power output and the power density of TPV systems. TPV systems with radiator temperatures in the range of 1,500 K are expected to produce as much as 3.6 W/cm{sup 3} of heat exchanger volume at an efficiency of 20% or greater. Four different arrangements of heat pipe-TPV energy converters are considered. Performance and sizing calculations for each of the concepts are presented. Finally, concerns with this concept and issues which remain to be considered are discussed.
Ashcroft, J.; DePoy, D. [Lockheed Martin Corp., Schenectady, NY (United States)
The multiple absorption coefficient zonal method (MACZM), an efficient computational approach for the analysis of radiative heat transfer in multidimensional inhomogeneous nongray media
of Radiative Heat Transfer, the P-3 Approximation�, AIAAMedia�, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 109, No. 3 (1987),Media�, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, Fundamentals, Vol.
Yuen, W W
Method for heat treating and sintering metal oxides with microwave radiation
A method for microwave sintering materials, primarily metal oxides, is described. Metal oxides do not normally absorb microwave radiation at temperatures ranging from about room temperature to several hundred degrees centrigrade are sintered with microwave radiation without the use of the heretofore required sintering aids. This sintering is achieved by enclosing a compact of the oxide material in a housing or capsule formed of a oxide which has microwave coupling properties at room temprature up to at least the microwave coupling temperature of the oxide material forming the compact. The heating of the housing effects the initial heating of the oxide material forming the compact by heat transference and then functions as a thermal insulator for the encased oxide material after the oxide material reaches a sufficient temperature to adequately absorb or couple with microwave radiation for heating thereof to sintering temperature.
Holcombe, Cressie E. (Farragut, TN); Dykes, Norman L. (Oak Ridge, TN); Meek, Thomas T. (Knoxville, TN)
A Systematic Study of Longwave Radiative Heating and Cooling within Valleys and Basins Using a Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Model
The Monte Carlo code for the physically correct tracing of photons in cloudy atmospheres (MYSTIC) three-dimensional radiative transfer model was used in a parametric study to determine the strength of longwave radiative heating and cooling in ...
Sebastian W. Hoch; C. David Whiteman; Bernhard Mayer
Convective Influence on the Heat Balance of the Tropical Tropopause Layer: A Cloud-Resolving Model Study
The tropical tropopause layer (TTL), and in particular the cold point tropopause, has been previously suggested as a feature decoupled from convection. Using a cloud-resolving model, the authors demonstrate that convection, in fact, has a cooling ...
Zhiming Kuang; Christopher S. Bretherton
Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in Brazil
Porto Velho, RO 78900-000, Brazil. P. Artaxo, L. S. Borma,tropical forest to savanna in Brazil Humberto R. da Rocha, 1RIMA Editora, Sa�o Carlos, Brazil. Oliveira, R. , et al. (
An outline is presented of the potential applications and quantity requiremerts of fission products for the period 1964 to 1968. These applications include military, governmert, and civilian heat sources; irradiation processing; and food irradiation. The potential requirements for 1964 to 1968 are 273 MC / sup 90/Sr and 351 MC /sup 137/Cs. An evaluation is made of the applications of heat-producing isotopes in Coast Guard navigational buoys, lights, and beacons; undersea electronic systems; and weather stations. Costs were determined for conventional methods of power generation and compared to radioisotope power generation. Fuel requiremerts and break-even fuel costs for isotopic power are tabulated. (D.L.C.)
Modeling near-field radiative heat transfer from sharp objects using a general three-dimensional numerical scattering technique
We develop a general numerical method to calculate the nonequilibrium radiative heat transfer between a plate and compact objects of arbitrary shapes, making the first accurate theoretical predictions for the total heat ...
McCauley, Alexander Patrick
A Study of Cloud�Generated Radiative Heating and Its Generation of Available Potential Energy. Part I: Theoretical Background
The theory is presented of the effect of radiative heating and cooling by clouds on the available potential energy (APE). This provides a measure of the influence of clouds on the general circulation. Absorption and scattering of solar radiation ...
R. Stuhlmann; G. L. Smith
Influences of biomass heat and biochemical energy storages on the land surface fluxes and radiative temperature
Influences of biomass heat and biochemical energy storages on the land surface fluxes and radiative energy storages for land-atmosphere interactions, an issue that has been largely neglected so far. We the representation of biomass energy storages against measurements of surface energy and CO2 fluxes. We
PROBLEM 13.71 KNOWN: Steam producing still heated by radiation.
PROBLEM 13.71 KNOWN: Steam producing still heated by radiation. FIND: (a) Factor by which the vapor ..... Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis to calculate F12. Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not
Rothstein, Jonathan
Heat transfer performance of an external receiver pipe under unilateral concentrated solar radiation
The heat transfer and absorption characteristics of an external receiver pipe under unilateral concentrated solar radiation are theoretically investigated. Since the heat loss ratio of the infrared radiation has maximum at moderate energy flux, the heat absorption efficiency will first increase and then decrease with the incident energy flux. The local absorption efficiency will increase with the flow velocity, while the wall temperature drops quickly. Because of the unilateral concentrated solar radiation and different incident angle, the heat transfer is uneven along the circumference. Near the perpendicularly incident region, the wall temperature and absorption efficiency slowly approaches to the maximum, while the absorption efficiency sharply drops near the parallelly incident region. The calculation results show that the heat transfer parameters calculated from the average incident energy flux have a good agreement with the average values of the circumference under different boundary conditions. For the whole pipe with coating of Pyromark, the absorption efficiency of the main region is above 85%, and only the absorption efficiency near the parallelly incident region is below 80%. In general, the absorption efficiency of the whole pipe increases with flow velocity rising and pipe length decreasing, and it approaches to the maximum at optimal concentrated solar flux. (author)
Jianfeng, Lu; Jing, Ding [School of Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Jianping, Yang [Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640 (China)
Analysis of a flexible polymeric film with imbedded micro heat pipes for spacecraft radiators
In response to the pursuit of interplanetary travel and a continuous human presence in space, there is increasing focus within the space industry on spacecraft designs that change configuration within the space environment. Flexible thermal radiators are being developed to accommodate deployment mechanisms. An analytical model suggests that a lightweight polymeric material with imbedded micro heat pipe arrays can meet heat dissipation requirements while contributing less mass than competing flexible materials. The heat pipe capillary limit is evaluated as a function of temperature using two candidate working fluids. Using water, maximum heat transport is 18 mW per channel at 140� to 160� C. Maximum heat transport using methanol is 2.2 mW at 120� C: an order-of-magnitude difference. A thermal circuit model translates heat transport per channel into total radiator capacity as a function of heat source temperature and environmental sink temperature. Using water as the working fluid, radiator capacity varies from 6.0 kW to 12.2 kW for source temperatures from 20� to 50� C. For source temperatures 40� C and higher, capacity meets or exceeds the dissipation requirements of a reference spacecraft design. Methanol is not recommended as a working fluid because it produces radiator capacities two to three times lower than when water is used. Although thermal control system specifications constrain the micro heat pipe operating range, design changes directed at alleviating capillary limitations should increase radiator capacity. Technical issues for further investigation include effects of film billowing; performance limitations related to vapor viscosity; working fluid diffusion; and chemical reactivity between the case and working fluid. Compared to a competing graphite fiber weave, the polymeric material has an effective conductivity over ten times higher. Its area power density (kW/m�) is 18% to 60% lower than the graphite weave, but its mass power density (kW/kg) is several times higher. Greater flexibility and lower mass make it more amenable to structural integration than the graphite material. Recently developed space-stable polymers offer resistance to harsh temperature and radiation environments, helping to clear the path toward a more extensive use of polymers within the space industry.
McDaniels, Deborah Marie
Spectral longwave emission in the tropics: FTIR measurements at the sea surface and comparison with fast radiation codes
Longwave emission by the tropical western Pacific atmosphere has been measured at the ocean surface by a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroradiometer deployed aboard the research vessel John Vickers as part of the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment. The instrument operated throughout a Pacific Ocean crossing, beginning on 7 March 1993 in Honiara, Solomon Islands, and ending on 29 March 1993 in Los Angeles, and recorded longwave emission spectra under atmospheres associated with sea surface temperatures ranging from 291.0 to 302.8 K. Precipitable water vapor abundances ranged from 1.9 to 5.5 column centimeters. Measured emission spectra (downwelling zenith radiance) covered the middled infrared (5-20 {mu}m) with one inverse centimeter spectral resolution. FTIR measurements made under an entirely clear field of view are compared with spectra generated by LOWTRAN 7 and MODTRAN 2, as well as downwelling flux calculated by the NCAR COmmunity Climate Model (CCM-2) radiation code, using radiosonde profiles as input data for these calculations. In the spectral interval 800-1000 cm{sup -1}, these comparisons show a discrepance between FTIR data and MODTRAN 2 having an overall variability of 6-7 mW m{sup -2} sr{sup -1} cm and a concave shape that may be related to the representation of water vapor continuum emission in MODTRAN 2. Another discrepancy appears in the spectral interval 1200-1300 cm{sup -1}, whether MODTRAN 2 appears to overestimate zenith radiance by 5 mW m{sup -2} sr-1 cm. These discrepancies appear consistently; however, they become only slightly larger at the highest water vapor abundances. Because these radiance discrepancies correspond to broadband (500-2000 cm{sup -1}) flux uncertainties of around 3 W m{sup -2}, there appear to be no serious inadequacies with the performance of MODTRAN 2 or LOWTRAN 7 at high atmospheric temperatures and water vapor abundances. 23 refs., 10 figs.
Lubin, D.; Cutchin, D.; Conant, W. [Univ. of California, La Jolla, CA (United States)] [Univ. of California, La Jolla, CA (United States); Grassl, H. [Institut fuer Meteorologie, Hamburg (Germany)] [Institut fuer Meteorologie, Hamburg (Germany); Schmid, U.; Biselli, W. [Universitaet Hamburg, Hamburg (Germany)] [Universitaet Hamburg, Hamburg (Germany)
12.811 Tropical Meteorology, Spring 2005
This course describes the behavior and dynamics of the tropical troposphere, from the large-scale energy balance down to cumulus convection and tropical cyclones. Topics include: Radiative-convective equilibrium; the Hadley ...
Emanuel, Kerry
Development and extended operation of a high power radiation loaded heat pipe
A high temperature, high power molybdenum-lithium heat pipe has been fabricated and tested at 1500 K for 1700 hours with radiant heat rejection. Power throughput during the test was approximately 14 kW, corresponding to an axial flux density of 11 kW/cm/sup 2/ for the 1.59 cm diameter heat pipe. Radial flux density was 70 W/cm/sup 2/ over an evaporator length of 40.0 cm. Condenser length was approximately 150 cm with radiant heat rejection from the condenser to a coaxial water cooled radiation calorimeter. A plasma sprayed, high emissivity coating was used on the condenser surface to increase the radiant heat rejection during the tests. The heat pipe was operated for 514 hours at steady state conditions before being damaged during a planned shutdown for test equipment maintenance. The damage was repaired and the initial 1000 hour test period completed without further incident. After physical examination of the heat pipe at 1000 hours the test was resumed and the heat pipe operated at the same conditions for an additional 700 hours before conclusion of this test phase.
Merrigan, M.A.; Keddy, E.S.; Runyan, J.R.; Martinez, H.E.
Spectral Longwave Emission in the Tropics: FTIR Measurement at the Sea Surface and Comparison with Fast Radiation Codes
Longwave emission by the tropical western Pacific atmosphere has been measured at the ocean surface by a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroradiometer deployed aboard the research vessel John Vickers as part of the Central Equatorial ...
Dan Lubin; David Cutchin; William Conant; Hartmut Grassl; Ulrich Schmid; Werner Biselli
Sea Surface Temperature and Large-Scale Circulation Influences on Tropical Greenhouse Effect and Cloud Radiative Forcing
Two independent sets of meteorological reanalyses are used to investigate relationships between the tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and the large-scale vertical motion of the atmosphere for spatial and seasonal variations, as well as for ...
S. Bony; K-M. Lau; Y. C. Sud
Original article: Comparison of numerical models in radiative heat transfer with application to circuit-breaker simulations
Two different modeling approaches for the numerical computation of the radiation energy exchange in the context of the simulation of high-voltage circuit breakers are investigated. These are the basic Radiative Transfer Equation method and the P1 model ... Keywords: CFD modeling, Circuit breakers, Finite volume discretization, P1 model, Radiative heat transfer
Matthieu Melot; Jean-Yves Tr�Panier; Ricardo Camarero; Eddy Petro
Thermal correction to the Casimir force, radiative heat transfer, and an experiment
The low-temperature asymptotic expressions for the Casimir interaction between two real metals described by Leontovich surface impedance are obtained in the framework of thermal quantum field theory. It is shown that the Casimir entropy computed using the impedance of infrared optics vanishes in the limit of zero temperature. By contrast, the Casimir entropy computed using the impedance of the Drude model attains at zero temperature a positive value which depends on the parameters of a system, i.e., the Nernst heat theorem is violated. Thus, the impedance of infrared optics withstands the thermodynamic test, whereas the impedance of the Drude model does not. We also perform a phenomenological analysis of the thermal Casimir force and of the radiative heat transfer through a vacuum gap between real metal plates. The characterization of a metal by means of the Leontovich impedance of the Drude model is shown to be inconsistent with experiment at separations of a few hundred nanometers. A modification of the impedance of infrared optics is suggested taking into account relaxation processes. The power of radiative heat transfer predicted from this impedance is several times less than previous predictions due to different contributions from the transverse electric evanescent waves. The physical meaning of low frequencies in the Lifshitz formula is discussed. It is concluded that new measurements of radiative heat transfer are required to find out the adequate description of a metal in the theory of electromagnetic fluctuations.
V. B. Bezerra; G. Bimonte; G. L. Klimchitskaya; V. M. Mostepanenko; C. Romero
Heating and cooling of a two-dimensional electron gas by terahertz radiation
The absorption of terahertz radiation by free charge carriers in n-type semiconductor quantum wells accompanied by the interaction of electrons with acoustic and optical phonons is studied. It is shown that intrasubband optical transitions can cause both heating and cooling of the electron gas. The cooling of charge carriers occurs in a certain temperature and radiation frequency region where light is most efficiently absorbed due to intrasubband transitions with emission of optical phonons. In GaAs quantum wells, the optical cooling of electrons occurs most efficiently at liquid nitrogen temperatures, while cooling is possible even at room temperature in GaN heterostructures.
Budkin, G. V.; Tarasenko, S. A., E-mail: email@example.com [Russian Academy of Sciences, Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute (Russian Federation)
Modeling heat conduction and radiation transport with the diffusion equation in
heat conduction and radiation transport with the diffusion equation in NIF ALE-AMR heat conduction and radiation transport with the diffusion equation in NIF ALE-AMR This article has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text article. 2010 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 244 022075 (http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/244/2/022075) Download details: IP Address: 18.104.22.168 The article was downloaded on 18/04/2013 at 01:36 Please note that terms and conditions apply. View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience Modeling Heat Conduction and Radiation Transport with the Diffusion Equation in NIF ALE-AMR A.C. Fisher 1 , D.S. Bailey 1 , T.B. Kaiser 1 , B.T.N. Gunney 1 , N.D. Masters 1 , A.E. Koniges 2 , D.C. Eder 1 , R.W. Anderson 1 1: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
A heat-exchange radiator is connected to a fluid flow circuit by a connector which provides one member of an interengageable spigot and socket pair for push-fit, fluid-tight, engagement between the connector and the radiator, with latching formations at least one of which is resilient. Preferably the connector carries the spigot which tapers and engages with a socket of corresponding shape, the spigot carrying an O-ring seal and either latching fingers or a resilient latching circlip.
Webster, D. M.
Radiative cooling and solar heating potential by using various roofing materials
The results of testing over twenty typical and potential roofing materials such as: corrugated galvanized steel, corrugated clear fiberglass, 90number black roll roofing, 90number green roll roofing, 90number red roll roofing, 90number brown roll roofing, 90number white roll roofing, 240number brown asphalt shingles, anodized aluminum, etc. under exposure to solar and nocturnal sky radiation are presented. Some cadmium sulfite solar cells and silicon solar cells are being tested as potential future roofing panels. Graphs showing the temperature variation of each material versus testing time are given for a heating and a cooling cycle. The environmental conditions of testing such as: solar insolation, apparent sky temperature, ambient air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed are also given. On the basis of preliminary results obtained during the testing of roofing materials, several mini-modules of an integrated collector/radiator/ roof element with the dimensions 0.6 m x 0.6 m (2 ft x 2 ft) were constructed and tested. The thermal response of the mini-modules under solar and nocturnal sky radiation is shown and the testing results are discussed. The spectral transmittance curves for nine transparent cover materials are also presented. The preliminary results indicate that solar radiation and nocturnal sky radiation could be used effectively by employing an integrated collector/radiator structure.
Pytlinski, J.T.; Connell, H.L.; Conrad, G.R.
Heat pipe radiation cooling (HPRC) for high-speed aircraft propulsion. Phase 2 (feasibility) final report
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos), and CCS Associates are conducting the Heat Pipe Radiation Cooling (HPRC) for High-Speed Aircraft Propulsion program to determine the advantages and demonstrate the feasibility of using high-temperature heat pipes to cool hypersonic engine components. This innovative approach involves using heat pipes to transport heat away from the combustor, nozzle, or inlet regions, and to reject it to the environment by thermal radiation from adjacent external surfaces. HPRC is viewed as an alternative (or complementary) cooling technique to the use of pumped cryogenic or endothermic fuels to provide regenerative fuel or air cooling of the hot surfaces. The HPRC program has been conducted through two phases, an applications phase and a feasibility phase. The applications program (Phase 1) included concept and assessment analyses using hypersonic engine data obtained from US engine company contacts. The applications phase culminated with planning for experimental verification of the HPRC concept to be pursued in a feasibility program. The feasibility program (Phase 2), recently completed and summarized in this report, involved both analytical and experimental studies.
The Hypothetical Accident Conditions (HAC) sequential test of radioactive materials packages includes a thermal test to confirm the ability of the package to withstand a transportation fire event. The test specified by the regulations (10 CFR 71) consists of a 30 minute, all engulfing, hydrocarbon fuel fire, with an average flame temperature of at least 800 C. The requirements specify an average emissivity for the fire of at least 0.9, which implies an essentially black radiation environment. Alternate test which provide equivalent total heat input at the 800 C time averaged environmental temperature may also be employed. When alternate tests methods are employed, such as furnace or gaseous fuel fires, the equivalence of the radiation environment may require justification. The effects of furnace and open confinement fire environments are compared with the regulatory fire environment, including the effects of gases resulting from decomposition of package overpack materials. The results indicate that furnace tests can produce the required radiation heat transfer environment, i.e., equivalent to the postulated pool fire. An open enclosure, with transparent (low emissivity) fire does not produce an equivalent radiation environment.
Smith, A
The Sensitivity of Latent Heat Flux to Changes in the Radiative Forcing: A Framework for Comparing Models and Observations
A climate model must include an accurate surface physics scheme in order to examine the interactions between the land and atmosphere. Given an increase in the surface radiative forcing, the sensitivity of latent heat flux to available energy ...
Jonathan M. Winter; Elfatih A. B. Eltahir
A climate model must include an accurate surface physics scheme in order to examine the interactions between the land and atmosphere. Given an increase in the surface radiative forcing, the sensitivity of latent heat flux ...
Winter, Jonathan (Jonathan Mark)
We conducted observations and modeling at a forest site to assess importance of biomass heat and biochemical energy storages for land-atmosphere interactions. We used the terrestrial ecosystem Fluxes And Pools Integrated Simulator (FAPIS). We first examined FAPIS performance by testing its predictions with and without biomass energy storages against measurements of surface energy and CO2 fluxes. We then evaluated the magnitudes and temporal patterns of the calculated biomass energy storages. Effects of energy storages on flux exchanges and variations of radiative temperature were investigated by contrasting FAPIS simulations with and without the storages. We found that with the storages, FAPIS predictions agreed with measurements well; without them, FAPIS performance deteriorated for all surface energy fluxes. The biomass heat storage and biochemical energy storage had clear diurnal patterns with typical ranges from -50 to 50 and -3 to 20 Wm-2, respectively; these typical ranges were exceeded substantially when there were sudden changes in atmospheric conditions. Without-storage simulations produced larger sensible and latent heat fluxes during the day but smaller fluxes (more negative values) at night as compared with with-storage simulations. Similarly, without-storage simulations had higher surface radiative temperature during the day but lower radiative temperature at night, indicating that the biomass energy storages act to dampen diurnal temperature range. Therefore, biomass heat and biochemical energy storages are an integral and substantial part of the surface energy budget and play a role in modulating land surface temperatures and must be considered in studies of land - atmosphere interactions and climate modeling.
Gu, Lianhong [ORNL; Meyers, T. P. [NOAA ATDD; Pallardy, Stephen G. [University of Missouri; Hanson, Paul J [ORNL; Yang, Bai [ORNL; Heuer, Mark [ATDD, NOAA; Hosman, K. P. [University of Missouri; Liu, Qing [ORNL; Riggs, Jeffery S [ORNL; Sluss, Daniel Wayne [ORNL; Wullschleger, Stan D [ORNL
Role of Net Surface Heat Flux in Seasonal Variations of Sea Surface Temperature in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean
The present study used a new net surface heat flux (Qnet) product obtained from the Objective Analyzed Air�Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) to examine two specific issues�one is to ...
Lisan Yu; Xiangze Jin; Robert A. Weller
Monte Carlo simulation of radiation heat transfer in arrays of fixed discrete surfaces using cell-to-cell photon transport
Radiation heat transfer in an array of fixed discrete surfaces is an important problem that is particularly difficult to analyze because of the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic optical properties involved. This article presents an efficient Monte Carlo method for evaluating radiation heat transfer in arrays of fixed discrete surfaces. This Monte Carlo model has been optimized to take advantage of the regular arrangement of surfaces often encountered in these arrays. Monte Carlo model predictions have been compared with analytical and experimental results.
Drost, M.K. (Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States)); Welty, J.R. (Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States))
The Heat Sources and Sinks of the 1986�87 El Ni�o
The heat balance of the coupled tropical ocean�atmosphere system during the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) period (1985�89) is analyzed in an attempt to better understand the heat sources and sinks of the 1986�87 El Ni�o. The analysis ...
De-Zheng Sun
Sensitivity of shortwave radiative flux density, forcing, and heating rates to the aerosol vertical profile
The effect of the aerosol vertical distribution on the solar radiation profiles, for idealized and measured profiles of optical properties (extinction and single-scattering albedo (SSA)) during the May 2003 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerosol Intensive Observation Period (AIOP), has been investigated using the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model Shortwave (RRTM_SW) code. Calculated profiles of down-welling and up-welling solar fluxes during the AIOP have been compared with the data measured by up- and down-looking solar broadband radiometers aboard a profiling research aircraft. The measured profiles of aerosol extinction, SSA, and water vapor obtained from the same aircraft that carried the radiometers served as the inputs for the model calculations. It is noteworthy that for this study, the uplooking radiometers were mounted on a stabilized platform that kept the radiometers parallel with respect to the earth�s horizontal plane. The results indicate that the shape of the aerosol extinction profiles has very little impact on direct radiative forcings at the top of atmosphere and surface in a cloud-free sky. However, as long as the aerosol is not purely scattering, the shape of the extinction profiles is important for forcing profiles. Identical extinction profiles with different absorption profiles drastically influence the forcing and heating rate profiles. Using aircraft data from 19 AIOP profiles over the Southern Great Plains (SGP), we are able to achieve broadband down-welling solar flux closure within 0.8% (bias difference) or 1.8% (rms difference), well within the expected measurement uncertainty of 1 to 3%. The poorer agreement in up-welling flux (bias -3.7%, rms 10%) is attributed to the use of inaccurate surface albedo data. The sensitivity tests reveal the important role accurate, vertically resolved aerosol extinction data plays in tightening flux closure. This study also suggests that in the presence of a strongly absorbing substance, aircraft flux measurements from a stabilized platform have the potential to determine heating rate profiles. These measurement-based heating rate profiles provide useful data for heating rate closure studies and indirect estimates of single scattering albedo assumed in radiative transfer calculations.
Guan, Hong; Schmid, Beat; Bucholtz, Anthony; Bergstrom, Robert
An Accurate Radiative Heating and Cooling Algorithm for Use in a Dynamical Model of the Middle Atmosphere
An infrared radiative heating and cooling algorithm designed to be used with dynamical models of the middle atmosphere is described. A Curtis matrix is used to compute cooling by the 15 and 10 ?m bands of carbon dioxide. Escape of radiation to ...
W. M. Wehrbein; C. B. Leovy
Satellite-based reconstruction of the tropical oceanic clear sky outgoing longwave radiation and comparison with climate models
The changes of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) in clear-sky conditions have been calculated using High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) observations from 1979 to 2004. After applying corrections for satellite orbital drift and ...
Guillaume Gastineau; Brian J. Soden; Darren L. Jackson; Chris W. O�Dell
Comparison of Spectrally Resolved Outgoing Longwave Radiation over the Tropical Pacific between 1970 and 2003 Using IRIS, IMG, and AIRS
The observation of changes in the earth�s spectrally resolved outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) provides a direct method of determining changes in the radiative forcing of the climate system. An earlier study showed that satellite-observed ...
J. A. Griggs; J. E. Harries
Air�Sea Heat Exchange along the Northern Sea Surface Temperature Front in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
The atmospheric response to the oceanic forcing in the eastern Pacific along the northern equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) front is investigated in terms of sensible and latent heat flux during the 6-month period from 28 July 1999 to 27 ...
Nicolai Thum; Steven K. Esbensen; Dudley B. Chelton; Michael J. McPhaden
Heat and Mass Budgets of the Warm Upper Layer of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1979�99
The mass and heat budgets of the warm upper-ocean layer are investigated in the equatorial Atlantic using in situ observations during the period 1979�99, which encompassed a series of warm events in the equatorial Atlantic. The warm water layer ...
F. Vauclair; Y. du Penhoat; G. Reverdin
CHAPARRAL: A library for solving large enclosure radiation heat transfer problems
Large, three-dimensional enclosure radiation beat transfer problems place a heavy demand on computing resources such as computational cycles, memory requirements, disk I/O, and disk space usage. This is primarily due to the computational and memory requirements associated with the view factor calculation and subsequent access of the view factor matrix during solution of the radiosity matrix equation. This is a fundamental problem that constrains Sandia`s current modeling capabilities. Reducing the computational and memory requirements for calculating and manipulating view factors would enable an analyst to increase the level of detail at which a body could be modeled and would have a major impact on many programs at Sandia such as weapon and transportation safety programs, component survivability programs, energy programs, and material processing programs. CHAPARRAL is a library package written to address these problems and is specifically tailored towards the efficient solution of extremely large three-dimensional enclosure radiation heat transfer problems.
Glass, M.W.
The Impact of Spatial Resolution on Model-Derived Radiative Heating
Impact of Spatial Resolution Impact of Spatial Resolution on Model-Derived Radiative Heating W. O'Hirok and C. Gautier Institute for Computational Earth System Science University of California Santa Barbara, California C. Gautier Department of Geography University of California Santa Barbara, California Introduction At the typical spatial resolution of climate and weather forecasting models, clouds are portrayed as uniform plane-parallel entities with three-dimensional (3D) radiative effects generally considered not important. However, as the resolution of these models increase, and with the development of "super parameterizations" (embedded cloud resolving models), there is a need to assess the spatial resolution where 3D effects should not be neglected (Khairoutdinov and Randall 2001). In this study, we perform
Radiative heat transfer between two dielectric nanogratings in the scattering approach
We present a theoretical study of radiative heat transfer between dielectric nanogratings in the scattering approach. As a comparision with these exact results, we also evaluate the domain of validity of Derjaguin's Proximity Approximation (PA). We consider a system of two corrugated silica plates with various grating geometries, separation distances, and lateral displacement of the plates with respect to one another. Numerical computations show that while the PA is a good approximation for aligned gratings, it cannot be used when the gratings are laterally displaced. We illustrate this by a thermal modulator device for nanosystems based on such a displacement.
J. Lussange; R. Gu�rout; F. S. S. Rosa; J. -J. Greffet; A. Lambrecht; S. Reynaud
On the Origin of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation
This study provides an explanation for the origin of the tropical intraseasonal (40�50 day) oscillation (TIO) based on a simple generalization of Gill's linear analytic model for tropical large-scale heat-induced circulation. The solution, which ...
Winston C. Chao
Regional Variability in Tropical Convection: Observations from TRMM
Observation of the vertical profile of precipitation over the global Tropics is a key objective of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) because this information is central to obtaining vertical profiles of latent heating. This study ...
Walter A. Petersen; Steven A. Rutledge
Intraseasonal Behavior of Clouds, Temperature, and Motion in the Tropics
The spectral character of tropical convection is investigated in an 11-yr record of outgoing longwave radiation from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer to identify interaction with the tropical circulation. Along the equator in the ...
Murry L. Salby; Harry H. Hendon
Thermal-radiation heat-transfer model for degraded cores. [PWR; BWR
One consequence of the accident at the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) nuclear power plant is a realization by the nuclear power technical community that there is a need for calculational tools that can be used to analyze the TMI-2 accident and to investigate hypothetical situations involving degraded light-water reactor (LWR) cores. As a result, there are now several ongoing modeling and code development efforts in the United States among which is the development of the MIMAS (Multifield Integrated Meltdown Analysis System code) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. This paper describes a thermal-radiation heat-transfer model for LWR degraded cores that has been developed for the MIMAS code.
Tomkins, J.L.
Oxy-fuel combustion of coal and biomass, the effect on radiative and convective heat transfer and burnout
This paper focuses on results of co-firing coal and biomass under oxy-fuel combustion conditions on the RWEn 0.5 MWt Combustion Test Facility (CTF). Results are presented of radiative and convective heat transfer and burnout measurements. Two coals were fired: a South African coal and a Russian Coal under air and oxy-fuel firing conditions. The two coals were also co-fired with Shea Meal at a co-firing mass fraction of 20%. Shea Meal was also co-fired at a mass fraction of 40% and sawdust at 20% with the Russian Coal. An IFRF Aerodynamically Air Staged Burner (AASB) was used. The thermal input was maintained at 0.5 MWt for all conditions studied. The test matrix comprised of varying the Recycle Ratio (RR) between 65% and 75% and furnace exit O{sub 2} was maintained at 3%. Carbon-in-ash samples for burnout determination were also taken. Results show that the highest peak radiative heat flux and highest flame luminosity corresponded to the lowest recycle ratio. The effect of co-firing of biomass resulted in lower radiative heat fluxes for corresponding recycle ratios. Furthermore, the highest levels of radiative heat flux corresponded to the lowest convective heat flux. Results are compared to air firing and the air equivalent radiative and convective heat fluxes are fuel type dependent. Reasons for these differences are discussed in the main text. Burnout improves with biomass co-firing under both air and oxy-fuel firing conditions and burnout is also seen to improve under oxy-fuel firing conditions compared to air. (author)
Smart, John P.; Patel, Rajeshriben; Riley, Gerry S. [RWEnpower, Windmill Hill Business Park, Whitehill Way, Swindon, Wiltshire SN5 6PB, England (United Kingdom)
Spatial Variability of Net Radiation and Soil Heat Flux Density on Two Logged Sites at Montmorency, Quebec
Net radiation data from 32 sample points and soil heat flux density values from six sample points on two logged sites at Montmorency in 1979 are presented. The two sites were of different ages; one had been clearcut in 1975 and the other in 1978. ...
J. H. McCaughey
Contemporaneous Relationships between Global Radiation and Heating Degree Days during Severe Winters in the United States
The global radiation climate associated with anomalously cold winter months and cold winters is analyzed for the contiguous United States. The radiation data consist of rehabilitated measured and modeled monthly values of global radiation on both ...
Thomas R. Karl; Frank T. Quinlan
Scale Dependence of Solar Heating Rates in Convective Cloud Systems with Implications to General Circulation Models
The authors examine 3D solar radiative heating rates within tropical convective�cirrus systems to identify the scales that contribute significantly to the spatial average over a climate model�s grid cell (i.e., its grid mean), and determine their ...
A. M. Vogelmann; V. Ramanathan; I. A. Podgorny
Tropical Thermostats and Low Cloud Cover
The ability of subtropical stratus low cloud cover to moderate or amplify the tropical response to climate forcing such as increased CO2 is considered. Cloud radiative forcing over the subtropics is parameterized using an empirical relation ...
R. L. Miller
Climatic Regimes of Tropical Convection and Rainfall
Annual distribution and phase propagation of tropical convection are delineated using harmonic and amplitude-phase characteristics analysis of climatological pentad mean outgoing longwave radiation and monthly frequencies of highly reflective ...
Bin Wang
Modeling Surface Sensible Heat Flux Using Surface Radiative Temperatures in a Simple Urban Area
Sensible heat fluxes over a light industrial area in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, are analyzed from observed tower fluxes and modeled using a bulk heat transfer approach. The bulk transfer models are initialized using remotely sensed ...
J. A. Voogt; C. S. B. Grimmond
Comparison between a Three-Dimensional Simulation and Doppler Radar Data of a Tropical Squall Line: Transports of Mass, Momentum, Heat, and Moisture
Results from a detailed three-dimensional cloud model are extensively compared with Doppler radar data in the case of a fast-moving tropical squall line, observed during the COPT81 experiment. The comparisons use a two-dimensional statistical ...
Jean-Philippe Lafore; Jean-Luc Redelsperger; Genevi�ve Jaubert
A simple external resistance heating diamond anvil cell and its application for synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction
A simple external heating assemblage allowing diamond anvil cell experiments at pressures up to 34 GPa and temperatures up to 653 K was constructed. This cell can be connected to the synchrotron radiation conveniently. The design and construction of this cell are fully described, as well as its applications for x-ray diffraction. Heating is carried out by using an external-heating system, which is made of NiCr resistance wire, and the temperature was measured by a NiCr-NiSi or PtRh-Pt thermocouple. We showed the performance of the new system by introducing the phase transition study of cinnabar ({alpha}-HgS) and thermal equation of state study of almandine at high pressure and temperature with this cell.
Fan Dawei; Zhou Wenge; Liu Yonggang; Xie Hongsen [Institute of Geochemistry of Earth's Deep Interior Materials and Fluid Interaction, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002 (China); Wei Shuyi [Institute of Geochemistry of Earth's Deep Interior Materials and Fluid Interaction, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002 (China); Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China); Ma Maining [Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China)
Using Satellite Ocean Color Data to Derive an Empirical Model for the Penetration Depth of Solar Radiation (Hp) in the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Satellite-based ocean color measurements indicate clear evidence for bioclimate interactions in the tropical Pacific associated with El Ni�o�Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Recent modeling studies have demonstrated that ocean biology can potentially ...
Rong-Hua Zhang; Dake Chen; Guihua Wang
Top-of-Atmosphere Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols over the Tropical Oceans from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Satellite Instrument
Nine months of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)/Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) broadband fluxes combined with the TRMM visible infrared scanner (VIRS) high-resolution imager measurements are used to estimate ...
Norman G. Loeb; Seiji Kato
A Study of Cloud-Generated Radiative Heating and Its Generation of Available Potential Energy. Part ii: Results for a Climatological Zonal Mean January
Cloud-generated radiative heating is computed for January zonal mean conditions for low and midclouds. For both cases, the strongest influence was found to be in the low troposphere, with marked differences in signs and magnitudes. Optically thin ...
Corrosive resistant heat exchanger
A corrosive and errosive resistant heat exchanger which recovers heat from a contaminated heat stream. The heat exchanger utilizes a boundary layer of innocuous gas, which is continuously replenished, to protect the heat exchanger surface from the hot contaminated gas. The innocuous gas is conveyed through ducts or perforations in the heat exchanger wall. Heat from the heat stream is transferred by radiation to the heat exchanger wall. Heat is removed from the outer heat exchanger wall by a heat recovery medium.
Richlen, Scott L. (Annandale, VA)
Effect of Tropical Waves on the Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Upwelling
An initial-value problem is employed with a GCM to investigate the role of the convectively driven Rossby and Kelvin waves for tropopause transition layer (TTL) upwelling in the tropics. The convective heating is mimicked with a prescribed ...
Jung-Hee Ryu; Sukyoung Lee
The residual mean circulation in the tropical tropopause layer driven by tropical waves
We use latent heating estimates derived from rainfall observations to construct model experiments that isolate equatorial waves forced by tropical convection from mid-latitude synoptic-scale waves. These experiments are used to demonstrate that ...
David A. Ortland; M. Joan Alexander
A scattering approach to Casimir forces and radiative heat transfer for nanostructured surfaces out of thermal equilibrium
We develop an exact method for computing Casimir forces and the power of radiative heat transfer between two arbitrary nanostructured surfaces out of thermal equilibrium. The method is based on a generalization of the scattering approach recently used in investigations on the Casimir effect. Analogously to the equilibrium case, we find that also out of thermal equilibrium the shape and composition of the surfaces enter only through their scattering matrices. The expressions derived provide exact results in terms of the scattering matrices of the intervening surfaces.
Giuseppe Bimonte
How Do Outer Spiral Rainbands Affect Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity?
A long-standing issue on how outer spiral rainbands affect the structure and intensity of tropical cyclones is studied through a series of numerical experiments using the cloud-resolving tropical cyclone model TCM4. Because diabatic heating due ...
Yuqing Wang
Radiative Impacts on the Growth of Drops within Simulated Marine Stratocumulus. Part I: Maximum Solar Heating
The effects of solar heating and infrared cooling on the vapor depositional growth of cloud drops, and hence the potential for collection enhancement, is investigated. Large eddy simulation (LES) of marine stratocumulus is used to generate 600 ...
Christopher M. Hartman; Jerry Y. Harrington
Projection of Tropical Cyclones on Wavenumber�Frequency-Filtered Equatorial Waves
The impact of localized convection associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) on activity ascribed to equatorial waves is estimated. An algorithm is used to remove outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) signal in the vicinity of observed tropical cyclones,...
Anantha Aiyyer; Ademe Mekonnen; Carl J. Schreck III
Horizontal Structure and Seasonality of Large-Scale Circulations Associated with Submonthly Tropical Convection
The relationship between deep tropical convection and large-scale atmospheric circulation in the 6�30-day period range is examined. Regression relationships between filtered outgoing longwave radiation at various locations in the Tropics and 200- ...
George N. Kiladis; Klaus M. Weickmann
Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Global Atmosphere. Part I: Northern Hemisphere and Tropics
We have examined systematically oscillatory modes in the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics. The 700 mb heights were used to analyze extratropical oscillations, and the outgoing longwave radiation to study tropical oscillations in convection. ...
Michael Ghil; Kingtse Mo
Estimation of the Latent Heat Flux over Full Canopy Covers from the Radiative Temperature
This paper examines the bulk aerodynamic method and proposes an alternative algorithm for estimating evapotranspiration from radiative temperature over unstressed full-canopy cover crops. Both approaches are studied using calibration and ...
M. Ib��ez; P. J. P�rez; J. I. Rosell; F. Castellv�
Ocean Radiant Heating. Part II: Parameterizing Solar Radiation Transmission through the Upper Ocean
Accurate determination of sea surface temperature (SST) is critical to the success of coupled ocean�atmosphere models and the understanding of global climate. To accurately predict SST, both the quantity of solar radiation incident at the sea ...
J. Carter Ohlmann; David A. Siegel
Solar Radiative Heating in First Year Sea Ice M.J. McGuinness 1 , K.A. Landman 2 , H.J. Trodahl 3 , A.E. Pantoja 3
Solar Radiative Heating in First Year Sea Ice M.J. McGuinness 1 , K.A. Landman 2 , H.J. Trodahl 3 ice show daily oscillations consistent with heating by solar radiation. We present and solve a heat for solar power absorption based on Monte Carlo scatter ing simulations of penetrating photons. We observe
Long-range detection of VLF radiation produced by heating the auroral electrojet
This paper presents the first evidence of long-range detection (greater than 1000 km) of calibrated VLF signals resulting from the HF heating of the auroral electrojet, that is, signal detection at a point of direct 'line of sight' of the heated patch of ionosphere. The 'radial' as well as the'azimuthal' magnetic component of the signals are recorded; from their ratio, the waveguide mode polarization is obtained. Observed absolute magnetic field strengths and waveguide polarizations are found to be in line with the predictions of simple waveguide models. 17 refs.
Barr, R.; Stubbe, P.; Kopka, H. (Max-Planck-Institut fuer Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau (Federal Republic of Germany))
Optimization of a Mu2e production solenoid heat and radiation shield using MARS15
A Monte-Carlo study of several Mu2e Production Solenoid (PS) absorber (heat shield) versions using the MARS15 code has been performed. Optimizations for material as well as cost (amount of tungsten) have been carried out. Studied are such quantities as the number of displacements per atom (DPA) in the helium-cooled solenoid superconducting coils, power density and dynamic heat load in various parts of the PS and its surrounding structures. Prompt dose, residual dose, secondary particle flux are also simulated in the PS structures and the experimental hall. A preliminary choice of the PS absorber design is made on the ground of these studies.
Pronskikh, V.S.; Mokhov, N.V.; /Fermilab
L- and M-shell absorption measurements of radiatively heated Fe plasma
Measurements of iron-plasma absorption spectrum over 150-1200 eV photon energy range were reported at temperature T = (72 {+-} 4) eV. The electron temperature was diagnosed with the absorption spectrum of aluminum mixed with iron. The density was not diagnosed directly but obtained from a radiative hydrodynamic simulation with the Multi-1D code. The broad photon energy range enables simultaneous observation of the L-shell and M-shell transitions that dominate the radiation transport at this temperature. The spectrally resolved transmission data were compared to the detailed-configuration-accounting model calculations and reasonable agreement was found.
Zhang Jiyan; Li Hang; Zhao Yang; Xiong Gang; Yuan Zheng; Zhang Haiying; Yang Guohong; Yang Jiamin; Liu Shenye; Jiang Shaoen; Ding Yongkun; Zhang Baohan; Zheng Zhijian [Research Center of Laser Fusion, P. O. Box 919-986, Mianyang 621900 (China); Xu Yan; Meng Xujun; Yan Jun [Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088 (China)
The Response of a Deep Cumulus Convection Model to Changes in Radiative Heating
A bulk diagnostic model is presented for the evaluation of the mass and heat fluxes due to convective ensembles. The cloud model is consistent with the hot-tower hypothesis and includes a moist downdraft, the depth and intensity of which are ...
Graeme L. Stephens; Kenneth J. Wilson
Seasonal and Diurnal Fluxes of Radiation, Heat, Water Vapor, and Carbon Dioxide over a Suburban Area
Based on 1 yr of field measurements, the diurnal, seasonal, and annual fluxes of energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) at a residential area of Tokyo, Japan, are described. The major findings are as follows. 1) The storage heat flux G in the daytime ...
R. Moriwaki; M. Kanda
Final Report for Research Conducted at The Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego from 2/2002 to 8/2003 for ''Aerosol and Cloud-Field Radiative Effects in the Tropical Western Pacific: Analyses and General Circulation Model Parameterizations''
OAK-B135 Final report from the University of California San Diego for an ongoing research project that was moved to Brookhaven National Laboratory where proposed work will be completed. The research uses measurements made by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program to quantify the effects of aerosols and clouds on the Earth's energy balance in the climatically important Tropical Western Pacific.
Vogelmann, A. M.
Simultaneous imaging electron- and ion-feature Thomson scattering measurements of radiatively heated Xe
Uniform density and temperature Xe plasmas have been produced over >4 mm scale-lengths using x-rays generated in a cylindrical Pb cavity. The cavity is 750 {mu}m in depth and diameter, and is heated by a 300 J, 2 ns square, 1054 nm laser pulse focused to a spot size of 200 {mu}m at the cavity entrance. The plasma is characterized by simultaneous imaging Thomson scattering measurements from both the electron and ion scattering features. The electron feature measurement determines the spatial electron density and temperature profile, and using these parameters as constraints in the ion feature analysis allows an accurate determination of the charge state of the Xe ions. The Thomson scattering probe beam is 40 J, 200 ps, and 527 nm, and is focused to a 100 {mu}m spot size at the entrance of the Pb cavity. Each system has a spatial resolution of 25 {mu}m, a temporal resolution of 200 ps (as determined by the probe duration), and a spectral resolution of 2 nm for the electron feature system and 0.025 nm for the ion feature system. The experiment is performed in a Xe filled target chamber at a neutral pressure of 3-10 Torr, and the x-rays produced in the Pb ionize and heat the Xe to a charge state of 20{+-}4 at up to 200 eV electron temperatures.
Pollock, B. B. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550 (United States); University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093 (United States); Meinecke, J. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550 (United States); University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JD (United Kingdom); Kuschel, S.; Ross, J. S.; Divol, L.; Glenzer, S. H. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550 (United States); Shaw, J. L. [University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, California 90095 (United States); Stoafer, C. [Columbia University, 116th Street and Broadway, New York, New York 10027 (United States); Tynan, G. R. [University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093 (United States)
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1988
.The 1988 season produced 62 tropical waves, 19 tropical depressions and 12 tropical storms, 5 of which became hurricanes. Eighty-three percent of the tropical storms developed from African waves. A comparison with the past 21 years is included.
Lixion A. Avila; Gilbert B. Clark
Inclined monochromator for high heat-load synchrotron x-ray radiation
A double crystal monochromator including two identical, parallel crystals, each of which is cut such that the normal to the diffraction planes of interest makes an angle less than 90 degrees with the surface normal. Diffraction is symmetric, regardless of whether the crystals are symmetrically or asymmetrically cut, enabling operation of the monochromator with a fixed plane of diffraction. As a result of the inclination of the crystal surface, an incident beam has a footprint area which is elongated both vertically and horizontally when compared to that of the conventional monochromator, reducing the heat flux of the incident beam and enabling more efficient surface cooling. Because after inclination of the crystal only a fraction of thermal distortion lies in the diffraction plane, slope errors and the resultant misorientation of the diffracted beam are reduced.
Khounsary, Ali M. (Lisle, IL)
A double crystal monochromator is described including two identical, parallel crystals, each of which is cut such that the normal to the diffraction planes of interest makes an angle less than 90 degrees with the surface normal. Diffraction is symmetric, regardless of whether the crystals are symmetrically or asymmetrically cut, enabling operation of the monochromator with a fixed plane of diffraction. As a result of the inclination of the crystal surface, an incident beam has a footprint area which is elongated both vertically and horizontally when compared to that of the conventional monochromator, reducing the heat flux of the incident beam and enabling more efficient surface cooling. Because after inclination of the crystal only a fraction of thermal distortion lies in the diffraction plane, slope errors and the resultant misorientation of the diffracted beam are reduced. 11 figures.
Khounsary, A.M.
A double crystal monochromator including two identical, parallel crystals, each of which is cut such that the normal to the diffraction planes of interest makes an angle less than 90 degrees with the surface normal. Diffraction is symmetric, regardless of whether the crystals are symmetrically or asymmetrically cut, enabling operation of the monochromator with a fixed plane of diffraction. As a result of the inclination of the crystal surface, an incident beam has a footprint area which is elongated both vertically and horizontally when compared to that of the-conventional monochromator, reducing the heat flux of the incident beam and enabling more efficient surface cooling. Because after inclination of the crystal only a fraction of thermal distortion lies in the diffraction plane, slope errors and the resultant misorientation of the diffracted beam are reduced.
Evaluating WRF-Chem multi-scale model in simulating aerosol radiative properties over the tropics � A case study over India
We utilized WRF-Chem multi-scale model to simulate the regional distribution of aerosols, optical properties and its effect on radiation over India for a winter month. The model is evaluated using measurements obtained from upper-air soundings, AERONET sun photometers, various satellite instruments, and pyranometers operated by the Indian Meteorological Department. The simulated downward shortwave flux was overestimated when the effect of aerosols on radiation and clouds was neglected. Downward shortwave radiation from a simulation that included aerosol-radiation interaction processes was 5 to 25 Wm{sup -2} closer to the observations, while a simulation that included aerosol-cloud interaction processes were another 1 to 20 Wm{sup -2} closer to the observations. For the few observations available, the model usually underestimated particulate concentration. This is likely due to turbulent mixing, transport errors and the lack of secondary organic aerosol treatment in the model. The model efficiently captured the broad regional hotspots such as high aerosol optical depth over Indo-Gangetic basin as well as the northwestern and southern part of India. The regional distribution of aerosol optical depth compares well with AVHRR aerosol optical depth and the TOMS aerosol index. The magnitude and wavelength-dependence of simulated aerosol optical depth was also similar to the AERONET observations across India. Differences in surface shortwave radiation between simulations that included and neglected aerosol-radiation interactions were as high as -25 Wm{sup -2}, while differences in surface shortwave radiation between simulations that included and neglect aerosol-radiation-cloud interactions were as high as -30 Wm{sup -2}. The spatial variations of these differences were also compared with AVHRR observation. This study suggests that the model is able to qualitatively simulate the impact of aerosols on radiation over India; however, additional measurements of particulate mass and composition are needed to fully evaluate whether the aerosol precursor emissions are adequate when simulating radiative forcing in the region.
Seethala, C.; Pandithurai, G.; Fast, Jerome D.; Polade, Suraj D.; Reddy, M. S.; Peckham, Steven E.
Baroclinically Induced Tropical Cyclogenesis
The authors investigate the transition of numerous subtropical cyclones into late season tropical storms and hurricanes during the 2000 and 2001 Atlantic tropical cyclone seasons. In all transitioning cases (10), the 900�200-hPa wind shear was ...
Christopher A. Davis; Lance F. Bosart
Tropical observability and predictability
Many studies have investigated tropical data assimilation in the context of global models or specifically for tropical cyclones, but relatively few have focused on the mesoscale predictability and observability of the ...
Whitcomb, Timothy Robert
Topographic Effects on the Tropical Land and Sea Breeze
The effect of an inland plateau on the tropical sea breeze is considered in terms of idealized numerical experiments, with a particular emphasis on offshore effects. The sea breeze is modeled as the response to an oscillating interior heat source ...
Tingting Qian; Craig C. Epifanio; Fuqing Zhang
CISK or WISHE as the Mechanism for Tropical Cyclone Intensification
Examination of conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) and wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE), two proposed mechanisms for tropical cyclone and polar low intensification, suggests that the sensitivity of the intensification rate ...
George C. Craig; Suzanne L. Gray
Orographic Precipitation in the Tropics: Experiments in Dominica
The �natural laboratory� of mountainous Dominica (15�N) in the trade wind belt is used to study the physics of tropical orographic precipitation in its purest form, unforced by weather disturbances or by the diurnal cycle of solar heating. A ...
R. B. Smith; P. Schafer; D. J. Kirshbaum; E. Regina
Seasonal versus permanent thermocline warming by tropical cyclones
Recent studies suggest that the enhanced upper ocean mixing caused by tropical cyclones significantly contributes to the ocean heat transport. However, existing studies that try to quantify this contribution make the ...
Ferrari, Raffaele
The Mesoscale Dynamics of Thin Tropical Tropopause Cirrus
Thin cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are warmed through the absorption of infrared radiation. The response of the cloud and the surrounding atmosphere to this thermal forcing is investigated through linear theory and ...
Dale R. Durran; Tra Dinh; Marie Ammerman; Thomas Ackerman
Variations in the Tropical Greenhouse Effect during El Ni�o
Observations of the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation and sea surface temperature are combined to examine the evolution of the tropical greenhouse effect from colder La Ni�a conditions in early 1985 to warmer El Ni�o conditions in late 1987. ...
Brian J. Soden
Observed Interannual Variability of Tropical Troposphere Relative Humidity
Relative humidity fields from the High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) flown on NOAA series satellites since 1979 have been used to study the seasonal aspects of the interannual variability of relative humidity in the tropical ...
Mark P. McCarthy; Ralf Toumi
Entropy Sources in Equilibrium Conditions over a Tropical Ocean
Confusion has existed as to sources of entropy due to irreversible processes in the atmosphere, the total of which matches the export of entropy by radiation. What is the mechanical efficiency of convection? For an ideal tropical oceanic system ...
Charles Warner
Circulation Anomalies Associated with Tropical Convection during Northern Winter
Lagged cross correlations between outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and National Meteorological Center global analyses are utilized to isolate the preferred upper-level and surface circulation anomalies associated with tropical convection during ...
Parameter study of tropical cyclones in rotating radiative-convective equilibrium with column physics and resolution of a 25 km GCM
Rotating radiative-convective equilibrium is studied by extracting the column physics of a meso-scale resolution global atmospheric model that simulates realistic hurricane frequency statistics and coupling it to rotating hydrostatic dynamics in ...
Wenyu Zhou; Isaac M. Held; Stephen T. Garner
Vertical Mixing and the Temperature and Wind Structure of the Tropical Tropopause Layer
We show that vertical mixing can lead to significant momentum and heat fluxes in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and that these momentum and heat fluxes can force large climatological temperature and zonal wind changes in the TTL. We present ...
Thomas J. Flannaghan; Stephan Fueglistaler
Microphysics of Maritime Tropical Convective Updrafts at Temperatures from ?20� to ?60�
Anvils produced by vigorous tropical convection contribute significantly to the earth�s radiation balance, and their radiative properties depend largely on the concentrations and sizes of the ice particles that form them. These microphysical ...
Andrew J. Heymsfield; Aaron Bansemer; Gerald Heymsfield; Alexandre O. Fierro
Estimation and Model Validation of Surface Solar Radiation and Cloud Radiative Forcing Using TOGA COARE Measurements
The Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) radiation measurements in the western Pacific warm pool are used to estimate surface solar radiation budgets and to validate radiation model ...
Ming-Dah Chou; Wenzhong Zhao
Seasonal tropical cyclone forecasts
Seasonal forecasts of tropical cyclone activity in various regions have been developed since the first attempts in the early 1980s by Neville
Suzana J. Camargo; Anthony G. Barnston; Philip J. Klotzbach; Christopher W. Landsea
Microwave heating for adsorbents regeneration and oil sands coke activation.
??Microwave heating has unique advantages compared to convection-radiation heating methods including fast heating rate and selective heating of objects. This thesis studied two applications of� (more)
Chen, Heng
Microbase Cloud Products and Associated Heating Rates in the...
Microbase Cloud Products and Associated Heating Rates in the Tropical Western Pacific J. H. Mather and S. A. McFarlane Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington...
The Energy Balance of a Tropical Evergreen Forest
This study presents the radiation climate of a dry tropical forest. It is based on measurements of incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation at the top and floor of the forest canopy during five months spanning the monsoon cycle in ...
R. T. Pinker; O. E. Thompson; T. F. Eck
Technical assessment of the prevention of micro-fouling on OTEC heat-transfer surfaces through the use of ultraviolet radiation
To reduce or eliminate biofouling by microorganisms it has been suggested that the seawater entering the heat exchanger be sterilized (or at least sanitized) by uv radiation at 253.7 nm. The feasibility of applying this technology to OTEC is examined. Trivial calculations based on the Lambert-Beer equation and reasonable assumptions about seawater quality and the intensity of irradiation obtainable from a uv lamp suggest seawater may be transparent enough to a collimated beam of uv light to deliver effective germicidal doses to nearly 150 cm under some conditions. However, the practical limit on the depth of effective radiation from commercial lamps is severely restricted by many factors including the natural divergence of light, absorption and scattering in the media, intensity of radiation from the light source and so forth. Even under very favorable conditions a common design allowing uv light to penetrate 30 cm of water would have to permit the water at that distance to be in contact with the light for 20 seconds or so to deliver the germicidal effect of high quality sanitization but not necessarily sterilization. Macro-fouling, which may be more severe than micro-fouling, will not be affected by uv radiation (presuming an absence of symbiotic relationships). Parasitic power required for uv sources may be prohibitive under unfavorable conditions (i.e., unexpectedly high absorptivities of seawater, or excessive turbidity) or the absence of an industrial effort to scale up present uv equipment appropriate to OTEC needs. This latter event is unlikely for it appears that present uv lamps can be adapted to OTEC needs without major technological advancement. Power and cost estimates for uv installation and operation vary widely depending on the number of lamps needed for the OTEC configuration and the intensity of uv radiation actually required to prevent biofouling of heat transfer systems in OTEC designs.
Garrigan, G. A.; Schmitt, R. P.; Ciccone, V. J.
Entropy Budget of an Atmosphere in Radiative�Convective Equilibrium. Part II: Latent Heat Transport and Moist Processes
In moist convection, atmospheric motions transport water vapor from the earth's surface to the regions where condensation occurs. This transport is associated with three other aspects of convection: the latent heat transport, the expansion work ...
Olivier Pauluis; Isaac M. Held
Tropical-Extratropical Teleconnections during the Northern Hemisphere Winter. Part II: Relationships between Monthly Mean Northern Hemisphere Circulation Patterns and Proxies for Tropical Convection
Monthly mean teleconnections during the northern winter between proxies for tropical heating (OLR and SST data) and Northern Hemisphere 700 mb circulation patterns (PNA, TNH, and WPO) are examined, principally with correlation analysis. In ...
Robert E. Livezey; Kingtse C. Mo
Determination of Clear-Sky Radiative Flux Profiles, Heating Rates, and Optical Depths Using Unmanned Aerospace Vehicles as a Platform
In this paper the authors report results obtained using an unmanned aerospace vehicle (UAV) as an experimental platform for atmospheric radiative transfer research. These are the first ever climate measurements made from a UAV and represent a ...
Francisco P. J. Valero; Shelly K. Pope; Robert G. Ellingson; Anthony W. Strawa; John Vitko Jr.
Impact of Shortwave Radiative Effects of Dust Aerosols on the Summer Season Heat Low over Saudi Arabia
A two-stream scattering scheme based on the delta-Eddington approximation is incorporated into the Florida State University Limited Area Model for computing the shortwave radiative fluxes due to dust aerosols over the Saudi Arabian region and to ...
Saad Mohalfi; H. S. Bedi; T. N. Krishnamurti; Steven D. Cocke
Clouds in Tropical Cyclones
Clouds within the inner regions of tropical cyclones are unlike those anywhere else in the atmosphere. Convective clouds contributing to cyclogenesis have rotational and deep intense updrafts but tend to have relatively weak downdrafts. Within the ...
Robert A. Houze Jr.
Clouds within the inner regions of tropical cyclones are unlike those anywhere else in the atmosphere. Convective clouds contributing to cyclogenesis have rotational and deep intense updrafts but tend to have relatively weak downdrafts. Within ...
A corrosive resistant heat exchanger
A corrosive and erosive resistant heat exchanger which recovers heat from a contaminated heat stream. The heat exchanger utilizes a boundary layer of innocuous gas, which is continuously replenished, to protect the heat exchanger surface from the hot contaminated gas. The innocuous gas is pumped through ducts or perforations in the heat exchanger wall. Heat from the heat stream is transferred by radiation to the heat exchanger wall. Heat is removed from the outer heat exchanger wall by a heat recovery medium. 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Richlen, S.L.
A Tropical Cyclone Genesis Parameter for the Tropical Atlantic
A parameter to evaluate the potential for tropical cyclone formation (genesis) in the North Atlantic between Africa and the Caribbean islands is developed. Climatologically, this region is the source of about 40% of the Atlantic basin tropical ...
Mark DeMaria; John A. Knaff; Bernadette H. Connell
Diabatic Heating Profiles in Recent Global Reanalyses
Diabatic heating profiles are extremely important to the atmospheric circulation in the tropics and therefore to the earth�s energy and hydrological cycles. However, their global structures are poorly known because of limited information from in ...
Jian Ling; Chidong Zhang
Heating Structures of the TRMM Field Campaigns
Heating profiles calculated from sounding networks and other observations during three Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) field campaigns [the Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX), TRMM Large-Scale Biosphere�Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (...
Courtney Schumacher; Minghua H. Zhang; Paul E. Ciesielski
Properties of tropical convection observed by ARM millimeter-radars
Properties of tropical convection observed by ARM millimeter-radars Properties of tropical convection observed by ARM millimeter-radars Haynes, John Colorado State University Stephens, Graeme Colorado State University Category: Cloud Properties The results of an analysis of tropical cloud systems observed from a variety of vertically pointing radar systems are described. In particular, observations taken during five years of operation of the ARM millimeter wavelength radar system (MMCR) at Manus Island in the Tropical West Pacific region are characterized into cloud classes according to the radar reflectivity structures of these cloud systems, associated rainfall, and surface radiative properties. These observations of cloud properties are composited with respect to various phases of the Madden Julian Oscillation, which is a dominant mode of variability at Manus Island. A method of better
Patterns of Convection in the Tropical Western Pacific
Patterns of Convection in the Tropical Western Pacific Patterns of Convection in the Tropical Western Pacific J. H. Mather Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington Introduction Convection is ubiquitous throughout the maritime continent region. However, the frequency of convec- tion is not uniform. While much of this region does not experience seasons to the same degree as one finds in mid-latitudes, the annual cycle of the sun's passage does have a large impact on convection throughout the maritime continent and the tropical western Pacific. The distribution of islands also affects convection in a variety of ways. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program has three sites in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) region, illustrated in Figure 1. The sites are located on Manus, Nauru, and at Darwin, Australia.
A Simple Model of Climatological Rainfall and Vertical Motion Patterns over the Tropical Oceans
A simple model is developed that predicts climatological rainfall, vertical motion, and diabatic heating profiles over the tropical oceans given the sea surface temperature (SST), using statistical relationships deduced from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-...
Larissa E. Back; Christopher S. Bretherton
Analysis of Tropical�Extratropical Interactions with Influence Functions of a Barotropic Model
Influence functions (IFs) of a linear barotropic vorticity equation model are computed in order to determine the regions in which anomalous divergence at upper levels, related to tropical heating anomalies, has the largest impact on certain ...
Alice M. Grimm; Pedro L. Silva Dias
Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Characteristics as Determined from a Satellite Passive Microwave Radiometer
Data from the Nimbus-5 F-Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR-5) have been used to calculate latent heat release (LHR) and other rainfall parameters for over 70 satelite observations of 21 tropical cyclones during 1973, 1974 and 1975 ...
E. B. Rodgers; R. F. Adler
A simple model is developed that predicts climatological rainfall, vertical motion, and diabatic heating profiles over the tropical oceans given the sea surface temperature (SST), using statistical relationships deduced ...
Back, Larissa E.
Thermally Driven Tropical Circulations under Rayleigh Friction and Newtonian Cooling: Analytic Solutions
In this paper, the atmospheric circulations on an equatorial beta plane in response to steady tropical heating are investigated by analytically solving a set of linear equations. Special emphasis is placed on the horizontal structure of forced ...
Zhaohua Wu; E. S. Sarachik; David S. Battisti
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Tropical Atmospheric Variability Forced by Oceanic Internal Variability
to the equatorial heat budget because they not only move heat horizontally toward the equator (Hansen and Paul 1984 to the equatorial heat budget led to the hy- pothesis that a part of the observed interannual vari- ability in SST. Introduction This study is part of a series of studies aimed at quan- tifying the effect of tropical
Jochum, Markus
On the Observed Near Cancellation between Longwave and Shortwave Cloud Forcing in Tropical Regions
Observations based on Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) satellite data indicate that there is a near cancellation between tropical longwave and shortwave cloud forcing in regions of deep convective activity. Cloud forcing depends on both ...
J. T. Kiehl
Variability of Graupel and Snow Observed in Tropical Oceanic Convection by Aircraft during TRMM KWAJEX
Empirical characterization of graupel and snow in precipitating tropical convective clouds is important for refining satellite precipitation retrieval algorithms and cloud-resolving and radiative transfer models. Microphysics data for this ...
Ellen M. Sukovich; David E. Kingsmill; Sandra E. Yuter
Variations in Tropical Cyclone Genesis Factors in Simulations of the Holocene Epoch
The thermodynamic factors related to tropical cyclone genesis are examined in several simulations of the middle part of the Holocene epoch when the precession of Earth�s orbit altered the seasonal distribution of solar radiation and in one ...
Robert L. Korty; Suzana J. Camargo; Joseph Galewsky
Intraseasonal Interactions between the Tropics and Extratropics in the Southern Hemisphere
The mechanics of the interaction between tropical beating [estimated from outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)] and Southern Hemisphere (SH) subtropical and extratropical circulations on intraseasonal time scales are discussed. Base points are ...
Ernesto H. Berbery; Julia Nogu�s-Paegle
Intraseasonal Modulation of the North Pacific Storm Track by Tropical Convection in Boreal Winter
The modulation of the North Pacific storm track by tropical convection on intraseasonal time scales (30�90 days) in boreal winter (December�March) is investigated using the NCEP�NCAR reanalysis and NOAA satellite outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) ...
Yi Deng; Tianyu Jiang
Improvements of an Ice-Phase Microphysics Parameterization for Use in Numerical Simulations of Tropical Convection
It is important to properly simulate the extent and ice water content of tropical anvil clouds in numerical models that explicitly include cloud formation because of the significant effects that these clouds have on the radiation budget. For this ...
Steven K. Krueger; Qiang Fu; K. N. Liou; Hung-Neng S. Chin
A Model Investigation of Aerosol-Induced Changes in Tropical Circulation
This study investigates how anthropogenic aerosols, alone or in conjunction with radiatively active gases, affect the tropical circulation with an atmosphere/mixed layer�ocean general circulation model. Aerosol-induced cooling gives rise to a ...
Yi Ming; V. Ramaswamy
The Effect of Environmental Conditions on Tropical Deep Convective Systems Observed from the TRMM Satellite
This study uses measurements of radiation and cloud properties taken between January and August 1998 by three Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) instruments, the Clouds and the Earth�s Radiant Energy System (CERES) scanner, the TRMM ...
Bing Lin; Bruce A. Wielicki; Patrick Minnis; Lin Chambers; Kuan-Man Xu; Yongxiang Hu; Alice Fan
Volcanic and Solar Forcing of the Tropical Pacific over the Past 1000 Years
The response of El Ni�o to natural radiative forcing changes over the past 1000 yr is investigated based on numerical experiments employing the Zebiak�Cane model of the tropical Pacific coupled ocean�atmosphere system. Previously published ...
Michael E. Mann; Mark A. Cane; Stephen E. Zebiak; Amy Clement
Microwave Simulations of a Tropical Rainfall System with a Three-Dimensional Cloud Model
A three-dimensional cloud model-microwave radiative transfer model combination is used to study the relations among the precipitation and other microphysical characteristics of a tropical oceanic squall line and the upwelling radiance at ...
Robert F. Adler; Hwa-Young M. Yeh; N. Prasad; Wei-Kuo Tao; Joanne Simpson
Climatic Equilibrium of the Atmospheric Convective Boundary Layer over a Tropical Ocean
A one-dimensional thermodynamic model for a partially mixed, partly cloudy, convective boundary layer (CBL) is coupled to a radiation model to compute equilibrium solutions for a tropical CBL and troposphere in energy balance over the ocean. For ...
Alan K. Betts; W. Ridgway
The Tropical Water and Energy Cycles in a Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part I: Equilibrium Climate
A cumulus ensemble model is used to study the tropical water and energy cycles and their role in the climate system. The model includes cloud dynamics, radiative processes, and microphysics that incorporate all important production and conversion ...
C. H. Sui; K. M. Lau; W. K. Tao; J. Simpson
Large-Scale Effects on the Regulation of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature
The dominant terms in the surface energy budget of the tropical oceans are absorption of solar radiation and evaporative cooling. If it is assumed that relative humidity in the boundary layer remains constant, evaporative cooling will increase ...
Dennis L. Hartmann; Marc L. Michelsen
Experiment to Characterize Tropical Cloud Systems
A major experiment to study tropical convective cloud systems and their impacts will take place around Darwin, Northern Australia in early 2006. The Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) is a collaboration including the DOE ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) and ARM-UAV programs, NASA centers, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, CSIRO, and universities in the USA, Australia, Japan, the UK, and Canada. TWP-ICE will be preceded in November/December 2004 by a collaborating European aircraft campaign involving the EU SCOUT-O3 and UK NERC ACTIVE projects. Detailed atmospheric measurements will be made in the Darwin area through the whole Austral summer, giving unprecedented coverage through the pre-monsoon and monsoon periods.
May, Peter T.; Mather, Jim H.; Jakob, Christian
Commercial Building HVAC Energy Usage in Semi-Tropical Climates
The design of heating and cooling equipment in semi-tropical climates presents some design considerations and limitations not so prevalent in temperate climates. In some cases, the heating season may be non-existent for all practical purposes. Another consideration is the high ventilation loads due to cooling the moist air prevalent in semi-tropical climates. This paper describes a computer program which assesses all the pertinent variables which comprise the annual heating and cooling energy requirements for commercial buildings. It is then suggested that this computer program would be valuable in determining the changes one could expect in annual energy usage by varying certain building design parameters. Secondly, a small office building actually constructed in Central Florida in which the author designed the Heating and Cooling HVAC system is described. Tradeoffs are presented showing the effects of changes in these building design parameters.
Worbs, H. E.
Effect of {gamma}-ray radiation on electrical properties of heat-treated Tb{sub x}Sn{sub 1-x}Se single crystals
The effect of {gamma}-ray radiation on the electrical properties of heat-treated Tb{sub 0.01}Sn{sub 0.99}Se (sample 1) and Tb{sub 0.05}Sn{sub 0.95}Se (sample 2) samples is studied. It is found that, as a result of irradiation with {gamma}-ray 1.25-MeV photons, the charge-carrier concentration decreases in the temperature range T = 77-200 K by 17 and 6.3% for samples 1 and 2, respectively. It is assumed that, in the course of irradiation with {gamma}-ray photons, terbium impurity atoms are located between sites of the crystal lattice; in addition, Frenkel defects are formed.
Huseynov, J. I., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Jafarov, T. A. [Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University (Azerbaijan)
Tropical Cyclone Eye Thermodynamics
In intense tropical cyclones, sea level pressures at the center are 50�100 hPa lower than outside the vortex, but only 10�30 hPa of the total pressure fall occurs inside the eye between the eyewall and the center. Warming by dry subsidence ...
H. E. Willoughby
Tropical Cyclone Eye Dynamics
A new perspective of the dynamics of a tropical cyclone eye is given in which eye subsidence and the adiabatic warming accompanying it are accounted for directly from the equations of motion. Subsidence is driven by an adverse, axial gradient of ...
R. K. Smith
Tropical Cyclone Formation
The physics of tropical cyclone formation is not well understood, and more is known about the mature hurricane than the formative mechanisms that produce it. It is believed part of the reason for this can be traced to insufficient upper-level ...
Michael T. Montgomery; Brian F. Farrell
Tropical Cyclone Cloudbands
The outer cloudband structure of a tropical cyclone is kinematically treated as the manifestation of a forced set of waves stationary with respect to the cyclone. When the cyclone wind field is modeled as a Rankine vortex and the cloudbands are ...
Tom Beer; L. Giannini
Hybrid Radiator-Cooling System
Technology Development & Commercialization Current Challenges Coolant radiators in highway trucks are designed to transfer maximum heat at a ...
Factors Maintaining the Zonally Asymmetric Precipitation Distribution and Low-Level Flow in the Tropics of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model: Diagnostic Studies
The roles played by the large-scale motion induced by vertical diffusion of heat from the lower boundary and condensational heating due to deep convection in maintaining the precipitation zones in the Tropics of an atmospheric general circulation ...
David G. Dewitt; Edwin K. Schneider; Anandu D. Vernekar
Spectral Retrieval of Latent Heating Profiles from TRMM PR Data. Part I: Development of a Model-Based Algorithm
An algorithm, the spectral latent heating (SLH) algorithm, has been developed to estimate latent heating profiles for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation radar with a cloud-resolving model (CRM). Heating-profile lookup tables ...
Shoichi Shige; Yukari N. Takayabu; Wei-Kuo Tao; Daniel E. Johnson
Solar heat receiver
A receiver for converting solar energy to heat a gas to temperatures from 700.degree.-900.degree. C. The receiver is formed to minimize impingement of radiation on the walls and to provide maximum heating at and near the entry of the gas exit. Also, the receiver is formed to provide controlled movement of the gas to be heated to minimize wall temperatures. The receiver is designed for use with gas containing fine heat absorbing particles, such as carbon particles.
Hunt, Arlon J. (Oakland, CA); Hansen, Leif J. (Berkeley, CA); Evans, David B. (Orinda, CA)
A receiver is described for converting solar energy to heat a gas to temperatures from 700 to 900/sup 0/C. The receiver is formed to minimize impingement of radiation on the walls and to provide maximum heating at and near the entry of the gas exit. Also, the receiver is formed to provide controlled movement of the gas to be heated to minimize wall temperatures. The receiver is designed for use with gas containing fine heat absorbing particles, such as carbon particles.
Hunt, A.J.; Hansen, L.J.; Evans, D.B.
Thulium-170 heat source
An isotopic heat source is formed using stacks of thin individual layers of a refractory isotopic fuel, preferably thulium oxide, alternating with layers of a low atomic weight diluent, preferably graphite. The graphite serves several functions: to act as a moderator during neutron irradiation, to minimize bremsstrahlung radiation, and to facilitate heat transfer. The fuel stacks are inserted into a heat block, which is encased in a sealed, insulated and shielded structural container. Heat pipes are inserted in the heat block and contain a working fluid. The heat pipe working fluid transfers heat from the heat block to a heat exchanger for power conversion. Single phase gas pressure controls the flow of the working fluid for maximum heat exchange and to provide passive cooling.
Walter, Carl E. (Pleasanton, CA); Van Konynenburg, Richard (Livermore, CA); VanSant, James H. (Tracy, CA)
Walter, C.E.; Van Konynenburg, R.; VanSant, J.H.
Tropical Western Pacific
ARM-00-005 ARM-00-005 RPT(TWP)-010.006 LA-UR-004434 Tropical Western Pacific Site Science Mission Plan July - December 2000 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-36 Tropical Western Pacific Project Office Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group (EES-8) Earth and Environmental Sciences Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545 This report and previous versions are available electronically at the following web sites: http://www.arm.gov/docs/sites/twp/science_plan/archive.html http://www.twppo.lanl.gov/docs/office.html 2 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor an agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expresses or
Relationships between tropical cyclone intensity and satellite based indicators of inner core convection: 85 GHz ice scattering signature and lightning
A key component in the maintenance and intensification of tropical cyclones is the transverse circulation, which transports mass and momentum and provides latent heat release via inner core convective updrafts. This study examines these updrafts indirectly, using satellite-borne observations of the scattering of upwelling microwave radiation by precipitation sized ice and satellite-borne observations of lightning. The observations are then compared to tropical cyclone intensity and the resulting relationships are assessed. The size of ice particles is tied to updraft strength, in that stronger updrafts produce more supercooled liquid water, leading to larger graupel through riming. Large graupel and a high supercooled liquid water content are necessary ingredients for charge separation, leading to lightning. Various parameters derived from the inner core ice scattering signature are computed for regions encircling hurricanes and typhoons, and observations of lightning activity or inactivity are analyzed. As expected, increasing ice scattering signature is found to correspond to increasing tropical cyclone intensity. However, the highest correlations do not involve indicators of convective intensity, as they were expected to. Instead, the highest correlations with tropical cyclone intensity result from the ice scattering signature parameters most closely associated with the areal extent of at least moderate precipitation rates. Correlations tend to be of the same sign for both present cyclone intensity at the time of the satellite overpass and subsequent intensity change. Correlations are higher for future cyclone intensity than for either of these. These correlations are much higher for the Atlantic and the Eastern North Pacific than for the Western North Pacific. It is hypothesized that processes involved with the most intense or rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones (more commonly found in the Western North Pacific) are responsible for these differences. The lightning observations are more limited than the microwave observations, because the short amount of time in which lightning can be detected may not adequately represent a particular storms electrical activity. These observations reveal no clear relationships between electrical activity and tropical cyclone intensity. In the examination of case studies, the paradoxical situation of much greater lightning activity in rainbands than in eyewalls is noted.
Cecil, Daniel Joseph
Waste Heat Management Options: Industrial Process Heating Systems
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Heat Management Options Heat Management Options Industrial Process Heating Systems By Dr. Arvind C. Thekdi E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com E3M, Inc. August 20, 2009 2 Source of Waste Heat in Industries * Steam Generation * Fluid Heating * Calcining * Drying * Heat Treating * Metal Heating * Metal and Non-metal Melting * Smelting, agglomeration etc. * Curing and Forming * Other Heating Waste heat is everywhere! Arvind Thekdi, E3M Inc Arvind Thekdi, E3M Inc 3 Waste Heat Sources from Process Heating Equipment * Hot gases - combustion products - Temperature from 300 deg. F. to 3000 deg.F. * Radiation-Convection heat loss - From temperature source of 500 deg. F. to 2500 deg. F. * Sensible-latent heat in heated product - From temperature 400 deg. F. to 2200 deg. F. * Cooling water or other liquids - Temperature from 100 deg. F. to 180 deg. F.
Handbook of heat transfer fundamentals
This handbook is on the fundamentals of heat transfer. It provides coverage on conduction, convection, and radiation and on thermophysical properties of materials.
Rohsenow, W.M.; Hartnett, J.P.; Ganic, E.N.
The Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment
A comprehensive dataset describing tropical cloud systems and their environmental setting and impacts has been collected during the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) and Aerosol and Chemical Transport in Tropical ...
Peter T. May; James H. Mather; Geraint Vaughan; Keith N. Bower; Christian Jakob; Greg M. McFarquhar; Gerald G. Mace
Eastern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones of 1996
This paper is an annual summary of the Eastern Hemisphere tropical cyclones of 1996. The tropical cyclone statistics presented derive from records at the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Guam. Although the text focuses on the tropical cyclones that ...
Mark A. Lander; Eric J. Trehubenko; Charles P. Guard
Eastern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones of 1995
This paper is designed to be an annual summary of the Eastern Hemisphere tropical cyclones of 1995. The tropical cyclone statistics presented are those of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Guam. The text focuses primarily upon the tropical ...
Mark A. Lander; Michael D. Angove
Moisture Budget Analysis of TOGA COARE Area Using SSM/I-Retrieved Latent Heating and Large-Scale Q2 Estimates
This study addresses the retrieval of tropical open-ocean latent heating using Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) satellite measurements. The analysis is carried out for the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere ...
Song Yang; Eric A. Smith
Meridional Heat Transport in the Pacific Ocean
The heat transported meridionally in the Pacific Ocean is calculated from the surface heat budgets of Clark and Weare and others; both budgets were based on Bunker's method with different radiation formulas. The meridional heat transport is also ...
L. D. Talley
Heat and moisture transfer through clothing
R. C. Eberhart (ed), Heat transfer in medicine and biology.Convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for2008. Study of heat and moisture transfer within multi-layer
Voelker, Conrad; Hoffmann, Sabine; Kornadt, Oliver; Arens, Edward; Zhang, Hui; Huizenga, Charlie
The Competition of Freshwater and Radiation in Forcing the Ocean during El Ni�o
The relative roles of heat and freshwater fluxes in forcing the tropical Pacific on interannual timescales are investigated using sophisticated atmospheric and oceanic general circulation models.
Niklas Schneider; Tim P. Barnett
Modeling radiation characteristics of semitransparent media containing bubbles or particles.
and heat, mass, and radiation transfer,� Journal of Non-Sacadura, J. F. , �Thermal radiation properties of dispersedG. , and Viskanta, R. , �Radiation characteristics of glass
Randrianalisoa, Jaona; Baillis, Dominique; Pilon, Laurent
Heat Distribution Systems | Department of Energy
Distribution Systems Distribution Systems Heat Distribution Systems May 16, 2013 - 5:26pm Addthis Radiators are used in steam and hot water heating. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/Jot Radiators are used in steam and hot water heating. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/Jot Heat is distributed through your home in a variety of ways. Forced-air systems use ducts that can also be used for central air conditioning and heat pump systems. Radiant heating systems also have unique heat distribution systems. That leaves two heat distribution systems -- steam radiators and hot water radiators. Steam Radiators Steam heating is one of the oldest heating technologies, but the process of boiling and condensing water is inherently less efficient than more modern systems, plus it typically suffers from significant lag times between the
Energy Production, Frictional Dissipation, and Maximum Intensity of a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone
A tropical cyclone (TC) viewed as a heat engine converts heat energy extracted from the ocean into the kinetic energy of the TC, which is eventually dissipated due to surface friction. Since the energy production rate is a linear function while ...
Yuqing Wang; Jing Xu
Effects of Diurnal Variations on Tropical Equilibrium States: A Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study
Effects of diurnal variations on tropical heat and water vapor equilibrium states are investigated based on hourly data from two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations. The model is integrated for 40 days and the simulations reach equilibrium ...
Shouting Gao; Yushu Zhou; Xiaofan Li
Local Balance and Variability of Atmospheric Heat Budget over Oceans: Observation and Reanalysis-based Estimates
We quantify systematic differences between modern observation- and reanalysis-based estimates of atmospheric heating rates and identify dominant variability modes over tropical oceans. Convergence of heat fluxes between the top of the atmosphere ...
Sun Wong; Tristan S. L�Ecuyer; William S. Olson; Xianan Jiang; Eric J. Fetzer
Vertical Diabatic Heating Structure of the MJO: Intercomparison between Recent Reanalyses and TRMM Estimates
Capitalizing on recently released reanalysis datasets and diabatic heating estimates based on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the authors have conducted a composite analysis of vertical anomalous heating structures associated with the ...
Xianan Jiang; Duane E. Waliser; William S. Olson; Wei-Kuo Tao; Tristan S. L�Ecuyer; King-Fai Li; Yuk L. Yung; Shoichi Shige; Stephen Lang; Yukari N. Takayabu
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1993
A total of 70 tropical waves (also known as African or easterly waves) were counted in the Atlantic basin during the 1993 hurricane season. These waves led to the formation of 9 of the 10 total number of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic ...
Lixion A. Avila; Richard J. Pasch
Interaction between Intraseasonal Oscillations of the Midlatitude Flow and Tropical Convection during 1979 Northern Summer: The Pacific Ocean
It has been inferred and illustrated by many studies in terms of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and velocity potential (?) that energy is input into the intraseasonal oscillation through tropical cumulus convection, especially over the monsoon ...
Tsing-Chang Chen; Ming-Chen Yen
The Role of Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation in the Relationship between Tropical Convection and Sea Surface Temperature
In this paper, the authors study the influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation on the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and tropical convection inferred from outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). They find that under ...
K-M. Lau; H-T. Wu; S. Bony
Surface Flux Observations on the Southeastern Tropical Pacific Ocean and Attribution of SST Errors in Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Models
A new dataset synthesizes in situ and remote sensing observations from research ships deployed to the southeastern tropical Pacific stratocumulus region for 7 years in boreal fall. Surface meteorology, turbulent and radiative fluxes, aerosols, ...
Simon P. de Szoeke; Christopher W. Fairall; Daniel E. Wolfe; Ludovic Bariteau; Paquita Zuidema
Radiant Heating | Department of Energy
Radiant Heating Radiant Heating Radiant Heating June 24, 2012 - 5:52pm Addthis In-wall radiant heating in a house under construction near Denver. | Photo courtesy of Warren Gretz, NREL. In-wall radiant heating in a house under construction near Denver. | Photo courtesy of Warren Gretz, NREL. Radiant heating systems supply heat directly to the floor or to panels in the wall or ceiling of a house. The systems depend largely on radiant heat transfer -- the delivery of heat directly from the hot surface to the people and objects in the room via infrared radiation. Radiant heating is the effect you feel when you can feel the warmth of a hot stovetop element from across the room. When radiant heating is located in the floor, it is often called radiant floor heating or simply floor heating.
Fiber-Optic Environmental Radiation Dosimeter
coupled remote radiation sensor using NRL�s ... Laser-heated Thermoluminescence Dosimeter for Remote Radia-tion Sensing�. Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 3377 ...
Radiant Heating Basics | Department of Energy
Radiant Heating Basics Radiant Heating Basics Radiant Heating Basics August 19, 2013 - 10:33am Addthis Radiant heating systems involve supplying heat directly to the floor or to panels in the walls or ceiling of a house. The systems depend largely on radiant heat transfer: the delivery of heat directly from the hot surface to the people and objects in the room via the radiation of heat, which is also called infrared radiation. Radiant heating is the effect you feel when you can feel the warmth of a hot stovetop element from across the room. When radiant heating is located in the floor, it is often called radiant floor heating or simply floor heating. Despite the name, radiant floor heating systems also depend heavily on convection, the natural circulation of heat within a room, caused by heat rising from the floor. Radiant floor
Heat pipe array heat exchanger
A heat pipe arrangement for exchanging heat between two different temperature fluids. The heat pipe arrangement is in a ounterflow relationship to increase the efficiency of the coupling of the heat from a heat source to a heat sink.
Reimann, Robert C. (Lafayette, NY)
Tropical Cyclone Winds from Scatterometer Winds
this paper, wc demonstrate that accurate estimates of tropical cyclone intensity over data sparse ocean regions
Carol S. Hsu; W. Timothy Liu
Lidar Investigation of Tropical Nocturnal Boundary Layer Aerosols and Cloud Macrophysics
Observational evidence of two-way association between nocturnal boundary layer aerosols and cloud macrophysical properties under different meteorological conditions is reported in this paper. The study has been conducted during 2008-09 employing a high space-time resolution polarimetric micro-pulse lidar over a tropical urban station in India. Firstly, the study highlights the crucial role of boundary layer aerosols and background meteorology on the formation and structure of low-level stratiform clouds in the backdrop of different atmospheric stability conditions. Turbulent mixing induced by the wind shear at the station, which is associated with a complex terrain, is found to play a pivotal role in the formation and structural evolution of nocturnal boundary layer clouds. Secondly, it is shown that the trapping of energy in the form of outgoing terrestrial radiation by the overlying low-level clouds can enhance the aerosol mixing height associated with the nocturnal boundary layer. To substantiate this, the long-wave heating associated with cloud capping has been quantitatively estimated in an indirect way by employing an Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model version 2.2 developed by National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Colorado, USA, and supplementary data sets; and differentiated against other heating mechanisms. The present investigation as well establishes the potential of lidar remote-sensing technique in exploring some of the intriguing aspects of the cloud-environment relationship.
Manoj, M. G.; Devara, PC S.; Taraphdar, Sourav
Flow over Small Heat Islands: A Numerical Sensitivity Study
A two-dimensional nonlinear model with physical parameterizations was applied to simulate the observed diurnal variation on the 5-km-wide flat tropical island of Nauru in the trade wind zone. Both the model and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (...
Hannu Savij�rvi; Stuart Matthews
Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE): Cloud and Rain Characteristics in the Australian Monsoon
The impact of oceanic convection on its environment and the relationship between the characteristics of the convection and the resulting cirrus characteristics is still not understood. An intense airborne measurement campaign combined with an extensive network of ground-based observations is being planned for the region near Darwin, Northern Australia, during January-February, 2006, to address these questions. The Tropical Warm Pool � International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) will be the first field program in the tropics that attempts to describe the evolution of tropical convection, including the large scale heat, moisture, and momentum budgets, while at the same time obtaining detailed observations of cloud properties and the impact of the clouds on the environment. The emphasis will be on cirrus for the cloud properties component of the experiment. Cirrus clouds are ubiquitous in the tropics and have a large impact on their environment but the properties of these clouds are poorly understood. A crucial product from this experiment will be a dataset suitable to provide the forcing and testing required by cloud-resolving models and parameterizations in global climate models. This dataset will provide the necessary link between cloud properties and the models that are attempting to simulate them. The experiment is a collaboration between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program, the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the European Commission DG RTD-1.2, and several United States, Australian, Canadian, and European Universities. This experiment will be undertaken over a 4-week period in early 2006. January and February corresponds to the wet phase of the Australia monsoon. This season has been selected because, despite Darwin�s coastal location, the convection that occurs over and near Darwin at this time is largely of maritime origin with a large fetch over water. Based on previous experiments, the convection appears typical of maritime convection with widespread convection that has complex organization, but is not as deep or as intense as continental or coastal convection. Therefore, it is expected that the convection and cloud characteristics will be representative of conditions typical for wide areas of the tropics.
PT May; C Jakob; JH Mather
Angular Distribution Models for Top-of-Atmosphere Radiative Flux Estimation from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite. Part II: Validation
Top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) are estimated from empirical angular distribution models (ADMs) that convert instantaneous radiance measurements to TOA fluxes. This paper ...
Norman G. Loeb; Konstantin Loukachine; Natividad Manalo-Smith; Bruce A. Wielicki; David F. Young
Angular Distribution Models for Top-of-Atmosphere Radiative Flux Estimation from the Clouds and the Earth�s Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite. Part I: Methodology
Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) investigates the critical role that clouds and aerosols play in modulating the radiative energy flow within the Earth�atmosphere system. CERES builds upon the foundation laid by previous ...
Norman G. Loeb; Natividad Manalo-Smith; Seiji Kato; Walter F. Miller; Shashi K. Gupta; Patrick Minnis; Bruce A. Wielicki
Modelling of a passive reactor cavity cooling system (RCCS) for a nuclear reactor core subject to environmental changes and the optimisation of the RCCS radiation heat shield heat shield.
??ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A reactor cavity cooling system (RCCS) is used in the PBMR to protect the concrete citadel surrounding the reactor from direct nuclear radiation� (more)
Verwey, Aldo
Tropical Tropospheric Temperature Variations Caused by ENSO and Their Influence on the Remote Tropical Climate
The warming of the entire tropical free troposphere in response to El Ni�o is well established, and suggests a tropical mechanism for the El Ni�o�Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection. The potential impact of this warming on remote tropical ...
John C. H. Chiang; Adam H. Sobel
1-D Van der Waals Foams Heated by Ion Beam Energy Deposition
clude ionization, heat conduction, or radiation transport,dynamics. Similarly, heat conduction should be relevant on am, the timescale for heat conduction would be 1 �s, which is
Zylstra, A. B.
Interactions of the Tropical Oceans
The authors have investigated the interactions of the tropical oceans on interannual timescales by conducting a series of uncoupled atmospheric and oceanic general circulation experiments and hybrid-coupled model simulations. The results ...
M. Latif; T. P. Barnett
Microphysical Observations of Tropical Clouds
The results from airborne in situ sampling of convective tropical storms in the Amazon and Kwajalein are presented. Three cases from the Amazon and two from Kwajalein are compared and provide examples of the much larger dataset that was obtained ...
Jeffrey L. Stith; James E. Dye; Aaron Bansemer; Andrew J. Heymsfield; Cedric A. Grainger; Walter A. Petersen; Robert Cifelli
Historical Global Tropical Cyclone Landfalls
In recent decades, economic damage from tropical cyclones (TCs) around the world has increased dramatically. Scientific literature published to date finds that the increase in losses can be explained entirely by societal changes (such as ...
Jessica Weinkle; Ryan Maue; Roger Pielke Jr
Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change
Whether the characteristics of tropical cyclones have changed or will change in a warming climate � and if so, how � has been the subject of considerable investigation, often with conflicting results. Large amplitude ...
Knutson, Thomas R.
Climatic regimes of tropical convection and rainfall
Annual distribution and phase propagation of tropical convection are delineated using harmonic and amplitude-phase characteristics analysis of climatological pentad mean outgoing longwave radiation and monthly frequencies of highly reflective cloud. An annual eastward propagation of peak rainy season along the equator from the central Indian Ocean (60[degrees]E) to Arafura Sea (130[degrees]E) is revealed. This indicates a transition from the withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon to the onset of the Australian summer monsoon. Significant bimodal variations are found around major summer monsoon regions. These variations originate from the interference of two adjacent regimes. The convergence zones over the eastern North Pacific, the South Pacific, and the southwest Indian Ocean are identified as a marine monsoon regime that is characterized by a unimodal variation with a concentrated summer rainfall associated with the development of surface westerlies equatorward of a monsoon trough. Conversely, the central North Pacific and North Atlantic convergence zones between persistent northeast and southeast trades are classified as trade-wind convergence zones; which differ from the marine monsoon regime by their persistent rainy season and characteristic bimodal variation with peak rainy seasons occurring in late spring and fall. The roles of the annual march of sea surface temperature in the phase propagation and formation of various climatic regimes of tropical convection are also discussed. 34 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.
Wang, Bin (Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI (United States))
Solar heat regulator
A solar heat regulating device is described for selectively heating with sunlight the air inside a building having a window and shielding and insulating the air inside the building from the heat of sunlight outside the building including: a frame for mounting the solar heat regulating device inside the building and adjacent to the window; a plurality of hollow vanes, each of the vanes having at least one passageway for passing air therethrough; the vanes having a heat absorptive surface on a first side thereof which allows solar radiation impinging on the heat absorptive surface to heat the air contained in the one passageway of the vanes; the vanes having a heat reflective surface on a second side of the vanes which reflects the solar radiation impinging on the second side of the vanes and shields the inside of the building from solar radiation impinging on the vanes; and the vanes having side portions extending between the first and second sides of the vanes, the side portions, and the first and second sides forming the one passageway through each of the vanes, the side portions and the first and second sides of the vanes terminating in top end and bottom end portions.
Boynton, S.L.
Computation of Vertical Profiles of Longwave Radiative Cooling over the Equatorial Pacific
An important quantity whose magnitude has not been thoroughly examined is the vertical distribution of heating in the Tropics. The details of the vertical distribution of heating have a significant impact on a number of phenomena, including the ...
Perry G. Ramsey; Dayton G. Vincent
Evaluation of Heat Stress and Strain in Electric Utility Workers
Body Heat Content SR Solar Radiation T a Ambient temperatureB as in the WBGT), and Solar Radiation (SR), again directly
Brown, Eric Nicholas
The Dynamics and Predictability of Tropical Cyclones
Through methodology unique for tropical cyclones in peer-reviewed literature, this study explores how the dynamics of moist convection affects the predictability of tropical cyclogenesis. Mesoscale models are used to perform short-range ensemble forecasts of a non-developing disturbance in 2004 and Hurricane Humberto in 2007; both of these cases were highly unpredictable. Taking advantage of discrepancies between ensemble members in short-range ensemble forecasts, statistical correlation is used to pinpoint sources of error in forecasts of tropical cyclone formation and intensification. Despite significant differences in methodology, storm environment and development, it is found in both situations that high convective instability (CAPE) and mid-level moisture are two of the most important factors for genesis. In the gulf low, differences in CAPE are related to variance in quasi-geostrophic lift, and in Humberto the differences are related to the degree of interaction between the cyclone and a nearby front. Regardless of the source of CAPE variance, higher CAPE and mid-level moisture combine to yield more active initial convection and more numerous and strong vortical hot towers (VHTs), which incrementally contribute to a stronger vortex. In both cases, strength differences between ensemble members are further amplified by differences in convection that are related to oceanic heat fluxes. Eventually the WISHE mechanism results in even larger ensemble spread, and in the case of Humberto, uncertainty related to the time of landfall drives spread even higher. It is also shown that initial condition differences much smaller than current analysis error can ultimately control whether or not a tropical cyclone forms. Furthermore, even smaller differences govern how the initial vortex is built. Differences in maximum winds and/or vorticity vary nonlinearly with initial condition differences and depend on the timing and intensity of small mesoscale features such as VHTs and cold pools. Finally, the strong sensitivity to initial condition differences in both cases exemplifies the inherent uncertainties in hurricane intensity prediction. This study illustrates the need for implementing advanced data analysis schemes and ensemble prediction systems to provide more accurate and event-dependent probabilistic forecasts.
Sippel, Jason A.
Testing of a sodium heat pipe
The operation of a heat pipe with both thermal radiation and convection heat rejection has been experimentally examined. The thermal radiation heat rejection conditions are similar to those which would be experienced in a space environment. The experimental results show good agreement with the analytical model. 3 refs., 2 figs.
Holtz, R.E.
Equatorial Waves in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere Forced by Latent Heating Estimated from TRMM Rain Rates
Equatorial atmospheric waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), excited by latent heating, are investigated by using a global spectral model. The latent heating profiles are derived from the 3-hourly Tropical Rainfall ...
Jung-Hee Ryu; M. Joan Alexander; David A. Ortland
Network simulation solutions for laminar radiating dissipative magneto-gas dynamic heat transfer over a wedge in non-Darcian porous regime
We study the steady-state, magnetohydrodynamic, optically thick, dissipative gas boundary layer flow and heat transfer past a non-isothermal porous wedge embedded in a scattering, homogenous, isotropic Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium, with significant ... Keywords: Boundary layers, Hartmann number, Joule heating, Magneto-gas dynamics, Network simulation
Joaqu�N Zueco; O. Anwar B�G
Variations in the tropical greenhouse effect during El Nino
Observations of the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation and sea surface temperature are combined to examine the evolution of the tropical greenhouse effect from colder La Nina conditions in early 1985 to warmer El Nino conditions in late 1987. Although comparison of individual months can suggest a decrease in greenhouse trapping from cold to warm conditions, when the entire 4-yr record is considered a distinct increase in tropical-mean greenhouse trapping of {approximately}2 W m{sup -2} is observed in conjunction with a {approximately}0.4 K increase in tropical-mean sea surface temperature. This observed increase compares favorably with GCM simulations of the change in the clear-sky greenhouse effect during El Nifio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Superimposed on top of the SST-driven change in greenhouse trapping are dynamically induced changes in tropical moisture apparently associated with a redistribution of SST during ENSO. The GCM simulations also successfully reproduce this feature, providing reassurance in the ability of GCMs to predict both dynamically and thermodynamically driven changes in greenhouse trapping. 25 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Soden, B.J. [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ (United States)
Dispersed-Flow Film Boiling Heat Transfer Data near Spacer Grids in a Rod Bundle
Technical Paper / Radiation Effects and Their Relationship to Geological Repository / Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
Graydon L. Yoder; Jr.; David G. Morris; Charles B. Mullins; Larry J. Ott
Heat pipe heat amplifier
In a heat pipe combination consisting of a common condenser section with evaporator sections at either end, two working fluids of different vapor pressures are employed to effectively form two heat pipe sections within the same cavity to support an amplifier mode of operation.
Arcella, F.G.
ARM Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Operations Management and Support: Securing ARM Data
Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Operations Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Operations Management and Support: Securing ARM Data K. L. Nitschke South Pacific Regional Environment Programme Apia, Samoa L. Jones Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico C. N. Long Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington Introduction The Tropical Western Pacific Office (TWPO) (a) has been tasked with providing operational management and support for three (b) climate station instrument facilities in the Tropical Western pacific (TWP) locale. The TWPO has the distinctive purview in ensuring data availability from two remote Pacific Islands and Australia to support the continued national and international scientific collaboration that exemplifies the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. Data from the international sites have been
Definition: Heat | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Heat Heat Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Heat Heat is the form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures (flowing from the high-temperature system to the low-temperature system). Also referred to as heat energy or thermal energy. Heat is typically measured in Btu, calories or joules. Heat flow, or the rate at which heat is transferred between systems, has the same units as power: energy per unit time (J/s).[1][2][3][4] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition In physics and chemistry, heat is energy in transfer between a system and its surroundings other than by work or transfer of matter. The transfer can occur in two simple ways, conduction, and radiation, and in a more complicated way called convective circulation. Heat is not a property
Radiant Heating
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Radiant heating systems involve supplying heat directly to the floor or to panels in the walls or ceiling of a house. The systems depend largely on radiant heat transfer: the delivery of heat...
Tropical-Extratropical Interactions of Intraseasonal Oscillations
Tropical-extratropical interactions of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs), based on 30 yr (1979-2009) of northern winter observations and theory, are compared. The phase relationships between the tropical signal of the leading theoretical ISO for a ...
Jorgen S. Frederiksen; Hai Lin
The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF)
The U.S. Navy Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF) is an IBM-AT compatible software package developed for the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Guam. ATCF is designed to assist forecasters with the process of making tropical ...
Ronald J. Miller; Ann J. Schrader; Charles R. Sampson; Ted L. Tsui
Temperature Advection by Tropical Instability Waves
A numerical model of the tropical Pacific Ocean is used to investigate the processes that cause the horizontal temperature advection of tropical instability waves (TIWs). It is found that their temperature advection cannot be explained by the ...
Markus Jochum; Raghu Murtugudde
Diagnosing Forecast Errors in Tropical Cyclone Motion
This paper reports on the development of a diagnostic approach that can be used to examine the sources of numerical model forecast error that contribute to degraded tropical cyclone (TC) motion forecasts. Tropical cyclone motion forecasts depend ...
Thomas J. Galarneau Jr.; Christopher A. Davis
A Global Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports
In a recent paper, a climatology of tropical moisture exports (TMEs) to the Northern Hemisphere (NH) was constructed on the basis of 7-day forward trajectories, started daily from the tropical lower troposphere, which were required to reach a ...
Peter Knippertz; Heini Wernli; Gregor Gl�ser
Distribution of Tropical Tropospheric Water Vapor
Utilizing a conceptual model for tropical convection and observational data for water vapor, the maintenance of the vertical distribution of the tropical tropospheric water vapor is discussed. While deep convection induces large-scale subsidence ...
De-Zheng Sun; Richard S. Lindzen
Midlevel Ventilation's Constraint on Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Midlevel ventilation, or the flux of low-entropy air into the inner core of a tropical cyclone (TC), is a hypothesized mechanism by which environmental vertical wind shear can constrain a tropical cyclone�s intensity. An ...
Tang, Brian Hong-An
A Ventilation Index for Tropical Cyclones
An important environmental control of both tropical cyclone intensity and genesis is vertical wind shear. One hypothesized pathway by which vertical shear affects tropical cyclones is midlevel ventilation�or the flux of ...
Tang, Brian
Why Are There Tropical Warm Pools?
Tropical warm pools appear as the primary mode in the distribution of tropical sea surface temperature (SST). Most previous studies have focused on the role of atmospheric processes in homogenizing temperatures in the warm pool and establishing ...
Amy C. Clement; Richard Seager; Raghu Murtugudde
Relationships between Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Satellite-Based Indicators of Inner Core Convection: 85-GHz Ice-Scattering Signature and Lightning
A key component in the maintenance and intensification of tropical cyclones is the transverse circulation, which transports mass and momentum and provides latent heat release via inner core convective updrafts. This study examines these updrafts ...
Daniel J. Cecil; Edward J. Zipser
The Tropical Eastern Pacific Seasonal Cycle: Assessment of Errors and Mechanisms in IPCC AR4 Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere General Circulation Models
Warmer SST and more rain in the Northern Hemisphere are observed year-round in the tropical eastern Pacific with southerly wind crossing the equator toward the atmospheric heating. The southerlies are minimal during boreal spring, when two ...
Simon P. de Szoeke; Shang-Ping Xie
NPP Tropical Forest: Atherton, Australia
Atherton, Australia, 1974-1985 Atherton, Australia, 1974-1985 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: View across the forest canopy near Atherton (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site) Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Stocker, G. C. 2001. NPP Tropical Forest: Atherton, Australia, 1974-1985. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Litterfall was determined over 3-4 years (1974/5-1978) for two tropical rainforest sites and for 5 years (1980-1985) for a third study site near Atherton, Queensland, in northeast Australia. Although net primary production (NPP) was not determined, the extensive site description data and the rarity of measurements on tropical forests south of the Equator
NPP Tropical Forest: Darien, Panama
Darien, Panama, 1967-1968 Darien, Panama, 1967-1968 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Tropical moist forest near Darien (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site). Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Golley, F. B. 1998. NPP Tropical Forest: Darien, Panama, 1967-1968. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Biomass and nutrient content of different vegetation components and soil for a transitional moist/dry tropical forest were determined in 1967-68 at Darien Province, Panama. NPP was not estimated. Situated about 160 km ESE of Panama City, close to the town of Santa Fe, the Darien study site consisted of two plots, about 8 km apart, one of
Dust Accumulation Biases in PIRATA Shortwave Radiation Records
Long-term and direct measurements of surface shortwave radiation (SWR) have been recorded by the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) since 1997. Previous studies have shown that African dust, transported westward ...
Gregory R. Foltz; Amato T. Evan; H. Paul Freitag; Sonya Brown; Michael J. McPhaden
A Surface Solar Radiation Model for Cloudy Atmospheres
A numerical solar radiation model based on standard meteorological data was revised for clouds using data from the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). Climatic-mean transmittance functions were revised for low and convective clouds ...
Marshall A. Atwater; John T. Ball
The Hadley Circulation as a Radiative�Convective Instability
Hadley cell simulations over a tropical ocean are reported that suggest that the emission and absorption of thermal radiation by clouds plays an important role in the dynamics of the Hadley circulation. In particular, inclusion of interactions ...
David J. Raymond
Retrieval of Tropical Cirrus Thermal Optical Depth, Crystal Size, and Shape Using a Dual-View Instrument at 3.7 and 10.8 ?m
In this paper the authors derive thermal optical depth at 3.7 and 10.8 ?m for tropical cirrus utilizing Along Track Scanning Radiometer data under nighttime conditions. By analytically solving the equation of radiative transfer, inclusive of ...
A. J. Baran; S. J. Brown; J. S. Foot; D. L. Mitchell
Surface Forcing of the Infrared Cooling Profile over the Tibetan Plateau. Part I: Influence of Relative Longwave Radiative Heating at High Altitude
The role of the Tibetan Plateau on the behavior of the surface longwave radiation budget is examined, and the behavior of the vertical profile of longwave cooling over the plateau, including its diurnal variation, is quantified. The investigation ...
Eric A. Smith; Lei Shi
Efficient Phase-Change Materials: Development of a Low-Cost Thermal Energy Storage System Using Phase-Change Materials with Enhanced Radiation Heat Transfer
HEATS Project: USF is developing low-cost, high-temperature phase-change materials (PCMs) for use in thermal energy storage systems. Heat storage materials are critical to the energy storage process. In solar thermal storage systems, heat can be stored in these materials during the day and released at night�when the sun is not out�to drive a turbine and produce electricity. In nuclear storage systems, heat can be stored in these materials at night and released to produce electricity during daytime peak-demand hours. Most PCMs do not conduct heat very well. Using an innovative, electroless encapsulation technique, USF is enhancing the heat transfer capability of its PCMs. The inner walls of the capsules will be lined with a corrosion-resistant, high-infrared emissivity coating, and the absorptivity of the PCM will be controlled with the addition of nano-sized particles. USF�s PCMs remain stable at temperatures from 600 to 1,000�C and can be used for solar thermal power storage, nuclear thermal power storage, and other applications.
Limiting Factors for Convective Cloud Top Height in the Tropics
Limiting Factors for Convective Cloud Top Limiting Factors for Convective Cloud Top Height in the Tropics M. P. Jensen and A. D. Del Genio National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies Columbia University New York, New York Introduction Populations of tropical convective clouds are mainly comprised of three types: shallow trade cumulus, mid-level cumulus congestus and deep convective clouds (Johnson et al. 1999). Each of these cloud types has different impacts on the local radiation and water budgets. For climate model applications it is therefore important to understand the factors which determine the type of convective cloud that will occur. In this study, we concentrate on describing the factors that limit the cloud-top heights of mid-
Be �Sun-sible? about Heating Water
Be "Sun-sible" about Heating Water Curriculum: Solar Power; (Electromagnetic radiation, conductionconvection, efficiency, Energy transformation, thermodynamics) Grade level: K-4...
Radiation receiver
The apparatus for collecting radiant energy and converting same to alternate energy form includes a housing having an interior space and a radiation transparent window allowing, for example, solar radiation to be received in the interior space of the housing. Means are provided for passing a stream of fluid past said window and for injecting radiation absorbent particles in said fluid stream. The particles absorb the radiation and because of their very large surface area, quickly release the heat to the surrounding fluid stream. The fluid stream particle mixture is heated until the particles vaporize. The fluid stream is then allowed to expand in, for example, a gas turbine to produce mechanical energy. In an aspect of the present invention properly sized particles need not be vaporized prior to the entrance of the fluid stream into the turbine, as the particles will not damage the turbine blades. In yet another aspect of the invention, conventional fuel injectors are provided to inject fuel into the fluid stream to maintain the proper temperature and pressure of the fluid stream should the source of radiant energy be interrupted. In yet another aspect of the invention, an apparatus is provided which includes means for providing a hot fluid stream having hot particles disbursed therein which can radiate energy, means for providing a cooler fluid stream having cooler particles disbursed therein, which particles can absorb radiant energy and means for passing the hot fluid stream adjacent the cooler fluid stream to warm the cooler fluid and cooler particles by the radiation from the hot fluid and hot particles. 5 figs.
Hunt, A.J.
The apparatus for collecting radiant energy and converting same to alternate energy form includes a housing having an interior space and a radiation transparent window allowing, for example, solar radiation to be received in the interior space of the housing. Means are provided for passing a stream of fluid past said window and for injecting radiation absorbent particles in said fluid stream. The particles absorb the radiation and because of their very large surface area, quickly release the heat to the surrounding fluid stream. The fluid stream particle mixture is heated until the particles vaporize. The fluid stream is then allowed to expand in, for example, a gas turbine to produce mechanical energy. In an aspect of the present invention properly sized particles need not be vaporized prior to the entrance of the fluid stream into the turbine, as the particles will not damage the turbine blades. In yet another aspect of the invention, conventional fuel injectors are provided to inject fuel into the fluid stream to maintain the proper temperature and pressure of the fluid stream should the source of radiant energy be interrupted. In yet another aspect of the invention, an apparatus is provided which includes means for providing a hot fluid stream having hot particles disbursed therein which can radiate energy, means for providing a cooler fluid stream having cooler particles disbursed therein, which particles can absorb radiant energy and means for passing the hot fluid stream adjacent the cooler fluid stream to warm the cooler fluid and cooler particles by the radiation from the hot fluid and hot particles.
Hunt, Arlon J. (Oakland, CA)
Anvil characteristics as seen by C-POL during the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE)
The Tropical Pacific Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) took place in Darwin, Australia in early 2006. C-band radar data from this experiment were used to characterize tropical anvil areal coverage, height, and thickness during the month-long field campaign. The morphology, evolution, and longevity of the anvil were analyzed as well as the relationship of the anvil to the rest of the precipitating system. In addition, idealized in-cloud radiative heating profiles were created based on the anvil observations. The anvil was separated into mixed (i.e., echo base below 6 km) and ice only categories. The experiment areal average coverage for both types of anvil was between 4-5% of the radar grid. Ice anvil thickness averaged 2.8 km and mixed anvil thickness averaged 6.7 km. No consistent diurnal signal was seen in the anvil, implying that the life cycle of the parent convection was of first order importance in determining the anvil height, thickness, and area. Areal peaks show that mixed anvil typically formed out of the stratiform region. Peak production in ice anvil usually followed the mixed anvil peak by 1-3 hr. Anvil typically lasted 4-10 hr after the initial convective rain area peak. The TWP-ICE experienced three distinct regimes: the active monsoon, dry monsoon, and break periods. During the entire experiment (except the active monsoon period) there was a strong negative correlation between ice anvil thickness and ice anvil height, a strong positive correlation between ice anvil area and thickness, and a greater variance in ice anvil bottom than ice anvil top. Anvil produced during the active regime had the most dramatic in-cloud radiative response with a maximum cooling of 0.45�?° K day-1 at 12 km, a maximum heating of 3�?° K day-1 at 9 km, and a secondary maximum heating of 1.2�?° K day-1 at 5 km.
Frederick, Kaycee Loretta
On the Rossby Wave Source and the Steady Linear Response to Tropical Forcing
A two-level spectral model with a zonally homogeneous climate is used to study the steady response of a spherical atmosphere to tropical heating. Solutions are obtained by both averaging the time integration of the model and solving for the ...
Jianchun Qin; Walter A. Robinson
The Annual Cycle of SST in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, Diagnosed in an Ocean GCM
The annual onset of the east Pacific cold tongue is diagnosed in an ocean GCM simulation of the tropical Pacific. The model uses a mixed-layer scheme that explicitly simulates the processes of vertical exchange of heat and momentum with the ...
William S. Kessler; Lewis M. Rothstein; Dake Chen
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1979
The 1979 hurricane season produced 85 �tropical system� of which 27 acquired the closed circulation of a depression 52 of these originated over the African Continent. African seedlings initiated 7 of the 8 named Atlantic storm and 7 of the 10 ...
Neil L. Frank; Gilbert Clark
Tropical Moored Buoy Implementation Panel (TIP) Report M. J. McPhaden, NOAA/PMEL
Hole technical report in December 2002. Barometric pressure and downwelling long wave radiation fromTropical Moored Buoy Implementation Panel (TIP) Report M. J. McPhaden, NOAA/PMEL Prepared. This year, field testing of sonic anemometers has begun in the hopes of reducing wind data loss from
The Significance of Cloud�Radiative Forcing to the General Circulation on Climate Time Scales�A Satellite Interpretation
Cloud�radiative forcing calculations based on Nimbus-7 radiation budget and cloudiness measurements reveal that cloud-induced longwave (LW) warming (cloud greenhouse influence) is dominant over the tropics, whereas cloud-induced shortwave (SW) ...
Byung-Ju Sohn; Eric A. Smith
Abstract Radiative Cooling in Hot Humid Climates
Passive radiative cooling of buildings has been an underachieving concept for decades. The few deployments have generally been in dry climates with low solar angles. The greatest need for cooling is in the tropics. The high humidity endemic to many of these regions severely limits the passive cooling available per radiative area. To wrest temperature relief from humid climates, not just nocturnal cooling but solar irradiance, both direct and indirect, must be addressed. This investigation explores the extent to which thermal radiation can be used to cool buildings in the tropics. It concludes that inexpensive materials could be fabricated into roof panels providing passive cooling day and night in tropical locations with an unobstructed view of sky.
Aubrey Jaffer
Solar heating system
An improved solar heating system in which the incident radiation of the sun is absorbed on collector panels, transferred to a storage unit and then distributed as heat for a building and the like. The improvement is obtained by utilizing a storage unit comprising separate compartments containing an array of materials having different melting points ranging from 75.degree. to 180.degree. F. The materials in the storage system are melted in accordance with the amount of heat absorbed from the sun and then transferred to the storage system. An efficient low volume storage system is provided by utilizing the latent heat of fusion of the materials as they change states in storing and releasing heat for distribution.
Schreyer, James M. (Oak Ridge, TN); Dorsey, George F. (Concord, TN)
Improved solar heating systems
An improved solar heating system is described in which the incident radiation of the sun is absorbed on collector panels, transferred to a storage unit and then distributed as heat for a building and the like. The improvement is obtained by utilizing a storage unit comprising separate compartments containing an array of materials having different melting points ranging from 75 to 180/sup 0/F. The materials in the storage system are melted in accordance with the amount of heat absorbed from the sun and then transferred to the storage system. An efficient low volume storage system is provided by utilizing the latent heat of fusion of the materials as they change states in storing ad releasing heat for distribution.
Schreyer, J.M.; Dorsey, G.F.
Heat pipe development status
Test heat pipes have been operated in the 1400 K to 1700 K range for periods in excess of 20,000 hours with the objective of understanding and controlling corrosion and failure mechanisms. The results of a post test analysis of one of these heat pipes that was operated for 25,216 hours at 1700 K are reviewed and the implications for heat pipe lifetime discussed. An in-process report of an investigation of transient heat pipe behavior is presented. This investigation is being conducted as a result of restart problems encountered during life test of a 2 m. radiation cooled heat pipe. The results of a series of shut-down tests from power and temperature are given and probable causes of the restart problem discussed.
Merrigan, M.A.
Spectral Retrieval of Latent Heating Profiles from TRMM PR Data. Part IV: Comparisons of Lookup Tables from Two- and Three-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations
The spectral latent heating (SLH) algorithm was developed to estimate latent heating profiles for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR). The method uses TRMM PR information (precipitation-top height, precipitation ...
Shoichi Shige; Yukari N. Takayabu; Satoshi Kida; Wei-Kuo Tao; Xiping Zeng; Chie Yokoyama; Tristan L�Ecuyer
Enhanced heat transfer for thermionic power modules
The thermionic power module is capable of operating at very high heat fluxes, which in turn serve to reduce capital costs. The most efficient operation also requires uniform heat fluxes. The development of enhanced heat transfer systems is required to meet the demand for high heat fluxes (>20 w/cm/sup 2/) at high temperatures (>1500K) which advanced thermionic power modules place upon combustion systems. Energy transfer from the hot combustion gases may take place by convection, radiation, or a combination of radiation and convection. Enhanced convective heat transfer with a jet impingement system has been demonstrated in a thermionic converter. The recently-developed cellular ceramic radiative heat transfer system has also been applied to a thermionic converter. By comparing the jet impingement and cellular ceramic radiative heat transfer systems, an appropriate system may be selected for utilization in advanced thermionic power modules. Results are reported.
Johnson, D.C.
NREL GHP [Geothermal Heat Pump] Showcase: GHP Installation and Intensive in situ and Performance Monitoring at NREL's Solar Radiation and Research Laboratory; Preprint
This document provides an overview of the geothermal heat pump (GHP) showcase at NREL and how it will help the SRRL site move forward with the goal of being a model of sustainability within the NREL campus, providing an effective demonstration of GHP systems and needed space conditioning for laboratory expansion.
Anderson, E. R.
Heat Pipe Integrated Microsystems
The trend in commercial electronics packaging to deliver ever smaller component packaging has enabled the development of new highly integrated modules meeting the demands of the next generation nano satellites. At under ten kilograms, these nano satellites will require both a greater density electronics and a melding of satellite structure and function. Better techniques must be developed to remove the subsequent heat generated by the active components required to-meet future computing requirements. Integration of commercially available electronics must be achieved without the increased costs normally associated with current generation multi chip modules. In this paper we present a method of component integration that uses silicon heat pipe technology and advanced flexible laminate circuit board technology to achieve thermal control and satellite structure. The' electronics/heat pipe stack then becomes an integral component of the spacecraft structure. Thermal management on satellites has always been a problem. The shrinking size of electronics and voltage requirements and the accompanying reduction in power dissipation has helped the situation somewhat. Nevertheless, the demands for increased onboard processing power have resulted in an ever increasing power density within the satellite body. With the introduction of nano satellites, small satellites under ten kilograms and under 1000 cubic inches, the area available on which to place hot components for proper heat dissipation has dwindled dramatically. The resulting satellite has become nearly a solid mass of electronics with nowhere to dissipate heat to space. The silicon heat pipe is attached to an aluminum frame using a thermally conductive epoxy or solder preform. The frame serves three purposes. First, the aluminum frame provides a heat conduction path from the edge of the heat pipe to radiators on the surface of the satellite. Secondly, it serves as an attachment point for extended structures attached to the satellite such as solar panels, radiators, antenna and.telescopes (for communications or sensors). Finally, the packages make thermal contact to the surface of the silicon heat pipe through soft thermal pads. Electronic components can be placed on both sides of the flexible circuit interconnect. Silicon heat pipes have a number of advantages over heat pipe constructed from other materials. Silicon heat pipes offer the ability to put the heat pipe structure beneath the active components of a processed silicon wafer. This would be one way of efficiently cooling the heat generated by wafer scale integrated systems. Using this technique, all the functions of a satellite could be reduced to a few silicon wafers. The integration of the heat pipe and the electronics would further reduce the size and weight of the satellite.
Gass, K.; Robertson, P.J.; Shul, R.; Tigges, C.
Heating Alloys
...are used in many varied applications--from small household appliances to large industrial process heating systems and furnaces. In appliances or industrial process heating, the heating elements are usually either open
Radiation effects on humans
Radiation effects on humans Radiation effects on humans Name: Joe Kemna Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: I am trying to find information on radiation. I need the effects on humans, the damage it causes to the environment, and any extra information you might have on the subject. Thank you for your time. Replies: Your library should be a good place to start, but first you need to narrow your question a bit. "Radiation" means radio waves, heat, light (including the ultraviolet light that causes suntan and sunburn), and what's called "ionizing radiation." By far the major source of the first three is the Sun, while the last I believe comes principally from cosmic rays and various naturally radioactive elements like uranium and radon. The most significant manmade sources of exposure would --- I think --- be household wiring and appliances (radio), engines and heating devices (heat), lamps (light), and X-ray machines, flying at high altitude in airplanes, and living in well-insulated homes built over radon sources (ionizing radiation). Heat, light and ionizing radiation play vital roles in the ecology of the Earth. Radio, light (in particular "tanning" ultraviolet), and ionizing radiation have all been widely assumed at different times to be particularly good or particularly bad for human health. Some recent issues of public concern have been the effect of radio waves from electric transmission lines, the effect on skin cancer incidence from tanning and sunburns, the depletion of the ultraviolet-light-produced ozone in the upper atmosphere by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), "global warming" from the increased absorption of heat radiation from the surface by atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane, and the effect of a long exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation as for example the people of Eastern Europe are experiencing from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident.
Heating Systems
A variety of heating technologies are available today. In addition to heat pumps, which are discussed separately, many homes and buildings use the following approaches:
Solar heat pipe feedback turbogenerator
The conversion of radiant heat to electricity by a heat pipe-turbogenerator combination is described. The heat pipe-tubogenerator assembly is suitably externally insulated, as by a vacuum shield, to prevent heat losses and heat is recovered from the condenser portion of the heat pipe and returned to the evaporator portions. An application of the generic invention is discussed which it is employed on wall or roof portions of a building and serves as at least a partial supporting structure for these. In another application the solar heat pipe feedback turbogenerator may be incorporated in or used with reflective means, such as reflective sheet material of large area positioned to direct solar radiation onto the evaporator section of the heat pipe. The reflective means may be changed in position to follow the sun to produce maximum power during operation.
Decker, B.J.
Does an accelerated electron radiate Unruh radiation?
An accelerated particle sees the Minkowski vacuum as thermally excited, and the particle moves stochastically due to an interaction with the thermal bath. This interaction fluctuates the particle's transverse momenta like the Brownian motion in a heat bath. Because of this fluctuating motion, it has been discussed that the accelerated charged particle emits extra radiation (the Unruh radiation) in addition to the classical Larmor radiation, and experiments are under planning to detect such radiation by using ultrahigh intensity lasers constructed in near future. There are, however, counterarguments that the radiation is canceled by an interference effect between the vacuum fluctuation and the fluctuating motion. In fact, in the case of an internal detector where the Heisenberg equation of motion can be solved exactly, there is no additional radiation after the thermalization is completed. In this paper, we revisit the issue in the case of an accelerated charged particle in the scalar QED. We first prove the e...
Iso, Satoshi; Zhang, Sen
Observed Large-Scale Structures and Diabatic Heating and Drying Profiles during TWP-ICE
This study documents the characteristics of the large-scale structures and diabatic heating and drying profiles observed during the Tropical Warm Pool�International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), which was conducted in January�February 2006 in ...
Shaocheng Xie; Timothy Hume; Christian Jakob; Stephen A. Klein; Renata B. McCoy; Minghua Zhang
The Annual Cycle of Heat Content in the Peru Current Region
The relative importance of the processes responsible for the annual cycle in the upper-ocean heat content in the Peru Current, in the southeastern tropical Pacific, was diagnosed from an oceanic analysis dataset. It was found that the annual ...
Ken Takahashi
Latent Heat Release as a Possible Forcing Mechanism for Atmospheric Tides
The consequences of the hypothesis of Lindzen (1978) that latent heat release may be a significant excitation mechanism for the semidiurnal atmospheric tide are examined in some detail. Harmonic analysis of hourly rainfall data from 79 tropical ...
Kevin Hamilton
Improving Multimodel Forecasts of the Vertical Distribution of Heating Using the TRMM Profiles
Recently the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project office made available a new product called the convective�stratiform heating (CSH). These are the datasets for vertical profiles ...
T. N. Krishnamurti; Arindam Chakraborty; A. K. Mishra
Combining Satellite Microwave Radiometer and Radar Observations to Estimate Atmospheric Heating Profiles
In this study, satellite passive microwave sensor observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) are utilized to make estimates of latent + eddy sensible heating rates (Q1 ? QR) where Q1 is the apparent ...
Mircea Grecu; William S. Olson; Chung-Lin Shie; Tristan S. L�Ecuyer; Wei-Kuo Tao
Rectified Wind Forcing and Latent Heat Flux Produced by the Madden�Julian Oscillation
Rectification of (Madden�Julian oscillation) MJO-induced wind speed and latent heat flux variations across the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans is estimated using 51 yr of NCEP�NCAR reanalysis. The rectified wind speed anomaly is ...
Toshiaki Shinoda; Harry H. Hendon
Climate mitigation and the future of tropical landscapes
Land use change to meet 21st Century demands for food, fuel, and fiber will occur in the context of both a changing climate as well as societal efforts to mitigate climate change. This changing natural and human environment will have large consequences for forest resources, terrestrial carbon storage and emissions, and food and energy crop production over the next century. Any climate change mitigation policies enacted will change the environment under which land-use decisions are made and alter global land use change patterns. Here we use the GCAM integrated assessment model to explore how climate mitigation policies that achieve a climate stabilization at 4.5 W m-2 radiative forcing in 2100 and value carbon in terrestrial ecosystems interact with future agricultural productivity and food and energy demands to influence land use in the tropics. The regional land use results are downscaled from GCAM regions to produce gridded maps of tropical land use change. We find that tropical forests are preserved only in cases where a climate mitigation policy that values terrestrial carbon is in place, and crop productivity growth continues throughout the century. Crop productivity growth is also necessary to avoid large scale deforestation globally and enable the production of bioenergy crops. The terrestrial carbon pricing assumptions in GCAM are effective at avoiding deforestation even when cropland must expand to meet future food demand.
Thomson, Allison M.; Calvin, Katherine V.; Chini, Louise Parsons; Hurtt, George; Edmonds, James A.; Bond-Lamberty, Benjamin; Frolking, Steve; Wise, Marshall A.; Janetos, Anthony C.
NPP Tropical Forest: Kade, Ghana
Kade, Ghana, 1957-1972 Kade, Ghana, 1957-1972 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Forest after clearing of secondary growth at the Kade site (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site). Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Nye, P. H., and D. J. Greenland. 1998. NPP Tropical Forest: Kade, Ghana, 1957-1972. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Biomass and nutrient content of different vegetation components and soil for a secondary tropical forest were determined in the late 1950s at the Kade Agricultural Research Station of the former University College, Ghana. Net primary production (NPP) was estimated on the basis of standing biomass accumulation and litter fall. Later studies on litter and wood fall and
NPP Tropical Forest: Pasoh, Malaysia
Pasoh, Malaysia, 1971-1973 Pasoh, Malaysia, 1971-1973 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Profile of the Pasoh Forest (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site) Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Kira, T., N. Manokaran, and S. Appanah. 1998. NPP Tropical Forest: Pasoh, Malaysia, 1971-1973. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Biomass and productivity of a lowland tropical forest in the Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia, were determined from 1971 to 1973, under the auspices of the International Biological Programme. From 1970 to 1978, intensive research on lowland rain forest ecology and dynamics took place under a joint research project between the University of Malaya (UM) and the
NPP Tropical Forest: Chamela, Mexico
Chamela, Mexico, 1982-1995 Chamela, Mexico, 1982-1995 [PHOTOGRAPH] Photograph: Litter trap and throughfall collector in the Chamela forest (click on the photo to view a series of images from this site) Data Citation Cite this data set as follows: Maass, M., and A. Martinez-Yrizar. 2001. NPP Tropical Forest: Chamela, Mexico, 1982-1995. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Description Net primary productivity (NPP) of a tropical dry deciduous forest was estimated, based on the integration of ecosystem data obtained in various years between 1982 and 1995, at the Chamela Biological Station of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The Biosphere Reserve Chamela-Cuixmala, Jalisco, is situated near the
Materials Reliability Program: Testing and Evaluation of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel Plate Heat JRQ to Assess Through-Wall Attenua tion of Radiation Embrittlement (MRP-243)
The change in neutron energy spectrum through the wall of a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) requires the use of an exposure parameter or metric for assessing radiation embrittlement. This report looks at experimental fracture toughness and Charpy V-notch (CVN) data generated in a special International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) experiment designed to simulate an RPV wall of 190 mm thickness. These experimental data are compared with the current exposure metric of displacements per atom (dpa) coupled with ...
Generalized Inversion of Tropical Atmosphere�Ocean Data and a Coupled Model of the Tropical Pacific
It is hypothesized that the circulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean and atmosphere satisfies the equations of a simple coupled model to within errors having specified covariances, and that the Tropical Atmosphere�Ocean array (TAO) measures the ...
Andrew F. Bennett; Boon S. Chua; D. Ed Harrison; Michael J. McPhaden
An Objective Algorithm for Detecting and Tracking Tropical Cloud Clusters: Implications for Tropical Cyclogenesis Prediction
An algorithm to detect and track global tropical cloud clusters (TCCs) is presented. TCCs are organized large areas of convection that form over warm tropical waters. TCCs are important because they are the �seedlings� that can evolve into ...
Christopher C. Hennon; Charles N. Helms; Kenneth R. Knapp; Amanda R. Bowen
Tropical Indian Ocean Influence on Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclones in Summer following Strong El Ni�o
In the summer following a strong El Ni�o, tropical cyclone (TC) number decreases over the Northwest (NW) Pacific despite little change in local sea surface temperature. The authors� analysis suggests El Ni�o�induced tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) ...
Yan Du; Lei Yang; Shang-Ping Xie
UPDATE: Tropical Storm Isaac | Department of Energy
UPDATE: Tropical Storm Isaac UPDATE: Tropical Storm Isaac UPDATE: Tropical Storm Isaac August 27, 2012 - 6:30pm Addthis Satellite image of Tropical Storm Isaac. | Courtesy of NOAA. Satellite image of Tropical Storm Isaac. | Courtesy of NOAA. April Saylor April Saylor Former Digital Outreach Strategist, Office of Public Affairs Tropical Storm Isaac has impacted Florida and is expected to make landfall along the Gulf Coast by early morning on August 29. As thousands of Gulf Coast residents are without power, the Energy Department's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability will publish Emergency Situation Reports that provide details on customer outages and other energy sector impacts in the storm's path, as well as recovery and restoration activities being undertaken. The first Situation
Measuring Radiation
Measurement Activity SI Units and Prefixes Conversions Safety Around Radiation Sources Types of Radiation Exposure Managing Radiation Emergencies Procedure Demonstration...
Active Solar Heating Basics | Department of Energy
Active Solar Heating Basics Active Solar Heating Basics Active Solar Heating Basics August 16, 2013 - 3:23pm Addthis There are two basic types of active solar heating systems based on the type of fluid-either liquid or air-that is heated in the solar energy collectors. The collector is the device in which a fluid is heated by the sun. Liquid-based systems heat water or an antifreeze solution in a "hydronic" collector, whereas air-based systems heat air in an "air collector." Both of these systems collect and absorb solar radiation, then transfer the solar heat directly to the interior space or to a storage system, from which the heat is distributed. If the system cannot provide adequate space heating, an auxiliary or back-up system provides the additional heat. Liquid systems are more often used when storage is included, and are well
INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION COMISI�?N INTERAMERICANA DEL AT�?N TROPICAL 73RD MEETING The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC): Taking into account the FAO International Plan to evaluate the incidental mortality of seabirds during longline fishing operations for tunas and tuna
Tropical Cloud Life Cycle and Overlap Structure
Tropical Cloud Life Cycle and Overlap Structure Vogelmann, Andrew Brookhaven National Laboratory Jensen, Michael Brookhaven National Laboratory Kollias, Pavlos Brookhaven National...
Tropic, Utah: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
| Sign Up Search Page Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon Tropic, Utah: Energy Resources Jump to: navigation, search Equivalent URI DBpedia Coordinates...
Tropical Western Pacific: A Year in Darwin
Richland, Washington L. Jones, W. M. Porch, and A. Haruta Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico Introduction In March 2002, the third Tropical Western...
Influence of Tropical Tropopause Layer Cooling on Atlantic Hurricane Activity
Virtually all metrics of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity show substantial increases over the past two decades. It is argued here that cooling near the tropical tropopause and the associated decrease in tropical cyclone outflow temperature ...
Kerry Emanuel; Susan Solomon; Doris Folini; Sean Davis; Chiara Cagnazzo
Observed Antarctic Interannual Climate Variability and Tropical Linkages
This study reviews the mechanisms associated with Antarctic�tropical climate linkages and presents new analyses of the seasonality and spatial patterns of tropical climate signals in the Antarctic for the late 1950s to the present. Tropical ...
David P. Schneider; Yuko Okumura; Clara Deser
Adjustment of the Remote Tropical Climate to El Ni�o Conditions
The adjustment of the tropical climate outside the Pacific (the �remote Tropics�) to the abrupt onset of El Ni�o conditions is examined in a tropical atmosphere model that assumes simplified vertical structure and quasi-equilibrium (QE) ...
Benjamin R. Lintner; John C. H. Chiang
Impacts of Atmospheric Temperature Trends on Tropical Cyclone Activity
Impacts of tropical temperature changes in the upper troposphere (UT) and the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) on tropical cyclone (TC) activity are explored. UT and lower TTL cooling both lead to an overall increase in potential intensity (PI), ...
Gabriel A. Vecchi; Stephan Fueglistaler; Isaac M. Held; Thomas R. Knutson; Ming Zhao
Virtually all metrics of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity show substantial increases over the past two decades. It is argued here that cooling near the tropical tropopause and the associated decrease in tropical cyclone ...
Solomon, Susan
Long-Term Observations of Tropical Instability Waves
Reynolds sea surface temperature (SST) data showing tropical instability waves (TIWs) in the tropical Pacific are analyzed along with current measurements from the Tropical Atmosphere�Ocean (TAO) buoy array and wind speeds from the European ...
Robert F. Contreras
Observations of the Overland Reintensification of Tropical Storm Erin (2007)
Atlantic Tropical Depression Five (2007) briefly strengthened into Tropical Storm Erin over the western Gulf of Mexico shortly before making landfall as a tropical depression near Corpus Christi, Texas, on the morning of 16 August 2007. During ...
Derek S. Arndt; Jeffrey B. Basara; Renee A. McPherson; Bradley G. Illston; Gary D. McManus; David B. Demko
Modeling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Atmospheric Aerosols on Tropical Cyclones
The direct and indirect effects of aerosols on the hurricane �Katrina� have been investigated using the WRF model with a two-moment bulk microphysical scheme and modified Goddard shortwave radiation scheme. Simulations of the hurricane �Katrina� are conducted under the three aerosol scenarios: 1) the clean case with an aerosol number concentration of 200 cm-1, 2) the polluted case with a number concentration of 1000 cm-1, and 3) the aerosol radiative effects (AR) case with same aerosol concentration as polluted case but with a modified shortwave radiation scheme. The polluted and AR cases have much larger amounts of cloud water and water vapor in troposphere, and the increased cloud water can freeze to produce ice water paths. A tropical cyclone in dirty and dusty air has active rainbands outside the eyewall due to aerosol indirect effects. The aerosol direct effect can lead to the suppressing of convection and weakening of updraft intensity by warming the troposphere and cooling the surface temperature. However, these thermal changes in atmosphere are concerned with the enhanced amounts of cloud hydrometeors and modification of downdraft and corresponding the low level winds in rainband regions. Thus, the AR case can produce the enhanced precipitation even in the weakest hurricane. When comparing the model performance between aerosol indirect and direct effect by ensemble experiments, the adjustment time of the circulation due to modification of the aerosol radiative forcing by aerosol layers may take a longer time than the hurricane lifetime, and the results from the simulated hurricane show that it is more sensitive to aerosol indirect effects which are related to the cloud microphysics process changes. From this aerosol study, we can suggest that aerosols can influence the cloudiness, precipitation, and intensity of hurricanes significantly, and there may be different results in the meso-scale convective clouds cases. The hurricane system is a large and complex convective system with enormous heating energy and moistures. Moreover, relationships between various hydrometeors in hurricane systems are difficult to isolate and thus, it needs further study with more realistic cloud microphysical processes, aerosol distributions, and parameterizations.
Lee, Keun-Hee
Cooperative heat transfer and ground coupled storage system
A cooperative heat transfer and ground coupled storage system wherein collected solar heat energy is ground stored and permitted to radiate into the adjacent ground for storage therein over an extended period of time when such heat energy is seasonally maximally available. Thereafter, when said heat energy is seasonally minimally available and has propagated through the adjacent ground a substantial distance, the stored heat energy may be retrieved by a circumferentially arranged heat transfer means having a high rate of heat transfer.
Metz, Philip D. (Rocky Point, NY)
MACRAD: A mass analysis code for radiators
A computer code to estimate and optimize the mass of heat pipe radiators (MACRAD) is currently under development. A parametric approach is used in MACRAD, which allows the user to optimize radiator mass based on heat pipe length, length to diameter ratio, vapor to wick radius, radiator redundancy, etc. Full consideration of the heat pipe operating parameters, material properties, and shielding requirements is included in the code. Preliminary results obtained with MACRAD are discussed.
Gallup, D.R.
Ocean dynamics and thermodynamics in the tropical Indo- Pacific region
Ocean dynamics and thermodynamics in the tropical Indo-Ocean dynamics and thermodynamics in the tropical Indo-affect the dynam- ics and thermodynamics of the upper ocean.
Drushka, Kyla
Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates for...
Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates for 1990 image Brown, S., and G. Gaston. 1996. Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates For 1980. ORNL...
STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LIGHTSOURCE The Stanford Synchrotron...
Solar Cells A new process that simultaneously combines the light and heat of solar radiation to generate electricity could offer more than double the efficiency of existing...
An important environmental control of both tropical cyclone intensity and genesis is vertical wind shear. One hypothesized pathway by which vertical shear affects tropical cyclones is midlevel ventilation�or the flux of low-entropy air into the center of ...
Brian Tang; Kerry Emanuel
Tropical cyclones and climate change review article
Whether the characteristics of tropical cyclones have changed or will change in a warming climate � and if so, how � has been the subject of considerable investigation, often with conflicting results. Large amplitude fluctuations in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones greatly complicate both the detection of long-term trends and their attribution to rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Trend detection is further impeded by substantial limitations in the availability and quality of global historical records of tropical cyclones. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether past changes in tropical cyclone activity have exceeded the variability expected from natural causes. However, future projections based on theory and high-resolution dynamical models consistently indicate that greenhouse warming will cause the globally averaged intensity of tropical cyclones to shift towards stronger storms, with intensity increases of 2�11 % by 2100. Existing modelling studies also consistently project decreases in the globally averaged frequency of tropical cyclones, by 6�34%. Balanced against this, higher resolution modelling studies typically project substantial increases in the frequency of the most intense cyclones, and increases of the order of 20% in the precipitation rate within 100 km of the storm centre. For all cyclone parameters, projected changes for individual basins show large variations between different modelling studies. The challenge for climate change detection and attribution research with regard to tropical cyclones is to determine whether an observed change in tropical cyclone activity
Thomas R. Knutson; John L. Mcbride; Johnny Chan; Kerry Emanuel; Greg Holl; Chris L; Isaac Held; James P. Kossin; A. K. Srivastava; Masato Sugi
Interannual Variation of the Tropical Easterly Jet
The 200-mb tropical wind fields analyzed at Florida State University for 1965�74 and the 200 and 700 mb tropical wind fields from the National Meteorological Center for 1979�82 were used to explore the mechanism for the interannual variation of ...
Tsing-Chang Chen; Harry van Loon
Heat Conduction
Table 2 Differential equations for heat conduction in solids...conduction in solids General form with variable thermal properties General form with constant thermal properties General form, constant properties, without heat
Tropical Cyclones as a Critical Phenomenon
It has been proposed that the number of tropical cyclones as a function of the energy they release is a decreasing power-law function, up to a characteristic energy cutoff determined by the spatial size of the ocean basin in which the storm occurs. This means that no characteristic scale exists for the energy of tropical cyclones, except for the finite-size effects induced by the boundaries of the basins. This has important implications for the physics of tropical cyclones. We discuss up to what point tropical cyclones are related to critical phenomena (in the same way as earthquakes, rainfall, etc.), providing a consistent picture of the energy balance in the system. Moreover, this perspective allows one to visualize more clearly the effects of global warming on tropical-cyclone occurrence.
Corral, A
Scaling of Tropical-Cyclone Dissipation
The influence of climate variability and global warming on the occurrence of tropical cyclones (TC) is a controversial issue. Existing historical databases on the subject are not fully reliable, but a more fundamental hindrance is the lack of basic understanding regarding the intrinsic nature of tropical cyclone genesis and evolution. It is known that tropical cyclones involve more than a passive response to changing external forcing, but it is not clear which dynamic behaviour best describes them. Here we present a new approach based on the application of the power dissipation index (PDI), which constitutes an estimation of released energy, to individual tropical cyclones. A robust law emerges for the statistics of PDI, valid in four different ocean basins and over long time periods. In addition to suggesting a novel description of the physics of tropical cyclones in terms of critical phenomena, the law allows to quantify their response to changing climatic conditions, with an increase in the largest PDI val...
Osso, Albert; Llebot, J E
Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger is provided having first and second fluid chambers for passing primary and secondary fluids. The chambers are spaced apart and have heat pipes extending from inside one chamber to inside the other chamber. A third chamber is provided for passing a purge fluid, and the heat pipe portion between the first and second chambers lies within the third chamber.
Daman, Ernest L. (Westfield, NJ); McCallister, Robert A. (Mountain Lakes, NJ)
An Air�Soil Layer Coupled Scheme for Computing Surface Heat Fluxes
An air�soil layer coupled scheme is developed to compute surface fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat from data collected at the Oklahoma Atmospheric Radiation Measurement�Cloud and Radiation Testbed (ARM�CART) stations. This new scheme ...
Qin Xu; Binbin Zhou; Stephen D. Burk; Edward H. Barker
Radiative and Convective Driving of Tropical High Clouds
Using satellite cloud data from the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and collocated precipitation rates from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), it is shown that rain rate is closely related to the amount ...
Terence L. Kubar; Dennis L. Hartmann; Robert Wood
Diurnal Variability of the Hydrologic Cycle and Radiative Fluxes: Comparisons between Observations and a GCM
The simulated diurnal cycle is in many ways an ideal test bed for new physical parameterizations. The purpose of this paper is to compare observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission, the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, the ...
Xin Lin; David A. Randall; Laura D. Fowler
An Accurate Parameterization of the Solar Radiative Properties of Cirrus Clouds for Climate Models
An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds is developed based on improved light scattering calculations. Here 28 ice crystal size distributions from in situ aircraft observations in both tropical and ...
Qiang Fu
Cloud, Surface Temperature, and Outgoing Longwave Radiation for the Period from 1979 to 1990
Quasi-biennial global, midlatitude, and tropical oscillations were observed using top-of-the-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), surface air temperature (SAT), and cloud amount for the period from 1979 to 1989. The in-phase quasi-...
H. Lee Kyle; Mitchell Weiss; Philip Ardanuy
Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook-
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings* ... 222 194 17...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings ... 2,100...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings* ... 1,928 1,316...
Susanville District Heating District Heating Low Temperature...
Susanville District Heating District Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Susanville District Heating District Heating Low Temperature...
Energy Consumption Survey: Energy End-Use Consumption Tables Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings* ... 1,870 1,276...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings* ... 1,602 1,397...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings ... 2,037...
Upper-Ocean Heat Budget in Response to the Madden�Julian Oscillation in the Western Equatorial Pacific
The upper-ocean heat budget in response to the atmospheric Madden�Julian oscillation (MJO) in the western equatorial Pacific is examined using a tropical Pacific basin general circulation model. The model is forced with surface fluxes associated ...
Radiator Labs | Department of Energy
Competition » Radiator Labs Competition » Radiator Labs National Clean Energy Business Plan Competition Radiator Labs Columbia University More than 14 million housing units, or 10 percent of the national housing stock, is heated by steam and hot water. Steam heating, which represents the majority of this market, is particularly inefficient, and is characterized by a central source of steam generation with a convective distribution system via a network of pipes and radiators. There is no way to control heat transfer through this network, so building managers configure boiler systems to treat a building as a single zone keeping the coldest apartment above a minimum statutory temperature. This results in overheating of the other spaces in the building due to differences in exposure, level of insulation, distribution system heating,
Radiator Labs Radiator Labs National Clean Energy Business Plan Competition Radiator Labs Columbia University More than 14 million housing units, or 10 percent of the national housing stock, is heated by steam and hot water. Steam heating, which represents the majority of this market, is particularly inefficient, and is characterized by a central source of steam generation with a convective distribution system via a network of pipes and radiators. There is no way to control heat transfer through this network, so building managers configure boiler systems to treat a building as a single zone keeping the coldest apartment above a minimum statutory temperature. This results in overheating of the other spaces in the building due to differences in exposure, level of insulation, distribution system heating,
Statistical Dependence of Albedo and Cloud Cover on Sea Surface Temperature for Two Tropical Marine Stratocumulus Regions
The relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and albedo or cloud cover is examined for two tropical regions with high values of cloud radiative forcing and persistent marine stratocumulus (mSc)�one off the west coast of Peru, the other ...
Lazaros Oreopoulos; Roger Davies
The Quasi-biennial Oscillation of Ozone in the Tropical Middle Stratosphere: A One-Dimensional Model
A one-dimensional model of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of ozone in the tropical middle stratosphere is derived based on assumed (observed) zonal wind QBO in a coupled dynamic, radiative/ photochemical system. It is found that the derived ...
Xiu-De Ling; Julius London
Diffuse solar radiation and associated meteorological
Abstract. Solar diffuse radiation data including global radiation, shortwave and longwave balances, net radiation and sunshine hours have been extensively analyzed to study the variation of diffuse radiation with turbidity and cloud discharges appearing in the form of atmospherics over the tropics. Results of surface radiation measurements at Calcutta, Poona, Delhi and Madras are presented together with some meteorological parameters. The monthly values of diffuse radiation and the monthly ratios of diffuse to global solar radiation have been examined, with a special emphasis in relation to the noise level of atmospherics at Calcutta in the very low frequency band. The results exhibit some definite seasonal changes which appear to be in close agreement with one another. 1
unknown authors
Climatology and Formation of Tropical Midlevel Clouds at the Darwin ARM Site
A 4-yr climatology of midlevel clouds is presented from vertically pointing cloud lidar and radar measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) site at Darwin, Australia. Few studies exist of tropical midlevel clouds using a dataset of this length. Seventy percent of clouds with top heights between 4 and 8 km are less than 2 km thick. These thin layer clouds have a peak in cloud-top temperature around the melting level (0�C) and also a second peak around -12.5�C. The diurnal frequency of thin clouds is highest during the night and reaches a minimum around noon, consistent with variation caused by solar heating. Using a 1.5-yr subset of the observations, the authors found that thin clouds have a high probability of containing supercooled liquid water at low temperatures: ~20% of clouds at -30�C, ~50% of clouds at -20�C, and ~65% of clouds at -10�C contain supercooled liquid water. The authors hypothesize that thin midlevel clouds formed at the melting level are formed differently during active and break monsoon periods and test this over three monsoon seasons. A greater frequency of thin midlevel clouds are likely formed by increased condensation following the latent cooling of melting during active monsoon periods when stratiform precipitation is most frequent. This is supported by the high percentage (65%) of midlevel clouds with preceding stratiform precipitation and the high frequency of stable layers slightly warmer than 0�C. In the break monsoon, a distinct peak in the frequency of stable layers at 0�C matches the peak in thin midlevel cloudiness, consistent with detrainment from convection.
Riihimaki, Laura D.; McFarlane, Sally A.; Comstock, Jennifer M.
Heat Balance in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer during CASES-99
A unique set of nocturnal longwave radiative and sensible heat flux divergences was obtained during the 1999 Cooperative Atmosphere�Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99). These divergences are based on upward and downward longwave radiation ...
Jielun Sun; Sean P. Burns; Anthony C. Delany; Steven P. Oncley; Thomas W. Horst; Donald H. Lenschow
Investigation of Heat Transfer Conditions in a Reverberatory Melting ...
The model comprises different physical phenomenon as gas f low, chemical reactions, i.e. combustion, conduction, radiation and latent heat release in the metal.
Fiber-optic-coupled, laser heated thermoluminescence dosimeter ...
Fiber-optic-coupled, laser heated thermoluminescence dosimeter for remote radiation sensing Alan L. Hustona) and Brian L. Justus Optical Sciences ...
NREL Improves Window Heat Transfer Calculations (Fact Sheet)...
and interior radiation. The most significant errors were found in detailed window heat transfer algorithms due to implementation problems. The results show a decrease in...
About Radiation
Radiation What is radiation? Radiation is a form of energy that is a part of our everyday lives. All of us receive a "dose" of radiation each day. Most of the dose comes from...
Reduction of Tropical Cloudiness by Soot
Measurements and models show that enhanced aerosol concentrations can augment cloud albedo not only by increasing total droplet cross-sectional area, but also by reducing precipitation and thereby increasing cloud water content and cloud coverage. Aerosol pollution is expected to exert a net cooling influence on the global climate through these conventional mechanisms. Here we demonstrate an opposite mechanism through which aerosols can reduce cloud cover and thus significantly offset aerosol-induced radiative cooling at the top of the atmosphere on a regional scale. In model simulations the daytime clearing of trade cumulus is hastened and intensified by solar heating in dark haze (as found over much of the northern Indian Ocean during the northeast monsoon).
Ackerman, A.S.; Toon, O.B.; Stevens, D.E.; Heymsfield, A.J.; Ramanathan, V.
Factors that can influence the onset time of rapid intensification of tropical cyclones
The maximum intensity of tropical cyclones in axisymmetricsea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. part i: Steady1995), Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange
Bu, Yizhe
Experiments with a Spectral Tropical Cyclone Model
The three-layer balanced axisymmetric tropical cyclone model presented by Ooyama is generalized to dimensions and the resultant primitive equations are solved using the spectral (Galerkin) method with Fourier basis functions on a doubly-periodic ...
Mark DeMaria; Wayne H. Schubert
The Maximum Potential Intensity of Tropical Cyclones
A thermodynamic approach to estimating maximum potential intensity (MPI) of tropical cyclones is described and compared with observations and previous studies. The approach requires an atmospheric temperature sounding, SST, and surface pressure; ...
Greg J. Holland
Tropical Cyclone Lightning and Rapid Intensity Change
A large sample of Atlantic and eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone cases (2005�10) is used to investigate the relationships between lightning activity and intensity changes for storms over water. The lightning data are obtained from the ground-...
Mark DeMaria; Robert T. DeMaria; John A. Knaff; Debra Molenar
Dynamical Balances and Tropical Stratospheric Upwelling
The dynamical balances associated with upwelling in the tropical lower stratosphere are investigated based on climatological 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and NCEP�NCAR reanalysis data. Zonal mean upwelling is calculated from momentum balance ...
William J. Randel; Rolando Garcia; Fei Wu
Midlevel ventilation's constraint on tropical cyclone intensity
Midlevel ventilation, or the flux of low-entropy air into the inner core of a tropical cyclone (TC), is a hypothesized mechanism by which environmental vertical wind shear can constrain a TC's intensity. An idealized ...
A Statistical Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of tropical cyclone wind speeds are calculated using best track data from the North Atlantic and western North Pacific basins. Wind speeds are normalized by theoretical potential wind speeds derived from ...
Kerry Emanuel
Momentum Transports Associated with Tropical Cyclone Recurvature
This study attempts to investigate the linear momentum budget responsible for tropical cyclone (TC) recurvature. Using the operational analyses from the U.K. Meteorological Office global model, the environmental flow associated with recurving TCs ...
Y. S. Li; Johnny C. L. Chan
Interannual Variability of Northwest Australian Tropical Cyclones
Tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the southeast Indian Ocean has been studied far less than other TC basins, such as the North Atlantic and northwest Pacific. The authors examine the interannual TC variability of the northwest Australian (NWAUS)...
Kevin H. Goebbert; Lance M. Leslie
Tropical Squall Lines of the Arizona Monsoon
Squall lines possessing nearly all the characteristics of tropical squall lines occasionally develop during the summer monsoon over southern Arizona and northwestern Mexico. Initial thunderstorm formation is over the Continental Divide in the ...
Walter P. Smith; Robert L. Gall
Tropical Transition of the 2001 Australian Duck
In March 2001, a hybrid low pressure system, unofficially referred to as Donald (or the Duck), developed in the Tasman Sea under tropical�extratropical influence, making landfall on the southeastern Australian coast. Here, it is shown that ...
Luke Andrew Garde; Alexandre Bernardes Pezza; John Arthur Tristram Bye
On Climate Prediction in the Tropics
Climatic disasters are common in many tropical regions, and rainfall anomalies in particular have a severe human impact. Accordingly, both the World Climate Programme and the U.S. National Climate Program have identified climate prediction as a ...
Tropical Atlantic Biases in CCSM4
This paper focuses on diagnosing biases in the seasonal climate of the tropical Atlantic in the twentieth-century simulation of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4). The biases appear in both atmospheric and oceanic components. ...
Semyon A. Grodsky; James A. Carton; Sumant Nigam; Yuko M. Okumura
Tropical Storm Formation in a Baroclinic Environment
An analysis is presented of the large-scale conditions associated with the initial development of Tropical Storm Diana (September 1984) in a baroclinic environment. Ordinary extratropical wave cyclogenesis began along an old frontal boundary east ...
Lance F. Bosart; Joseph A. Bartlo
NPP Tropical Forest: Barro Colorado, Panama
Barro Colorado, Panama, 1969-1990 PHOTOGRAPH Photograph: Buttressed tree at the Barro Colorado tropical forest site (click on the photo to view a series of images from this...
Geostationary Doppler Radar and Tropical Cyclone Surveillance
The potential usefulness of spaceborne Doppler radar as a tropical cyclone observing tool is assessed by conducting a high-resolution simulation of an intense hurricane and generating synthetic observations of reflectivity and radial velocity. The ...
William E. Lewis; Eastwood Im; Simone Tanelli; Ziad Haddad; Gregory J. Tripoli; Eric A. Smith
Satellite Microwave Surface Observations in Tropical Cyclones
Sea surface estimates of local winds, waves, and rain-rate conditions are crucial to complement infrared/visible satellite images in estimating the strength of tropical cyclones (TCs). Satellite measurements at microwave frequencies are thus key ...
Yves Quilfen; Bertrand Chapron; Jean Tournadre
Tropical Cyclone Movement and Surrounding Flow Relationships
This paper presents results of a comprehensive study of the relationship between the movement of tropical cyclones and the large-scale circulation which surrounds them. Cyclones have been stratified by direction and speed of movement, latitude, ...
Johnny C. L. Chan; William M. Gray
Environmental Control of Tropical Cyclone Intensity
The influence of various environmental factors on tropical cyclone intensity is explored using a simple coupled ocean�atmosphere model. It is first demonstrated that this model is capable of accurately replicating the intensity evolution of ...
Kerry Emanuel; Christopher DesAutels; Christopher Holloway; Robert Korty
Environmental Factors Affecting Tropical Cyclone Power Dissipation
Revised estimates of kinetic energy production by tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and western North Pacific are presented. These show considerable variability on interannual-to-multidecadal time scales. In the Atlantic, variability on time ...
An Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Recurvature
Data for 21 years (1957�77) of North Pacific rawinsondes were examined to investigate the interaction between the synoptic-scale circulation and tropical cyclones prior to, and during, the recurvature process. This study is believed to be the ...
Stephen Hodanish; William M. Gray
Quasi-balanced Dynamics in the Tropics
We propose a quasi-balance dynamical system of equations for slowly evolving, large-scale motions in the tropics. Unlike other balance schemes, equatorially trapped Kelvin waves are included. Following the lead of Gill, this system is based on ...
Duane E. Stevens; Hung-Chi Kuo; Wayne H. Schubert; Paul E. Ciesielski
Potential Vorticity Dynamics of Tropical Instability Vortices
Tropical instability vortices (TIVs) in the equatorial Pacific exhibit energetic horizontal and vertical circulation characterized by regions of high Rossby number and low Richardson number. Their strong anticyclonic vorticity and vertical shear ...
Ryan M. Holmes; Leif N. Thomas; LuAnne Thompson; David Darr