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Inventing the non-linear edit suite
How five different products were created from five different philosophies
By ChrisZwar | July 15, 2014
If you're developing a groundbreaking new product, where do you start? The desktop video revolution was driven by the emergence of non-linear editing systems running on home computers, but adapting them for video production was a gradual process. The products that were being developed and launched at the start of the 1990s were very different from the products that are available now, and apart from the technological challenges every one of them was innovative in some way or another.
With the benefit of hindsight, we can look back and see how 5 different products from the early 1990s were developed from five fundamentally different philosophies.
Following on from my Desktop Video Revolution series, I'm sharing a few brief thoughts and personal reflections from my experiences during the 90's.
Lightworks was first released in 1989, making it one of the very first non-linear editing systems to become a commercial product. It was developed for the feature film market, and so it was designed to be appealing and easy to use for seasoned feature film editors. Nothing reflects this philosophy more than the iconic Lightworks controller.
Back then, feature films were almost exclusively edited using Steenbeck flatbed film editors, which used a distinctive lever to control playback. The Lightworks system copied the Steenbeck controller and made the new system feel instantly familiar to anyone who'd ever used a Steenbeck.
Lightworks was developed at a time when you couldn't expect everyone to be familiar with computers, and even the idea of using a mouse was relatively new. The early Lightworks systems didn't even run as a Windows application, the system still ran on MS DOS, and so the entire graphical user interface was coded from scratch by the Lightworks developers.
Being designed from scratch, the interface looked nothing like the Macintosh or Windows operating systems and by todays standards has a few bizarre quirks – but the designers were very aware that the users of a Lightworks system may have never used a computer before. The Lightworks manual even explained what a mouse was and how it worked, because there was a good chance the intended market hadn't seen one.
One of the most distinctive quirks of the custom GUI was the use of a shark icon to delete files by eating them – the red shark became something of an infamous Lightworks icon and is still used in the current release over 20 years later. Another cute difference was the way you didn't "close" a window, you made it "vanish" with the "vanish" button.
We have become so accustomed to computers with "windows" that it's hard to imagine an alternative, but Lightworks was released a year before Microsoft found commercial success with Windows version 3.0, so perhaps it isn't surprising that the Lightworks desktop used the concept of "doors" instead.
In the same way that a post production facility might have different edit suites in different rooms, the Lightworks interface showed different projects as a series of doors, which you would select to enter the 'room' where the project was being edited. When you created a new project, another door icon was added to the desktop, and you would enter it to begin work.
Unfortunately I haven't been able to find any photos of the early interface. This is disappointing because the early Lightworks interface was quite remarkable in an 'OMG look at those colours' kind of way. At the time Lightworks was being developed, the Macintosh and Windows interfaces were basically monochrome (beveled edges would be introduced with Windows 3.0) so having colours on the desktop was quite revolutionary- especially the vibrant range of greens, reds and purples that the Lightworks used. At a Lightworks user group meeting I went to in 1997, someone told me that the original programmer had hard-coded the interface colour values in assembler code and no-one had been able to find them since. I don't know if that was true, but evidently the early Lightworks was stuck with a colour palette that was turned up to 11 for some time.
Luckily, an early Lightworks manual was recently uncovered which contains some illustrations of the interface, if not photos. The article is worth a read to fully appreciate how unique the Lightworks was at the time.
Although Lightworks was a software application running on a computer, the iconic Lightworks controller was the primary way that the editor used the system. The mouse was only there for basic navigation, it was definitely a secondary device. All editing controls were done with the function buttons on the edit controller. The keyboard was not really used except to type in text – it could be (and usually was, in our case) pushed out of the way or hidden in a drawer.
So the Lightworks team designed the interface using doors instead of windows, and the Lightworks controller was distinctive and very functional, but once you got beyond the vibrant colours and the slightly clunky mouse, the editing timeline was comparable to the other non-linear systems coming out at the same time. There were two 'monitors' – a source and record, just like a traditional video edit suite. The horizontal timeline, with different tracks for audio and video, would be recognizable today as a video editing system. My memory might be faulty, but I think the tracks had sprocket holes to represent the film the system was designed to edit.
Because Lightworks was designed to edit feature films, it was never intended to work with high quality video – it was all about quantity. The video resolution was 352x240 (the same as mpeg 1, or ¼ the number of pixels of a D1 video frame) and quite heavily compressed.
One benefit of low resolution video was that scrubbing worked really well. Using the Lightworks controller, video playback could easily be shuttled forwards or backwards at variable speeds – smoothly and without any stuttering. The simple, intuitive yet very effective playback controls were a huge factor in making the system feel friendly and easy to use. For film editors used to using a Steenbeck, or video editors used to jog and shuttle wheels, the Lightworks variable speed playback worked perfectly.
The low quality video also enabled the Lightworks to play two streams of video simultaneously, for example a picture-in-picture effect. This wouldn't be possible on some other video edit suites for over 10 years. The longest project I ever completed on a Lightworks was a training video for the hearing impaired. Being able to edit the "master" video full screen, while editing the footage of the sign language interpreter as a small PIP insert in real time, was not possible on any other system.
Interestingly, although the images were low quality even the early systems could work with Dolby Surround Sound, something else that didn't appear on other video editing systems for more than a decade.
Every aspect of the Lightworks was designed to be familiar to a film editor – not just the controller but the terminology used in the manual and in the interface. In many ways, the Lightworks was the result of developers looking at how feature films were being edited and translating the entire process to a computer, with the goal of making the computer as transparent as possible. There was no indication that the Lightworks was running on a conventional computer – no Windows desktop in the background, no conventional file system to open, save or close projects. Lightworks is the only non-linear system I have seen that almost totally hides the fact it is running on a computer. Once the system was up and running it worked more like an appliance than a software program.
The Lightworks was designed, operated, and to a certain degree marketed as an electronic Steenbeck and every effort was made to hide the fact that there was a computer under there doing all the work. In this regard the designers were very successful and although the underlying hardware was quite anemic, the system was much loved by "serious" editors.
Recently, Lightworks has been completely re-launched as an editing platform. While the current version has nothing in common with the 1989 release except for the name, it's nice to see them retaining the iconic red shark logo.
Lightworks (early 90s edition)
Released: 1989
Philosophy: Hide the computer
Strengths: Steenbeck-like controller with perfect jog/shuttling
Weaknesses: Low quality video
Fate: Failed to keep up with Avid as technology improved
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Perry Mitchell: | July, 22, 2014
Hi Chris
I've been reading your articles about NLE development with great interest.
I was trained in the '70s as a video tape editor in the BBC. Yes I DID cut 2 inch tape! I then spent 6 years at Ampex (1975-1980) and then nearly 20 with Sony Broadcast, where I was first in Product Management but then around 10 years (say the '90s) making internal corporate videos. I obviously had my pick of Sony kit (first BetacamSP, then DigiBeta) and had a tape based edit suite but had a great personal interest in Digital video. I used Macs with various boards (Truvision etc) to provide computer sourced animations.
To me, the very nub of the 'revolution' was the invention of Firewire. The curious thing is that the subsequent adoption was very haphazard! I remember attending an Apple display in the '90s at IBC in Amsterdam (it was actually outside the show in the Hilton Hotel). They had demonstrations of industrial cameras talking to a Mac via Firewire but an actual recently introduced Sony DV camcorder was connected to a Mac showing editing via the analogue ports! It was much later before they included a Firewire port as standard on Macs. Sony itself was completely taken by surprise by the professional adoption of consumer DV and the subsequent NLE systems. They had assumed that Pros would use the more expensive DVCam versions with the dedicated 'Edit Stations'. They also (of course) had a lot of existing technology to 'protect'. In short Sony completely missed the boat when they were in fact in prime position to develop NLE technology.
I could go on at length but I am sure you have better things to read!
thanks again for the 'memories'.
Perry Mitchell: | July, 22, 2014
As a particular amplification of my DV thoughts above, I left Sony in the late '90s and for a few years ploughed a sole trader furrow in mostly Corporate Video land. I used the first Sony DV camera (VX-1000) and I edited on a marvellous little program called EditDV, which came out of the Radius company. It was initially for Macs only, and was a native DV system. You only had to render transitions. Here is the relevant hook to the story - when it was first published there were no Macs with built-in Firewire, so Radius had to ship the program with a card! Unfortunately EditDV was somewhat under-resourced (but with a very helpful user forum) and it eventually got swallowed up in company politics.
I 'progressed' to FCP but missed the simplicity and the forum 'family'.
Folks with long memories will rightly claim that Sony did publish a software based NLE around that time. In fact it was written by the German 'Fast' company and it didn't last very long! Eventually Sony got in via the back door when they bought the Sonic Foundry house, and developed their Audio Edit program into what is now Sony Vegas.


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Here are a few photos I snapped of them:http://imgur.com/a/pG860 I'm fairly new to kegging (as in I've never done it and hope to soon!) Does anyone see any reason I couldn't use these for a modern setup? There's absolutely no visible damage with any of the components, and they look to be more or less the exact same as what you would buy today. He used to keep beer on tap at his home (commercial kegs of Pabst or Coors I believe), but he hasn't used them for years so gave everything to me. He also gave me a couple of shanks, a faucet, and a REALLY cool old Pabst tap handle. I'm more than likely going to buy a nice faucet and some fittings, but want to use the tank and regulator if no one sees any reason I couldn't.
The tank will need to be hydro-tested (or swapped). Once you get that done, hook up the regulator and it does the job without leaking, you're in business. MC
Nice score. Steel tanks at 0 pressure may have moisture that may have seeped in and caused rust after sitting around for many years. Take it to a tank swapping shop (should be many to choose from in Pittsburgh) and let them worry about it for $20.
Thanks guys! Sounds like I'm good to go if the tank checks out.
...as stated above.... a food supply place will not fill it if it is "out of date"... things can kill if screwed around with...
I go to Matheson-Valley Gas in West Mifflin - 903 Thompson Run Road, West Mifflin Not sure where you're at in Pittsburgh, but it's the best place I've found.
Looking for a way to give and receive beer feedback using online BJCP score sheets? Check out - http://onlinebeerscores.com/ and my blog at http://onlinebeerscores.com/blog
Bringing this post back from the dead, but I'm looking to get my co2 tank filled in Pittsburgh. I live in the south side. I'm going to need to get it tested as well, as it doesn't have any dates on it. Just built my kegerator, need to get it going!
Primary: none Secondary: Pumpkin Porter Bottled: Dunkle, English Bitter, Imperial Blonde Ale, Chocolate Maple Porter, Edwort's Apfelwein. On Deck: Belgian Tripel and Everyday IPA
Brewguyver - the man who does everything wrong so you won't have to!


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As Mr Massad Ayoob has written often times, many well intentioned folks have gone to prison for what they felt right. If I see a gun crime being committed, I have two goals. Be as an informed witness as possible and live to go home a free man. Most CCW classes inform students that CCW does not make them police officers. They cannot go around shooting people. A couple of times, stunt actors have been shot while filming by someone thinking a robbery or shootout was happening. I also say that things are not always as they appear. The so called bad guy may acutally be a good guy as evidenced by the number of plain clothes officers shot by uniformed officers thinking they were shooting a bg with a gun. It is easier to get in trouble than it is to get out.
i think there are valid arguments for both. both have there good and bad points. whether you carry open or concealed, either way carries a huge burden of responibility. i truly hope i never, ever, have to take a human life, even a BG. there is a burden you will carry with you, the rest of your life.
"they may get me in a rush, but not before i turn your head into a canoe....." -Kurt Russell (Wyatt Earp) in Tombstone "if it was up to me, i'd like to see, this country run, the way it used to be, the way it oughta be, just like it's done, OUT HERE.........WAY OUT HERE." -Josh Thompson, country music singer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0sYnro_3Rchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3R00rlA0S0&NR=1 PEOPLE TEND TO ACT LIKE SHEEP, BOY I LOVE MUTTON! -Me
IMO, we start to buy into the whole "Mall Ninja" thing when we see a BG behind every stop sign and car bumper. A very patiotic, loyal American once said: "This is America, land of the free, home of the brave. The very brave. I will go placidly amid the haste, and while I very well may die on my feet, I will never live on my knees." OH YEAH, that was me. I refuse to let a bunch of scumball BGs have me fearfully running scared everywhere I go. And God help the BG who uses me to make a bad decision. IMO, CC, relax, and enjoy the freedom, smell the roses, drink the coffee, and be safer.


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MAC Retro Matte - Ruby Woo
553 reviews
85% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.3
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 4.3
Price: $$$
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
If you're going for a true red, look no further than MAC. It was a toss-up for me between Ruby Woo and Russian Red and I ultimately chose Ruby because it's brighter and not as serious and vampy-looking as the latter. Now that I've worn it on and off for the past few years, I feel that both these reds cater to different moods. For Ruby, it's a lively mood that easily attracts the notice of others, but if you're in a more subdued mood, I might lean toward Russian Red. As others have noted, Ruby is MATTE and to avoid looking like a pin-up girl come to life, consider paring down the eye makeup.
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Dark, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Other
Hands down the perfect lipstick for EVERY skintone. The best way to wear it is with very minimal makeup on your eyes: eyeliner and mascara are all you need. Ruby Woo stands out on it's own, so anything else on your face would make it " a little too much" for daily wear. Absolutely gorgeous!
Age: 19-24
Skin: Normal, Dark, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
BEST RED LIPSTICK EVER! It's especially perfect on dark skin girls.
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Fair, Warm
Hair: Black, Straight, Coarse
Eyes: Brown
My HG red lipstick. Hands down.
The most amazing red lipstick ever made. Seriously.
The shade is a lovely bright coral red, very, VERY vivid, with strong blue undertones. So strong that it might leave a fuschia stain to some.
Not for the faint of heart.
Also, not for the ladies with chapped lips who love good moisturizing lipsticks.
Lady, this lipstick is NOT moisturizing. I repeat. Do NOT expect moisture of your lips with this lipstick. It won't do you any good. If you have flakey lips, do NOT buy it.
On the other side, if you have lovely, velvety moisturized lips like mine, and no NOT mind a bit of dryness for the sake of beauty, then, I present you THE most suitable lipstick for you.
It drags your lips when you apply it (this is how dry it is!) and it almost feels chalky/waxy, so i repeat, do not buy it you are an amateur. This lipstick is definitely for the pros, for those who have mastered matte lips.
What else should i say about this amazing lipstick? The staying power is amazing and you don't need a lip liner cause it simply never feathers. If you insist of getting one, however, Cherry is the perfect match.
I would also like to point out that it photographs AMAZINGLY GOOD. Seriously. Everytime i take a picture of me wearing this lipstick, my lips look photoshopped. I don't know how they did it and you will never understand unless you try it and see for yourselves.
So, to sum up, only buy it if you are comfortable with dry, matte lips.
Do NOT buy if you prefer some moisture. Although I strongly believe that EVERY lady should own at least one tube of Ruby Woo once in their lives.
Oh well. Hope i helped! x
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I was looking to invest in a fun MAC lipstick, and there was a lot of hype over the Ruby Woo lipstick, as well as EVERYONE saying that it was very drying. It's a gorgeous velvety matte red, and I have not had any issue with dryness, although I do wear lip balm constantly. I love the smell of the MAC lip line, and this is a rich red, and the matte finish can honestly only be described as velvety. I didn't have it on all day, but it did not smudge or bleed, and I do have a lot of little crack in my lips (natural, not age related). I can't praise it enough.
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Olive, Warm
Hair: Brown, Curly, Fine
Eyes: Brown
Gorgeous matte red lipstick! I just got into lipsticks and this is my 1st red. Red lipstick was something that used to scare me but a true makeup lover learns reds eventually. Anyways this lipstick is VERY DRY. So I like to put a little vaseline on my lips and then put this on so my lips dont start a fire. I can kiss my boo and red doesnt get on his lips. Without touch ups this does last a while. I like it with burgady lip liner by MAC too so yesss to this lip. Oh and for skin tone reference Im about an NC40.
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Olive, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
This is, hands down, the best red. Leans cool, whitens teeth, brightens the face. You don't need a lip liner with this. While I love how truly matte the formula is (no light will reflect off of it), it's a PAIN to apply! It's so dry that you have to really drag it on your lips. This isn't the type of lipstick you can reapply mid day because by then your lips will be so parched and wrinkled and patchy.
I'll try Russian Red next time.
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Black, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
Years now i see this lipstick at Mac shops and but i never liked it because of the formula. I have sufferded from chapped and dry lips ages now. Then i found Aquaphor and my lips are always smooth etc. And i bought ruby woo. OHH MY GOD!!!this lipstick is THE absolute red colour!!!!!its wonderfull!you put it on your lips and its like vevlet. I am a red lipstick junkie and before i tried ruby woo my favourite was red russian. Now everything changed!!!!Its with strong blue undertones ,makes your teeth super white and i say again its like i have velvet lips!!!!I dont know how would it be if i had not super-super moisturized my lips before(and thats why i give 4 stars) but you should buy it!!!Its amazing!!!
Age: 19-24
Skin: Other, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
One of the loveliest red lipsticks I've ever had the pleasure to wear. I normally favour an orange-toned red such as 'Lady Danger' or NARS 'Red Square', but I love the colour of 'Ruby Woo' and how bold it is. It's a matte red with strong blue undertones, I just love how much it brightens my face and flatters my skintone. I feel that when I wear it, all I need to do is wear a little bit of bronzer, mascara, nude eyeliner and fill in my eyebrows, because it makes such a strong impact. You can see on the comparison picture how blue-toned it is compared to the other two. Longevity wise, it lasts incredibly well - I don't own a red lipliner yet, so what I do is apply 'Prep + Prime Lip', wait a few minutes, then fill in my lips with Urban Decay's 'Ozone' lipliner then add 'Ruby Woo', blot, then re-apply. Now the lipstick itself can be a little difficult to apply, it's definitely not as smooth as 'Lady Danger' in that aspect, but for your troubles and efforts you get a gorgeous, long-lasting pout. Throughout my working day, I drink around 6 cups of tea, have my lunch and I only ever need to reapply after eating. It fades down to this beautiful red stain, it never rubs off completely. I will definitely repurchase!
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Medium, Cool
Hair: Black, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Black
My first red, so it has sentimental value for me.
I went to the store having read the blogs and concluding that Russian Red was the one for me. Then the SA tried Ruby Woo on me and it just brightened up my entire face in a way RR didn't. It also made my teeth look amazing.
It's a strong, bright true red, livened up with an extra dimension of fluorescent rose. I've heard it looks good on a wide variety of skintones, and can attest that it looks great on bronzed skin as well as my own light beige-ivory complexion. I DO have significantly ruddy skin, but I found this lipstick didn't emphasize that too much for some reason. Could just be me. Also be warned that this does lean toward the blue side of the spectrum as far as reds go, so keep your own coloring in mind.
Or just try it on. Just because I liked it, doesn't mean you have to, and if you're getting that "wow" factor the moment you put something on and look in the mirror, that's always the most important thing: if that's missing, you probably shouldn't buy it.
The packaging is nice and chic, and the much maligned texture isn't so much of a problem for me. It's winter currently, and I apply this over lip balm and have no problems.
Popular Lipsticks
Video Reviews & Tutorials
Red Lipstick on WOC by Marquita1986


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Phone: +1 512 471 0994
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Thomas M. Hunt, J.D., Ph.D., is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Health Education at The University of Texas at Austin, where he also holds an appointment as Assistant Director for Academic Affairs at the H. J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports.
J.D. and Ph.D.
Sport policy, law, and history; international relations; international politics and diplomacy; drugs and doping in sport; the Olympic Movement.
Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping, 19602008 (Austin: The University of Texas Press, in press; available Winter 2010/2011). (see: http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/books/hundru.html).
"The Lessons of Crisis: Olympic Doping Regulation during the 1980s, Iron Game History: The Journal of Physical Culture 10, no. 2 (April/May 2008): 12-25. "Sport, Drugs, and the Cold War: The Conundrum of Olympic Doping Policy: 1970-1979," Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies 16 (2007): 19-42. "Countering the Soviet Threat in the Olympic Medals Race," International Journal of the History of Sport 24 (June 2007): 796-818. "American Sport Policy and the Cultural Cold War: The Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Years," Journal of Sport History 33 (Fall 2006): 273-297


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Alumni Association
More than 11,000 students gather to learn, play, and interact on our campus, which stretches over 150 tree-covered acres in Little Rock's midtown area.
Explore the UALR campus…
With more than 100 degrees to choose from, UALR offers its students the opportunity to learn from top-ranked faculty and provides invaluable internship opportunities in several in-demand career fields.
The UALR Trojans compete in 14 varsity sports as a full-time member of the Sun Belt Conference and an affiliate member of the Missouri Valley Conference.
Learn more about our Trojan teams…
The Annual Homecoming Cardboard Boat Regatta has been POSTPONED until Monday, March 2, at 12 p.m.
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We represent all that the UALR stands for – high-impact programs that engage students and help communities around us.
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UALR pursues intellectual endeavors across all academic disciplines, leading to breakthroughs in science and technology, innovation for business, insightful data gathering and analysis, and collections that preserve our history.
Information science professor's data mining research stands the test of time.
The University of Arkansas at Little Rock is a metropolitan research university that provides accessibility to a quality education through flexible learning and unparalleled internship opportunities.
Sat.  Mar  2    UALR vs. ASU Pre-Game Rally
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I have a 2009 SR5 with the factory 6 Disc changer (No XM Radio).
Does anyone know if the external XM antenna cover on the roof actually contains a working antenna or is it just a cover. I am hoping that it's integral to the cover and I might find the antenna lead tied off to the harness in the dash.
Any Ideas?


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Simple ways to encourage your kids' creativity
Swiper's Good Deed TreeEven Swiper wants to be on Santa's nice list. Encourage kindness with this printable good deed tree! |
Dora Holiday Gift Wrap PackPrint out Dora's festive sheets of holiday wrapping paper & gift tags! |
Dora's Easy Printable OrnamentsDeck the halls and the tree with a little help from Dora! |
Dora Menorah Coloring PageColor one flame each night! Fant�stico |
Dora Snow Princess PuppetsYour explorer can put on a Snow Princess puppet show with these paper puppets! |
Fairytale Party Cupcake ToppersTop off the festivities with decorative Dora cupcake decor |
Fairytale Party Cupcake WrapperThat's a wrap! Dress up your cupcakes in these easy eye-popping wrappers |
Dora's Birthday Wish PosterDon't forget to make a wish! |
Big Sister Dora Iron-on DecalYour little one can share the pride of being a big sister with Dora! |


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Request A QuoteSavings Calculator Bi-Fuel Conversion
Enter appropriate values within blue cells, all other cells fixed.
THE INDUSTRY LEADER, CLEANFUEL USA was the first to develop liquid propane fuel injection engine systems in the U.S. CleanFUEL USA also manufactures propane autogas dispensers and fueling infrastructure and owns franchise fueling locations across the USA. 512-864-0300 Service 877-234-1722 |


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Voices from the past recount historic quake
Last week, the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park launched a major new exhibit called "Earthquake." It has a walk-through model of the earth, an interactive space to teach earthquake preparedness, and even live ostriches. (Apparently, there's a connection.) There's also an earthquake simulator resembling an old Victorian home, bringing us right back to the big one in 1906.
Very few people are alive, today, who witnessed that earthquake 106 years ago. Even if they are still here, they were too young then, or too old now, to remember. But there are many recordings from the 1950s and 60s that still exist – and they've been collected by the Regional Oral History Office at UC Berkeley's Bancroft Library. Sam Redman, a newly minted PhD from the office, joined KALW's Steven Short, to listen to these stories preserved from one of the most significant events to touch our region.
"It's a rather quiet performance," says the voice of Kathleen Norris, one of those preserved in the oral history archive. Norris was 25 years old at the time of the 1906 earthquake. "There's a deep earthy sound that is subterranean and very disturbing," she continues. "It's just a matter of a clicking and clacking and rattling, but it's everywhere. Every picture on the wall is going 'tack, tack, tack.'"
Sam Redman says listening to these oral histories connects us in a way that supersedes reading transcripts. "Many interviews have been transcribed, but that doesn't capture hearing the actual voice," he says. "It adds a human voice to the past that a photograph or film might not accomplish. And through these voices we question our assumptions about the past."
The voice of Kathleen Norris recounts the real-life experience. "Most people have a feeling, especially when they've watched movies about earthquakes, that things racket and roll as if you were crossing the channel on the third of February," says Norris about the moment the earthquake hit. "I know the earthquake lasted moment," she continues, "but, it felt like it lasted five minutes. But of course, it changed our lives forever."
An author, Norris shares her recollections of life as a 25-year-old high society woman living in Mill Valley in 1906. She articulates both her perceived reality at the time and also her assessment of the significance of the earthquake.
Listen to the full story above to hear more voices of "Earthquake." Portions of the Regional Oral History Office archives are now available in open public access. To help them digitize even more content and make it available to the public, visit their website.


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Craig Newmark, the founder of the path-breaking craigslist.org, is upset at legislation passed last week by the U.S. House of Representatives that will allow telecommunications companies to charge for internet use. Newmark urges Americans to lobby Congress to maintain "the net as it is now: neutral, fair and free". But Mike McCurry, co-chairman of a coalition of telecommunications businesses, counters that argument, claiming that online companies are trying to obtain federal exemption from paying their dues. (Via CNN.com)
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Festival Offers Tools for Spring Gardening
Published March 22nd, 2014
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The 24th annual Spring Garden Festival kicked off today at Kanapaha Botanical Gardens.
The festival jump-starts the spring gardening season.
Over 150 vendors were set up selling plants, garden accessories and other handy crafts.
While many of the garden's visitors today were plant lovers, others came just for relaxation.
"I think it's good therapy. It's good for anybody. It'll make anybody feel better to come out here and just walk around and see everything. You'll see something different every time you come, said festival worker Lorene Junkin.
This is the largest fundraising event for the gardens.
The festival is expected to raise about $50,000.
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- Special SWAT Tool Saves the Day in Multiple Counties
- Thousands of Dollars Worth of Tools Stolen from Two "Habitat for Humanity" Homes
- E-Commerce and Social Media Sites Identified as Tools in Sex Sting Operation
- K9 Service Dogs Honored with Monument
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Home / Alumni / Giving to HLS / HLS Annual Fund / Why is the Annual Fund Important?
OverviewAlumni participation in the Annual Fund demonstrates that Harvard Law School graduates believe in the mission of the School. | Unrestricted GiftsUnrestricted gifts to the Harvard Law School Annual Fund help HLS:
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... y and become painful. This organ is found under the ribs on the left side of your abdomen . If it is hit or damaged while tender ... » Read on How it is performed
... t common position is the left lateral position. You lie on your left side and draw your knees up to your chest.
... » Read on


text:
Jason had taken you back to his house which was frankly quite scary. Not only was it at the end of town but it was also deep in the woods that added to the never ending creepiness. Why had you gotten on his stupid bike? you kept asking yourself that repeatedly as you assessed the possibilities of your impending doom around you.
"So this is home sweet home" Jason said with a sweep of his arms around the room, you stared around looking for the closest exit in case of emergency when something caught your eye. There was a giant pile of trash and beer cans on the opposite end of the room, and that seemed pretty normal for this place, but there was a springy curl bouncing on top on the trash and it beckoned your curiosity to go figure what it was.
Jason watched you with a amused look in his eyes as you carefully walked over to the pile and reached for the curl, "Uh babe, I don't think you should do that" Jason said as your hand grazed the curl slightly. As if a volcano had erupted the pile of trash gave way to a HUGE blonde man who looked pretty fricken pissed, he glared down at you like he wanted to squash you with his humongous feet and for a moment you were scared.
But only for a moment, your fieriness kicked right back in as you glared right back up at him and growled "What are you looking at?" The giant man seemed shocked by your response and you smirked knowing he'd thought you to be a typical swooning female, "Hey Matt, this is my girl _____" Jason chuckled as he slung his arm over your shoulder.
Matt smirked and said "At least she'll be able to keep up with you" Jason laughed and turned to you asking "Ya think you can keep up with me?". Anger flashed within you and you smirked stepping out under his arm,"Please, I'm already ahead of you" and you sauntered a few steps away to see Matt's laughing face and Jason's astonished one.
"Mmmmmm, I might just have to put that to the test now" Jason said as he stalked towards you with a evil look, Matt just sighed walking outside obviously not wanting to bear witness with what was going to go down. Jason reached for you and yanked you hard to his chest before caging you in his unbelievably strong arms, you glared up into his red eyes as they glinted devilishly down at you.
"Think fast..." he whispered as he quickly bent his head down to your neck biting it fiercely and leaving little love bite marks everywhere, effectively marking his territory. You growled despite liking his ministrations, and he pulled back laughing
"Oh so you aren't gonna give in easily now, I guess we'll have to just pick up where we left off then" He crushed his mouth to yours and pinched your butt making you gasp so his tongue could mingle with yours, you felt yourself start to melt as your kisses started to get deeper and your bodies started to get closer.
You would've liked to stay in this blissful state forever but Jason pulled back,"____, if that bell didn't ring I would have taken you right there in that courtyard, you have no idea what you do to me" to emphasize his words he pulled your hips together so you could feel EXACTLY what you did to him.
You blushed furiously and he kept talking while pattering kisses along your neck, "You're so fucking beautiful, if any man even looks at you I'll kill them" your blush only worsened with every word of affection he said till you felt as though your face was aflame. He pulled back to look at you in the eye and what you saw made your heart do flips, this man who you had only known for less than a day could make you feel like no one had, ever, and what you saw in his eyes was unmistakable love.
"______, I have no idea why I met you or why all this has happened but I do know one thing" he looked away bashfully and then back at you "But I think I love you, now shut up" He smashed his lips onto yours with a ferocity that bordered violence, it was like he was trying to show you he loved you.
You kissed back with the same force as a answer to him, yes you loved him,yes this is crazy, but it's just what you needed and you couldn't be happier.He pulled back and smiled a heart warming smile at you, "So babe, how about we finalize the deal in my bedroom if ya know what I mean~" You sighed and walked away, "_____? Is that a yes?"


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Hmmmm I just like having a decent conversation. I'm a good listener
and I love talking as much as listening. I wanna travel the world
and go back the other way. I'm a big basketball fan even though I'm
not that tall.I usually wear glasses cause I think video games and
T.V destroyed my supa awesome vision. I definitely think I'm well
educated, kinda witty and definitely an artwork in progress. I'm
down to earth but I've had moments I'm not proud, well I guess we
all do.
Life is full of shit but we all have to learn to live with it.
Life is full of shit but we all have to learn to live with it.


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What does ORIF mean in Colleges & Universities?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ORIF in the Academic & Science field in general and in the Colleges & Universities terminology in particular.
Find a translation for ORIF in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this ORIF abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"ORIF." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 3 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/333090>.
ORIF also stands for:
- open reduction and internal fixation
- Open Reduction, Internal Fixation
- Operating Room Is Full
- Order of Rotary International Fellowship
- Orthopaedic Research and Innovation Foundation
... see them all »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search Oilseed Research Institute Faisalabad on Amazon
- Search Oilseed Research Institute Faisalabad on Google


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Photo Galleries
< MyNorthwest
Week in photos
Bat Kid saves a damsel in distress, Rob Ford gets his own bobble-head doll, Miley & Katy take the stage
1 of 48 |
A Typhoon Haiyan survivor cooks dinner in front of his damaged home in the village of Marabut, Samar Island, Philippines, Friday, Nov. 15, 2013. As an international aid effort gathered steam, resilient Filipinos in battered towns started rebuilding their lives and those of their neighbors - with or without help from their government or foreign aid groups. (AP Photo/David Guttenfelder)
Photo by David Guttenfelder
Photo by David Guttenfelder
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On stage & behind the scenes at the Oscars
Photos from the 87th annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles, Feb. 22, 2015. -
Oscar red carpet: Stars arrive at the Academy Awards
Hollywood's biggest stars walk the Oscar red carpet ahead of the 87th annual Academy Awards at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles.


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Unwittingly, Thailand has bowed to US
- Published: 26 Nov 2012 at 00.00 | Viewed: 6,602 | Comments: 11
- Newspaper section: News
- Writer: Saritdet Marukatat
Partnership. This word sounds warm and tender. It also implies mutual respect. Then again, it can also be deceiving.
Just take a closer look at the Joint Vision Statement for the Thai-US Defence Alliance. It is "a 21st Century Security Partnership" for the two countries whose ties go back 180 years.
The statement was carefully crafted and the wording was delicately selected for Defence Minister ACM Sukumpol Suwanatat and his American counterpart, Leon Panetta, so they both could be proud when they signed it on Nov 15.
This article is older than 60 days, which we reserve for our premium members only.You can subscribe to our premium member subscription, here.


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Specimen Collection and Handling Procedures Bacteriology Section
It is recommended that a pure isolate of the unknown organism be submitted for identification. This prevents delay in the identification of the organism. Submit the organism in thioglycolate, chopped meat or other growth supporting media. Avoid sending plates. Clinical material will be accepted but is not recommended due to the poor survival rate of the bacteria.
Clostridium difficile and Clostridium botulinum
Isolation and identification of pure isolates from clinical material is provided. Toxin testing is referred to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Please call for instructions prior to submitting these specimens or in the case of suspected botulism.
Bacteria Identification
Submit a pure isolate of the unknown bacteria for identification. Please provide prior laboratory results, i.e. gram stain, growth requirements, organism suspected etc. Serological typing for Haemophilus influenzae and grouping for Neisseria meningitidis is performed. Submit isolates on appropriate growth supporting media in screw-capped tubes. Avoid sending plates.
Bordetella pertussis
Nasopharyngeal swabs are the specimens of choice. The Health and Environmental Testing Laboratory provide transport media and swabs.
- Obtain a nasopharyngeal swab
- Insert the swab into the culture tube of Regan-Lowe media, either cut the wire (even with the top of the tube) or fold the wire down into the tube.
- Cap, label, and place in the plastic container.
- Place the plastic container into the box provided and mail
Collect a freshly passed stool, uncontaminated by water or urine. Pick a portion of the stool with the swab provided and place into the vial of media. Leaving the swab in the vial, carefully break the swab at cap level. Screw the cap on tightly. Fill in the lab slip completely and forward these in the container provided. Stools for isolation and identification are accepted if submitted in appropriate transport systems. Chocolate agar slants are appropriate medium for submitting pure isolates for identification.
Pure isolates for identification are accepted. Clinical material submitted in a suitable transport system, i.e. culturette is also acceptable. Please call prior to the submission of specimens.
DNA probe testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
1. Unisex Swab Specimen Collection Instructions:
a. Endocervical swabs: Remove excess mucus from the cervical opening and surrounding mucosa using the cleaning swab (white shaft). Discard the swab.
b. Insert the specimen collection swab (blue shaft swab) into the endocervical canal.
c. Rotate the swab for 10-30 seconds for adequate sampling.
d. Withdraw the swab carefully; avoid any contact with the vaginal mucosa.
e. Immediately place the swab into the GEN-PROBE transport tube.
f. Break the swab shaft at the score line.
g. Re-cap the tube tightly.
h. Store the specimens at 2-30°C until shipped at this temperature to arrive at the laboratory within 60 days of collection.
2. Urethral swab specimens:
a. Patient should not have urinated for at least 1 hour prior to sample collection.
b. Insert the specimen collection swab (blue shaft swab) 2-4 cm into the urethra using a rotating motion to facilitate insertion.
c. Once inserted, rotate the swab gently using sufficient pressure to ensure the swab comes into contact with all urethral surfaces. Allow the swab to remain inserted for 2 to 3 seconds.
d. Withdraw the swab and place the swab into the GEN-PROBE transport tube.
e. Break the swab shaft at the score line.
f. Re-cap the tube tightly.
g. Store the specimens at 2-30°C until shipped at this temperature to arrive at the laboratory within 60 days of collection.
3. Urine specimen:
a. The patient (male or female) should not have urinated within one hour prior to providing the sample.
b. Direct patient to provide a first morning catch urine (20 to 30 ml of the initial voided urine stream) into a standard urine collection container, without preservatives. Collection of larger volumes of urine may result in specimen dilution that may reduce test sensitivity. Female patients should not cleanse the labial area prior to providing the specimen.
c. Remove the cap and transfer 2 ml of urine into the urine transport tube using the disposable pipette provided. The correct volume of urine has been added when the fluid level is between the black fill lines on the urine specimen transport tube label.
d. Re-cap the urine specimen transport tube tightly. This is now known as the processed specimen.
e. Store the processed urine specimens at 2-30°C until shipped at this temperature to arrive at the laboratory within 30 days of collection.
Isolates from clinical, food or environmental specimens should be submitted on agar slants, for identification and serotyping. Serotyping is currently done at no charge to the submitter.
E.coli: 0157:H7
Stools, shiga toxin positive broths as well as pure isolates of E. coli are accepted for isolation, identification and serotyping.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
FA reference slides and cultures are accepted. If warranted, identification and beta lactamase testing are done from culture. Submit viable cultures on appropriate media in a CO2 atmosphere.
Parasitic diseases
The laboratory no longer routinely provides this service. Please call for assistance during outbreaks or in identifying unusual parasites. Blood parasites are referred. Prior notification is necessary before submission of specimens to the Health and Environmental Testing Laboratory.


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Fabric: Patent leather upper, textile lining and a man made sole.
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Crep Rain and Stain Shoe Care €14.00
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Hawksworth Marek Parka €62.00 RRP €123.50
Ellesse Ferrara Jog Pant €48.50
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Protecting credit unions and the consumers who own them through effective regulation
The mission of the NCUA is to facilitate the availability of credit union services to all eligible consumers, especially those of modest means, through a safe and sound credit union system.
In this section, you can find credit unions and research general and financial information. Other statistics, data, and reports include the archived Quarterly Call Reports, Financial Performance Reports, and Share Insurance Queries.
Find and research specific credit unions; locate educational resources on financial literacy, privacy, and identity protection; and read about the regulations that govern credit unions and corporate credit unions.
This section details the laws and regulations that govern NCUA-insured credit unions. Here you can access current and proposed regulations, regulatory alerts and policy statements, as well as guides, manuals and forms.
View the latest news, media and events at NCUA, including newsletters, speeches, and press releases.
Home > News, Media and Events > NCUA Terminates Letter of Understanding and Agreement with Valley Pride
ALEXANDRIA, Va. (July 2, 2014) – The National Credit Union Administration announced today that it has terminated its Published Letter of Understanding and Agreement, dated June 11, 2013, with Valley Pride Federal Credit Union of Plains, Pennsylvania.NCUA's Published Letters of Understanding and Agreement are available online at http://www.ncua.gov/Legal/Pages/LUA.aspx and for inspection at NCUA's Office of General Counsel between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Eastern, Monday through Friday. Copies are also available by writing to the National Credit Union Administration, 1775 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3428.
NCUA is the independent federal agency created by the U.S. Congress to regulate, charter and supervise federal credit unions. With the backing of the full faith and credit of the United States, NCUA operates and manages the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund, insuring the deposits of more than 99 million account holders in all federal credit unions and the overwhelming majority of state-chartered credit unions. At MyCreditUnion.gov and Pocket Cents, NCUA also educates the public on consumer protection and financial literacy issues.
703.518.6330 firstname.lastname@example.com
John Fairbanks Office: 703.518.6336 Mobile: 571.438.0801 email@example.com
Ben C. Hardaway Office: 703.518.6333 Mobile: 703.298.5223 firstname.lastname@example.com
Kenzie Snowden Office: 703.518.6334 firstname.lastname@example.com
"Protecting credit unions and the consumers who own them through effective regulation"


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We went here for dinner as part of a tour group. There were 18 of us and we had 2 or 3 dinner choices. I had the fish with rice and it was so salty that I didn't eat much of it. The salad and bread were fine.
The food was excellent and the service was great. Located in city centre close. Would definitely return when in Lucerne again.
Register now for free — and start getting automatic notification of new reviews, responding to traveler feedback, adding new photos to your listing and much more.


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Im a good guy looking for a great girl, someone who ca let me be
me, somone I can make feel special and makes me feel the same .
Join OkCupid
Find better matches with our advanced
matching system
—% Match
—% Enemy
26 • Calexico, CA • Man
I'm looking for
- Women
- Ages 18–26
- Near me
- Who are single
- For new friends, long-term dating, short-term dating
My Details
- Last Online
- Nov 14, 2012
- Orientation
- Straight
- Ethnicity
- Hispanic / Latin, White
- Height
- 6′ 1″ (1.85m)
- Body Type
- A little extra
- Diet
- Mostly anything
- Smokes
- Sometimes
- Drinks
- Socially
- Drugs
- Never
- Religion
- Catholicism, and somewhat serious about it
- Sign
- Aquarius, but it doesn't matter
- Education
- Graduated from high school
- Job
- Student
- Income
- Rather not say
- Status
- Single
- Type
- —
- Offspring
- —
- Pets
- Has dogs and dislikes cats
- Speaks
- English, Spanish
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What I'm doing with my life
Don't overthink this one; tell us what you're doing day-to-day.
I am a student and am studying administration of justice, I work
part time as a security guard and a music teacher.
I'm really good at
Go on, brag a little (or a lot). We won't judge.
I am really good at music, makin people laugh and havin good time.
The first things people usually notice about me
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
People normally notice that I am friendly and easy to get along
with and fun :)
Favorite books, movies, shows, music, and food
Help your potential matches find common interests.
Fav. book: enders shadow, Fav. movie: Starwars, Fav show: comedy
central, Fav. Music: rock, Fav. food:Chinese
The six things I could never do without
Think outside the box. Sometimes the little things can say a lot.
I spend a lot of time thinking about
Global warming, lunch, or your next vacation… it's all fair game.
The future
On a typical Friday night I am
Netflix and takeout, or getting your party on — how do you let loose?
Hanging out with my friends, playin some music and drinkin some
The most private thing I'm willing to admit
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
Im afraid of getting too close.
You should message me if
Offer a few tips to help matches win you over.
you wanna meet a nice guy whos loyal, caring and likes to have a
good time. If you want to be treated right and want to have a nice


text:
CEOs wary of budget initiatives
PUBLISHED: 05 Aug 2011 00:09:06 | UPDATED: 05 Aug 2011 05:35:41PUBLISHED: 05 Aug 2011 PRINT EDITION: 05 Aug 2011Treasurer Wayne Swan has failed to convince wealth managers of the merits of his policies to boost infrastructure investment.
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a little and 'mininalist' 3D Flight simulator, accompanied also by a dydactical example that illustrates the concept behind flight simulators. FlightCraft3D anyway goes a lot beyond: is physically realistic, and allowes landing everywhere. It aims at becoming a game focused on casual landing, among trees, rocks and buildings and so on.
It shall be a sort of Minecraft-focused-on-aeromobilism. Simply implemented, but with many interesting features. I plan to do also a non-GL version that displays whole 3D gfx with a procedure at whose end pixels are displayed with SDL, asciiart, of native Linux X11 graphics of native Win graphics. Ofc ourse OpenGL is very useful for displaying nice trees... .
it's a single sourcefile program.
USAGE: in any Linux/UNIX system (es.Ubuntu) download the zip and place it in your home directory; extract the zip. open a Terminal and navigate int the folder of the game;type this: "make";press ENTER; double-click the a.out
- realistic physics, also at landing and collisions
- airplane will be made deformable
- trees around, which shall be solid later on, but damagable. Yes: desertification will be possible, as well as airport-construction... .
- textured graphics
- soon there shall be positionable buildings/blocks to make experiments on casual landing, and stunts
- very simple sourcecode
- internal view, rotable. it is a little awkward to get right point of view but it works: once the point of view was set good, it is acceptably good.
- only SDL and OpenGL needed to compile and run
- Also a non-OpenGL versin will be made
- airplane shape is automatically read in from a file, but a better polyhedron model of the airplane is needed
User Ratings
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text:
PHH Corporation Announces First Quarter 2012 Results
PHH Corporation (NYSE: PHH) ("PHH" or the "Company") today announced financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2012.
For the quarter ended March 31, 2012, the Company reported net income attributable to PHH Corporation of $75 million or $1.32 per share. Core earnings (after-tax)* and core earnings per share* for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, were $53 million and $0.93, respectively.
"We had a solid quarter, and we are making progress against our four key strategies," said Glen A. Messina, president and CEO of PHH Corporation. "The mortgage originations environment remains favorable with low mortgage interest rates and priced-in margins the widest we have seen in some time. Volumes in our retail mortgage origination channels remained at robust levels, while our Fleet business continued its solid, double-digit growth. We have more than doubled our unrestricted cash balance since year-end and have significantly improved our liquidity position. In April, we retired our 2012 unsecured debt maturities, and we believe that the execution of our liquidity and capital plan will provide sufficient liquidity to meet our debt service obligations, fund potential increases in repurchase and indemnification requests and operate our businesses."
Messina added, "I continue to see significant opportunity at PHH to create value for our shareholders. We believe our reported results do not reflect fully the underlying strength of our businesses. We experienced an increase in our foreclosure-related charges as a result of a significant uptick in mortgage repurchase demands, primarily from the GSEs. We believe our focus on operational excellence should reduce defects and minimize our exposure to this risk in future years. We have identified opportunities and are developing initiatives to improve our operational effectiveness and profitability."
Liquidity and Capital Raising Update Liquidity at March 31, 2012, included:- $875 million in unrestricted cash and equivalents
- $509 million in availability under unsecured revolving credit facility
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Gonzales PD searches for former Polo Store employee accused of stealing $40K
Gonzales (NBC33) — Gonzales police are looking for theft suspect, Lyndon Pack.
According to Gonzales Police, Pack is wanted for stealing a total of $41,390.33 in merchandise from the Polo Store in the Tanger Mall between November 2013 and April 2014.
An initial investigation revealed that two other employees also committed theft. Those two employees were arrested and told investigators that Park showed them how to carry out the fraudulent transactions.
Anyone with information on the whereabouts of Lyndon Pack should contact the Gonzales Police Dept at 225 647-9536 or crime stoppers.


text:
Game of Thrones Actor Joins the Cast of The Witcher 3
By Matthew Bennett, Associate Editor
Posted on August 15, 2013 AT 03:35am
Posted on August 15, 2013 AT 03:35am
CD Projekt RED has announced that actor Charles Dance, Tywin Lannister in Game of Thrones, is joining the cast of The Witcher 3.
Dance will play Emperor Emhyr var Emreis, the ruler of Nilfgaard in the game. "Charles Dance is the perfect candidate to play the mighty Nilfgaardian emperor in our upcoming title," said lead writer Marcin Blacha. "It's a dream come true for the team here at RED to be able to work with such an accomplished actor and magnetic personality."
The Witcher 3 is set to release in 2014 for PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.
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Two people were injured in a Saturday morning stabbing.
Des Moines police say the two victims showed up at Iowa Lutheran Hospital around 3:30 a.m.
Officers said the men gave them an address where the stabbing allegedly occurred but police were unable to find evidence of a crime at the location.
The case remains under investigation.
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Hotel Courtyard Orlando Lake Buena Vista in the Marriott Village(3.5 stars)
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Being there feels home
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A home after 40 years of waiting
Premier of the Western Cape Province Helen Zille and the mayor of Cape Town Patricia de Lille joined about 140 volunteers supporting Habitat for Humanity South Africa. All gathered to build 14 houses for the beneficiaries of the Pelican Park housing project as part of the Habitat for Humanity's World Habitat Build week from 7 to 11 October. The week coincided with the UN World Habitat Day – celebrated this year on October 7.
This project is one of the largest in the Western Cape and has courted some controversy since many of the beneficiaries in this area have been waiting for more than 40 years for a home of their own. Now, thanks to the Habitat build initiative, 14 families have realized their dream.
Western Cape Human Settlements Minister Bonginkosi Madikizela visited the site as well. The minister was Habitat's keynote speaker for the closing ceremony of the World Habitat Day build week and was accompanied to the site by Paul Durrant, national director of Habitat for Humanity South Africa.
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Tears of joy were on Berendina Dickson's face as she got her home certificate in Pelican Park, she is one of the 39 beneficiaries of the project.
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text:
Structure and Agency in Scholarly Formulations of Racism
- Kevin McKenzie
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That the issue of racism is a pressing social concern which requires serious and detailed attention is, for ethnomethodology, not a first principle from which its own inquiry is launched but rather a matter to be considered in light of how mundane actors (both professional and lay) treat that very topic. This paper explores how the assumption of an ontological distinction between social structure and individual agency is integral to the intelligibility of racism as formulated in scholarly accounts. In particular, I explore how recent scholarly treatments of racism pose as problematic the diverse formulations of racial identity assembled through the deployment of various measures, and then seek to adjudicate upon the resulting inconsistency with an analytic heuristic that assumes an underlying or foundational source for the various expressions it seeks to resolve. Further, I explore examples of analytic work that makes use of first-person accounts of racially significant episodes and experiences as a means to document the formulation of the events and actions those accounts describe in terms that warrant a reading informed by the assumption of the structure-agency distinction. I relate the corroborative work that takes place in the research relationships between students and teachers with ethnomethodology's own project to explore how the efficaciousness of analytic readings of racism entail the pervasive assumption of the structure-agency distinction in order to be rendered them with the sense they have for the various participants involved.
- Antaki, C. (1994). Explaining and arguing: The social organization of accounts. London: Sage.
- Boden, D., & Zimmerman, D. H. (Eds.). (1991). Talk and social structure: Studies in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. Oxford: Polity Press.
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States (2nd ed.). Lenhan, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
- Bonilla-Silva, E., & Biaocchi, G. (2008). Anything but racism: How sociologists limit the significance of racism. In T. Zuberi & E. Bonilla-Silva (Eds.), White logic, white methods: Racism and methodology (pp. 137–151). Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
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- Buttny, R. (2004). Talking problems: Studies of discursive construction. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
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- Garfinkel, H. (1974). The origins of the term 'ethnomethodology'. In R. Turner (Ed.), Ethnomethodology: Selected readings (pp. 15–18). Harmondsworth: Penguin Education.
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- Hutchby, I., & Wooffitt, R. (2008). Conversation analysis (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.
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- Latour, B. (1993). We have never been modern, (C. Porter, Trans.). New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
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- McKenzie, K. (2009). The humanitarian imperative under fire. Journal of Language & Politics, 8, 333–358.
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- Mills, C. W. (1940). Situated action and the vocabulary of motives. American Sociological Review, 5, 904–913. CrossRef
- Picca, L. H., & Feagin, J. R. (2007). Two-faced racism: Whites in the backstage and frontstage. New York and London: Routledge.
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- Sacks, H. (1972). An initial investigation of the usability of conversational data for doing sociology. In D. Sudnow (Ed.), Studies in social interaction. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
- Sacks, H. (1974). On the analyzability of stories by children. In R. Turner (Ed.), Ethnomethodology: Selected readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
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- Schegloff, E. A. (1991). Reflections on talk and social structure. In D. Boden & D. H. Zimmerman (Eds.), Talk and social structure: Studies in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (pp. 44–70). Oxford: Polity Press.
- Schegloff, E. A. (1997). Whose text, whose context? Discourse & Society, 8(2), 165–187.
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- Title
- Structure and Agency in Scholarly Formulations of Racism
- Journal
Human Studies
Volume 34, Issue 1 , pp 67-92
- Cover Date
- 2011-03-01
- 10.1007/s10746-011-9176-y
- Print ISSN
- 0163-8548
- Online ISSN
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Accountability
- Ethnomethodology
- Ontology
- Race
- Racism
- Structure and agency
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Kevin McKenzie (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Program in Conflict Studies and Dispute Resolution, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA