text: On Mon, Apr 21, 2008 at 9:45 AM, Bruce Dubbs <bruce.dubbs at gmail.com> wrote: > > http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/ticket/2155 : compressdoc - Dan Done. > http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/ticket/2225 : XOrg patches - Dan I split this apart as I mentioned a few weeks ago when a 6.3 plan was brewing. The patchlevel updates I punted to the future, but security-specific updates are in ticket #2513. I'll be committing that in a few minutes. > http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/ticket/2367 : XKeyboardConfig - Dan Next couple days. -- Dan


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- StumbleUpon. - StumbleUpon. - StumbleUpon. Photography Tutorial: A Quick Guide to Understanding Your DSLR Camera. Hi guys!
With Labor Day weekend coming up, I know a lot of us are going to be out there taking pictures! :) Since we have a long weekend to practice, I wanted to share with you this basic intro to SLR photography. If you have an SLR camera and are nervous to take it out of auto mode, this is the tutorial for you. You may have heard words like aperture, exposure, and shutter speed and wondered just how on earth they come together to give you a better photo. I'll give you a brief introduction on what they do and how they affect your photos turning out too bright, too dark, too blurry or JUST RIGHT. :) This guide will show you how to get the most out of your SLR camera and give you confidence to take it out of auto mode in no time! 30 Magnificent Views of Antarctic Mountains and Icebergs. My Photography Tutorials - 360 Degree Reverse Photography, Unique Photographic Techniques. In order to create a , you do not need to be an expert photographer or own expensive photography equipment.
You just need to have a standard SLR camera, tripod and a 360-degree panorama software package and of course a good panorama to shoot. Follow these successfully achieving professional results in . First, pick a spot that is equidistant from every point in your photo. You should not have to zoom in and out. Chicago-lights-1191505-xl.jpg from nationalgeographic.com - StumbleUpon. Atmospheric. 54817_0_1008x803.jpg from nationalgeographic.com - StumbleUpon. Snowflakes Up Close: A Small, Fragile World. If you're one of those people who likes to ponder things while looking out a frosty window on a cold winter day, these pictures will clear up one of those long standing wonders: each snowflake really IS unique.
Some look like roman columns, others circuit boards or spaceships. Taken under high magnification using a microscope, these images bring a fragile and beautiful world into view. 88 Brilliant Examples of Forced Perspective Photography. Forced perspective is a technique that employs optical illusion to make an object appear farther away, closer, larger or smaller than it actually is.
It is used primarily in photography, filmmaking and architecture. It manipulates human visual perception through the use of scaled objects and the correlation between them and the vantage point of the spectator or camera. Stefano Unterthiner Photography : Animals Face to Face. Rainbow Fox by Roeselien Raimond. Dear Photograph - StumbleUpon. The Girl Who Loves to Levitate (14 photos) - My Modern Metropolis - StumbleUpon. Natsumi Hayashi is a sweet-looking Japanese girl who, one day, decided to take self-portraits..of herself levitating.
She can be spotted in and around Tokyo, equipped with her SLR and her self-timer. When she feels the moment strike, she presses the shutter button down and then, quite literally, "jumps" into place. What I love most about her shots is that they don't feel forced. The Arrow of time - StumbleUpon. 160.jpg from earthshots.org - StumbleUpon. 48208_0_1208x1005.jpg from nationalgeographic.com - StumbleUpon. Out_of_the_darkness_h.jpg (1030×687) Mai474big.jpg from nikdaum.com - StumbleUpon. SmashWallpapers - Wallpapers News. Amazing-sunseat.jpg (960×639) Me_789_amazing_red_sky_wide.jpg (900×563) Steve-Milner1.jpg from spaceweather.com - StumbleUpon. Fullmoonhike.swf from leecasalena.com - StumbleUpon. A View Of The US-Mexican Border - All That Is Interesting - StumbleUpon. 100 Incredible Views Out Of Airplane Windows - StumbleUpon. The world's ten creepiest abandoned cities. Creepy, Crusty, Crumbling: Illegal Tour of Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans ... - StumbleUpon. Hurricane Katrina killed this clown.
According to the photographer, "An abandoned Six Flags amusement park, someone spray painted 'Six Flags 2012 coming soon' on the wall above the downed head. But they were clownin.' Cntower_timelapse.swf from topleftpixel.com - StumbleUpon. Photo &Milky Way above the Himalayas& by Anton Jankovoy... Nepal, Himalayas, Annapurna Base Camp Trek, Modi Khola valley, nearby Machhapuchre Base Camp (3,700 m) Great news!!!
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Amazing-Places_24B-552508.jpeg from vidwallpapers.com - StumbleUpon.

subset: commoncrawl


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Percutaneous discectomy for a herniated disc
Surgery Overview
Percutaneous means "through the skin" or using a very small incision. Discectomy is the surgical removal of herniated disc material that presses on a nerve root or the spinal cord.
Percutaneous discectomy is different from conventional open discectomy or microdiscectomy. There are several percutaneous procedures. All of them involve inserting small instruments between the vertebrae and into the middle of the disc. X-ray monitoring is used during surgery to guide the movement of the surgical instruments. The surgeon can remove disc tissue by cutting it out, sucking out the center of the disc, or by using lasers to burn or evaporate the disc. The disc material that has herniated is not directly removed in these operations.
This procedure is usually done in a surgery center using either local or general anesthesia.
Before surgery, your doctor will confirm that a herniated disc is causing your symptoms by using an imaging study, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT scan), or myelogram.
What To Expect After Surgery
You can expect to go home on the same day you have a routine percutaneous discectomy.
After a percutaneous discectomy, you can use prescription medicine to control pain during the recovery period.
For several weeks, avoid long periods of sitting, as well as bending, twisting, and lifting.
Why It Is Done
Percutaneous discectomy may be done if:
- The history, physical examination, and imaging (such as MRI, CT scan, or myelogram) indicate that the disc is bulging, and the material inside the disc (nucleus) has not ruptured into the spinal canal.
- Pain and nerve damage have not improved after 4 or more weeks of nonsurgical treatment, and symptoms are severe and disabling.
- There are signs of serious nerve damage (that may be getting worse) in the leg, such as severe weakness, loss of coordination, or loss of feeling.
- Pain is severe and disabling.
Should I have surgery for a herniated disc?
This procedure should not be done if you have:
- Fragments of disc material (nucleus) in the spinal canal (as seen on CT scan or MRI).
- Narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis).
How Well It Works
Percutaneous discectomy is less effective than traditional open discectomy surgery.1
During a percutaneous discectomy, the surgeon has no way of seeing the herniated disc or the compressed nerve root. And the surgery does not directly remove the disc herniation. So there is no guarantee that pressure on the nerve will be reduced or eliminated using percutaneous discectomy.
What To Think About
Many experts consider percutaneous discectomy to be a poor alternative to standard discectomy or microdiscectomy procedures.
Complete the surgery information form (PDF)(What is a PDF document?) to help you prepare for this surgery.
Last Updated: July 21, 2008
Author: Shannon Erstad, MBA/MPH
Medical Review: William M. Green, MD - Emergency Medicine & Robert B. Keller, MD - Orthopedics


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Harold Innis
Harold Innis | |
Harold Innis in the 1920s
Born | November 5, 1894 Otterville, Ontario |
Died | November 8, 1952 (aged 58) Toronto, Ontario |
Occupation | University of Toronto economic historian and communications scholar |
Known for | The Fur Trade in Canada. Empire and Communications. The Bias of Communication. |
Harold Adams Innis (/ˈɪnɪs/; November 5, 1894 – November 8, 1952) was a Canadian professor of political economy at the University of Toronto and the author of seminal works on media, communication theory and Canadian economic history. The affiliated Innis College at the University of Toronto is named for him. Despite his dense and difficult prose, many scholars consider Innis one of Canada's most original thinkers. He helped develop the staples thesis, which holds that Canada's culture, political history and economy have been decisively influenced by the exploitation and export of a series of "staples" such as fur, fish, wood, wheat, mined metals and fossil fuels.[1]
Innis's writings on communication explore the role of media in shaping the culture and development of civilizations.[2] He argued, for example, that a balance between oral and written forms of communication contributed to the flourishing of Greek civilization in the 5th century BC.[3] He warned, however, that Western civilization is now imperiled by powerful, advertising-driven media obsessed by "present-mindedness" and the "continuous, systematic, ruthless destruction of elements of permanence essential to cultural activity".[4]
Innis laid the basis for scholarship that looked at the social sciences from a distinctly Canadian point of view. As the head of the University of Toronto's political economy department, he worked to build up a cadre of Canadian scholars so that universities would not continue to rely as heavily on British or American-trained professors unfamiliar with Canada's history and culture. He was successful in establishing sources of financing for Canadian scholarly research.[5]
Innis also tried to defend universities from political and economic pressures. He believed that independent universities, as centres of critical thought, were essential to the survival of Western civilization.[6] His intellectual disciple and university colleague, Marshall McLuhan, lamented Innis's premature death as a disastrous loss for human understanding. McLuhan wrote: "I am pleased to think of my own book The Gutenberg Galaxy as a footnote to the observations of Innis on the subject of the psychic and social consequences, first of writing then of printing."[7]
Rural roots[edit]
Early life[edit]
Harold Adams Innis was born in 1894 on a small livestock and dairy farm near the community of Otterville in southwestern Ontario's Oxford County. As a boy he loved the rhythms and routines of farm life and he never forgot his rural origins.[8] His mother, Mary Adams Innis, had named him 'Herald', hoping he would become a minister in the strict evangelical Baptist faith that she and her husband William shared. At the time, the Baptist Church was an important part of life in rural areas. It gave isolated families a sense of community and embodied the values of individualism and independence. Its far-flung congregations were not ruled by a centralized, bureaucratic authority.[9] Innis became an agnostic in later life, but never lost his interest in religion.[10] According to his friend and biographer Donald Creighton, Innis's character was moulded by the Church:
The strict sense of values and the feeling of devotion to a cause, which became so characteristic of him in later life, were derived, in part at least, from the instruction imparted so zealously and unquestioningly inside the severely unadorned walls of the Baptist Church at Otterville.[11]
Innis attended the one-room schoolhouse in Otterville and the community's high school. He travelled 20 miles (32 km) by train to Woodstock, Ontario, to complete his secondary education at a Baptist-run college. He intended to become a public-school teacher and passed the entrance examinations for teacher training, but decided to take a year off to earn the money he would need to support himself at an Ontario teachers' college. At age 18, therefore, he returned to the one-room schoolhouse at Otterville to teach for one term until the local school board could recruit a fully qualified teacher. The experience made him realize that the life of a teacher in a small, rural school was not for him.[12]
University studies[edit]
In October 1913, Innis started classes at McMaster University (then in Toronto). McMaster was a natural choice for him because it was a Baptist university and many students who attended Woodstock College went there. McMaster's liberal arts professors encouraged critical thinking and debate.[13] Innis was especially influenced by James Ten Broeke, the university's one-man philosophy department. Ten Broeke posed an essay question that Innis pondered for the rest of his life: "Why do we attend to the things to which we attend?"[14]
Before his final undergraduate year at McMaster, Innis spent a summer teaching at the Northern Star School in the frontier farming community of Landonville near Vermilion, Alberta. The experience gave him a sense of the vastness of Canada. He also learned about Western grievances over high interest rates and steep transportation costs.[15] In his final undergraduate year, Innis focused on history and economics. He kept in mind a remark made by history lecturer W.S. Wallace that the economic interpretation of history was not the only possible one, but that it went the deepest.[16]
First World War service[edit]
After graduating from McMaster, Innis felt that his Christian principles compelled him to enlist in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. He was sent to France in the fall of 1916 to fight in the First World War.[17] Trench warfare with its "mud and lice and rats" had a devastating effect on him.[18]
Innis's role as an artillery signaller gave him firsthand experience of life (and death) on the front lines as he participated in the successful Canadian attack on Vimy Ridge.[19] Signallers, or spotters, watched where each artillery shell landed, then sent back aiming corrections so that the next shells could hit their targets more accurately. On July 7, 1917, Innis received a serious shrapnel wound in his right thigh that required eight months of hospital treatment in England.[20]
Innis's war was over. His biographer, John Watson, notes the physical wound took seven years to heal, but the psychological damage lasted a lifetime. Innis suffered recurring bouts of depression and nervous exhaustion because of his military service.
Watson also notes that the Great War influenced Innis's intellectual outlook. It strengthened his Canadian nationalism; sharpened his opinion of what he thought were the destructive effects of technology, including the communications media that were used so effectively to "sell" the war; and led him, for the first time, to doubt his Baptist faith.[21]
Graduate studies[edit]
McMaster and Chicago[edit]
Harold Innis completed a Master of Arts at McMaster, graduating in April 1918. His thesis, called The Returned Soldier, "was a detailed description of the public policy measures that were necessary, not only to provide a supportive milieu to help veterans get over the effects of the war, but also to move on with national reconstruction".[22]
Innis did his postgraduate work at the University of Chicago and was awarded his PhD in August 1920.[23] His two years at Chicago had a profound influence on his later work. His interest in economics deepened and he decided to become a professional economist. The economics faculty at Chicago questioned abstract and universalist neoclassical theories, then in vogue, arguing that general rules for economic policy should be derived from specific case studies.[24]
Innis was influenced by the university's two eminent communications scholars, George Herbert Mead and Robert E. Park. Although he did not attend any of these famous professors' classes, Innis did absorb their idea that communication involved much more than the transmission of information. James W. Carey writes that Mead and Park "characterized communication as the entire process whereby a culture is brought into existence, maintained in time, and sedimented into institutions".[25]
While at Chicago, Innis was exposed to the ideas of Thorstein Veblen, the iconoclastic thinker who drew on his deep knowledge of philosophy and economics to write scathing critiques of contemporary thought and culture. Veblen had left Chicago years before, but his ideas were still strongly felt there. Years later, in an essay on Veblen, Innis praised him for waging war against "standardized static economics".[26]
Innis got his first taste of university teaching at Chicago, where he delivered several introductory economics courses. One of his students was Mary Quayle, the woman he would marry in May 1921 when he was 26 and she 22.[27] Together they had four children, Donald (1924), Mary (1927), Hugh (1930) and Ann (1933).[28] Mary Quayle Innis was herself a notable economist and writer. Her book, An Economic History of Canada, was published in 1935.[29] Her novel, Stand on a Rainbow appeared in 1943.[30] Her other books include Mrs. Simcoe's Diary (1965), The Clear Spirit: Canadian Women and Their Times (1966) and Unfold the Years (1949), a history of the Young Women's Christian Association.[29] She also edited Harold Innis's posthumous Essays in Canadian Economic History (1956) and a 1972 reissue of his Empire and Communications.[29]
History of the CPR[edit]
Harold Innis wrote his PhD thesis on the history of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The completion of Canada's first transcontinental railway in 1885 had been a defining moment in Canadian history. Innis's thesis, eventually published as a book in 1923, can be seen as an early attempt to document the railway's significance from an economic historian's point of view. It uses voluminous statistics to underpin its arguments. Innis maintains that the difficult and expensive construction project was sustained by fears of American annexation of the Canadian West.[31]
Innis argues that "the history of the Canadian Pacific Railroad is primarily the history of the spread of Western civilization over the northern half of the North American continent".[32] As Robert Babe notes, the railway brought industrialization, transporting coal and building supplies to manufacturing sites. It was also a kind of communications medium that contributed to the spread of European civilization. Babe writes that, for Innis, the CPR's equipment "comprised a massive, energy-consuming, fast-moving, powerful, capital-intensive 'sign' dropped into the very midst of indigenous peoples, whose entire way of life was disrupted, and eventually shattered as a result.[33]
Communications scholar Arthur Kroker argues that Innis's study of the Canadian Pacific Railway was only the first in which he attempted to demonstrate that "technology is not something external to Canadian being; but on the contrary, is the necessary condition and lasting consequence of Canadian existence".[34] It also reflected Innis's lifelong interest in the exercise of economic and political power. His CPR history ends, for example, with a recounting of Western grievances against economic policies, such as high freight rates and the steep import tariffs designed to protect fledgling Canadian manufacturers. Westerners complained that this National Policy funnelled money from Prairie farmers into the pockets of the Eastern business establishment. "Western Canada", Innis wrote, "has paid for the development of Canadian nationality, and it would appear that it must continue to pay. The acquisitiveness of Eastern Canada shows little sign of abatement."[35]
Staples thesis[edit]
Harold Innis is considered the leading founder of a Canadian school of economic thought known as the staples theory. It holds that Canada's culture, political history and economy have been decisively shaped by the exploitation and export of a series of "staples" such as fur, fish, wood, wheat, mined metals and fossil fuels.[1] Innis theorized that this reliance on exporting natural resources made Canada dependent on more industrially advanced countries and resulted in periodic disruptions to economic life as the international demand for staples rose and fell; as the staple itself became increasingly scarce; and, as technological change resulted in shifts from one staple to others.[36] Innis pointed out, for example, that as furs became scarce and trade in that staple declined, it became necessary to develop and export other staples such as wheat, potash and especially lumber. The export of these new staples was made possible through improved transportation networks that included first canals, and later, railways.[37]
"Dirt" research[edit]
In 1920, Innis joined the department of political economy at the University of Toronto. He was assigned to teach courses in commerce, economic history and economic theory. He decided to focus his scholarly research on Canadian economic history, a hugely neglected subject, and he settled on the fur trade as his first area of study. Furs had brought French and English traders to Canada, motivating them to travel west along the continent's interlocking lake and river systems to the Pacific coast. Innis realized that he would not only need to search out archival documents to understand the history of the fur trade, but would also have to travel the country himself gathering masses of firsthand information and accumulating what he called "dirt" experience.[38]
Thus, Innis travelled extensively beginning in the summer of 1924 when he and a friend paddled an 18-foot (5.5 m) canvas-covered canoe hundreds of miles down the Peace River to Lake Athabasca; then down the Slave River to Great Slave Lake. They completed their journey down the Mackenzie, Canada's longest river, to the Arctic Ocean on a small Hudson's Bay Company tug.[39] During his travels, Innis supplemented his fur research by gathering information on other staple products such as lumber, pulp and paper, minerals, grain and fish. He travelled so extensively that by the early 1940s, he had visited every part of Canada except for the Western Arctic and the east side of Hudson Bay.[40]
Everywhere Innis went his methods were the same: he interviewed people connected with the production of staple products and listened to their stories.[41]
Fur trade in Canada[edit]
Harold Innis's interest in the relationship between empires and colonies was developed in his classic study, The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History (1930). The book chronicles the trade in beaver fur from the early 16th century to the 1920s. Instead of focusing on the "heroic" European adventurers who explored the Canadian wilderness as conventional histories had done, Innis documents how the interplay of geography, technology and economic forces shaped both the fur trade and Canada's political and economic destiny.[42] He concludes that the fur trade largely determined Canada's boundaries adding that the country "emerged not in spite of geography but because of it".[37]
The Fur Trade in Canada also describes the cultural interactions among three groups of people: the Europeans in fashionable metropolitan centres who regarded beaver hats as luxury items; the European colonial settlers who saw beaver fur as a staple that could be exported to pay for essential manufactured goods from the home country, and First Nations peoples who traded furs for industrial goods such as metal pots, knives, guns and liquor.[43] Innis describes the central role First Nations peoples played in the development of the fur trade. Without their skilled hunting techniques, knowledge of the territory and advanced tools such as snowshoes, toboggans and birch-bark canoes, the fur trade would not have existed.[44] However, dependence on European technologies disrupted First Nations societies. "The new technology with its radical innovations", Innis writes, "brought about such a rapid shift in the prevailing Indian culture as to lead to wholesale destruction of the peoples concerned by warfare and disease."[45] Historian Carl Berger argues that by placing First Nations culture at the centre of his analysis of the fur trade, Innis "was the first to explain adequately the disintegration of native society under the thrust of European capitalism."[46]
Unlike many historians who see Canadian history as beginning with the arrival of Europeans, Innis emphasizes the cultural and economic contributions of First Nations peoples.[47] "We have not yet realized," he writes, "that the Indian and his culture was fundamental to the growth of Canadian institutions."[48]
The Fur Trade in Canada concludes by arguing that Canadian economic history can best be understood by examining how one staple product gave way to another—furs to timber, for example, and the later importance of wheat and minerals.[49] Reliance on staples made Canada economically dependent on more industrially advanced countries and the "cyclonic" shifts from one staple to another caused frequent disruptions in the country's economic life.[36]
Cod fishery[edit]
After the publication of his book on the fur trade, Innis turned to a study of an earlier staple—the cod fished for centuries off the eastern coasts of North America, especially the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The result was The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy published in 1940, 10 years after the fur trade study. Innis tells the detailed history of competing empires in the exploitation of a teeming, natural resource—a history that ranges over 500 years. While his study of the fur trade focused on the continental interior with its interlocking rivers and lakes, The Cod Fisheries looks outward at global trade and empire showing the far-reaching effects of one staple product, both on imperial centres and on marginal colonies such as Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New England.
Communications theories[edit]
Harold Innis's study of the effects of interconnected lakes and rivers on Canadian development and European empire sparked his interest in the complex economic and cultural relationships between transportation systems and communications.[50] During the 1940s, Innis also began studying pulp and paper, an industry of central importance to the Canadian economy. This research provided an additional crossover point from his work on staple products to his communications studies.[51] Biographer Paul Heyer writes that Innis "followed pulp and paper through its subsequent stages: newspapers and journalism, books and advertising. In other words, from looking at a natural resource-based industry he turned his attention to a cultural industry in which information, and ultimately knowledge, was a commodity that circulated, had value, and empowered those who controlled it."[52]
One of Innis's primary contributions to communications studies was to apply the dimensions of time and space to various media. He divided media into time-binding and space-binding types. Time-binding media are durable. They include clay or stone tablets. Space-binding media are more ephemeral. They include modern media such as radio, television, and mass circulation newspapers.[53]
Innis examined the rise and fall of ancient empires as a way of tracing the effects of communications media. He looked at media that led to the growth of an empire; those that sustained it during its periods of success, and then, the communications changes that hastened an empire's collapse. He tried to show that media 'biases' toward time or space affected the complex interrelationships needed to sustain an empire. These interrelationships included the partnership between the knowledge (and ideas) necessary to create and maintain an empire, and the power (or force) required to expand and defend it. For Innis, the interplay between knowledge and power was always a crucial factor in understanding empire.[54]
Innis argued that a balance between the spoken word and writing contributed to the flourishing of ancient Greece in the time of Plato.[55] This balance between the time-biased medium of speech and the space-biased medium of writing was eventually upset, Innis argued, as the oral tradition gave way to the dominance of writing. The torch of empire then passed from Greece to Rome.[56]
Harold Innis's analysis of the effects of communications on the rise and fall of empires led him to warn grimly that Western civilization was now facing its own profound crisis. The development of powerful communications media such as mass-circulation newspapers had shifted the balance decisively in favour of space and power, over time, continuity and knowledge. The balance required for cultural survival had been upset by what Innis saw as "mechanized" communications media used to transmit information quickly over long distances. These media had contributed to an obsession with "present-mindedness" wiping out concerns about past or future.[57] Innis wrote,
The overwhelming pressure of mechanization evident in the newspaper and the magazine, has led to the creation of vast monopolies of communication. Their entrenched positions involve a continuous, systematic, ruthless destruction of elements of permanence essential to cultural activity.[4]
Western civilization could only be saved, Innis argued, by recovering the balance between space and time. For him, that meant reinvigorating the oral tradition within universities while freeing institutions of higher learning from political and commercial pressures. In his essay, A Plea for Time, he suggested that genuine dialogue within universities could produce the critical thinking necessary to restore the balance between power and knowledge. Then, universities could muster the courage to attack the monopolies that always imperil civilization.[58]
Although Innis remains appreciated and respected for the grand and unique nature of his later efforts regarding communications theories, he was not without critics. Particularly, the fragmentary and mosaic writing style exemplified in Empire and Communications has been criticized as being ambiguous, aggressively non-linear, and lacking connections between levels of analysis.[59] Biographers have suggested that this style may have been a result of Innis' illness late in his career.[60]
Academic and public career[edit]
Influence in the 1930s[edit]
Aside from his work on The Cod Fisheries, Innis wrote extensively in the 1930s about other staple products such as minerals and wheat as well as Canada's immense economic problems in the Great Depression. During the summers of 1932 and 1933, he travelled to the West to see the effects of the Depression for himself.[61] The next year, in an essay entitled, The Canadian Economy and the Depression, Innis outlined the plight of "a country susceptible to the slightest ground-swell of international disturbance", yet beset by regional differences that made it difficult to devise effective solutions. He described a Prairie economy dependent on the export of wheat, yet afflicted by severe drought, on the one hand, and the increased political power of Canada's growing cities, sheltered from direct reliance on the staples trade, on the other. The result was political conflict and a breakdown in federal–provincial relations. "We lack vital information on which to base prospective policies to meet this situation", Innis warned, because of "the weak position of the social sciences in Canada".[62]
Innis's reputation as a "public intellectual" was growing steadily and, in 1934, Premier Angus L. Macdonald invited him to serve on a Royal Commission to examine Nova Scotia's economic problems. The next year, he helped establish The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. In 1936, he was appointed a full University of Toronto professor and a year later, became the head of the university's Department of Political Economy.[63]
Innis was appointed president of the Canadian Political Science Association in 1938. His inaugural address, entitled The Penetrative Powers of the Price System, must have baffled his listeners as he ranged over centuries of economic history jumping abruptly from one topic to the next linking monetary developments to patterns of trade and settlement.[64] The address was an ambitious attempt to show the disruptive effects of new technologies culminating in the modern shift from an industrial system based on coal and iron to the newest sources of industrial power, electricity, oil and steel. Innis also tried to show the commercial effects of mass circulation newspapers, made possible by expanded newsprint production, and of the new medium of radio, which "threatens to circumvent the walls imposed by tariffs and to reach across boundaries frequently denied to other media of communication". Both media, Innis argued, stimulated the demand for consumer goods and both promoted nationalism.[65]
Innis was also a central participant in an international project that produced 25 scholarly volumes between 1936 and 1945. It was a series called The Relations of Canada and the United States overseen by James T. Shotwell, director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Innis edited and wrote prefaces for the volumes contributed by Canadian scholars. His own study of the cod fisheries also appeared as part of the series. His work with Shotwell enabled Innis to gain access to Carnegie money to further Canadian academic research. As John Watson points out, "the project offered one of the few sources of research funds in rather lean times".[66]
Politics and The Great Depression[edit]
The era of the "Dirty Thirties" with its mass unemployment, poverty and despair gave rise to new Canadian political movements. In Alberta, for example, the radio evangelist William "Bible Bill" Aberhart led his populist Social Credit party to victory in 1935. Three years earlier in Calgary, Alberta, social reformers had founded a new political party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation or CCF. It advocated democratic socialism and a mixed economy with public ownership of key industries. Frank Underhill, one of Innis's colleagues at the University of Toronto was a founding member of the CCF. Innis and Underhill had both been members of an earlier group at the university that declared itself "dissatisfied with the policies of the two major [political] parties in Canada" and that aimed at "forming a definite body of progressive opinion". In 1931, Innis presented a paper to the group on "Economic Conditions in Canada", but he later recoiled from participating in party politics, denouncing partisans like Underhill as "hot gospellers".[67]
Innis maintained that scholars had no place in active politics and that instead, they should devote themselves, first to research on public problems, and then to the production of knowledge based on critical thought. He saw the university, with its emphasis on dialogue, open-mindedness and skepticism, as an institution that could foster such thinking and research. "The university could provide an environment", he wrote, "as free as possible from the biases of the various institutions that form the state, so that its intellectuals could continue to seek out and explore other perspectives."[68]
Although sympathetic to the plight of western farmers and urban, unemployed workers, Innis did not embrace socialism. Eric Havelock, a left-leaning colleague explained many years later that Innis distrusted political "solutions" imported from elsewhere, especially those based on Marxist analysis with its emphasis on class conflict. He worried, too, that as Canada's ties with Britain weakened, the country would fall under the spell of American ideas instead of developing its own based on Canada's unique circumstances. Havelock added:
He has been called the radical conservative of his day — not a bad designation of a complex mind, clear sighted, cautious, perhaps at bottom pessimistic in areas where thinkers we would label 'progressive' felt less difficulty in taking a stand; never content to select only one or two elements in a complicated equation in order to build a quick-order policy or program; far ranging enough in intellect to take in the whole sum of the factors, and comprehend their often contradictory effects.[69]
Late career and death[edit]
In the 1940s, Harold Innis reached the height of his influence in both academic circles and Canadian society. In 1941, he helped establish the American-based, Economic History Association and its Journal of Economic History. He later became the association's second president. Innis played a central role in founding two important sources for the funding of academic research: the Canadian Social Science Research Council (1940) and the Humanities Research Council of Canada (1944).[70]
In 1944, the University of New Brunswick awarded Innis an honorary degree, as did his alma mater, McMaster University. Université Laval, the University of Manitoba and the University of Glasgow would also confer honorary degrees in 1947–48.[71]
In 1945, Innis spent nearly a month in the Soviet Union where he had been invited to attend the 220th anniversary celebrations marking the founding of the country's Academy of Sciences.[72] Later, in his essay, Reflections on Russia, he mused about the differences between the Soviet "producer" economy and the West's "consumer" ethos:
[A]n economy which emphasizes consumer's goods is characterized by communication industries largely dependent on advertising and by constant efforts to reach the largest number of readers or listeners; an economy emphasizing producer's goods is characterized by communications industries largely dependent on government support. As a result of this contrast, a common public opinion in Russia and the West is hard to achieve.[73]
Innis's trip to Moscow and Leningrad came shortly before U.S.–Soviet rivalry led to the hostility of the Cold War. Innis lamented this rise in international tensions.[74] He saw the Soviet Empire as a stabilizing counterbalance to the American Empire's emphasis on commercialism, the individual and constant change. For Innis, Russia was a society within the Western tradition, not an alien civilization. He abhorred the nuclear arms race, seeing it as the triumph of force over knowledge, a modern form of the medieval Inquisition. "The Middle Ages burned its heretics", he wrote, "and the modern age threatens them with atom bombs."[75]
In 1946, Innis was elected president of the Royal Society of Canada, the country's senior body of scientists and scholars. That same year, he served on the Manitoba Royal Commission on Adult Education and published Political Economy in the Modern State, a collection of his speeches and essays that reflected both his staples research and his new work in communications. In 1947, Innis was appointed the University of Toronto's dean of graduate studies. In 1948, he delivered lectures at the University of London and Nottingham University. He also gave the prestigious Beit lectures at Oxford, later published in his book Empire and Communications. In 1949, Innis was appointed as a commissioner on the federal government's Royal Commission on Transportation, a position that involved extensive travel at a time when his health was starting to fail.[76] The last decade of his career during which he worked on his communications studies was an unhappy time for Innis. He was academically isolated because his colleagues in economics could not fathom how this new work related to his pioneering research in staples theory. Biographer John Watson writes that "the almost complete lack of positive response to the communications works, contributed to his sense of overwork and depression".[77]
Innis died of prostate cancer in 1952 a few days after his 58th birthday. In commemoration, Innis College at the University of Toronto and Innis Library at McMaster University were named in his honour.
Innis and McLuhan[edit]
Marshall McLuhan was a colleague of Innis's at the University of Toronto. As a young English professor, McLuhan was flattered when he learned that Innis had put his book The Mechanical Bride on the reading list of the fourth-year economics course.[78] McLuhan built on Innis's idea that in studying the effects of communications media, technological form mattered more than content. Biographer Paul Heyer writes that Innis's concept of the "bias" of a particular medium of communication can be seen as a "less flamboyant precursor to McLuhan's legendary phrase 'the medium is the message.'"[79] Innis, for example, tried to show how printed media such as books or newspapers were "biased" toward control over space and secular power, while engraved media such as stone or clay tablets were "biased" in favour of continuity in time and metaphysical or religious knowledge.[80] McLuhan focused on what may be called a medium's "sensory bias" arguing, for example, that books and newspapers appealed to the rationality of the eye, while radio played to the irrationality of the ear.[81] The differences in the Innisian and McLuhanesque approaches were summarized by the late James W. Carey:
Both McLuhan and Innis assume the centrality of communication technology; where they differ is in the principal kinds of effects they see deriving from this technology. Whereas Innis sees communication technology principally affecting social organization and culture, McLuhan sees its principal effect on sensory organization and thought. McLuhan has much to say about perception and thought but little to say about institutions; Innis says much about institutions and little about perception and thought.[82]
Biographer John Watson notes that Innis's work was profoundly political while McLuhan's was not. He writes that "the mechanization of knowledge, not the relative sensual bias of media, is the key to Innis's work. This also underlies the politicization of Innis's position vis-a-vis that of McLuhan." Watson adds that Innis believed very different media could produce similar effects. "For Innis, the yellow press of the United States and the Nazi loudspeaker had the same form of negative effect: they reduced men from thinking beings to mere automatons in a chain of command." Watson argues that while McLuhan separated media according to their sensory bias, Innis examined a different set of interrelationships, the "dialectic of power and knowledge" in specific historical circumstances. For Watson, Innis's work is therefore more flexible and less deterministic than McLuhan's.[83]
As scholars and teachers, Innis and McLuhan shared a similar dilemma since both argued that book culture tended to produce fixed points of view and homogeneity of thought; yet both produced many books. In his introduction to the 1964 reprint of The Bias of Communication, McLuhan marvelled at Innis's technique of juxtaposing "his insights in a mosaic structure of seemingly unrelated and disproportioned sentences and aphorisms". McLuhan argued that although this made reading Innis's dense prose difficult—"a pattern of insights that are not packaged for the consumer palate"—Innis's method approximated "the natural form of conversation or dialogue rather than of written discourse". Best of all, it yielded "insight" and "pattern recognition" rather than the "classified knowledge" so overvalued by print-trained scholars. "How exciting it was to encounter a writer whose every phrase invited prolonged meditation and exploration", McLuhan added.[84] McLuhan's own books with their reliance on aphorisms, puns, quips, "probes" and oddly juxtaposed observations also employ this mosaic technique.
Innis's theories of political economy, media and society remain highly relevant: he had a profound influence on critical media theory and communications and, in conjunction with McLuhan, offered groundbreaking Canadian perspectives on the function of communication technologies as key agents in social and historical change. Together, their works advanced a theory of history in which communication is central to social change and transformation.[85]
See also[edit]
- Empire and Communications
- History of communication
- History of technology
- Metropolitan-Hinterland Thesis
- Monopolies of knowledge
- Orality
- Technological nationalism
- ^ a b Easterbrook, W.T. and Watkins, M.H. (1984) "The Staple Approach". In Approaches to Canadian Economic History. Ottawa: Carleton Library Series, Carleton University Press, pp. 1–98.
- ^ Babe, Robert E. (2000) "The Communication Thought of Harold Adams Innis". In Canadian Communication Thought: Ten Foundational Writers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 51–88.
- ^ Heyer, Paul. (2003) Harold Innis. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., p. 66.
- ^ a b Innis, Harold. (1952) Changing Concepts of Time. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 15.
- ^ Watson, Alexander John. (2006) Marginal Man: The Dark Vision of Harold Innis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 14–23.
- ^ Innis, Harold. (1951) "A Plea for Time". In The Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 83–89.
- ^ McLuhan, Marshall. (2005) Marshall McLuhan Unbound. Corte Madera, CA : Gingko Press v. 8, p. 8. This is a reprint of McLuhan's introduction to the 1964 edition of Innis's book The Bias of Communication first published in 1951.
- ^ Creighton, Donald. Harold Adams Innis: Portrait of a Scholar. University of Toronto Press, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Watson, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Babe, Robert. Canadian Communication Thought: Ten Foundational Writers, University of Toronto Press, p. 51.
- ^ Creighton, p. 19.
- ^ Creighton, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Watson, pp. 64–68.
- ^ Watson, p. 326. Innis refers to this question in the preface to The Bias of Communication, his book of essays on consciousness and communication.
- ^ Creighton pp. 26–27.
- ^ Creighton p. 28.
- ^ Creighton, p. 31. Creighton wrote that Innis believed if German aggression went unpunished, it would be fatal to Christian hope for the world. Innis wrote to his sister: "If I had no faith in Christianity, I don't think I would go."
- ^ Quoted from a later Innis letter by Creighton, p. 107.
- ^ Creighton, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Watson, p. 70.
- ^ Watson, pp. 68–117.
- ^ Watson, p. 93. Watson notes that 240,000 young Canadians died in the war, while 600,000 were wounded. The war was a devastating blow to Innis's generation.
- ^ Watson, p.94
- ^ Watson, p. 111.
- ^ Carey, J. W. (1992). "Space, Time and Communications: A Tribute to Harold Innis". In Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society. New York: Routledge, p. 144.
- ^ In this 1929 essay, Innis concluded: "Veblen has waged a constructive warfare of emancipation against the tendency toward standardized static economics which becomes so dangerous on a continent with ever increasing numbers of students clamouring for textbooks on final economic theory." (This essay was republished in Innis, Essays in Canadian Economic History, pp. 17–26.)
- ^ Heyer, Paul. (2003) Harold Innis. Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc.. p. 5 & pp. 113–15.
- ^ Watson, p. 119.
- ^ a b c Watson, p. 103.
- ^ Thomas, Clara. (1946) Canadian Novelists: 1920 - 1945, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company, p. 67.
- ^ Heyer pp. 6–7.
- ^ Innis, Harold. (1971) A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Revised ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 287.
- ^ Babe, p. 62.
- ^ Kroker, Arthur. (1984) Technology and the Canadian Mind: Innis/McLuhan/Grant. Montreal: New World Perspectives, p. 94.
- ^ Innis, pp. 290–94.
- ^ a b Neill, Robin. (1972) A New Theory of Value: The Canadian Economics of H.A. Innis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b Innis, Harold. (1956) The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History. Revised Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 383–402.
- ^ Creighton, pp. 49–60. The reference to "dirt" experience appears in Watson, p. 41.
- ^ Creighton, pp. 61–64.
- ^ Berger, Carl. (1976). The Writing of Canadian History: Aspects of English-Canadian Historical Writing: 1900–1970. Toronto: Oxford University Press. pp. 89–90.
- ^ Watson, p. 124.
- ^ Berger, Carl. (1976) The Writing of Canadian History. Toronto: Oxford University Press, pp. 94–95.
- ^ Watson, pp. 152–53.
- ^ Innis (Fur Trade), p. 10-15
- ^ Innis (Fur Trade), p. 388.
- ^ Berger, p.100.
- ^ Dickason, Olive; McNab, David. (2009) Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times. Fourth Edition. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, p.ix.
- ^ Innis (Fur Trade), p.392.
- ^ Berger, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Innis, Harold. (2007 edition) Empire and Communications. Toronto: Dundurn Press, pp. 23-24. Also see, Patterson, Graeme. (1990) History and Communications: Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, the Interpretation of History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp.32-33.
- ^ Watson, p. 248.
- ^ Heyer, p. 30.
- ^ Innis (Empire), p.27.
- ^ Watson, p. 313.
- ^ Innis (Empire), pp. 78–79.
- ^ Innis (Empire), p.104. See also, Heyer, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Innis, Harold. (1951) The Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 87.
- ^ Innis (Bias), pp. 61–91. The comment about universities mustering their courage appears in "The upside of ivory towers" by Rick Salutin. Globe and Mail, September 7, 2007.
- ^ Stamps, J. (1991) Negative Dialogues: a study of Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan in the light of the negative dialects of Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin. Ottawa: Canada National Library, p.6
- ^ Heyer, Paul. (1988) Communications and History: Theories of Media, Knowledge and Civilization. Westport: Greenwood Press, p114
- ^ Creighton, p,84.
- ^ Innis, Harold. (1956) Essays in Canadian Economic History, edited by Mary Q. Innis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 123–40.
- ^ Creighton, pp. 85–95.
- ^ Heyer, p. 20.
- ^ Innis, Essays, pp. 252–72.
- ^ Watson, p. 201.
- ^ Havelock, Eric. (1982) Harold Innis: A Memoir. Toronto: Harold Innis Foundation, pp. 14–15. The reference to "hot gospellers" can be found in the Creighton biography, p. 93.
- ^ Quoted in "The Public Role of the Intellectual", by Liora Salter and Cheryl Dahl. In Harold Innis in the New Century. (1999) Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 119.
- ^ Havelock, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Watson, p. 223.
- ^ Watson, pp. 223–24.
- ^ Watson, pp.223-224.
- ^ quoted in Heyer, p. 33.
- ^ Creighton, p. 122.
- ^ Innis, (Bias) p. 139.
- ^ Watson, pp. 224–25. See also Creighton, pp. 136–40.
- ^ Watson, pp. 250–55.
- ^ Preface by H. Marshall McLuhan in Havelock, p. 10. Also see Watson, p. 405.
- ^ Heyer, p. 61.
- ^ Innis, (Empire) p. 7.
- ^ McLuhan, Marshall. (2003) Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Corte Madera, California: Gingko Press.
- ^ Carey, James W. "Harold Adams Innis and Marshall McLuhan" in McLuhan Pro and Con (1969) Baltimore: Pelican Books, p. 281. Graeme Patterson strongly disagrees with this view arguing that Innis paid an extraordinary amount of attention to perception and thought, while McLuhan examined institutions. Both Innis and McLuhan, Patterson argues, were preoccupied with language, one of humanity's basic institutions. See Patterson, pp.36-37.
- ^ Watson, pp. 410–11.
- ^ McLuhan, Marshall. (2005) Marshall McLuhan Unbound. Corte Madera, CA : Gingko Press, v.8, pp. 5–8.
- ^ Carey, (McLuhan Pro and Con), p. 271.
- Babe, Robert. (2000). "The Communication Thought of Harold Adams Innis". In Canadian Communication Thought: Ten Foundational Writers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 51–88. ISBN 0-8020-7949-0
- Berger, Carl. (1976). "Harold Innis: The Search for Limits". In The Writing of Canadian History. Toronto: Oxford University Press. pp. 85–111. ISBN 0-19-540252-9
- Carey, J. W. (1992). "Space, Time and Communications: A Tribute to Harold Innis". In Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society. New York: Routledge. pp. 142–72. ISBN 0-415-90725-X
- Creighton, Donald. (1957). Harold Adams Innis: Portrait of a Scholar. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. OCLC 6605562
- Dickason, Olive; MacNab, David. (2009) Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times. Fourth Edition. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542892-6
- Easterbrook, W.T. and Watkins, M.H. (1984) "Introduction", and "Part 1: The Staple Approach". In Approaches to Canadian Economic History. Ottawa: The Carleton Library Series. Carleton University Press. ISBN 978-0-88629-021-4
- Havelock, Eric. (1982). Harold A. Innis: a memoir (with a preface by H. Marshall McLuhan). Toronto: Harold Innis Foundation. ISBN 978-0-9691212-1-3
- Heyer, Paul. (2003). Harold Innis. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2484-2
- Innis, Mary Quayle. (1935) An Economic History of Canada. Toronto: Ryerson Press. OCLC 70306951
- Kroker, Arthur. (1984). Technology and the Canadian Mind: Innis/McLuhan/Grant. Montreal: New World Perspectives. ISBN 978-0-312-78832-2
- McLuhan, Marshall. (2005) "Introduction to the Bias of Communication: [Harold A. Innis first edition 1951.]" In Marshall McLuhan Unbound. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press. v.8. OCLC 179926576
- Patterson, Graeme. (1990) History and Communications: Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, the Interpretation of History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6810-3
- Neill, Robin. (1972). A New Theory of Value: The Canadian Economics of H.A. Innis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-0182-5
- Vancouver Public Library. (1999) "The Bias of Communication", and "The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History". In Great Canadian Books of the Century. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55054-736-8
- Watson, Alexander John. (2006). Marginal Man: The Dark Vision of Harold Innis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3916-3
- Innis, Harold. (1923) A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Revised edition (1971). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Innis, Harold. (1930) The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History. Revised edition (1956). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Innis, Harold. (1930) Peter Pond, fur trader and adventurer. Toronto: Irwin & Gordon.
- Innis, Harold. (1940) The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy. Toronto: The Ryerson Press
- Innis, Harold. (1946) Political Economy in the Modern State. Toronto: The Ryerson Press
- Innis, Harold. (1950) Empire and Communications. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Innis, Harold. (1951) The Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Innis, Harold. (1952) The Strategy of Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Innis, Harold. (1952) Changing Concepts of Time. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Innis, Harold. (1956) Essays in Canadian Economic History, edited by Mary Q. Innis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Innis, Harold. (1980) The Idea File of Harold Adams Innis, edited by William Christian. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Further reading[edit]
- Acland, C.R. & Buxton, W.J. (1999) Harold Innis in the New Century. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
- Angus, I. (1998). The Materiality of Expression: Harold Innis' Communication Theory and the Discursive Turn in the Human Sciences. Canadian Journal of Communication, 23(1), pp. 9–29.
- Bonnett, John. (2013) Emergence and Empire: Innis, Complexity and the Trajectory of History. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
- Buxton, W. J. (1998). Harold Innis' Excavation of Modernity: The Newspaper Industry, Communications, and the Decline of Public Life. Canadian Journal of Communication, 23(3), pp. 321–39.
- Carey, J. W. (1967). Harold Adams Innis and Marshall McLuhan. The Antioch Review, 27(1), pp. 5–39.
- Cooper, T. W. (1981). McLuhan and Innis: The Canadian Theme of Boundless Exploration. Journal of Communication, 31(3), pp. 153–61.
- Collins, R. (1986). The Metaphor of Dependency and Canadian Communications: The Legacy of Harold Innis. Canadian Journal of Communication, 12(1), pp. 1–19.
- Garde, R. d. l. (1987). The 1987 Southam Lecture: Mr. Innis, is there life after the "American Empire"? Canadian Journal of Communication (Special Issue), pp. 7–21.
- McNally, D. (1981). Staple Theory as Commodity Fetishism: Marx, Innis, and Canadian Political Economy. Studies in Political Economy, 6, pp. 35–63.
- Melody, William; Salter, Liora; Heyer, Paul editors. (1981) Culture, Communication and Dependency: The Tradition of H.A. Innis. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
- Salutin, R. (1997). Last Call From Harold Innis. Queen's Quarterly, 104(2), pp. 245–59.
- Stamps, Judith. (1995). Unthinking Modernity: Innis, McLuhan and the Frankfurt School. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
- Varis, T. (1993). Culture, Communication, and Dependency: A Dialogue with William H. Melody on Harold Innis. Nordicom Review, 1, pp. 11–14.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Harold Innis |
- Works by Harold Innis at Open Library
- Archival papers held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
- Harold Adams Innis by Robin Neill, EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. January 10, 2005.
- Harold Adams Innis: The Bias of Communications & Monopolies of Power by Dr. Marshall Soules, Malaspina University-College, 2007.
- Harold Innis and the Press by Robert E. Babe., Fifth-Estate-Online – International Journal of Radical Mass Media Criticism.
- Old Messengers, New Media: The Legacy of Innis and McLuhan, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada.
- Harold Adams Innis entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia
- Mary Quayle Innis special collection at the University of Waterloo.
- 1894 births
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- Canadian agnostics
- Canadian economists
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Ok so today I brewed a wheat recipe that I cooked up for my first ever crack at a personal recipe. I am a partial masher with a 2 gallon coleman cooler mash tun. (works well for about 3 to 4 pounds of grain and a partial boil) I have my equipment set up at with 2 gallons MLT with 0.07 gallons (measured) dead space. My kettle 5 gallon aluminum brew pot with 10% evap rate and .26 gallons lost to trub. I brewed a batch prior to this one and hit the O.G. pretty spot on but this wheat beer I missed the estimated 1.044 by 1.039 O.G. I measured the gravity after sparge (before extract addition) and after extract addition pre-boil and it was spot on the estimated gravity into the boiler. I set the top off into the fermenter at 2.5 gallons expecting to get 2.5 gallons of wort post boil. I ended up having to top up with 3 gallons meaning i evaporated off more than expected? is this the reason I missed the O.G.? I am trying to figure out what value to tweak in order to get a good estimate since there are so many to change. the ideal thing would be to change one at a time correct? I think beer smith is great but its got a steep learning curve, and sorry for the long post just trying to post as much info as possible. Thanks Guys
bump hoping some smart people will read this post and maybe offer some insight, or maybe ask me about some piece of information I may have missed. I am also aware that this could possibly be a user error measurement wise!
I have been using beersmith for over a year, and sometimes I have this same problem. Evaporation rate has a lot of variables, ie..relative humidity, diameter of your kettle, etc. I have my evaporation rate set at 15% for a 10gal 16in diameter SS kettle. Sometimes I come out ok, sometimes I need to top up the fermenter. I've learned to live with it.


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You can hike it....takes you a while but is well worth it. You must also remember that when the clouds are on top of the mountain, you will not be seeing very much, so choose you times wisely. Ban Bang Na, Thailand Added Sep 20, 2008 Central City a really great place for shopping and restaurants all with extremely good value for your money. If shopping malls are your thing then this should be on your places to visit. It also has the usually movie complex, arcade gaming area, karaoke rooms and ten pin bowling. So something for everyone. Kirkleatham, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 20, 2008 Out of the way and I guess not a place to go and visit for many, but I just love stoppy back local pubs.....haha Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 20, 2008 Aaah the haunt of the local football supporter's Newcastle United. Thats not all this city has to offer it has some of the very best upmarket restaurants and entertainment venues and there always seems to be something to do in this vibrant place. If you are a party animal this is a must do for you! Locals are always friendly. Blackpool, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 20, 2008 Holiday destination which great attractions for families. The Blackpool tower a small replica of its more famous French one also has elevator for viewing the whole area. It has amusment park and rides for all ages depending on your thrill seeking wants and requirements.....roller coaster was always a favorite of mine. Wonderful food and restaurants there and has many guesthouses and hotels to suit everyone's budget, I prefered the guesthouses because it made me feel more at home. Nice beaches in the area, but you are going to be walking quite a while to get to the sea if the tide is out..... :) Leicester, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 20, 2008 Very cosmopolitan city, has fantastic universities. People are friendly great night outs, food, restaurants and decent shopping. York, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 20, 2008 Fantasic and very old Gothic church where you can climb the 99 steps to the top if you are feeling in an energetic mood....hehe The town has one of the oldest streets in the UK called "The Shambles" it has been restored and has many places for tourists to purchase items. Well worth a visit is the viking museum which boasts an origional viking ship discovered in the area. The city is protected by the fort and it still has walls around the city. Great pubs, hotels, food and entertainment. Fantastic day out or stay longer, just do not be from Scotland as there is still a law to kill on sight.......hahaha such is history. Redcar, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 18, 2008 Really lovely sandy beach and some of the best fish and chips in the north east of England. There is a childrens amusement park with rides and game machines also good restaurants and small cafe's making it a great day out for everyone. Guest houses and hotels are dotted all along the beach front if you want to make an extend visit and rates are quite reasonable if you are prepared to shop around. They also have decent markets for food and new and second hand goods, so if you have a good eye many bargains can be found. Good beach side pubs there as well most allowing children in if they are accompanied by adults. Hamsterley, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 18, 2008 Hamsterly forrest is a wonderful place where hiking, mountain biking or just having a picnic can be experienced. Great trails and they usually have car ralleys blasting around once a year. I can't remember the dates or times, but it offers a really good opportunity for some photo shots if you have the tenacity. Fantastic day out! Samut Prakan, Central Thailand, Thailand Added Sep 16, 2008 Beautiful museum located near the new expressway road. You can not miss this museum if you are in the area, there is the biggest statue of a three headed elephant in the southern hemisphere. Well worth a look and some pictures. Entrance fee is reasonable. Paris, Ile-de-France, France Added Sep 16, 2008 A must to go and visit if you go to Paris, you can't miss it...LOL Slightly expensive restaurant at the top of the tower, but hell the view is worth it and quite romantic on a night. London, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 16, 2008 Well I have to add a comment after all my queen lives there....haha Now open to the public for sightseeing tours individuals can now see just how the royal family lives. Fantastic paintings, furnishings all in a regal style most of us only dream about. If you go to visit don't forget to check out the changing of the guards and bring your camera. London, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 16, 2008 An absolutely fantastic place for anyone who is interested in flora and fauna. Kew Gardens has one of the most extensive tropical and exotic collection of plant species found anywhere in the world. Kew Green located just outside the gardens is a nice place for a picnic and occaisionally local cricket matches are played there. Just be extremely wary of the weather conditions......in other words keep your eye peeled for the sun! Middlesbrough, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 16, 2008 This is the new football stadium located beside the river. THis is how the stadium received its name. Next to the stadium is the Tuxedo Princess a ship which has been transformed into a major venue for night time entertainment and has disco's and live entertainment for over 18's. Kendal, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 16, 2008 Another ancient castle. A favorite place for backpackers and you can always buy the famous kendal mint cake......it keeps you warm while you walk, after all it is the UK and it's usually cold and raining....LOL Whitby, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 16, 2008 Whitby has famous ruins of an old abbey which is said to be the inspiration for the famous writer Bram Stoker......"Who is he?".......hmmmm Well he wrote the book about Count Dracula......the world famous vampire! Shildon, England, United Kingdom Added Sep 16, 2008 Shildon was where the first train in the world was built, it was called Locomotion number 1. A replica of ths train is at the museum and various other models which have been in use through the years. I am proud to be associated with the history of this town, I was born in Shildon. :) Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Added Sep 16, 2008 I'm bias towards this place......It has double decker buses there which you can use to view the city. The lowdown on ShaunWhat's this person like as a travel companion? What do their friends really think? Random schtuff Be the first to leave a comment! Compliments Be the first to leave a comment! Bonding moments Be the first to leave a comment! Insights Be the first to leave a comment! Spill the beans. Enquiring eyes want to know. Updates on Shaun's World! |
GeckoGo provides thousands of travel guides, reviews, and travel tips to help you with your vacation planning and to discover cool places to visit. Copyright © 2007-2011 by GeckoGo. All Rights Reserved. Africa | North America | South America | Asia | Caribbean | Eastern Europe | Western Europe | Central America | Middle East | Oceania | United States |


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Photo ID, circa 1938-39
This aged photo of Wadena Public School's first grade class of 1938-39, taught by Miss Hazel Green, was recently donated to the Wadena County Historical Society. Some of the kids have been identified, but help is needed to identify the others. If you can, call the Historical Society.
Are you a newspaper subscriber but you don't have a Digital Access account yet? https://secure.forumcomm.com/?publisher_ID=40&event=subscriber/lookup.
You will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Email us at email@example.com and we can help you.


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Wesley Snipes will soon be getting fitted for some prison stripes.
The U.S. Marshal's Office has ordered the Blade star to report to a federal penitentiary in Pennsylvania on Dec. 9 to begin serving his three-year sentence for failing to pay his taxes.
The big question: will he surrender?
MORE: Get everything we have on Wesley Snipes
Per the Marshal's notice, Snipes must voluntarily turn up at the Federal Correctional Institution McKean in Lewis Run by noon that day or face the possibility of a warrant issued for his arrest (and not by Tommy Lee Jones, natch).
The 48-year-old actor remains free on bail while his attorneys have been filing one appeal after another to keep him from prison after his 2008 conviction on three misdemeanor counts of willfully failing to file federal tax returns, screwing Uncle Sam out of some $7 million. However, those attempts fell on deaf ears, with a Florida judge rejecting his requests, including a Hail Mary petition for a new trial.
Lawyers for Snipes were unavailable for comment, but have previously vowed to appeal the sentence all the way to the Supreme Court if necessary.
Good luck with that.


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BJ'S BLOG 06/08/12 "Posting Pictures on Facebook"
by BJ Shea
posted Jun 8 2012 9:19AM
Yesterday during Group Therapy, I read an email from a Rock-A-Holic named James and I have to say that that this is one of the most disturbing and strange Group Therapies we've had in a long time.
James has a friend who was six months pregnant and had a miscarriage. The sad thing was that the baby was big enough to go through the delivery, which I can imagine is a horrible thing to endure.
James sent his thoughts and support to the family and thought that it would end there.
The next day, while James was scrolling through the news feed on Facebook, he saw many very vivid pictures of the glistening fetus that had been dead for two days.
James was weirded out because there was no warning or disclaimer before looking at the pictures, they were just right there. What he wanted to know is if this is normal or not to post on Facebook.
I don't know what is classified as "normal" because I haven't been in the social networking world long, but I know for some people, it's been around for most of their lives. Grieving is a very difficult thing and I know that miscarrying a baby is a painful thing for a woman, but I have to admit this would be a little weird to see on Facebook.
The thing about posting it on Facebook, you are forcing what you post on everyone who is your friend.
Some could argue that those images are disturbing and could cause physically or mental discomfort to someone.
The thing I find interesting is that people are free to post these types of images which make some people uneasy and are depressing, but we can't post a picture of a naked breast which for most people on the planet would find it to be a happy thing.
We as men are told not to say dirty jokes around women or say certain things when we're turned on because they are offensive and we should take their feelings into consideration. Well, I believe that this should work both ways. Our feelings should be taken into consideration when dealing with something that would make most people uneasy; it's the fair thing to do.
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BJ'S BLOG 06/08/12 "Posting Pictures on Facebook"
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Not wierd, but sick and depraved
Sorry, but I find such pictures very distrbing and rather sickening.... Im not a prude, but a miscarriaged fetus is NOT a dead kitten or puppy but a potential human being,. Such pictures should not be posted on a social site, IMHO. Tome it crosses the line. Im wondering if the Mother knows of this? Robert in Renton
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Mary J. Blige & Bono Vox
adicionar música no meu canal
ouvir : conectando
Para adicionar mais músicas, clique em
e depois em "Adicionar ao player"
Mary J. Blige & Bono Vox
salvar como
traduzir letra
imprimir letra
corrigir letra
Is it getting better
Or do you feel the same?
Will it make it easier on you now?
You got someone to blame
You say one love, one life (one life)
It's one need in the night
One love (one love), get to share it
Leaves you darling, if you don't care for this
Did I disappoint you?
Or leave a bad taste in your mouth?
You act like you never had love
And you want me to go without
Well it's too late, tonight
To drag the past out into the light
We're one, but we're not the same
We get to carry each other
Carry each other
Have you come here for forgiveness?
Have you come to raise the dead?
Have you come here to play Jesus?
To the lepers in your head
Well, did I ask too much, more than a lot?
You gave me nothing, now it's all I got
We're one, but we're not the same
Well we, hurt each other
Then we do it again
You say
Love is a temple
Love is a higher law
Love is a temple
Love is the higher law
You ask me to enter
Well then you make me crawl
And I can't be holding on
To what you got
When all you got is hurt
One love
One blood
One life
You got to do what you should
One life
With each other
Sisters and my
One life
But we're not the same
We get to
Carry each other
Carry each other
One love
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74 Long Neck, DE Tile, Stone & Countertop Manufacturers and Showrooms
Tile, stone and countertop projects might not sound especially complicated, but they can be surprisingly hard to get right. Seeking expert assistance can help homeowners save time, money and frustration. Contractors who specialize in this field are trained to install and repair tile and stone surfaces in your Delaware home, from flooring to backsplashes, as well as countertop materials such as solid surface, granite and marble. More
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East Coast Tile & Flooring is a family owned and operated business located in Pittsville, MD but provides service for all of the Eastern Shore. At our showroom we... Read More
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Handmade custom concrete tile. Read More
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About the Business: Serving the tri-state area, we are a distributor of marble, ceramic and natural stone tile. Now offering kitchen... Read More
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CERAMIC TILE DESIGN CENTER Read More
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Stanley Steemer - Rehoboth Beach
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List your business here for free - Learn More


text:
Leaders of the Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF, an alliance of the main rebel movements) on Friday met with the leader of the Khatmiyya sufi order and head of the mainstream Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Mohamed Osman El Mirghani, in London.
The meeting can be described as a major breakthrough in the relations between the party and the allied rebels. An SRF delegation composed of El Tom Hajo, head of SRF Media Relations and DUP member, and Yasir Arman, SRF's Foreign Relations Secretary, and Secretary-General of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North, discussed with El Mirghani the current political situation, and briefed him about the contents of the Paris Declaration.
They also consulted him about the talks both signatories of the Paris Declaration, the National Umma Party (NUP) and the SRF, are currently having with Sudanese opposition forces and civil society organisations, Arman told Radio Dabanga on Sunday.
Arman described the meeting with the DUP leader as "frank and heated". "El Mirghani stressed that it is impossible to hold general elections, scheduled by the Sudanese government for April 2015, without a national consensus."
According to a statement issued by the DUP after the encounter, El Mirghani said that the DUP "will always work for the benefit and the safety of the Sudanese and democracy".
On 8 August, Malik Agar, chairman of the SRF and El Sadig El Mahdi, leader of the NUP, signed an accord in Paris, in which they agreed on unifying the Sudanese opposition forces in order to end the conflicts in the country, and work on a democratic transformation.
File photo: Mohamed Osman El Mirghani (Sudan Vision)
'Paris Declaration signatories to meet with AUHIP chairman': Sudan's Umma Party (21 August 2014)
Sudan's Unionists welcome Paris Declaration (17 August 2014)
Sudan's Umma Party mobilising for 'national uprising' (14 August 2014)
'Sudan's regime should accept Paris Declaration': El Mahdi (11 August 2014)
Paris Declaration welcomed by Sudan opposition, rejected by regime (11 August 2014)
Sudan opposition parties sign for toppling regime (8 August 2014)


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PharmTech: In your experience, What attributes besides particle-size distribution must be considered for tableting processes?
As analytical techniques evolve, however, it is becoming easier to identify other parameters that also impact behavior in the tablet press. Here I would highlight particle shape, a parameter that, like particle size, is known to affect powder flowability and segregation. In the past, shape information was gathered by microscopy, but the advent of automated imaging has made it much faster and easier to access statistically relevant data. Such information forms a foundation for scientific investigation of the impact of shape and supports the development of more successful tableting blends.
Ingredients InsiderCynthia ChallenerFDA Approves Novel Treatments in 2014
Better equipment and automated processes will be key. So, too, will the right way of approaching outsourcing relationships.
Data sharing and a common data model can improve CRO partnerships and trial results.
As CMOs shed their old toll processing role, sponsors can expect the right questions, proactive communication, and a firm grasp of risk management and tech transfer from contract service providers.
More Webcasts


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POSTED: Thursday, December 17, 2009 - 9:56am
UPDATED: Monday, May 17, 2010 - 2:37am
The four downtown Tyler museums will host a free Holiday Open House from 4 p.m. to 8 p.m. tonight. The Goodman-LeGrand Museum, the Cotton Belt Depot, Discovery Science Place and Smith County Historical Society will open their doors to the public to share their historic, educational and information sites. A new addition to this year's event will be an open house at Gallery Main Street, the new art gallery managed by the City of Tyler Main Street Department.
Each museum will feature its own entertainment and special features. Among the highlights:
• The 1859 Goodman-LeGrand Museum, 624 N. Broadway, is Tyler's first building to be placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The facility will be celebrating a Victorian Christmas. Tours of the 150-year-old landmark will be available. "Christmas Belles" will greet visitors and costumed re-enactors will portray the Goodman family and their friends. Violins and harps will play in the formal parlor, and children will sing traditional Christmas songs. Treats inspired by the Victorian era will be available. Horse-and-buggy rides will begin at the Goodman as well.
• The Smith County Historical Society, 125 S. College, will feature several special displays. "Old Toys of Christmas" will bring back memories for visitors. All of the toys on display date back to the 1950s or earlier and include early examples from the Goodman family. A book-signing featuring author Robert Reed will be held from 7 p.m. to 8 p.m. Reed is author of the popular "Images of America: Tyler" and "Postcard History: Tyler" books, which are available at the site. Volunteers will be on hand to serve refreshments and offer tours of the building, which is also included in the National Register of Historic Places.
• At the Cotton Belt Depot, 210 E. Oakwood, visitors will enjoy "Christmas Trains at the Depot" at the restored train depot, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Rail aficionados, in costume, will be on hand to run miniature train lines, which will be set in winter scenes.
• Discovery Science Place, 308 N. Broadway, will celebrate the opening of its newest display, "Dig Pit," during the Open House hours. Young visitors and their families will have the opportunity to enter the facility free and experience the newest feature of the award-winning facility. Discovery's gift shop will also be open for last-minute shoppers.
• Gallery Main Street at 110 W. Erwin will celebrate its first Christmas by joining the open house. The gallery currently features artwork by members of the Downtown Tyler Arts Coalition's Fine Arts Jury. The public is invited to view the artwork and tour the new downtown revitalization facility. This is also a great location to purchase gifts for the holidays.
Those who visit all open house sites and get a visitor's pass punched at each location will be eligible for a drawing for a giant gift basket worth more than $300.
For more information, visit www.heartoftyler.com [2] or call (903) 593-6905.


text:
Middleton School Board plans PowerPoint presentation on withdrawal plan
Thursday, February 6, 2014
MIDDLETON — The Board of Selectmen met on Jan. 27 and quickly concluded the first items on the agenda, approving minutes, approving appointments (alternate to Planning Board and an interim Supervisor of the Checklist), signing off on a timber tax, and arranging for new phone consoles to be evaluated. The Allstate presentation was delayed to quickly clear some old and new business. Kate Buzard of the Conservation Commission asked the Selectmen to consider adding some town-owned properties to the Town Forest. Her suggestions were favorably considered.
An area scout working toward earning Eagle Scout rank is looking for a project. Anyone with ideas should report their suggestions to the Selectmen.
School news
Social news
There were two welfare checks; Jan. 9 on New Durham Road and Jan. 18 on Silver Street. On Jan. 9 log entries were for a sex offender registration and an alarm activation on Kings Highway Two motor vehicle complaints listed; Jan. 10 and 22, both on Route 153 and a pair of motor vehicle lockouts, Jan. 11 and 22 — incidentally also both on Route 153. On Governors Road, police responded to a report of a road hazard on Jan. 11. Kings Highway was busy with general police service on Jan. 14, 16, 17 and 20 and on Jan. 22 this activity moved to New Durham Road. Only Karen Road had a report of a suspicious person/MV/activity, and that on Jan. 15. |


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How do I buy tickets to this event?
Tickets can be purchased online [link to come]
Will there be tickets for sale at the door?
If there are still tickets available on the day of the event, they will be sold at the door. However, there will be an increase in price. We encourage pre-buying your tickets so we can plan for the best event possible. If the event sells out in advance, tickets WILL NOT be available at the door.
What is the age limit for this event?
You must be at least 21 years of age to attend this event. That means that no one under the the age of 21 will be allowed to enter the festival (this includes designated drivers & volunteers). No children, toddlers or infants are permitted. No one will be admitted without a valid photo ID (no exceptions).
Is this event indoor or outdoor?
This event is outdoors located in our parking lot and on Lowry Ave. Lowry Ave. will be shut down to traffic during beer fest. No refund due to weather. Please dress for elements.
What is included in admission fee?
- Admission into beer fest
- Souvenir taster glass
- Take home photo booth photo
- Build your own pretzel necklace
- Bacon!
- Live music on two stages
Will food be available?
Food will be available outside from Stanley's on Wheel, additional food trucks and inside at Stanley's NE Bar Room. Stanley's on Wheels truck menu will be available inside. Stanley's NE Bar Room's regular menu will NOT be available inside.
Is the beer fest wheelchair accessible?
Yes, the venue is wheelchair accessible.
Are there tickets available for Designated Drivers?
Yes, tickets are available to Designated Drivers. They are $10 and can be purchased online [link to follow]. Limited tickets available. DD tickets get you into the festival only.
Ticket Questions
If you purchase you ticket online , you will be asked to print out your ticket and bring it with you for entrance to the festival. When you arrive at the festival you will receive your additional items.
Any ticket questions can be directed to Chasity. You will receive a prompt email answering your questions.
Parking for this event is limited. There is on-street parking available in the surrounding neighborhood and a limited amount of spots in the East Side Neighborhood Services parking lot located at 1700 NE 2nd St, Minneapolis, MN 55413. Please plan to carpool, use public transit, UBER or bike transit to attend our beer fest. Spots are first-come, first-served. We will have a significant amount of bike parking. A shuttle will be running from this parking lot from 1p – 10p the day of the event. Even if you park on the street near the lot, you may still take the shuttle to Stanley's!
THE RAIL STATION BAR AND GRILL will also be running a shuttle from their location located in South Minneapolis at 3675 Minnehaha Ave. S, Minneapolis, MN on the day of too. It is FREE to attendees. First shuttle runs at 1:15pm. Last shuttle leaves Stanley's NE at 6:00pm to go back.


text:
Miley Cyrus shocked many fans with her recent sexually explicit performance, but her actions are just an example of society's growing acceptance of young people flaunting their sexuality, writes Rabbi Michael Knopf.
Amidst the fasting, repenting and self-introspection of the High Holidays, Rabbi Jeremy Gerber challenges readers to remove the guilt that keeps us apart from all the things and people we love.
This Rosh Hashanah, Rabbi Barry Blum turns his attention to the sweet and tasty dimensions of life, which he toasts with chocolate.


text:
PlantFiles: Episcia, Flame Violet
Episcia cupreata 'Pink Panther'
Family: Gesneriaceae (ges-ner-ee-AY-see-ee) (Info) Genus: Episcia (ee-PISH-ee-ah) (Info) Species: cupreata (kew-pree-AH-tuh) (Info) Cultivar: Pink Panther Synonym:Achimenes cupreata One vendor has this plant for sale. 2 members have or want this plant for trade. Category: Height: Spacing: Hardiness: Sun Exposure: Danger: Bloom Color: Bloom Time: Foliage: Other details: Soil pH requirements: Patent Information: Propagation Methods: Seed Collecting: | Click thumbnail to view: By CaptMicha By Calalily By CaptMicha By CaptMicha By CaptMicha By CaptMicha By Snowrose There are a total of 11 photos. |
2 positives
1 neutral
No negatives
Gardeners' Notes:
This plant has been said to grow in the following regions:
Homestead, Florida
Atwater, Ohio


text:
Incomes Are Up the Most in Washington, D.C.
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- The U.S. economy has a lot of moving parts, along with substantial geographical disparity from state to state, city to city, town to town.
The Census Bureau knows this, and has taken the barometer out to measure the most prosperous cities in the country.
The agency's American Community Survey aims to benchmark income, poverty and health insurance across the 50 states and, somewhat surprisingly, income and poverty levels aren't all that different in our cities (with some exceptions, as laid out below.) It suggests the economic recovery is fairly stable, and the economy seems to be raising boats in uniform fashion.
Still, one city has to finish at the top of the Census Bureau's list of most prosperous metropolitan areas, and this year, that city is Washington, D.C..
According to the survey, the District of Columbia saw its median household income rise 23% from 2000 to last year, winding up at $66,583 from $53,995. No doubt the nation's capital is doing so well because it's home to so many federal government agencies, including the White House and executive branch, the Federal Trade Commission, the FBI, Internal Revenue Service and scores of others. The budget for the Department of Defense alone stood at $553 billion last year, guaranteeing thousands of jobs for the D.C. metropolitan areas. Other region are doing well for different reasons. North Dakota, thanks to a boom in oil and natural gas, saw its median household income rise by 17% in the past dozen years. Tens of thousands of jobs have opened up as energy companies descend on the Roughrider State. Other states experiencing income booms are Louisiana (up 4.2% thanks to an influx of oil and gas jobs) and South Dakota (up 4.1% primarily due to the same fracking boom boosting its northern neighbor.) On the flip side, a decline in manufacturing jobs, especially in the auto sector, has decimated Michigan. Income declines in Michigan are down almost 20% from 2000 to last year as auto manufacturers move their jobs to states with more affordable worker compensation rates and to countries such as Mexico, where the average per-hour salary is only $4 to $5 per hour, compared with $28 per hour in Michigan.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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