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US 6168580 B1 Abstract An antimicrobial device which is adaptably affixable to a large variety of commercially available catheters. Preferably, the device employs a pair of metal ion emitting electrodes which are at least partially disposed within an insertion site of the catheter and which are pulsed with alternating potentials to electrolytically elute ions into surrounding tissue to build an antiseptic zone about the insertion site. The device comprises an insertion sleeve and associated jacket which is slidably affixable to the indwelling catheter and a self-contained battery power source and electronics unit. The unit supplies power for the electrolytic action and for electronics which time the period and width of potential signals for the electrolysis. Through alternate elution and deposition of ions back and forth between the electrodes, long term indwelling catheter efficacy is assured. Period activation also increases length of battery life. The electronic unit also has easily seen indicators which signal state of battery power. While this device is usable in most catheter procedures, its use is particularly applicable for long term indwelling catheter applications.
Claims(21) 1. An antimicrobial device which is affixed to an indwelling catheter, said device comprising:
a sleeve and jacket assembly comprising an elongated sleeve part with a jacket part securely affixed thereto;
said sleeve part comprising a pair of spatially separated electrodes disposed in a predetermined pattern such that, when said sleeve part is at least partially disposed within an electrically conductive medium, ions eluted by electrolysis from one of said electrodes and attracted to the other of said electrodes creates an effective antimicrobial zone of influence within said medium about said electrodes;
said jacket part and said sleeve parts of said jacket and sleeve assembly cooperatively comprising a pathway through which the indwelling catheter is slidably disposed;
said jacket part further comprising extensions of each of said electrodes and a first electrical connector for communicating electrical power signals with a second electrical connector; and
a locking cap assembly comprising a primary power source and a control circuit for applying power in a predetermined sequence and polarity to said electrodes;
said locking cap assembly further comprising a fitting, which releasibly but securely affixes said locking cap assembly to said sleeve and jacket assembly and further compressively affixes said sleeve and jacket assembly to the indwelling catheter disposed in said pathway thereby obviating displacement of the indwelling catheter relative to the sleeve and jacket assembly, and the second electrical connector which completes an electrical circuit to said electrodes through said first connector when the locking cap assembly is affixed to said sleeve and jacket assembly.
2. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein said locking cap assembly comprises a monitor for determining status of said power source.
3. An antimicrobial device according to claim 2 wherein said locking cap assembly comprises video displays for reporting measured electrical status of said device.
4. An antimicrobial device according to claim 2 wherein said locking cap assembly comprises an audio generator for audibly reporting measured electrical status of said device.
5. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein said locking cap assembly comprises an auxiliary power source for augmenting effective life of said primary power source.
6. An antimicrobial device according to claim 5 wherein said auxiliary power source is a solar cell.
7. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein said electrodes comprise silver metal.
8. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein said locking cap assembly further comprises a control circuit for alternating effective polarity of power applied to said electrodes.
9. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein said control circuits comprise counters and related electronics by which said control circuit is set into a sleep mode and awakened from said sleep mode in a predetermined cycle.
10. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein said sleeve part further comprises at least one antimicrobial is substance selected from a set of antimicrobial substances comprising chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine.
11. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein said sleeve part further comprises at least one antibiotic substance selected from a set of antibiotic substances comprising minocycline and rifampin.
12. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein the catheter is a central venous catheter.
13. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein the catheter is a thermodilution catheter.
14. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein said locking cap assembly comprises electronic circuits for monitoring battery voltage and current flow through said pair of electrodes and sensible indicators for signaling monitored status.
15. An antimicrobial device according to claim 1 wherein the control circuits comprise low drain integrated circuits which operate intermittently to prolong life of the primary power source.
16. An antimicrobial device for use with an indwelling catheter, said device comprising:
a jacket and sleeve subassembly comprising:
a sleeve portion comprising a sleeve which is adapted to be slidably disposed about an indwelling catheter which is configured to be displaced through an opening into a predetermined indwelling site within a body cavity, said sleeve portion comprising a pattern of a pair of electrically conductive wires disposed throughout said sleeve such that ions electrolytically displaced from one of the wires toward the other wire forms a guard against transport of biological materials along any portion of said sleeve which is to be disposed within said opening;
a jacket portion comprising a jacket for engaging a segment of the catheter for slidable displacement of the catheter within the jacket and sleeve subassembly such that at least a portion of the sleeve is to be disposed within the opening, and which comprises a pair of electrical connections for connecting with a pair of corresponding electrical connections associated with a power source by which ions are electrolytically displaced from the wires;
a cap subassembly comprising:
a power source and associated electronics for controlling rate and direction of electrolytic displacement of ions from said wires;
a mechanical connection by which said cap subassembly is releasibly affixed to said jacket and sleeve subassembly;
electronic monitoring circuitry for determining and indicating operational efficacy of said device, said circuitry comprising measuring and determining status of at least voltage of power source and current flow in said wires; and
the pair of electrical connections wherethrough said associated electronics communicates with said wires.
17. A method for using an antimicrobial device comprising the following steps:
providing a sleeve and jacket assembly comprising a sleeve part and a jacket part;
said sleeve part comprising a pair of spatially separated electrodes disposed in a predetermined pattern such that, when said sleeve part is at least partially disposed within an electrically conductive medium, ions eluted by electrolysis from one of said electrodes and attracted to the other of said electrodes creates an effective antimicrobial zone of influence within said medium about said electrodes;
said jacket and sleeve assembly cooperatively comprising a pathway through which a catheter is slidably disposed;
said jacket part further comprising extensions of each of said electrodes which communicate with a first electrical connector;
providing a locking cap assembly comprising a power source and a control circuit for applying power in a predetermined sequence and polarity to said electrodes;
said locking cap assembly further comprising a fitting, which releasibly but securely affixes said locking cap assembly to said sleeve and jacket assembly and further compressively affixes said sleeve and jacket assembly to an associated indwelling catheter disposed in said pathway, and a second electrical connector which completes an electrical circuit to said electrodes through said first connector when the locking cap assembly is affixed to said sleeve and jacket assembly;
providing an insertable catheter;
displacing a predetermined length of the catheter through an opening into a desired indwelling site within a body cavity;
slidably affixing said sleeve and jacket assembly about the indwelling catheter and inserting at least a portion of said sleeve through said opening;
securely affixing said locking cap assembly to said jacket and sleeve assembly and therethrough to said indwelling catheter to thereby securely affix the indwelling catheter to the sleeve and jacket at the opening; and
applying power to said electrodes from said power source to provide an effective antimicrobial zone of influence thereby.
18. A method according to claim 17 comprising the further step of removing said installed antimicrobial device from the opening and from said indwelling catheter and replacing a freshened antimicrobial device comprising at least a fresh jacket and sleeve assembly about said indwelling catheter and into the opening.
19. A method according to claim 17 comprising the further step of removing a previously installed power source and installing a next installed power source.
20. A method according to claim 17 comprising the further step of emitting a detectable signal upon detection, by said control circuits, of an operational anomaly of said device.
21. A method for using an antimicrobial device according to claim 17 comprising the additional steps of:
providing suture wings affixed to said jacket and sleeve assembly; and
suturing said suture wings in place to secure the catheter relative to the opening.
Description This invention is related to antimicrobial devices, processes and materials for catheters which are used to provide access to blood and other physiologic vessels and, especially, for such processes in which catheters are left in situ over long periods of time and are therefore likely subject to becoming a pathway for infection. Problems associated with medical devices which come into contact with infection-sensitive areas of the body and become introducers of infection are well known in contemporary medicine. In particular, indwelling catheters are known to be dangerous conduits by which infection is introduced over time. The longer the time indwelling catheters are in place, the greater the likelihood of resulting serious infection. Invasive medical devices such as central venous catheters (CVCs), peripherally inserted catheters (PICCs), endotracheal catheters and urinary catheters are known sources of infection as a result of microbial colonization. Even though a large number of infections are the result of a small number of organisms, (e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans), the number is neither limited nor well defined. It is now well known in the medical art that organisms may and can change to make contemporary chemical antimicrobial agents less effective and even ineffective as time passes. Antimicrobial creams or coatings, such as chlorhexidine, may not only be becoming ineffective, but may themselves be contaminated before application. Still more of a dilemma is the growing tendency to lengthen the period of use of long-term indwelling catheters. For this reason, even more effective products which use heavy metals (e.g. gold, silver and copper) to provide antimicrobial activity, are not effective for a long enough period of time when indwelling catheters are used for extended periods. Shortcomings of known current approaches, whether it be by chemical or by elution of heavy metals, generally do not provide protection of sufficiently extended periods to provide complete protection for all uses of extended use indwelling catheters, an example of which is found in the use of central venous catheters (CVCs). In addition, catheter technology in general and CVC technology specifically has matured to the point where many different catheter types and sizes are available to fulfill many general and special medical procedure needs. An attempt to compete with any established catheter manufacturer, much less with the total set of manufacturers as a body would likely be unsuccessful by a neophyte catheter manufacturer. In brief summary, this novel invention alleviates serious problems related to microbial infections resulting from implantation of catheters used to provide access to blood and other physiologic vessels, especially of those catheters which are implanted for a long period, e.g. three months or longer. The instant invention includes apparatus and methods for applying an attachable integral jacket and sleeve subassembly about an indwelling catheter at an insertion site for the purpose of reducing and preventing microbial infections associated with catheterization procedures. In one embodiment, the invention is effectively applied to techniques and apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,409,467, issued to Raad et al., Apr. 25, 1995 and 5,324,275 issued to Raad et al., Jun. 28, 1994 (generally referenced herein by Raad). In this case, the invention provides opportunity for electrically exciting a pair of electrodes, disposed parallel to one another and powered by a power source and electronics which are an inherent part of the jacket. So disposed and powered, the electrodes elute ions which are displaced from one electrode to the other to provide an effective antimicrobial zone of influence. Such is substantially different from teachings disclosed in Raad. Raad discloses affixing a helical electrode and electrode connections directly to a catheter. While such is possible and practical for a given catheter manufacturer to affix electrodes and connections as a part of a manufacturing process, it may be impractical to so affix the electrodes to a catheter subsequent to catheter manufacture by another vendor, and especially impractical to apply electrodes and connections after catheter sterilization. As an example, one contemporary intravascular catheter manufacturer makes and markets as many as seventy different catheter types and models. It would be highly unlikely that a start-up catheter manufacturer could enter the catheter market and effectively compete with a reasonably few number of catheter types and/or models. It may be even less likely that a company which is proficient in manufacture of devices made in accordance with the instant invention also be effective in making catheters. For this reason, an important feature of the invention is the ability to affix elements of the invention to a catheter as an added feature preparatory to use. Various embodiments of the invention are possible, including impregnating an entry or percutaneous sleeve of the device with antimicrobial substances. Generally, the device consists of two separate parts, although it may be made from one or more parts. The first part includes a catheter jacket and sleeve subassembly from which the antimicrobial agent is eluted. The jacket and sleeve are formed to fit firmly about an indwelling catheter in such a manner that the catheter attachment may be engaged by snapped or threaded containment. In this manner, an unmodified catheter (standard catheter), regardless of catheter variety, vendor or application may be used with the invention. In any case, the sleeve provides access to antimicrobial material through a catheter entry orifice and about the indwelling catheter itself in the vicinity of the entry orifice. In a device which is directly associated with the method of Raad, the sleeve utilizes two parallel conductive elements which are operably connected to a power source and related electronics which energize the conductive elements to create and induce oligodynamic activity proximal to the indwelling catheter and which are disposed in the jacket. A weaving structure is disclosed whereby conductive, ion emitting wires are maintained in a substantially parallel orientation along longitudinal radial segments surrounding the captured catheter. The second part of a two part device is a second subassembly which is releasibly affixed to the jacket part preferrably by a snap action. This action also, preferably, firmly affixes the jacket and therefore the sleeve to the indwelling catheter. The second part includes a self-contained battery power source and electronics associated with controlled elution of the antimicrobial substance. To transfer material disseminating power to conductive wires, complementary connections to connectors of the first part are conjoined when the second part is affixed to the first part. For use with devices related to Raad, the electronics provide a periodic, alternating and/or pulsed charge, using low current drain electronics for prolonging the life of the energizing battery. Accordingly, it is a primary object to provide a device which may be affixed to unmodified catheters in the vicinity of a percutaneous or orifice entry site and which supplies antimicrobial substances at the site for the purpose of reducing infection attributed to catheter use. It is a further object to provide a device which may be affixed to a long term indwelling catheter and provide effective antimicrobial activity for an extended period, which may be three months or longer. It is an important object to provide an electrical circuit for eluting heavy metal ions in a predefined and controlled manner. It is another object that the electrical circuit be provided in a self-contained package which is a part of the device. It is still another object that the electrical circuit include a battery. It is an object that heavy metal ions be eluted from more than one elongated electrode as taught by Raad. It is an object that the electrical circuit provide alternating polarity of potentials disposed upon a pair of electrodes such that ions are alternately eluted and then deposited upon each electrode to extend life of the device to provide an effective antimicrobial zone of influence. These and other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed description taken with reference to accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is a perspective of a catheter assembly comprising an indwelling catheter, an attachable antimicrobial subassembly and associated locking cap subassembly securely affixed to the antimicrobial subassembly, with the catheter in place in a vessel. FIG. 2 is a perspective of the catheter assembly of FIG. 1, with the associated locking cap subassembly displaced to permit the antimicrobial subassembly to be more clearly seen. FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of primary parts of the antimicrobial subassembly and associated catheter. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the parts seen in FIG. 3, wherein distributed conductive elements are seen in the antimicrobial subassembly and electrical and control components are seen disposed in the locking cap subassembly. FIG. 5 is a bottom elevation of the antimicrobial subassembly. FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the antimicrobial subassembly seen in FIG. 5 wherein exemplary pathways for linear distribution of antimicrobial substances are seen. FIG. 7 is a detail of the block diagram of FIG. 6 wherein a distal section of the antimicrobial subassembly is displayed in planar format for clearer visibility of the pathways. FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an exemplary electrical circuit which may be used to apply alternating and/or pulsed potentials to conductive elements of the antimicrobial subassembly. FIG. 9 is a block diagram of another exemplary electrical circuit used in the same manner as the circuit of FIG. 8, but which provides a customized microprocessor low current drain integrated circuit. FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a flow chart for microprocessor operation of the exemplary electrical circuit seen in FIG. 9. In this description, the term proximal is used to indicate a segment of an element or device which is normally closest to the object of a sentence describing its position. The term distal refers to the other end. Reference is now made to the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1-10 wherein like numerals are used to designate like parts throughout. As seen in FIG. 1, an antimicrobial device 10, which is made in accordance with the instant invention disclosed herein, is generally securely, but releasibly affixed to an indwelling catheter 20. It is important to note that catheter 20 may be any type of catheter used, in this case for percutaneous entry through tissue 30 into a vessel 40 of a patient. Prior to securing device 10 in place relative to catheter 20 and tissue 30, device 10 is slidably disposed about catheter 20 to facilitate proper placement. While this percutaneous application pertains to CVC and other blood vessel related catheter procedures, one skilled in the catheter art would understand that devices used in accordance with the instant invention would also apply to other medical procedures, of which use of urinary catheters is an example. In broad terms, such devices should find application to any number of alternative medical devices suitable for use with infection-sensitive areas of the human and animal physiology. Referring to FIG. 2, a separable portion of device 10, a locking cap subassembly 50 is lifted from a jacket and sleeve subassembly 60 to permit clearer visualization of the two parts 50 and 60 which, in combination, make device 10. Subassembly 50 comprises a pair of suture wings 62 and 64. Each suture wing 62 and 64 comprises a suture hole 66. Jacket and sleeve subassembly 60 comprises a jacket portion 70 and a sleeve portion 80. As is more clearly seen in FIG. 3, jacket portion 70 also comprises a pair of suture wings 72 and 74. Wings 72 and 74 each comprise a suture hole 76. Sleeve portion 80 is an elongated hollow cylindrical part having a distal part 82 which slopes inferiorly to facilitate tracking direction of catheter 20 insertion as seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. Part 82 should be disposed about catheter 20 and partially inserted into the catheter insertion site for effective use. In combination, portions 70 and 80 comprise a common lumen 90 through which catheter 20 is threaded or into which catheter 20 is snapped to slidably affix jacket and sleeve subassembly 60 to catheter 20. While it is important that jacket and sleeve subassembly 60 be slidably displaceable along catheter 20, it is equally as important that when catheter 20 and jacket and sleeve subassembly 60 emplacement at an insertion site is complete, readying indwelling catheter 20 for use in a medical procedure, that device 10 is securely disposed and immovable relative to catheter 20 and, likewise, that indwelling catheter 20 and device 10 are immobilized relative to the insertion site. For the purpose of permitting slideable displacement of subassembly 60 along catheter 20, an elongated slit 92 is disposed along the length of lumen 90, as seen in FIG. 5. By virtue of slit 92, lumen 90 is sufficiently open to permit indwelling catheter 20 to slide relative to subassembly 60. However, should slit 92 be substantially narrowed by squeezing jacket portion 70 laterally, catheter 20 is gripped and held fast within lumen 90. For this reason, lumen 90 of jacket and sleeve subassembly 60 should be sized to conform with the outside diameter of a catheter 20 selected for use with device 10 in a medical procedure. Jacket and sleeve subassembly should be made from a compliable material which is relatively inert, such a synthetic resinous material from which catheters are made. Referring again to FIG. 3, locking cap subassembly 50 comprises a proximally disposed arcuate snap fitting 94 which is sized and configured to snap about a proximal section 96 of jacket portion 70 and squeeze lumen 90 and slit 92 to tightly grip indwelling catheter 20 without occluding it. Similarly, locking cap subassembly 50 comprises a distally disposed arcuate snap fitting 98 which is sized and configured to snap about a distal section 99 of jacket portion 70 for the same purpose as snap fitting 94. In this manner, snapping locking cap subassembly 50 onto jacket and sleeve subassembly 60 securely affixes device 10 to indwelling catheter 20. When subassembly 50 is so affixed to subassembly 60 suture wings 62 and 64 are aligned with suture wings 72 and 74, respectively, such that respective holes 66 are aligned with respective holes 76. This alignment permits suturing the suture wings in place thereby securing catheter 20 at an insertion site and affixing the most distal portion of catheter 20 relative to the insertion site. Note that a secure attachment may be made using holes 76 alone. Such a mode of anchoring a catheter is common in catheter emplacement art. As locking cap subassembly 50 must be able to crimp jacket portion 70 about indwelling catheter 20, locking cap subassembly 50 is preferably made from a relatively strong and rigid synthetic resinous material such as a medical grade polycarbonate. While sleeve portion 80 is particularly well suited to introduction of elongated heavy metal wires, it may also be impregnated with various antimicrobial substances that have been found effective in reducing catheter-related infections. Some of these include antibiotics such as menocycline and rifampin and/or antimicrobials such as chlorihexidine and silver sulfadiaizine, which have been shown to be highly efficacious in significantly reducing the rate of catheter colonization and preventing catheter related bacteremia. The scope of this invention includes applying existing and future antimicrobial technologies to a catheter attachable device in a low cost environment achieved by attaching the device to already commercially available catheters. In this manner, a general requirement for impregnating all catheter devices, when only a portion of the devices should be so customized can be effectively ameliorated. When applying the invention to devices related to the disclosure of Raad, antimicrobial effectiveness is dramatically improved. As disclosed in Raad, an effective antimicrobial device is achieved by alternating oppositely polarized voltage potentials across a pair of parallel (helically wound) electrodes preferably made from a heavy metal such as silver. Attention is now directed to FIG. 4 wherein, in schematic format, device 10 is seen to comprise a battery 100 and associated electronics 110 housed within locking cap subassembly. Electrically connected to electronics 110 are a pair of electrical connecting sockets 112 and 114. Jacket and sleeve subassembly 60 comprises a pair of strands of heavy metal wire (120 and 130) which are disposed in a predetermined configuration in sleeve portion. Proximally, wire 120 electrically communicates with a connecting pin 140. Wire 130 similarly communicates with a connecting pin 150. Pins 140 and 150 are disposed to interconnect with socket-to-electronics connections 114 and 112, respectively, to provide a controlled voltage signal from electronics 110 as powered by battery 100. Further, each wire communicates with lumen 90 and exterior surface 152 of sleeve 80 as disclosed in detail hereafter. Reference is now made to FIGS. 6 and 7 wherein one mode of distributing wires 120 and 130 is seen. As seen in FIG. 6, a pathway 160 for wire 130 is represented by a linear sequence of dashed lines 162 and undashed lines 164, In similar fashion, a pathway 170 for wire 120 is represented by a linear sequence of dashed lines 172 and undashed lines 174. Pathways 160 and 170 are more clearly seen in FIG. 7 wherein sleeve 80 is seen in a planar format. Dashed lines 162 and 172 reside on sides which are distal to a side viewed. For this reason, dashed lines represent pathways inside lumen 90 in FIG. 6, while dashed lines in FIG. 7 represent pathways on surface 152. Undashed lines 164 and 174 are disposed on surfaces viewed in FIGS. 6 and 7. Therefore undashed lines 164 and 174 are on surface 152 in FIG. 6 and undashed lines 164 and 174 are a part of exposed lumen 90 surface 176 in FIG. 7. As disclosed in Raad, wires 120 and 130 should be disposed on substantially parallel paths. Wires 120 and 130 are woven along paths 160 and 170, respectively, alternately being threaded along surface 152 and then upon surface 176 such that ions produced by elution of material from the wires are distributed about each surface. For this purpose a pattern of holes 178, which provide access for wires 120 and 130 being threaded through sleeve 80, are distributed in a predetermined pattern throughout sleeve 80. Of course, other paths, for example paths which are more similar to a helix pattern, may be used within the scope of the invention. To connect wires 130 and 120 to pins 140 and 150, pathways 160 and 170 originate proximally at communicating holes 180 and 190, respectively. When laying out a pattern for wires 120 and 130, care should be taken to assure the wires are evenly distributed along surfaces 152 and 176, are substantially mutually parallel, do not cross or touch each other and are in a relatively constant spaced relation one to the other. When selecting material for wires 120 and 130, both electrical conductive properties and oligodynamic properties should be considered. Heavy metals including gold, copper, silver, platinum, iron, aluminum and zinc are recommended. Silver is particularly preferred due to its demonstrated antimicrobial effectiveness. If material used for sleeve 80 is both water and ion permeable, wires 120 and 130 may be imbedded with the walls of sleeve 80. Similarly, it may be preferred to lay patterns of wire pathways by processes used in printed circuit board manufacture. All of these modes are within the scope of the instant invention. Attention is directed to FIGS. 8-10 wherein schematics for circuits and flow diagrams for providing voltage to wires 120 and 130 are seen. FIG. 8 shows one embodiment of a low current drain charging circuit 200. Circuit 200 comprises a power source circuit 202 comprising a battery 100 and optional solar cell 206. In addition, circuit 200 comprises a charging circuit 210. Charging circuit 210 comprises power reset and battery monitoring element 212 which is connected through resistor R1 to LED chip 214. Further, charging circuit 210 comprises counter 216 which is interconnected to a first state decoder 218 via bus 220. Counter 216 is also interconnected to a second state decoder 222 via bus 220. Bus 220 communicates bit data from counter 216 to each of the state decoders 218 and 222. State decoder 218 decodes three counter states, such as states 0, 1, and 2 of counter 216. As an example, when counter 216 is counting at a one second per count rate, decoder 218 produces a three second digital pulse upon an output line 224. The three second output pulse is communicated to one of the wires 120 or 130, in this case, for example, 120 will be selected. The three second pulse is also sent via line 224 to a pulse generator 226 which communicates with LED chip 214 through resistor R2. State decoder 222 decodes three counter states, such as 30, 31 and 32 of counter 216. In this manner decoder 222 produces a three second digital pulse upon an output line 228 which is directed through a current limiting potentiometer R3 to the second wire 130 of wire pair 120 and 130. Solar cell 206 may be used when external energy from any applicable source is available and may be used to provide charging power to battery 100. Solar 206 may be selected from a number of solar cells currently commercially available, based upon desired power output and size. Battery 100 may be a lithium battery rated at 3.6 volts. For non-rechargeable applications, a Tadiran model IL-2186 may be used, although any applicable battery may be used within the scope of the invention, dependent upon desired current, power and size considerations. Battery 100 cathode is connected to ground and battery 100 anode is connected to provide VCC potential. Counter 216 is a sixty stage counter, though other counters may be used. As an example, counter 216 may be a Maxim ICM7260 integrated circuit component. This particular component has a internal clock generator based upon external RC components. These components are seen as R4, R5 and C1 and are selected to produce a clock period of one second. Power reset and battery monitoring element 212 may be a National Semiconductor LP3470 device. Element 212 monitors battery 100 voltage and turns on a warning LED (e.g. a red LED) when battery power is low. As seen in FIG. 8, element 212 is connected to ground through a capacitor C2. The components of FIG. 8 have been selected because of their low power requirements for the purpose of extending battery life. In long term indwelling catheter applications, a battery life of six or more months is desirable. These and other components which may be used in the invention are readily identifiable by those who are skilled in the electronic circuit design art. As used in this application, counter 216 is a divide by sixty device and is pulsed by a one second pulse. For this reason, counter 216 generates count states 0 though 59. States 0-2 are decoded by decoder 218 to produce a three second pulse which is used to activate wire 120. As well, decoder 222 decodes states 30-32 to produce a three second pulse. Note that during states 0-2 a positive potential is imposed upon wire 120 which produces metallic (e.g. silver)ions which flow to wire 130 and subsequently current flows through current limiting resistor R3 to decoder 222. Conversely during states 30-32, a three second pulse causes ions to flow in the opposite direction from wire 130 to wire 120. Current is limited throughout the three second pulse to be typically in the range of 20 microamperes, for adequate antimicrobial activity. Output of pulse generator 226 is typically a pulse of 100 millisecond duration. Connected through resistor R2, the 100 millisecond pulse causes a green LED of LED circuit 214 to be illuminated once each minute to indicate normal operation of circuit 200. Note that LED circuit 214 is a red/green LED indicator. For this purpose, a ROHM SNL020 LED integrated circuit may be used. A second embodiment of a low current drain charging circuit (numbered 200′) is seen in FIG. 9. Circuit 200′ comprises a power source circuit 202′ comprising a battery 100 and optional solar cell 206. In addition, circuit 200′ comprises a charging circuit 210′. Charging circuit 210′ comprises a digital processor 230, a clocking circuit 232, an analog to digital converter 234 and a pair of LED display circuits, 236 and 238. LED display circuit 238 comprises resistor R1 and a red LED 240. LED display circuit 236 comprises resistor R2 and a green LED 242. The circuits enclosed by dashed line 243 are preferably included into a single customized large-scale integrated circuit. Preferably, low current drain IC technology should be used to further lengthen battery life. Note that it is possible to include power source circuit 202′ in the same customized large scale integrated circuit. In like manner, circuit 202′ may be built from individual logic and circuit blocks. Those skilled in the circuit design art will understand that numerous customized integrated circuits are possible within the invention to be used for the purpose of elongating the life of battery 100. Clocking circuit 232 is a 30 second timer which generates a short lived pulse minimally greater than three seconds to awaken processor 230 from a sleep mode. When awakened to a processing mode, processor 230 alternatively applies power to one of the wires 120 or 130. Microprocessor 230 is retained in sleep mode for slightly less than twenty-seven of each thirty second cycle. At each awakening, processor 230 is programmed to apply a potential to a wire not previously powered in its last awakened state. In other words, upon a first awakening processor 230 may apply power to wire 120. In the next awakening state, processor 230 will apply power to wire 130. Thus power is preferably applied for a three second interval once each thirty seconds, with power being applied to each wire once each minute. Processor 230 also monitors system operation. Based upon detected signals, the processor enables operation of each LED 240 and 242 (LED 240 emitting a red color for a battery or other alert indicator and LED 242 emitting a periodic green color to indicate proper periodic operation). An optional piezoelectric tone generator 250 is connected through line 252 to processor 230 whereby a tone may be emitted as an audible alert indicator. Analog to digital (A/D) converter 234 is connected to processor 230 via a bus 254. A/D converter 234 monitors both sides of R3 to enable changes in current between wires 120 and 130 to be determined. A/D converter 234 also is used to monitor VCC (power output of battery) to determine when battery power falls to an unacceptable level. As indicated above, power or current failures are indicated by illumination of LED 240. Different patterns of pulses from LED 240 permits various alert indications which may comprise battery low, low wire 120 to wire 130 current and other failure modes. Microprocessor 230 may be programmed as seen in the flow diagram of FIG. 10. The components of FIG. 9 should be selected for low power operation for the purpose of extending battery life. In long term indwelling catheter applications, a battery life of six or more months is desirable. These and other components which may be used in the invention are readily identifiable by those who are skilled in the electronic circuit design art. A method for controlling operation of circuit 200′ is depicted in a flow diagram in FIG. 10. As may be noted in FIG. 10, processor 230 monitors the voltage of battery 100 via A/D converter 234 and current through wires 120 and 130 and ultimately pulses red LED 240 and green LED 242 in predetermined patterns to indicate status of operation of circuit 200′. Red LED 240 is pulsed once each minute when battery 100 voltage level drops below a predetermined safe, yet still operable, level. When battery 100 voltage drops below such a level, red LED 240 is continuously enabled to indicate necessity for exchanging battery 100. As earlier disclosed, tone generator 250 may be employed to indicated a similar alert condition. In routine operation, green LED 242 is illuminated for a short duration, once each minute. When sensing current through wires 120 and 130 indicates an operational anomaly, both LED's 240 and 242 are enabled to indicate a need for immediate service. Reference is now made to FIG. 10, where a power on reset 300 begins an initialization sequence 302. Following initialization sequence 302 charging circuit 210′ is programmed through a wait loop 304 to a sleep state which resides within decision block 306. Upon a trigger from clocking circuit 232, a decision block 308 is entered wherein a determination is made whether to apply charging power to wire 120 or wire 130 based upon information stored in processor 230 concerning last energized wire. If the determination causes path to block 310 to be followed, the wire (as an example wire 120) is enabled. A subsequent action of block 312 measures current through wires 120 and 130. A next decision block 314 determines whether or not a signal transmitted along wire 120 has been enabled for three seconds, if not program sequence continues to decision block 316 where the earlier disclosed determination of a momentary anomaly is made. If there is no anomaly, flow continues to block 312. If an anomaly is detected, sequencing continues to block 318 where a record is accumulated of detected anomalies. From block 318, sequencing continues to decision block 320 wherein the number of accumulated anomalies is tested. If the number is below a predetermined level, program flow continues to block 312. If the number exceeds or is equal to the predetermined level, sequencing continues to block 322 wherein both LED's 240 and 242 are illuminated and program sequences to block 324. Entry into block 324 causes an alarm to be sounded if optional tone generator 250 is included in circuit 200′. In next succeeding block 326, sleep mode is disabled which causes the alarm to be sounded indefinitely until a reset occurs. Wait for reset is accomplished in next sequence decision block 328. A reset of charging circuit 210 drives entry into reset block 300 with subsequent path to block 302. If the test for passing of the three second period within decision block 314 is successful, power to wire 120 is removed via block 330. After removal of power to wire 120 in block 330, green LED 242 is enabled in block 332 in combination with decision block 334 which times illumination of LED 242 through an approximate 100 millisecond period. At the end of the 100 millisecond period, LED 242 is disabled in block 336. Next the information stored in processor 230 which is relative to selection of next wire (in this case wire 130) is changed to gate flow through decision block 308 appropriately in block 338. From block 338 program flow is to block 304. Should entry into decision block 308 direct program flow to block 340 for the purpose of applying charging power to wire 130 (per the earlier example of applying charging power to wire 120 through block 310), charging power is applied to wire 130 in block 340. A subsequent action of block 342 measures current through wires 120 and 130. A next decision block 344 determines whether or not a three second period has passed. From block 344 program sequence continues to decision block 346 where the earlier disclosed determination of a momentary anomaly is made. If there is no anomaly, flow continues to block 342. If an anomaly is detected, sequencing continues to block 348 where a record is accumulated of detected anomalies. From block 348, sequencing continues to decision block 350 wherein the number of accumulated anomalies is tested. If the number is below a predetermined level, program flow continues to block 342. If the number exceeds or is equal to the predetermined level, sequencing continues to block 352 wherein both LED's 240 and 242 are illuminated and program sequences to block 324. Logical sequence through and following block 324 is as disclosed above. If the test for passing of the three second period within decision block 344 is successful, power to wire 130 is removed via block 360. After removal of power to wire 130 in block 360, battery 100 voltage is measured in block 362 through A/D converter 234 in combination with decision block 364 which checks battery level against a preset minimum operating voltage. If the voltage in battery 100 is below the acceptable value, red LED 240 is enabled in block 366. Note that this enabling yields a constantly illuminated red LED 240. Other flow paths could be readily generated by one skilled in computer programming art to provide a flashing LED 240 which warns of a less critical alert. In subsequent block 368, any prior enabling of red LED 240 is disabled. Note that program flow from block 366 is to block 370 which is also subsequent to flow through block 368. Block 370 switches selection from wire 130 to wire 120 for next loop through decision block 308. Flow from block 370 is to block 304. The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiment is therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Patent Citations
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Upcoming Events
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The Centre for Flexible and Continuing Education provides personal and professional development courses
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The University of Ulster, an approved provider of Continuous Professional Development training by the Institute of Food Science and Technology (UK), is offering short courses in the area of Food Regulatory Affairs.
The courses are designed to deliver professionally focused and contemporary training for those who are working in the food sector and wish to develop their career further or to update their knowledge in the area of food regulatory affairs.
The course are delivered online through Blackboard Learn and are self-paced so can be started at any time. Further information

subset: commoncrawl


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Forest strong for Tykes encounter
The Reds recorded their fourth straight Championship win when they beat promotion favourites Newcastle 1-0 at the City Ground on Saturday to move to the brink of the play-off places. Kelvin Wilson, who was recalled to the starting line-up against the Magpies at the expense of Luke Chambers, will be hoping to keep his place at the heart of the defence. The same applies to Guy Moussi, who arguably produced his best performance under Billy Davies' management when he was drafted into midfield. Striker Robert Earnshaw remains sidelined with the calf injury he sustained on international duty with Wales, while defenders James Perch and Julian Bennett also remain unavailable.
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Good Morning Messages for Boyfriend: Send a sweet text to your guy to wish him a good morning. Follow it up by posting cute quotes on his Facebook and Pinterest. Tag him in a funny tweet to let him know that you are thinking about him. While these things might seem lame and mushy right now, they will go on to become priceless memories of your relationship which you will cherish years down the line. From I Love Yous to I Miss Yous, don't let a single morning go by without exchanging romantic banter while you both are still snuggled cozy in your blankets. His virtual hugs and kisses will be all you need to smile and your flirty texts are all he will need to feel good about the day that lies ahead.
1) You are my sweetest dream come true. Good morning.
2) It doesn't matter if I have a coffee or tea. I will feel the same… as long as I know that you are thinking about me. Good morning.
3) You have replaced my nightmares with dreams, my worries with happiness and my fears with love. Good morning.
4) I wish a good morning to the person whose kisses are the reason for my happiness… and whose hugs make my life priceless.
5) A cozy selfie with you, is the perfect way to cherish the morning hues. xoxo
6) Your warmth envelops me tight, your affection makes everything right. Your company puts me on cloud nine, your presence makes everything fine. Your eyes show me the way, your love guides me night and day. Good morning.
7) Mornings are the loneliest part of the day because that is when I need you the most to give me warm hugs and cute cuddles. I miss you, good morning.
8) My pillow hates you because it knows that I would trade it for your warm shoulder any day. Good morning.
9) Good morning… to the guy whose hugs make my days sweeter and kisses make my life brighter.
10) I was looking for something to keep me warm this chilly morning… so I thought of you. Good morning.
11) I wish I could say this to you, face to face. I wish I was right there beside you, at your place. I wish I could look deep into, your romantic gaze. I wish we were together right now, to embrace our love's blaze. Good morning.
12) Even before you have your first yawn, even before you step out to see the dawn. Even before you have your morning coffee, I want you to close your eyes and think of me. Good morning.
13) As the early morning sunrise creeps through the blinds, being with you is the only thing on my mind. I love you.
14) Gazing outside the window and thinking about you while I sip my morning coffee is the best part of my day. Good morning handsome.
15) The warmth of every single ray of the sunshine reminds me that I was meant to be loved by you. Good morning.
16) I was smiling all night long, because I was dreaming about you. This morning too, is drenched with our love's dreamy hues. Good morning.
16) Even the most profound quote about love can't do justice to the bond between you and me… because we both have been brought together not by chance, but by destiny. Good morning.
17) I dream about you while rolling around in bed, remembering all the romantic things you've said. I think about you, with every breath I take… baby you are the icing on my life's cake. Good morning.
18) I woke up with a sweat… not because the morning was too hot to handle, but because my dreams about you were too hot to handle. Good morning.
19) Happy thoughts are the only cure for a sleepy morning… and I feel the happiest when I think about you. Good morning.
20) Were you a coffee bean in your past life? Must be, because I can't start my day without you. Good morning my love.
21) May a handsome guy like you have a day as beautiful as a girl like me. Good morning.
22) Wishing a good morning to the person who is the reason why I feel like waking up every day. I love you.
23) I love the sun because every time it comes up in the morning, it gives me yet another day to spend with the guy I dream about at night. Good morning.
24) Some girls just dream about having a handsome and a caring boyfriend. I dream about it too… but the difference is that I am living my dream every single day. Good morning.
25) Why does the morning have to start so soon? I need more time to dream about the guy who gives me weak knees every single day. xoxo
26) I hate the fact that I have to, send a good morning text to you. I wish I could be with you night and day… so I can love you silly in every possible way. But you are so far, over there. This distance I can no longer bear. Yet again as a new day starts, I say I Love You with all my heart. Muah.
27) It doesn't matter whether today is Monday, Wednesday or Sunday. As long as are together, it will always be a beautiful day. Good morning.
28) I wish I could just come over, run my fingers through your hair and give you a soft kiss to wake you up. Good morning.
29) Dates in the calendar change every day, but the fact that you have been my hottest date ever, will never change. Good morning.
30) I am rolling in bed thinking about how awesome it would be… if only you were right here beside me. Good morning.
31) Your hugs and kisses are the only sunshine I need… Good morning.
32) Every day in my life is perfect because it starts by wishing you good morning. Muah.
33) The best part about this morning is that I am thinking about you but the worst part of this morning is that I am away from you. xoxo
34) I want to live in the present but I am always caught up dreaming about either the past or the future… the beautiful memories that we have shared or the happy times that lie ahead. Good morning love.
35) I don't know what is more romantic – the thought of seeing you in a few hours or the dream I had about you last night. Good morning.
36) Other girls wear makeup every morning to feel confident about themselves. All I do… is think about you. Good morning, I love you.
37) The kind of glow you bring to my life is more radiant than a thousand sunrises combined. Good morning to my life's sunshine.
38) I am looking into the mirror and I see a girl desperate to get a hug from her boy. I hope you are also looking into the mirror and seeing a boy who is desperate to give his girl a hug. Good morning.
39) Your morning coffee will have a teaspoon of my love and a pinch of my hugs. Good morning.
40) Even the surreal colors of the early morning sky aren't as dreamy… as the kisses you give me. Good morning.


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You Are What You Read!
Written by jenniferd on 09/06/2013This week the air feels crisper and the days shorter. Summer is definitely on the wane. Hello Fall! This week there are no Sweet Ann Words of Wisdom because Sweet Ann is not here. But I feel sure that if she was she would be admonishing us to grab those last tomatoes and bits of basil and hold tight to what remains of summer.


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Hell of a good game
DMC: Devil May Cry is the 2012 reboot of the popular Playstation hack n' slash series of the same name. Originally developed and published by Capcom, they have handed off the reigns to developer Ninja Theory.
The game was announced at Capcom's 2010 Tokyo Game Show Press Conference. Sadly though many fans were not thrilled at the idea of a reboot. Especially considering that the protagonist, Dante, seemed to get a major redesign.
Gone was the character's trademark white hair and sassy attitude. it was replaced with a black haired, multi-pierced, emo centric a-hole. While that may be true at the beginning of the game Dante does goes through a rather impressive development arc. By the end, it's still the classic Dante just a more fleshed out Dante.
The story is a mix of cut scenes that take place in the real world and gameplay that takes place in limbo. This narrative juxtaposition allows Ninja Theory to pretty much do whatever they want in terms of level design and they should be commended for it. The uniqueness of each level is refreshing and they have let their imaginations run wild. The effect is a pleasure to behold.
The combat system is a little different this time around. While there is only one melee attack button (other than a dedicated gun button), the triggers of a controler act as modifiers. Hold down one trigger to attack with an Angelic weapon, Hold down the other to attack with a Demonic one. At first the controls are a little confusing but once the player gets used to the mechanic the combos come fast any heavy. And there are a LOT of combos. Multiple unlocked moves allow the player to go to town on the bad guys and dish out some serious pain. But don't get too comfortable! If the same combo is used over and over again it will affect the score at the end of the stage. And the score dictates how many points the player gets to spend on upgrades. So fighting with variety is a MUST.
There are also multiple difficulties. The two hardest ones have to be unlocked. It is strongly suggested that one start off on the easiest if never having played a Devil May Cry game (or are still healing from Devil May Cry 3).
Overall the game is a lot of fun but there are many things that will turn players off. Swearing is prolific and the feeling that the game as a whole is just an immature power fantasy is very hard to deny. But if one can look past these issues there is one hell of a good game underneath.


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I am also researching the Perusse family along with some other Perusse's. I am looking for Jean(John) Perusse who married Elisabeth Chandonnet and immigrated to the US. 1880 census shows them in Agawam, Massachusetts. I show they had a daughter Philomene. Thank you for any help you can provide. -Angie Gibbs Bandy Notify Administrator about this message?
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Southern Living DECEMBER 2004
Melt butter in a heavy saucepan over medium-low heat; whisk in flour until smooth. Cook, whisking constantly, 1 minute. Gradually whisk in milk; cook over medium heat, whisking constantly, 5 minutes or until thickened. Remove from heat, and whisk in remaining ingredients.
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The Five Dumbest Things on Wall Street This Week
1. Last Stop on the Bus
Stan O'Neal finally got the hook at Merrill Lynch (MER).
The brokerage firm's CEO
News leaks over the weekend made it clear that O'Neal was finished, but his departure was delayed while lawyers hammered out the terms of his departure. And for O'Neal, the wait was well worth it.
Despite the huge writedown, Wall Street's expectation that Merrill still faces billions of dollars of future CDO-related losses, and the fact Merrill shares have lost nearly a third of their value this year -- the exec will walk away with a $160 million slug of stock, pension money and deferred compensation. This on top of the $48 million he pulled down last year and his $37 million payday in 2005. Plus, he gets an office and an assistant for three years. O'Neal gets his sweet going-away package even though he steered Merrill into the teeth of the worst credit crunch in a generation. On his watch, the firm became the biggest underwriter of CDOs -- the esoteric debt whose collapse has left Wall Street firms with billions of dollars in losses this fall. Adding to the absurdity, the deal allows O'Neal to say he "retired" from Merrill. The wording allows O'Neal to collect all his winnings while making his departure sound orderly -- a quaint notion belied by the fact that Merrill hasn't yet lined up a new CEO to take his place. Indeed, former Merrill chief Dan Tully complained to Bloomberg this week that O'Neal's ruthless elimination of potential rivals left the firm shorthanded. He said that during his reign Merrill's board spent countless hours anticipating unforeseen executive changes -- an exercise he referred to as the "hit-by-the-bus scenario." O'Neal had his own plan, though, and it didn't require any long meetings or elaborate flow charts. He just pushed Merrill shareholders under the bus. Dumb-o-Meter score: 95. Tully previously called O'Neal's $8 billion writedown mess "sickening."Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Yeh Pyaar Na Hoga Kam - On the Sets
Added on 12/30/2009 By : tellybuzz Overall Rating : Rate Me... Rating Saved! |
View : 64083 Comments : 42 Video Courtesy : www.india-forums.com URL: |
Total Votes : 27 | |
vijay, moon_moon, reevu, coolgirl217, gulal, delta3659, Rabi000, ashi18, sealed_lips, simmi000, achumen, RonMione4ever, Lifez_Beautiful, ...Maham..., desigirl_18, sam., Who-I-Used-2-Be, adits7, .Subha., -Aysha-, MariQuestFilms |
Edited on:08 October 2013 at 12:55pm
Oh i love this video!!!thanks TB!!!
TB can we please have an interview of GK-Yami .Love AbHer and YPNHK:)
Pleeeeeeeeease .. another interview with GK-Yami .. this time, together!! :D
Gaurv rock but still mising chandana wid u.gaucha no1 couple forever like sharukh n kajol.love gaucha.
Chandana is no1 female actress.mising chandana n gaurav together.such a dashing pair on tv.mising gaucha lotz.
I love gaucha no1 couple.chandana awesom actress.no one can compare 2 chandana.
Gaurav n chandana looks great together.not wid yami.gaucha no1 couple.
Can we please please please have another interview on the sets of the show?? GK-Yami rock!!
Yami & Gaurav look awesome together. Leher-Abeer rocks together


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Bozell, a creative marketing communications firm, announces the hire of Tracy Koeneke as media director. Koeneke brings more than 10… Read More
Advertising is about so
much more than advertising.
So we do all that, too.
January 15th, 2015
Bozell, a creative marketing communications firm, announces the hire of Tracy Koeneke as media director. Koeneke brings more than 10… Read More
December 22nd, 2014
Bozell, a creative full-service agency, announces the promotion of Nathan Anderson and the hire of two employees to account service… Read More
December 19th, 2014
We are saddened to share the news of the passing of Tim Sickinger on Tuesday, December 9th. He was preceded… Read More
December 11th, 2014
Creative marketing communications firm Bozell received multiple industry awards at the 2014 Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) Nebraska Paper… Read More
December 4th, 2014
Bozell, a full-service advertising and public relations agency, announced the appointment of three new employees to account service, interactive and… Read More
When you've been around since 1921, you pretty much see it all. We've been a two-person shop and the 8th largest agency in the world. In the meantime, coming up with legendary ideas like "Pork, The Other White Meat" and the Milk Mustache Campaign. But we're not about to stop there.
We call ourselves an advertising and branding agency, so it's safe to say we do those things really well. But we also do a lot of other things really well too. You want an uber-complicated web application to manage your company's content? Check. You want data collection to build a super-targeted campaign? Check. You want an ice-cold beer? Check. We're Bozell. We're good at a lot of things and we have fun doing them. See everything we do ».
Flappers were doing the Charleston and two newsmen were starting one of the first advertising agencies in the Midwest. Founded in 1921 by Leo Bozell and Morris Jacobs, Bozell started as two guys in a single-room office writing promotions to protect a private energy company from the threat of public power. By 1960, Bozell & Jacobs had offices all around the world, serving clients from Mercury Autos to Mutual of Omaha. But that's just the beginning. Read more about our history ».
At Bozell, we believe that great ideas aren't made in a bubble. They're made in a collaborative environment where anyone and everyone is encouraged to chip in. Which is why every person within our walls plays a key role in getting great results for our clients. So if you're an idea machine, or want to become one, we might be the perfect place for you. See our current openings ».
That's a quote from one of our founders, Morris Jacobs. Bozell has a 90-year tradition of giving back to our community. Which is why we encourage our employees to be actively engaged in the city they live in. Whether it's donating time, talent or money, Bozell and everyone that works here is dedicated to making this world a better place. Read more »


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Dictionary » N » Neuropsychological Neuropsychologicalneuropsychological Pertaining to neuropsychology. Please contribute to this project, if you have more information about this term feel free to edit this page Results from our forumLeft-handersFor a paper i'm writing one of the questions i'm asking is if left-handed people have a neuropsychological advantage in fast-reaction sports? Do you think this is true? What neuropsychological advantages could left-handed people have? And what advantages/disadvantages ...
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2008 Indianapolis 500 Odds: Indianapolis Motor Speedway May 25 |
Written by Anthony Rome |
Saturday, 10 May 2008 06:47 |
2008 Indy 500 Odds The odds for the 92nd running of the Indianapolis 500 have been set and New Zealand motor racing driver Scott Dixon has been established as the favorite. Dixon's odds have been set at 3/1 for this year's Indy 500, which occurs May 25 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Bet on the 2008 Indianapolis 500 Not far behind Dixon are Tony Kanaan and Dan Wheldon (who was favored to win in 2007 at 9/4 odds) at 4/1. Marco Andretti's odds have been set at 8/1 and if you're a trend follower, you'll like to know that 2007 Indy 500 winner Dario Franchitti of United Kingdom won with 8/1 odds. The 2008 Indianapolis 500 starts at 1:00 p.m. eastern time on May 25. (Check out our Indianapolis 500 Start Time page for more information.) It will the 92nd running of the historic race and it can be seen on ABC & ABC HD at 1 p.m. eastern time. The green flag waves at 1:13 p.m. ET. Bet the Indy 500. 2008 Indianapolis 500 Odds to Win – Sunday May 25, 2008 – Indianapolis Motor Speedway – Indianapolis, Indiana Scott Dixon 3/1 All odds provided by online sportsbook Bodog Bet on the 2008 Indianapolis 500 Related Indy Racing Articles: 2008 Indy 500 Start Time and TV Viewing Information |


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Sponsored by: Brakes Plus
Mar 26, 2013 12:40 PM by Joe Bevans
KENTON, Ohio (AP) - Amish from northwest Ohio are promising to turn out in force this week for a meeting of a county health board seeking to evict two families from new homes that lack the required modern wells and septic systems. Last summer, the Kenton-Hardin County Health Board said it would start enforcing rules that any new home must have a proper well and septic system - something the simple-living, outhouse-using Amish have never had to do. Health inspectors have not forced existing Amish homes to change. Two members of the order have built new homes the county says don't comply. In January, the health board gave the owners 30 days to bring the properties into compliance or leave. The health board will hear an appeal today of its orders condemning the new Amish homes and evicting the families who live in them.
2 months ago


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How Avocado Heights, CA Residents Watch TV
Here at CableTV.com, we know about cable TV in Avocado Heights, CA. We know that one-third of American households have four or more televisions. That means that in Avocado Heights, there are 5,398 residents with at least four televisions in their home. With that many TVs, it's no surprise that DVR use has jumped to nearly 7% of Americans' total TV watching. Still, 13,578 Avocado Heights residents watch regularly scheduled programming. And 72% of us also bundle our cable subscription with high-speed Internet service. That's 11,778 people near you with cable bundles.


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Contact: Nancy Dunker, associate director of public relations, 630-637-5306
Feb. 18, 2011—North Central College presents "Explore the Sound III," a Feb. 23 concert that invites listeners to hear several of the College's choral and instrumental ensembles and discover the stunning acoustics of Wentz Concert Hall.
Contact: Ted Slowik, Director of PR and Media Relations, 630-637-5307
NAPERVILLE, Ill. (Jan. 14, 2011)—Students in North Central College's Concert Choir will perform two concerts with the DuPage Symphony Orchestra Feb. 12 and 13.
"The Genius of Prokofiev" will include excerpts from the composer's 1940 ballet masterpiece "Romeo and Juliet" and will conclude with the powerful "Alexander Nevsky" cantata featuring the orchestra accompanied by the College's Concert Choir and the Naperville Chorus.
NAPERVILLE, Ill. (Nov. 16, 2010)—North Central College is offering a new option to earn both a bachelor's degree and a master of leadership studies degree in just five years.
Students accepted into this program earn both a bachelor's degree—in any discipline—and the master of leadership studies with the completion of 141 credit hours.
North Central College senior Tommy Rivera-Vega has landed the key part of Rum Tum Tugger in a professional production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Cats" in the award-winning Theo Ubique Cabaret Theatre at Chicago's No Exit Café. The show runs Nov. 21-Jan. 2.
Reflections by Brian Lynch, director of "The Phantom of the Opera"
An event happened this weekend with "The Phantom of the Opera" that needs to be shared. It's a human interest story that reflects so beautifully on one very talented young lady and her willingness to help a fellow performer when she was down. That young lady is junior Lauren Smith.
Reflections by Brian Lynch, director of "The Phantom of the Opera":
Contact: Nancy Dunker, associate director of public relations, 630-637-5306, firstname.lastname@example.com
Dec. 6, 2010—In January, North Central College students will perform "Quake," a comical yet thought-provoking play by award-winning playwright Melanie Marnich. The story follows the misadventures of Lucy in her time-warped, cross-country journey to find the love of her life.
Contact: Nancy Dunker, associate director of media relations, 630-637-5306
Oct. 11, 2010--North Central College's music education program and its student chapter of the National Association for Music Education (MENC) have been recognized by MENC with an award for outstanding growth.
In the announcement to the College, MENC's North Central president remarked, "Your dedication and commitment to the young students studying to be teachers is such a contribution to our profession. Your guidance and knowledge both inspire and mentor these young people."


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Aboard the Girls Gone Wild bus, things got hot, sweaty and super-sexy the moment these two brunettes got butt-ass naked. They happily tongue-kissed each other and started grinding with passion. We were of course encouraging of such behavior, so our GGW cameraman asked if he could see them "scissor up". Watch the full scene now when you join as a Member.
Whipped cream is one of our favorite toppings, especially when applied to the silky smooth areas around a woman's vagina. These four young women joined us on the GGW tour bus to talk about sex, acting wild and how they like to have fun as little college girls. But words can only convey so much, so we asked to walk the walk by giving them a can of whipped cream to see how wild they would get. See the full video of these sexy four girls as they play on camera. Join now to watch it all.
It's silly for girls to make it all the way onto the Girls Gone Wild bus without getting as naked as possible. Why? Because it's a once in a lifetime opportunity to just be young and express yourself, that's why. These two cute brunettes confessed they had left their fields a little unshaved, but were still willing to strip off their panties when asked. How much more do they show? Watch these real amateur girls in their full video now when you join as a Member.
When horny blonde girls leave the club at the end of the night without proper men to escort them home, they turn to each other for hot make out sessions and more. Girls Gone Wild met up with these two naughty blondes and invited them back to our tour bus. Within minutes they were ready to lock lips and tongue kiss before getting very naked. See how far these two babes go when you join as a GGW member now.
Some girls are late developers and don't have full-fledged tits when they're 18. This cutie from Georgia fits that bill. She flashed us her shaved pussy and little peach tattoo before showing us her nice young tits.
We've really outdone ourselves this time. At the end of a Girls Gone Wild event, we met up with this cute brunette who turned out to have an ultra hot body. She did a slow strip tease and showed us her perfect tits. You're going to want to see this full video for sure. Check out the preview here, and join as a GGW member to see the entire scene, plus 60,000 more sexy videos.
She told us she's crazy but acts shy. That's a claim we hear often, so we had to see some proof that she's actually more wild than she appears.


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recipe reviews for:
"This isn't your Grandma's tuna casserole, but it is sure to please everybody in the family."
Cooking Level: Expert
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The most-tender new vegetables are here just in time for early spring salads!
Creamy, comforting potato soups will warm you up.
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Incredibly simple to make, this tuna casserole really satisfies.
See how to make homemade tuna noodle casserole without the canned soup.
This yummy tuna casserole has cheese, noodles, and potato chips!


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Our experienced, professional staff are skilled in working with anyone--ages 2 through adult--at any skill level--beginner through advanced.
Classes start as low as $45 a month
This year we are working with a new software package for our studio management. Soon parents will be able to log into their account online to view account information, schedules, costumes and tuition. Online payments will also be coming soon!
If you are interested in joining our Competition Team, our season is starting. Call or come by and talk with Miss Gina for more information.
Fall Classes start September 8th. It is not too late to join a class! Don't forget to fill out your registration form to hold your spot in class
A copy of the newsletter will be added to the website soon. Come back soon...
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Greedy Pirates You have become a pirate and you must protect the treasure from other... 3/10/2012 12:00:00 AM 14,777 21
Sail - Sea Pirate Edition This version of Sail is probably better than the original. Pirates have a... 8/31/2014 9:12:51 AM 6,017 57
Pirates Hit 3 Homeruns In a Row Back To Back To Back homers stun the Cubs. 9/19/2013 11:36:59 AM 10,284 43
Captain of The Ship A captain of his ship was sailing the seas one afternoon, when suddenly... 8/24/2013 11:15:30 AM 8,754 14
You Are a Pirate Dafuq is this? You'll probably get this stuck in your head today. 7/28/2013 7:49:54 AM 15,247 74
Accurate Boy Use a plunger-gun to help a boy recover a pirate ship toy from a series of... 6/20/2013 11:11:45 AM 8,642 24
They're Taking The Hobbits To Isengard The Dread Crew of Oddwood is a pirate themed band that blends Heavy Metal,... 1/4/2013 12:00:00 AM 10,168 63
Pirates of The Caribbean Floppy Music At least old floppy drives are still good for something. 2/15/2012 12:00:00 AM 16,146 91
Yo Ho Ho Cannon Hop aboard a pirate ship and go on a plundering spree! Fire cannonballs to... 7/19/2010 12:00:00 AM 23,231 43
Treasure of Cutlass Reef You are the captain of a pirate ship. You must use your cannons to blast... 4/29/2010 12:00:00 AM 4,653 2


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I know I'm probably going to be in the minority here but truth be told I'm feeling pretty underwhelmed by the iPhone 5. Even amidst all the glowing reports of Apple's stock surpassing $700 and a record 2 million phones in the first 24 hours I'm just not feeling the buzz or the love. I've owned a 3G, 3GS, 4, and 4S over the last few years and I'm a big fan generally. As the ship date of the iPhone 5 approaches I feel very much like I did when the 4S fell short of many's expectations.
I think the source of my personal apathy towards the iPhone 5 is the screen. Although Apple is coming to the table with a bigger screen it's only slightly bigger and still lags behind as far as I'm concerned other brands who realize us mobile professionals are doing more and more from our smartphones and need the extra real estate in our hand-held devices more than ever before. Instead of setting the bar like we have grown accustomed to from Steve Jobs the iPhone 5 is merely catching up to the Samsung Focus S, the HTC Titan 2, and Samsung's new Galaxy III.
I think I've matured in my smartphone paradigms and it's not just about having the cool, next new thing. I work from my phone and the larger the screen size for me the better. Don't get me wrong, Apple has a lock on the App market for sure but even on my Windows Phone (my platform of choice right now) I still can get about 80% of the apps I need to run my business, stay in touch with friends and family, and remotely perform all of my day-day tasks. Again, it's obvious I'm in the minority but I remain unimpressed and uninspired to jump on the iPhone 5 bandwagon this time around.


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Get the Best Priced Toyota Sequoia Turn Signal
- Fast Shipping
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Toyota Sequoia Replacement Turn Signal Information
For machines that are known for great fuel economy, value and reliability, consumers turn to Toyota. The strong design of Toyota cars gives powerful performance and steadfast value. Toyota revels in building vehicles that are durable and fuel economical in order to meet their loyal customers' requirements. For understated style at a budget-friendly cost, consumers go to Toyota to match their car requirements. The tough engineering of Toyota machines affords tough off road driving abilities and rugged interior features. If performance driving and elegant design are what you need in a vehicle then Toyota, a company that strives for exceptional performance, is worth checking out. Supercharged sets of wheels, including the powerful Toyota Sequoia, are intended to be pushed hard, but afterwards given proper repairs. No automobile boasts a reputation for reliable performance that stands up to cars from Toyota and their ubiquity is entirely merited. The police require your vehicle to have installed the needed safety-oriented gear - circumvent tickets or, even worse, avoidable accidents by purchasing the right equipment. Collisions can be a risk factor traveling in a car or truck, but it's possible to reduce the chances of causing a disaster by installing and repairing your safety gear such as turning lights and brake components. The vehicle's Toyota Sequoia Turn Signal is a mechanism which is meant to signal the direction you will turn. Safety is reliant on properly functioning Toyota Sequoia Turn Signals. Heavy fines or accidents could occur because of broken Toyota Sequoia Turn Signals. Your automobile's Toyota Sequoia Turn Signal points to the intentions of a driver and will preclude legal issues which might happen from a faulty signal. Your Toyota Sequoia Turn Signal is a component which is used to signal your intent to turn. Whether you own a smokin' hot rod or a hard working truck, we have all the aftermarket accessories you want right here at www.partsgeek.com. Those who acquire a Toyota Sequoia are aware that quality and style are well worth protecting; excellent parts can keep your car going strong.
They are available for the following Toyota Sequoia years: 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 07, 06, 05, 04, 03, 02, 01. This part is also sometimes called Toyota Sequoia Turn Light. We stock turn signal parts for most Toyota models including Camry, Corolla, Tacoma, Sienna, Tundra, 4Runner, Tercel, RAV4, Pickup, Previa, Solara, T100, Avalon, Prius, FJ Cruiser and Celica.
We stock these Turn Signal brands for the Toyota Sequoia: Action Crash, Dorman and AC Delco.
06 2006 Toyota Sequoia SR5 Back Up Light 4.7L V8 2UZFE FI Naturally Aspirated GAS AC Delco
07 2007 Toyota Sequoia Fog Light CIPA
01 2001 Toyota Sequoia Headlight Assembly Left - Driver Side Action Crash
03 2003 Toyota Sequoia Headlight Bulb Osram/Sylvania / H4 55/60W
02 2002 Toyota Sequoia Headlight Dimmer Switch Standard Motor Products
08 2008 Toyota Sequoia Headlight Switch Standard Motor Products
06 2006 Toyota Sequoia SR5 Side Marker 4.7L V8 2UZFE FI Naturally Aspirated GAS AC Delco
06 2006 Toyota Sequoia Tail Light Assembly Left - Driver Side Action Crash
02 2002 Toyota Sequoia Headlight Dimmer Switch Standard Motor Products
05 2005 Toyota Sequoia RWD Washer Pump Rear Trico Universal - UCK35
01 2001 Toyota Sequoia Windshield Wiper Motor Front A1 Cardone
08 2008 Toyota Sequoia Wiper Blade Rear Genuine
The part was shipped in a timely manner, was the correct part and fit perfectly.
Very reasonably priced and delivered as promised. It even came with the lights installed. Took five minutes to install the assembly. Toyota's price was crazy. If and when I need an auto part I'll be searching Partsgeek first.
The website was easy to navigate. I found my part with ease. Placing the order was easy to do. The part came on the date stayed in the order. The part was profesionally packaged tor shipment. The part was easy to install. I would highly reccomend using tjis site to others.
Ordered the part, I was able to track it. It came to me I damaged and brand new. The drivers side inker lamp lens that I ordered fit perfectly. Nice to order something and get the correct part. Thank you geeks.
Arrived quickly and undamaged, looks great, was simple to replace original, came with bulbs even though my 11 year old bulbs were still good. Great product for the price.


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CPAC: After a tough week, Romney wins conservative straw poll
Mitt Romney won the CPAC straw poll of conservative activists Saturday. It doesn't bring him any convention delegates, but it does show good standing among the Republican Party base.
Jim Bourg/Reuters
After his shellacking in three presidential nominating contests this week, Mitt Romney Saturday won something that put a little more spring in his step – the CPAC straw poll.
Among 3,408 participants in the Conservative Political Action Conference straw poll, 38 percent voted for Romney, 31 percent for Rick Santorum, 15 percent for Ron Paul, and 12 percent for Newt Gingrich.
In the Washington Times/CPAC Presidential Straw Poll of self-identified conservatives around the country, the results were much closer: 27 percent for Romney, 25 percent for Santorum, 20 percent for Gingrich, and 8 percent for Paul.
CPAC represents the more-conservative base of the Republican Party. Significantly, 44 percent of straw poll voters at the CPAC gathering Saturday were students. That demographic might have benefited Rep. Paul, who won the poll the last two years and who has a strong following of young enthusiasts. But he bypassed the conference to campaign in Maine, where the nonbinding caucus results were to be announced this weekend.
Romney won with the highest percentage since 2000, when George W. Bush got 42 percent of the vote. Also to his apparent benefit, Romney won at a time when the activists voting said that the candidates' position on conservative issues – not the "electability" favored by mainstream Republicans – held the most importance for them.


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Full Episodes
Full Episodes
The Rachel Maddow Show
Now playing
Friday, 02/27/15Rachel Maddow offers unique perspectives on the policies that shape American life.
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A DHS shutdown by any other name...
MCKENNA: Here's another proposal. Because the thing is, it seems like we always walk up to the eleventh hour. And then we say, 'Okay, well now we're stuck. I agree.' If on Friday, even though it won't -- there will be no such thing as a shutdown of the Department of Homeland Security.JOHNSON: And I've pointed that out.MCKENNA: Yes, you have. In fact, you were the first one to point that out.JOHNSON: I paid a price for pointing it out.
Loretta Lynch clears hurdle, heads for Senate floor
After a lengthy confirmation hearing process, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 12-8 Thursday to advance the nomination of Loretta Lynch to be U.S. attorney general. The full Senate will likely vote on her nomination next month.Three Republicans joined all the Democrats on the committee in endorsing Lynch as America's next top law enforcement officer. Those included Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch, South Carolina Sen. Lindsey Graham and Arizona Sen. Jeff Flake.
FCC approves landmark net neutrality policy
After more than a year of heated public debate, the Federal Communications Commission on Thursday passed "net neutrality" rules: They allow the agency to prohibit Internet service providers from granting faster access to companies that pay for the privilege.The new rules treat broadband providers as "common carriers" under Title II of the Telecommunications Act -- the same category as utility companies that provide gas, electricity, etc. -- in which all customers have equal access to service.
Fox's O'Reilly parses the meaning of the word 'see'
"While in El Salvador, reporters were shown horrendous images of violence that were never broadcast, including depictions of nuns who were murdered. The mention of the nuns on my program came the day of the Newtown massacre. The segment was about evil and how hard it is for folks to comprehend it. I used the murder nuns as an example of that evil. That's what I was referring to when I say, 'I saw nuns get shot in the back of head.' No one could possibly take that segment as reporting on El Salvador."
Thursday's Campaign Round-Up, 2.26.15
Scalise to EPA chief: 'snow blizzards' contradict climate science
"I keep seeing the EPA putting in another regulation on top of another regulation," he said. "What it's led, by these overregulation in rural America, it's led to people, their well-being, their mental health, is all being affected by it. I think we're having some depression in areas around the county because of the threats of regulation and what it's doing to jobs.... I really believe it's directly attributed to the regulatory body with it (sic)." No mention of the other factors that are putting pressure on the coal industry in his district, such as the natural gas boom happening very nearby.In case you wondered, McKinley doesn't believe in man-made climate change. "You continue to issue more regulations even though the models say it doesn't work with it," he told McCarthy. "You have a model that says how [carbon dioxide] impacts the temperatures around the globe. We know from the standards that that doesn't work." Oh?
West Virginia GOP moves to nullify 'Obamacare'
In another salvo against the federal Affordable Care Act, some Republicans in West Virginia's House of Delegates want to make it a crime for state and federal officials to enforce the health-care law.Under the GOP-backed bill (HB2509), federal employees would face felony charges, while state workers would be arrested for a misdemeanor offense, if they try to administer any federal regulations under the Affordable Care Act. The legislation also declares the federal health-care law "invalid" in West Virginia.
The wrong Battle of the Alamo
Campell proposed the Protect the Alamo Act in response to a nomination that could make the San Antonio Missions -- including the emblematic Alamo -- a World Heritage site through the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). A decision is expected to be announced in July. Campbell said that without the law to protect the Alamo, there would be a risk that the Texas General Land Office, which manages the Alamo and surrounding properties, could sell it."In the charge to the battle, the battle cry was 'Remember the Alamo,' and since then, the Alamo has been recognized as hallowed ground in Texas, and a shrine of Texas liberty," Campbell said at a hearing before the Senate Natural Resources and Economic Development Committee. "The Alamo is a story of Texas, and it should be owned, operated, and maintained, controlled by Texans."
Netanyahu becomes political player, so Kerry treats him like one
Secretary of State John Kerry reminded Americans on Wednesday that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel, who is expected to denounce a potential nuclear deal with Iran during an address to Congress next week, also visited Washington in late 2002 to lobby for the invasion of Iraq.Apparently referring to testimony on the Middle East that Mr. Netanyahu delivered to Congress on Sept. 12, 2002, when he was a private citizen, Mr. Kerry told the House Foreign Affairs Committee, "The prime minister, as you will recall, was profoundly forward-leaning and outspoken about the importance of invading Iraq under George W. Bush, and we all know what happened with that decision."
Jobless claims remain stubbornly volatile
The number of Americans seeking first-time unemployment benefits rose last week, a sign the labor market may have lost some steam after last month's solid job growth.Initial jobless claims rose by 31,000 to a seasonally adjusted 313,000 in the week ended Feb. 21, the Labor Department said Thursday. Economists surveyed by The Wall Street Journal had expected 290,000 new claims.
High times in the nation's capital
"I think the attorney general should prosecute people in the District who participate in this under the Anti-Deficiency Act," said Rep. Andy Harris (R-Md.), who introduced the appropriations amendment intended to block the city from moving forward with the marijuana legalization measure passed by voters in November.The federal Anti-Deficiency Act imposes criminal penalties on government employees who knowingly spend public funds in excess of their appropriated budgets.
'Jihadi John' identified and other headlines
'Jihadi John' of ISIS identified. (Washington Post)
Activists: number of Christians abducted by ISIS in Syria rises to 220. (AP)
CPAC starts today, and American Bridge trackers will be there. (The Hill)
DC legalizes pot--and it's going to be complicated. (Daily Intelligencer)
FCC Chairman tweaks net neutrality plan ahead of today's vote. (Politico)
3 more Mississippi men sentenced for racially-motivated beatings that led to the death of a black man. (AP)
Beware, Boston parking-space savers. The city is coming for your chairs. (Boston.com)
Citations for the February 25, 2015 TRMS
Tonight's guests:
- José Díaz-Balart, Telemundo anchor and host of The Rundown on MSNBC
- Cristina Jiménez, co-founder and Managing Director of the United We Dream Network
Tonight's links:
There were only a few links cited tonight, but also, the full video of President Obama's town hall with José Díaz-Balart is here.


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Manchester United Football Club
- Nickname:Red Devils
- Founded:1878
- Manager:Louis van Gaal
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- Last Game: 28-Feb-2015 15:00
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Carrick eyes title glory
06 Feb 2007 - 08:20:54
Manchester United midfielder Michael Carrick says his side are not looking over their shoulders in the race for the Premiership title, but are focusing on their own performances.
Carrick's United side hold a six-point advantage over reigning champions Chelsea and the England schemer is confident that the Red Devils can go on and complete the job.
He said: "Chelsea's challenge was always going to be strong, and it could be stronger now they have John Terry and Petr Cech back in the side.
"But it's not something we focus on. We're in a good position, we've earned that and we don't want to let it slip. It's up to us to get a good result every week.
"Chelsea have played well in big games and I think there will still be plenty of twists and turns.
"It's up to us what we do and we know if we win the right amount of games we will win the league.
"We are not looking over our shoulder and worrying about Chelsea."
Related Manchester United News
Related Manchester United News


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To learn more
To experience it
Now, it is simple and easy to create a miniature pinhole camera from basic supplies. Join in on the fun!
*I wrote this Instructable to be short and choppy to emphasize the pictures of the process.
**A better shutter will be forthcoming in a future Instructable.
***Thanks to Mrs. Hogan of Gunn high School for help and assistance on the project.
Step 1: What You Will Need
-A box of some sort (I used an Altoids tin, but you can use anything, even a matchbox if you adapt this instructable)
-A soda can (empty!)
-A needle
-Opaque tape
-Black matte paint or a black marker
-2 small magnets
Here is a list of tools you will use in the project:
-Drill bit (1/8 in.)
-Craft knife or shears
To take pictures, you will need:
-35 mm black and white film (can be purchased online)
-Black and white film paper (can be purchased online)
-Developer and fixer (can be purchased online)
-A darkroom
Step 2: Wash the Inside of the Altoids Tin (Optional)
Step 3: Paint the Inside of the Tin
any instruction on how to make a tracing style camera obscura? is it then same concept as the pinhole but with an longer box and a bit of glass and mirror?
A pinhole camera is a type of camera obscura, specifically a small (usually portable) camera obscura without a lens, and with film to capture the image instead of a projected surface for drawing as with other small camera obscura. They operate on the same principle.
On the flip side, a number of building sized camera obscurae were lens-less, utilizing the pinhole effect to project an image on the rear wall of the building.
and I was wondering if it fit could it be done??? thanks
ive also used foil tape for making the pinholes (same technique) but its already thinner.
you can see some of my blueprint photography pinholes here.


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I don 't remember how many times i've already been here... i love this place. it regenerates and renvigurates my mind. the peaceful setting, the kindness of giorgio(the host), which is a producer of excellent wine as well, the beautiful apartments and the manicured garden, the sweet fragrances in the air. everything makes you feel good an far from the... More
Italy >
Tuscany >
Province of Livorno >
Castagneto Carducci
Price Range (Based on Average Rates):
Number of rooms: 6
- Also Known As:
- Agriturismo Villa Borgeri Italy/Castagneto Carducci


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Which is why Cole's Notes is still the way to go...
Which is why Cole's Notes is still the way to go...
I don't like shakespeare. They need to make a manga of LOTR, I'd read that.
Not Manga. Not usable academically. Shakespear is torture in book format. Shakespear sucks.
Julius Caesar was actually a very enjoyable read for me.
Am I the only one here who liked Hamlet and though RxJ was hilarious?
I've read Midsummer Night's Dream, Macbeth, Hamlet, RxJ, and Othello. I haven't read any of the historical plays that he wrote (my English teacher said they were boring). I'll probably have to read either King Lear, Twelfth Night, or the Tempest sometime in the future though.
Hamlet's still my favourite Shakespearean play, mostly because I liked the guy. The same couldn't be said for any of the other protagonists.
I had to read Richard III in English class in High School.
Bored the ass right off me, and as a result I never read another Shakespearean work.