text:
Recurrent brief depression revisited.
ABSTRACT Recurrent Brief Depressive Disorder (RBD) is a well-defined and prevalent mood disorder with an increased risk of suicidal behavior and significant clinical impairment in the community and general practice. Occurring at least monthly with depressive episodes lasting only a few days defines recurrent Brief Depressive Disorder. The lifetime co-occurrence of both RBD and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), called Combined Depression (CD), substantially increases the risk for attempted suicide, even more than that known for 'pure' MDD. The diagnostic criteria for RBD found in the ICD-10 and DSM-IV are helpful in research and clinical routine as well as several methodological issues, which make clinical diagnostic and drug response evaluation of RBD very different from MDD. Formal differences in the course of RBD and MDD require different designs for drug treatment studies. Denials of disorder, specific methodological requirements, and highly selected patient samples have probably been responsible for false negative results in double blind, placebo-controlled treatment studies. Although several authors reported successful treatment of RBD with different compounds in about 60 patients, it is still not possible to deduce a treatment algorithm for RBD to date. Obviously future treatment studies without the limitations of previous studies are clearly required for RBD. Results of ongoing studies will soon provide the first data on the biological underpinnings of RBD.
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ABSTRACT: The hypothesis defended here is that the process of mood-normalizing transitions fails in a significant proportion of patients suffering from major depressive disorder. Such a failure is largely unrelated to the psychological content. Evidence for the hypothesis is provided by the highly variable and unpredictable time-courses of the depressive episodes. The main supporting observations are: 1) mood transitions within minutes or days have been reported during deep brain stimulation, naps after sleep deprivation and bipolar mood disorders; 2) sleep deprivation, electroconvulsive treatment and experimental drugs (e.g. ketamine) may facilitate mood transitions in major depressive disorder within hours or a few days; 3) epidemiological and clinical studies show that the time-to-recovery from major depressive disorder can be described with decay models implying very short depressive episodes; 4) lack of relationship between the length of depression and recovery episodes in recurrent depression; 5) mood fluctuations predict later therapeutic success in major depressive disorder. We discuss some recent models aimed to describe random mood transitions. The observations together suggest that the mood transitions have a wide variety of apparently unrelated causes. We suggest that the mechanism of mood transition is compromised in major depressive disorder, which has to be recognized in diagnostic systems.Medical Hypotheses 05/2014; · 1.15 Impact Factor - [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recurrent brief depressive disorder is now a well-recognized type of depressive disorder. However, there is still no clear evidence base for its treatment. The efficacy of several drugs including antidepressants and mood stabilizers in this disorder has been controversial. Methodological limitations need to be considered when interpreting the results of studies on efficacy of drugs in this disorder. We report a case of recurrent brief depressive disorder that responded dramatically to paroxetine. However, there is a need for larger, methodologically sound, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.Journal of pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics. 10/2013; 4(4):288-90. - SourceAvailable from: Stephan Köhler[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Bipolar depression and its clinical presentation is a frequent but complex psychiatric disease. Despite the high prevalence and the clinical and economic relevance of bipolar depression, few treatments are proven to be highly and consistently effective. In practice, the treatment of bipolar depression typically includes complex treatment decision-making. The best evidence for a pharmacological treatment exists for quetiapine. Alternatives with limitations are lamotrigine (also in the combination with lithium), carbamazepine and olanzapine. The effectiveness and recommendation of antidepressants in the treatment of bipolar depression remains controversial. Initially, depressive episodes should been treated with one of the named substances with antidepressant properties. In non-responders, a combination of lithium and lamotrigine, or antidepressants in combination with either lithium, an antiepileptic drug or atypical antipsychotics, may be necessary. If a depressive episode occurs under ongoing mood-stabilizing treatment, combination treatments of different substances, even with antidepressants, can be necessary. In the case of treatment-resistant depressive episodes, complex treatment strategies (combination therapies, MAO inhibitors) should be considered. This review describes the treatment recommendations of different guidelines for bipolar depression and emphasizes their differences. Furthermore, alternative pharmacological treatment strategies and complex treatment situations are discussed.Pharmacopsychiatry 02/2014; · 2.17 Impact Factor
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Recurrent brief depression revisited
1Department of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,2Genes, Cognition and Psychosis
Program, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA, and
3Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
Recurrent Brief Depressive Disorder (RBD) is a well-defined and prevalent mood disorder with an increased risk of suicidal
behavior and significant clinical impairment in the community and general practice. Occurring at least monthly with
depressive episodes lasting only a few days defines recurrent Brief Depressive Disorder. The lifetime co-occurrence of both
RBD and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), called Combined Depression (CD), substantially increases the risk for
attempted suicide, even more than that known for 'pure' MDD. The diagnostic criteria for RBD found in the ICD-10 and
DSM-IV are helpful in research and clinical routine as well as several methodological issues, which make clinical diagnostic
and drug response evaluation of RBD very different from MDD. Formal differences in the course of RBD and MDD require
different designs for drug treatment studies. Denials of disorder, specific methodological requirements, and highly selected
patient samples have probably been responsible for false negative results in double blind, placebo-controlled treatment
studies. Although several authors reported successful treatment of RBD with different compounds in about 60 patients, it is
still not possible to deduce a treatment algorithm for RBD to date. Obviously future treatment studies without the limitations
of previous studies are clearly required for RBD. Results of ongoing studies will soon provide the first data on the biological
underpinnings of RBD.
Recurrent brief depressive episodes persisting for a
few days and occurring spontaneously or triggered by
mild psychosocial stressors, is a common psychiatric
syndrome. These episodes are associated with sub-
stantial psychosocial impairment and an increased
risk of suicidal behavior (Pezawas et al., 2003b).
Althoughthe concept
Depression (RBD) was first published in 1984
(Angst & Dobler-Mikola, 1985), recurrent short-
lived depressive episodes have been mentioned in
psychiatric literaturesince
(Angst, 1994a).
the 19th century
In 1852 Pohl reported episodes of 'periodic mel-
ancholia' lasting hours to days (Angst, 1994a) and
when Kraepelin published his pioneering work on
'Manic-Depressive Illness' in 1889, he even included
psychopathological symptoms such as hypomanic or
mild depressive moods of short duration in his
concept (Angst, 1994a). In 1915 Gregory published
a report on 'Transient attacks of manic-depressive
insanity' (Angst, 1994a). He mentioned in detail
the phenomenon of RBD: 'Short attacks of a
manic-depressive psychosis, ranging in duration
from a few hours to several days, are very frequent'
and '...many sudden and unexpected suicides...are
due to fleeting attacks of a manic-depressive psy-
chosis. I am led to this belief from the examination of
hundreds of cases of attempted suicides'.
In 1929 Paskind underlined the clinical impor-
tance of brief depressions (Angst, 1994a). He was the
first psychiatrist, who recognized that the majority of
such patients are found more frequently in general
health care settings than in psychiatric institutions.
Read and Patrick confirmed the finding that recur-
rent brief depressions are significantly related to
suicidal behavior (Angst, 1994a).
In 1955 Busse reported: 'The depressive periods
that we considered statistically had occurred at least
once a month, and their duration had varied from a
portion of an hour to a few days' (Angst, 1994a). The
subjects reported that these episodes of depression
had not occurred in their younger years. Further
Correspondence: Dr Lukas Pezawas, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health
(NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive 4S235, Bethesda, MDD 20892-1379, USA. Tel: þ1 (301)
594 8393. Fax: þ1 (301) 594 8393. E-mail: email@example.com
ISSN 0954–0261 print/ISSN 1369–1627 online ? 2005 Institute of Psychiatry
International Review of Psychiatry, February 2005; 17(1): 63–70
Page 2
he noted: '...these episodes can be termed 'reactive'
In the late 1970s Spitzer et al. (Angst, 1994a)
developed some psychiatric Research Diagnostic
Criteria, including a category called 'intermittent
depressive disorder', characterizing patients being
bothered for at least two years by depressed mood
(like in Minor Depression) lasting from hours to
about week and being in a normal mood in between.
However, this definition was rarely used after its
introduction. More recently, in 1980 Clayton et al.,
called such depressions 'very brief depressions',
which has not been adopted by the scientific com-
munity either (Angst, 1994a). Similarly, in a study
performedby Montgomery
London (1989), which explores treatment options
in repeated suicide attempters with comorbid bor-
derline personality disorder, Montgomery et al.,
reported patients suffering from severe recurrent
brief depressive episodes being associated with
suicidal behavior. He called them 'intermittent
three-day depressions' (Montgomery, Montgomery,
Baldwin & Green, 1989). In his later work, he
substituted this descriptive term by the diagnostic
category of RBD (Montgomery, Green, Bullock,
Baldwin & Montgomery, 1992).
In 1978, a longitudinal, epidemiological cohort
study of young adults assessing a continuum of
psychopathology from normal to disordered states
was launched in Zurich, Switzerland. The analysis of
the first follow-up interview showed the frequent
occurrence of depressive mood swings lasting less
than eight days (Angst & Dobler-Mikola, 1985).
Further research on this subject generated the first
operationalized definition of RBD, which has been
further revised (Angst, 1988). This definition of
RBD has been integrated in the ICD-10 system in
1992 (World Health Organization; WHO, 1992b).
and colleaguesin
Finally, a seasonal variant of RBD has been added
to its clinical picture (Kasper, Ruhrmann, Haase
& Moller, 1992; Kasper, Ruhrmann, Haase &
Moller, 1994). See Table I for a summary of the
history of RBD.
Table II summarizes prevalence rates for RBD in
different epidemiological samples. So far RBD has
been independently investigated in two longitudinal
and two cross-sectional community samples. The
Zurich study (Angst & Dobler-Mikola, 1985) has the
longest observation period of a community sample in
the context of RBD, starting its investigation at the
age of 19 until the last interview performed at the age
of 41 in 1999. Recent data are currently being
analyzed (Pezawas et al., 2003a). This study revealed
a lifetime prevalence rate of pure RBD without mood
disorder comorbidity of 12.5%, which is similar to
pure MDD without mood disorder comorbidity with
a prevalence rate of 14.7%. In contrast, gender
distribution of RBD is distinct from MDD showing
a balanced sex ratio in RBD (1:1.3) and female excess
in MDD (1:16.3). Duration patterns in RBD and
MDD also differ significantly with a median duration
of brief depressive episodes of three days in RBD an
about 10 weeks in MDD (Angst, 1994b). However,
the cumulative number of depressive days per year
has been shown to be less significantly different
in RBD (43 days) and MDD (75 days) within
the Zurich study. In accordance with the Zurich
study, a community sample in Mainz exhibited
similar prevalence rates (Maier et al., 1994a). A
slightly lower prevalence rate of 7.6% has been
reported in a large study (n¼1040) in Sardina
(Carta et al., 2003). Recently, epidemiological find-
ings of RBDhavebeen reinvestigatedina
Table I. History of recurrent brief depression (RBD).
Reference DateFinding
Pohl 1852Described cases of multiple depressive episodes that lasted from hours to days; introduced
the term 'periodic melancholia'
Described cases of multiple depressive episodes that lasted from hours to days; association
with ideas of suicide and impulse for self-destruction
Described cases of multiple depressive episodes that occurred independently from the
menstruation cycle; association with suicide attempts and unexpected suicides
Observed episodes of RBD in elderly patients
Increased suicidal behavior in brief depressions
Found that 14% of patients with manic depression also suffered from RBD
Attempted to operationalize an 'intermittent depressive disorder'
Introduced the term 'very brief depressions'
Introduced the first operationalized diagnostic category of brief depressions based on the
Zurich study, which he called RBD
Studied psychiatric patients with repeated suicide attempts and borderline comorbidity;
he introduced the term 'intermittent 3-day depressions
Described a seasonal form of RBD
Inclusion of RBD as diagnostic category in ICD-10
Read, Patrick
L. Pezawas et al.
Page 3
large community sample (n¼3021) of adolescents
and young adults within the Early Developmental
Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP) in Munich,
presenting prospective conservative estimations of
findings on prevalence, incidence, clinical correlates,
severity markers, comorbidity and course stability of
RBD and other mood disorders (Pezawas et al.,
2003b). Although this study applied conservative
measures to the phenomenon of RBD, previous
findings could be replicated in its core.
Support for community studies is also provided by
a comprehensive World Health Organization (WHO)
project on 'Psychological Problems in General Health
Care' (PPGHC) and further associated studies in
primary care settings (Sartorius et al., 1993). Notably
two centers, Mainz (Maier et al., 1994a; 1994b) and
Paris (Weiller, Boyer, Lepine & Lecrubier, 1994a)
confirmed patterns of clinical significance in a cross-
sectional study. Furthermore, prevalence rates of
RBD are available for 15 different primary care
France, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands,
Nigeria, China, Turkey, UK, and the USA (Weiller,
Lecrubier, Maier & Ustun, 1994b). A substantial
number (3.7%) of investigated primary care seekers
in a sample (including five centers) have been identi-
fied as suffering from RBD without mood disorder
comorbidity. Another sample that included 10
centers (n¼3527) using a slightly different definition
of RBD found a 5.7% prevalence of RBD.
So far epidemiological studies provided similar
findings on RBD demonstrating its significant
prevalence in the community and primary care,
and its clinical relevance.
in Brazil,Chile, Germany,
In 1994, RBD was integrated as a new diagnostic
category in ICD-10 (WHO, 1992a) and DSM-IV
(American Psychiatric Association; APA, 1994) due
to convincing epidemiological data (Table II).
While RBD represents a distinct clinical diagnosis
in ICD-10, DSM-IV classifies RBD into the
subcategory of depressive disorders 'Not Otherwise
Specified (NOS)'. The DSM-IV manual offers
operational diagnostic criteria for scientific use
in the appendix but they do not qualify for
clinical use due to numerous exclusion criteria.
Psychopathological symptoms required for RBD
are absolutely the same as for MDD. Therefore
RBD cannot be thought a priori to be a milder form
of depression. As a matter of fact RBD can only be
distinguished from MDD by the duration criterion
(episode duration <14 days) and the frequency
criterion (approx. one episode/month). In addition,
the ICD-10 requires independence from the men-
strual cycle and an observation period of one year.
This also implies that RBD is not operationalized as
a course specifier of MDD as it is the case for
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), for example.
Clinical features
Reports of the depression symptom profile of RBD
and MDD are provided by the Zurich and EDSP
study (Pezawas et al., 2003b) showing similar
patterns of depressive symptoms. Regarding symp-
toms reported in at least two thirds of subjects in the
Zurich study (Pezawas et al., 2003a), it is intriguing
Table II.Prevalence rates of RBD in the community.
Sample size Interview/method Prevalence 1-year Rates (%) lifetime
age 18–65
n ¼367–591
age 20–41
n ¼317
age 18–65
n ¼3021
age 14–24
– 7.6
Zurich study 5.0–8.221.3
EDSP study, Munich– 2.6*
General practice
PPGHC study, Paris
n ¼405
age 18–65
n ¼300
age 18–65
n ¼1911
age 18–65
n ¼3527
age 18–65
PPGHC study, Mainz7.6–
PPGHC study, five centers3.7–
PPGHC study, 10 centers 5.7–
Family studies
age 18–65
7.4 14.6
*Lower bound estimations.
Recurrent brief depression revisited
Page 4
that most symptoms have been reported less
frequently in MDD in comparison to RBD. These
data confirm the relevance of the diagnostic concept
of RBD, demonstrating that RBD presents the full-
blown picture of depression. Similar findings have
also been reported in the EDSP study showing only
slightly less frequent reported depression symptoms
in RBD than MDD with the exception of sleeping
problems, which appear to be higher in RBD
(Pezawas et al., 2003b).
Within the Zurich study both RBD and MDD
patients reported a 50% family history of any kind of
depression (Pezawas et al., 2003a). This could be
taken as an argument for placing RBD within the
mood disorder spectrum. Suicide attempts were less
frequently reported in RBD (10.2%) without mood
disorder comorbidity, than in MDD (20.2%) in the
Zurich study—similar to the results of the EDSP
study (Pezawas et al., 2003b). However, general
practice studies have revealed even higher suicide
attempt rates: 16.1% in Mainz (Maier et al., 1994b),
23.3% in Paris (Weiller et al., 1994a), and 14% in
five WHO centers (Weiller et al., 1994b). The
relevance of suicidal behavior in RBD has also
been supported by clinical studies (Montgomery
et al., 1989; Pezawas et al., 2000) (Figure 1).
Furthermore, the concept of RBD and its clinical
significance has been underlined by studies on
patterns andconsequences
occurrenceof both RBD
Combined Depression (CD) (Figure 1), which was
been introducedinto psychiatric
Montgomery (Montgomery et al., 1989), and further
developedby Angst
(Angst & Hochstrasser, 1994; Maier et al., 1994b)
and clinical (Angst & Hochstrasser, 1994; Maier
et al., 1994b; Montgomery et al., 1989; Pezawas
a lifetime
et al., 2002b) studies demonstrated a dramatic
increase in suicide attempt rates and measures of
impairment in cases of CD in comparison to either
single RBD or MDD.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of both clinical phenom-
ena, RBD and MDD is based on their distinct
course pattern of depressive episodes (1–3 days
versus weeks or months).
From a clinical point of view it might be necessary
to differentiate other psychiatric disorders mainly
characterized by short-lived symptoms (Pezawas,
Stamenkovic & Kasper, 2001). The list comprises:
(1) Panic Disorder characterized by recurrent
unexpected panic attacks. However, the attacks
only last for minutes up to a few hours;
(2) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
appearing exclusively in relation to the men-
strual cycle. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
started in the last week of the luteal phase in
most menstrual cycles recorded over a year.
The symptoms begin to remit within a few days
of the onset of menses (the follicular phase) and
are always absent in the week following menses;
(3) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), which
in the case of affective instability, can be
associated with depressive mood fluctuations
that often persist for hours but also can last for
days. But the following characteristic symptoms
(according to the DSM-IV at least five symp-
toms) must be present in order to be able to
diagnose a BPD: frantic efforts to avoid real or
imagined abandonment, a pattern of unstable
and intense interpersonal relationships, identity
disturbance, impulsivity in areas that are poten-
tially self-damaging, recurrent suicidal behavior,
affective instability due to a marked reactivity of
mood, chronic feelings of emptiness, inappropri-
ate intense anger or difficulty controlling anger,
transient stress-related paranoid ideation or
severe dissociative symptoms. Low borderline
personality disorder comorbidity has been found
in our own clinical data (Pezawas et al., 2002b).
Another clinical study reported similar low
dimensional symptoms of personality disorders
in RBD and PMDD (Berlin, Raju, Schmidt,
Adams & Rubinow, 2001). Support also
comes from a recent study demonstrating that
endocrine responses to RBD and BPD differ
substantially (De La Fuente, Bobes, Vizuete &
Mendlewicz, 2002).
(4) Rapid Cycling (RC) (>4 episodes/year), Ultra-
RC (episodes in a weekly rhythm) or
Ultra-Ultra-RC (ultradian episodes) Bipolar
recurrent brief
Recurrent Brief
Recurrent Brief
Combined Depression, Recurrent Brief Depressive Disorder,
which is a distinct mood disorder in the ICD-10 system, can be
found in the appendix to DSM-IV as a diagnostic category
provided for further study. For clinical use subjects can be coded
as Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified in DSM-IV.
1.Diagnosis of RecurrentBrief Depression and
L. Pezawas et al.
Page 5
Disorders must show at least hypomanic (or
manic) episodes according to DSM-IV
(Kramlinger & Post, 1996). In the first case at
least one depressive episode must last for at least
14 days and in the last case the episodes may not
last longer than a day. Generally RC or Ultra-
RC are prognostic bad course specifiers for
Bipolar Disorder, which are developed by
15–20% (specifically RC) of bipolar patients
(Post & Weiss, 1998b) and differentiating them
from RBD rarely causes problems.
(5) Other affective disorders such as MDD,
Minor Depression (according to DSM-IV),
Bipolar Disorder, or Dysthymia can be easily
distinguished from RBD by the criterion of
duration of the depressive episode.
(6) Furthermore, it is necessary to distinguish RBD
from Drug induced Depression as found in
cocaine withdrawal, for example.
Recurrent brief depressive episodes have also been
described in the presence of somatic diseases, for
example, postictal dysphoria or the so-called inter-
ictal dysphoric disorder in epilepsy (Blumer, 2000).
Recurrent brief depressive episodes have been
reported to be associated with migraine plus aura
(Merikangas, Merikangas & Angst, 1993). One study
reported that about 70% of depressive episodes
occurring in patients suffering from idiopathic
Parkinson's disease also meet the operationalized
criteriafor RBD (Wermuth
Furthermore, a case study of a patient suffering
from Prader-Willi Syndrome, who also met diag-
nostic criteria of RBD has been reported (Watanabe,
Ohmori & Abe, 1997), which is the only direct
evidence available so far that RBD could be caused
by genetic factors. Limited information is available
if the phenomenon of RBD in elderly populations
is distinct from RBD in younger cohorts (Heun,
Muller, Freyberger&
Papassotiropoulos & Ptok, 2000). However, other
aging studies that indicate lower prevalence rates of
RBD (2.08%) in older cohorts are on their way
(Maercker et al., 2003).
etal., 1998).
Maier, 1998; Heun,
The longitudinal course of mood disorders is
characterized by a substantial diagnostic overlap
within these diagnostic groups (Pezawas et al.,
2003a). Therefore, longitudinal
studies like the Zurich study or EDSP study can
provide data on some critical issues concerning the
concept of RBD, evaluating the degree of evidence
that is given to rule out that RBD is not only a
prodromal or residual state of MDD or any other
psychiatric disorder.
Both studies indicate that RBD is not a prodromal
syndrome of MDD. The Zurich study indicated that
RBD cases became MDD cases more often than
vice versa. About 10% of all initially diagnosed MDD
cases developed RBD during follow-up and 20%
vice versa. This phenomenon was hypothetizised as
'kindling-phenomenon' by Angst (1994b) and is in
accordance with biological models dealing with the
longitudinal development of mood disorders (Post &
Weiss, 1998b).
Concerning the hypothesis that RBD might be a
residual state of MDD, both studies found that only
a limited proportion of subjects developed RBD after
being diagnosed as MDD, which provides evidence
that RBD is not merely a residual state of MDD.
Hence the diagnostic stability over time is similar
for RBD and MDD.
Two thirds of all RBD patients seek professional help
in the course of their life (Angst, 1994b). One
quarter consult the general practitioner, one quarter
see a psychologist and the remaining half consult a
psychiatrist or neurologist. In the Zurich study,
almost all of these patients were stated as having
received psychotherapy treatment (Angst, 1994b).
However, RBD patients hardly ever receive pharma-
cological medication. The PPGHC study revealed
that the prescription rate of psychotropic substances
for patients with RBD in general practice was 19%.
This rate was the lowest and was three times lower
than the rate for patients with agoraphobia (Linden
et al., 1999). Furthermore, a substantial number of
patients with RBD that received previous treatment
frequently have a history of inadequate therapeutic
response to different pharmacological treatment
strategies normally offered by their general practi-
tioner (Kasper, Stamenkovic & Pezawas, 2000).
The fact that about 10% of all 'pure' RBD patients
and about 30% of all patients with a lifetime
depression) in the Zurich study attempted suicide
during the two decades of observation underlines
the need for sufficient treatment.
Almost two decades after the conceptualizing of
RBD, clinical trials concerning psychotherapy, as
well as biological treatment strategies (e.g., light
therapy), still have not been carried out, although
patients suffering from RBD frequently undergo
psychotherapy (Angst, 1994b). There is only one
case study about a patient suffering from a seasonal
type of RBD that describes the induction of ultradian
rapid cycling after light therapy (Meesters & Van
Houwelingen, 1998).
However, there are a few placebo-controlled
studies (Table III) and several case reports, a
and MDD (combined
Recurrent brief depression revisited
Page 6
single-case analysis, and one open trial (Table IV)
assessing drug treatment of patients with RBD. All in
all those studies that chose a classical double-blind
placebo-controlled two-tailed design were not able to
demonstrate a successful treatment for RBD. Recent
findings indicate that studies should be conducted
using designs with an appropriate statistical sensitiv-
ity (e.g., single case analyses) and other statistical
evaluation procedures as well as longer observation
periods than used in MDD because of rapidly
undulating symptoms specific for RBD (Pezawas,
Stamenkovic, Aschauer, Moffat & Kasper, 2002a;
Post et al., 1998a). Maybe this is how false negative
study results came about and pessimism that was
brought up in these controlled studies concerning
possible successful therapy plans for RBD might be
inappropriate. Anyhow, this presumption is sup-
ported by successful results found in double-blind
placebo-controlled one-tailed single case analyses
with nimodipine, verapamil, and carbamazepine
(Pazzaglia, Post, Ketter, George & Marangell,
1993; Pazzaglia et al., 1998). However, controlled
studies were carried out with highly selected RBD
patient samples for example, patients with repeated
suicide attempts or comorbid borderline personality
disorder or somatic diseases (Kocmur, Dernovsek &
Tavcar, 1998; Montgomery et al., 1994; Verkes et al.,
1998; Wermuth et al., 1998), and this might have led
to a bias directed towards therapy resistance. Our
own positive experience concerning treatment with
mirtazapine (Stamenkovic, Pezawas, De Zwaan,
Aschauer, & Kasper, 1998), reboxetine (Pezawas
et al., 2002a), and fluoxetine, as well as other positive
results from case reports with lithium (Corominas,
Bonet & Nieto, 1998), carbamazepine (Gertz, 1992),
lamotrigine (Malt & Fladvad, 2001) and tranyl-
cypromine (Joffe, 1996) put the negative findings
from other studies due to the above mentioned
reasons in question (Pezawas et al., 2001).
In any case, to date, it is not possible to derive a
specific treatment strategy for RBD from the existing
data. Because the study results remain unclear and
contradictory, there is a great need for future
controlled clinical trials without the methodical
limitations of previous studies. Taking into consid-
eration that to date, successful treatment of RBD has
been reported for about 60 patients, a first choice
antidepressant treatment attempt with substances
lacking severe side effects seems to be justified.
Future perspectives
Recurrent Brief Depressive Disorder originated from
epidemiological research, which distinguishes this
disorder from any other psychiatric disorder. So far
epidemiologic studies were able to elaborate clinical
features of RBD and estimate prevalence rates in
different populations. A substantial new piece of
information will be provided by new data of the
EDSP study, which included a parental psychiatric
interview as well as information on the early
developmental symptoms of their offspring. These
data (Pezawas et al., in preparation) demonstrate that
parents of RBD patients do not exhibit higher rates
of MDD than the normal population. This is a
surprising finding since MDD rates of parents of
MDD patients are dramatically elevated and support
the idea that MDD has a substantial genetic
component in its etiology. Our data suggests that
there might be a substantial difference between the
genetic risk factors of MDD and RBD. Furthermore,
these data demonstrates that RBD patients are
essentially more exposed to stress-related life events
than MDD patients.
The pessimism concerning the treatment of RBD
might be unjustified, due to false negative study
results. Recent progress has been made in the
Table III.
case analyses) and two-tailed studies assessing treatment of
patients with RBD.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, one-tailed (single
Kocmur et al., 1998a
Kasper et al., 2000
Montgomery et al., 1994b
Kasper et al., 2000
Montgomery et al.
(Kasper et al., 2000)
Pazzaglia et al., 1998c
Pazzaglia et al., 1998c
Pazzaglia et al., 1998c
Verkes et al., 1998b
Wermuth et al., 1998d
RBD, Recurrent Brief Depression; n, number of patients included
in the study;
suicide attempts;
nimodipine; þ response to treatment; ? no response to treatment.
aIntermittent Depressive Disorder;
csingle case analysis;
1Carbamazepine was prescribed as add-on treatment to
breduction of
dParkinson patients with
Table IV.
providing drug treatment outcomes in RBD.
Open trials and single case analyses, and case reports
Treatment Response
Amore et al., 1998a
Corominas et al., 1998a
Corominas et al., 1998a
Gertz, 1992a
Gertz, 1992a
Gertz, 1992a
Gertz, 1992a
Gertz, 1992a
Pezawas et al., 2002b
Stamenkovic et al., 2001c
Stamenkovic et al., 1998a
RBD, Recurrent Brief Depression; n, Number of patients included
in the study;
þ response to treatment; ? no response to treatment.
acase report;
bsingle case analysis;
copen trial;
L. Pezawas et al.
Page 7
prospective assessment of mood symptoms in such
rapid cycling depressive mood disorders like RBD.
It has been worked out that designs and statistical
methods used in clinical studies in the past have been
insufficient. However, several questions remain
concerning the optimal clinical study design, instru-
ments for assessing RBD symptoms, and appropriate
statistical methods. Future efforts in the field of RBD
should also include these methodological aspects.
The optimal treatment regime for RBD remains an
open question. Based on information from treatment
studies, a prescription with modern antidepressants
seems to be appropriate. As a second line treatment,
mood stabilizers can be considered. However, longer
response rates (weeks to a few months) than those
seen in MDD are characteristic for this disorder
since symptoms occur less frequently than in MDD.
Finally, there is very limited information available
on the biological features of RBD due to a lack
of 'pure' RBD patients in psychiatric institutions.
Supportive data might soon be available from
trytophan depletion studies in Vienna and electro-
physiological, structural and functional imaging
studies in Oslo (Malt, 2003).
Summarizing progress in RBD research, we
conclude that RBD is an epidemiological well-
characterized disorder that is common in primary
care and in the community, but less common in
psychiatric practice. Therefore, clinical studies are
lacking in the field of RBD research today and
further studies are clearly needed. The pessimism
concerning the drug treatment for this disorder
(originating from the first studies) seems to be
inappropriate today. Progress in methods, which
should be used for the assessment and evaluation
of this disorder, may contribute to the development
of better treatment strategies for this disorder.
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and obsessive-compulsive
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Jean Shepherd
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2014) |
Jean Shepherd | |
Born | Chicago, Illinois, USA |
July 26, 1921
Died | October 16, 1999 Sanibel Island, Florida, USA |
(aged 78)
Pen name | Shep (nickname), Frederick R. Ewing |
Occupation | Writer, raconteur, radio host |
Nationality | American |
Genre | humor, satire |
Years active | 1948-1990s |
Spouse | Leigh Brown (1977-1998) (her death) Lois Nettleton (1960-1967) (divorced) Joan Laverne Warner (1950-1957) (divorced) |
Military career | |
Allegiance | United States of America |
Service/branch | United States Army |
Years of service | 1942 - 1944 |
Rank | Technician Fifth Grade (T/5) |
Unit | Signal Corps |
Jean Parker Shepherd (July 26, 1921 – October 16, 1999) was an American storyteller, radio and TV personality, writer and actor who was often referred to by the nickname Shep.[1]
With a career that spanned decades, Shepherd is best known to modern audiences[2] for the film A Christmas Story (1983), which he narrated and co-scripted, based on his own semi-autobiographical stories.
Early life[edit]
Born on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, Shepherd was raised in Hammond, Indiana, where he graduated from Hammond High School in 1939.[2] The movie A Christmas Story is based on his days growing up in Hammond's southeast side neighborhood of Hessville. As a youth he worked briefly as a mail carrier in a steel mill and earned his Amateur Radio license, sometimes claiming he got it at 16, other times saying he was even younger. Shepherd was a lifelong White Sox fan.
During World War II, he served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps.[2] Shepherd then had an extensive career in a variety of media.
Radio career[edit]
Shepherd began his broadcast radio career on WSAI in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1948. From 1951 to 1953 he had a late-night broadcast on KYW in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after which he returned to Cincinnati for a show on WLW. After a stint on television (see below), he returned to radio. "Shep," as he was known, settled in at WOR radio New York City, New York on an overnight slot in 1956, where he delighted his fans[3] by telling stories, reading poetry (especially the works of Robert W. Service), and organizing comedic listener stunts. The most famous[4] of the last involved creating a hoax about a non-existent book, I, Libertine, by the equally non-existent author "Frederick R. Ewing", in 1956. During a discussion on how easy it was to manipulate the best seller lists, which at that time were based not only on sales but demand, Shepherd suggested that his listeners visit bookstores and ask for a copy of I, Libertine which led to booksellers attempting to purchase the book from their distributors. Fans of the show eventually took it further, planting references to the book and author so widely that demand for the book led to it being listed on The New York Times Best Seller list.[5] Shepherd, Theodore Sturgeon and Betty Ballantine later wrote the actual book, with a cover painted by illustrator Frank Kelly Freas, published by Ballantine Books.[6] Among his close friends in the late 1950s were Shel Silverstein and Herb Gardner. With them and actress Lois Nettleton, Shepherd performed in the revue he created, Look, Charlie. Later he was married to Nettleton for about six years.[7]
When he was about to be released by WOR in 1956 for not being commercial, he did a commercial for Sweetheart Soap, not a sponsor, and was immediately fired. His listeners besieged WOR with complaints, and when Sweetheart offered to sponsor him he was reinstated. Eventually, he attracted more sponsors than he wanted—the commercials interrupted the flow of his monologues. Ex WOR engineer, Frank Cernese, adds: The commercials of that era were on "ETs"—phonograph records about 14" in diameter. Three large turntables were available to play them in sequence. However, Shepherd liked the engineer to look at him and listen when he told his stories. That left little time to load the turntables and cue the appropriate cuts. That's when he started complaining about "too many commercials".[citation needed] He broadcast until he left WOR in 1977. His subsequent radio work consisted of only short segments on several other stations including crosstown WCBS[disambiguation needed]. His final radio gig was the Sunday night radio show "Shepherd's Pie" on WBAI-FM in the mid-1990s, which consisted of his reading his stories uncut, uninterrupted and unabridged. The show was one of WBAI's most popular of the period. In addition to his stories, his shows also contained, among other things, humorous anecdotes and general commentaries about the human condition, observations about life in New York, accounts of vacations in Maine and travels throughout the world. Among the most striking of his programs was his account of his participation in the March on Washington in August 1963, during which Dr. Martin Luther King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech, and the program that aired on November 25, 1963—the burial day of President John F. Kennedy. However, his most scintillating programs remain his oftimes prophetic, bitingly humorous commentaries about ordinary life in America.
Throughout his radio career, he performed entirely without scripts. His friend and WOR colleague Barry Farber marveled at how he could talk so long with very little written down.[citation needed] Yet during a radio interview, Shepherd once claimed that some shows took several weeks to prepare. On most of his Fourth of July broadcasts, however, he would read one of his most enduring and popular short stories, "Ludlow Kissel and the Dago Bomb that Struck Back," about a neighborhood drunk and his disastrous fireworks escapades. In the 1960s and 1970s, his WOR show ran from 11:15 pm to midnight, later changed to 10:15 pm to 11 pm, so his "Ludlow Kissel" reading was coincidentally timed to many New Jersey and New York local town fireworks displays, which would traditionally reach their climax at 10 pm. It was possible, on one of those July 4 nights, to park one's car on a hilltop and watch several different pyrotechnic displays, accompanied by Shepherd's masterful storytelling.
Shepherd wrote a series of humorous short stories about growing up in northwest Indiana and its steel towns, many of which were first told by him on his programs and then published in Playboy. The stories were later assembled into books titled In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash, Wanda Hickey's Night of Golden Memories: and Other Disasters, The Ferrari in the Bedroom, and A Fistful of Fig Newtons. Some of those situations were incorporated into his movies and television fictional stories. He also wrote a column for the early Village Voice, a column for Car and Driver, numerous individual articles for diverse publications, including Mad Magazine ("The Night People vs. Creeping Meatballism", March/April 1957), and introductions for books such as The America of George Ade, American Snapshots, and the 1970 reprint of the 1929 Johnson Smith Catalogue.[8][9]
When Eugene B. Bergmann's Excelsior, You Fathead! The Art and Enigma of Jean Shepherd was published in 2005, Publishers Weekly reviewed:
This prismatic portrait affirms Shepherd's position as one of the 20th century's great humorists. Railing against conformity, he forged a unique personal bond with his loyal listeners, who participated in his legendary literary prank by asking bookstores for the nonexistent novel I, Libertine (when publisher Ian Ballantine had Shepherd, author Theodore Sturgeon, and illustrator Frank Kelly Freas make the fake real, PW called it "the hoax that became a book"). Storyteller Shepherd's grand theme was life itself... Novelist Bergmann (Rio Amazonas) interviewed 32 people who knew Shepherd or were influenced by him and listened to hundreds of broadcast tapes, inserting transcripts of Shepherd's own words into a "biographical framework" of exhaustive research.[10]
Shep's Army: Bummers, Blisters, and Boondoggles, almost three dozen of Jean Shepherd's radio stories about the army, transcribed, edited and introduced by Eugene B. Bergmann, is a new book of stories by Shepherd, never before in print. (Opus Books, August 2013)
Television and films[edit]
Early in his career, Shepherd had a television program in Cincinnati called Rear Bumper.[2] He claimed that he was recommended to replace the resigning Steve Allen on NBC's Tonight Show. Shepherd was reportedly brought to New York City by NBC executives to prepare for the position, but they were contractually bound to first offer it to Jack Paar. The network was certain Paar would hold out for a role in prime time, but he accepted the late-night assignment. However, he did not assume the position permanently until Shepherd and Ernie Kovacs had co-hosted the show.
In 1960 he did a weekly television show on WOR in New York, but it did not last long. Between 1971 and 1994, Shepherd became a screenwriter of note, writing and producing numerous works for both television and cinema. He was the writer and narrator of the show Jean Shepherd's America, produced by Boston Public Television station WGBH in which he told his famous narratives, visited unusual locales, and interviewed local people of interest. He used a somewhat similar format for the New Jersey Network TV show Shepherd's Pie. On many of the Public TV shows he wrote, directed and edited entire shows.[citation needed]
He also wrote and narrated many works, the most famous being the 1983 MGM feature film A Christmas Story, which is now considered a holiday classic. Shepherd narrates the film as the adult Ralph Parker, and also has a cameo role playing a man in line at the department store waiting for Santa Claus.
Ten years later, Shepherd and A Christmas Story director Bob Clark returned to the same working-class Cleveland neighborhood to film a sequel, It Runs in the Family (later known as My Summer Story), released by MGM in 1994 and featuring an almost entirely different cast from the previous film.
PBS aired several television movies based on Shepherd stories, also featuring the Parker family. These included The Phantom of the Open Hearth (1976), which aired as part of the anthology series Visions; The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters (1982) and The Star-Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski (1985), both as part of the anthology series American Playhouse; and Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss (1988), a co-production with The Disney Channel. All were narrated by Shepherd but otherwise featured different casts.
Live performances and recordings[edit]
On Saturday nights for several years, Shepherd broadcast his WOR radio program live from the Limelight Cafe in New York City's Greenwich Village, and he also performed at many colleges nationwide. His live shows were a perennial favorite[citation needed] at Rutgers to wildly enthusiastic standing room only crowds, and Fairleigh Dickinson Universities (he often referred to the latter as "Fairly Ridiculous University" on his WOR show). He performed at Princeton University annually for 30 years, until 1996. He performed before sold-out audiences at Carnegie Hall and Town Hall. He was also emcee for several important jazz concerts in the late 1950s. Shepherd improvised spoken word narration for the title track on jazz musician Charles Mingus's 1957 album The Clown. Eight record albums of live and studio performances of Shepherd were released between 1955 and 1975. In 1994, Shepherd recorded the opening narration and the voice of the Audio-Animatronics "Father" character for the updated Carousel of Progress attraction at Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom, still heard today[when?].
On some of his broadcasts he played parts of recordings of such novelty songs as "The Bear Missed the Train" (a parody of the Yiddish ballad "Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen") and "The Sheik of Araby". Sometimes Shepherd would accompany the recordings by playing the Jew's harp, nose flute, or kazoo, and occasionally even by thumping his knuckles on his head.
The theme song of his show was "The Bahn Frei Polka" by Eduard Strauss. The particular version he used was a 1958 recording by Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops.
Ham radio[edit]
Shepherd held the ham radio call signs W9QWN (2907 Cleveland St., Hammond, Ind.) and later K2ORS (New York). A 1938 W9QWN QSL card shows him signing the name (handle) "Shep". This is also confirmed from an early log book. He was very active on ham radio until his death. He is listed in the 1962 Amateur Radio Callbook as K2ORS, 1307 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y.
For a number of years, while married to Lois Nettleton, his address was 340 East 57th Street in New York City. His last residence in NYC was on West 10th Street in Greenwich Village, where he lived for many years. He is also credited as the voice for the ARRL's tape series Tune In the World with Ham Radio. This series of tapes helped many young people become ham radio operators.
Fact and fiction[edit]
It is unknown to what extent Shepherd's radio and published stories were fact, fiction or a combination of the two. The childhood friends included in many of his stories were people he claimed to have invented, yet high school yearbooks confirm that many of them did exist. His father was a cashier at the Borden Milk Company. Shepherd always referred to him as "my old man." During an interview on the Long John Nebel Show—an all-night radio program that ran on WOR starting at midnight—Shepherd once claimed that his real father was a cartoonist along the lines of Herblock, and that he inherited his skills at line drawings. This may well have not been true but Shepherd's ink drawings do adorn some of his published writings, and a number of previously unknown ones were sold on eBay from his former wife Lois Nettleton's collection after her death in 2008.
The 1930 Federal Census Record for Hammond, Indiana indicates that Jean's father did work for a dairy company. His actual occupation reads "cashier." The 1930 census record (which misspells the last name as "Shephard" when searching) lists the following family members: Jean Shepherd, age 30, head; Anna Shepherd, age 30, wife; Jean Shepherd, Jr, age 8, son; and Randall Shepherd, age 6, son. According to this record, Jean Sr, Anna, Jean Jr, and Randall were all born in Illinois. Jean, Sr's parents were born in Kansas. Ann's parents were born in Germany.
Jean Shepherd had two children, a son Randall and a daughter Adrien, but publicly denied this. Randall Shepherd describes his father as having frequently come home late or not at all. Randall had almost no contact with him after his parents' divorce.[11]
Shepherd's life and multimedia career are examined in the 2005 book Excelsior, You Fathead! The Art and Enigma of Jean Shepherd by Eugene B. Bergmann (ISBN 0-55783-600-0).
Shepherd's oral narrative style was a precursor to that used by Spalding Gray and Garrison Keillor. Marshall McLuhan in Understanding Media wrote that Shepherd "regards radio as a new medium for a new kind of novel that he writes nightly." In the "Seinfeld Season 6" DVD set, commenting on the episode titled "The Gymnast" Jerry Seinfeld says "He really formed my entire comedic sensibility—I learned how to do comedy from Jean Shepherd." Furthermore, the first name of Seinfeld's third child is "Shepherd." On January 23, 2012 the Paley Center for Media (formerly The Museum of Television and Radio) presented a tribute to Jean Shepherd. Jerry Seinfeld was interviewed for the hour and discussed how Shepherd and he had similar ways of humorously discussing minor incidents in life. He confirmed the importance of Shepherd on his career.
Shepherd was an influence on Bill Griffith's Zippy comic strip, as Griffith noted in his strip for January 9, 2000. Griffith explained, "The inspiration—just plucking random memories from my childhood, as I'm wont to do in my Sunday strip (also a way to expand beyond Zippy)--and Shep was a big part of them".[12]
In an interview with New York magazine, Steely Dan's Donald Fagen says that the eponymous figure from his solo album The Nightfly was based on Jean Shepherd.
Though he primarily spent his radio career playing music, New York Top 40 DJ Dan Ingram has acknowledged Shepherd's style as an influence.
An article he wrote for the March–April 1957 issue of MAD magazine, "The Night People vs Creeping Meatballism", described the differences between what he considered to be "day people" (conformists) and "night people" (non-conformists). In the opening credits of John Cassavetes' 1959 film Shadows the credits read "Presented by Jean Shepherd's Night People".
In 2005, Shepherd was posthumously inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame, and in November 2013 he was posthumously inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia Hall of Fame.[13]
- Jean Shepherd in Clinton, New Jersey, in 1977 on YouTube.
- Jean Shepherd in Boston's Fenway Park discussing his childhood vis-a-vis baseball, October 14, 1969
Listen to[edit]
- Jean Shepherd's radio shows from the 50s, 60s and 70s at archive.org
- www.live365.com/stations/wxrb?site=pro — The Jean Shepherd Show rebroadcasts are also heard every Sunday night at 11:00 p.m./Eastern on WXRB (95.1 FM/Dudley–Webster, MA)
- The Brass Figlagee — Nightly podcast of Jean Shepherd shows
- Jean Shepherd Reads Poems of Robert Service (1975) at Smithsonian Folkways
- Insomnia Theater — Free 24 x 7 stream of Jean Shepherd shows
- Shep-A-Day — What was Jean Shepherd talking about on this day in history? Podcast updated daily
- Shepherd describes how his father personally lost a White Sox game on YouTube — The voice of the father in Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress
- The Clown by Charlie Mingus (track 4)
- I, Libertine (1956, co-written by Theodore Sturgeon as "Frederick R. Ewing")
- The America of George Ade (1960, edited and introduced by Jean Shepherd)
- In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash (1966)
- Wanda Hickey's Night of Golden Memories: And Other Disasters (1971)
- The Ferrari in the Bedroom (1972)
- The Phantom of the Open Hearth (1978)
- A Fistful of Fig Newtons (1981)
- A Christmas Story (2003, posthumously)
- New Faces (1954)
- Shadows (1959)
- Village Sunday (1960)
- Summer Incident (1960)
- Light Fantastic (1964)
- America, Inc. NET Playhouse (1970) (TV)
- Tiki Tiki (1971)
- Jean Shepherd's America (1971) (TV)
- The David Frost Show (1972) (TV)
- No Whistles, Bells, or Bedlam (1973) (Rochester Institute of Technology) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0307234/
- The Phantom of the Open Hearth (1976) (TV)
- Shepherd's Pie (1978) (TV)
- Flickers (1980) (TV)
- The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters (1982) (TV)
- A Christmas Story (1983)
- Jean Shepherd on Route 1... and Other Major Thoroughfares (1984) (TV)
- The Star-Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski (1985) (TV)
- The Great American Road-Racing Festival (1985) (TV)
- Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss (1988) (TV)
- Sesame Street (1988) (TV)
- My Summer Story (aka It Runs in the Family) (1994)
- Christmas Unwrapped: The History of Christmas (1997) (TV)
- Babe Ruth (1998) (TV)
- Norman Rockwell: An American Portrait (2002) (TV)
See also[edit]
- ^ Clavin, Jim (2007). "Who Is Jean Shepherd?". Flick Lives!. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ a b c d "Famous Hammond Personalities: Jean Shepherd". HammondIndiana.com. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ^ Phillips, McCandlish (August 13, 1956). "400 Hold A Wake For Radio Cult". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ Wilcock, John (August 1, 1956). "The Book That Wasn't". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ Lortie, Arthur (17 December 2012). "All I want for Christmas is my name on the Bestseller's List". The Herald News. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
- ^ Tricked You: Great Literary Hoaxes Good Reading magazine June 2008 Pg 22
- ^ Ramirez, Anthony (October 17, 1999). "Jean Shepherd, a Raconteur Of the Radio, Dies in Florida". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
- ^ Excelsior, you fathead!: the art and enigma of Jean Shepherd, Eugene B. Bergmann, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2005, 495 pages, p. 333-4, ISBN 978-1-55783-600-7 via Google Books
- ^ Shep Bibliography: The Works and Career of Jean Shepherd, Jim Sadur and Joe Berg, 1998–2004, keyflux.com, retrieved March 30, 2010
- ^ Publishers Weekly, vol. 252, no. 4 (2005), p. 233.
- ^ Shepherd, Randall (2006). "One More Hat on a Man". Shep's vast file of dynamic trivia: People in Shep's Life. Jim Clavin. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
- ^ Flick Lives: "Zippy"
- ^ Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia web page Accessed 12-07-2013
External links[edit]
- A blog begun in early 2013, shepquest.wordpress.com discusses Jean Shepherd's life and work.
- Jean Shepherd at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Jean Shepherd in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Jean Shepherd Historical Preservation Website
- Jean Shepherd Festival in Hammond, Indiana
- The Night People vs Creeping Meatballism Mad 32 (March–April 1957) article by Jean Shepherd, illustrated by Wally Wood
- Jean's ham call on QRZ.COM
- Ralph Gardner's One Ralphie to Another
- Leigh Brown at the Internet Movie Database
- 1921 births
- 1999 deaths
- Jean Shepherd
- Amateur radio people
- American radio personalities
- American humorists
- National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
- American short story writers
- Writers from Chicago, Illinois
- People from Hammond, Indiana
- Male actors from Indiana
- American people of Irish descent
- 20th-century American male actors


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- Melissa Arnot
- Alex Barber
- Bridget Belliveau
- Jake Beren
- Zeb Blais
- Katrina Bloemsma
- Katie Bono
- Adam Butterfield
- Anne Gilbert Chase
- Lance Colley
- Sean Collon
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- Steve Gately
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- Nick Hunt
- Tyler Jones
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- Levi Kepsel
- Andrew Kiefer
- Mike King
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- Ben Liken
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- Josh Maggard
- Paul Maier
- Linden Mallory
- Lindsay Mann
- Andres Marin
- Jeff Martin
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- Robert Montague
- Chase Nelson
- Billy Nugent
- Brent Okita
- Tyler Reid
- Kel Rossiter
- Geoff Schellens
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- Mike Soucy
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- Pete Van Deventer
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- Win Whittaker
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Entries From Rainier 8-1-12
Mt. Rainier: August 1st Summit!
Posted by: Brent Okita, Eric Frank, Mike Haugen | August 01, 2012
Categories: *Expedition Dispatches *Mount Rainier
Elevation: 14,410'
"By far the best of the year" was RMI Guide Brent Okita's description of today's weather on the summit of Mt. Rainier. Brent led the Four Day Summit Climb July 29 - 1 August to the top this morning. RMI Guide Eric Frank led the Five Day Summit Climb July 28 - 1 August to Rainier's summit with 100% of his team. Both teams reported warm temperatures with just a whisper of wind. They began their descent from the crater rim just before 8 am. The teams will return to Camp Muir and then continue their descent to Paradise.
RMI Guide Mike Haugen led the Expedition Skills Seminar on the Kautz Glacier. The team spent the week training at Rainier BaseCamp and on the mountain. This morning they packed up their camp at 13,000' atop Wapowty Cleaver and reached the summit of Mt. Rainier. The team will descend via the Disappointment Cleaver Route. This marks the 100th summit of Mt. Rainier for RMI Guide Mike Haugen. Congratulations Mike!
RMI Guide Jake Beren called to check-in from Mt. Shuksan. The team is back at camp after being 100% on top today. Jake reported that the route is "near perfect" with an amazing sunrise, views of Mt. Baker and the surrounding Cascades. They ascended the central gulleys of the summit pyramid and stood on top with windless, sunny conditions. The team had a great descent, rolling in to camp at the same time as the fog. They are back at camp hydrating and resting before hiking out tomorrow.
We look forward to seeing all the groups at Rainier BaseCamp this afternoon. Congratulations to today's teams!
11 |
Congrats Lindella and team. We are so proud of you!Mom and Dad
read morePosted by: Linda Smith on 8/4/2012 at 8:20 am
Congrats to Mike on 100!! I was there on the summit with him and our team had an incredible climb together. Thank you to our amazing guides and to my… read more
Posted by: Cindee Teer on 8/3/2012 at 8:12 pm


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POPSUGAR Celebrity Alessandra Ambrosio Pictures of Allesandra by Celebrity 6/11/10 0 Shares Like us on Facebook Previous Photo 1 of 16 View on One Page ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides) Next Share This Link Copy 1 Pictures of Allesandra Previous Photo 1 of 16 View on One Page ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides) Next Read More Jamie MazurAlessandra Ambrosio Alessandra Ambrosio This Week's Top 10 Are a Bunch of Show-Offs The Oscars Party Started at Elton John's Star-Studded Bash Get Ready: Victoria's Secret Is Putting on Another Show Last Night's Red Carpet Was Both Sexy and Sweet Get the scoop with our daily newsletter Enjoy the latest news on the celebs you love. Young Hollywood Movies A Listers TV Sign up with skisea654 2 years I don't know why I care. Kind of like the Gweneth Paltrow thing I had 7 years ago. But you might want to find a more meaningful relationship. Me Sattwa Panjali. I just like nice women. Sattwa mean PURE. -^delta bh fashionplate525 4 years It is sweet that they are so affectionate! Link Love Ingrid Michaelson has called it quits with her husband — Us Weekly Kelly Clarkson makes surprising American Idol admission — HuffPost Celebrity Look what Gwyneth Paltrow Instagrammed last night — Lainey Gossip Scarlett Johansson comments on that John Travolta encounter — Dlisted What is Shia LaBeouf doing with his look? — JustJared Kim Kardashian reveals another interesting outfit — Hollywood Tuna Here's how Britney Spears spent her night — Pink Is the New Blog Someone else shared a picture of Chelsea Handler's boobs — The Superficial Have you heard Kylie Minogue's new single? — popbytes Latest Celebrity
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'The Vampire Diaries' returns Oct. 11 with its game-changing fourth season. Watch the first official trailer here!
Vampire Diaries fans, your patience has paid off! The CW just released a 1-minute trailer for the show's upcoming fourth season… and it's a doozy. As Elena (Nina Dobrev) prepares to make the ultimate choice — you know, feed or die — the rest of the Mystic Falls gang is pulling out all the stops to prevent her from transitioning into a vampire.
Bonnie (Kat Graham) seems to be putting in the most effort, plotting a spell that would take her to the "other side" so she could bring Elena back, while the men in Elena's life — Stefan (Paul Wesley), Damon (Ian Somerhalder) and Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) — are mostly just there for moral support.
And then there's Caroline (Candice Accola) and "Tyler" (Michael Trevino), who are too busy with sexy times to even care what's happening with Elena. Oh, right, and Caroline still has no idea she's actually banging out with Klaus (Joseph Morgan) in Tyler's body.
God, I've missed this show.
Watch the brand-new trailer for The Vampire Diaries' fourth season below, then drop me a comment with your immediate reactions:
— Andy Swift
More Vampire Diaries scoop:
- New 'Vampire Diaries' Video: Elijah Will 'Definitely Be Back' In Season 4
- 'Vampire Diaries': Damon Finally Gets His Edge Back In Season 4
- 'Secret Circle' Star Phoebe Tonkin Joins 'The Vampire Diaries'
View Comment
Posted at 7:41 AM on November 24, 2012
Posted at 2:23 PM on September 17, 2012
Ok for the people who are freaking about why should she get a second chance. This is not a for sure save. We only saw a 1 minute clip and there are lots of factors such as is the show going to stay true to the books for one. If it does or doesnt then it has nothing to do with her being the main character and everything to do with the storyline that was played out in the books. I hope they follow the storyline from the books because it just gets more interesting from here!
shut up NI65@**
Posted at 6:38 PM on September 12, 2012
tania rahman
Posted at 3:37 PM on September 12, 2012
Posted at 1:27 AM on September 20, 2012
the only problem is that if Elena doesn't get an out clause there isn't another season, the bloodline ends with Elena, there for no doppelganger, there for there's no reason for a Klaus interference, etc'..there would be plot left.. if you think about it, no vampire hunt for a curse to be broken and no problems with the town because yes there's vampires there but being elena is a do gooder she'd protect the town…hence again.. end of story end of all tvd.
Jessi Salvatore
Posted at 9:06 AM on September 11, 2012
Will Elena complete her transition or will Bonnie save her? http://ladysybilla.blogspot.com/2012/09/new-vampire-diaries-season-4-trailer.html
Niall's Princess
Posted at 8:26 PM on September 4, 2012
Posted at 8:12 PM on September 4, 2012
let it be
Posted at 6:06 PM on September 4, 2012
Posted at 4:10 PM on September 4, 2012
Posted at 4:03 PM on September 4, 2012
Posted at 4:34 PM on September 4, 2012
Posted at 5:02 PM on September 4, 2012
wrong its based on a book called vaThe Awakening: Volume I (1991) ISBN 978-1-4449-0071-2
The Struggle: Volume II (1991) ISBN 978-0-06-199076-2
The Fury: Volume III (1991) ISBN 978-0-06-199077-9
Dark Reunion: Volume IV (1992) ISBN 0-06-105992-7
[edit]The Vampire Diaries: The Return Trilogy
The Return: Nightfall (2009)ISBN 9780061720802
The Return: Shadow Souls (2010) ISBN 978-0-06-172083-3
The Return: Midnight (2011) ISBN 978-0-06-172085-7
[edit]The Vampire Diaries: The Hunters Trilogy
The Hunters: Phantom (2011) (Written by a ghostwriter)
The Hunters: Moonsong (2012) (Written by a ghostwriter)
The Hunters: Destiny Rising (2012) (Written by a ghostwriter)mpire diaries which was done 1990s so who is copying who
Posted at 5:28 PM on September 4, 2012
Posted at 5:35 PM on September 4, 2012
Posted at 7:44 PM on September 4, 2012
first of all it is steal not steel, which shows just how smart you are. Second of all, the only thing remotely like Twilight is the SE romance. There is no cheesy sparkle bullshit that twilight has. The vampires are real ones, the werewolvees are actually menacing. In the love triangle, both sides have a chance as opposed to twilight where it was obvious all along. The side characters in TVD are fleshed out and interesting, unlike Twilight. So have actual proof before you go and say you hate something, since you probably have never seen it.
Posted at 12:17 AM on September 5, 2012
Posted at 8:36 PM on September 5, 2012
Posted at 6:27 AM on September 25, 2012
Actually Vampire Diaries books came out BEFORE Twilight. Elena becomes a vampire in the books, so they are staying true to the books in some respect. Get your facts straight before commenting. I love Twilight and Vampire Diaries. They are both awesome, even if I am older than the target audience!! :-)


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The Apache Onami logo has been kindly donated by Frank David Martínez.


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It's a football fans favorite day during the off-season. The NFL holds its annual draft tonight. SNY and MSG are set to bring viewers the most comprehensive coverage.
SNY, the home of the Mets, also has a focus on all things Jets. Therefore, the cable network will air an in-depth program from 6:30 to 7:30 tonight, leading up to the Jets first-round selection. Jets Nation: Draft Day 2012 will feature unprecedented access from inside the Jets draft "war room.
read more
Filed under: Jets, NFL Draft, NFL Fans For a couple hours, I feared that the world had spun off its axis: Jets fans actually cheered when their team selected Vernon Gholston with the sixth pick in the NFL Draft. But the goodwill... Read Post
With the world of football caught up in a lot of controversy, very little controversy trickled out during the opening night of the 2011 NFL draft. The one thing that left most NFL fans, and draft day viewers puzzled was the way in... Read Post
Dish Network is at it again. They pulled MSG and MSG+ in October of 2010 (and still haven't restored it), dropped SNY on Opening Day of the Mets 2011 season, and have had issues with various other regional sports networks. I'm not e... Read Post


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Viz Media Offers 40% Off On Select Volume 1 Digital Manga Titles Every Monday In May On VizManga.com And VizManga App For iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch
May 4th 2012Latest Digital Update For The First-Half Of May Also Features The Launch Of HIGH SCHOOL DEBUT, MISTRESS FORTUNE, SEIHO BOYS HIGH SCHOOL And EXCEL SAGA
Manga publisher Viz Media encourages fans across North America to visit VIZManga.com and the VIZ MANGA App for the Apple iPad®, iPhone® and iPod® touch every Monday throughout the first-half of May to take advantage of a special 40% off discount on select Volume 1 digital titles (Reg. MSRP: $4.99, Sale Price: $2.99). Five different opening volumes from various manga series will be offered each week, from the hit debuts of BLEACH and BAKUMAN。, to the non-stop action of DRAGON BALL Z and psychological tension of DEATH NOTE, to the romance of BLACK BIRD and DENGEKI DAISY.
Discount Manga Titles for May 7th Include:
BAKUMAN。 Vol. 1 • Rated 'T' for Teens
DEATH NOTE Vol. 1 • Rated 'T+' for Older Teens
DRAGON BALL Z Vol. 1 • Rated 'A' for All Ages
ROSARIO + VAMPIRE II Vol. 1 • Rated 'T+' for Older Teens
TORIKO Vol. 1 • Rated 'T' for Teens
Discount Manga Titles for May 14th Include:
ABSOLUTE BOYFRIEND Vol. 1 • Rated 'T+' for Older Teens
ARATA: THE LEGEND Vol. 1 • Rated 'T' for Teens
BLACK BIRD Vol. 1 • Rated 'T+' for Older Teens
DENGEKI DAISY Vol. 1 • Rated 'T+' for Older Teens
HYDE & CLOSER Vol. 1 • Rated 'T+' for Older Teens
Viz Media also delivers a substantial digital manga update during the first-half of May with the announcement of the launch of 4 new series. The new series include
Viz Media Announces Digital Manga Updates For First-Half Of May 2012
the romantic shojo fun of MISTRESS FORTUNE, HIGH SCHOOL DEBUT, and SEIHO BOYS HIGH SCHOOL, as well as the zany sci-fi comedy action of EXCEL SAGA.
The VIZ MANGA APP is available for free through the iTunes Store and all manga volumes are generally available for purchase and download in the U.S. and Canada within the application for $4.99 (U.S. / CAN) per volume. More than 55 series and 500+ volumes are currently available for download.
MISTRESS FORTUNE · by Arina Tanemura · Rated 'T' for Teens ·
Available May 7th
Fourteen-year-old Kisaki Tachibana has psychic powers. She works for PSI, a secret
government agency that fights aliens. She's in love with her partner Giniro, but PSI
won't allow operatives to get involved. Just when Kisaki thinks she may be getting
closer to Giniro, she finds out she's going to be transferred to California!
HIGH SCHOOL DEBUT Vol. 1 · by Kazune Kawahara · Rated 'T' for Teens ·
Available May 14th
Hapless Haruna needs help finding a boyfriend! After failing to win the eye of any
guy in high school, Haruna enlists the help of cute upperclassman Yoh to coach her
on how to make herself more appealing to the male species. Yoh agrees, with one
catch: Haruna had better not fall for him!
SEIHO BOYS HIGH SCHOOL Vol. 1 · by Kaeneyoshi Izumi ·
Rated 'T+' for Older Teens · Available May 14th
Remote, lonely and surrounded by the ocean – this isn't Alcatraz we're talking
about – it's Seiho Boys' High School!, where the student body is rife with sexually
frustrated hunks! How can these young men get girlfriends when they're stuck in
the middle of nowhere? These are the stories of the students of Seiho High and the
trouble they get into as they awkwardly pursue all girls who cross their paths.
EXCEL SAGA Vol. 1 · by Rikdo Koshi · Rated 'T' for Teens ·
Available May 14th
Question: What happens when you try to act like an anime character in real
life? Answer: EXCEL SAGA. Two groups of neighbors in an apartment building
lead secret lives. One thinks they're trying to take over the city of Fukuoka. The
other thinks they're trying to defend it. Only their bosses, would-be conqueror
Lord Il Palazzo and obsessed bureaucrat Dr. Kabapu, know the truth behind this
increasingly dangerous private game. Too bad neither lets their underlings in on it!
Viz Media's multiple digital manga platforms allow for universal access to read manga from an iPhone, iPod touch, iPad, and now, on VIZManga.com for desktop/ laptop PC-enabled computers as well as Android-powered devices with built-in web browsers. The free Viz Manga App is the top application for reading manga and features a rapidly growing library of the most popular manga series in the world. For more information, please visit www.VIZManga.com or www.VIZ.com/apps.
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