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US 5102558 A Abstract An encapsulated breaker chemical composition used in a fracturing process in the protection of an oil or gas stimulation operation which comprises: a breaker chemical; and a pinhole free coating of a neutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer of about 2 to about 80 microns thick deposited onto the surface of the breaker chemical, wherein said neutralized sulfonated polymer encapsulates the breaker chemical, wherein the neutralized sulfonated polymer is permeable to the breaker chemical and the neutralized sulfonated polymer is non-reactive to the breaker chemical.
Claims(21) 1. An encapsulated breaker chemical composition used in an oil or gas operation which comprises:
(a) a particulate breaker chemical; and (b) a coating substantially free of pinholes comprising a neutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer having a thickness of at least about 1 micron deposited onto the surface of particles of said breaker chemical, wherein said neutralized sulfonated polymer encapsulates said breaker chemical, wherein said neutralized sulfonated polymer is essentially impermeable to said breaker chemical under conditions of use and said neutralized sulfonated polymer is non-reactive to said breaker chemical. 2. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 1 wherein said elastomeric polymer is selected from the group consisting of sulfonated copolymers of ethylene and propylene, sulfonated terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and a diene, sulfo Butyl rubber, sulfo isoprene/styrene rubber, sulfo isoprene/butadiene rubber, sulfo isoprene/butadiene/styrene copolymers, sulfo isobutylene/styrene copolymers, sulfo isobutylene/para methyl styrene copolymers, and complexes of the aforementioned polymers with a vinyl pyridine copolymer.
3. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 1 wherein said coating has a thickness within the range of from about 2 to about 80 microns.
4. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 3 wherein said neutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer is a neutralized sulfonated EPDM terpolymer.
5. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 1 wherein the acid groups of said sulfonated elastomeric polymer are at least about 50% neutralized.
6. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 5 wherein the acid groups of said sulfonated elastomeric polymer are about 100% neutralized.
7. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 5 wherein the acid groups of said sulfonated elastomeric polymer are neutralized with an ion selected from the group consisting of zinc or sodium.
8. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 1 wherein said breaker chemical is coated on a seed particle which is essentially chemically inert with respect to said breaker chemical.
9. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 8 wherein said seed particle comprises urea.
10. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 1 wherein said breaker chemical is selected from the group consisting of ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, sodium chlorite and mixtures thereof.
11. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 1 wherein said breaker chemical is selected from the group consisting of sulfamic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, ammonium sulfate, sodium acetate and mixtures thereof.
12. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 1 wherein said breaker chemical is selected from the group consisting of ammonium bifluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium fluoride and mixtures thereof.
13. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 1 wherein said breaker chemical is an enzyme.
14. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 4 wherein said EPDM terpolymer contains copolymerized ethylidene norbornene.
15. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 4 wherein said coating has a thickness in the range of from about 2 to about 80 microns.
16. The encapsulated breaker chemical composition of claim 1 wherein said sulfonated elastomeric polymer contains from about 4 to about 200 milliequivalents of pendant sulfonate groups per 100 g of polymer.
17. The composition of claim 1 wherein said encapsulated breaker chemical is further overcoated with a layer of thermoplastic polymer.
18. The composition of claim 17 wherein said thermoplastic polymer is a neutralized sulfonated styrene polymer.
19. The composition of claim 17 wherein the thickness of said layer of thermoplastic polymer is within the range of from about 1 to about 20 microns.
20. A fracturing fluid comprising a carrier fluid, a viscosifying polymer or oil and an encapsulated breaker chemical as defined in claims 1, 4, 8, or 17.
21. A process for fracturing subterranean formations comprising injecting under pressure a fracturing fluid into the subterranean formation, said fracturing fluid comprising a carrier fluid, a viscosifying polymer or oil and an encapsulated breaker chemical as defined in claims 1, 4, 8, or 17.
Description This application is a continuation-in-part of copending applications serial number 07/446,572, filed on Dec. 4, 1989 and serial numbers 07/446,831, and 07/446,958, each filed on Dec. 6, 1989. The present invention relates to encapsulated breaker chemicals which are used in fracturing fluid systems. The encapsulated breaker chemical comprises a breaker chemical which is encapsulated within an elastomeric polymeric coating which is suitably permeable to permit the breaker chemical to be released through the polymeric coating into the fracturing fluid. The polymeric coating of the instant invention comprises a neutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer. Solids (e.g., substrates, pipes, slabs, sheets, etc.) can be protected from the external environment with the use of barrier or protective coating materials. For protection from water or moisture, polymer or organic materials are widely used. For coat effectiveness, however, these materials are generally applied as thin films. The thickness of the film depends upon the desired degree of water protection. The thicker the film the more likely that water penetration would be slowed down. In practice, applying an effective thin coating is difficult because of the various stresses tending to make the film discontinuous (e.g., film-rupture, pin holes). Films will rupture when a threshold stress is exceeded. The lateral stress tending to rupture a film is inversely proportional to an exponential power of the film thickness. The thinner the film, the more easily it will rupture. There are many applications for thickened or gelled solutions of polymers in aqueous or organic liquids which are quite diverse. There are also a number of physical and chemical techniques for preparing such systems. Such systems are used for viscosity control, solids carrying and fluid loss control in fracturing fluids or to place sand or gravel packs downhole in oil or gas wells. Many types of fluids are available for use in wellbore fracturing procedures. Chief properties required by the fracturing fluids are low leak off rate, the ability to carry a propping agent and low pumping friction loss. The fluid should also be easy to remove from the formation; it should be compatible with natural formation fluids; and it should cause a minimum of damage to the formation permeability. These properties can be achieved with oil based fluids, water based fluids, emulsions, foam, and other multi-phase suspensions. A fracturing process used in a well treating operation involves the introduction into the well of a fluid under sufficient hydraulic pressure to produce or enlarge fractures in the subterranean formation. The fracturing fluid usually contains a propping agent such as sand, sintered alumina, glass beads, aluminum spacers, urea prills or nutshells, wherein the propping agent is deposited within the fracture in order to maintain the fracture in an open mode or alternatively, an acid is contained within the fracturing fluid wherein the acid reacts with acid reactable components of the subterranean formation thereby creating and enlarging the fracture so that one obtains increased flow of fluids from the subterranean formation. The propping agent is suspended within a polymeric gel or a highly viscous polymeric solution. After the highly viscous fluid has been pumped into the fracture and the fracture is formed or enlarged, it is desirable that the highly viscous fluid be converted into a low viscosity fluid so that the fluid can be removed from the fracture thereby leaving the propping agent within the fracture. The removal of the fluid is necessary so that the oil or gas can flow back through the fracture into the well bore. The conversion of the highly viscous solution into the lower viscosity fluid is called breaking the gel. The breaking of the gel is accomplished by adding a breaker chemical to the gel at the appropriate time. It is critical that the breaking process does not prematurely occur prior to the completion of the fracturing process. The usual method of addition of the breaker chemical is to pump it through the well bore into the fracture upon completion of the fracturing process, but this presents the problem of having the breaker chemical completely mix with the viscous fluid within the fracture to maximize breaking of the gel. The use of breaker systems to break viscous water gels and fluids is not of itself new. Systems describing these chemicals are found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,167,510; 3,816,151; 3,960,736; 4,250,044 and 4,506,734. But most of these breakers are applied after introduction of the fracturing fluid into the wellbore because these breakers immediately start to degrade the viscosity enhancer in the fracturing fluid upon contact thereby lowering the efficiency of the fracturing process. In such cases, additional time and labor are needed to effect the reduction of the viscosity of fracturing fluids introduced into the subterranean formation. The use of organic breakers such as alkyl formate may alleviate this problem, since they can be applied along with the fracturing fluid. But these types of breakers rely on certain subterranean conditions, such as elevated temperature and time, to effect a viscosity reduction of the fracturing fluid. Since these organic breaker chemicals work on chemical change, such as hydrolysis, they are slow in effecting viscosity reduction. Furthermore, their performance can be unpredictable. Accordingly, the incorporation of a breaker chemical into the fracturing fluid prior to the pumping of the fracturing fluid into the well bore and well fractures is desirable. The breaker chemical must be in a passive, non-reactive state such that it cannot react with the viscous fluid of the fracturing well prior to the injection of the fracturing fluid into the fractures, but the breaker chemical must be capable of reacting with the viscous fluid of the fracturing fluid within the fracture upon the completion of the fracturing process. The present invention teaches a method of accomplishing this objective. The present invention relates to encapsulated breaker chemicals which are used in a process for forming and enlarging fractures in a subterranean formation in oil well stimulation operations. The encapsulated breaker chemical is added above ground to the fracturing fluid which comprises a viscous or gelled polymeric solution, a propping agent, the encapsulated breaker chemical and other additives commonly used in fracturing fluids. The encapsulated breaker chemical comprises a breaker chemical having an elastomeric coating deposited on the surface of the breaker chemical, wherein the elastomeric coating, having a thickness of at least about 1 micron, preferably from about 1 to about 100 microns, more preferably from about 2 to about 80 microns, and most preferably from about 5 to about 70 microns, encapsulates the breaker chemical. The coating must be of a composition which is not degraded by the breaker chemical and will be permeable to the breaker chemical at conditions of use. The coating of the instant invention comprises a neutralized and ionically cross linked sulfonated elastomeric polymer, preferably a neutralized sulfonated terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a non-conjugated diene (EPDM terpolymer). FIG. 1 illustrates a plot of release versus immersion time in water for the coatings of the instant invention and control samples. The present invention relates to an encapsulated breaker chemical composition used in a fracturing process in the production of oil or gas which comprises: (a) a breaker chemical; and (b) a pinhole free coating of a neutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer having a preferred thickness of about 2 to about 80 microns deposited onto the surface of the breaker chemical, wherein said neutralized sulfonated polymer encapsulates said breaker chemical, wherein said neutralized sulfonated polymer will be permeable to said breaker chemical under conditions of use and said neutralized sulfonated polymer is non-reactive to said breaker chemical. The sulfonated (sulfo) elastomeric polymers which are preferred for the purposes of this invention are water insoluble and include sulfonated copolymers of ethylene and propylene, sulfonated terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and a diene, preferably a non-conjugated diene (EPDM), sulfo Butyl rubber, sulfo isoprene/styrene rubber, sulfo isoprene/butadiene rubber, sulfo isoprene/butadiene/styrene copolymers, sulfo isobutylene/styrene copolymers, sulfo isobutylene/para methyl styrene copolymers, and complexes of the aforementioned polymers with a nitrogen containing polymer such as vinyl pyridine copolymer. The more preferred neutralized sulfonated elastomers of the instant invention are selected form the group consisting of sulfonated Butyl rubber, sulfonated EPDM terpolymer and a complex of sulfonated EPDM terpolymer with a vinylpyridine copolymer. The water insoluble sulfonated polymers of the instant invention will comprise from about 4 to about 200 milliequivalents of pendant sulfonate groups per 100 grams of polymer, more preferably from 10 to 100 meq. pendant sulfonate groups. The sulfonated elastomers utilized in the instant invention are neutralized with transition elements selected from Groups IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, VIIIA, IB, and IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements and lead, tin, and antimony, as well as ammonium and amine counterions. Zinc and sodium neutralizing ions (as ionic salts, e.g., acetate or hydroxide) are preferred. Neutralization of the cited polymers with appropriate metal hydroxides, metal acetates, metal oxides or ammonium hydroxide, etc. can be conducted by means well known in the art. For example, the sulfonation process as with Butyl rubber, containing a small 0.3 to 1.0 mole percent unsaturation, can be conducted in a suitable solvent, such as toluene, with acetyl sulfate as the sulfonating agent such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,836,511, incorporated herein by reference. The resulting sulfonic acid derivative can then be neutralized with a number of different neutralization agents such as sodium phenolate and similar metal salts. The amounts of such neutralization agents employed will normally be stoichiometrically related to the amount of free acid in the polymer. It is preferred that the amount of neutralizing agent employed is in an excess percent to ensure full neutralization. The use of an excess of such neutralization agent is necessary to effect at least 50 percent neutralization of the sulfonic acid groups present in the polymer, preferably at least 90 percent, and most preferably essentially complete neutralization of such acid groups should be effected. Thus, the degree of neutralization of said sulfonate groups may vary from 50 to 100 mole percent. With the utilization of neutralized sulfonates in the instant invention, it is preferred that the degree of neutralization be substantially complete, that is, with no substantial free acid present and without substantial excess of the base, other than that needed to ensure neutralization. The neutralized sulfonates possess greater thermal stability compared to their acid form and are ionically crosslinked. Thus it is clear that the polymers which are normally utilized in the instant invention comprise substantially neutralized pendant groups and, in fact, an excess of the neutralizing material may be utilized without defeating the objects of the instant invention. The sulfonated elastomer polymers of the instant invention may vary in number average molecular weight from 1,000 to 10,000,000 preferably 5,000 to 1,000,000 most preferably from 10,000 to 600,000. These polymers may be prepared by methods known in the art, for example, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,642,728, incorporated herein by reference. The most preferred sulfonated polymers for use in the instant invention are sulfonated ethylene/propylene terpolymers which may be prepared by the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,870,841, incorporated herein by reference. The sulfonated polymers of the instant invention may be neutralized prior to incorporation into organic solvent or by neutralization of the acid form in situ. For example, preferably the acid derivative is neutralized immediately after preparation. For example, if the sulfonation of an EPDM terpolymer is conducted in solution, then the neutralization of that acid derivative can be conducted immediately following the sulfonation procedure. The neutralized polymer may then be isolated by means well known to those skilled in the art, i.e., coagulation, steam stripping, or solvent evaporation, because the neutralized polymer has sufficient thermal stability to be dried for employment at a later time in the process of the instant invention. It is well known that some unneutralized sulfonic acid derivatives do not possess good thermal stability and the above operations avoid that problem. The concentration of the neutralized sulfonated polymer in the solvent solution is about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably about 0.5 to about 6.0 weight percent. As discussed above, a variety of polymer backbones will display the desirable properties discovered in this invention. Specific examples of organic liquids to be employed as solvents for the polymers include: ______________________________________Polymer Organic Liquid______________________________________Sulfonated ethylene- aliphatic and aromaticpropylene terpolymer solvent oils such as Solvent "100 Neutral", "150 Neutral", and similar oils; benzene; diesel oil; toluene; xylene; ethyl benzene; pentane; hexane; heptane; octane; isooctane; nonane; decane; and ketone solvents.sulfonated polystyrene benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, xylene, styrene, ethylene dichloride, and methylene chloride______________________________________ In order to reduce the viscosity of the organic hydrocarbon solution of the sulfonated polymer so as to be able to employ the organic hydrocarbon solution in a fluidized bed process, a polar cosolvent may be added to the organic hydrocarbon solution of the sulfonated elastomeric polymer to solubilize the pendant ionomeric groups. The polar cosolvent will have a solubility parameter of at least 10.0, more preferably at least 11.0, and may comprise from 0.0001 to 15.0 weight percent, preferably 0.001 to 5.0 weight percent, of the total mixture of organic liquid, water insoluble ionomeric polymer and polar cosolvent. Normally, the polar cosolvent will be a liquid at room temperature, however, this is not a requirement. It is preferred, but not required, that the polar cosolvent be soluble or miscible with the organic liquid at the levels employed in this invention. The polar cosolvent may be selected from the group consisting of alcohols, amines, di- or tri-functional alcohols, amides, acetamides, phosphates, or lactones and mixtures thereof. Especially preferred polar cosolvents are aliphatic alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 1,2-propane diol, monoethyl ether of ethylene glycol and n-ethylformamide. The coating of any solid particulates such as the breaker chemical of fracturing fluid breaker systems can be achieved by spraying a solution of sulfonated ionomer, such as zinc sulfo EPDM terpolymer, onto a cascading stream of granules through an appropriate technique, such as fluidized bed coating. Examples of fluidized bed coating processes are conventional spray coating wherein the solid particulates are coated by spraying the coating solution above or below the bed in a Wurster configuration or a fluidized bed with a rotating bed support plate. It is envisioned that coated solid inorganic or organic breaker systems or other particulates can be utilized in a variety of environmental conditions and yet the release of the breaker or other water soluble component of the breaker can be controlled in such a way that they are available when the reduction of viscosity is needed. The neutralized sulfonated elastomers of this invention are slowly permeable to water and essentially impermeable to the breaker chemicals mentioned herein under well-bore conditions. Upon introduction into aqueous fracturing fluids or other aqueous wellbore fluids, the encapsulated substrate slowly absorbs water by diffusion through the polymeric coating. This water dissolves the substrate and sets up an osmotic gradient which in turn draws in more water. Pressure builds up inside the capsule, and it expands until resealable micropores (not pinholes) form in its walls. Concentrated substrate solution is then ejected through the micropores into the surrounding medium. This relives the pressure inside the capsule which then shrinks. The micropores reseal, and the process repeats itself until insufficient substrate remains for swelling and micropores to form. Specific examples of preferred breaker chemicals of the instant invention are selected from the group consisting of ammonium and alkali persulfates, alkyl formates, salicylates, acetates, chlorites, phosphates, laurates, lactates, chloroacetates, enzymes and other solid breakers. The release of the breakers from the coated solid breaker systems can be controlled by the thickness of the sulfonated polymer coating, the degree of sulfonation of the polymer, the degree of neutralization of the sulfonated groups of the sulfonated polymers, the type of cation in the sulfonated polymer, the biodegradability of the sulfonated polymers, and the intrepidity and conformity of application of the polymers. The thickness of the coating of the neutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer on the breaker chemical is about 1 to about 100 microns, more preferably about 2 to about 80 microns, and most preferably about 5 to about 70 microns. The chemical forming the core of the encapsulated breaker chemical may be used per se when it is in the form of a finely divided solid or, in another embodiment of the invention, it may be sprayed as a solution or in liquid form onto small, finely divided seed particles to form a coating on these seed particles. Essentially any solid which is of the proper size and which is inert to the breaker chemical (or other active material) may be used as the seed particle but urea is preferred. This embodiment is especially preferred where the breaker chemical is itself a liquid, or is irregular in shape or not of the proper size. In another embodiment of this invention, the encapsulated breaker chemical, with or without a seed core, may be further overcoated by processes described above with a solution of thermoplastic polymer material which exhibits permeability properties similar to those of the neutralized elastomer coating overlying the breaker chemical. This overcoat layer is particularly useful in reducing the tackiness of the elastomer layer and thereby allows for the application of a thicker elastomer layer. For example, a sulfonated EPDM elastomer layer may become tacky during the coating process and the coated particles tend to stick together. The application of an overcoat layer of thermoplastic polymer removes the tackiness of the previously coated particles so that thicker layers of the sulfo EPDM coating may be achieved. Preferred thermoplastic overcoat layers are based on sulfonated styrene polymers or copolymers which are also neutralized to the degree set forth above with respect to the elastomeric polymers. The thickness of the thermoplastic layer is generally less than the thickness of the elastomeric layer, and may range from abut 1 to about 20 microns, more preferably from about 1 to about 10 microns, and most preferably from abut 1 to about 5 microns. Thermoplastic polymers which are most preferred as overcoat layers in accordance with this invention include neutralized sulfonated poly-styrene and neutralized sulfonated poly (p-methyl) styrene having a degree of acid neutralization and a molecular weight within the ranges specified above for the elastomeric polymer. The preferred breaker chemicals which may be encapsulated using the neutralized sulfonated elastomer include ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, sodium chlorite, ammonium bifluoride, ammonium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sulfamic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, ammonium sulfate, sodium acetate and enzymes and mixtures thereof. The breaker chemical can also be used in combination with a polymeric matrix as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,897 incorporated herein by reference, absorbed on a porous solid such as diatomaceous earth or coated on an inert core substrate such as urea as described above. Other oil well chemical additives can be encapsulated in addition to or in place of the breaker chemicals. These materials when encapsulated will be administered under the same conditions and in the same ways as in normal use. These oil well chemical additives are selected from the group consisting of: scale inhibitors such as polyacrylates, phosphonates and phosphate esters; corrosion inhibitor such as acid amine salts, imidazolines and quaternary amines; demulsifiers such as alkoxylated resins, alkoxylated polyols and alkoxylated polyesters; biocides such as glutaraldehydes, isothiazolinones and dithiocarbamates; paraffin inhibitors such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, alpha olefin maleate and furmarate polyesters, and vinyl acetate; foamers such as ether sulfates, alpha olefin sulfonates and quaternary amines; cement accelerators such as calcium chloride and aluminum chloride; and gas migration agents such as latex rubbers and aluminum powders. It is also within the scope of this invention that other inorganic and organic materials may be encapsulated with the polymeric coating system of this invention such as materials used in agricultural applications, wherein these agricultural materials are selected from the group consisting of urea fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and mixtures thereof. In order for such elastomeric coatings to be functional, they have to meet one or more of the following criteria: the coating material should show improved barrier properties; the applied thin coating should be a continuous film with few or no defects, i.e., be substantially free of pinholes. The term "pinholes" as used herein is understood to mean discontinuities in the polymeric coating of such size and shape as to prevent osmotic pressure buildup. Fracture fluids commonly used in fracturing operations include water-based brine fluids containing a water-soluble polymer such as hydroxypropyl guar cross-linked with a transition metal salt as is well known in the art. Other polymers used to viscosify aqueous fracturing fluids are hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyacrylamide, gum karaya and the like. In addition, fracturing fluids may be viscous oils or oil-based emulsions. Viscosification of these is accomplished via addition of surfactants, asphalts, fatty-acid soaps, other emulsion and foam stabilizing agents and the like. Typical propping agents used in hydraulic fracturing for retaining the integrity of the fractures are nut shells, plastic beads, glass beads, sand, sintered alumina, urea prills and aluminum spacers. The concentration used depends on the size and shape of the proppant, the type of formation being fractured, the carrying capacity of the fracturing fluids and the desired permeability of the resistant fractures. The concentrations generally range from 1 to 30 lb. per gal. Other additives commonly used in hydraulic fracturing fluids are fluid loss or wall building agents such as starch, bentonite, silica flour, guar gum and surfactants; friction-reducing agents such as small amounts of high molecular weight linear polymers such as polyacrylamide; specific gravity increasing agents; bactericides; scale-removal/prevention agents, and surfactants or alcohol to reduce interfacial tension and the resistance to return flow. The following Examples are illustrative of the invention. This example sets forth the preparation of two sulfonated EPDM terpolymers which are subsequently neutralized to form the zinc salt (SEPDM). Sulfonated EPDM terpolymers are prepared by sulfonating a terpolymer comprising about 50 weight percent ethylene, about 5 weight percent ethylidene norbornene (ENB) and the balance being propylene. This material is available from Uniroyal under the trademark "ROYALENE" 521. Sulfonation was carried out by treatment with acetyl sulfate and neutralization with ZN (Ac)2 according to the procedure of U.S. Pat. No. 3,836,511, herein incorporated by reference. Two species of neutralized elastomer were produced, one having 10 meq. of zinc sulfonate groups per 100 grams of the EPDM terpolymer (hereinafter designated ZSE-10), and the other having 25 meq. of zinc sulfonate groups per 100 grams of the EPDM terpolymer (hereinafter designated ZSE-25). A solution of a zinc neutralized sulfonated EPDM polymer was prepared for application as a coating solution. The solution cast coating was applied over urea samples in order to measure the barrier properties for urea extraction by water through the thin film coating. Solution A was prepared by mixing 2.5 grams of a zinc sulfo-EPDM similar to the one described in Example 1 (Uniroyal Ionic Elastomer 2560), containing 25 meq. of sulfonte groups per 100 grams of ethylene propylene ethylidenenorbornene terpolymer, neutralized with zinc, in 100 grams of a solvent consisting of 97.5% toluene and 2.5% methanol reagent. To determine the barrier properties of films formed from the solution of the sulfonated EPDM terpolymer, urea slides were coated for immersion tests. The procedures for preparing coated samples of urea slides and conduction immersion tests are described as follows: Urea samples were prepared by depositing reagent grade urea (Fischer Scientific) over microscope glass slides. This was done by dipping glass slides into molten urea at a temperature of about 135�-145� C., followed by cooling and solidification of the urea layer. The urea layer was built up to about 7 mm. by 4 to 5 successive dipping and cooling cycles. These urea samples were then coated by a polymeric film using a second dipping procedure. Urea slides were repeatedly dipped into polymeric solutions such as those described above, followed by drying in a vacuum oven at 70� C. for about 3 hours. The dipping and drying cycles were repeated until the film thicknesses shown in Table I were obtained. The barrier properties of the various polymeric films were determined by immersion of each coated urea slide in about 100 g. of deionized water at room temperature. The amount of urea released into the water was determined by recovering the urea after evaporating the water. Each sample was initially immersed for 1 day, followed by immersion in fresh water for 3 days and for weekly intervals thereafter. Table I shows the permeabilities of urea solutions extracted from the coated urea slides and immersed in water at room temperature. The permeabilities of the coating materials were determined by applying Fick's law of diffusion at steady state. Fick's law states that: ##EQU1## TABLE I______________________________________PERMEABILITY OF UREA SOLUTION FROM COATEDUREA SLIDES IN WATER AT ROOM TEMPERATURE PermeabilitySample Coating Ratio Film Thickness (P = DK)No. Material wt/wt Microns cm2 /sec______________________________________141-3 Tung Oil -- 75 4.3 � 10-9141-6 Tung Oil -- 125 7.6 � 10-9158-4 Polyurethane -- 100 1.3 � 10-9158-5 Polyurethane -- 40 2.1 � 10-9 28-14 ZSE-25 -- 10 .sup. 9.6 � 10-13 84-1 ZSE-25 -- 25 .sup. 8.6 � 10-13 84-2 ZSE-25 -- 30 .sup. 8.6 � 10-13______________________________________ where Jm =mass flux (loss) through the film or membrane, A=transport area, C concentration gradient, X=film or membrane thickness, and D=membrane diffusivity constant which is equal to the ratio of permeability (P) over the solubility ratio (K) of urea in the membrane and in water. The performance of the zinc-sulfo-EPDM film was compared with that formed from solutions of other commercial coating materials. The first commercial coating solution was a tung oil solution made by Formby of Mississippi at 30 weight percent solids in petroleum distillate. The second commercial coating solution was linseed oil modified polyurethane Type I made by Minwax Paint Co. of New Jersey at 45% solids in petroleum distillate. The two commercial coatings were cured at 70� C. for 48 hours after coating. The permeability of urea solutions through the zinc sulfonated EPDM terpolymer film was found to be about 3 orders of magnitude lower than either that of tung oil or that of polyurethane. The use of tung oil and polyurethane as release control coatings on water soluble fertilizers is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,321,298 and 3,223,518. The present Example shows that thin films of zinc sulfonated EPDM terpolymer complex provide a much better barrier than do commercial materials. In this Example, thick coatings of reagent sulfur and paraffin wax (M.P.=55� C.) were applied through melting (i.e., these materials were melted at about 5� C. to 10� C. above their melting point and then after quickly dipping urea samples in the melt, the hot coated sample was brought to room temperature slowly). This layering procedure was repeated three to four times to obtain a thick coating. Both unsulfonated EPDM and PEVAC (a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate containing about 60 weight percent ethylene) were applied from 2.5% polymer solutions in the same solvent as the solvent for the sulfo EPDM. FIG. 1 shows that ZSE-10 offered the best protection preventing the dissolution of urea in water at room temperature (about 22� C.) Uncoated urea dissolved quickly in water, but even thick coatings of sulfur, unsulfonated EPDM and PEVAC on similar samples did not sufficiently protect urea from dissolving in water. Paraffin wax and modified polyurethane Type 1 (made by Minwax Paint Company) protected urea from dissolving in water for at least six days. ZSE-10, however, performed the best in protecting urea from water dissolution. SEPDM coated sodium persulfate granules were produced using the following procedure: 4 kg of 20-30 mesh sodium persulfate were introduced into a fluid bed coating machine, including a Wurster insert, manufactured by Glatt Air Techniques Inc., model number GPCG-5. The sodium persulfate bed was fluidized by blowing 130 scfm of heated air (45� C.) through bed. After the bed reached a temperature of 30� C., a 1.25 weight percent solution of the SEPDM polymer in toluene and methanol cosolvent was sprayed onto the sodium persulfate granules at the Wurster insert entrance. The spray nozzle used was a commercial two fluid nozzle using air at 3 bars pressure to form an atomized spray regime in the Wurster insert. The spraying was continued at 40 gm/min rate until the required thickness of polymeric coating was built up on the sodium persulfate, i.e., approximately 80 minutes per a coating level of 1 weight percent polymer on the sodium persulfate. After the solution was sprayed onto the granules in the Wurster insert, the thus coated granules were blown by the heated air upwards into the drying section of the machine. Here, the solvents were evaporated by the hot stream, leaving a thin coat of dried polymeric material on the granules. The dried granules fell back into the fluid bed and then re-entered the Wurster insert where the coating process was repeated. Thus, multiple films or layers of the sulfonated polymeric coating was built up until the spraying was stopped. After a 1 weight % coating was put on the granules, a 60 gram sample was taken and marked as 1 wt% of SEPDM on sodium persulfate. The spraying was continued until 2wt% SEPDM was added. The spraying was then stopped and the coated granules were dried with the hot air for 5 minutes. 2.34 grams of 20 to 30 mesh granulated sodium persulfate coated with 1 and 2 weight percent SEPDM terpolymer as set forth in Example 4, were placed in 30 grams of a 30 weight percent barium chloride solution The sodium persulfate converts to approximately 5.5 grams of barium sulfate, as shown by the uncoated persulfate data at 250� F./121� C. The coated solids, after remaining at the desired release temperature and time, were separated from the finer barium sulfate solids and the water by pouring through a 40 mesh sieve. The sieve was thoroughly rinsed with water to remove any solids or liquids clinging to coated solids. The barium sulfate in water plus any water soluble salts were left overnight to separate. The free water was then decanted from the solid barium sulfate. The remaining water was removed by drying in an oven at 150� F.(65� C.) overnight. The remaining barium sulfate was weighed and recorded in Table II. The percent sodium persulfate released in given by using the uncoated weight at 100% released TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Release of Coated Sodium Persulfate in Water at Time and Temperature Release of Coated Sodium Persulfate by Weight in grams of Converted Barium Sulfate and by Percent versus Time in hoursCoated Sodium Temperature 4 8 16Persulfate (�F./�C.) weight(g) % weight(g) % weight(g) %__________________________________________________________________________Sodium Persulfate 75/24 0.88 100 0.82 100 0.86 100Uncoated 150/65 4.51 100 4.02 100 4.60 100 250/121 5.17 100 5.43 100 5.30 100Sodium Persulfate 75/24 0.26 30 0.60 73 0.67 78Plus 1 weight 150/65 1.19 26 1.76 44 3.19 69Percent S-EPDM 250/121 4.53 88 4.46 82 4.48 85CoatingSodium Persulfate 75/24 0.20 23 0.38 46 0.60 70Plus 2 weight 150/65 1.03 23 1.76 44 3.09 67Percent S-EPDM 250/121 4.48 87 4.37 80 4.36 82CoatingSodium Persulfate 75/24 0.22 25 0.40 49 0.51 59Plus 2 weight percent 150/65 1.12 25 1.66 41 2.99 65S-EPDM plus 250/121 4.06 79 4.38 81 4.33 821/2 weight percentSPS__________________________________________________________________________ The following Example illustrates the preparation of a sodium sulfonated polystyrene thermoplastic polymer (SPS) which may be used as an additional layer over the SEPDM layer. Sulfonated polystyrene is manufactured as a 30% suspension/emulsion in water. The monomers of sodium styrene sulfonate (NaSS) and styrene are added to water (oxygen free) containing surfactant (sodium lauryl sulfate), catalysts (potassium persulfate and sodium bisulfate) and chelates (EDTA) for iron. The mixture is reacted at 180� F. (82� C.) for 3 hours. After the reaction is complete, an antioxidant (BHT) is added. The final product is 30% SPS suspended/emulsified into water. The polymer is oil soluble since only 3.8% NaSS is present in the polymer. The multilayer coating with sulfonated polystyrene polymer is achieved by spraying the sodium sulfonated polystyrene (SPS), as prepared in Example 6 or a dilution thereof, onto the cascading stream of granules coated as described above with the sulfonated EPDM terpolymer. The SPS polymer is a suspension/emulsion in water so it can easily be diluted with water to the proper level for spraying multilayer coats. After 2 wt.% of SEPDM was put on the sodium persulfate as set forth in Example 4, a 1/2 wt.% of SPS was added as a top layer. The conditions were kept the same as in Example 4 above except that a 5 wt.% SPS solution, a dilution of 30 wt.% SPS solution in water, was sprayed onto the 2 wt.% SEPDM coated sodium persulfate at a rate of 40 gm/min. After approximately 9 minutes, a 1/2% SPS coating was completed. The spraying was stopped and the product was dried with hot air another 5 minutes The product comprised 2 wt.% SEPDM plus 1/2 wt.% SPS on sodium persulfate. The release properties of this material were also evaluated as in Example 5 above and are reported as the last entry in Table II. Sodium persulfate was layered/coated on urea seed granules by using the following procedure: 1.6 kg of 2.5 mm OD urea granules were introduced into a fluid bed coating machine with a 2 liter bowl, manufactured by Glatt Air Techniques Inc., model number GPCG-1. The urea bed was fluidized by blowing approximately 130 scfm of heated air (45� C.) through the bed. After the bed reached 30� C., a 10 wt% sodium persulfate solution in water and methanol was sprayed onto the urea fluidized to the top of the bowl with a top spray nozzle. The spray nozzle used was a commercial two-fluid nozzle using air at 2 bars pressure to form an atomized spray regime in the bowl. The spraying was done at 20 gm/min and continued until approximately a 5 wt% coating of sodium persulfate was added. The spraying took approximately 40 minutes to add the 5 wt% level. The product was urea particles coated with 5 wt% sodium persulfate. These coated seed particles may be further coated with the elastomer and elastomer/thermoplastic combination as set forth above. SEPDM and SPS multilayer coated sulfamic acid granules were produced using the following procedure: Six kilograms of 20-30 mesh sulfamic acid were introduced into a fluid bed coating machine, including a Wurster insert, manufactured by Glatt Air Techniques Inc., Model number GPCG-5. The sulfamic acid was fluidized by blowing 130 scfm heated air (55� C.) through the bed. After the bed reached a temperature 40� C., a 1.25 weight percent solution of the SEPDM polymer in toluene and methanol cosolvent was sprayed onto the sulfamic acid granules at the Wurster insert entrance. The spray nozzle used was a commercial two fluid nozzle using air at 3 bars pressure to form an atomized spray regime in the Wurster insert. The spraying was continued at a 40 gm/minute rate until the required amount of polymeric coating was built up on the sulfamic acid, i.e., approximately 120 minutes for a coating level of 1 wt.% polymer on the sulfamic acid. After the solution was sprayed on the granules in the Wurster insert, the thus coated granules were blown by the heated air upwards into the drying section of the machine. Here, the solvents were evaporated by the hot stream, leaving a thin coat of dried polymeric material on the granules. The dried granules fell back into the fluid bed and then re-entered the Wurster insert where the coating process was repeated. Thus, multiple films or layers of the sulfonated polymeric coating were built up until the spraying was stopped. After a 1.5 wt.% coating of SEPDM was on the granules, a sample was taken and marked 1.5 wt.% SEPDM on sulfamic acid. The remaining 1.5 wt.% coated sulfamic acid was then coated with 1/2 wt.% of SPS as a top layer to prevent agglomeration of particles and allow the build up of multilayers of SEPDM and SPS. The conditions were kept the same as above except a 5 wt.% SPS solution, a dilution of 30 wt.% SPS solution in water, was sprayed onto the 1.5 wt.% SEPDM coated sulfamic acid at a rate of 40 gm/min. After approximately 9 minutes the 1/2 wt.% SPS coating was completed. The spraying was stopped and the product dried with hot air another 5 minutes. A sample was taken marked 1.5 wt.% SEPDM plus 1/2 wt.% SPS on sulfamic acid. The process was continued and samples taken with varying multilayers of SEPDM and SPS until a total of 6 wt% SEPDM and 2.5 wt.% SPS were sprayed in layers on the sulfamic acid. The amount and type of each coated sulfamic acid sample as well as the top layer (outer layer) is given in first column in Table III. TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________RELEASE OF COATED SULFAMIC ACIDCoatedSulfamic Acid Weight Percent of Sulfamic Acid Released into Water from CoatedSample Sample as a Function of Time and Temperature(amount/type 4 Hours 8 hours 16 hoursof coating) 75� F. 150� F. 250� F. 75� F. 150� F. 250� F. 75� F. 150� F. 250� F.__________________________________________________________________________Uncoated 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1001.5 wt. % Z-SE 100 100 100 92 86 100 100 100 1001.5 wt. % Z-SE + 82 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1000.5 wt. % SPS(SPS Top)3 wt. % Z-SE + 53 100 98 76 97 100 92 100 1000.5 wt. % SPS(Z-SE Top)3 wt. % Z-SE + 45 100 100 66 100 100 95 100 1001 wt. % SPS(SPS Top)4 wt. % Z-SE + 26 91 100 42 93 99 69 100 981 wt. % SPS(Z-SE Top)4 wt. % Z-SE + 28 71 99 62 97 99 70 99 1001.5 wt. % SPS(SPS Top)5 wt. % Z-SE + 25 62 83 36 89 78 61 97 972 wt. % SPS(SPS Top)6 wt. % Z-SE + 14 40 59 16 62 99 26 84 922 wt. % SPS(Z-SE Top)6 wt. % Z-SE + 16 40 71 24 64 100 41 88 962.5 wt. % SPS(SPS Top)__________________________________________________________________________ Note: ZSE is Zn sulfo EPDM sprayed a 1.25 wt. % polymer solution in toluene/methanol at 97/3 weight ratio. SPS is Na sulfo polystyrene sprayed from a 5 wt. % polymer water external emulsion. Coated 20 to 30 mesh granulated sulfamic acid samples with the multilayer coating reported above in Example 9 and in Table III were placed in water for release studies. 2.0 grams of coated sulfamic acid samples were placed in 20 grams of deionized water. The coated solids, after remaining at the desired release temperature and time, were separated from the water containing the released sulfamic acid by pouring the solid plus water through a 100 mesh sieve. The sieve was thoroughly rinsed with water to remove any released sulfamic acid clinging to the coated solids. The water was then evaporated in the oven at 75� C. The percent of sulfamic acid released for each coating level is given in Table III. A viscous (gelled) 2 weight percent potassium chloride solution was used to test the effects of coated breaker chemical (oxidizer) on reducing the viscosity or breaking the gel of the viscous brine solution. The coated breaker was compared with the base gel without breaker and with the uncoated oxidizer added to the base gel. The viscous brine was made by adding 50 pounds per 1000 gallons of hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) to a 2 wt % KCl solution. The viscosities were measured with a Fann 35 VG viscometer at 311 sec-1 (300 rpm) shear. Viscosities were taken during heatup to 175� F. (79.4� C.) and versus time at 175� F. Two hundred milliliters of gelled brine was used for the tests. The coated breaker sodium persulfate at 8 and 4 pounds per 1000 gallons (PPT) of gelled brine were added to the Fann 35 VG meter measuring cup. Also 0.5 PPT of uncoated sodium persulfate were added in one test to show the effect of the SEPDM/SPS coatings on the release of sodium persulfate with time at 175� F. The base gelled brine with no additives were measured for comparisons. Table IV shows the advantage of coating the sodium persulfate to delay the release of the oxidizer at a temperature of 175� F. The uncoated sodium persulfate broke the gel to 5 cp in 30 minutes whereas the coated sodium persulfate at 4 and 8 PPT were only 14 and 8 cp after 160 minutes. Comparison with the untreated base gel shows the oxidizers all break the gel. The film forming properties of sulfonated polymers permits them to be used in coating applications, including controlled release products in oil and gas well operations (e.g., controlled release fracturing fluid breaker system or "breakers"). TABLE IV______________________________________EFFECT OF COATED OXIDIZER (SODIUM PERSUL-FATE) ON VISCOSITY OF HYDROXYPROPYLGUAR (HPG) GELLED 2% POTASSIUM CHLORIDE(KCL) SOLUTION______________________________________1. Viscous brine made by adding 50 pounds per 1000 gallons (PPT) of HPG to 2% KCl solution (0.6 g HPG per 100 ml solution).2. Viscosities measured with Fann 35 VG viscometer at 311 sec-1 (300 rpm).3. Viscosities taken during heatup to 175� F. and versus time at 175� F.4. Two hundred milliliters of gel treated with oxidizer for______________________________________ tests.Viscosity (cp) of Gelled Solution with Oxidizers -Normalized* CoatedTempera- Oxidizer Coated Uncoatedture Time No #2 Oxidizer #2 Na2 S2 O3(�F.) (min) Oxidizer (8 ppt) (4 ppt) (1/2 ppt)______________________________________ 80 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0100 47.2 46.3 47.5 47.0120 43.4 42.6 44.1 43.1140 39.2 -- 38.2 37.6160 33.5 -- 33.3 31.7175 0 30.2 28.9 29.2 28.2 5 29.2 28.4 29.9 18.3 10 29.2 28.4 29.9 13.4 20 30.2 26.8 28.9 7.9 30 30.2 24.2 27.9 5.4 40 30.2 22.1 25.5 60 30.2 18.4 22.5 80 30.2 15.8 19.6 100 30.2 14.7 17.6 160 30.2 7.9 13.7______________________________________ Coated Oxidizer #1 (LAM 2J) Urea = 83.4%, Persulfate = 9.0%, SEPDM = 3.1% & SPS = 2.5% Coated Oxidizer #3 (LAM 1G) Persulfate = 82.0%, Urea = 4.3%, SEPDM = 2.0% SPS = 2.0% *Normalized to 50 cp at 80� F. Coatings of neutralized sulfonated polymers on breaker chemicals which are used in fracturing fluids will act as barriers to water soluble components of the fracturing fluid thereby shielding the breaker chemical from the premature release of the breaker chemical into the fracturing fluid. Because of their unique barrier properties sulfonated polymers can be used to make cost effective controlled release breaker chemicals. The benefits obtained by the use of these coatings can include labor savings, increased breaker utilization efficiency, time savings and reduction in residual damage to the well caused by residual gels. Patent Citations
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text:
quote:Aminu: 8 points, 7 rebounds
quote:Grevious: 8 pts 4 assists
quote:What is your rational to expect Vasquez to have half of the assists he had last year as a starter when he will have a better team to pass to and to convert his assists?
quote:Gordon running the offense when he's in there. It's probably a little low but the fact that he wont be the floor general when EG is in will probably cut into his assists.
quote:But I do think Gordon playing more this year (assuming he does) will cut into his assists some.
quote:How do you figure that Aminu will have 7 rebounds (more than Lopez and smith) almost as many as Davis?

subset: commoncrawl


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This article discusses sources education, experience, and tools for "house doctors" who use building science, home inspection experience, and thermal scanners, IR scanners, thermography cameras and other tools for the detection of heat loss or air infiltration in buildings. Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2015 InspectApedia.com, All Rights Reserved. How does Air Move Through a Building? A Quick Look at the Basic Forces of Building Air MovementAn understanding of air movement in buildings is essential when making checks for sources of common indoor air contaminants in buildings such as mold or allergens, or to understand un-wanted building heat loss or gain. Here and in detailed articles whose links are found at the left of this page, we include expanded annotated information from the US EPA from whom we adapted the following: [5] Our photo (left) shows the editor [DF] demonstrating air movement between rooms beneath a bedroom door, using a chemical smoke test gun. Watch out: The toolbox for studying air movement, heat loss, airborne particle levels, gases or chemicals moving in buildings, is a large one, but tools and gadgets alone do not make a building expert, and worse, they might be used improperly giving misleading and unnecessarily expensive results use to "sell" treatments or "improvements" that might not be the best way to spend on improving building air quality or saving on building energy costs. Understanding the basics about air movement and appreciating the benefits of an expert visual inspection (see THERMAL TRACKING & HEAT LOSS) can help consumers guard against bad advice or superficial building studies. . Air flow patterns in buildings are the result of combined forces from
Air Usually Moves "Up" in Buildings in a Chimney EffectGenerally in buildings warm air rises, carrying pollutants or odors and even small airborne particles such as asbestos (if present and friable and disturbed) or some small mold spores (Aspergillus sp. for example).
Air Movement may be "Down" in BuildingsBut air movement in buildings can be tricky and may move in un-expected directions. For example:
The Direction of Air Movement Can Change Significantly & Quickly in Buildings
Small Openings in Buildings can Move Large Volumes of Air & PollutantsThese air pressure differences and air movements in buildings readily move particles, gases, and odors between building areas through both large openings (windows, doors, stairways, elevator shafts, ductwork), and tiny openings (gaps and cracks in framing, openings around electrical wires, pipes, ducts). What surprises those unfamiliar with building air movement and indoor air pollution studies, is that the myriad of tiny openings in buildings can permit significant levels of air and particle or contaminant movement between building areas even when there are not large obvious holes or "windows" between the spaces. How do I Become A House Doctor [a building doctor for energy surveys or indoor air quality or for other building problems]?A "house doctor" as we use the term here is an expert building consultant who understands building science, how air moves through a building, how buildings are actually constructed (and what goes wrong), heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and building insulation systems, standards, and good practices. And, if that's not enough, also how to use an occupant interview, thorough visual inspection of the building, and special tools and equipment (HEAT LOSS DETECTION TOOLS) to diagnose and describe repairs or changes necessary for a wide range of building complaints such as indoor air quality, mold contamination, heating costs, cooling costs, odors, leaks, and problems with the structure and/or its mechanical systems. Also see THERMAL IMAGING, THERMOGRAPHY. Photo at page top is discussed at Basement Energy Losses- IR & Visual. The accompanying text are reprinted/adapted/excerpted with permission from Solar Age Magazine - editor Steven Bliss. Readers should see AIR LEAK DETECTION TOOLS. Also see ENERGY SAVINGS in buildings. And for an example of visual clues that identify building air leaks and heat loss with no instruments whatsoever, see Air Bypass Leaks, Thermal Tracking. Contact us to suggest text changes and additions and, if you wish, to receive online listing and credit for that contribution. The question-and-answer article below paraphrases, quotes-from, updates, and comments an original article from Solar Age Magazine and written by Steven Bliss. Details about how to use thermal imaging and the sources of error or even abuse and misue of the equipment are found at THERMAL IMAGING, THERMOGRAPHY Information on Becoming a House Doctor for Energy Surveys, Air Leaks, Heat Loss Diagnosis & RepairQuestion: Where can I get information on how to get started in house doctoring and find sources for house doctoring equipment? - Phil Kalvelage, Dubuque, IA Answer: Critical House Doctor Education & Building Inspection CoursesFirst, study basic building science, how buildings work, how air moves in buildings, where air, moisture, and water leaks occur, how buildings are constructed, how and where insulation, caulking, sealants, are used, and how buildings wear or deteriorate over their lives. You will need to know good new construction practices and building energy codes, and also you will need to know how older buildings were constructed and where errors were commonly made in the building envelope and insulation system as well as where leaks and other damage cause changes in how a building works. Courses on home inspection are offered by independent home inspection schools and by various trade and professional associations. See Home Inspector Education and also the articles listed beginning at HOME & BUILDING INSPECTORS & INSPECTION METHODS - see detailed links at page top & left. House-doctor franchises are available through Princeton Energy Partners [Princeton NY] and other energy auditing firms such as Watt Count [Franklin TN]. Watt Count supplies certain equipment, marketing, training, and evaluation of testing and a guarantee to customers. A Watt Count franchise in 1986 cost between $20,000. and $50,000, depending on the territory. [Take a look at Home Inspection Company Franchises for some related concerns and franchise pros and cons.] Products, tools and marketing support services for house doctoring (or "building doctors and building doctoring") are also offered by Retrotech USA, Inc. (Indianapolis IN) and Enercorp [Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada]. Many manufacturers sell specific tools and products used in the house-doctoring approach. You can find building doctor products listed in several building products guides and catalogs as well as sold by home inspection equipment supply companies. House Doctor Tools for Air Leaks, Energy Loss Detection & MeasurementSee AIR LEAK DETECTION TOOLS and see detailed links under that heading at the "More Reading" links at the bottom of this article . Ongoing House Doctor Education, Field Studies, Reports, Magazine ArticlesAlso learn all you can about what house doctoring is and how it works through magazine articles such as those we list beginning at ENERGY SAVINGS in buildings. See detailedlinks listed at the "More Reading" links at the bottom of this article . Also see House Doctors with Better Medicine" (Solar Age 9/84 p. 27.) Thermography Education and Training for Building Inspectors
The photos above illustrate detection of overheating aluminum electrical wiring. Readers wishing training on use of thermography, IR or infra red equipment, for building surveys or other applications, should also contact the Institute of Infrared Thermography.
The question-and-answer article about sources and use of infrared thermal scanners and heat loss detection equipment, quotes-from, updates, and comments an original article from Solar Age Magazine and written by Steven Bliss.. Where to Buy IR & Thermography EquipmentInfra Red Inspection Equipment, temperature, heat loss, active leak detection, moisture investigations - Equipment Suppliers
The link to the original Q&A article in PDF form immediately below was preceded by an expanded/updated online version of this article.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)No FAQs have been posted for this page. Try the search box below or CONTACT US by email if you cannot find the answer you need at InspectApedia. Ask a Question or Search InspectApediaQuestions & answers or comments about energy experts, house doctors, building diagnosticians Use the "Click to Show or Hide FAQs" link just above to see recently-posted questions, comments, replies, try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly. Search the InspectApedia website HTML Comment Box is loading comments...
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Linking you to resources and support in the lung cancer community!
I received my dx yesterday: SCLC which seems confined to the left lung (the one nodule and lymph nodes). The pulmonologist believes that chemo will be able to deal with it and he's set me up for an appointment with a medical oncologist at Mt. Sinai. When I asked about the adrenal gland (which they couldn't biopsy a couple of weeks ago), he said that if the chemo is working and shrinks the mass on the adrenal gland, then that will show that it is cancerous. If it doesn't, then the tumor is not cancerous. I meet with the oncologist on March 2. I have a second opinion consultation scheduled for Tuesday, March 6.
My internist (whom I saw today) cited some grim statistics (2 months to 2 years), despite the fact that everyone says that the statistics don't really convey much. I have seen survivor stories on the support groups that were far more encouraging.
I also had a brain MRI on Wednesday (Feb. 28) which showed 3 small lesions (2 on the left, one on the right).
Any information that you might be able to provide about similar situations you have been in would be greatly appreciated. You can e-mail me privately if you wish.
I am beside myself, as so many of you well know.
Thanks for your support.
Views: 284
Hi again Kath, It's good you received your dx. I don't know that much about SCLC except that it is generally more responsive to chemo than NSCLC. Like you said, don't pay any attention to the statistics. You aren't a statistic, you are you and you will do well. Good luck, God bless and keep the faith...
Hi Kath,
Oh gosh, well - receiving bad news always stinks. On the plus side, you are in a city with some of the best cancer centers in the world, lots of research studies and lots of support groups. Try not to listen to stats. They are pretty worthless when it comes down to it. they are just a bunch of averages that don't tell us anything even close to the full story.
Hang in there!
Silly as it sounds Kath, getting the horrible diagnosis brings you to the starting point of fighting the war, Amy is right, you are in an area rich in resources. Take full,active advantage of those as well as any complimentary aspects of care. It all helps. There are many survivors out here; most often we keep a low profile. I am one of them as I had SCLC broaching on 20 years ago (as of Mar 13). As a nurse, then and now (boy am I old!!), I too received a grim prognosis and my well meaning colleagues were giving me statistical information that was upsetting and draining and to which I didn't need to waste my energy resources on. Indeed you are not the statistic and I've said this to others when these numbers are matter of factly given. You are your own unique set of healing cells, different from the rest..don't forget that and do your best to distract yourself from the numbers. Focus on the healthy core in you. It's still there.. Stay the tide and keep in touch...bronie
Hi Kath,
You hit a hard bump in the road but keep the faith and it will get better :) I found this while searching for info for my sister. I hope it's OK to post here (if not, someone let me know). http://blochcancer.org/books/fighting-cancer/ This was written by a man who was given 3 months to live, got another opinon/treatment & lived for 20 something more years. You can download it & read it on the computer or they will send you the book. There is a couple more books on this website. It was very uplifting & insightful. Check it out if you get a chance. I'm glad to hear you are getting a 2nd opinion. Sending hugs, prayers & wishing you the very best.
© 2015 Created by AmyLCA.


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What's New
* Fixed offline rate issue* Made stability improvements
App Description
The most powerful currency converter in the App Store is now available as a free ad-supported version. Just as easy to use as the full version!The difference between this and the full version? For only $0.99 the full version provides up-to-the-minute rates, beautiful charts, over 150 currencies and no ads. A no-brainer if you need this app for business or vacation travel!
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Download it now and find out why Currency HD is the best currency conversion app in the App Store.
App Changes
March 01, 2014 New version 2.2
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September 26, 2013 New version 1.9
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January 19, 2013 New version 1.5
April 18, 2012 Initial Release


text: acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine-oral acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine-oralRelated Doctor's & Expert's Views « Back to acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine-oral Index Sorted Alphabetically A-Z Sort by popularity Dangers of Mixing Medications Drug Interactions: Know Ingredients, Consult Your Physician Drugs: Buying Prescription Drugs Online Safely Drugs: The Most Common Medication Errors Medication Disposal - What to Do with Old or Unusable Medication Prescriptions: Complying with the Doctor's Orders Sorted by Popularity (as on MedicineNet) Sort alphabetically Prescriptions: Complying with the Doctor's Orders Drug Interactions: Know Ingredients, Consult Your Physician Drugs: Buying Prescription Drugs Online Safely Drugs: The Most Common Medication Errors Medication Disposal - What to Do with Old or Unusable Medication Dangers of Mixing Medications Suggested Reading on acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine-oral, Dologesic, Flextra-650, Novagesic, Rhinoflex, Staflex by Our Doctors Related Diseases & Conditions 6 articles Fever Although a fever technically is any body temperature above the normal of 98.6 degrees F. (37 degrees C.), in practice a person is usually not considered Flu (Influenza) Influenza (flu) is a respiratory illness caused by a virus. Flu symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches. Common Cold The common cold (viral upper respiratory tract infection) is a contagious illness that may be caused by various viruses. Symptoms include a stuffy nose, Arthritis Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints. When joints are inflamed they can develop stiffness, warmth, swelling, redness and pain. There are over Migraine Headache Migraine headaches are severe headaches that are accompanies to sensitivity to light, sounds, and smells. They are often associated with nausea and vomiting. Toothache A toothache is a pain on or around a tooth. It may be caused by a variety of things from a cavity, abscess, or even sinusitis. Toothache symptoms include Medications 1 articles Procedures & Tests 0 articles Pictures, Images & Quizzes 0 articles Doctor's & Expert's Views 6 articles Health News 0 articles Health Features 2 articles Privacy Policy Living Better Find the secrets to longer life. By clicking submit I agree to WebMD's Privacy Policy


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follow Dictionary.com
Is it farther or further?
municipality, West Flanders province (province), western Belgium. It lies along the Yperlee (Ieperlee) River, south of Ostend. Ypres became a major cloth-weaving city in the Middle Ages, and together with Brugge and Ghent it virtually controlled Flanders in the 13th century. At that time it was reputed to have a population of 80,000. An unsuccessful but devastating siege of the city by the English in 1383 during the Hundred Years' War helped cause Ypres's decline, however, and by the late 16th century its population had dwindled to 5,000. The town was frequently besieged by the French in the 17th century.


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Report: George Clooney Engaged To British Attorney
Sunday, April 27, 2014
(Undated) -- Hollywood's most eligible bachelor may be ready to tie the knot. Sources tell People.com George Clooney has popped the question to current girlfriend Amal Alamuddin. The 36-year-old attorney was spotted wearing what's described as a "huge ring" on her left ring finger while dining with Clooney last week in Los Angeles. Alamuddin is a British attorney who specializes in international law and human rights.


text: Fluffy Fluffy"One time...I coughed so hard...I threw up!""No way! What color was it?""Kind of a pale green...oh! It looked like gruel, but green. It was definitely green," Fishlegs decided to an enraptured Tuffnut. His mother expected him to stay out from underfoot for the day as she did laundry, so he and the other children started up a game of queek."Dark!" Fishlegs called, and he tossed his stone over the checkered cloth. It bounced over the dark square he aimed for and rolled onto a white one."HA!" Tuffnut crowed, and he grabbed a stone from his pile to throw. Fish


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Any stayed there before. What did you like/not like and what should and shouldnt we do? We are going the first week of December 2013 with a group of 8.
Hello and welcome to DISboards! Your question is rather open ended. Can you be more specific? Saratoga Springs is a wonderful resort. It has three great pool areas and another quieter pool. One table service restaurant and a counter service/grocery in the main building, plus counter service pool side at one pool. Lots of activities during the day, many around the main pool. Bike and Surrey rentals. There is a boat that takes you across the lake to Marketplace (or you can walk, not too far.) And of course the rooms are all "home away from home" style with Kitchens, laundry and bedrooms (except Studios with mini-kitchen.) Downsides, for some people: Large resort, spread out, long walk for some to main building or else wait for a bus that circles back to the main area. Several bus stops makes for slightly longer bus rides. Buses can be full as they arrive at last stops during peak times in morning. Any specific questions?
I have done 5 weeks at SSR plus another at the Treehouse Villas adjoining them. There are 5 sections to SSR and most people put in a request for a certain section. These 5 sections each have a bus stop. Grandstand is the first stop. This section has a quiet pool and a childrens splash/play area. It's about a 5 minute walk to the Carriage House which is where the restaurant, checkin, store, main themed pool is. Carousel is the second stop. This is the only section I have no stayed in. There is no pool here and it's considered the least desirable section because of no pool and the distance to walk to the Carriage House (main area). Paddock is third. This section has the newest themed pool and counter service. It's about a 7 minute walk to Carriage House. Congress Park is the fourth stop. It has a nice quiet pool and the views of DTD. It's also going to have the shortest walk to DTD which is about 10 minutes. It's about a 5 minute walk to Carriage House Springs is last. This is the section closest to the Carriage House; it's right across the street. For amenities it is the most desirable but being the last stop on the bus loop means that the buses may already be full in the mornings by the time it stops here. The first week of December is probably one of the busiest weeks for DVC resorts so expect it to be fairly crowded here. Artist's Pallette is the counter service and I like it. The selections are pretty limited but I think the choices offer some different choices. The sit down restaurant, Turf Club, is a hidden gem at WDW in my opinion. The store has limited space and selection. There is a boat to DTD; the dock is in the Springs Section but it's not much further to walk from Congress Park. I have stayed in 4 of the 5 sections and I have been happy with all of them. The grounds are pretty, the walking paths are wide and well lit. I never felt that I was too far from the Carriage House.
Thank you both for the information. Pakey, the bus stops info was something I didnt think about and definitely didn't think about the DVCers. I was thinking I wanted a room near the carriage house but you have me reconsidering that. Any other information is welcome and appreciated.
come visit on dvc boards here a link to the SSR lover http://www.disboards.com/showthread.php?t=2466719


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Spring 2005
T C M310 • Plan II Mathematics
Unique | Days | Time | Location | Instructor |
56875 |
TTh |
Course Description
The purpose of the course is to develop insight into and understanding of the world of mathematics. Rather than concentrating on techniques, we will consider broader topics of a historical or philosophical nature. We will examine some classical ideas, including famous theorems and conjectures, and some unusual applications. Our goal will be to develop a sense of the field of mathematics and why it is beautiful, exciting, and important. The primary text will be supplemented by journal articles and other sources.
About the Professor James W. Vick is an Ashbel Smith Professor of Mathematics and Vice President for Student Affairs at UT-Austin. He and Michael Starbird designed and taught the first Plan II M 310 course. Dr. Vick has won numerous awards for his teaching, including the Jean Holloway Teaching Award, the President's Associates Teaching Award, and the AMOCO Teaching Excellence Award. In 1985, he was selected as CASE Professor of the Year for the State of Texas. He has also been inducted into the Academy of Distinguished Teachers. He holds a doctorate in mathematics from the University of Virginia.
Grading Policy
Class meetings will be a combination of lecture, discussion, and some presentations by students. The class will be divided into small groups or teams who will work together on specific assignments. Participation by each student will be required and will be considered in assigning a final grade. There may be several short writing or computer assignments during the semester. Three tests will be given in class. All of these activities, together with the comprehensive final exam, will determine the course grade.
Donald M. Davis, The Nature and Power of Mathematics


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Schillerstraße 52, 4020 Linz, Austria – Show map
Breakfast Helpfulness of Staff Parking Large Bathroom
United Kingdom
Lovely breakfast Lovely room - spacious, interesting wallpaper Friendly staff
Staff is always smiling and very helpful.
Exceptionally friendly, pleasant staff, a comfortable room, and an excellent breakfast buffet--while the price was slightly on the expensive end, a good value for your money, certainly.
The hotel was clean and in a silent place (in fact it is in a residential area). Spacious room and bathroom. Friendly staff.
The room was comfortable and clean and the staff were very polite and helpful.
Easy to find and location
United Kingdom
Etrithing was nice except the wi-fi
We liked everything about the hotel, except for the poor quality Wifi. Staff were exceptional- rooms were very modern and the aircon worked wonderfully. The location was a bit strange, but, the main shopping was only 15 minutes walk. We would heartily recommend this hotel.
Good breakfast, good and friendly staff, very clear and comfortable room
The 4-star City Hotel, renovated in 2013, is only a 5-minute walk from Linz's pedestrian zone and new Music Theatre, and a 2-minute walk from the Design Center (exhibition centre). It offers free WiFi access.
A gym and a spa area comprising a Finnish sauna, a bio sauna and a small relaxation area are located on an upper floor of the hotel.
The rooms feature a work desk, air conditioning, and a flat-screen TV. Each room comes with a bathroom featuring slippers, a hairdryer and free toiletries. Some rooms are located in the new part of the hotel, which was built in 2013. The suites have a kitchenette.
In the morning, a rich breakfast buffet is served in the light-flooded winter garden or on a terrace in the inner courtyard. The recently renovated City Hotel features a bar, which is open around the clock. Guests can also relax in the lounge area, where an open fireplace ensures a cosy atmosphere.
City Hotel offers a private shuttle service from and to Linz Airport. The train station is a 10-minute walk away.
We speak your language! Hotel Rooms: 70 This property has been on Booking.com since Jan 27, 2009.
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We verify all reviews from guests who have stayed at City Hotel. Find out more.
They speak your language!
City Hotel's staff speaks: Italian, French, English, German
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When you book with us your details are protected by a secure connection.
Grounds, Terrace, Sun Deck
Ping-Pong, Sauna, Fitness Center
Food & Drink
Bar, Breakfast in the Room, Snack Bar
WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Private parking is available on site (reservation is not needed) and costs EUR 7 per day.
Room Service, Packed Lunches, Car Rental, Airport Shuttle (surcharge), 24-Hour Front Desk, Express Check-in/Check-out, Currency Exchange, Ticket Service, Shared Lounge/TV Area, Laundry, Dry Cleaning, Ironing Service, Shoeshine, Suit Press, Daily Housekeeping, Meeting/Banquet Facilities, Fax/Photocopying
Newspapers, Safe, Non-smoking Rooms, Facilities for Disabled Guests, Elevator, Soundproof Rooms, Heating, Hypoallergenic room available, All Spaces Non-Smoking (public and private), Designated Smoking Area
Italian, French, English, German
Cancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type. Please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room.
Children and Extra Beds
All children are welcome.
All children under 6 years stay free of charge when using existing beds.
All children under 2 years are charged EUR 19 per person per night in a crib.
All older children or adults are charged EUR 25 per person per night for extra beds.
The maximum number of extra beds/cribs in a room is 1.
Any type of extra bed or crib is upon request and needs to be confirmed by management.
Additional fees are not calculated automatically in the total cost and will have to be paid for separately during your stay.
Pets are allowed. Charges may apply.
When booking more than 5 rooms, different policies and additional supplements may apply.
Cards accepted at this property
Hover over the cards for more info.
Other Places you Might Like
Based on 378 reviews
Value for money
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Austria Trend Hotel Schillerpark Linz
Latest booking: 2 hours ago There are 2 people looking at this hotel.Harry's Home Linz Hotel & Apartments
Latest booking: 2 hours ago
Park Inn by Radisson Linz is located in the heart of the city centre, just a few steps away from shopping streets and the main pedestrian zone. Famous sights are within walking distance.
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Very good
This newly designed 4-star hotel in a charming and quiet location is located in the heart of the old town of Linz, in the immediate vicinity of St. Mary's Cathedral.
Score from 414 reviews
Austria Classic Hotel Wolfinger Located right at the heart of the historic quarter of Linz, the Austria Classic Hotel Wolfinger perfectly combines tradition with modern amenities.
Score from 600 reviews
This 4-star superior hotel is located next to the Design Center (Congress Hall). It is 10 minutes away from the Old Town, the Danube River and the Linz Main Train Station.
Score from 519 reviews
Very good
Although staff promised to switch on the sauna upon arrival, it failed. So I missed to use it in the evening due to business appointment. The promise to have it working the next morning did not work out either. Only after a lot of fuss they were willing to get it going. Too much hustle for simply running a sauna.
Breakfast Helpfulness of Staff Parking Large Bathroom
Internet doesn't work AT ALL Can't even load Google Maps! Bed was super hard NO gym, they lied about this tv is the size of an iPad tried to overcharge me at checkout WORST experience
Lovely breakfast Lovely room - spacious, interesting wallpaper Friendly staff
See through shower door in a triple room No hooks to hang up towels Shower door was moveable and water leaked out
Exceptionally friendly, pleasant staff, a comfortable room, and an excellent breakfast buffet--while the price was slightly on the expensive end, a good value for your money, certainly.
Small, cosy hotel. Friendly staff. Clean and comfortable rooms. Good selection for breakfast. Free wifi.
With windows open can be quite noisy.
The hotel was clean and in a silent place (in fact it is in a residential area). Spacious room and bathroom. Friendly staff.
As others said, almost no sweet food at breakfast (such as cakes or brioches). If you like to eat a lot in the morning it's not the place for you. The wireless connection is unprotected (but this is true for many a hotel)
The room was comfortable and clean and the staff were very polite and helpful.
Etrithing was nice except the wi-fi
Access to the hotel due to the street works
We liked everything about the hotel, except for the poor quality Wifi. Staff were exceptional- rooms were very modern and the aircon worked wonderfully. The location was a bit strange, but, the main shopping was only 15 minutes walk. We would heartily recommend this hotel.
Poor Wifi.
They charge me twice. First time 515 euro date 11/8/2014. Second time when I check out on 18/8/2014 they should return 515 euro to my master card also there was no complmentry water and coffee machine
Good breakfast, good and friendly staff, very clear and comfortable room
the hotel took money twice from my cart and it's very difficult to return back an extra payment air-conditioner is very poor, safe was broken.
Central location, secure parking on site. Good free breakfast. Modern large room and bathroom. Everything worked. Pleasant helpful staff.
My reservation on Booking.com indicated that my room was the last one left and included a kitchenette. I didn't really need one, but booked anyway, as I needed a room. At the hotel, I found my room didn't include a kitchenette. When checking-out, I asked for the non-kitchenette price. The staff I spoke to was not really helpful, insisting that my room was not supposed to have a kitchenette, even after I showed her the reservation. Instead of accepting that a mistake had been made, she somehow managed to place the blame for the mistake on me! Not impressed.
- friendly staff, helpful in every way - cheap all-day parking - close to train station / city centre - silent / cozy
- breakfast could have larger offer - joint balcony is open to travel from room to room
Everything! They even have a very nice (but small) gym on the top floor. The staff was lovely and the overall experience was a very positive one.
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- OR - Select an option belowThis health food and yoga spot turns into a hangout for poets and like-minded intellectuals on weekends. If the name of the place isn't already a hint, the mood here is typically deep and spiritual. Be prepared. More >>
http://www.booksandbooks.com The food at most bookstore cafés usually encourages more fear and loathing than great expectations, but the cute little Café at Books & Books is actually a casual, inexpensive, unpretentious garden of earthly delights. Chef Bernie Matz's menu covers all the expected soup-salad-sandwich bases but also offers a few more adventurous options. One of the best is a salad featuring tender rings of grilled calamari with chorizo sofrito -- a sophisticated mélange of tastes and textures. Try the guava-glazed pork tenderloin with boniato mash, as well as coconut-crusted seared raw tuna with mango-pepper slaw. And save room for luscious cream cheese-coconut flan for dessert. More >>


text: > I was just curious... Of all the people out there who install XFree86 > on their new LFS Systems, what is the first window manager (WM) you > bother to install? I guess this is kind of a survey. BB of course for reasons so many ppl have all ready stated. I may get around to installing E (very pretty) or the Latest KDE (here so many good things about konqy) Don't know if I'll get around to trying GNOME, that whould be more for the challenge of it then anything ;) ~Jason -- -- Unsubscribe: send email to listar at linuxfromscratch.org and put 'unsubscribe blfs-support' in the subject header of the message


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Course Content and Outcome Guide for BI 280A
- Course Number:
- Course Title:
- Cooperative Education: Biology
- Credit Hours:
- 1-10
- Lecture Hours:
- 0
- Lecture/Lab Hours:
- 0
- Lab Hours:
- 0
- Special Fee:
Course Description
Requires students to make a cooperative education training agreement with an instructor, an employer/supervisor, and a cooperative education specialist. The agreement will clearly define student, employer/supervisor, and instructor information as well as the job description (paid or unpaid) and length of job. The job should involve laboratory or field work associated with biology and/or environmental science and should extend student knowledge of Biology/Environmental Science. Prerequisites: BI 101 or BI 211, and instructor permission. Audit available.Intended Outcomes for the course


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Fire fails to dent Toyota activity
No ill effects seen in local neighbourhoods
- Published: 25 Dec 2012 at 00.00 | Viewed: 5,472 | Comments: 1
- Newspaper section: Business
- Writer: Nareerat Wiriyapong
Toyota's Chachoengsao factory continues to operate normally despite a fire late on Sunday that caused an estimated 50 million baht in damage, the Thai unit of the Japanese car maker said yesterday.
Suparat Sirisuwanangkura, a senior vice-president of Toyota Motor Asia Pacific Engineering and Manufacturing Co Ltd (TMAP-EM), said the fire will have no effect on production at the plant in Ban Pho district.
The fire broke out in a company warehouse one kilometre from the factory about 7pm on Sunday, he said.
This article is older than 60 days, which we reserve for our premium members only.You can subscribe to our premium member subscription, here.


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Fight the Future: SAVE CHLARK
I have been a loyal Smallville fan for the past 8 years, and in those 8 years I have been a witness to the beautiful relationship that has developed and flourished between two of my favorite characters in Smallville. Clark and Chloe have the type of relationship that goes beyond friendship, it can not be denied or replicated, no matter how hard they try to guide us to the contrived future that was written long ago. As a Chlark fan I refuse to lie down and let the PS3 and the mythos ruin this beautiful relationship. So my fellow Chlarkers lets unite and Fight the Future. SAVE CHLARK!!!!
Recent signatures
Vera, Russian Federation
4 years ago Comments: I completely agree!
April, United States
5 years ago Comments: Chlark has always been the heart of Smallville, there will never be another couple like Chloe and Clark, please bring back their bond for with out it the show isn't really Smallville.
levaquin 90 pills, Mexico
5 years ago Comments: -
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Last day to process course withdrawals for regular session (15 week) Spring Semester 2015 classes (11:59 p.m.)
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Second Spring 2015 payment plan installment due.
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Hi, everyone. Just joined the forum today. I've got to say that two weeks ago I was unaware that brioni, aquascutum, hackett, dunhill, gieves and hawkes even existed. Then one day I came across a Paul Smith suit in a local charity shop and was so impressed that i purchased it for £8. When I looked it up on Google that was it. I went back to the charity shops with a list compiled of the most expensive suits for sale on ebay and picked up a vintage giorgio armani suit for £7.50, a double breasted aquascutum for £10, a Hugo Boss Einstein Sigma for £10, a Gieves and Hawkes dinner jacket for £6, a Chester Barrie / Saks 5th avenue jacket for £1, a luxurious Dunhill overcoat for £6, etc etc. It's unreal. The shops have no idea. Most of the customers have no idea. Actually, Oxfam does realise and prices accordingly.
I now have a room full of suits and jackets. I sit there gobstruck by the quality of the items. I purchased the Dunhill yesterday and I am amazed by it. It's wool but it hangs like silk and the stitching is just a work of art. Yesterday I also got a Brook Taverner overcoat for £4 which looks like new and a Brioni coat for £12. Which is how I ended up here. I was trying to find out the value of the Brioni. the label says "Specially tailored by Brioni for Park Lane Collection London" Is this still a Brioni or a watered down version? And any idea on a price?
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