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Jet Drops Produced by Bubbles Bursting at the Surface of Seawater
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Several empirical formulas were reported to describe the production of jet drops by bubbles bursting at the surface of seawater; they were, however, based on scanty data. Recent observations of Spiel have provided new data for intermediate-size ...
Jin Wu
Mechanisms of Remote Tropical Surface Warming during El Ni�o
The authors demonstrate through atmospheric general circulation model (the Community Climate Model version 3.10) simulations of the 1997/98 El Ni�o that the observed �remote� (i.e., outside the Pacific) tropical land and ocean surface warming ...
John C. H. Chiang; Benjamin R. Lintner
Interaction of manganese(II) with the surface of calcite in dilute solutions and seawater
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
The interaction of Mn/sup 2 +/ with the surface of calcite in aqueous solutions is complex. In dilute solutions the Mn/sup 2 +/ is rapidly adsorbed, MnCO/sub 3/ nucleates on the calcite surface and then grows by a first order reaction with respect to the initial Mn/sup 2 +/ concentration. At higher ionic strengths, in NaCl solutions, the rate of these processes is slower, but the same general pattern persists. In solutions containing Mg/sup 2 +/, at the concentration of seawater and in seawater, the nucleation phase of the uptake process does not appear to occur. The long term uptake rate of Mn/sup 2 +/ on the surface of calcite in seawater is first order with respect to the disolved Mn/sup 2 +/ concentration. The rate constant is over 3 orders of magnitude smaller than that found in dilute Mg/sup 2 +/-free solutions. A probable explanation for the slower growith rate in seawater is that MnCO/sub 3/ is not nucleated on the calcite surface due to the presence of high Mg/sup 2 +/ concentrations. These, through site competition, prevent enough Mn/sup 2 +/ from being adsorbed to reach a critical concentration for MnCO/sub 3/ nucleation. This behavior is similar to that found for orthophosphate with calcite surfaces in dilute solutions and seawater. Measurements of the solubility of rhodochrosite in seawater gave results from an undersaturation approach to equilibrium in excellent agreement with those found in previous studies in dilute solutions. When equilibrium was approached from supersaturation, approximately 50 times more calcium was precipitated than Mn/sup 2 +/. The measured solubility was over twice that determined from undersaturation. It is possible that a Mn-calcite containing 25 to 30 mole percent MnCO/sub 3/ formed on the rhodochrosite from the supersaturated solutions. Consequently, it is doubtful that rhodochrosite controls the concentration of Mn/sup 2 +/ in calcium carbonate rich marine environments.
Franklin, M. L.; Morse, J. W.
Fast and Slow Response to Global Warming: Sea Surface Temperature and Precipitation Patterns
The time-dependent response of sea surface temperature (SST) to global warming and the associated atmospheric changes are investigated based on a 1% year-1 CO2 increase to quadrupling experiment of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory climate ...
Shang-Min Long; Shang-Ping Xie; Xiao-Tong Zheng; Qinyu Liu
The Effect of the Sea Ice Freshwater Flux on Southern Ocean Temperatures in CCSM3: Deep-Ocean Warming and Delayed Surface Warming
This study explores the role of sea ice freshwater and salt fluxes in modulating twenty-first-century surface warming in the Southern Ocean via analysis of sensitivity experiments in the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3). In ...
Clark H. Kirkman IV; Cecilia M. Bitz
Global Warming Pattern Formation: Sea Surface Temperature and Rainfall
Spatial variations in sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall changes over the tropics are investigated based on ensemble simulations for the first half of the twenty-first century under the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenario A1B with ...
Shang-Ping Xie; Clara Deser; Gabriel A. Vecchi; Jian Ma; Haiyan Teng; Andrew T. Wittenberg
Ocean Warming Effect on Surface Gravity Wave Climate Change for the End of the Twenty-First Century
Surface wind (U10) and significant wave height (Hs) response to global warming are investigated using a coupled atmosphere�wave model by perturbing the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) with anomalies generated by the Working Group on Coupled ...
Yalin Fan; Isaac M. Held; Shian-Jiann Lin; Xiaolan L. Wang
Ocean Warming effect on Surface Gravity Wave Climate Change for the end of the 21st Century
Surface wind (U10) and significant wave height (Hs) response to global warming are investigated using a coupled atmosphere-wave model by perturbing the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) with anomalies generated by WGCM CMIP-3 coupled models that use ...
Surface Heat Balance in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean: Climatology and the Warming Event of 1994�95
The surface heat budget in the equatorial Pacific Ocean was investigated through ocean model simulations, both the climatological cycle and the case of the 1994�95 warm event. The dominant processes governing the seasonal cycle of sea surface ...
Anna Borovikov; Michele M. Rienecker; Paul S. Schopf
The cycling of sulfur in surface seawater of the northeast Pacific
The authors report on measurements made on the distribution of sulfur between different compounds in surface waters in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Measurements looked at distributions of organic sulfur, low molecular weight organic sulfur, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate, etc. The objective was to study not just the densities, but the exchanges between these compounds, and sinks, including to the atmosphere. In particular the authors want to study the source to the atmosphere of DMS from the oceans. In the region studied, which had low plankton concentration, but high nutrient concentrations, loss of DMS to the atmosphere was very minor, and indicated that under different climatic conditions, there was potential for much larger sea/air exchange.
Bates, T.S. [NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Lab., Seattle, WA (United States)] [NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Lab., Seattle, WA (United States); [Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States); Chavez, F.P.; Buck, K.R. [Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Pacific Grove, CA (United States)] [and others] [Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Pacific Grove, CA (United States); and others
ENSO Warm (El Ni�o) and Cold (La Ni�a) Event Life Cycles: Ocean Surface Anomaly Patterns, Their Symmetries, Asymmetries, and Implications
Previous studies by the authors have described the composite global marine surface anomalies of ENSO warm (El Ni�o) events and cold (La Ni�a) events. Here the similarities and differences in these life cycles are examined. Qualitatively different ...
Narasimhan K. Larkin; D. E. Harrison
Surface Heat Budgets and Sea Surface Temperature in the Pacific Warm Pool during TOGA COARE
The daily mean heat and momentum fluxes at the surface derived from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager and Japan�s Geostationary Meteorological Satellite radiance measurements are used to study the temporal and spatial variability of the surface ...
Shu-Hsien Chou; Wenzhong Zhao; Ming-Dah Chou
Phase Speed Spectra and the Latitude of Surface Westerlies: Interannual Variability and Global Warming Trend
The extratropical annular-mode-like atmospheric responses to ENSO and global warming and the internal variability of annular modes are associated with similar, yet distinct, dynamical characteristics. In particular, La Ni�a, global warming, and ...
Gang Chen; Jian Lu; Dargan M. W. Frierson
Warm Pool SST Variability in Relation to the Surface Energy Balance
The warm tropical oceans underlie the most convective regions on earth and are a critical component of the earth�s climate, yet there are differing opinions on the processes that control warm pool SST. The Indo�Pacific warm pool is characterized ...
John Fasullo; Peter J. Webster
Sharp Frontal Interfaces in the Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean in the Western Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool
During the TOGA COARE rich horizontal temperature and salinity variability of the near-surface layer of the ocean in the western Pacific warm pool was observed. High-resolution measurements were made by probes mounted on the bow of the vessel in ...
Alexander Soloviev; Roger Lukas
Effects of Surface Heat and Moisture Exchange on ARW-WRF Warm-Season Precipitation Forecasts over the Central United States
The evolution of the daytime planetary boundary layer (PBL) and its association with warm-season precipitation is strongly impacted by land�atmosphere heat and moisture exchange (hereafter surface exchange). However, substantial uncertainty ...
S. B. Trier; M. A. LeMone; F. Chen; K. W. Manning
Surface Meteorology and Air-Sea Fluxes in the Western Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment
A major goal of the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) was to achieve significantly more accurate and complete descriptions of the surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes in the western equatorial warm pool region. Time series of ...
R. A. Weller; S. P. Anderson
Standard Seawater Comparisons Updated
Salinity adjustments that may reconcile differences in results from different expeditions are presented. These corrections are based upon batch-to-batch differences in Standard Seawater (SSW) after comparison with KC1-derived standards.
Arnold W. Mantyla
Role of Antecedent Land Surface Conditions in Warm Season Precipitation over Northwestern Mexico
The role of antecedent land surface conditions including precipitation (P), surface skin temperature (Ts), soil moisture (Sm), and snow water equivalent (SWE) anomalies on the onset and intensity of the monsoon during the 1950�99 period in the ...
Chunmei Zhu; Tereza Cavazos; Dennis P. Lettenmaier
A Multimodel Update on the Detection and Attribution of Global Surface Warming
This paper presents an update on the detection and attribution of global annual mean surface air temperature changes, using recently developed climate models. In particular, it applies a new methodology that permits the inclusion of many more ...
D�ith�A. Stone; Myles R. Allen; Peter A. Stott
A Decomposition of Feedback Contributions to Polar Warming Amplification
Polar surface temperatures are expected to warm 2-3 times faster than the global mean surface temperature; a phenomenon referred to as polar warming amplification. Therefore, understanding individual process contributions to the polar warming is ...
Patrick C. Taylor; Ming Cai; Aixue Hu; Jerry Meehl; Warren Washington; Guang J. Zhang
The connections among greenhouse-gas emissions scenarios, global warming, and frequencies of hurricanes or tropical cyclones are among the least understood in climate science but among the most fiercely debated in the context of adaptation decisions or mitigation policies. Here we show that a knowledge discovery strategy, which leverages observations and climate model simulations, offers the promise of developing credible projections of tropical cyclones based on sea surface temperatures (SST) in a warming environment. While this study motivates the development of new methodologies in statistics and data mining, the ability to solve challenging climate science problems with innovative combinations of traditional and state-of-the-art methods is demonstrated. Here we develop new insights, albeit in a proof-of-concept sense, on the relationship between sea surface temperatures and hurricane frequencies, and generate the most likely projections with uncertainty bounds for storm counts in the 21st-century warming environment based in turn on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. Our preliminary insights point to the benefits that can be achieved for climate science and impacts analysis, as well as adaptation and mitigation policies, by a solution strategy that remains tailored to the climate domain and complements physics-based climate model simulations with a combination of existing and new computational and data science approaches.
Race, Caitlin [University of Minnesota; Steinbach, Michael [University of Minnesota; Ganguly, Auroop R [ORNL; Semazzi, Fred [North Carolina State University; Kumar, Vipin [University of Minnesota
Surface Buoyancy Forcing and the Mixed Layer of the Western Pacific Warm Pool: Observations and 1D Model Results
The broad, shallow body of warm (>29�C) water found in the western tropical Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics and thermodynamics associated with the El Ni�o-Southern Oscillation phenomenon. Thus, it is ...
Steven P. Anderson; Robert A. Weller; Roger B. Lukas
Why Are There Tropical Warm Pools?
Tropical warm pools appear as the primary mode in the distribution of tropical sea surface temperature (SST). Most previous studies have focused on the role of atmospheric processes in homogenizing temperatures in the warm pool and establishing ...
Amy C. Clement; Richard Seager; Raghu Murtugudde
On thermal performance of seawater cooling towers
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Seawater cooling towers have been used since the 1970s in power generation and other industries, so as to reduce the consumption of freshwater. The salts in seawater are known to create a number of operational problems, ...
Sharqawy, Mostafa H.
An Analysis of Tropical Ocean Diurnal Warm Layers
During periods of light surface wind, a warm stable layer forms at the ocean surface with a maximum sea surface temperature (SST) in the early afternoon. The diurnal SST amplitude (DSA) associated with these diurnal warm layers (DWLs) can reach ...
Hugo Bellenger; Jean-Philippe Duvel
Stability of IAPSO Standard Seawater
A check of the calibration of 10 batches of International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean standard seawater (P120�P129) against the defined KCl standard (practical salinity scale 1978) showed differences of less than 0.001 in ...
F. Culkin; P. S. Ridout
Operational Implementation of the ISBA Land Surface Scheme in the Canadian Regional Weather Forecast Model. Part I: Warm Season Results
The summertime improvement resulting from the operational implementation of a new surface modeling and assimilation strategy into the Canadian regional weather forecasting system is described in this study. The surface processes over land are ...
St�phane B�lair; Louis-Philippe Crevier; Jocelyn Mailhot; Bernard Bilodeau; Yves Delage
Warm or Steaming Ground | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Warm or Steaming Ground Warm or Steaming Ground Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Print PDF Warm or Steaming Ground Dictionary.png Warm or Steaming Ground: An area where geothermal heat is conducted to the earth's surface, warming the ground and sometimes causing steam to form when water is present. Other definitions:Wikipedia Reegle Modern Geothermal Features Typical list of modern geothermal features Hot Springs Fumaroles Warm or Steaming Ground Mudpots, Mud Pools, or Mud Volcanoes Geysers Blind Geothermal System Steam rising from the ground at Eldvorp, a 10 km row of craters, in Southwestern Iceland. http://www.visiticeland.com/SearchResults/Attraction/eldvorp Warm or steaming ground is often an indicator of a geothermal system beneath the surface. In some cases a geothermal system may not show any
Seawater pump study: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Program. Final report. [For ocean thermal power plants
The pumping power required to move cold seawater and warm seawater through an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plant is a significant portion of the plant power output; therefore, seawater pump performance, sizing, and cost information are very influential inputs into any power plant system design optimizations. The analysis and evaluation of large seawater pumping systems selected specifically for the OTEC application are provided with a view toward judging the impact of pump selection on overall OTEC power plant performance. A self-contained bulb, direct drive, axial flow pump was found to have a distinct advantage in performance and arrangement flexibility. A design of a pump operating at a net total head rise of 3.5 meters and a flow capacity of 100 m/sup 3//s is presented including pump blade geometry (profiles), pump diffuser geometry, and pump/diffuser configuration and performance. Results are presented in terms of the geometric and power requirements of several related pump designs over a range of seawater capacity from 25 m/sup 3//s to 100 m/sup 3//s. Summary analysis and evaluations include pump design weights and cost estimates.
Little, T.E.
Dynamic and Thermodynamic Regulation of Ocean Warming
The relative roles of clouds, surface evaporation, and ocean heat transport in limiting maximum sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the western Pacific warm pool are investigated by means of simple and intermediate coupled ocean�atmosphere models. ...
Tim Li; Timothy F. Hogan; C-P. Chang
Automated nutrient analyses in seawater
This manual was assembled for use as a guide for analyzing the nutrient content of seawater samples collected in the marine coastal zone of the Northeast United States and the Bering Sea. Some modifications (changes in dilution or sample pump tube sizes) may be necessary to achieve optimum measurements in very pronounced oligotrophic, eutrophic or brackish areas. Information is presented under the following section headings: theory and mechanics of automated analysis; continuous flow system description; operation of autoanalyzer system; cookbook of current nutrient methods; automated analyzer and data analysis software; computer interfacing and hardware modifications; and trouble shooting. The three appendixes are entitled: references and additional reading; manifold components and chemicals; and software listings. (JGB)
Whitledge, T.E.; Malloy, S.C.; Patton, C.J.; Wirick, C.D.
An overview of MHD seawater thruster performance and loss mechanisms
Loss mechanisms affecting the performance of an MHD seawater thruster system have ben identified and discussed. Among those losses are the jet and nozzle losses, joule heating losses, surface potential and electro-chemical losses, frictional losses, and electrical end losses. Simple, but accurate, models have seen used to assess the relative and absolute magnitude of these losses and to investigate their influence on the overall thruster efficiency. A parametric study has been performed for a generic full size seawater vehicle propelled by an MHD thruster at different operating conditions. The results of this study confirm that higher efficiencies can be achieved at high magnetic field strengths (> 10 Tesla). Furthermore, the results indicate that higher efficiencies can be maintained over a wide range of cruising speeds (2--20 m/s or 4--40 knots) at higher magnetic fields (20 Tesla).
Doss, E.D.; Geyer, H.K.
Observed dependence of the water vapor and clear-sky greenhouse effect on sea surface temperature: Comparison with climate warming experiments
SciTech Connect
This study presents a comparison of the water vapor and clear-sky greenhouse effect dependence on sea surface temperature for climate variations of different types. Firstly, coincident satellite observations and meteorological analyses are used to examine seasonal and interannual variations and to evaluate the performance of a general circulation model. Then, this model is used to compare the results inferred from the analysis of observed climate variability with those derived from global climate warming experiments. One part of the coupling between the surface temperature, the water vapor and the clear-sky greenhouse effect is explained by the dependence of the saturation water vapor pressure on the atmospheric temperature. However, the analysis of observed and simulated fields shows that the coupling is very different according to the type of region under consideration and the type of climate forcing that is applied to the Earth-atmosphere system. This difference, due to the variability of the vertical structure of the atmosphere, is analyzed in detail by considering the temperature lapse rate and the vertical profile of relative humidity. Our results suggest that extrapolating the feedbacks inferred from seasonal and short-term interannual climate variability to longer-term climate changes requires great caution. It is argued that our confidence in climate models` predictions would be increased significantly if the basic physical processes that govern the variability of the vertical structure of the atmosphere, and its relation to the large-scale circulation, were better understood and simulated. For this purpose, combined observational and numerical studies focusing on physical processes are needed. 44 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.
Bony, S.; Le Treut, H. [Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris (France); Duvel, J.P. [Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau (France)
Anthropogenic Warming of the Oceans: Observations and Model Results
Observations show the oceans have warmed over the past 40 yr, with appreciable regional variation and more warming at the surface than at depth. Comparing the observations with results from two coupled ocean�atmosphere climate models [the ...
David W. Pierce; Tim P. Barnett; Krishna M. AchutaRao; Peter J. Gleckler; Jonathan M. Gregory; Warren M. Washington
Mechanisms of Global Warming Impacts on Regional Tropical Precipitation
Mechanisms that determine the tropical precipitation anomalies under global warming are examined in an intermediate atmospheric model coupled with a simple land surface and a mixed layer ocean. To compensate for the warm tropospheric temperature, ...
Chia Chou; J. David Neelin
Comparison of techniques for preserving dissolved nutrients in open-ocean seawater samples
A survey of recent literature on methods for preserving nutrients indicates that the major factors which have been considered are: filtration and type of filter, material and history of storage containers, the influence of light, storage temperature and how it is achieved, the effectiveness of various acids, poisons, and preservatives, and the source of the sample. No comprehensive studies of open ocean seawater were found. A comprehensive study of nutrient preservation techniques was conducted on surface and deep seawater samples collected in the Gulf Stream east of Miami, Florida. No preservation techniques were found to be satisfactory for near-surface open ocean seawater. Results for deep water samples are found to be substantially better. The degree of preservation was not substantially improved by complex techniques involving freezing and chemical additives. Storage of filtered samples in aged polyethylene bottles at 2/sup 0/C in the dark is recommended for samples that must be stored. (LEW)
Morse, J. W.; Hunt, M.; Zullig, J.; Mucci, A.; Mendez, T.
A new method for the determination of radiostrontium in seawater samples has been developed at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) that allows rapid preconcentration and separation of strontium and yttrium isotopes in seawater samples for measurement. The new SRNL method employs a novel and effective pre-concentration step that utilizes a blend of calcium phosphate with iron hydroxide to collect both strontium and yttrium rapidly from the seawater matrix with enhanced chemical yields. The pre-concentration steps, in combination with rapid Sr Resin and DGA Resin cartridge separation options using vacuum box technology, allow seawater samples up to 10 liters to be analyzed. The total {sup 89}Sr + {sup 90}Sr activity may be determined by gas flow proportional counting and recounted after ingrowth of {sup 90}Y to differentiate {sup 89}Sr from {sup 90}Sr. Gas flow proportional counting provides a lower method detection limit than liquid scintillation or Cerenkov counting and allows simultaneous counting of samples. Simultaneous counting allows for longer count times and lower method detection limits without handling very large aliquots of seawater. Seawater samples up to 6 liters may be analyzed using Sr Resin for {sup 89}Sr and {sup 90}Sr with a Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) of 1-10 mBq/L, depending on count times. Seawater samples up to 10 liters may be analyzed for {sup 90}Sr using a DGA Resin method via collection and purification of {sup 90}Y only. If {sup 89}Sr and other fission products are present, then {sup 91}Y (beta energy 1.55 MeV, 58.5 day half-life) is also likely to be present. {sup 91}Y interferes with attempts to collect {sup 90}Y directly from the seawater sample without initial purification of Sr isotopes first and {sup 90}Y ingrowth. The DGA Resin option can be used to determine {sup 90}Sr, and if {sup 91}Y is also present, an ingrowth option with using DGA Resin again to collect {sup 90}Y can be performed. An MDA for {sup 90}Sr of <1 mBq/L for an 8 hour count may be obtained using 10 liter seawater sample aliquots.
Maxwell, S.
Global Seawater Inc | Open Energy Information
Seawater Inc Seawater Inc Jump to: navigation, search Name Global Seawater Inc. Place Phoenix, Arizona Zip 85018 Sector Biofuels, Carbon, Renewable Energy Product Global Seawater, Inc. ("GSI") is a corporation that claims to have created an integrated seawater aquaculture and agriculture system that produces renewable biofuels, food, and captures and retains atmospheric carbon. Coordinates 33.44826°, -112.075774° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":33.44826,"lon":-112.075774,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Performance and flow characteristics of MHD seawater thruster
The main goal of the research is to investigate the effects of strong magnetic fields on the electrical and flow fields inside MHD thrusters. The results of this study is important in the assessment of the feasibility of MHD seawater propulsion for the Navy. To accomplish this goal a three-dimensional fluid flow computer model has been developed and applied to study the concept of MHD seawater propulsion. The effects of strong magnetic fields on the current and electric fields inside the MHD thruster and their interaction with the flow fields, particularly those in the boundary layers, have been investigated. The results of the three-dimensional computations indicate that the velocity profiles are flatter over the sidewalls of the thruster walls in comparison to the velocity profiles over the electrode walls. These nonuniformities in the flow fields give rise to nonuniform distribution of the skin friction along the walls of the thrusters, where higher values are predicted over the sidewalls relative to those over the electrode walls. Also, a parametric study has been performed using the three-dimensional MHD flow model to analyze the performance of continuous electrode seawater thrusters under different operating parameters. The effects of these parameters on the fluid flow characteristics, and on the thruster efficiency have been investigated. Those parameters include the magnetic field (10--20 T), thruster diameter, surface roughness, flow velocity, and the electric load factor. The results show also that the thruster performance improves with the strength of the magnetic field and thruster diameter, and the efficiency decreases with the flow velocity and surface roughness.
Doss, E.D.
Changes in the Frequency of Extreme Warm-Season Surface Dewpoints in Northeastern Illinois: Implications for Cooling-System Design and Operation
Warm-season (1 May�30 September) hourly dewpoint data were examined for temporal changes at two weather stations in northeastern Illinois during a 42-yr period (1959�2000). This area has dense population (greater than 8 million), and shifts to ...
Jesse Sparks; David Changnon; Jason Starke
September 10, 2013 What is Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC)?
and sewage savings through the elimination of cooling towers SWAC Solutions Waikiki SWAC (25,000 tons) Fossil conditioning systems · Cold seawater is pumped to cooling plant · The cold temperature of the seawater
Standard Seawater Comparison of Some Recent Batches
The comparison experiment results of the standard seawater (SSW) were presented for batches P90, P100, P104, P106, P108 P111, and P112. This work shows that the SSW batch-to-batch agreement was recently improved. The adjusted mean differences ...
Yasushi Takatsuki; Michio Aoyama; Toshiya Nakano; Haruo Miyagi; Toshihiro Ishihara; Toshiya Tsutsumida
Rising Sea Levels Due to Global Warming Are Unstoppable
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Rising Sea Levels Rising Sea Levels Due to Global Warming Are Unstoppable Rising Sea Levels Due to Global Warming Are Unstoppable Mitigation can slow down but not prevent sea level rise for centuries to come August 5, 2013 Contact: Linda Vu, email@example.com, +1 510 495 2402 washington.jpg Because seawater absorbs heat more slowly than the atmosphere above it, our oceans won't feel the full impact of the greenhouse gases already in the air for hundreds of years. Warm water expands, raising sea levels. (Courtesy W. Washington) Select to enlarge. A reduction in greenhouse gas emissions could greatly lessen the impacts of climate change. However, the gases already added to the atmosphere ensure a certain amount of sea level rise to come, even if future emissions are reduced. A study by National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
Optimal Scheduling for Biocide and Heat Exchangers Maintenance Towards Environmentally Friendly Seawater Cooling Systems
Using seawater in cooling systems is a common practice in many parts of the world where there is a shortage of freshwater. However, biofouling is one of the major operational problems associated with the usage of seawater in cooling systems. Microfouling is caused by the activities of microorganisms, such as bacteria and algae, producing a very thin layer that sticks to the inside surface of the tubes in heat exchangers. This thin layer has a tremendously negative impact on heat transferred across the heat exchanger tubes in the system. In some instances, even a 250 micrometer thickness of fouling film can reduce the heat exchanger's heat transfer coefficient by 50 percent. On the other hand, macrofouling is the blockage caused by relatively large marine organisms, such as oysters, mussels, clams, and barnacles. A biocide is typically added to eliminate, or at least reduce, biofouling. Typically, microfouling can be controlled by intermittent dosages, and macrofouling can be controlled by continuous dosages of biocide. The aim of this research work is to develop a systematic approach to the optimal operating and design alternatives for integrated seawater cooling systems in industrial facilities. A process integration framework is used to provide a holistic approach to optimizing the design and operation of the seawater cooling system, along with the dosage and discharge systems. Optimization formulations are employed to systematize the decision-making and to reconcile the various economic, technical, and environmental aspects of the problem. Building blocks of the approach include the biocide water chemistry and kinetics, process cooling requirements, dosage scenarios and dynamic profiles, biofilm growth, seawater discharge, and environmental regulations. Seawater chemistry is studied with emphasis on the usage of biocide for seawater cooling. A multi-period optimization formulation is developed and solved to determine: * The optimal levels of dosing and dechlorination chemicals * The timing of maintenance to clean the heat-exchange * The dynamic dependence of the biofilm growth on the applied doses, the seawater-biocide chemistry, the process conditions, and seawater characteristics for each time period. The technical, economic, and environmental considerations of the system are accounted for and discussed through case studies.
Binmahfouz, Abdullah
Literature review of the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate and its possible significance for scale formation on OTEC heat exchangers
An investigation of available data on the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate and its possible significance for scale formation on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) heat exchangers has been carried out. Pertinent oceanographic data is lacking at or near potential OTEC sites for the calculation of the degree of saturation of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate. Consequently, only ''extrapolated'' saturation values can be used. These indicate that near surface seawater is probably supersaturated, with respect to the calcium carbonate phases calcite and aragonite, at all potential OTEC sites. The deep seawater that would be brought to the surface at the potential Atlantic Ocean sites is also likely to be supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate. The deep seawater at the potential Pacific Ocean sites may be slightly undersaturated. The fact that OTEC heat exchangers will be operating in seawater, which is supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, means that if nucleation of calcite or aragonite occurs on the heat exchanger surfaces, significant growth rates of calcium carbonate scale may be expected. The potential for calcium carbonate nucleation is highest at cathodic metal surface locations, which are produced as the result of aluminum corrosion in seawater. Consequently, corrosion and scale formation may be closely related. What the possible effects of biofouling may be on this process are not known.
Morse, J.W.; de Kanel, J.; Craig, H.L.,Jr.
Preliminary experimental studies with seawater on OTEC spout evaporator thermal effectiveness and phase transition in upcomer
An experimental open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OC-OTEC) test facility has been erected to perform spout evaporator experiments with seawater. The facility, located at Ke-ahole Point, Kona, Hawaii, consists of a spout evaporator, a spray condenser and an on-line deaerator. Warm seawater at 25-27/sup 0/C from 8 m depth and cold deep seawater at 7-10/sup 0/C from 580 m depth is available throughout the year to the facility. The results of thermal effectiveness tests are reported. The error due to instrumental uncertainties in thermal effectiveness measurements has been estimated to be of the order +-5.5 percent. The effect of design parameters; spout height, spout diameter and liquid loading on thermal effectiveness have been observed and compared with the existing theoretical predictions. A modified thermodynamic approach is proposed to evaluate average heat transfer characteristics of spout evaporators using a three component heat transfer coefficient approach. It adequately describes heat transfer characteristics of the spout evaporator under study. Results essentially agree with data obtained by others for fresh water, but clearly indicate the need for improvement of the existing model to take into account a number of identified factors associated with the real life OC-OTEC conditions, such as the transience in evaporator performance associated with the ocean-generated flow and pressure fluctuations and effects of noncondensable gases.
Sonwalkar, N.; Larsen-Basse, J.
Tropical Warm Pool Surface Heat Budgets and Temperature: Contrasts between1997/98 El Ni�o and 1998/99 La Ni�a
Seasonal to interannual variations of the net surface heating (FNET) and its relationship to sea surface temperature tendency (dTs/dt) in the tropical eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans are studied for the period October 1997�September ...
Shu-Hsien Chou; Ming-Dah Chou; Pui-King Chan; Po-Hsiung Lin; Kung-Hwa Wang
Desalination of seawater using a high-efficiency jet ejector
The ability to produce potable water economically is the primary focus of seawater desalination research. There are numerous methods to desalinate water, including reverse osmosis, multi-stage flash distillation, and multi-effect evaporation. These methods cost more than potable water produced from natural resources; hence an attempt is made in this research project to produce potable water using a modified high-efficiency jet ejector in vapor-compression distillation. The greater efficiency of the jet ejector is achieved by properly mixing propelled and motive streams. From experiments conducted using air, the pressure rise across the jet ejector is better in case of one or two mixing vanes and the highest back pressure (pinch valve closed 83.33%). At other pinch valve closings, the air velocity through the jet ejector was high, so the extra surface area from the mixing vanes caused excessive friction and lowered the efficiency.
Vishwanathappa, Manohar D.
Injection with seawater: problems in the operation of a seawater treatment plant
Reservoir pressure elevation by means of water injection in the production formation is a technique that improves production efficiency. In offshore activities, seawater is available for injection, but it has a high level of solids in suspension and also ions and dissolved gases that may cause problems in the water injection system. Therefore, a seawater treatment plant is necessary for preparation of the injection water. The treatment system has the following components for physical treatment: colander, which prevents the intake of large objects to the system; filters, which include flocculation for coagulation means for the removal of microscopic particles that can pass through the colander; deaerator; and system controls.
Garbis, S.J.
Marine methane cycle simulations for the period of early global warming
Geochemical environments, fates, and effects are modeled for methane released into seawater by the decomposition of climate-sensitive clathrates. A contemporary global background cycle is first constructed, within the framework of the Parallel Ocean Program. Input from organics in the upper thermocline is related to oxygen levels, and microbial consumption is parameterized from available rate measurements. Seepage into bottom layers is then superimposed, representing typical seabed fluid flow. The resulting CH{sub 4} distribution is validated against surface saturation ratios, vertical sections, and slope plume studies. Injections of clathrate-derived methane are explored by distributing a small number of point sources around the Arctic continental shelf, where stocks are extensive and susceptible to instability during the first few decades of global warming. Isolated bottom cells are assigned dissolved gas fluxes from porous-media simulation. Given the present bulk removal pattern, methane does not penetrate far from emission sites. Accumulated effects, however, spread to the regional scale following the modeled current system. Both hypoxification and acidification are documented. Sensitivity studies illustrate a potential for material restrictions to broaden the perturbations, since methanotrophic consumers require nutrients and trace metals. When such factors are considered, methane buildup within the Arctic basin is enhanced. However, freshened polar surface waters act as a barrier to atmospheric transfer, diverting products into the deep return flow. Uncertainties in the logic and calculations are enumerated including those inherent in high-latitude clathrate abundance, buoyant effluent rise through the column, representation of the general circulation, and bacterial growth kinetics.
Elliott, S.; Maltrud, M.; Reagan, M.T.; Moridis, G.J.; Cameron-Smith, P.J.
Corrosion of 1018 carbon steel in fuel/seawater incubations
... Workshop on Alternative Fuels and Materials ... O 2 Transition across fuel/seawater interface in ... JP5 Camelina/Marinobacter (~4x105 cells per mL ) ...
Sequestering Uranium from Seawater: Binding Strength and Modes...
YouTube: AdvancedLightSource Home Science Highlights Journal Covers Sequestering Uranium from Seawater: Binding Strength and Modes of Uranyl Complexes with Glutarimidedioxime...
Tropical Stabilization of the Thermohaline Circulation in a Greenhouse Warming Simulation
Most global climate models simulate a weakening of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) in response to enhanced greenhouse warming. Both surface warming and freshening in high latitudes, the so-called sinking region, contribute to ...
M. Latif; E. Roeckner; U. Mikolajewicz; R. Voss
Global Warming, Soot, Ice
Global Warming, Soot, Ice Speaker(s): James Hansen Date: November 7, 2003 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Irreversible "dangerous anthropogenic interference" with the climate system...
Hot Risers in the North Sea: a parametric study of CP and corrosion characteristics of hot steel in cold seawater
In recent years doubts have been expressed regarding the adequacy of the design criteria for cathodic protection of hot oil risers in the North Sea area. Therefore it was decided to study some of the fundamental aspects of corrosion and corrosion control of hot steel in cold seawater. For studying these phenomena a specially designed channel flow system was constructed. Seawater was pumped into the laboratory facilities and through the flow channel. Here the flow rate, the steel surface temperature and the polarisation characteristics of the mounted steel probes could be controlled. The progressive current density at potentiostatic polarisation was found to be a sensitive function of the development of the calcareous deposit on hot steel. Thus on hot steel in cold seawater the initial current density will be very high. Subsequently, due to the build up of the calcareous deposit, the current will decrease to a value in the range as found for steel in seawater at ambient temperature. The acquired data on the cathodic polarisation behaviour of hot steel in cold seawater should be applicable for the designers of protection systems of marine risers.
Fischer, K.P.; Hansen, A.H.; Mehdizadeh, P.; Solheim, P.S.
Recent International R&D Activities in the Extraction of Uranium from Seawater
Lemaire, Selective concentration of uranium from seawater byfor exploration of uranium. Reaktortagung, 7th (1975), 307-Germany. 41. H. G. Bals, Uranium extraction from seawater.
Rao, Linfeng
Warm Gas Cleanup
Warm Gas Cleanup Warm Gas Cleanup NETL Office of Research and Development Project Number: FWP-2012.03.03 Task 5 Project Description The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established strict regulations for the trace contaminant emissions from integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems. The Department of Energy (DOE) performance goals for trace contaminant removal were selected to meet or exceed EPA's standard limits for contaminants, as well as to avoid poisoning of: the catalysts utilized in making liquids from fuel gas the electrodes in fuel cells selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts The objective of the NETL's ORD Warm Gas Cleanup project is to assist in achieving both DOE and EPA targets for trace contaminant capture from coal gasification, while preserving the high thermal efficiency of the IGCC system. To achieve this, both lab and pilot-scale research is underway to develop sorbents capable of removing the following contaminants from high temperature syngas (up to 550°F):
Physics of Greenhouse Effect and Convection in Warm Oceans
Sea surface temperature (SST) in roughly 50% of the tropical Pacific Ocean is warm enough (SST > 300 K) to permit deep convection. This paper examines the effects of deep convection on the climatological mean vertical distributions of water vapor ...
A. K. Inamdar; V. Ramanathan
Global Warming Shifts the Monsoon Circulation, Drying South Asia
Monsoon rainfall over South Asia has decreased during the last 5 to 6 decades according to several sets of observations. Although sea surface temperature (SST) has risen across the Indo-Pacific warm pool during this period, the expected ...
H. Annamalai; Jan Hafner; K. P. Sooraj; P. Pillai
Definition: Warm or Steaming Ground | Open Energy Information
heat is conducted to the earth's surface, warming the ground and sometimes causing steam to form when water is present. Ret LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see...
Ice-Seawater Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction with Melting or Freezing
A second-moment, turbulence closure model is applied to the problem of the dynamic and thermodynamic interaction of sea ice and the ocean surface mixed layer. In the case of ice moving over a warm, ocean surface layer, melting is intrinsically a ...
George L. Mellor; Miles G. McPhee; Michael Steele
Warm Water Mass Formation
Poleward heat transport by the own implies warm Water mass formation, i.e., the retention by the tropical and subtropical ocean of some of its net radiant heat gain. Under what condition net heat retention becomes comparable to latent heat ...
G. T. Csanady
Prospects for the recovery of uranium from seawater
A computer program entitled URPE (Uranium Recovery Performance and Economics) has been developed to simulate the engineering performance and provide an economic analysis O of a plant recovering uranium from seawater. The ...
Best, F. R.
Dynamic Enthalpy, Conservative Temperature, and the Seawater Boussinesq Approximation
A new seawater Boussinesq system is introduced, and it is shown that this approximation to the equations of motion of a compressible binary solution has an energy conservation law that is a consistent approximation to the Bernoulli equation of ...
William R. Young
Systems studies on the extraction of uranium from seawater
This report summarizes the work done at MIT during FY 1981 on the overall system design of a uranium-from-seawater facility. It consists of a sequence of seven major chapters, each of which was originally prepared as a ...
Driscoll, Michael J.
Land�Ocean Warming Contrast over a Wide Range of Climates: Convective Quasi-Equilibrium Theory and Idealized Simulations
Surface temperatures increase at a greater rate over land than ocean in simulations and observations of global warming. It has previously been proposed that this land�ocean warming contrast is related to different changes in lapse rates over land ...
Michael P. Byrne; Paul A. O�Gorman
Arrhenius and global warming
Although concern about global atmospheric warming has intensified in recent decades, research into the greenhouse effect actually began in the 19th century. Fourier and other scientists appreciated that without heat-absorbing gases in the atmosphere, the temperature on the ground would be considerably lower, making life as we know it impossible. In 1896, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius was the first to make a quantitative link between changes in carbon dioxide concentration and climate. Publication of his paper was celebrated at a recent Swedish workshop. 13 refs., 1 fig.
Uppenbrink, J.
Optimization on Seawater Desulfurization Efficiency Based on LSSVM-GA
Seawater flue gas Desulfurization (SFGD) was adopted in many coal-fired power plants of littoral for its low cost and high desulfurization efficiency. Operating Parameters would seriously affect SFGD efficiency, the desulfurization efficiency can be ... Keywords: SFGD, desulfurization efficiency, LSSVM, GA, optimization
Liu Ding-ping; Li Xiao-wei
An Evaluation of Some Recent Batches of IAPSO Standard Seawater
The authors examine changes in the salinity of the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean standard seawater (SSW) as used in seven cruises between 1991 and 1997. Ten batches of SSW were used during this time�several more ...
Sheldon Bacon; Helen M. Snaith; Margaret J. Yelland
and, as part of its charter, has the responsibility to evaluate and develop renewable energy resources for the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs. WSPWE recently completed a multi-year-year wind resource assessment of tribal lands, beginning with the installation of wind monitoring towers on the Mutton Mountains site in 2003, and collection of on-site wind data is ongoing. The study identified the Mutton Mountain site on the northeastern edge of the reservation as a site with sufficient wind resources to support a commercial power project estimated to generate over 226,000 MWh per year. Initial estimates indicate that the first phase of the project would be approximately 79.5 MW of installed capacity. This Phase 2 study expands and builds on the previously conducted Phase 1 Wind Resource Assessment, dated June 30, 2007. In order to fully assess the economic benefits that may accrue to the Tribes through wind energy development at Mutton Mountain, a planning-level opinion of probable cost was performed to define the costs associated with key design and construction aspects of the proposed project. This report defines the Mutton Mountain project costs and economics in sufficient detail to allow the Tribes to either build the project themselves or contract with a developer under the most favorable terms possible for the Tribes.
Jim Manion; Michael Lofting; Wil Sando; Emily Leslie; Randy Goff
Global warming continues in 1989
Nineteen eight-nine ranks as one of the warmest years on record despite the chill of unusually cool water in the tropical Pacific. The continued robustness of the warming trend that began in the mid-1970s lends support to claims that an intensifying greenhouse effect is behind it all, although that case has not yet been made definitively. Even at the current rate of global warming it will take another 10 years or so to be confident that the greenhouse effect is with us. Although the global warming trend is consistent with an increasing contribution by the greenhouse effect, direct signs that the greenhouse effect is intensifying are still hard to come by in the temperature record. Greenhouse models agree that if that is happening, the temperature increase should be most pronounced around the Arctic. Alaska, northwestern Canada, and northern Siberia warmed sharply in the 1980s, but the region from eastern Canada through Greenland and into Scandinavia cooled markedly.
Kerr, R.A.
The Psychology of Global Warming
The evidence in support of global warming and the lack of significant published evidence to the contrary provides an extraordinarily strong foundation for the scientific community's call for action on greenhouse gas emissions. However, public ...
Ben R. Newell; Andrew J. Pitman
Authropogenic Warming in North Alaska?
Using permafrost boreholes, Lachenbruch and Marshall recently reported evidence for a 2��4�C warming in North Alaska occurring at some undetermined time during the last century. Popular accounts suggest their findings are evidence for ...
Patrick J. Michaels; David E. Sappington; David E. Stooksbury
Global Warming and Extreme Weather
Global Warming and Extreme Weather Global Warming and Extreme Weather Speaker(s): Michael Wehner Date: November 28, 2006 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Surabi Menon Extreme weather events can have serious impacts on human and ecological systems. Changes in the magnitude and frequency of extreme weather associated with changes in the mean climate are likely the most serious consequence of human induced global warming. Understanding what the future portends is vital if society hopes to adapt to the very different world that awaits. In this talk, we will exploit simple extreme value theory to make predictions about the late 21st century climate. Current work on the relationship between global warming and the hurricane cycle will also be presented. The bottom line is that events that are considered rare today
Warming Trends in the Arctic from Clear Sky Satellite Observations
Satellite thermal infrared data on surface temperatures provide pan-Arctic coverage from 1981 to 2001 during cloud-free conditions and reveal large warming anomalies in the 1990s compared to the 1980s and regional variability in the trend. The ...
Josefino C. Comiso
Global hydrological cycle response to rapid and slow global warming
We analyze the response of global water vapor to global warming in a series of fully coupled climate model simulations. We find that a roughly 7% per Kelvin rate of increase of water vapor with global surface temperature is robust only for rapid ...
Larissa Back; Karen Russ; Zhengyu Liu; Kuniaki Inoue; Jiaxu Zhang; Bette Otto-Bliesner
Turbidity study of solar ponds utilizing seawater as salt source
A series of experiments were conducted to study the turbidity reduction in solar ponds utilizing seawater as salt source. The experiment on the turbidity reduction efficiency with chemicals indicates that alum (KAl(SO{sub 4}){sub 2}.12H{sub 2}O) has a better turbidity control property because of its strongly flocculating and also well depressing the growing of algae and bacteria in the seawater. In comparison with bittern and seawater, our experiment shows that the residual brine after desalination can keep limpidity for a long time even without any chemical in it. Experiments were also conducted on the diffusion of turbidity and salinity, which show that the turbidity did not diffuse upwards in the solution. In the experiment on subsidence of soil in the bittern and saline with the same salinity, it was found that soil subsided quite quickly in the pure saline water, but very slowly in the bittern. In this paper we also proposed an economical method to protect the solar pond from the damage of rain. Finally, thermal performance of a solar pond was simulated in the conditions of different turbidities using a thermal diffusion model. (author)
Li, Nan; Sun, Wence; Shi, Yufeng [School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023 (China); Yin, Fang [YLab, 358 South 700 East, Suit B-139, Salt Lake City, UT 84102 (United States); Zhang, Caihong [Dalian Thermoelectric Group Co. Ltd., Dalian 116001 (China)
MHK Technologies/Wave Energy Seawater Transmission WEST | Open Energy
Wave Energy Seawater Transmission WEST Wave Energy Seawater Transmission WEST < MHK Technologies Jump to: navigation, search << Return to the MHK database homepage Wave Energy Seawater Transmission WEST.jpg Technology Profile Primary Organization Atmocean Inc Project(s) where this technology is utilized *MHK Projects/WEST Testing Technology Resource Click here Wave Technology Type Click here Point Absorber Technology Readiness Level Click here TRL 1-3: Discovery / Concept Definition / Early Stage Development & Design & Engineering Technology Description Atmocean WEST efficiently captures wave energy by deploying many inexpensive devices across large ocean regions. By using hydraulic transmission, WEST avoids the high cost of seafloor power lines, generating electricity onshore to achieve higher reliability at lower cost. When WEST is combined with Bright Energy Storage Technologies seafloor compressed air energy storage (CAES) system, the two enable base load renewable power (eliminating the need for backup fossil-fuel power) at a projected levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $.08/kWh to $.12/kWh.
Global Warming: Physics and Facts
This report contains papers on: A tutorial on global atmospheric energetics and the greenhouse effect; global climate models: what and how; comparison of general circulation models; climate and the earth`s radiation budget; temperature and sea level change; short-term climate variability and predictions; the great ocean conveyor; trace gases in the atmosphere: temporal and spatial trends; the geochemical carbon cycle and the uptake of fossil fuel CO{sub 2}; forestry and global warming; the physical and policy linkages; policy implications of greenhouse warming; options for lowering US carbon dioxide emissions; options for reducing carbon dioxide emissions; and science and diplomacy: a new partnership to protect the environment.
Levi, B.G. [Physics Today, New York, NY (United States); Hafemeister, D. [Committee on Foreign Relations (U.S. Senate), Washington, DC (United States); Scribner, R. [Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC (United States)] [eds.
This report contains papers on: A tutorial on global atmospheric energetics and the greenhouse effect; global climate models: what and how; comparison of general circulation models; climate and the earth's radiation budget; temperature and sea level change; short-term climate variability and predictions; the great ocean conveyor; trace gases in the atmosphere: temporal and spatial trends; the geochemical carbon cycle and the uptake of fossil fuel CO{sub 2}; forestry and global warming; the physical and policy linkages; policy implications of greenhouse warming; options for lowering US carbon dioxide emissions; options for reducing carbon dioxide emissions; and science and diplomacy: a new partnership to protect the environment.
Levi, B.G. (Physics Today, New York, NY (United States)); Hafemeister, D. (Committee on Foreign Relations (U.S. Senate), Washington, DC (United States)); Scribner, R. (Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC (United States)) (eds.)
Mechanisms for the Interannual Variability of SST in the East Pacific Warm Pool
In comparison with the western and equatorial Pacific Ocean, relatively little is known about the east Pacific warm pool (EPWP). Observations indicate that the interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the EPWP is highly ...
Kristopher B. Karnauskas; Antonio J. Busalacchi
Inferring Climate Change from Underground Temperatures: Apparent Climatic Stability and Apparent Climatic Warming
Data are used to demonstrate two effects apparent in ground surface temperature histories coming from inversions of borehole temperatures: apparent climatic warming and apparent climatic stability. Unrecognized local terrain effects, such as ...
Trevor Lewis; Walter Skinner
Decadal Fluctuations in Planetary Wave Forcing Modulate Global Warming in Late Boreal Winter
The warming trend in global surface temperatures over the last 40 yr is clear and consistent with anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases. Over the last 2 decades, this trend appears to have accelerated. In contrast to this general behavior, ...
Judah Cohen; Mathew Barlow; Kazuyuki Saito
Understanding Land�Sea Warming Contrast in Response to Increasing Greenhouse Gases. Part I: Transient Adjustment
Climate model simulations consistently show that surface temperature over land increases more rapidly than over sea in response to greenhouse gas forcing. The enhanced warming over land is not simply a transient effect caused by the land�sea ...
Buwen Dong; Jonathan M. Gregory; Rowan T. Sutton
Simulation of the Tropical Pacific Warm Pool with the NCAR Climate System Model
The simulation of the tropical western Pacific warm pool is explored with the NCAR Climate System Model (CSM). The simulated sea surface temperatures in the Pacific basin have biases that are similar to other coupled model simulations in this ...
J. T. Kiehl
Different Pacific Ocean Warming Decaying Types and Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity
This study focuses on statistical analysis of anomalous TC activities and the physical mechanisms behind these anomalies. Different patterns of decaying of the warm sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the equatorial central-eastern Pacific ...
Yao Ha; Zhong Zhong; Xiuqun Yang; Yuan Sun
Pre- and Post-1997/98 Westerly Wind Events and Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue Warming
Westerly wind events (WWEs) in the western equatorial Pacific have previously been shown to cause significant warming of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Observational statistics compiled during and prior to the ...
D. E. Harrison; A. M. Chiodi
Mechanisms for Tropical Tropospheric Circulation Change in Response to Global Warming
The annual-mean tropospheric circulation change in global warming is studied by comparing the response of an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) to a spatial-uniform sea surface temperature (SST) increase (SUSI) with the response of a ...
Jian Ma; Shang-Ping Xie; Yu Kosaka
Pacific Warm Pool Temperature Regulation during TOGA COARE: Upper Ocean Feedback
The Hasselmann feedback model was applied to hindcast western Pacific warm pool sea surface temperatures (SST) with heat flux observations obtained near 2�S, 156�E from October 1992 to February 1993 during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere ...
Gary S. E. Lagerloef; Roger Lukas; Robert A. Weller; Steven P. Anderson
Differences in Atmospheric Circulation between the Development of Weak and Strong Warm Events in the Southern Oscillation
In this study temporal and spatial aspects of El Ni�o (warm event) development are explored by comparing composite sequences of sea level pressure (SLP), surface wind, and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies leading into strong and weak ...
David J. Stephens; Michael J. Meuleners; Harry van Loon; Malcolm H. Lamond; Nicola P. Telcik
Policy implications of greenhouse warming
Contents: background; the greenhouse gases and their effects; policy framework; adaptation; mitigation; international considerations; findings and conclusions; recommendations; questions and answers about greenhouse warming; background information on synthesis panel members and professional staff; and membership lists for effects, mitigation, and adaptation panels.
MHK Projects/Wave Powered Pumping of Seawater for On Shore Use...
Powered Pumping of Seawater for On Shore Use and Electrical Generation < MHK Projects Jump to: navigation, search << Return to the MHK database homepage Loading map......
Sequestering Uranium from Seawater: Binding Strength and Modes of Uranyl Complexes with Glutarimidedioxime
data_request/cif. OECD, Uranium 2009: Resources, Productionthermodynamics of uranium�, (H. Wanner and I. Forest,of California. Sequestering uranium from seawater: binding
Tian, Guoxin
Surface Temperature of IGUs
117 117 Surface Temperatures of Insulated Glazing Units: Infrared Thermography Laboratory Measurements Brent T. Griffith, Daniel Türler, and Dariush Arasteh Building Technologies Program Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Fax: 510-486-6046, email: firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract Data are presented for the distribution of surface temperatures on the warm-side surface of seven different insulated glazing units. Surface temperatures are measured using infrared thermography and an external referencing technique. This technique allows detailed mapping of surface temperatures that is non-intrusive. The glazings were placed between warm and cold environmental chambers that were operated at conditions
Prediction of domestic warm-water consumption
The paper presents methodologies able to predict dynamic warm water consumption in district heating systems, using time-series analysis. A simulation model according to the day of a week has been chosen for modeling the domestic warm water consumption ... Keywords: autoregressive model, district heating systems, domestic warm water, prediction, simulation, time series models
Elena Serban; Daniela Popescu
Physics of greenhouse effect and convection in warm Oceans
Sea surface temperatures (SST) in roughly 50% of the tropical Pacific Ocean is warm enough (SST > 300 K) to permit deep convection. This paper examines the effects of deep convection on the climatological mean vertical distributions of water vapor and its greenhouse effect over such warm oceans. The study also examines the link between SST, vertical distribution of water vapor, and its greenhouse effect in the tropical oceans. The radiation model calculations do not include the effects of clouds. The data are grouped into nonconvective and convective categories using SST as an index for convective activity. On average, convective regions are more humid, trap significantly more longwave radiation, and emit more radiation to the sea surface. The greenhouse effect in regions of convection operates as per classical ideas, that is, as the SST increases, the atmosphere traps the excess longwave energy emitted by the surface and reradiates it locally back to the ocean surface. The important departure from the classical picture is that the net (up minus down) fluxes at the surface and at the top-of-the atmosphere decrease with an increase in SST; that is, the surface and the surface-troposphere column lose the ability to radiate the excess energy to space. The cause of this upper greenhouse effect at the surface is the rapid increase in the lower-troposphere humidity with SST; that of the column is due to a combination of increase in humidity in the entire column and increase in the lapse rate within the lower troposphere. The increase in the vertical distribution of humidity far exceeds that which can be attributed to the temperature dependence of saturation vapor pressure; that is, the tropospheric relative humidity is larger in convective regions. The positive coupling between SST and the radiative warming of the surface by the water vapor greenhouse effect is also shown to exist on interannual time scales. 35 refs., 17 figs. 4 tabs.
Inamdar, A.K.; Ramanathan, V. (Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States))
Heard Island global warming test
In late January and early February 1991, an international team will conduct an experiment to test the possibility of measuring global warming in the world's oceans. The goal is to provide early indications of warming caused by the so-called greenhouse effect, the atmospheric buildup of CO{sub 2} and other gases. The method is based on the principle that acoustic energy travels through water between a source and receiver at a speed determined primarily by the water temperature. Thus acoustic travel time can be used as a temperature gauge. The idea is an outgrowth of suggestions made by Professor Walter Munk of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Professor Carl Wunsch of MIT in the early 1980s to use long-range underwater acoustic transmissions to measure changes in the heat content of the oceans.
Spindel, R.C. (Univ. of Washington, Seattle (USA))
Hydrological consequences of global warming
The 2007 Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change indicates there is strong evidence that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide far exceeds the natural range over the last 650,000 years, and this recent warming of the climate system is unequivocal, resulting in more frequent extreme precipitation events, earlier snowmelt runoff, increased winter flood likelihoods, increased and widespread melting of snow and ice, longer and more widespread droughts, and rising sea level. The effects of recent warming has been well documented and climate model projections indicate a range of hydrological impacts with likely to very likely probabilities (67 to 99 percent) of occurring with significant to severe consequences in response to a warmer lower atmosphere with an accelerating hydrologic cycle.
Miller, Norman L.
Effects of seawater-structure-soil interaction on seismic performance of caisson-type quay wall
The objective of this paper is to clarify the effects of seawater-structure interaction on the residual displacement of caisson-type quay wall after a real earthquake shock. The dynamic response of quay wall during earthquake, including soil-sea-structure ... Keywords: Base acceleration, Caisson-type quay wall, Permanent displacement, Seawater-structure interaction
A. Arablouei; A. R. M. Gharabaghi; A. Ghalandarzadeh; K. Abedi; I. Ishibashi
Design of Control Circuit of Seawater Treatment System Based on Microprocessor
Among numerous seawater treatment methods, electrolysis belongs to a relatively ideal method with good treatment effect. Basically, it can reach the standards of safe, effective, economical and environment-friendly. The control circuit part design of ... Keywords: seawater treatment system, MCU, synchronous circuit, trigger module, data acquisition
Yanping Gao; Xianjiu Guo; Xianqiang Lv
It's Not Too Late to Change Global Warming's Course - NERSC Science News
It's Not Too Late to It's Not Too Late to Change Global Warming's Course It's Not Too Late to Change Global Warming's Course Simulations Show That Cuts in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Would Save Arctic Ice, Reduce Sea Level Rise October 27, 2009 | Tags: Climate Research mitigation1.jpg Computer simulations show the extent that average air temperatures at Earth's surface could warm by 2080-2099 compared to 1980-1999, if (top) greenhouse gases emissions continue to climb at current rates, or if (middle) society cuts emissions by 70 percent. In the latter case, temperatures rise by less than 2°C (3.6°F) across nearly all of Earth's populated areas (the bottom panel shows warming averted). However, unchecked emissions could lead to warming of 3°C (5.4°F) or more across parts of Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia. (Image: Geophysical
Effects of fringing magnetic fields on MHD seawater thruster performance
There are several loss mechanisms that influence the flow and electrical field characteristics of an MHD seawater thruster and hence its performance. Among those losses are the jet losses, ohmic losses, three-dimensional effects, and electrical end losses. Some of those loss mechanisms have been discussed before, together with the parameters affecting the thruster performance. Thruster electrical end losses are caused by the fringing of the magnetic field near the ends of the electrodes, and by the nonuniformity of the current and electric fields across the thruster, particularly near the ends of the electrodes. Therefore, the current density cannot be calculated from a simple one-dimensional relationship. Rather, a multi-dimensional solution of the electric fields should be performed. No simple expression can be written for the electrical end losses, because end effects depend on several parameters that include the thruster aspect ratio, load factor and the profile of the magnetic field in the fringe region away from the electrodes.
Global warming and global dioxide emission: An empirical study
In this paper, the dynamic relationship between global surface temperature (global warming) and global carbon dioxide emission (CO{sub 2}) is modelled and analyzed by causality and spectral analysis in the time domain and frequency domain, respectively. Historical data of global CO{sub 2} emission and global surface temperature anomalies over 129 years from 1860-1988 are used in this study. The causal relationship between the two phenomena is first examined using the Sim and Granger causality test in the time domain after the data series are filtered by ARIMA models. The Granger causal relationship is further scrutinized and confirmed by cross-spectral and multichannel spectral analysis in the frequency domain. The evidence found from both analyses proves that there is a positive causal relationship between the two variables. The time domain analysis suggests that Granger causality exists between global surface temperature and global CO{sub 2} emission. Further, CO{sub 2} emission causes the change in temperature. The conclusions are further confirmed by the frequency domain analysis, which indicates that the increase in CO{sub 2} emission causes climate warming because a high coherence exists between the two variables. Furthermore, it is proved that climate changes happen after an increase in CO{sub 2} emission, which confirms that the increase in CO{sub 2} emission does cause global warming. 27 refs., 10 figs., 5 tabs.
Linyan Sun [Xian Jiaotong Univ., Shaanxi (China); Wang, M. [Saint Mary`s Univ., Halifax, Nova Scotia (Canada)
100 LPW 800 Lm Warm White LED
An illumination grade warm white (WW) LED, having correlated color temperature (CCT) between 2800 K and 3500K and capable of producing 800 lm output at 100 lm/W, has been developed in this program. The high power WW LED is an ideal source for use as replacement for incandescent, and Halogen reflector and general purpose lamps of similar lumen value. Over the two year period, we have made following accomplishments: developed a high power warm white LED product and made over 50% improvements in light output and efficacy. The new high power WW LED product is a die on ceramic surface mountable LED package. It has four 1x1 mm{sup 2} InGaN pump dice flip chip attached to a ceramic submount in 2x2 array, covered by warm white phosphor ceramic platelets called Lumiramic�?� and an overmolded silicone lens encapsulating the LED array. The performance goal was achieved through breakthroughs in following key areas: (1) High efficiency pump LED development through pump LED active region design and epi growth quality improvement (funded by internal programs). (2) Increase in injection efficiency (IE) represented by reduction in forward voltage (V{sub f}) through the improvement of the silver-based p-contact and a reduction in spreading resistance. The injection efficiency was increased from 80% at the start of the program to 96% at the end of the program at 700 mA/mm{sup 2}. (3) Improvement in thermal design as represented by reduction in thermal resistance from junction to case, through improvement of the die to submount connection in the thin film flip chip (TFFC) LED and choosing the submount material of high thermal conductivity. A thermal resistance of 1.72 K/W was demonstrated for the high power LED package. (4) Improvement in extraction efficiency from the LED package through improvement of InGaN die level and package level optical extraction efficiency improvement. (5) Improvement in phosphor system efficiency by improving the lumen equivalent (LE) and phosphor package efficiency (PPE) through improvement in phosphor-package interactions. Another achievement in the development of the phosphor integration technology is the demonstration of tight color control. The high power WW LED product developed has been proven to have good reliability. The manufacturing of the product will be done in Philips Lumileds�?? LUXEON Rebel production line which has produced billions of high power LEDs. The first high power WW LED product will be released to the market in 2011.
Decai Sun
Global warming and biological diversity
This book is based on presentations given at the World Wildlife Fund's Conference on Consequences of the Greenhouse Effect for Biological Diverisity in 1988, and includes updated literature citations. The general topics covered in the book include the following: overview; summary of past responses of plants to climatic change; general ecological and physiological responses; ecosystems in 4 specific regions (arctic marine, Alaskan North Slope, NW US forests, and Mediterranean); global warming's implications for conservation. Ideas and data from many ecosystems and information about the relationships between biodiversity and climatic change are brought together with a balance of factual information and defensible scientific prognostication.
Peters, R.L.; Lovejoy, T.E. (eds.)
Effects of warming on the structure and function of a boreal black spruce forest
A strong argument can be made that there is a greater need to study the effect of warming on boreal forests more than on any other terrestrial biome. Boreal forests, the second largest forest biome, are predicted to experience the greatest warming of any forest biome in the world, but a process-based understanding of how warming will affect the structure and function of this economically and ecologically important forest biome is lacking. The effects of warming on species composition, canopy structure and biogeochemical cycles are likely to be complex; elucidating the underlying mechanisms will require long-term whole-ecosystem manipulation to capture all the complex feedbacks (Shaver et al. 2000, Rustad et al. 2001, Stromgren 2001). The DOE Program for Ecosystem Research funded a three year project (2002-2005) to use replicated heated chambers on soil warming plots in northern Manitoba to examine the direct effects of whole-ecosystem warming. We are nearing completion of our first growing season of measurements (fall 2004). In spite of the unforeseen difficulty of installing the heating cable, our heating and irrigation systems worked extremely well, maintaining environmental conditions within 5-10% of the specified design 99% of the time. Preliminary data from these systems, all designed and built by our laboratory at the University of Wisconsin, support our overall hypothesis that warming will increase the carbon sink strength of upland boreal black spruce forests. I request an additional three years of funding to continue addressing the original objectives: (1) Examine the effect of warming on phenology of overstory, understory and bryophyte strata. Sap flux systems and dendrometer bands, monitored by data loggers, will be used to quantify changes in phenology and water use. (2) Quantify the effects of warming on nitrogen and water use by overstory, understory and bryophytes. (3) Compare effects of warming on autotrophic respiration and above- and belowground net primary production (NPP) budgets. Autotrophic respiration budgets will be constructed using chamber measurements for each tissue and NPP and standard allometry techniques (Gower et al. 1999). (4) Compare microbial and root dynamics, and net soil surface CO2 flux, of control and warmed soils to identify causes that may explain the hypothesized minimal effect of soil warming on soil surface CO2 flux. Fine root production and turnover will be quantified using minirhizotrons, and microbial dynamics will be determined using laboratory mineralization incubations. Soil surface CO2 flux will be measured using automated soil surface CO2 flux systems and portable CO2 analyzers. The proposed study builds on the existing research programs Gower has in northern Manitoba and would not be possible without in-kind services and financial support from Manitoba Hydro and University of Wisconsin.
Stith T.Gower
Motor vehicles and global warming
Energy use in transportation is one of the contributors to the concern over global warming. The primary greenhouse gases released by the transportation sector are carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons. When all greenhouse gases are considered, CO{sub 2} emissions from the operation of highway vehicles worldwide represent about 4.7% of global warming enhancement. CO{sub 2} emissions from U.S. highway vehicles along represent about 2 to 2.5% of worldwide greenhouse gases. The use of CFCs in automotive air conditioning, in blowing foams for seats and padding and in the manufacture of electronic circuit boards accounted for 15% of the global usage of CFC-12 in 1985 according to the U.S. EPA. The Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association supports the phase-out of CFC use provided that safe substitutes are available and that adequate lead time is allowed for.They suggest that reduction of greenhouse gases would require planning on a global scope to be effective. One alternative they suggest for further study is a carbon fee for reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. This fee would be levied on each type of fossil fuel, proportional to its carbon content per unit of energy.
Halberstadt, M.L.
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Warm Dense Matter
of planet formation and structures as well as the evolution of an imploding inertial fusion capsule depends on our understanding of matter in the complex warm dense matter...
Hotel energy use contributes to global warming.
??Before learning about the consequences of global warming and the efforts hotels are making to reverse the effects, it is important to get a better� (more)
Faja, Christine
Potential bias of model projected greenhouse warming in irrigated regions
Atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) used to project climate responses to increased CO{sub 2} generally omit irrigation of agricultural land. Using the NCAR CAM3 GCM coupled to a slab-ocean model, we find that inclusion of an extreme irrigation scenario has a small effect on the simulated temperature and precipitation response to doubled CO{sub 2} in most regions, but reduced warming by as much as 1 C in some agricultural regions, such as Europe and India. This interaction between CO{sub 2} and irrigation occurs in cases where agriculture is a major fraction of the land surface and where, in the absence of irrigation, soil moisture declines are projected to provide a positive feedback to temperature change. The reduction of warming is less than 25% of the temperature increase modeled for doubled CO{sub 2} in most regions; thus greenhouse warming will still be dominant. However, the results indicate that land use interactions may be an important component of climate change uncertainty in some agricultural regions. While irrigated lands comprise only {approx}2% of the land surface, they contribute over 40% of global food production. Climate changes in these regions are therefore particularly important to society despite their relatively small contribution to average global climate.
Lobell, D; Bala, G; Bonfils, C; Duffy, P
Response of Upper Clouds in Global Warming Experiments Obtained Using a Global Nonhydrostatic Model with Explicit Cloud Processes
Using a global nonhydrostatic model with explicit cloud processes, upper-cloud changes are investigated by comparing the present climate condition under the perpetual July setting and the global warming condition, in which the sea surface ...
Masaki Satoh; Shin-ichi Iga; Hirofumi Tomita; Yoko Tsushima; Akira T. Noda
Ocean Heat Transport and Water Vapor Greenhouse in a Warm Equable Climate: A New Look at the Low Gradient Paradox
The authors study the role of ocean heat transport (OHT) in the maintenance of a warm, equable, ice-free climate. An ensemble of idealized aquaplanet GCM calculations is used to assess the equilibrium sensitivity of global mean surface temperature ...
Brian E. J. Rose; David Ferreira
The Environment of Warm-Season Elevated Thunderstorms Associated with Heavy Rainfall over the Central United States
Twenty-one warm-season heavy-rainfall events in the central United States produced by mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that developed above and north of a surface boundary are examined to define the environmental conditions and physical ...
James T. Moore; Fred H. Glass; Charles E. Graves; Scott M. Rochette; Marc J. Singer
Seasonal Prediction of Air Temperature Associated with the Growing-Season Start of Warm-Season Crops across Canada
Seasonal prediction of growing-season start of warm-season crops (GSSWC) is an important task for the agriculture sector to identify risks and opportunities in advance. On the basis of observational daily surface air temperature at 210 stations ...
Zhiwei Wu; Hai Lin; Ted O�Brien
Effect of seawater environmental exposure on fatigue properties of polyethylene pipe
One laboratory study at NIT was reported to show an unexpected decrease in crystallinity for a polyethylene material exposed to fatigue loading in a synthetic seawater solution. High density polyethylene Sclairpipe, from the OTEC-1 cold water pipe, was evaluated for resistance to corrosion fatigue in natural seawater. Intermediate crystallinity measurements (via bulk density) showed no effect of corrosion fatigue exposure. Heat of fusion (a relative indicator of crystallinity) also showed no effect of the exposure. Seawater exposure produced no significant change in tensile strength. One failure was observed during the corrosion fatigue tests and was attributed to porosity observed by fractography. These data suggest that high density polyethylene is not significantly sensitive to degradation of fatigue strength in natural seawater.
Tipton, D G
Proceedings of a topical meeting on the recovery of uranium from seawater
This report is the proceedings of a topical meeting on the recovery of uranium from seawater, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on December 1-2, 1980. The meeting was sponsored by the United States Department ...
Delayed neutron assay to test sorbers for uranium-from-seawater applications
Delayed Fission Neutron (DFN) assay has been applied to the measurement of uranium content in sorbers exposed to natural seawater for the purpose of evaluating advanced ion exchange resins. DFN assay was found to be ...
Nitta, Cynthia K.
IAPSO Standard Seawater: Definition of the Uncertainty in the Calibration Procedure, and Stability of Recent Batches
Standard seawater (SSW) has been employed by oceanographers as a reference material in the determination of salinity for over a century. In all that time, this is the first study to determine the uncertainty of the SSW manufacturing process. SSW ...
Sheldon Bacon; Fred Culkin; Nigel Higgs; Paul Ridout
Rapid extraction of dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater and groundwater samples for radiocarbon dating
The focus of this thesis is the design and development of a system for rapid extraction of dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater and groundwater samples for radiocarbon dating. The Rapid Extraction of Dissolved Inorganic ...
Gospodinova, Kalina Doneva
L'Histoire Physique de la Mer. Part III: On the Motions of Seawater
Seawater movements are of three kinds: currents, waves, and tides. Observations were made five times a day for three and one-quarter months in the Strait of Cassis. Mariners' reports of a westward current outlining the Mediterranean coast of ...
L. F. De Marsigli; M. F. Gerstell
A numerical analysis of condenser performance of a seawater desalination system
This thesis presents the numerical analysis of three type condensers for desalination of seawater system. The condensers that were analyzed were a finned tube condenser that was built in Malaysia desalination plant, a ...
Mohamed, Hassan, S.B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Computing the Seawater Expansion Coefficients Directly from the 1980 Equation of State
The polynomial structure of the 1980 equation of state for seawater lends itself to analytic differentiation with respect to pressure, temperature, and salinity. This enables one to compute the compressibility, thermal expansion, and haline ...
J. L. Lillibridge III
Greenhouse warming and the tropical water budget
The present work takes issue with some of the theses of Lindzen's (1990) work on global warming, arguing in particular that Lindzen's work is hampered by the use of oversimplified models. Lindzen then presents a detailed reply to these arguments, emphasizing the fundamental importance of the upper tropospheric water-vapor budget to the question of global warming. 26 refs.
Betts, A.K.
The Sinking of Warm-Core Rings
Intense cooling of a warm-core ring or warming of the fluids surrounding a ring can increase the density of that ring relative to the surrounding fluids. This increase in density can cause the ring to sink under the surrounding fluids. A simple ...
Rick Chapman; Doron Nof
This report summarizes the work done at MIT during FY 1981 on the overall system design of a uranium-from-seawater facility. It consists of a sequence of seven major chapters, each of which was originally prepared as a stand-alone internal progress report. These chapters trace the historical progression of the MIT effort, from an early concern with scoping calculations to define the practical boundaries of a design envelope, as constrained by elementary economic and energy balance considerations, through a parallel evaluation of actively-pumped and passive current-driven concepts, and thence to quantification of the features of a second generation system based on a shipboard-mounted, actively-pumped concept designed around the use of thin beds of powdered ion exchange resin supported by cloth fiber cylinders (similar to the baghouse flyash filters used on power station offgas). An assessment of the apparently inherent limitations of even thin settled-bed sorber media then led to selection of an expanded bed (in the form of an ion exchange wool), which would permit an order of magnitude increase in flow loading, as a desirable advance. Thus the final two chapters evaluate ways in which this approach could be implemented, and the resulting performance levels which could be attained. Overall, U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ production costs under 200 $/lb appear to be within reach if a high capacity (several thousand ppM U) ion exchange wool can be developed.
Driscoll, M.J.; Best, F.R.
Extraction of uranium from seawater: chemical process and plant design feasibility study
A major assessment was made of the uranium resources in seawater. Several concepts for moving seawater to recover the uranium were investigated, including pumping the seawater and using natural ocean currents or tides directly. The optimal site chosen was on the southeastern Puerto Rico coast, with the south U.S. Atlantic coast as an alternate. The various processes for extracting uranium from seawater were reviewed, with the adsorption process being the most promising at the present time. Of the possible adsorbents, hydrous titanium oxide was found to have the best properties. A uranium extraction plant was conceptually designed. Of the possible methods for contacting the seawater with the adsorbent, a continuous fluidized bed concept was chosen as most practical for a pumped system. A plant recovering 500 tonnes of U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ per year requires 5900 cubic meters per second of seawater to be pumped through the adsorbent beds for a 70% overall recovery efficiency. Total cost of the plant was estimated to be about $6.2 billion. A computer model for the process was used for parametric sensitivity studies and economic projections. Several design case variations were developed. Other topics addressed were the impact of co-product recovery, environmental considerations, etc.
Campbell, M.H.; Frame, J.M.; Dudey, N.D.; Kiel, G.R.; Mesec, V.; Woodfield, F.W.; Binney, S.E.; Jante, M.R.; Anderson, R.C.; Clark, G.T.
Solar Warming Submitted to Avalanche.ca Journal Feb. 2008 Can solar warming contribute to dry slab avalanches?
Solar Warming Submitted to Avalanche.ca Journal Feb. 2008 Can solar warming contribute to dry slab, when signs of warming, such as relatively warm air temperatures, strong solar radiation, and moist by a skier on a steep south-west facing aspect. Solar warming may have contributed to this release. (photo
Jamieson, Bruce
A Possible Effect of an Increase in the Warm-Pool SST on the Magnitude of El Ni�o Warming
El Ni�o warming corresponds to an eastward extension of the western Pacific warm pool; one thus naturally wonders whether an increase in the warm pool SST will result in stronger El Ni�os. This question, though elementary, has not drawn much ...
De-Zheng Sun
Warm Springs State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal...
Warm Springs State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Warm Springs State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal...
Surface Indicators of Geothermal Activity at Salt Wells, Nevada...
Surface Indicators of Geothermal Activity at Salt Wells, Nevada, USA, Including Warm Ground, Borate Deposits, and Siliceous Alteration Jump to: navigation, search OpenEI Reference...
Sheet metal stamping die design for warm forming
DOE Patents (OSTI)
In metal stamping dies, by taking advantage of improved material flow by selectively warming the die, flat sections of the die can contribute to the flow of material throughout the workpiece. Local surface heating can be accomplished by placing a heating block in the die. Distribution of heating at the flat lower train central regions outside of the bend region allows a softer flow at a lower stress to enable material flow into the thinner, higher strain areas at the bend/s. The heating block is inserted into the die and is powered by a power supply.
Ghosh, Amit K. (Ann Arbor, MI)
Initial Precipitation Formation in Warm Florida Cumulus
The microphysical processes that lead to the development of precipitation in small, warm cumulus are examined using data from the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study near Cape Canaveral, Florida. Aircraft measurements are used to determine the ...
Neil F. Laird; Harry T. Ochs III; Robert M. Rauber; L. Jay Miller
The Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment
A comprehensive dataset describing tropical cloud systems and their environmental setting and impacts has been collected during the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) and Aerosol and Chemical Transport in Tropical ...
Peter T. May; James H. Mather; Geraint Vaughan; Keith N. Bower; Christian Jakob; Greg M. McFarquhar; Gerald G. Mace
The Dynamics of Warm and Cold Climates
The atmospheric dynamics of five different climate simulations with the GISS GCM are compared to investigate the changes that occur as climate warms or cools. There are two ice age simulations, the current and doubled CO2 climates, and a ...
D. Rind
Numerical Simulation of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
A mechanistic, quasi-geostrophic, semi-spectral model with a self-consistent calculation of the mean zonal flow fields is used to numerically simulate sudden stratospheric warmings generated by a single zonal harmonic (m) planetary wave. The ...
Mark R. Schoeberl; Darrell F. Strobel
Scaling Potential Evapotranspiration with Greenhouse Warming
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a supply-independent measure of the evaporative demand of a terrestrial climate, of basic importance in climatology, hydrology, and agriculture. Future increases in PET from greenhouse warming are often cited ...
Jacob Scheff; Dargan M. W. Frierson
Response to Skeptics of Global Warming
The majority of the scientific community involved in climate research is convinced of the reality of a current and future global warming due to the greenhouse effect, a change that must be largely caused by human activities. However, a minority ...
William W. Kellogg
Separating signal and noise in climate warming
11162011 | NR-11-11-03 Separating signal and noise in climate warming Anne M Stark, LLNL, (925) 422-9799, firstname.lastname@example.com Printer-friendly A National Oceanic and Atmospheric...
Global Sea Level Stabilization-Sand Dune Fixation: A Solar-powered Sahara Seawater Textile Pipeline
Could anthropogenic saturation with pumped seawater of the porous ground of active sand dune fields in major deserts (e.g., the westernmost Sahara) cause a beneficial reduction of global sea level? Seawater extraction from the ocean, and its deposition on deserted sand dune fields in Mauritania and elsewhere via a Solar-powered Seawater Textile Pipeline (SSTP) can thwart the postulated future global sea level. Thus, Macro-engineering offers an additional cure for anticipated coastal change, driven by global sea level rise, that could supplement, or substitute for (1) stabilizing the shoreline with costly defensive public works (armoring macroprojects) and (2) permanent retreat from the existing shoreline (real and capital property abandonment). We propose Macro-engineering use tactical technologies that sculpt and vegetate barren near-coast sand dune fields with seawater, seawater that would otherwise, as commonly postulated, enlarge Earth seascape area! Our Macro-engineering speculation blends eremology with hydrogeology and some hydromancy. We estimate its cost at 1 billion dollars - about 0.01 per sent of the USA 2007 Gross Domestic Product.
Viorel Badescu; Richard B. Cathcart; Alexander A. Bolonkin
Television news coverage of global warming
Citizens are expressing increased concern over the number and variety of environmental problems. Global warming in particular is a focus of concern for scientists and environmental groups. Such concern should naturally motivate individuals to seek information about these topics. Many people turn to the media, most usually television, for information on the nature of these problems. Consequently, this paper studied media coverage of environmental issues, specifically global warming. Television coverage was examined for: (1) the general nature of coverage; (2) biases in coverage; (3) visual images used to cover global warming; and (4) the congruity between visual and verbal messages in newscasts. Nightly newscasts from the three major American television networks were analyzed from 1993--1995 to determine the overall nature of global warming coverage since the Earth Summit in 1992. Results indicated that television news suffers from some serious inadequacies in its portrayal of global warming issues. The paper concludes by first discussing how its results intertwine with other work in the global warming and mass media field. Finally, the implications of inadequacies in media coverage for policy-makers when it comes to sound management of critical resources in this area are also discussed.
Nitz, M. [Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID (United States). School of Communication; Jarvis, S. [Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States). Dept. of Speech Communication; Kenski, H. [Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States). Dept. of Communication
Cold-blooded and warm-blooded
Cold-blooded and warm-blooded Cold-blooded and warm-blooded Name: Walter Status: N/A Age: N/A Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: Around 1993 Question: What is the fundamental difference between cold-blooded and warm- blooded creatures? I know that reptile blood is a bit different than mammal blood, but is that the difference or is it a difference in the other cells of the body? Replies: Warm blooded refers to an animals ability to maintain its body temperature at a constant level. Cold blooded animal's bodies stay at the temperature of environment around them (more or less). The mechanism by which a warm blooded animal does this is by generating heat, mostly through muscle movement (but by other biochemical processes too). An example of this is shivering. Warm blooded animals also cool themselves off by sweating, panting (and other ways). In mammals the hypothalamic area of the brain has much to do with controlling these reflex processes
Use of seawater for air conditioning at Waikiki Convention Center. Master's thesis
A large part of operating costs of a hotel in Hawaii is the cost of energy for air conditioning. Buildings can be constructed to use energy more efficiently by using many methods, however, some of these methods conflict with other concerns, aesthetics for example. Thus the process of designing and building an energy efficient hotel often involves trade-offs between energy efficiency and other objectives. The method proposed herein to reduce energy costs is to introduce seawater, pumped from the deep ocean at a temperature of approximately six degrees celsius, directly to heat exchangers which cool the chilled water circulating in the building air conditioning system. The energy required to run the system would be reduced to only the cost of the seawater pumps, the fans and controls. The savings would be in the operating costs of the seawater pumps versus the cost to the compressors of a conventional air conditioning system.
Williams, M.
MHK Technologies/SeaRaser buoy seawater pump | Open Energy Information
SeaRaser buoy seawater pump SeaRaser buoy seawater pump < MHK Technologies Jump to: navigation, search << Return to the MHK database homepage SeaRaser buoy seawater pump.jpg Technology Profile Primary Organization Dartmouth Wave Energy Technology Resource Click here Wave Technology Type Click here Point Absorber - Floating Technology Readiness Level Click here TRL 5 6 System Integration and Technology Laboratory Demonstration Technology Description SEARASER uses wave displacement to lift a float attached to a piston and uses gravity in the wave s following trough to push the piston back down It is different from other wecs as it is tethered to a weight on the seabed by a single flexible tether but utilises a double acting piston thereby producing volumes of pressurised water in both directions of the piston
Modeling the subsurface thermal impact of Arctic thaw lakes in a warming climate
Warming air temperatures in the Arctic are modifying the rates of thermokarst processes along Alaska's Arctic Coastal Plain. The Arctic Coastal Plain is dominated by thaw lakes. These kilometer-scale lakes are the most visible surface features in the ... Keywords: MATLAB, Numerical model, Permafrost, Thaw lakes, Thermal model
N. Matell; R. S. Anderson; I. Overeem; C. Wobus; F. E. Urban; G. D. Clow
Warming of the Upper Equatorial Indian Ocean and Changes in the Heat Budget (1960�99)
In the equatorial Indian Ocean, sea surface has warmed by 0.5��1�C over the 1960�99 period, while waters have cooled at thermocline depth and the net atmospheric heat flux has decreased. Among a set of twentieth-century climate simulations from ...
Ga�l Alory; Gary Meyers
Tropical Indian Ocean Basin Warming and East Asian Summer Monsoon: A Multiple AGCM Study
A basin-scale warming is the leading mode of tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) variability on interannual time scales, and it is also the prominent feature of the interdecadal SST trend in recent decades. The influence of the ...
Shuanglin Li; Jian Lu; Gang Huang; Kaiming Hu
Atmospheric Responses of Gill-Type and Lindzen�Nigam Models to Global Warming
The equatorial Pacific atmosphere responds differently to global warming in the Gill-type and Lindzen�Nigam models. Under an assumption of no change in the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the Gill-type model, the Walker circulation ...
Soon-Il An
Optimization of renewable power system for small scale seawater reverse osmosis desalination unit in Mrair-Gabis village, Libya
Potential of renewable power system for small scale seawater reverse osmosis desalination unit in Mrair-Gabis village, Libya is evaluated. HOMER optimization model is used to evaluate the different possible configuration options for supplying the electrical ... Keywords: HOMER, Mrair-Gabis-Libya, power system, reverse osmosis seawater desalination
Kh. Abulqasem; M. A. Alghoul; M. N. Mohammed; Alshrif. Mustafa; Kh. Glaisa; Nowshad. Amin; A. Zaharim; K. Sopian
Suboxic deep seawater in the late Paleoproterozoic: Evidence from hematitic chert and iron formation related to seafloor-hydrothermal
trona. The high bicar- bonate content of an alkaline soda ocean would have led to Ca depletion in seawater due to precipitation of carbonate minerals, with the evaporation of seawater forming trona rather than gypsum or anhydrite [51,54]. Albite pseudomorphs after trona have been reported from
Bekker, Andrey
Can we delay a greenhouse warming
This article reviews a book published by the Environmental Protection Agency. The book discussed the Greenhouse Effect which is a warming of the earth's atmosphere caused by the doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. The excess carbon dioxide is pollution derived from the burning of fossil fuels. The report suggested that the warming of the atmosphere would cause thawing of the polar regions which in turn would cause a rise in sea levels and flooding of the coastal lowlands. In addition to the flooding, the report predicted climate changes that would effect the productivity of croplands in the west. The authors of the report stressed that there was no way to avoid this warming of the earth. They suggested that people should start preparing for the inevitable.
Seidel, S.; Keyes, D.
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Warm Dense Matter Print Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Warm Dense Matter Print Being neither solid, liquid, gas, nor plasma, warm dense matter (WDM) occupies a no man's land in the map of material phases. Its temperature can range between that of planetary cores (tens of thousands K) to that of stellar cores (hundreds of thousands K). Not only is it prevalent throughout the universe, it is relevant to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and material performance under extreme conditions. However, because of its extreme temperatures and pressures, WDM tends to be drastically transient and thus difficult to study in the laboratory. Now, researchers have set up ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the ALS to measure the electronic structure of WDMs, demonstrating that fast-changing electron temperatures of matter under extreme conditions can be determined with picosecond resolution.
Implications for the creation of warm saline deep water: Late Paleocene reconstructions and global climate model simulations
A global warming trend began during the late Paleocene that culminated in the early Eocene with the highest global temperatures of the Cenozoic. We have reconstructed late Paleocene surfacial boundary conditions and modeled atmospheric conditions using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model version II (GISS GCM II). These experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that warm saline deep water formed during the late paleocene and to understand atmospheric circulation near the beginning of a period of global warming. The warming is attributed primarily to increased sea surface temperatures at high latitudes. The sensitivity of the climate to ocean temperature was tested using two sea surface temperature distributions, each delimited latitudinally by oxygen isotope values, but with different east-west gradients. The simulations discussed here contain several features unique among warm climate experiments. The first experiment (P-1) used latitudinally constant (zonal) sea surface temperatures. The zonally distributed sea surface temperatures strengthen the general circulation of the atmosphere. In particular, Hadley Cell circulation is intensified, leading to extremes of precipitation in the equatorial region and extreme evaporation across subtropical oceans. The unusual results prompted a second experiment with modern east-west sea surface temperature gradients superimposed and referred to as P-Gradient (P-Grad). 84 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.
O`Connell, S. [Wesleyan Univ., Middletown, CT (United States); Chandler, M.A. [Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States)]|[Goddard Inst. of Space Studies, New York, NY (United States); Ruedy, R. [Goddard Inst. of Space Studies, New York, NY (United States)
Accurate and Computationally Efficient Algorithms for Potential Temperature and Density of Seawater
An equation of state for seawater is presented that contains 25 terms and is an excellent fit to the Feistel and Hagen equation of state. It is written in terms of potential temperature (rather than in situ temperature), as required for efficient ...
Trevor J. McDougall; David R. Jackett; Daniel G. Wright; Rainer Feistel
Measurement of lithium isotope ratios by quadrupole-ICP-MS: application to seawater and natural carbonates
Measurement of lithium isotope ratios by quadrupole-ICP-MS: application to seawater and natural method for lithium isotope ratio (7 Li/6 Li) determinations with low total lithium consumption ( lithium from all matrix elements using small volume resin (2 ml/3.4 meq AG 50W-X8) and low volume elution
Weston, Ken
Regional Patterns of Sea Surface Temperature Change: A Source of Uncertainty in Future Projections of Precipitation and Atmospheric Circulation
Precipitation change in response to global warming has profound impacts on environment for life but is highly uncertain. Effects of sea surface temperature (SST) warming on the response of rainfall and atmospheric overturning circulation are ...
Jian Ma; Shang-Ping Xie
On the Contribution of Major Warming Episodes in the Tropical East Pacific to a Useful Prognostic Relationship Based on the Southern Oscillation
It is known that the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the mean sea surface temperature off the Peru Coast are highly coherent and that variations of the latter are dominated by infrequent warming episodes. The present study examines the ...
Robert R. Dickson; Robert E. Livezey
Decadal Variability of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and Its Association with Atmospheric and Oceanic Variability in the NCEP�NCAR and SODA Reanalyses
Decadal variability of the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) sea surface temperature (SST) and its association with atmospheric and oceanic circulations are investigated with observed 50-yr (1952�2001) SST, and the NCEP�NCAR atmospheric and Simple ...
Hui Wang; Vikram M. Mehta
Diagnostics of Climate Model Biases in Summer Temperature and Warm-Season Insolation for the Simulation of Regional Paddy Rice Yield in Japan
This study quantifies the ranges of climate model biases in surface air temperature for July and August (summer temperature) and daily total insolation for May�October (warm-season insolation) that can give simulated regional paddy rice yields ...
Toshichika Iizumi; Motoki Nishimori; Masayuki Yokozawa
Supermassive Black Holes and the Warm Ionized
Supermassive Black Holes and the Warm Ionized Gas in Early-type Galaxies Renbin Yan University stars actively. (late-type galaxies) #12;Prevalence of Supermassive Black Holes in Massive Galaxies MBH merging Right after coalescing Post-merger Star Formation Rate Black Hole Accretion Rate #12;Maintenance
Wang, Ming-Jye
The author comments on the EPA report dated September 1983 Can We Delay A Greenhouse Warming. He takes exception to the widely-held interpretation that the answer is not much. The contribution of other greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide to the EPA scenarios is pointed out, and the lack of understanding of their role is emphasised. (ACR)
Perry, A.M.
Warm Pool Physics in a Coupled GCM
The physics of the Indo�Pacific warm pool are investigated using a coupled ocean atmosphere general circulation model. The model, developed at the Max-Planck-Institut fair Meteorologic, Hamburg, does not employ a flux correction and is used with ...
Niklas Schneider; Tim Barnett; Mojib Latif; Timothy Stockdale
The role of clouds and oceans in global greenhouse warming
During the past three years we have conducted several studies using models and a combination of satellite data, in situ meteorological and oceanic data, and paleoclimate reconstructions, under the DoE program, Quantifying the Link Between Change in Radiative Balance and Atmospheric Temperature''. Our goals were to investigate effects of global cloudiness variations on global climate and their implications for cloud feedback and continue development and application of NYU transient climate/ocean models, with emphasis on coupled effects of greenhouse warming and feedbacks by both the clouds and oceans. Our original research plan emphasized the use of cloud, surface temperature and ocean data sets interpreted by focused climate/ocean models to develop a cloud radiative forcing scenario for the past 100 years and to assess the transient climate response; to narrow key uncertainties in the system; and to identify those aspects of the climate system most likely to be affected by greenhouse warming over short, medium and long time scales.
Hoffert, M.I.
Why the Earth has not warmed as much as expected?
The observed increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST) over the industrial era is less than 40% of that expected from observed increases in long-lived greenhouse gases together with the best-estimate equilibrium climate sensitivity given by the 2007 Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Possible reasons for this warming discrepancy are systematically examined here. The warming discrepancy is found to be due mainly to some combination of two factors: the IPCC best estimate of climate sensitivity being too high and/or the greenhouse gas forcing being partially offset by forcing by increased concentrations of atmospheric aerosols; the increase in global heat content due to thermal disequilibrium accounts for less than 25% of the discrepancy, and cooling by natural temperature variation can account for only about 15%. Current uncertainty in climate sensitivity is shown to preclude determining the amount of future fossil fuel CO2 emissions that would be compatible with any chosen maximum allowable increase in GMST; even the sign of such allowable future emissions is unconstrained. Resolving this situation, by empirical determination of the earth's climate sensitivity from the historical record over the industrial period or through use of climate models whose accuracy is evaluted by their performance over this period, is shown to require substantial reduction in the uncertainty of aerosol forcing over this period.
Schwartz, S.E.
Observational Constraints on Past Attributable Warming and Predictions of Future Global Warming
This paper investigates the impact of aerosol forcing uncertainty on the robustness of estimates of the twentieth-century warming attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Attribution analyses on three coupled climate models with ...
Peter A. Stott; John F. B. Mitchell; Myles R. Allen; Thomas L. Delworth; Jonathan M. Gregory; Gerald A. Meehl; Benjamin D. Santer
The Role of Human Activity in the Recent Warming of Extremely Warm Daytime Temperatures
Formal detection and attribution analyses of changes in daily extremes give evidence of a significant human influence on the increasing severity of extremely warm nights and decreasing severity of extremely cold days and nights. This paper ...
Nikolaos Christidis; Peter A. Stott; Simon J. Brown
Mechanisms for Global Warming Impacts on Precipitation Frequency and Intensity
Global warming mechanisms that cause changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation in the tropics are examined in climate model simulations. Under global warming, tropical precipitation tends to be more frequent and intense for heavy ...
Chia Chou; Chao-An Chen; Pei-Hua Tan; Kuan Ting Chen
Energy Tax Credits: Stay Warm and Save MORE Money! | Department...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Tax Credits: Stay Warm and Save MORE Money Energy Tax Credits: Stay Warm and Save MORE Money October 29, 2008 - 6:00am Addthis Allison Casey Senior Communicator, NREL With all of...
An Interpretation of Sudden Warmings In Terms of Potential vorticity
A simple and concise interpretation of stratospheric sudden warmings is offered in terms Of the transient changes in the potential vorticity pattern. The warming is viewed as a manifestation of the reversal of the mean (zonally averaged) relative ...
H. C. Davies
Forecast cloudy; The limits of global warming models
This paper reports on climate models used to study global warming. It discusses factors which must be included in climate models, shortcomings of existing climate models, and scenarios for global warming.
Stone, P.H.
Sonoluminescence test for equation of state in warm dense matter
IN WARM DENSE MATTER Siu-Fai Ng 1, 2 , J. J. Barnard 3 , P.IN WARM DENSE MATTER Siu-Fai Ng 1, 2 , J. J. Barnard 3 , P.
Ng, Siu-Fai
Comparing the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on global warming
Policies dealing with global warming require a measure of the effects of the emissions of greenhouse gases that create different magnitudes of instantaneous radiative forcing and have different lifetimes. The Global Warming ...
Eckaus, Richard S.
The Heat Balance of the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool
The thermodynamic development of the Western Hemisphere warm pool and its four geographic subregions are analyzed. The subregional warm pools of the eastern North Pacific and equatorial Atlantic are best developed in the boreal spring, while in ...
David B. Enfield; Sang-ki Lee
Building Technologies Office: Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants
Low-Global Warming Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants Research Project to someone by E-mail Share Building Technologies Office: Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants Research Project on Facebook Tweet about Building Technologies Office: Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants Research Project on Twitter Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants Research Project on Google Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants Research Project on Delicious Rank Building Technologies Office: Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants Research Project on Digg Find More places to share Building Technologies Office: Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants Research Project on AddThis.com... About Take Action to Save Energy
Corrosion of aluminum alloy 2024 belonging to the 1930s in seawater environment
Wreckage of �Carnauba�, a 1930s vintage Sikorsky S-38 aircraft, a beloved icon of SC Johnson's early history, was found on July 5, 2000, in seawater off of an Indonesian island of West Irian Jaya. The company decided to recover this aircraft from seawater, conserve it, and display it in its museum, as part of their rich heritage. The objective was to study the aluminum alloy used on the aircraft for its chemical and mechanical properties, suggest the corrosion mechanism of aluminum alloy 2024 in seawater, and recommend preservation methods for the same. Chemical analysis performed on the samples collected from the site revealed that copper was the primary alloying element. Copper is responsible for increasing the strength. However, copper is also the reason for pitting corrosion of the aluminum alloy, causing material loss and reducing the structural stability of the wreckage. Copper forms intermetallics with other elements, such as magnesium and aluminum, and is distributed in the aluminum matrix heterogeneously. In order to study the corrosion mechanism of aluminum alloy 2024, it was subjected to potentiodynamic tests in sodium chloride solution. In the presence of an electrolyte like seawater, the difference between the potentials of these intermetallics and the surrounding aluminum matrix creates a galvanic cell. The galvanic cells serve as sites for localized corrosion. Chloride ions are responsible for pitting of alloy 2024. A pitting potential of around -600mV was observed when sodium chloride was used as an electrolyte. The average corrosion rate measured for wrought aluminum alloys was around 0.05 mm/year. The thesis provides guidelines or recommendations for the procedure to be followed in recovering aircraft from seawater, and retain it in its as found condition. Recommendations about various measurements like pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pressure, temperature, and velocity need to be taken and the visual assessment needs to be done before the aircraft is hauled from the seawater were specified. After the aircraft has been recovered, recommendations for handling, cleaning, and prevention of corrosion using coatings such as carnauba wax and inhibitors such as chromates, have been stated.
Gujarathi, Kedar Kanayalal
California Policy Should Distinguish Biofuels by Differential Global Warming Effects
California Policy Should Distinguish Biofuels by Differential Global Warming Effects by Richard J: _______________________________________ Date #12;California Policy Should Distinguish Biofuels by Differential Global Warming Effects Richard J, 2006 #12;#12;ABSTRACT California Policy Should Distinguish Biofuels by Differential Global Warming
Kammen, Daniel M.
Dynamical instabilities of warm npe matter: {delta} meson effects
The effects of {delta} mesons on the dynamical instabilities of cold and warm nuclear and stellar matter at subsaturation densities are studied in the framework of relativistic mean-field hadron models (NL3, NL{rho}, and NL{rho}{delta}) with the inclusion of the electromagnetic field. The distillation effect and the spinodals for all the models considered are discussed. The crust-core transition density and pressure are obtained as a function of temperature for {beta}-equilibrium matter with and without neutrino trapping. An estimation of the size of the clusters formed in the nonhomogeneous phase and the corresponding growth rates are made. It is shown that cluster sizes increase with temperature. The effects of the {delta} meson on the instability region are larger for low temperatures, very asymmetric matter, and densities close to the spinodal surface. It increases the distillation effect above {approx}0.4{rho}{sub 0} and has the opposite effect below that density.
Pais, Helena; Santos, Alexandre; Providencia, Constanca [Centro de Fisica Computacional, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra (Portugal)
The Influence of Changes in Cloud Cover on Recent Surface Temperature Trends in the Arctic
A method is presented to assess the influence of changes in Arctic cloud cover on the surface temperature trend, allowing for a more robust diagnosis of causes for surface warming or cooling. Seasonal trends in satellite-derived Arctic surface ...
Yinghui Liu; Jeffrey R. Key; Xuanji Wang
Do Changes in the Midlatitude Circulation Have Any Impact on the Arctic Surface Air Temperature Trend?
The warming of the near-surface air in the Arctic region has been larger than the global mean surface warming. There is general agreement that the Arctic amplification of the surface air temperature (SAT) trend to a considerable extent is due to ...
R. G. Graversen
Latitudinal distribution of the recent Arctic warming
Increasing Arctic temperature, disappearance of Arctic sea ice, melting of the Greenland ice sheet, sea level rise, increasing strength of Atlantic hurricanes are these impending climate catastrophes supported by observations? Are the recent data really unprecedented during the observational records? Our analysis of Arctic temperature records shows that the Arctic and temperatures in the 1930s and 1940s were almost as high as they are today. We argue that the current warming of the Arctic region is affected more by the multi-decadal climate variability than by an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide. Unfortunately, none of the existing coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models used in the IPCC 2007 cIimate change assessment is able to reproduce neither the observed 20th century Arctic cIimate variability nor the latitudinal distribution of the warming.
Chylek, Petr [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lesins, Glen K [DALLHOUSIE UNIV.; Wang, Muyin [UNIV OF WASHINGTON
Global Warming Mitigation Investments Optimized under Uncertainty
Global Warming Mitigation Investments Optimized under Uncertainty Global Warming Mitigation Investments Optimized under Uncertainty Speaker(s): Hermann Held Date: July 9, 2010 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Thomas McKone The Copenhagen Accord (2009) recognizes that 'the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius' (compared to pre-industrial levels, '2° target'). In recent years, energy economics have derived welfare-optimal investment streams into low-emission energy mixes and associated costs. According to our analyses, auxiliary targets that are in line with the 2° target could be achieved at relatively low costs if energy investments were triggered rather swiftly. While such analyses assume 'perfect foresight' of a benevolent 'social planner', an accompanying suite of experiments explicitly
Decarbonization and Sequestration for Mitigating Global Warming
DECARBONIZATION AND SEQUESTRATION FOR DECARBONIZATION AND SEQUESTRATION FOR MITIGATING GLOBAL WARMING M. Steinberg (email@example.com); 631-344-3036 Brookhaven National Laboratory 12 South Upton Street Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA ABSTRACT Mitigating the global warming greenhouse effect while maintaining a fossil fuel economy, requires improving efficiency of utilization of fossil fuels, use of high hydrogen content fossil fuels, decarbonization of fossil fuels, and sequestering of carbon and CO 2 applied to all the sectors of the economy, electric power generation, transportation, and industrial, and domestic power and heat generation. Decarbonization means removal of carbon as C or CO 2 either before or after fossil fuel combustion and sequestration means disposal of the recovered C or CO 2 including its utilization. Removal and recovery of CO
MHK Projects/Wave Powered Pumping of Seawater for On Shore Use and
Pumping of Seawater for On Shore Use and Pumping of Seawater for On Shore Use and Electrical Generation < MHK Projects Jump to: navigation, search << Return to the MHK database homepage Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":5,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"500px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"File:Aquamarine-marker.png","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":46.53,"lon":-55.4,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"http:\/\/prod-http-80-800498448.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com\/w\/images\/7\/74\/Aquamarine-marker.png","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Experimentation and application of directional solvent extraction for desalination of seawater and shale gas 'frac' flowback water
A recently demonstrated directional solvent technique for desalination of water has been tested for desalting seawater and shale gas 'frac' flowback water. The premise behind directional solvent extraction is that when ...
Kleinguetl, Kevin (Kevin G.)
Warm Standby in Hierarchically Structured Process-Control Programs
We classify standby redundancy design space in process-control programs into the following three categories: cold standby, warm standby, and hot standby. Design parameters of warm standby are identified and the reliability of a system using warm standby is evaluated and compared with that of hot standby. Our analysis indicates that the warm standby scheme is particularly suitable for longlived unmaintainable systems, especially those operating in harsh environments where burst hardware failures are possible. The feasibility of warm standby is demonstrated with a simulated chemical batch reactor system.
Ing-Ray Chen And; Ing-ray Chen; Farokh B. Bastani
Rethinking the economics of global warming
Most of the debates over the impact of the greenhouse effect have centered around the reliability of computer models and have neglected considerations of the economic effects of attempts to reduce global warming. Economic models have certain limitations but the input of cost benefit analysis is needed for arriving at suitable policies for lowering anthropogenic input into warming of the earth. Care must be used in extrapolating from data of time periods which are inappropriate. Estimates of costs of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions also must include possible benefits; at present this is not being done. Economic models must address differences in the distribution of global warming's consequences over time and geographical space. The costs of delaying or accelerating reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions need to be included in policy considerations. A global agreement must not adversely affect developing countries. Faulty assumptions of the effect of market forces on costs impair economic models. We have to recognize that economic and environmental goals need not be incompatible. If economic models are viewed as possible scenarios and not as predictions, then these scenarios can be useful in determining policies for reducing the greenhouse effect without harming populations and their economies.
Miller, A.; Mintzer, I.; Brown, P.G. (Univ. of Maryland, College Park (USA))
A literature survey has been conducted to collect information on the International R&D activities in the extraction of uranium from seawater for the period from the 1960s till the year of 2010. The reported activities, on both the laboratory scale bench experiments and the large scale marine experiments, were summarized by country/region in this report. Among all countries where such activities have been reported, Japan has carried out the most advanced large scale marine experiments with the amidoxime-based system, and achieved the collection efficiency (1.5 g-U/kg-adsorbent for 30 days soaking in the ocean) that could justify the development of industrial scale marine systems to produce uranium from seawater at the price competitive with those from conventional uranium resources. R&D opportunities are discussed for improving the system performance (selectivity for uranium, loading capacity, chemical stability and mechanical durability in the sorption-elution cycle, and sorption kinetics) and making the collection of uranium from seawater more economically competitive.
Catalytic seawater flue gas desulfurization process: an experimental pilot plant study
In previous articles by the authors on seawater S(IV) oxidation kinetics, a significant catalytic effect was demonstrated by means of a commercially available activated carbon. The aims of this study carried out at pilot plant scale were to assess the use of high-efficiency structured packing and to validate the positive results obtained previously in laboratory studies. A comparison between a packed tower and a spray column was made by maintaining the same desulfurization efficiency. A 47% reduction in seawater flow can be obtained with a packed tower. This option seems to be more economical, with a reduction in operation costs of least of 33%. With the appropriate activated carbon, it is possible to reach a greater oxidation rate at a low pH level than by operating conventionally at a high pH level without a catalyst. A preliminary technical and financial comparison between the advanced seawater desulfurization process (equipped with a packed tower and a catalytic oxidation plant) and the conventional process (spray tower and noncatalytic oxidation) was carried out. 18 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
F. Vidal B.; P. Ollero; F.J. Gutierrez Ortiz; A. Villanueva [University of Seville, Seville (Spain). Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
Studies say - tentatively - that greenhouse warming is here
Published studies on greenhouse warming have been ambivalent as to whether warming has arrived. Now two independent studies of the climate record have incriminated the green-house effect in global warming, although they fall short of convicting it. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg are confident they have exonerated natural climatic variability, saying the observed global warming seems to large to account for the warming effect. A group from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory directly implicates greenhouse warming by finding its geographic `fingerprinting` in the climate record of the past century. This article discusses both studies and how the results will affect future concerns in the area of greenhouse warming.
Preliminary design and analysis of a process for the extraction of lithium from seawater
The U.S. demand for lithium by the industrial sector and by a fusion power economy in the future is discussed. For a one million MW(e) CTR (D-T fuel cycle) economy, growing into the beginning of the next century (the years 2000 to 2030), the cumulative demand for lithium is estimated to range from (0.55 to 4.7) x 10/sup 7/ to 1.0 x 10/sup 9/ kg. Present estimates of the available U.S. supply are 6.9 x 10/sup 8/ kg of lithium from mineral resources and 4.0 x 10/sup 9/ kg of lithium from concentrated natural brines. There is, however, a vast supply of lithium in seawater: 2.5 x 10/sup 14/ kg. A preliminary process design for the extraction of lithium from seawater is presented: seawater is first evaporated by solar energy to increase the concentration of lithium and to decrease the concentration of other cations in the bittern which then passes into a Dowex-50 ion exchange bed for cation adsorption. Lithium ions are then eluted with dilute hydrochloric acid forming an aqueous lithium chloride which is subsequently concentrated and electrolyzed. The energy requirement for lithium extraction varies between 0.08 and 2.46 kWh(e)/gm for a range of production rates varying between 10/sup 4/ and 10/sup 8/ kg/y; this is small compared to the energy produced from the use of lithium in a CTR having a value of 3400 kWh(e)/g Li. Production cost of the process is estimated to be in the range of 2.2 to 3.2 cents/g Li. As a basis for the process design, it is recommended that a phase equilibria study of the solid--liquid crystallization processes of seawater be conducted. Uncertainties exist in the operation of large solar ponds for concentrating large quantities of seawater. A search for a highly selective adsorbent or extractant for Li from low concentration aqueous solutions should be made. Other physical separation processes such as using membranes should be investigated. 9 tables. (DLC)
Steinberg, M.; Dang, V.D.
Tropical Cyclogenesis Factors in a Warming Climate
Understanding the underlying causes of tropical cyclone formation is crucial to predicting tropical cyclone behavior in a warming environment, given the Earth's current warming trend. This study examines two sets of simulations from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model version 3.1 (CAM3): one with aerosol forcings and one without. We looked at how four factors known to be important to tropical cyclone formation vary as carbon dioxde and the ensuing temperature changes increase to very high levels. These factors include Maximum Potential Intensity (MPI), mid-tropospheric moisture content, 200-850 mb vertical wind shear, and 850 mb absolute vorticity. We considered different representations of mid-tropospheric moisture by examining both relative humidity and chi, a non-dimensional measure of the saturation entropy deficit at 600 mb. We also looked at different combinations of these factors, including several variations of a Genesis Potential Index (GPI) and an incubation parameter, gamma, that is related to the length of time required to saturate the middle troposphere and aid tropical cyclogenesis. Higher MPI, lower saturation deficits and higher relative humidity, lower wind shear, and higher absolute vorticity all act to enhance the GPI and lower the incubation time, meaning larger environmental support for tropical cyclone development and intensification. In areas where tropical cyclone development is prevalent today, we found that shear generally decreased, but MPI decreased, absolute vorticity decreased, and the saturation deficit increases. Thus, in today's prevalent tropical cyclone regions, conditions become less favorable for development and intensification as the climate warms. On the other hand, genesis regions tend to push northward into the subtropics, as conditions become much more favorable for development up to ~40 degrees North due to both decreased wind shear and much higher MPI values.
Cathey, Stephen Christopher
Changes in the Interaction between Tropical Convection, Radiation, and the Large-Scale Circulation in a Warming Environment
This paper explores the response of the tropical hydrologic cycle to surface warming through the lens of large-domain cloud-system-resolving model experiments run in a radiative�convective equilibrium framework. Simulations are run for 55 days and ...
Derek J. Posselt; Susan van den Heever; Graeme Stephens; Matthew R. Igel
Mechanisms Contributing to the Warming Hole and the Consequent U.S. East�West Differential of Heat Extremes
A linear trend calculated for observed annual mean surface air temperatures over the United States for the second-half of the twentieth century shows a slight cooling over the southeastern part of the country, the so-called warming hole, while ...
Gerald A. Meehl; Julie M. Arblaster; Grant Branstator
Physical Mechanisms Responsible for the Transition from a Warm to a Cold State of the El Ni�o�Southern Oscillation
Based on the switch of a significant sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the central equatorial Pacific (the Ni�o-3.4 region) from ?0.5�C to ?0.5�C, three types of transitions from the warm (El Ni�o) to the cold (La Ni�a) phase of the El ...
Johnny C. L. Chan; Jianjun Xu
She, With a Warm Palm, the Skin Over My Spine.
??She, with a Warm Palm, the Skin over My Spine is a collection of sixnonfiction essays and three vignettes divided into two parts. The first� (more)
Cambardella, Cara Maria Michele
Swapping Global Warming Gases for Methane in Gas Hydrate ...
Swapping Global Warming Gases for Methane in Gas Hydrate Layer ... would serve as energy sources as well as carbon dioxide storage sites in the ...
Intense Ion Beam for Warm Dense Matter Physics
charged particle physics Introduction . . . . . . . . .Driven Warm Dense Matter Physics, Four Point Sher- atonIntroduction to Plasma Physics, Plenum Press, New York [18
Heimbucher, Lynn
Warm Springs Water District District Heating Low Temperature...
Water District District Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Warm Springs Water District District Heating Low Temperature Geothermal...
Experimental determination of magnetohydrodynamic seawater thruster performance in a two Tesla test facility
A two Tesla test facility was designed, built, and operated to investigate the performance of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) seawater thrusters. The results of this investigation are used to validate MHD thruster performance computer models. The facility test loop, its components, and their design are presented in detail. Additionally, the test matrix and its rational are discussed. finally, representative experimental results of the test program are presented, and are compared to pretest computer model predictions. Good agreement between predicted and measured data has served to validate the thruster performance computer models.
Picologlou, B.; Doss, E.; Black, D. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States); Sikes, W.C. [Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., VA (United States)
Picologlou, B.; Doss, E.; Black, D. (Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)); Sikes, W.C. (Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., VA (United States))
Seawater pre-deaerator for open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion applications
This patent describes a seawater deaerator. It comprises a water reservoir, a low pressure gas chamber above the water reservoir, a vacuum pump connected to the gas chamber for evacuating the gas chamber, gas injectors near a bottom of the water reservoir for injecting gas in the water reservoir, a conduit connected to an exhaust of the vacuum pump for recycling exhaust gas from the vacuum pump to the gas injectors, means in the gas injectors for releasing gas into the reservoir in fine seed bubble nuclei.
Zapka, M.J.; Krock, H.J.
The role of clouds and oceans in global greenhouse warming. Part 1, Progress report
During the past three years we have conducted several studies using models and a combination of satellite data, in situ meteorological and oceanic data, and paleoclimate reconstructions, under the DoE program, ``Quantifying the Link Between Change in Radiative Balance and Atmospheric Temperature``. Our goals were to investigate effects of global cloudiness variations on global climate and their implications for cloud feedback and continue development and application of NYU transient climate/ocean models, with emphasis on coupled effects of greenhouse warming and feedbacks by both the clouds and oceans. Our original research plan emphasized the use of cloud, surface temperature and ocean data sets interpreted by focused climate/ocean models to develop a cloud radiative forcing scenario for the past 100 years and to assess the transient climate response; to narrow key uncertainties in the system; and to identify those aspects of the climate system most likely to be affected by greenhouse warming over short, medium and long time scales.
Cyclones Linked to Pliocene Warming: More Storms in Ancient Past May Have
Cyclones Linked to Cyclones Linked to Pliocene Warming Cyclones Linked to Pliocene Warming More Storms in Ancient Past May Have Implications for Future Climate March 21, 2011 | Tags: Climate Research, Franklin Contact: Margie Wylie, firstname.lastname@example.com, +1 510 486 7421 2011-02-28-Fedorov-1.png Figure 1. Simulated hurricane tracks under modern conditions (top) and Pliocene (bottom) overlay sea surface temperatures created by a fully coupled climate model. Images: Chris M. Brierley Scientists searching for clues to Earth's future climate are turning to its dim past, the Pliocene epoch. "We're interested in the Pliocene, because it's the closest analog we have in the past for what could happen in our future," says Chris Brierley, a Yale climate researcher computing at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC).
LLNL scientists find precipitation, global warming link
4 4 For immediate release: 11/11/2013 | NR-13-11-04 Lawrence Livermore scientists have found that observed changes in global precipitation are directly affected by human activities. LLNL scientists find precipitation, global warming link Anne M Stark, LLNL, (925) 422-9799, firstname.lastname@example.com LIVERMORE, Calif. -- The rain in Spain may lie mainly on the plain, but the location and intensity of that rain is changing not only in Spain but around the globe. A new study by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory scientists shows that observed changes in global (ocean and land) precipitation are directly affected by human activities and cannot be explained by natural variability alone. The research appears in the Nov. 11 online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
A Nonlinear Response of Sahel Rainfall to Atlantic Warming
The response over West Africa to uniform warming of the Atlantic Ocean is analyzed using idealized simulations with a regional climate model. With warming of 1 and 1.5 K, rainfall rates increase by 30%�50% over most of West Africa. With Atlantic ...
Naresh Neupane; Kerry H. Cook
A nonlinear response of Sahel rainfall to Atlantic warming
The response over West Africa to uniform warming of the Atlantic Ocean is analyzed using idealized simulations with a regional climate model. With warming of 1 K and 1.5 K, rainfall rates increase by 30-50% over most of West Africa. With Atlantic ...
Modification of Precipitation from Warm Clouds�A Review
This review is begun with a brief summary of the current status of our understanding of the physics of precipitation in warm clouds. The impact of warm-cloud precipitation processes on the evolution of the ice phase in supercooled clouds also is ...
William R. Cotton
Applied engineering on biosystems: the reduction in global warming
This work concerns the problem of decision making in the context of investment allocation in clean technology and in reforestation, aimed at reducing the global warming. In order to model the government actions, fuzzy rules are employed to represent ... Keywords: biosystems modeling, fuzzy control, global warming, optimization, simulation
J. A. M. Felippe de Souza; Marco A. L. Caetano; Douglas F. M. Gherardi; Takashi Yoneyama
The Abyss of the Nordic Seas Is Warming
Over the past decade, the multiyear oceanographic time series from ocean weather station Mike at 66�N, 2�E indicate a warming by about 0.01�C yr?1 in the deep water of the Norwegian Sea. The time of onset of this warming is depth dependent, ...
Svein �sterhus; Tor Gammelsr�d
This chapter describes the methodology used in EPA�s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to estimate streamlined life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for wood products beginning at the point of waste generation. The WARM GHG emission factors are used to compare the net emissions associated with wood products in the following four materials management alternatives: source
unknown authors
This chapter describes the methodology used in EPA�s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to estimate streamlined life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for fiberglass insulation beginning at the waste generation reference point. 1 The WARM GHG emission factors are used to compare the net emissions associated with fiberglass insulation in the following two waste management alternatives: source reduction and landfilling.
This chapter describes the methodology used in EPA�s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to estimate streamlined life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for wood flooring beginning at the waste generation reference point. 1 The WARM GHG emission factors are used to compare the net emissions associated with wood flooring in the following three waste management alternatives: source reduction, combustion, and landfilling.
Sensitivity of Tropical Tropospheric Temperature to Sea Surface Temperature Forcing
During El Ni�o, there are substantial tropospheric temperature anomalies across the entire tropical belt associated with the warming of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central and eastern Pacific. The quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation ...
Hui Su; J. David Neelin; Joyce E. Meyerson
All-India Summer Monsoon Rainfall and Sea Surface Temperatures around Northern Australia and Indonesia
The relationship between Indian summer (June�September) monsoon rainfall and sea surface temperatures around northern Australia�Indonesia has been explored using data from 1949 to 1991. Warm sea surface temperatures are generally associated with ...
Neville Nicholls
Geoengineering: Plan B Remedy for Global Warming Andrew A. Lacis
Geoengineering: Plan B Remedy for Global Warming Geoengineering: Plan B Remedy for Global Warming Andrew A. Lacis NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies Accelerated melting of Greenland ice is a clear indication that consequences of global warming are real and impending. The underlying causes of global warming are well enough understood, but the necessary reduction of greenhouse gases to prevent irreversible climate change is unlikely to happen before the point of no return is reached. To reverse the impending sea level rise, geoengineering counter- measures may be required to counter the current global energy imbalance due to global warming. Of the many proposed remedies, deploying aerosols within the stratosphere offers realistic prospects. Sulfur injections in the lower stratosphere would have the cooling effect of naturally occurring volcanic aerosols. Soot at
Global warming projections: Sensitivity to deep ocean mixing
The climatological impact of increases in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, despite being a subject of intensive study in recent years, is still very uncertain [1, 2]. One major uncertainty affecting possible climate change that has not received enough attention is the uncertainty in heat uptake by the deep ocean. We analyze the influence of this process and its uncertainty on climate predictions by means of numerical simulations with a 2-dimensional (2D) climate model. In the case of high climate sensitivity, as a result of uncertainty in deep ocean heat uptake, there is more than a factor of two uncertainty in the predicted increase of surface temperature. The corresponding uncertainty in the sea level rise due to thermal expansion is much larger than the uncertainty in the predicted temperature change and is significant even in the case of low climate sensitivity. The uncertainty in the rate of heat uptake by the deep ocean has not been included in the projections of climate change made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1,2]. However, our results show that this uncertainty plays a very important role in defining the ranges of�possible warming and, especially, of sea level rise. To assess the uncertainty we have used a 2-dimensional (zonally averaged) climate model, the MIT 2D model [3,4,5]. This model allows us to
Andrei P. Sokolov; Peter H. Stone
The Interaction of Radiative and Dynamical Processes during a Simulated Sudden Stratospheric Warming
An analysis of a spontaneous sudden stratospheric warming that occurred during a 2-year integration of the Langley Research Center Atmospheric Simulation Model is presented. The simulated warming resembles observed �wave 1&rdquo warmings in the ...
R. B. Pierce; W. T. Blackshear; W. L. Grose; R. E. Turner; T. D. Fairlie
The Predictability of Stratospheric Warming Events: More from the Troposphere or the Stratosphere?
The roles of the stratosphere and the troposphere in determining the predictability of stratospheric final warming and sudden warming events are evaluated in an idealized atmospheric model. For each stratospheric warming event simulated in the ...
Lantao Sun; Walter A. Robinson; Gang Chen
NETL: Gasification Systems - Integrated Warm Gas Multicontaminant Cleanup
Integrated Warm Gas Multicontaminant Cleanup Technologies for Coal-Derived Syngas Integrated Warm Gas Multicontaminant Cleanup Technologies for Coal-Derived Syngas Project Number: DE-FC26-05NT42459 Integrated Warm Gas Multicontaminant Cleanup Technologies for Coal-Derived Syngas Project ID: DE-FC26-05NT42459 Objective: The objective is to develop a warm multi-contaminant syngas cleaning system for operation between 300 and 700° F. This project will continue development of the RTI warm syngas cleanup technology suite. Based on the field testing results with real syngas from Eastman Chemical Company's gasifier under DOE Contract DE-AC26-99FT40675, additional technical issues need to be addressed to move the technologies used in warm syngas cleaning further towards commercial deployment especially for chemical/fuels production. These issues range from evaluation of startup and standby options for the more developed desulfurization processes to integration and actual pilot plant testing with real coal-derived syngas for the technologies that were tested at bench scale during Phase I. Development shall continue of the warm gas syngas cleaning technology platform through a combination of lab-scale R&D and larger integrated pilot plant testing with real coal-derived syngas as well as process/systems analysis and simulation for optimization of integration and intensification.
Determination of the lithium isotopic composition of planktic foraminifera and its application as a paleo-seawater proxy
Determination of the lithium isotopic composition of planktic foraminifera and its application; accepted 2 March 2005 Abstract To investigate the potential use of Li isotopes in foraminifera as a paleo-lithium record of the lithium isotopic composition of ocean water in the past. The first measurements of seawater
Mcdonough, William F.
Feasibility study of measuring the temperature and pressure of warm dense matter.
We have investigated the feasibility of making accurate measurements of the temperature and pressure of solid-density samples rapidly heated by the Z-Petawatt laser to warm dense matter (WDM) conditions, with temperatures approaching 100eV. The study focused specifically on the heating caused by laser generated proton beams. Based on an extensive literature search and numerical investigations, a WDM experiment is proposed which will accurately measure temperature and pressure based on optical emission from the surface and sample expansion velocity.
Rambo, Patrick K.; Schwarz, Jens
Warm coats, big thanks | Y-12 National Security Complex
Community / Warm coats, big thanks Community / Warm coats, big thanks Warm coats, big thanks Posted: January 9, 2014 - 2:23pm Over the last 12 years, Y-12ers have donated almost 7000 coats, sweaters and other winter wear to the Volunteer Ministry Center. As East Tennessee faces the coldest temperatures seen in a long while, Y-12ers have shown their volunteer spirit for the twelfth straight year by helping countless people stay warm thanks to another successful United Way Coat Drive to benefit the Volunteer Ministry Center. In total, the site donated 589 coats and winter wear items, 64 pairs of gloves, 47 scarves, and 66 hats and toboggans, which VMC makes available to the public through its Knoxville office. In addition, this year's efforts were expanded to include collection of toiletries for VMC. Y-12 collected more than 20 copy paper boxes full of
Wildfires may contribute more to global warming than previously predicted
Wildfires may contribute more to global warming Wildfires may contribute more to global warming Wildfires may contribute more to global warming than previously predicted They suggest that fire emissions could contribute a lot more to the observed climate warming than current estimates show. July 9, 2013 Haze of smoke emanating from the 2011 Las Conchas, NM fire. Haze of smoke emanating from the 2011 Las Conchas, NM fire. Contact Nancy Ambrosiano Communications Office (505) 667-0471 Email "The fact that we are experiencing more fires and that climate change may increase fire frequency underscores the need to include these specialized particles in the computer models, and our results show how this can be done," Dubey said. Particle analysis shows "tar ball" effect is significant LOS ALAMOS, N.M., July 9, 2013-Wildfires produce a witch's brew of
Warm Rain Study in Hawaii�Rain Initiation
More than 300 hours of aircraft flights were conducted in Hawaii from 1977 to 1979 to study precipitation mechanisms in warm rain. Airborne instruments were used to measure drop size distributions over the size range from cloud droplets to ...
Tsutomu Takahashi
Warm-Air Intrusions in Arizona�s Meteor Crater
Episodic nighttime intrusions of warm air, accompanied by strong winds, enter the enclosed near-circular Meteor Crater basin on clear, synoptically undisturbed nights. Data analysis is used to document these events and to determine their spatial ...
Bianca Adler; C. David Whiteman; Sebastian W. Hoch; Manuela Lehner; Norbert Kalthoff
Does Global Warming Cause Intensified Interannual Hydroclimate Variability?
The idea that global warming leads to more droughts and floods has become commonplace without clear indication of what is meant by this statement. Here, the authors examine one aspect of this problem and assess whether interannual variability of ...
Richard Seager; Naomi Naik; Laura Vogel
The Sensitivity of Mountain Snowpack Accumulation to Climate Warming
Controls on the sensitivity of mountain snowpack accumulation to climate warming (?S) are investigated. This is accomplished using two idealized, physically based models of mountain snowfall to simulate snowpack accumulation for the Cascade ...
Justin R. Minder
Successive Modulation of ENSO to the Future Greenhouse Warming
The multidecadal modulation of the El Ni�o�Southern Oscillation (ENSO) due to greenhouse warming has been analyzed herein by means of diagnostics of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) coupled general ...
Soon-Il An; Jong-Seong Kug; Yoo-Geun Ham; In-Sik Kang
Probing warm dense lithium by inelastic X-ray scattering
-26000, NWFP, Pakistan 9 Institut f¨ur Kernphysik, Technische Universit¨at Darmstadt, Schlo�?gartenstr. 9-temperature superconductors and nuclear matter1 . Warm dense matter, defined by temperatures of a few electron volts
Loss, Daniel
Mesoscale Predictability of an Extreme Warm-Season Precipitation Event
A mesoscale model is used to investigate the mesoscale predictability of an extreme precipitation event over central Texas on 29 June 2002 that lasted through 7 July 2002. Both the intrinsic and practical aspects of warm-season predictability, ...
Fuqing Zhang; Andrew M. Odins; John W. Nielsen-Gammon
Interpretation of Simulated Global Warming Using a Simple Model
A simple energy balance model with two parameters, an effective heat capacity and an effective climate sensitivity, is used to interpret six GCM simulations of greenhouse gas�induced global warming. By allowing the parameters to vary in time, the ...
I. G. Watterson
Inferences of Predictability Associated with Warm Season Precipitation Episodes
Herein preliminary findings are reported from a radar-based climatology of warm season precipitation �episodes.� Episodes are defined as time�space clusters of heavy precipitation that often result from sequences of organized convection such as ...
R. E. Carbone; J. D. Tuttle; D. A. Ahijevych; S. B. Trier
Diurnal Variations of Warm-Season Precipitation over Northern China
This study examines the diurnal variations of the warm-season precipitation over northern China using the high-resolution precipitation products obtained from the Climate Prediction Center�s morphing technique (CMORPH) during May�August of 2003�...
Huizhong He; Fuqing Zhang
The Dynamics of Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Final Warming Events
A lag composite analysis is performed of the zonal-mean structure and dynamics of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric final warming (SFW) events. SFW events are linked to distinct zonal wind deceleration signatures in the stratosphere and ...
Robert X. Black; Brent A. McDaniel
Mechanisms Affecting the Overturning Response in Global Warming Simulations
Climate models used to produce global warming scenarios exhibit widely diverging responses of the thermohaline circulation (THC). To investigate the mechanisms responsible for this variability, a regional Atlantic Ocean model driven with forcing ...
U. Schweckendiek; J. Willebrand
Cloud Clusters and Superclusters over the Oceanic Warm Pool
Infrared satellite images of the oceanic warm-pool region (8O�E-160�W) have been objectively processed to reveal tropical �cloud clusters� with temperature colder than a given threshold. Cloud clusters span a somewhat lognormal distribution of ...
Brain E. Mapes; Robert A. Houze Jr.
Long-Term Evolution of Elongated Warm Eddies
The purpose of this research is to investigate the evolution of elongated warm eddies. A shallow-water, reduced-gravity, primitive equation model is used to perform a multicase numerical experiment, which includes vortices of very different ...
Edgar G. Pav�a; Manuel L�pez
A 15-Year Climatology of Warm Conveyor Belts
This study presents the first climatology of so-called warm conveyor belts (WCBs), strongly ascending moist airstreams in extratropical cyclones that, on the time scale of 2 days, rise from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere. The ...
Sabine Eckhardt; Andreas Stohl; Heini Wernli; Paul James; Caroline Forster; Nicole Spichtinger
Regulation of Moist Convection over the West Pacific Warm Pool
The mechanisms that regulate moist convection over the warm tropical oceans are not well understood. One school of thought holds that convection is caused by the convergence of moisture, which in turn is produced by an independent dynamical ...
David J. Raymond
Warming and Freshening in the Abyssal Southeastern Indian Ocean
Warming and freshening of abyssal waters in the eastern Indian Ocean between 1994/95 and 2007 are quantified using data from two closely sampled high-quality occupations of a hydrographic section extending from Antarctica northward to the ...
Gregory C. Johnson; Sarah G. Purkey; John L. Bullister
Monitoring Global Climate Change: The Case of Greenhouse Warming
Recent record high temperatures and drought conditions in many regions of the United States have prompted heightened concern about whether these are early manifestations of the global green house warming projected by the major climate models. An ...
Fred B. Wood
NOAA Predicts Mixed Bag of Drought, Flooding and Warm Weather...
NOAA Predicts Mixed Bag of Drought, Flooding and Warm Weather for Spring Print E-mail NOAA 2013 Spring Outlook Map Thursday, March 21, 2013 Featured by NOAA, a member of the U.S....
Warm Conveyor Belts in Idealized Moist Baroclinic Wave Simulations
This idealized modeling study of moist baroclinic waves addresses the formation of moist ascending airstreams, so-called warm conveyor belts (WCBs), their characteristics, and their significance for the downstream flow evolution. Baroclinic wave ...
Sebastian Schemm; Heini Wernli; Lukas Papritz
A global warming forum: Scientific, economic, and legal overview
A Global Warming Forum covers in detail five general subject areas aimed at providing first, the scientific background and technical information available on global warming and second, a study and evaluation of the role of economic, legal, and political considerations in global warming. The five general topic areas discussed are the following: (1) The role of geophysical and geoengineering methods to solve problems related to global climatic change; (2) the role of oceanographic and geochemical methods to provide evidence for global climatic change; (3) the global assessment of greenhouse gas production including the need for additional information; (4) natural resource management needed to provide long-term global energy and agricultural uses; (5) legal, policy, and educational considerations required to properly evaluate global warming proposals.
Geyer, R.A. (ed.)
Influence of Stratospheric Sudden Warming on AIRS Midtropospheric CO2
Midtropospheric CO2 retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) were used to explore the influence of stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) on CO2 in the middle to upper troposphere. To choose the SSW events that had strong coupling ...
Xun Jiang; Jingqian Wang; Edward T. Olsen; Thomas Pagano; Luke L. Chen; Yuk L. Yung
Modeling the Impact of Warming in Climate Change Economics
Any economic analysis of climate change policy requires some model that describes the impact of warming on future GDP and consumption. Most integrated assessment models (IAMs) relate temperature to the level of real GDP ...
Pindyck, Robert S.
Rapid Development of the Tropical Cyclone Warm Core
This paper presents a simple theoretical argument to isolate the conditions under which a tropical cyclone can rapidly develop a warm-core thermal structure and subsequently approach a steady state. The theoretical argument is based on the ...
Jonathan L. Vigh; Wayne H. Schubert
On the Height of the Warm Core in Tropical Cyclones
The warm-core structure of tropical cyclones is examined in idealized simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The maximum perturbation temperature in a control simulation occurs in the midtroposphere (5�6 km), in ...
Daniel P. Stern; David S. Nolan
Greenhouse Warming: Is the Mid-Holocene a Good Analogue?
The mid-Holocene period (from approximately 9000 to 6000 years before present) is often suggested as an analogue for enhanced greenhouse warming. The changes in net radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere are very different; increases in ...
John F. B. Mitchell
Sudden Stratospheric Warming and Anomalous U.S. Weather
Severe distortion of tropospheric circulation is associated with major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. This distortion consisting primarily of weakening of smaller-scale synoptic mats and development of strong blocking activity, is ...
James P. McGuirk; Donald A. Douglas
Supervised Learning Approaches to Classify Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events
Sudden stratospheric warmings are prominent examples of dynamical wave�mean flow interactions in the Arctic stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere winter. They are characterized by a strong temperature increase on time scales of a few days and a ...
Christian Blume; Katja Matthes; Illia Horenko
Small-Scale Variability in Warm Continental Cumulus Clouds
We have analyzed small-scale fluctuations in microphysical, dynamical and thermodynamical parameters measured in two warm cumulus clouds during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) project (1981) in light of predictions of ...
P. H. Austin; M. B. Baker; A. M. Blyth; J. B. Jensen
Are You Keeping Warm This Winter? | Department of Energy
Are You Keeping Warm This Winter? Are You Keeping Warm This Winter? Are You Keeping Warm This Winter? January 23, 2013 - 4:33pm Addthis An efficient heater can save money and energy while keeping you warmer. | Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 20288. An efficient heater can save money and energy while keeping you warmer. | Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 20288. Elizabeth Spencer Communicator, National Renewable Energy Laboratory How can I participate? Get an energy audit and learn about your heating options to warm your home while saving money. Last week, I turned on the weather forecast to find that the entire central United States was hovering somewhere between 5 and 20 degrees. Talk about frigid! I've lived all over the country, and I know how incredibly miserable it is to do anything when the high barely ekes above 0 degrees
Building Energy Software Tools Directory: AkWarm
AkWarm AkWarm AkWarm logo. Innovative, user-friendly, Windows-based software for home energy modeling. AkWarm is designed for weatherization assessment and the EPA Energy Star Home energy rating program. Features include: Graphical display of energy use by building component, improvement options analysis, design heat load, calculates CO2 emissions, and shows code compliance. Utility, weather data, and other libraries are maintained in a database library for easy updating. A separate database is available to archive all input and output data for detailed analysis of housing types, trends, amd energy use. Keywords home energy rating systems, home energy, residential modeling, weatherization Validation/Testing N/A Expertise Required Basic understanding of building construction, with a minimal level of
Warm Weather and the Daily Commute | Department of Energy
Warm Weather and the Daily Commute Warm Weather and the Daily Commute Warm Weather and the Daily Commute May 7, 2013 - 12:02pm Addthis Biking to work helps you get some exercise while reducing your carbon footprint. | Photo courtesy of iStockphoto.com/olaser Biking to work helps you get some exercise while reducing your carbon footprint. | Photo courtesy of iStockphoto.com/olaser Elizabeth Spencer Communicator, National Renewable Energy Laboratory How can I participate? Check out options for busing or carpooling in your area or, if you live close, try walking or biking to work. You know the weather is starting to warm up when you start hearing about those "bike, bus, or walk to work" challenges. And while my local news just started drumming up publicity for theirs, I've seen these events pop up in
Brooks Warm Springs Aquaculture Low Temperature Geothermal Facility | Open
Warm Springs Aquaculture Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Warm Springs Aquaculture Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Brooks Warm Springs Aquaculture Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Facility Brooks Warm Springs Sector Geothermal energy Type Aquaculture Location Fergus County, Montana Coordinates 47.2126745°, -109.4141° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[]}
Measurements of Surface Seawater fCO2 from Volunteer Commercial Ships: Techniques and Experiences from Skaugran
Chemical measurements made in the northern North Pacific from a commercial volunteer observing ship (VOS) program during March 1995�March 1998 are presented. Quasi-continuous measurements of the fugacity of CO2 (fCO2, which takes into account the ...
Paulette P. Murphy; Y. Nojiri; Y. Fujinuma; C. S. Wong; J. Zeng; T. Kimoto; H. Kimoto
An Analysis of the Effect of Local Heat Advection on Evaporation over Wet and Dry Surface Strips
The effect of local advection on evaporation and Bowen ratio over alternating crosswind infinite dry-warm and wet-cool surface strips (patches), by redistribution of surface heat, is analysed. The analysis shows that evaporation over the region ...
Ya Guo; Peter H. Schuepp
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Measurements of Plutonium in Sediment and Seawater from the Marshall Islands
During the summer 2000, I was given the opportunity to work for about three months as a technical trainee at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, or LLNL as I will refer to it hereafter. University of California runs this Department of Energy laboratory, which is located 70 km east of San Francisco, in the small city of Livermore. This master thesis in Radioecology is based on the work I did here. LLNL, as a second U.S.-facility for development of nuclear weapons, was built in Livermore in the beginning of the 1950's (Los Alamos in New Mexico was the other one). It has since then also become a 'science center' for a number of areas like magnetic and laser fusion energy, non-nuclear energy, biomedicine, and environmental science. The Laboratory's mission has changed over the years to meet new national needs. The following two statements were found on the homepage of LLNL (http://www.llnl.gov), at 2001-03-05, where also information about the laboratory and the scientific projects that takes place there, can be found. 'Our primary mission is to ensure that the nation's nuclear weapons remain safe, secure, and reliable and to prevent the spread and use of nuclear weapons worldwide'. 'Our goal is to apply the best science and technology to enhance the security and well-being of the nation and to make the world a safer place.' The Marshall Islands Dose Assessment and Radioecology group at the Health and Ecological Assessments division employed me, and I also worked to some extent with the Centre for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) group. The work I did at LLNL can be divided into two parts. In the first part Plutonium (Pu) measurements in sediments from the Rongelap atoll in Marshall Islands, using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) were done. The method for measuring these kinds of samples is well understood at LLNL since soil samples have been measured with AMS for Pu in the past. Therefore it was the results that were of main interest and not the technique. The second part was to take advantage of AMS's very high sensitivity by measure the Pu-concentrations in small volumes (0.04-1 L) of seawater. The technique for using AMS at Pu-measurements in seawater is relatively new and the main task for me was to find out a method that could work in practice. The area where the sediment samples and the water samples were collected are high above background levels for many radionuclides, including Pu, because of the detonation of the nuclear bomb code-named Castle Bravo, in 1954.
Leisvik, M; Hamilton, T
Application of Nuclear Energy for Seawater Desalination: Design Concepts of Nuclear Desalination Plants
Nuclear energy is playing an important role in electricity generation, producing 16% of the world's electricity. However, most of the world's energy consumption is in the form of heat, in which case nuclear energy could also play an important role. In particular, process heat for seawater desalination using nuclear energy has been of growing interest to some Member States of the International Atomic Energy Agency over the past two decades. This growing interest stems from increasingly acute freshwater shortages in many arid and semi-arid zones around the world. Indeed, several national and international nuclear desalination demonstration programs are already under way or being planned. Of particular interest are projects for seawater nuclear desalination plants in coastal regions, where saline feed water can serve the dual purpose of cooling water for the nuclear reactor and as feed water for the desalination plant. In principle any nuclear reactor can provide energy (low-grade heat and/or electricity), as required by desalination processes. However, there are some additional requirements to be met under specific conditions in order to introduce nuclear desalination. Technical issues include meeting more stringent safety requirements (nuclear reactors themselves and nuclear-desalination integrated complexes in particular), and performance improvement of the integrated systems. Economic competitiveness is another important factor to be considered for a broader deployment of nuclear desalination. For technical robustness and economic competitiveness a number of design variants of coupling configurations of nuclear desalination integrated plant concepts are being evaluated. This paper identifies and discusses various factors, which support the attractiveness of nuclear desalination. It further summarizes some of the key approaches recommended for nuclear desalination complex design and gives an overview of various design concepts of nuclear desalination plants, which are experienced, being implemented or evaluated by several IAEA Member States. Operating experience with nuclear desalination using a liquid-metal reactor BN-350 in Kazakhstan and several Pressurized Water Reactor units in Japan is discussed. Results of economic analyses of nuclear desalination are also presented in order to illustrate the competitiveness of this technology with other conventional desalination operations. (authors)
Faibish, R.S.; Konishi, T.; Gasparini, M. [International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA, P.O. Box 100, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna (Austria)
The Development of a Synthesis Approach for Optimal Design of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Networks
This work introduces a systematic seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane network synthesis approach, based on the coordinated use of process superstructure representations and global optimization. The approach makes use of superstructure formulations that are capable of extracting a globally optimal design as a performance target, by taking into consideration desired process conditions and constraints that are typically associated with reverse osmosis systems. Thermodynamic insights are employed to develop lean network representations so that any underperforming solutions can be eliminated a priori. This essentially results in considerable improvement of the overall search speed, compared to previously reported attempts. In addition, the approach enables the extraction of structurally different design alternatives. In doing so, distinct membrane network design classes were established by partitioning the search space, based on network size and connectivity. As a result, corresponding lean superstructures were then systematically generated, which capture all structural and operational variants within each design class. The overall purpose is thus to enable the extraction of multiple distinct optimal designs, through global optimization. This mainly helps provide design engineers with a better understanding of the design space and trade-offs between performance and complexity. The approach is illustrated by means of a numerical example, and the results obtained were compared to previously related work. As anticipated, the proposed approach consistently delivered the globally optimal solutions, as well as alternative efficient design candidates attributed to different design classes, with reduced CPU times. This work further capitalizes on the developed representation, by accounting for detailed water quality information, within the SWRO desalination network optimization problem. The superstructures were modified to incorporate models that capture the performance of common membrane elements, as predicted by commercially available simulator tools, e.g. ROSA (Dow) and IMSDesign (Hydranautics). These models allow tracing of individual components throughout the system. Design decisions that are supported by superstructure optimization include network size and connectivity, flow rates, pressures, and post treatment requirements. Moreover, a detailed economic assessment capturing all the significant capital and operating costs associated in SWRO processes, including intake, pre and post treatment has also been accounted for. These modifications were then illustrated using a case study involving four seawater qualities, with salinities ranging from 35 to 45 ppt. The results highlight the dependency of optimal designs on the feed water quality involved, as well as on specified permeate requirements.
Alnouri, Sabla
The Effects of the Gulf of California SSTs on Warm-Season Rainfall in the Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico: A Regional Model Study
The impacts of the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the northern Gulf of California (GC) on warm-season rainfall in the Arizona�New Mexico (AZNM) and the northwestern Mexico (NWM) regions associated with the North American monsoon (NAM) are ...
Jinwon Kim; Jongyoun Kim; John D. Farrara; John O. Roads
Global crop yield losses from recent warming
Global yields of the world-s six most widely grown crops--wheat, rice, maize, soybeans, barley, sorghum--have increased since 1961. Year-to-year variations in growing season minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation explain 30% or more of the variations in yield. Since 1991, climate trends have significantly decreased yield trends in all crops but rice, leading to foregone production since 1981 of about 12 million tons per year of wheat or maize, representing an annual economic loss of $1.2 to $1.7 billion. At the global scale, negative impacts of climate trends on crop yields are already apparent. Annual global temperatures have increased by {approx}0.4 C since 1980, with even larger changes observed in several regions (1). While many studies have considered the impacts of future climate changes on food production (2-5), the effects of these past changes on agriculture remain unclear. It is likely that warming has improved yields in some areas, reduced them in others, and had negligible impacts in still others; the relative balance of these effects at the global scale is unknown. An understanding of this balance would help to anticipate impacts of future climate changes, as well as to more accurately assess recent (and thereby project future) technologically driven yield progress. Separating the contribution of climate from concurrent changes in other factors--such as crop cultivars, management practices, soil quality, and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) levels--requires models that describe the response of yields to climate. Studies of future global impacts of climate change have typically relied on a bottom-up approach, whereby field scale, process-based models are applied to hundreds of representative sites and then averaged (e.g., ref 2). Such approaches require input data on soil and management conditions, which are often difficult to obtain. Limitations on data quality or quantity can thus limit the utility of this approach, especially at the local scale (6-8). At the global scale, however, many of the processes and impacts captured by field scale models will tend to cancel out, and therefore simpler empirical/statistical models with fewer input requirements may be as accurate (8, 9). Empirical/statistical models also allow the effects of poorly modeled processes (e.g., pest dynamics) to be captured and uncertainties to be readily quantified (10). Here we develop new, empirical/statistical models of global yield responses to climate using datasets on broad-scale yields, crop locations, and climate variability. We focus on global average yields for the six most widely grown crops in the world: wheat, rice, maize, soybeans, barley, and sorghum. Production of these crops accounts for over 40% of global cropland area (11). 55% of non-meat calories, and over 70% of animal feed (12).
Lobell, D; Field, C
More data needed to support or disprove global warming theory
Reports of global warming are prevalent in the popular press. With the exception of Scandinavia, no major energy tax laws have been passed to date. But environmental pressures may change this, and the change could have a profound effect on refiners. These are the views of Gerald T. Westbrook, of TSBV Consultants, Houston. Westbrook summarized recent global-warming research, and his position on the subject, at the National Petroleum Refiners Association annual meeting, held March 16--18, in San Antonio. The greenhouse effect is real, says Westbrook. It is important, however, to distinguish between the two major mechanisms of the greenhouse effect: natural warming and anthropogenic warming (changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases caused by man). Without greenhouse gases the earth`s equilibrium temperature would be {minus}18 C. The effect of the gases is to raise the equilibrium temperature to 15 C. In the early 1980s, computer models estimated global warming over the past 100 years to be as much as 2.3 C. By 1986, those estimates had been reduced to 1.0 C, and in 1988, a range of 0.63 {+-} 0.2 C was reported. In 1995, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) cited a range of 0.3--0.6 C. Westbrook asserts that the earth`s motion anomalies--orbit eccentricity, axial tilt, and wobbles--lead to dramatic changes in insolation, and are the dominant force over the last 160,000 years.
Stay Warm in Your Apartment | Department of Energy
Stay Warm in Your Apartment Stay Warm in Your Apartment Stay Warm in Your Apartment October 19, 2009 - 11:43am Addthis Eric Barendsen Energy Technology Program Specialist, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Yes, the Ghost of Winters Future has officially knocked on our front doors again. The leaves here in Washington, D.C., have started to turn toward their colorful crescendo, that spectacular finish before their end on the chilly ground. It makes me cold just thinking about it. Like me, you're probably not opening your windows much at night anymore. I'm holding out still, surrendering a little more of my beloved fresh air each night and dreading that first night when I have to pop the heater on. Last night, I only open my window about an inch. I guess that means it's time to think about locking out the cold air once and for all this year.
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment
Tropical Warm Pool Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment General Description The Tropical Warm Pool - International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) was a collaborative effort led by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Beginning January 21 and ending February 14, 2006, the experiment was conducted in the region near the ARM Climate Research Facility in Darwin, Northern Australia. This permanent facility is fully equipped with sophisticated instruments for measuring cloud and other atmospheric properties to provide a long-term record of continuous observational data. Measurements obtained from the other experiment components (explained below) will complement this dataset to provide a detailed description of the tropical atmosphere.
Chemical And Isotopic Investigation Of Warm Springs Associated With Normal
Isotopic Investigation Of Warm Springs Associated With Normal Isotopic Investigation Of Warm Springs Associated With Normal Faults In Utah Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Journal Article: Chemical And Isotopic Investigation Of Warm Springs Associated With Normal Faults In Utah Details Activities (3) Areas (1) Regions (0) Abstract: Thermal springs associated with normal faults in Utah have been analyzed for major cations and anions, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. Springs with measured temperatures averaging greater than 40°C are characterized by Na + K- and SO4 + Cl-rich waters containing 103 to 104 mg/l of dissolved solids. Lower temperature springs, averaging less than 40°C, are more enriched in Ca + Mg relative to Na + K. Chemical variations monitored through time in selected thermal springs are probably produced by
Warm Springs State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal
State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Warm Springs State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Facility Warm Springs State Hospital Sector Geothermal energy Type Space Heating Location Warm Springs, Montana Coordinates 46.1813145°, -112.78476° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[]}
Legendary West Virginia Senior Citizen Stays Warm With New Furnace |
Legendary West Virginia Senior Citizen Stays Warm With New Furnace Legendary West Virginia Senior Citizen Stays Warm With New Furnace Legendary West Virginia Senior Citizen Stays Warm With New Furnace April 1, 2010 - 7:16pm Addthis Joshua DeLung For the last 56 years, Beulah Sisk has lived in the same house in Princeton, W.Va. Beulah, who worked for 25 years at Lloyd's Pastry Shop, is well known in Princeton. People still see her on the streets today and recognize her as an icon in the community. After a wind storm damaged Beulah's home last year, it came as no surprise when a senior center employee, concerned for Beulah's safety, told her about the weatherization assistance program. "A tree fell on my house and damaged a lot of things, including my furnace," Beulah says. "I tried to have it repaired, but it still
NETL: Gasification Systems - Warm Gas Multi-Contaminant Removal System
Warm Gas Multi-Contaminant Removal System Warm Gas Multi-Contaminant Removal System Project Number: DE-SC00008243 TDA Research, Inc. is developing a high-capacity, low-cost sorbent that removes anhydrous ammonia (NH3), mercury (Hg), and trace contaminants from coal- and coal/biomass-derived syngas. The clean-up system will be used after the bulk warm gas sulfur removal step, and remove NH3 and Hg in a regenerable manner while irreversibly capturing all other trace metals (e.g., Arsenic, Selenium) reducing their concentrations to sub parts per million (ppm) levels. Current project plans include identifying optimum chemical composition and structure that provide the best sorbent performance for removing trace contaminants, determining the effect of operating parameters, conducting multiple-cycle experiments to test the life of the sorbent for NH3 and Hg removal, and conducting a preliminary design of the sorbent reactor.
Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehab. Space Heating Low Temperature
Space Heating Low Temperature Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehab. Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Facility Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehab. Sector Geothermal energy Type Space Heating Location Warm Springs, Georgia Coordinates 32.8904081°, -84.6810381° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[]}
ARM - Publications: Science Team Meeting Documents: Tropical Warm Pool
Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment May, Peter Bureau or Meteorology Research Centre Mather, James Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Jakob, Christian BMRC One of the most complete data sets describing tropical convection ever collected will result from the upcoming Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWPICE) in the area around Darwin in late 2005 and early 2006. The aims of the experiment will be to examine convective cloud systems from their initial stages through to the decay of the cirrus generated and to measure their impact on the environment. The experiment design includes an unprecedented network of ground-based observations (soundings, active and passive remote sensors) combined with a large range of low, mid and high altitude aircraft for in-situ and remote sensing
The 7. global warming international conference and expo: Abstracts
This conference was held April 1--3, 1996 in Vienna, Austria. The purpose of this conference was to provide a multidisciplinary forum for exchange of state-of-the-art information on global warming. Topics of interest include the following: global and regional natural resource management; energy, transportation, minerals and natural resource management; industrial technology and greenhouse gas emission; strategies for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emission; greenhouse gas production/utilization and carbon budgets; strategies for promoting the understanding of global change; international policy strategy and economics; and global warming and public health. Individual papers have been processed separately for inclusion in the appropriate data bases.
Symmetry energy of warm nuclear systems
The temperature dependence of the symmetry energy and symmetry free energy coefficients of infinite nuclear matter and of finite nuclei is investigated. For infinite matter, both these coefficients are found to have a weaker dependence on temperature at densities close to saturation; at low but homogeneous densities, the temperature dependence becomes stronger. For finite systems, different definitions of symmetry energy coefficients are encountered in the literature yielding different values. A resolution to this problem is suggested from a global liquid-drop-inspired fit of the energies and free energies of a host of nuclei covering the entire periodic table. The hot nucleus is modeled in a subtracted finite-temperature-Thomas-Fermi framework, with dynamical surface phonon coupling to nucleonic motion plugged in. Contrary to infinite nuclear matter, a substantial change in the symmetry energy coefficients is observed for finite nuclei with temperature.
Agrawal, B K; Samaddar, S K; Centelles, M; Vi�as, X
B. K. Agrawal; J. N. De; S. K. Samaddar; M. Centelles; X. Vi�as
Warming and glacier recession in the Rakaia valley, Southern Alps of New Zealand, during Heinrich Stadial 1
The termination of the last ice age featured a major reconfiguration of Earth's climate and cryosphere, yet the underlying causes of these massive changes continue to be debated. Documenting the spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric temperature during deglaciation can help discriminate among potential drivers. Here, we present a 10Be surface-exposure chronology and glaciological reconstruction of ice recession following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the Rakaia valley, Southern Alps of New Zealand. Innermost LGM moraines at Big Ben have an age of 17,840 +/- 240 yrs, whereas ice-marginal moraines or ice-molded bedrock surfaces at distances up-valley from Big Ben of 12.5 km (Lake Coleridge), approximately 25 km (Castle Hill), approximately 28 km (Double Hill), approximately 43 km (Prospect Hill), and approximately 58 km (Reischek knob) have ages of 17,020 +/- 70 yrs, 17,100 +/- 110 yrs, 16,960 +/- 370 yrs, 16,250 +/- 340 yrs, and 15,660 +/- 160 yrs, respectively. These results indicate extensive recession of the Rakaia glacier, which we attribute primarily to the effects of climatic warming. In conjunction with geomorphological maps and a glaciological reconstruction for the Rakaia valley, we use our chronology to infer timing and magnitude of past atmospheric temperature changes. Compared to an overall temperature rise of approximately 4.65?degrees C between the end of the LGM and the start of the Holocene, the glacier recession between approximately 17,840 and approximately 15,660 yrs ago is attributable to a net temperature increase of approximately 4.0?degrees C (from -6.25 to -2.25?degrees C), accounting for approximately 86% of the overall warming. Approximately 3.75?degrees C (approximately 70%) of the warming occurred between approximately 17,840 and approximately 16,250 yrs ago, with a further 0.75?degrees C (approximately 16%) increase between approximately 16,250 and approximately 15,660 yrs ago. A sustained southward shift of the Subtropical Front (STF) south of Australia between approximately 17,800 and approximately 16,000 yrs ago coincides with the warming over the Rakaia valley, and suggests a close link between Southern Ocean frontal boundary positions and southern mid-latitude climate. Most of the deglacial warming in the Southern Alps occurred during the early part of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) of the North Atlantic region. Because the STF is associated with the position of the westerly wind belt, our findings support the concept that a southward shift of Earth's wind belts accompanied the early part of HS1 cooling in the North Atlantic, leading to warming and deglaciation in southern middle latitudes.
Aaron E. Putnam; Joerg M. Schaefe; George H .Denton; DavidJ. A. Barrell; Bj�rn G. Andersen; Tobias N.B. Koffman; Ann V. Rowan; Robert C. Finkel; Dylan H. Rood; Roseanne Schwartz; Marcus J. Vandergoes; Mitchell A. Plummer; Simon H. Brocklehurst; Samuel E. Kelley; Kathryn L. Ladig
Decay of Turbulence in the Upper Ocean following Sudden Isolation from Surface Forcing
Measurements of velocity, hydrography, surface meteorology, and microstructure were made through several squall events during a westerly wind burst that occurred in the Western Pacific warm pool in December 1992. Sustained wind forcing generated ...
W. D. Smyth; P. O. Zavialov; J. N. Moum
The Impact of North Atlantic�Arctic Multidecadal Variability on Northern Hemisphere Surface Air Temperature
The twentieth-century Northern Hemisphere surface climate exhibits a long-term warming trend largely caused by anthropogenic forcing, with natural decadal climate variability superimposed on it. This study addresses the possible origin and ...
Vladimir A. Semenov; Mojib Latif; Dietmar Dommenget; Noel S. Keenlyside; Alexander Strehz; Thomas Martin; Wonsun Park
On the Linkage between Antarctic Surface Water Stratification and Global Deep-Water Temperature
The suggestion is advanced that the remarkably low static stability of Antarctic surface waters may arise from a feedback loop involving global deep-water temperatures. If deep-water temperatures are too warm, this promotes Antarctic convection, ...
Ralph F. Keeling; Martin Visbeck
The Relationship between Land�Ocean Surface Temperature Contrast and Radiative Forcing
Previous work has demonstrated that observed and modeled climates show a near-time-invariant ratio of mean land to mean ocean surface temperature change under transient and equilibrium global warming. This study confirms this in a range of ...
F. Hugo Lambert; Mark J. Webb; Manoj M. Joshi
Estimation and Model Validation of Surface Solar Radiation and Cloud Radiative Forcing Using TOGA COARE Measurements
The Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) radiation measurements in the western Pacific warm pool are used to estimate surface solar radiation budgets and to validate radiation model ...
Ming-Dah Chou; Wenzhong Zhao
The Doubled CO2 Climate: Impact of the Sea Surface Temperature Gradient
Even though five different general circulation models are all currently producing about a 4� � 1�C warming for doubled CO2, there is still substantial model disagreement about the degree of high latitude amplification of the surface temperature ...
David Rind
Sensitivity of the Systematic Error of Extended Range Forecasts to Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies
The sensitivity of the systematic error of extended-range forecasts to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated. General circulation model (GCM) experiments were performed to quantify error patterns for warm, normal, and cold SST ...
Kingtse C. Mo; X. L. Wang
Detecting the Nonstationary Response of ENSO to Greenhouse Warming
On the basis of the latest greenhouse warming experiment performed with the Max-Planck Institut coupled atmosphere/isopycnal ocean model (ECHAM4/OPYC) it is shown that not only the climate mean but also the statistics of higher-order statistical ...
A. Timmermann
Global Warming Effects on U.S. Hurricane Damage
While many studies of the effects of global warming on hurricanes predict an increase in various metrics of Atlantic basin-wide activity, it is less clear that this signal will emerge from background noise in measures of hurricane damage, which ...
Kerry Emanuel
From the warm magnetized atomic medium to molecular clouds
{It has recently been proposed that giant molecular complexes form at the sites where streams of diffuse warm atomic gas collide at transonic velocities.} {We study the global statistics of molecular clouds formed by large scale colliding flows of warm neutral atomic interstellar gas under ideal MHD conditions. The flows deliver material as well as kinetic energy and trigger thermal instability leading eventually to gravitational collapse.} {We perform adaptive mesh refinement MHD simulations which, for the first time in this context, treat self-consistently cooling and self-gravity.} {The clouds formed in the simulations develop a highly inhomogeneous density and temperature structure, with cold dense filaments and clumps condensing from converging flows of warm atomic gas. In the clouds, the column density probability density distribution (PDF) peaks at $\\sim 2 \\times 10^{21} \\psc$ and decays rapidly at higher values; the magnetic intensity correlates weakly with density from $n \\sim 0.1$ to $10^4 \\pcc$, and then varies roughly as $n^{1/2}$ for higher densities.} {The global statistical properties of such molecular clouds are reasonably consistent with observational determinations. Our numerical simulations suggest that molecular clouds formed by the moderately supersonic collision of warm atomic gas streams.}
P. Hennebelle; R. Banerjee; E. Vazquez-Semadeni; R. Klessen; E. Audit
Effects of a Warm Oceanic Feature on Hurricane Opal
On 4 October 1995, Hurricane Opal deepened from 965 to 916 hPa in the Gulf of Mexico over a 14-h period upon encountering a warm core ring (WCR) in the ocean shed by the Loop Current during an upper-level atmospheric trough interaction. Based on ...
Lynn K. Shay; Gustavo J. Goni; Peter G. Black
Regional Simulations of Greenhouse Warming Including Natural Variability
The perception of the hypothesized greenhouse effect will differ dramatically depending upon the location on the earth at which the effect is analyzed. This is due mainly to two causes: 1) the warming signal depends upon the position on the earth,...
Kwang-Y. Kim; Gerald R. North
This chapter describes the methodology used in EPA�s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to estimate streamlined life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for Natureworks � Ingeo polylactide (PLA) biopolymer resin, beginning at the waste generation reference point. Due to the large number of end applications for PLA (e.g., food containers, bottles and other consumer products) and the
8th Global warming international conference and exposition
Abstracts are presented from The 8th Annual Global Warming international conference and expo. Topics centered around greenhouse gas emission and disposal methods, policy and economics, carbon budget, and resource management. Individual reports have been processed separately for the United States Department of Energy databases.
Arctic Ocean Warming Contributes to Reduced Polar Ice Cap
Analysis of modern and historical observations demonstrates that the temperature of the intermediate-depth (150�900 m) Atlantic water (AW) of the Arctic Ocean has increased in recent decades. The AW warming has been uneven in time; a local 1�C ...
Igor V. Polyakov; Leonid A. Timokhov; Vladimir A. Alexeev; Sheldon Bacon; Igor A. Dmitrenko; Louis Fortier; Ivan E. Frolov; Jean-Claude Gascard; Edmond Hansen; Vladimir V. Ivanov; Seymour Laxon; Cecilie Mauritzen; Don Perovich; Koji Shimada; Harper L. Simmons; Vladimir T. Sokolov; Michael Steele; John Toole
Myth or reality; Some data dispute global warming theory
Science in March 1990 published a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) analysis of data collected from 1979 through 1988 by the TIROS-N series of weather satellites. The data include the most precise global temperature measurements ever taken. The study found no evidence of global warming from the greenhouse effect during that period. If anything, the short-term trend was toward cooling, since the average of the first five years, 1979 to 1983, was warmer than the most recent five. The NASA findings can be added to a burgeoning body of scientific data seriously questioning the contention that Earth is threatened by global warming resulting from a greenhouse effect primarily instigated by man. Ironically, James Hansen, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, has been the nation's most outspoken advocate of the thesis that, because concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) and other greenhouse gases, such as methane, have risen by 30 percent in the last 100 years and are expected to rise another 40 percent by 2050, the planet eventually will warm by about 4 degrees Celsius. According to this hypothesis, the warming will cause major coastal flooding, inland droughts and sundry other catastrophes. But Reid Bryson, founder of the Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin, contends Hansen's thesis cannot be accepted, and Michael Schlesinger, professor of meteorology at the University of Illinois, asserts the chance that global warming has already been detected is pretty close to zero.
Lee, R.W.
A Simple Dynamical Model of the Warm-Water Branch of the Middepth Meridional Overturning Cell
A reduced-gravity model is presented of the warm-water branch of the middepth meridional overturning circulation in a rectangular basin with a circumpolar connection. The model describes the balance between production of warm water by Ekman ...
R. M. Samelson
Diagnostic Study of a Wavenumber-2 Stratospheric Sudden Warming in a Transformed Eulerian-Mean Formalism
The intense wavenumber-2 stratospheric warming of February 1979 is analyzed in a transformed Eulerian-mean formalism, and compared with diagnostics generated by the model warming of Dunkerton et al. (1981). Significant differences in the ...
T. N. Palmer
Get Ready for Fall: Leaf Peeping, Staying Warm, and Saving Money...
Get Ready for Fall: Leaf Peeping, Staying Warm, and Saving Money Get Ready for Fall: Leaf Peeping, Staying Warm, and Saving Money September 21, 2009 - 3:04pm Addthis Allison Casey...
A New Look at Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. Part I: Climatology and Modeling Benchmarks
Stratospheric sudden warmings are the clearest and strongest manifestation of dynamical coupling in the stratosphere�troposphere system. While many sudden warmings have been individually documented in the literature, this study aims at ...
Andrew J. Charlton; Lorenzo M. Polvani
Can CGCMs Simulate the Twentieth-Century �Warming Hole� in the Central United States?
The observed lack of twentieth-century warming in the central United States (CUS), denoted here as the �warming hole,� was examined in 55 simulations driven by external historical forcings and in 19 preindustrial control (unforced) simulations ...
Kenneth E. Kunkel; Xin-Zhong Liang; Jinhong Zhu; Yiruo Lin
Are There Any Satisfactory Geologic Analogs for a Future Greenhouse Warming?
There have been numerous attempts to propose past warm time periods as �analogs� for a future greenhouse warming. In this paper it is argued that, although paleoclimate studies may provide important insights into process operating in the climate ...
Thomas J. Crowley
The Supercooled Warm Rain Process and the Specification of Freezing Precipitation
About 30% of freezing precipitation cases are observed to occur in a subfreezing atmosphere (contrary to the classical melting ice model). We explain these cases with the concept of the �supercolled warm rain process� (SWRP): the warm rain ...
George J. Huffman; Gene Alfred Norman Jr.
How Dry is the Tropical Free Troposphere? Implications for Global Warming Theory
The humidity of the free troposphere is being increasingly scrutinized in climate research due to its central role in global warming theory through positive water vapor feedback. This feedback is the primary source of global warming in general ...
Roy W. Spencer; William D. Braswell
How Do You Stay Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme...
Stay Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme Weather? How Do You Stay Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme Weather? February 3, 2011 - 6:30am Addthis Many states are...
Sensitivities and Mechanisms of the Zonal Mean Atmospheric Circulation Response to Tropical Warming
Although El Ni�o and global warming are both characterized by warming in the tropical upper troposphere, the latitudinal changes of the Hadley cell edge and midlatitude eddy-driven jet are opposite in sign. Using an idealized dry atmospheric model,...
Lantao Sun; Gang Chen; Jian Lu
A Perfect Prognosis Scheme for Forecasting Warm-Season Lightning over Florida
This study develops and evaluates a statistical scheme for forecasting warm-season lightning over Florida. Four warm seasons of analysis data from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) and lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network are ...
Phillip E. Shafer; Henry E. Fuelberg
The Unusual Midwinter Warming in the Southern Hemisphere Stratosphere 2002: A Comparison to Northern Hemisphere Phenomena
A strong midwinter warming occurred in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratosphere in September 2002. Based on experiences from the Northern Hemisphere (NH), this event can be defined as a major warming with a breakdown of the polar vortex in ...
Kirstin Kr�ger; Barbara Naujokat; Karin Labitzke
The effect of experimental warming and precipitation change on proteolytic enzyme activity: positive feedbacks
.8 1.4 739 Harvard Forest-Prospect Hill HF1 Petersham, MA Temperate Forest Warming 42.5 �?72.2 7.8 1172 Harvard Forest-Barre Woods HF2 Petersham, MA Temperate Forest Warming 42.5 �?72.2 7.8 1172 Harvard Forest-N 9 Warming HFN Petersham, MA Temperate Forest Warming 42.5 �?72.2 7.8 1172 Boston Area Climate
Minnesota, University of
Modeling deuterium fractionation in cold and warm molecular environments with large chemical networks
Observations of deuterated species have long proven essential to probe properties and thermal history of various astrophysical environments. We present an elaborated chemical model that includes tens of thousands of reactions with multi-deuterated species, both gas-phase and surface, in which the most recent information on deuterium chemistry is implemented. A detailed study of the chemical evolution under wide range of temperatures and densities typical of cold molecular cores, warm protostellar envelopes, and hot cores/corinos is performed. We consider two cases of initial abundances, with 1) mainly atomic composition and all deuterium locked in HD, and 2) molecular abundances accumulated at 1 Myr of the evolution of a cold prestellar core. We indicate deuterated species that are particularly sensitive to temperature gradients and initial chemical composition. Many multiply-deuterated species produced at 10 K by exothermic ion-molecule chemistry retain large abundances even when temperature rises above 100 ...
Albertsson, T; Henning, Th
NERSC Calculations Provide Independent Confirmation of Global Land Warming
Calculations Calculations Provide Independent Confirmation of Global Land Warming Since 1901 NERSC Calculations Provide Independent Confirmation of Global Land Warming Since 1901 September 9, 2013 | Tags: Climate Research, Hopper Contact: Jon Bashor, firstname.lastname@example.com, 510-486-5849 campo.jpg These maps show the changes in air temperatures over land as measured using thermometers (left side) and as calculated by the 20th Century Reanalysis project (left side). While more than 80 percent of the observed variation is captured by the computer model, the results show interesting differences in some regions such as the midwestern United States, Argentina and eastern Brazil. The differences may be due previously unrecognized issues with the pressure observations, variations in land use and land cover over time,
Warm Springs Greenhouses Greenhouse Low Temperature Geothermal Facility |
Greenhouses Greenhouse Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Greenhouses Greenhouse Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Warm Springs Greenhouses Greenhouse Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Facility Warm Springs Greenhouses Sector Geothermal energy Type Greenhouse Location Banks, Idaho Coordinates 44.0804473°, -116.1240151° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[]}
Warm Springs Water District District Heating Low Temperature Geothermal
Water District District Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Water District District Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Warm Springs Water District District Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Facility Warm Springs Water District Sector Geothermal energy Type District Heating Location Boise, Idaho Coordinates 43.6135002°, -116.2034505° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[]}
Estimating impacts of warming temperatures on California's electricity
impacts of warming temperatures on California's electricity impacts of warming temperatures on California's electricity system Title Estimating impacts of warming temperatures on California's electricity system Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2013 Authors Sathaye, Jayant A., Larry L. Dale, Peter H. Larsen, Gary A. Fitts, Kevin Koy, Sarah M. Lewis, and André Frossard Pereira de Lucena Journal Global Environmental Change Volume 23 Start Page 499 Issue 2 Pagination 499-511 Date Published 04/2013 Keywords EES-EG, electricity markets and policy group Abstract Despite a clear need, little research has been carried out at the regional-level to quantify potential climate-related impacts to electricity production and delivery systems. This paper introduces a bottom-up study of climate change impacts on California's energy infrastructure, including high temperature effects on power plant capacity, transmission lines, substation capacity, and peak electricity demand. End-of-century impacts were projected using the A2 and B1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenarios. The study quantifies the effect of high ambient temperatures on electricity generation, the capacity of substations and transmission lines, and the demand for peak power for a set of climate scenarios. Based on these scenarios, atmospheric warming and associated peak demand increases would necessitate up to 38% of additional peak generation capacity and up to 31% additional transmission capacity, assuming current infrastructure. These findings, although based on a limited number of scenarios, suggest that additional funding could be put to good use by supporting R&D into next generation cooling equipment technologies, diversifying the power generation mix without compromising the system's operational flexibility, and designing effective demand side management programs.
Results of scoping tests for open-cycle OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) components operating with seawater
This report presents comprehensive documentation of the experimental research conducted on open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OC-OTEC) components operating with seawater as a working fluid. The results of this research are presented in the context of previous analysis and fresh-water testing; they provide a basis for understanding and predicting with confidence the performance of all components of an OC-OTEC system except the turbine. Seawater tests have confirmed the results that were obtained in fresh-water tests and predicted by the analytical models of the components. A sound technical basis has been established for the design of larger systems in which net power will be produced for the first time from OC-OTEC technology. Design and operation of a complete OC-OTEC system that produces power will provide sufficient confidence to warrant complete transfer of OC-OTEC technology to the private sector. Each components performance is described in a separate chapter written by the principal investigator responsible for technical aspects of the specific tests. Chapters have been indexed separately for inclusion on the data base.
Zangrando, F; Bharathan, D; Green, H J; Link, H F; Parsons, B K; Parsons, J M; Pesaran, A A [Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (USA); Panchal, C B [Argonne National Lab., IL (USA)
Winners and losers in a world with global warming: Noncooperation, altruism, and social welfare
In this paper, global warming is an asymmetric transboundary externality which benefits some countries or regions and harms others. Few environmental problems have captured the public`s imagination as much and attracted as much scrutiny as global warming. The general perception is that global warming is a net social bad, and that across-the-board abatement of greenhouse gas emissions is therefore desirable. Despite many interesting academic contributions, not all of the basic economics of this phenomenon have been fully worked out. The authors use a simple two-country model to analyze the effects of global warming on resource allocations, the global-warming stock, and national and global welfare.
Caplan, A.J. [Weber State Univ., Ogden, UT (United States). Dept. of Economics; Ellis, C.J.; Silva, E.C.D. [Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR (United States). Dept. of Economics
[Global warming and the running average sunspot number
It has been reported in your pages that the Bush administration`s views and actions regarding how or whether to react to possible global warming due to greenhouse gases have been influenced by the so-called Marshall report. This unrefereed report, released by the George C. Marshall Institute, had as its principal conclusion the finding that the 0.5{degree} C global warming of the last century was mostly due to solar variability and, thus, the greenhouse warming of the 21st century can be expected to be a relatively small l{degree} C or so. The authors support this finding by comparing the 33-year running average sunspot number with the trend in annual average global temperature and noting the parallel between the two, especially during the 1940s--1960s when the temperature trend was downward. Subsequent letters to Science debated the merits of this and other conclusions contained in the report. I now present additional technical evidence which shows that, quite aside from the question of whether the data presented in the report support its conclusions, the actual figure on which the above conclusion is based is in error.
Fernau, M.E.
Global Warming: some back-of-the-envelope calculations
We do several simple calculations and measurements in an effort to gain understanding of global warming and the carbon cycle. Some conclusions are interesting: (i) There has been global warming since the end of the "little ice age" around 1700. There is no statistically significant evidence of acceleration of global warming since 1940. (ii) The increase of CO_2 in the atmosphere, beginning around 1940, accurately tracks the burning of fossil fuels. Burning all of the remaining economically viable reserves of oil, gas and coal over the next 150 years or so will approximately double the pre-industrial atmospheric concentration of CO_2. The corresponding increase in the average temperature, due to the greenhouse effect, is quite uncertain: between 1.3 and 4.8K. This increase of temperature is (partially?) offset by the increase of aerosols and deforestation. (iii) Ice core samples indicate that the pre-historic CO_2 concentration and temperature are well correlated. We conclude that changes in the temperatures o...
Fabara, C
Availability of 3-out-of Warm Standby System
Introduction Standby techC6A4P are used to improve system availability. Usually, a k-out-of-n:G standby system is assumedthu whm an operating component fails, a standby component becomes active and th system is working if at least k components are fault-free. In general,ther arethC6 types in component standby, i.e., cold,hd and warm standby. Cold standby impliesthe inactive components h ve a zero failure rate. Hot standby impliesthl an inactive componenthx th same failure rate aswh6 it is in operation. Warm standby impliesthi an inactive componenthx a failure rate between cold and hdC it is also called dormant failure in some papers. k-out-of-n:G warm standby systemsh ve been used in several research fields including medical diagnosis, redundant-system testing, power plant system and so on. Th.C h ve been many articles concerning study on availability of k-out-of-n:G syst
Tielingzhan Nonmember And; Specialsection On; Michio Horigome; M Er
Global Warming Solutions Inc previously Southern Investments Inc | Open
Warming Solutions Inc previously Southern Investments Inc Warming Solutions Inc previously Southern Investments Inc Jump to: navigation, search Name Global Warming Solutions Inc (previously Southern Investments Inc) Place Houston, Texas Zip 77002 Sector Solar Product Developer of a combined PV and thermal energy solar system called light electric and thermal generator (LETG). Coordinates 29.76045°, -95.369784° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":29.76045,"lon":-95.369784,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
North Florida Global Warming Study Group | Open Energy Information
Florida Global Warming Study Group Florida Global Warming Study Group Jump to: navigation, search Name North Florida Global Warming Study Group Address 8342 Compass Rose Dr S Place Jacksonville, Florida Zip 32216 Year founded 2003 Phone number 9047379211 Website [firstname.lastname@example.com email@example.com ] Notes This is an email newslist. Coordinates 30.259044°, -81.571333° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":30.259044,"lon":-81.571333,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Barrier Layers of the Atlantic Warm Pool: Formation Mechanism and Influence on Weather and Climate
The aim of this research is to study the formation mechanism of Barrier Layers (BL) in the western tropical Atlantic and their influence on the tropical Atlantic climate at both short and long timescales. Many Coupled General Circulation Models (CGCMs) tend to overestimate the salinity in the Atlantic warm pool or the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic (NWTA) and underestimate the surface salinity in the subtropical salinity maxima region. Most of these models also suffer from a seasurface temperature (SST) bias in the NWTA region, leading to suggestions that the upper ocean salinity stratification may need to be improved in order to improve the BL simulations and thus the SST through BL-SST-Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) feedbacks. We used a CGCM to perform a set of idealized numerical experiments to understand the sensitivity of the BL and consequently SST in the NWTA region to freshwater flux and hence the upper ocean salinity strati cation. We find that the BL of the western tropical Atlantic is quite sensitive to upper ocean salinity changes in the Amazon River discharge region and the subtropical salinity maxima region. The BL phenomenon is further manifested by the formation of winter temperature inversions in our model simulations. However, in the region of improved BL simulation, the SST response is not statistically significant. SST response to Tropical Cyclones (TCs) is studied for the Atlantic region using a high-resolution coupled regional climate model (CRCM) and observational data sets. The presence of a BL, defined as the layer below the mixed layer that separates the base of the isothermal layer from the base of the isohaline layer, is found to modulate the SST response. The amplitude of TC-induced surface cooling is reduced by more than 35 percent in the presence of a BL, as a consequence of the weak thermal stratification. Furthermore, in locations when the BL exhibits a temperature inversion, TC-induced mixing can result in weak surface warming. BLs considerably reduce the rightward bias for tropical storms, but the effect is less conspicuous for TCs. The enthalpy flux into the atmosphere at the air-sea interface is enhanced by 16 percent and the increase in upper ocean potential energy due to TC-induced mixing is reduced by 25 percent in the presence of BLs. The results from the coupled model are supported by an observational analysis performed using re-analysis data sets, as well as data from Argo floats and TRMM satellite. As previous modeling and observational studies have indicated that the surface cooling caused by TC-induced mixing acts as a negative feedback for its intensity, results from our study suggest that BLs may have potential implications for TC intensity prediction.
Balaguru, Karthik
The role of negative buoyancy in surface-based convection and its representation in cumulus parameterization schemes.
Several warm-season, late-afternoon precipitation events are simulated over the Chesapeake Bay watershed using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model at three different resolutions. The onset and peak of surface-based convection is ...
Manisha Ganeshan; Raghu Murtugudde; John Strack
Response of the Atmosphere to Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies over the Equatorial Pacific and the Teleconnections of the Southern Oscillation
In order to improve our understanding of the role of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Southern Oscillation and the variability of the Walker Circulation, we have conducted sensitivity studies with warm SSTA's over ...
R. N. Keshavamurty
Water Vapor, Surface Temperature, and the Greenhouse Effect�A Statistical Analysis of Tropical-Mean Data
Water vapor feedback is one of the important factors that determine the response of the atmosphere to surface warming. To take into account the compensating drying effects in downdraft regions, averaging over the whole Tropics is necessary. ...
Hu Yang; Ka Kit Tung
Convective Transport Theory for Surface Fluxes Tested over the Western Pacific Warm Pool
Turbulent flux measurements from five flights of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Electra aircraft during the Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) are used to test convective ...
Lawrence Greischar; Roland Stull
Indirect global warming effects of ozone and stratospheric water vapor induced by surface methane emission
Methane has indirect effects on climate due to chemical interactions as well as direct radiative forcing effects as a greenhouse gas. We have calculated the indirect, time-varying tropospheric radiative forcing and GWP of O{sub 3} and stratospheric H{sub 2}O due to an impulse of CH{sub 4}. This impulse, applied to the lowest layer of the atmosphere, is the increase of the atmospheric mass of CH{sub 4} resulting from a 25 percent steady state increase in the current emissions as a function of latitude. The direct CH{sub 4} radiative forcing and GWP are also calculated. The LLNL 2-D radiative-chemistry-transport model is used to evaluate the resulting changes in the O{sub 3}, H{sub 2}O and CH{sub 4} atmospheric profiles as a function of time. A correlated k-distribution radiative transfer model is used to calculate the radiative forcing at the tropopause of the globally-averaged atmosphere profiles. The O{sub 3} indirect GWPs vary from {approximately}27 after a 20 yr integration to {approximately}4 after 500 years, agreeing with the previous estimates to within about 10 percent. The H{sub 2}O indirect GWPs vary from {approximately}2 after a 20 yr integration to {approximately}0.3 after 500 years, and are in close agreement with other estimates. The CH{sub 4} GWPs vary from {approximately}53 at 20 yrs to {approximately}7 at 500 yrs. The 20 year CH{sub 4} GWP is {approximately}20% larger than previous estimates of the direct CH{sub 4} GWP due to a CH{sub 4} response time ({approximately}17 yrs) that is much longer than the overall lifetime (10 yrs). The increased CH{sub 4} response time results from changes in the OH abundances caused by the CH{sub 4} impulse. The CH{sub 4} radiative forcing results are consistent with IPCC values. Estimates are made of latitude effects in the radiative forcing calculations, and UV effects on the O{sub 3} radiative forcing calculations (10%).
Wuebbles, D.J.; Grossman, A.S.; Tamaresis, J.S.; Patten, K.O. Jr.; Jain, A.; Grant, K.A.
doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.03.009 New constraints on the sources and behavior of neodymium and hafnium in seawater from
University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA 2 Institute for Isotope Geology and Mineral Resources, ETH Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC 4 U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS-999, Menlo seawater measurements of Hf isotopes and the limited number of Hf isotope time-series obtained from
Energy and global warming impacts of CFC alternative technologies
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are used in a number of applications and volumes of CFCs used grew at a tremendous pace during the 1960s and 1970s. However, in the mid-1980s, it was confirmed that these extremely useful chemicals contribute to the destruction of stratospheric ozone. These chemicals are being phased out of use rapidly to protect the ozone layer and it is very important that the replacements for CFCs do not result in a net increase in global warming by introducing less efficient processes that lead to higher energy use and increased carbon dioxide emissions. A study was conducted to identify those alternative chemicals and technologies that could replace CFCs in energy related applications before the year 2000, and to assess the total potential impact of these alternatives on global warming. The analysis for this project included an estimate of the direct effects from the release of blowing agents, refrigerants, and solvents into the atmosphere and the indirect effects in the form of carbon dioxide emissions resulting from energy use for commercial and residential heating and cooling, household and commercial refrigeration, building and automobile air-conditioning, and general metal and electronics solvent cleaning. The discussion in this paper focuses on those aspects of the study relevant to refrigeration and air-conditioning. In general the use of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) alternatives for CFCs lead to large and sometimes dramatic reductions in total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), lifetime equivalent CO{sub 2} emissions. Most of the reductions result from decreased direct effects without significant changes in energy use.
Fischer, S.K.; Fairchild, P.D.; Hughes, P.J.
Wind Generation Feasibility Warm Springs Power and Water Enterprises (WSPWE) is a corporate entity owned by the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, located in central Oregon. The organization is responsible for managing electrical power generation facilities on tribal lands and, as part of its charter, has the responsibility to evaluate and develop renewable energy resources for the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs. WSPWE recently completed a multi-year-year wind resource assessment of tribal lands, beginning with the installation of wind monitoring towers on the Mutton Mountains site in 2003, and collection of on-site wind data is ongoing. The study identified the Mutton Mountain site on the northeastern edge of the reservation as a site with sufficient wind resources to support a commercial power project estimated to generate over 226,000 MWh per year. Initial estimates indicate that the first phase of the project would be approximately 79.5 MW of installed capacity. This Phase 2 study expands and builds on the previously conducted Phase 1 Wind Resource Assessment, dated June 30, 2007. In order to fully assess the economic benefits that may accrue to the Tribes through wind energy development at Mutton Mountain, a planning-level opinion of probable cost was performed to define the costs associated with key design and construction aspects of the proposed project. This report defines the Mutton Mountain project costs and economics in sufficient detail to allow the Tribes to either build the project themselves or contract with a developer under the most favorable terms possible for the Tribes.
MHD seawater thruster performance: A comparison of predictions with experimental results from a two Tesla test facility
A two Tesla test facility was designed, built, and operated to investigate the performance of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) seawater thrusters. The results of this investigation are used to validate a design oriented MHD thruster performance computer code. The thruster performance code consists of a one-dimensional MHD hydrodynamic model coupled to a two-dimensional electrical model. The code includes major loss mechanisms affecting the performance of the thruster. Among these losses are the joule dissipation losses, frictional losses, electrical end losses, and single electrode potential losses. The facility test loop, its components, and their design are presented in detail. Additionally, the test matrix and its rationale are discussed. Representative experimental results of the test program are presented, and are compared to pretest computer model predictions. Good agreement between predicted and measured data has served to validate the thruster performance computer models.
Picologlou, B.F.; Doss, E.D.; Geyer, H.K. (Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)); Sikes, W.C.; Ranellone, R.F. (Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., VA (United States))
Indirect Drive Warm-Loaded Ignition Target Design
This document summarizes the Indirect Drive Warm-Loaded Ignition Target design. These targets either use a fill tube or the capsule is strong enough to withstand the room temperature pressure of the DT fuel. Only features that affect the design of the NIF Cryogenic Target System (NCTS) are presented. The design presented is the current thinking and may evolve further. The NCTS should be designed to accommodate a range of targets and target scales, as described here. The interface location between the target and the NCTS cryostat is at the target base / gripper joint, the tamping gas gland/gland joint, and the electrical plug/receptacle joint.
Bernat, T P; Gibson, C R
600 a Current Leads with Dry and Compact Warm Terminals
For the LHC magnet test benches 26 pairs of conventional helium vapour-cooled 600 A current leads are required. The first pair of 600 A current leads has been designed and built by industry and tested at CERN. The main component of the lead is the heat exchanger, which consists of two concentric copper pipes. Special attention was also given to the design of the warm terminal in order to avoid any condensation and to resist at an electrical test of 2 kV. The paper describes construction details and compares calculated and measured values of the main parameters.
Andersen, T P; Vullierme, B
Signal and noise in global warming detection. Final report
The specific objectives of this study were the following: (1) What is the expected sampling error and bias incurred in estimation of the global average temperature from a finite number of point gauges? (2) What is the best one can do by optimally arranging N point gauges, how can one make best use of existing data at N point gauges by optimally weighting them? (3) What is a good estimation of the signal of global warming based upon simple models of the climate system? (4) How does one develop an optimal signal detection technique from the knowledge of signal and noise?
North, G.R.
Scientists studying the greenhouse effect challenge fears of global warming
The author discusses the controversy in the scientific community about the significance of the increased gases causing the greenhouse effect to be detrimental to the earth's ecosystems. He states that the most important aspect of the controversy is the fact that governments are embarking on foolish activities in order to prevent global warming. The fact that scientists offer research with contradicting results furthers the confusion as to what the best course of action is. The government agencies that control policy need to appropriate funds to study specific climatic changes and what effect carbon dioxide and other gases have on the atmosphere.
Wheeler, D.L.
The rising tide: Global warming and world sea levels
The author presents a broad-based and well-written approach to the impacts of sea level rise. Besides chapters on global warming, sources of sea level variability and the future, the effects on coastal nations, the book contains an important action-oriented discussion of proposed legislation and guidelines for planning and management aimed at reducing loss and damage produced by sea-level rise. The list of acknowledgements includes all the leading practitioners in the field. The references and information are current; reports and information from 1989 and 1990 meetings are included.
Edgerton, L.T.
Surface Energy Balance Framework for Arctic Amplification of Climate Change
Using 22 Canadian radiosonde stations from 1971 to 2010, the annually averaged surface air temperature trend amplification ranged from 1.4 to 5.2 relative to the global average warming of 0.17�C decade?1. The amplification factors exhibit a strong ...
Glen Lesins; Thomas J. Duck; James R. Drummond
The role of nuclear energy in mitigating greenhouse warming
A behavioral, top-down, forced-equilibrium market model of long-term ({approximately} 2,100) global energy-economics interactions has been modified with a bottom-up nuclear energy model and used to construct consistent scenarios describing future impacts of civil nuclear materials flows in an expanding, multi-regional (13) world economy. The relative measures and tradeoffs between economic (GNP, tax impacts, productivity, etc.), environmental (greenhouse gas accumulations, waste accumulation, proliferation risk), and energy (resources, energy mixes, supply-side versus demand-side attributes) interactions that emerge from these analyses are focused herein on advancing understanding of the role that nuclear energy (and other non-carbon energy sources) might play in mitigating greenhouse warming. Two ostensibly opposing scenario drivers are investigated: (a) demand-side improvements in (non-price-induced) autonomous energy efficiency improvements; and (b) supply-side carbon-tax inducements to shift energy mixes towards reduced- or non-carbon forms. In terms of stemming greenhouse warming for minimal cost of greenhouse-gas abatement, and with the limitations of the simplified taxing schedule used, a symbiotic combination of these two approaches may offer advantages not found if each is applied separately.
Krakowski, R.A.
Warm molecular hydrogen in the Spitzer SINGS galaxy sample
(simplified) Results on the properties of warm H2 in 57 normal galaxies are derived from H2 rotational transitions, obtained as part of SINGS. This study extends previous extragalactic surveys of H2, the most abundant constituent of the molecular ISM, to more common systems (L_FIR = e7 to 6e10 L_sun) of all morphological and nuclear types. The S(1) transition is securely detected in the nuclear regions of 86% of SINGS galaxies with stellar masses above 10^9.5 M_sun. The derived column densities of warm H2 (T > ~100 K), even though averaged over kiloparsec-scale areas, are commensurate with those of resolved PDRs; the median of the sample is 3e20 cm-2. They amount to between 1% and >30% of the total H2. The power emitted in the sum of the S(0) to S(2) transitions is on average 30% of the [SiII] line power, and ~4e-4 of the total infrared power (TIR) within the same area for star-forming galaxies, which is consistent with excitation in PDRs. The fact that H2 emission scales tightly with PAH emission, even thoug...
Roussel, H; Hollenbach, D J; Draine, B T; Smith, J D; Armus, L; Schinnerer, E; Walter, F; Engelbracht, C W; Thornley, M D; Kennicutt, R C; Calzetti, D; Dale, D A; Murphy, E J; Bot, C
Ashton Warm Springs Geothermal Area | Open Energy Information
form form View source History View New Pages Recent Changes All Special Pages Semantic Search/Querying Get Involved Help Apps Datasets Community Login | Sign Up Search Page Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon » Ashton Warm Springs Geothermal Area Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Geothermal Resource Area: Ashton Warm Springs Geothermal Area Contents 1 Area Overview 2 History and Infrastructure 3 Regulatory and Environmental Issues 4 Exploration History 5 Well Field Description 6 Geology of the Area 7 Geofluid Geochemistry 8 NEPA-Related Analyses (0) 9 Exploration Activities (0) 10 References Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"TERRAIN","zoom":6,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"500px","height":"300px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":44.095,"lon":-111.4583,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
A warm-start approach for large-scale stochastic linear programs?
Aug 29, 2006 ... The reduced tree selection induces a function r : T ?TR that maps each ...... We applied our warm-start strategy to the capacity assignment�...
Surface Indicators of Geothermal Activity at Salt Wells, Nevada, USA,
Surface Indicators of Geothermal Activity at Salt Wells, Nevada, USA, Surface Indicators of Geothermal Activity at Salt Wells, Nevada, USA, Including Warm Ground, Borate Deposits, and Siliceous Alteration Jump to: navigation, search OpenEI Reference LibraryAdd to library Conference Paper: Surface Indicators of Geothermal Activity at Salt Wells, Nevada, USA, Including Warm Ground, Borate Deposits, and Siliceous Alteration Abstract Surface indicators of geothermal activity are often present above blind or concealed geothermal systems in the Great Basin, but their expressions are sometimes subtle. When mapped in detail, these indicators yield valuable information on the location, structural controls, and potential subsurface reservoir temperatures of geothermal fluids. An example is provided by the Salt Wells geothermal system in Churchill County, Nevada, USA, where
6382 JOURNAL OF CLIMATE VOLUME 19 The Southern Hemisphere Westerlies in a Warming World: Propping Open the Door to the Deep Ocean
A coupled climate model with poleward-intensified westerly winds simulates significantly higher storage of heat and anthropogenic carbon dioxide by the Southern Ocean in the future when compared with the storage in a model with initially weaker, equatorward-biased westerlies. This difference results from the larger outcrop area of the dense waters around Antarctica and more vigorous divergence, which remains robust even as rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels induce warming that reduces the density of surface waters in the Southern Ocean. These results imply that the impact of warming on the stratification of the global ocean may be reduced by the poleward intensification of the westerlies, allowing the ocean to remove additional heat and anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 1.
Joellen L. Russell; Keith W. Dixon; Anand Gnanadesikan; Ronald J. Stouffer; J. R. Toggweiler
Storage and retrieval of thermal light in warm atomic vapor
We report slowed propagation and storage and retrieval of thermal light in warm rubidium vapor using the effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We first demonstrate slowed propagation of the probe thermal light beam through an EIT medium by measuring the second-order correlation function of the light field using the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometer. We also report an experimental study on the effect of the EIT slow-light medium on the temporal coherence of thermal light. Finally, we demonstrate the storage and retrieval of the thermal light beam in the EIT medium. The direct measurement of the photon number statistics of the retrieved light field shows that the photon number statistics are preserved during the storage and retrieval processes.
Cho, Young-Wook; Kim, Yoon-Ho [Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784 (Korea, Republic of)
New electric technologies to reduce global warming impacts
Advanced electric technologies hold significant potential to reduce global warming impact through reduction of primary fuel needed to power end-use applications. These reductions can occur in two forms: (1) reduced kilowatt-hour usage and power plant emissions through efficiency improvements and technological enhancements of existing electrically-driven applications; (2) the development of new electric technologies to replace traditional fossil-fuel driven applications which can result in less overall primary energy consumption and lower overall emissions. Numerous new electric technologies are presently being developed by the Electric Power Research Institute. The technologies reviewed in this paper include: Microwave Fabric Dryer, Advanced Heat Pumps, Heat Pump Water Heater, Infrared Sand Reclaimer, Freeze Concentration, Membrane Water Recovery, Microwave Petrochemical Production, Infrared Drying, and Electric Vehicles. Full commercialization of these technologies can result in significant energy savings and CO[sub 2] reductions, in addition to improving the competitiveness of businesses using these technologies.
Courtright, H.A. (Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA (United States))
Microsoft Word - Warm Rinse Guidance 6 29 2010_FINAL _2_
The following is a draft U.S. Department of Energy interpretive rule, which sets out the The following is a draft U.S. Department of Energy interpretive rule, which sets out the Department's views on the application of the clothes washer testing procedure described in 10 CFR § 430 Appendix J1. This draft interpretive rule represents the Department's interpretation of its existing regulations and is exempt from the notice and comment requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act. See 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(A). Nevertheless, we are interested in receiving feedback from the public on the interpretation set forth below. Therefore, the Department is accepting comments from the public until July 30, 2010. Comments should be provided in WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, PDF, or text file format by sending an email to: email@example.com. At the end of the
Warm Water Oxidation Verification - Scoping and Stirred Reactor Tests
Scoping tests to evaluate the effects of agitation and pH adjustment on simulant sludge agglomeration and uranium metal oxidation at {approx}95 C were performed under Test Instructions(a,b) and as per sections 5.1 and 5.2 of this Test Plan prepared by AREVA. (c) The thermal testing occurred during the week of October 4-9, 2010. The results are reported here. For this testing, two uranium-containing simulant sludge types were evaluated: (1) a full uranium-containing K West (KW) container sludge simulant consisting of nine predominant sludge components; (2) a 50:50 uranium-mole basis mixture of uraninite [U(IV)] and metaschoepite [U(VI)]. This scoping study was conducted in support of the Sludge Treatment Project (STP) Phase 2 technology evaluation for the treatment and packaging of K-Basin sludge. The STP is managed by CH2M Hill Plateau Remediation Company (CHPRC) for the U.S. Department of Energy. Warm water ({approx}95 C) oxidation of sludge, followed by immobilization, has been proposed by AREVA and is one of the alternative flowsheets being considered to convert uranium metal to UO{sub 2} and eliminate H{sub 2} generation during final sludge disposition. Preliminary assessments of warm water oxidation have been conducted, and several issues have been identified that can best be evaluated through laboratory testing. The scoping evaluation documented here was specifically focused on the issue of the potential formation of high strength sludge agglomerates at the proposed 95 C process operating temperature. Prior hydrothermal tests conducted at 185 C produced significant physiochemical changes to genuine sludge, including the formation of monolithic concretions/agglomerates that exhibited shear strengths in excess of 100 kPa (Delegard et al. 2007).
Braley, Jenifer C.; Sinkov, Sergey I.; Delegard, Calvin H.; Schmidt, Andrew J.
The greenhouse effect: Chicken Little and our response to global warming
In this article the author suggests that global warming studies are ambiguous and have generated a chicken little response in the public and in policymakers. Uncertainties in studies of ocean warming and ozone depletion are discussed as well as the role of other trace gases such as methane, chlorofluorocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
Michaels, P.J.
Time-Dependent Internal Energy Budgets of the Tropical Warm Water Pools
The exchange of internal energy between the warm water pools of the tropical oceans and the overlying atmosphere is thought to play a central role in the evolving climate system of the earth. Spatial displacements of the warm water pools are ...
John M. Toole; Huai-Min Zhang; Michael J. Caruso
Cheap coal said top enemy in fighting global warming By Alister Doyle, Environment Correspondent
Cheap coal said top enemy in fighting global warming By Alister Doyle, Environment Correspondent OSLO, Sept 28 (Reuters) - Cheap coal will be the main enemy in a fight against global warming in the 21st century because high oil prices are likely to encourage a shift to coal before wind or solar power
Calov, Reinhard
A mechanism for landocean contrasts in global monsoon trends in a warming climate
A mechanism for landocean contrasts in global monsoon trends in a warming climate J. Fasullo of the global monsoon record involves reported decreases in rainfall over land during an era in which the global in the monsoons in a warming climate while bolstering the concept of the global monsoon in the context of shared
Fasullo, John
A Comparative Analysis of Global Warming Policies for California's Electricity Sector
i A Comparative Analysis of Global Warming Policies for California's Electricity Sector Sara Kamins #12;ii A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL WARMING POLICIES FOR CALIFORNIA'S ELECTRICITY SECTOR By: Sara...................................................................................................................11 1.4. Literature Review on Comparisons of Carbon-Reducing Electricity Policies
Variability of warm deep water inflow in a submarine trough on the Amundsen Sea Shelf
The ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea are thinning rapidly, and the main reason for their decline appears to be warm ocean currents circulating below the ice shelves and melting these from below. Ocean currents transport warm dense water onto the ...
A. K. W�hlin; O. Kal�n; L. Arneborg; G. Bj�rk; G. K. Carvajal; H. K. Ha; T. W. Kim; S. H. Lee; J. H. Lee; C. Stranne
How Do You Stay Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme Weather? |
Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme Weather? How Do You Stay Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme Weather? February 3, 2011 - 6:30am Addthis Many states are getting extreme weather this week, with deep freezes, huge blizzards, and ice storms causing various problems across the country. Such weather can cause us to use energy a bit differently to stay warm and keep things running. Depending on where you are, you may be keeping the faucet dripping (so pipes don't freeze), your furnace might be working overtime in the cold, or you may be spending extra time warming up your car. In extreme conditions, it's important to be safe and take your own home and needs into account when taking these extra measures, while still considering your energy use and costs. For example, are your pipes in a
How Do You Stay Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme How Do You Stay Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme Weather? How Do You Stay Warm While Saving Money and Energy in Extreme Weather? February 3, 2011 - 6:30am Addthis Many states are getting extreme weather this week, with deep freezes, huge blizzards, and ice storms causing various problems across the country. Such weather can cause us to use energy a bit differently to stay warm and keep things running. Depending on where you are, you may be keeping the faucet dripping (so pipes don't freeze), your furnace might be working overtime in the cold, or you may be spending extra time warming up your car. In extreme conditions, it's important to be safe and take your own home and needs into account when taking these extra measures, while still considering your energy use and costs. For example, are your pipes in a
Impact of Greenhouse Gas Concentration Changes on Surface Energetics in IPSL-CM4: Regional Warming Patterns, Land�Sea Warming Ratios, and Glacial�Interglacial Differences
The temperature response to a greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration change is studied in an ocean�atmosphere coupled model�L�Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 4 (IPSL-CM4)�for both a glacial and an interglacial context. The ...
Alexandre La�n�; Masa Kageyama; Pascale Braconnot; Ramdane Alkama
Search for Oxygen Emission from Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium around A2218 with Suzaku
We searched for redshifted O emission lines from the possible warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) surrounding the cluster of galaxies A2218 at z = 0.1756 using the XIS instrument on Suzaku. This cluster is thought to have an elongated structure along the line of sight based on previous studies. We studied systematic uncertainties in the spectrum of the Galactic emission and in the soft X-ray response of the detectors due to the contamination building up on the XIS filters. We detected no significant redshifted O lines, and set a tight constraint on the intensity with upper limits for the surface brightness of O{sub VII} and O{sub VIII} lines of 1.1 x 10{sup -7} and 3.0 x 10{sup -7} photons cm{sup -2} s{sup -1} arcmin{sup -2}, respectively. These upper limits are significantly lower than the previously reported fluxes from the WHIM around other clusters of galaxies. We also discuss the prospect for the detection of the WHIM lines with Suzaku XIS in the future.
Takei, Yoh; Ohashi, Takaya; Henry, J.Patrick; Mitsuda, Kazuhisa; Fujimoto, Ryuichi; Tamura, Takayuki; Yamasaki, Noriko Y.; Hayashida, Kiyoshi; Tawa, Noriaki; Matsushita, Kyoko; Bautz, Mark W.; Hughes, John P.; Madejski, Grzegorz M.; Kelley, Richard L.; Arnaud, Keith A.; /JAXA, Sagamihara /Tokyo Metropolitan U. /Inst. Astron., Honolulu /Osaka U. /Sci. U., Tokyo /MIT, MKI /Rutgers U., Piscataway /SLAC /NASA, Goddard
A key advantage of using microalgae for biofuel production is the ability of some algal strains to thrive in waters unsuitable for conventional crop irrigation such as saline groundwater or seawater. Nonetheless, the availability of sustainable water supplies will provide significant challenges for scale-up and development of algal biofuels. We conduct a limited techno-economic assessment based on the availability of freshwater, saline groundwater, and seawater for use in open pond algae cultivation systems. We explore water issues through GIS-based models of algae biofuel production, freshwater supply, and cost models for supplying seawater and saline groundwater. We estimate that combined, within the coterminous US these resources can support production on the order of 9.46E+7 m3 yr-1 (25 billion gallons yr-1) of renewable biodiesel. Achievement of larger targets requires the utilization of less water efficient sites and relatively expensive saline waters. Geographically, water availability is most favorable for the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and Florida peninsula, where evaporation relative to precipitation is moderate and various saline waters are economically available. As a whole, barren and scrub lands of the southwestern US have limited freshwater supplies so accurate assessment of alternative waters is critical.
Venteris, Erik R.; Skaggs, Richard; Coleman, Andre M.; Wigmosta, Mark S.
Roles of Anomalous Tibetan Plateau Warming on the Severe 2008 Winter Storm in Central-Southern China
Anomalous warming occurred over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) before and during the disastrous freezing rain and heavy snow hitting central and southern China in January 2008. The relationship between the TP warming and this extreme event is ...
Qing Bao; Jing Yang; Yimin Liu; Guoxiong Wu; Bin Wang
The Development of Warm Gas Cleanup Technologies for the Removal of Sulfur Containing Species from Steam Hydrogasification
Gupta, B. Turk, M. Lesemann. RTI/Eastman warm syngas clean-feasibility analysis of RTI warm gas cleanup(WGCU)reactor was constructed by RTI from DOE-Morgantown gasifier,
Luo, Qian
How Does the Eye Warm? Part I: A Potential Temperature Budget Analysis of an Idealized Tropical Cyclone
In this first part of a two-part study, the mechanisms that accomplish the warming in the eye of tropical cyclones are investigated through a potential temperature budget analysis of an idealized simulation. The spatial structure of warming varies ...
Daniel P. Stern; Fuqing Zhang
Surface Soil
Surface Soil Surface Soil Surface Soil We compare local soil samples with samples collected from northern New Mexico locations that are beyond the range of potential influence from normal Laboratory operations. April 12, 2012 Farm soil sampling Two LANL environmental field team members take soil samples from a farm. Contact Environmental Communication & Public Involvement P.O. Box 1663 MS M996 Los Alamos, NM 87545 (505) 667-0216 Email Measurements are compared to samples from the regional sites and compared to averages over time to see if there are changes in concentrations. Monitoring surface soil LANL has monitored surface soils since the early 1970s. Institutional surface soil samples are collected from 17 on-site, 11 perimeter, and six regional (background) locations every three years.
operations Why we sample surface soil Soil sampling is performed to: Determine radionuclide and chemical concentrations in soil and compare these results to regional...
Heat and Mass Budgets of the Warm Upper Layer of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1979�99
The mass and heat budgets of the warm upper-ocean layer are investigated in the equatorial Atlantic using in situ observations during the period 1979�99, which encompassed a series of warm events in the equatorial Atlantic. The warm water layer ...
F. Vauclair; Y. du Penhoat; G. Reverdin
Global Cooling: Policies to Cool the World and Offset Global Warming from CO2 Using Reflective Roofs and Pavements
Increasing the solar reflectance of the urban surface reduce its solar heat gain, lowers its temperatures, and decreases its outflow of thermal infrared radiation into the atmosphere. This process of 'negative radiative forcing' can help counter the effects of global warming. In addition, cool roofs reduce cooling-energy use in air conditioned buildings and increase comfort in unconditioned buildings; and cool roofs and cool pavements mitigate summer urban heat islands, improving outdoor air quality and comfort. Installing cool roofs and cool pavements in cities worldwide is a compelling win-win-win activity that can be undertaken immediately, outside of international negotiations to cap CO{sub 2} emissions. We propose an international campaign to use solar reflective materials when roofs and pavements are built or resurfaced in temperate and tropical regions.
Akbari, Hashem; Levinson, Ronnen; Rosenfeld, Arthur; Elliot, Matthew
Greenhouse warming potential of candidate gaseous diffusion plant coolants
A preliminary estimate has been made of the greenhouse warming potential (GWP) of coolants under consideration as substitutes for CFC-114 in the gaseous diffusion plants. Coolants are not at present regulated on the basis of GWP, but may well be in the future. Use of c-C{sub 4}F{sub 8} or n-C{sub 4}F{sub 10} is estimated to have three to four times the greenhouse impact of an equivalent use of CFC-114. Neither of the substitutes, of course, would cause any ozone depletion. HCFC-124 (a probable commercial substitute for CFC-114, but not presently under serious consideration due to its relatively high UF{sub 6} reactivity) would have much less greenhouse and ozone depletion impact than CFC-114. The GWP estimates derive from a simple model that approximately reproduces literature values for similar compounds. The major uncertainty in these estimates lies in the atmospheric lifetime, especially of the perfluorocarbon compounds, for which little reliable information exists. In addition to GWP estimates for coolants, the overall greenhouse impact of the gaseous diffusion plants is calculated, including indirect power-related CO{sub 2} emissions. This result is used to compare greenhouse impacts of nuclear- and coal-produced electricity. 11 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs.
Trowbridge, L.D.
Transitional solar dynamics, cosmic rays and global warming
Solar activity is studied using a cluster analysis of the time-fluctuations of the sunspot number. It is shown that in an Historic period the high activity components of the solar cycles exhibit strong clustering, whereas in a Modern period (last seven solar cycles: 1933-2007) they exhibit a white-noise (non-)clustering behavior. Using this observation it is shown that in the Historic period, emergence of the sunspots in the solar photosphere was strongly dominated by turbulent photospheric convection. In the Modern period, this domination was broken by a new more active dynamics of the inner layers of the convection zone. Then, it is shown that the dramatic change of the sun dynamics at the transitional period (between the Historic and Modern periods, solar cycle 1933-1944yy) had a clear detectable impact on Earth climate. A scenario of a chain of transitions in the solar convective zone is suggested in order to explain the observations, and a forecast for the global warming is suggested on the basis of this scenario. A relation between the recent transitions and solar long-period chaotic dynamics has been found. Contribution of the galactic turbulence (due to galactic cosmic rays) has been discussed. These results are also considered in a content of chaotic climate dynamics at millennial timescales.
A. Bershadskii
Global warming---The role for nuclear power
Nuclear power is currently making an important contribution to our energy requirements. It provides 17% of the world's electricity today --- almost 20% in the US. Reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide over the next 30 to 50 years sufficiently to address the issue of global warming can only be accomplished by a combination of much improved energy efficiency, substantial growth in use of nuclear power, and substantial growth in use of renewable energy. This paper discusses new initiatives in the major nuclear technologies (LWR, HTGR, LMR) which are emerging from a fundamental reexamination of nuclear power in response to the challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. To fulfill its role, nuclear power must gain worldwide acceptance as a viable energy option. The use of modern technology and passive'' safety features in next-generation nuclear power plants offers the potential to simplify their design and operation, enhance their safety, and reduce the cost of electricity. With such improvements, we believe nuclear power can regain public confidence and make a significant contribution to our energy future. 24 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Jones, J.E. Jr.; Fulkerson, W. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (USA))
Observations from Spitzer and ground-based infrared spectroscopy reveal significant diversity in the molecular emission from the inner few AU of T Tauri disks. We explore theoretically the possible origin of this diversity by expanding on our earlier thermal-chemical model of disk atmospheres. We consider how variations in grain settling, X-ray irradiation, accretion-related mechanical heating, and the oxygen-to-carbon ratio can affect the thermal and chemical properties of the atmosphere at 0.25-40 AU. We find that these model parameters can account for many properties of the detected molecular emission. The column density of the warm (200-2000 K) molecular atmosphere is sensitive to grain settling and the efficiency of accretion-related heating, which may account, at least in part, for the large range in molecular emission fluxes that have been observed. The dependence of the atmospheric properties on the model parameters may also help to explain trends that have been reported in the literature between molecular emission strength and mid-infrared color, stellar accretion rate, and disk mass. We discuss whether some of the differences between our model results and the observations (e.g., for water) indicate a role for vertical transport and freezeout in the disk midplane. We also discuss how planetesimal formation in the outer disk (beyond the snowline) may imprint a chemical signature on the inner few AU of the disk and speculate on possible observational tracers of this process.
Najita, Joan R. [National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719 (United States); Adamkovics, Mate; Glassgold, Alfred E. [Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States)
In experiments of Single-bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL), the bubble is heated to temperatures of a few eV in the collapse phase of the oscillation. Our hydrodynamic simulations show that the density inside the bubble can go up to the order of 1 g/cm3, and the electron density due to ionization is 1021 /cm3. So the plasma coupling constant is found to be around 1 and the gas inside the bubble is in the Warm Dense Matter (WDM) regime. We simulate the light emission of SL with an optical model for thermal radiation which takes the finite opacity of the bubble into consideration. The numerical results obtained are compared to the experimental data and found to be very sensitive to the equation of state used. As theories for the equation of state, as well as the opacity data, in the WDM regime are still very uncertain, we propose that SL may be a good low-cost experimental check for the EOS and the opacity data for matter in the WDM regime.
Ng, Siu-Fai; Barnard, J.J.; Leung, P.T.; Yu, S.S.
On Modification of Global Warming by Sulfate Aerosols
There is increasing evidence that the response of climate to increasing greenhouse gases may be modified by accompanying increases in sulfate aerosols. In this study, the patterns of response in the surface climatology of a coupled ocean�...
J. F. B. Mitchell; T. C. Johns
Why Hasn�t Earth Warmed as Much as Expected?
The observed increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST) over the industrial era is less than 40% of that expected from observed increases in long-lived greenhouse gases together with the best-estimate equilibrium climate sensitivity given ...
Stephen E. Schwartz; Robert J. Charlson; Ralph A. Kahn; John A. Ogren; Henning Rodhe
Comments on [open quotes]Global warming: A reduced threat [close quotes] by P. J. Michaels and D. E. Stooksbury
The author of this letter criticizes Michaels and Stooksbury (1992) for arguing that, because climate models predict more warming for the last century than has been observed, the model predictions of major greenhouse warming must be wrong. It is the position of the author that this is not a valid argument, although the warming may have been relatively mild. In this letter, the author defends the belief that the magnitude of the recent warming actually tells very little about the sensitivity of the climate system to greenhouse gas emissions. Reasons for the warming observed over the last hundred years are summarized. 4 refs.
Duffy, P.B. (Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States))
The effects of nitric acid and silane surface treatments on carbon fibers and carbon/vinyl ester composites before and after seawater exposure.
??This research focuses on carbon fiber treatment by nitric acid and 3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate silane, and how this affects carbon/vinyl ester composites. These composites offer� (more)
Langston, Tye A.
Interactions of Cold- and Warm-Core Rings with Environmental Shear
A two-layer analytical model of cold- and warm-core rings has been constructed to explore steady interactions of isolated eddies with horizontally sheared flows around and below the eddies. Steady inviscid solutions to the quasi-geostrophic ...
Doron Nof; Chuan Shi
Stratospheric Sudden Warmings as Self-Tuning Resonances. Part I: Vortex Splitting Events
The fundamental dynamics of �vortex splitting� stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs), which are known to be predominantly barotropic in nature, are reexamined using an idealized single-layer f-plane model of the polar vortex. The aim is to ...
N. Joss Matthewman; J. G. Esler
The Role of Giant and Ultragiant Aerosol Particles in Warm Rain Initiation
Giant and ultragiant aerosol particles can play an important role in warm rain initiation. Recent aerosol measurements have established that particles as large as 100 ?m are a regular part of the atmospheric aerosol. When ingested in growing ...
David B. Johnson
Changes in Interannual Variability and Decadal Potential Predictability under Global Warming
Global warming will result in changes in mean temperature and precipitation distributions and is also expected to affect interannual and longer time-scale internally generated variability as a consequence of changes in climate processes and ...
G. J. Boer
Atlantic Warm-Pool Variability in the IPCC AR4 CGCM Simulations
This study investigates Atlantic warm pool (AWP) variability in the twentieth century and preindustrial simulations of coupled GCMs submitted to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). In the twentieth-...
Hailong Liu; Chunzai Wang; Sang-Ki Lee; David Enfield
�Climategate� Undermined Belief in Global Warming Among Many American TV Meteorologists
Television (TV) meteorologists are a potentially important source of informal climate change education in that most American adults watch local TV news and consider TV weather reporters to be a trusted source of global warming information. In ...
Edward Maibach; James Witte; Kristopher Wilson
Increased Occurrence of Stratospheric Sudden Warmings during El Ni�o as Simulated by WACCM
Experiments with Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) under perpetual January conditions indicate that stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) are twice as likely to occur in El Ni�o winters than in La Ni�a winters, in basic agreement ...
Masakazu Taguchi; Dennis L. Hartmann
Households to pay more than expected to stay warm this winter
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
stay warm this winter Following a colder-than-expected November, U.S. households are forecast to consume more heating fuels than previously expected....resulting in higher heating...
Climatology of Warm Boundary Layer Clouds at the ARM SGP Site and Their Comparison to Models
A 4-yr climatology (1997�2000) of warm boundary layer cloud properties is developed for the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. Parameters in the climatology include cloud ...
Manajit Sengupta; Eugene E. Clothiaux; Thomas P. Ackerman
Multiscale Temporal Variability of Warm-Season Precipitation over North America: Statistical Analysis of Radar Measurements
Directionally averaged time series of precipitation rates for eight warm seasons (1996�2003) over the continental United States derived from Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) measurements are analyzed using spectral decomposition methods. ...
Hsiao-ming Hsu; Mitchell W. Moncrieff; Wen-wen Tung; Changhai Liu
Convection and Easterly Wave Structures Observed in the Eastern Pacific Warm Pool during EPIC-2001
During September�October 2001, the East Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes in the Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere System (EPIC-2001) intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) field campaign focused on studies of deep convection in the warm-pool ...
Walter A. Petersen; Robert Cifelli; Dennis J. Boccippio; Steven A. Rutledge; Chris Fairall
Energy and environmental policy and electric utilities' choice under uncertain global warming
The paper reviews and discusses uncertainty about global warming science, impact on society. It also discusses what assumptions have been made and how appropriate the assumptions in scenarios have been for estimating global ...
Takahashi, Masaki
Does Increased Predicted Warm-Season Rainfall Indicate Enhanced Likelihood of Rain Occurrence?
The likelihood of simulated rainfall above a specified threshold being observed is evaluated as a function of the amounts predicted by two mesoscale models. Evaluations are performed for 20 warm-season mesoscale convective system events over the ...
William A. Gallus Jr.; Moti Segal
Improving Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts in the Warm Season: A USWRP Research and Development Strategy
Warm-season quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) are the poorest performance area of forecast systems worldwide. They stubbornly fall further behind while other aspects of weather prediction steadily improve. Unless a major effort is ...
J. Michael Fritsch; R. E. Carbone
Modulation of the Diurnal Cycle of Warm-Season Precipitation by Short-Wave Troughs
Traveling deep tropospheric disturbances of wavelengths ~1500 km (short waves) have long been known to play an important role in the initiation and maintenance of warm-season convection. To date, relatively few studies have formally documented the ...
John D. Tuttle; Chris A. Davis
A New Visibility Parameterization for Warm-Fog Applications in Numerical Weather Prediction Models
The objective of this work is to suggest a new warm-fog visibility parameterization scheme for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. In situ observations collected during the Radiation and Aerosol Cloud Experiment, representing boundary ...
I. Gultepe; M. D. M�ller; Z. Boybeyi
Ocean Heat Transport as a Cause for Model Uncertainty in Projected Arctic Warming
The Arctic climate is governed by complex interactions and feedback mechanisms between the atmosphere, ocean, and solar radiation. One of its characteristic features, the Arctic sea ice, is very vulnerable to anthropogenically caused warming. ...
Irina Mahlstein; Reto Knutti
NOGAPS-ALPHA Simulations of the 2002 Southern Hemisphere Stratospheric Major Warming
A high-altitude version of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) spectral forecast model is used to simulate the unusual September 2002 Southern Hemisphere stratospheric major warming. Designated as NOGAPS-Advanced ...
Douglas R. Allen; Lawrence Coy; Stephen D. Eckermann; John P. McCormack; Gloria L. Manney; Timothy F. Hogan; Young-Joon Kim
Effect of Aerosol on the Susceptibility and Efficiency of Precipitation in Warm Trade Cumulus Clouds
Large-eddy simulations of warm, trade wind cumulus clouds are conducted for a range of aerosol conditions with a focus on precipitating clouds. Individual clouds are tracked over the course of their lifetimes. Precipitation rate decreases ...
Hongli Jiang; Graham Feingold; Armin Sorooshian
Probing the Fast and Slow Components of Global Warming by Returning Abruptly to Preindustrial Forcing
The fast and slow components of global warming in a comprehensive climate model are isolated by examining the response to an instantaneous return to preindustrial forcing. The response is characterized by an initial fast exponential decay with an ...
Isaac M. Held; Michael Winton; Ken Takahashi; Thomas Delworth; Fanrong Zeng; Geoffrey K. Vallis
Simulations of the February 1979 Stratospheric Sudden Warming: Model Comparisons and Three-Dimensional Evolution
The evolution of the stratospheric flow during the major stratospheric sudden warming of February 1979 is studied using two primitive equation models of the stratosphere and mesosphere. The United Kingdom Meteorological Office Stratosphere-...
G. L. Manney; J. D. Farrara; C. R. Mechoso
Emission Scenario Dependency of Precipitation on Global Warming in the MIROC3.2 Model
The precipitation sensitivity per 1 K of global warming in twenty-first-century climate projections is smaller in an emission scenario with larger greenhouse gas concentrations and aerosol emissions, according to the Model for Interdisciplinary ...
Hideo Shiogama; Seita Emori; Kiyoshi Takahashi; Tatsuya Nagashima; Tomoo Ogura; Toru Nozawa; Toshihiko Takemura
A Possible Constraint on Regional Precipitation Intensity Changes under Global Warming
Changes in daily precipitation versus intensity under a global warming scenario in two regional climate simulations of the United States show a well-recognized feature of more intense precipitation. More important, by resolving the precipitation ...
W. J. Gutowski Jr.; E. S. Takle; K. A. Kozak; J. C. Patton; R. W. Arritt; J. H. Christensen
A Numerical Study of the Warm Rain Process in Orographic Clouds
A technique for numerical simulation of a stationary, two-dimensional laminar flow process is described. Based on this technique, a model for warm rain microphysics in an orographic cloud was developed. The model includes condensation, ...
Naihui Song; John Marwitz
Synoptic typing and precursors of heavy warm-season precipitation events at Montreal, Quebec
A precipitation climatology is compiled for warm-season events at Montreal, Quebec using 6-h precipitation data. 1663 events are recorded and partitioned into three intensity categories (heavy, moderate, and light), based on percentile ranges.
Shawn M. Milrad; Eyad H. Atallah; John R. Gyakum; Giselle Dookhie
Simulations of Dynamics and Transport during the September 2002 Antarctic Major Warming
A mechanistic model simulation initialized on 14 September 2002, forced by 100-hPa geopotential heights from Met Office analyses, reproduced the dynamical features of the 2002 Antarctic major warming. The vortex split on 25 September; recovery ...
Gloria L. Manney; Joseph L. Sabutis; Douglas R. Allen; William A. Lahoz; Adam A. Scaife; Cora E. Randall; Steven Pawson; Barbara Naujokat; Richard Swinbank
A Dynamical Interpretation of the Poleward Shift of the Jet Streams in Global Warming Scenarios
The role played by enhanced upper-tropospheric baroclinicity in the poleward shift of the jet streams in global warming scenarios is investigated. Major differences between the twentieth- and twenty-first-century simulations are first detailed ...
Gwendal Rivi�re
Numerical Studies of Major and Minor Stratospheric Warmings Caused by Orographic Forcing
A primitive equation spectral model using spherical harmonics is formulated to study dynamic interactions between the troposphere and stratosphere in association with sudden stratospheric warmings. Using sigma coordinates for five tropospheric ...
J. P. Koermer; A. Kasahara; S. K. Kao
Mechanisms of Thermohaline Mode Switching with Application to Warm Equable Climates
A three-box model of haline and thermal mode overturning is developed to study thermohaline oscillations found in a number of ocean general circulation models and that might have occurred in warm equable paleoclimates. By including convective ...
Rong Zhang; Michael Follows; John Marshall
What Drives the Seasonal Onset and Decay of the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool?
The annual heat budget of the Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) is explored using the output of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) simulation. According to the analysis, the WHWP cannot be considered as a monolithic whole with a single ...
S-K. Lee; D. B. Enfield; C. Wang
Tracking Soil Microbes' Response to Long-Term Warming | U.S....
Office of Science (SC) Website
University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 email@example.com Funding This work, including maintenance of the long-term soil warming experiments, was supported by a...
California Winter Precipitation Change under Global Warming in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Ensemble
Projections of possible precipitation change in California under global warming have been subject to considerable uncertainty because California lies between the region anticipated to undergo increases in precipitation at mid-to-high latitudes and ...
J. David Neelin; Baird Langenbrunner; Joyce E. Meyerson; Alex Hall; Neil Berg
Global warming, energy efficiency and the role of the built environment
This thesis attempts to explore the relationships between the Buildings Sector, energy efficiency and global warming. Through a qualitative analysis the author illustrates the connection between these three areas and shows ...
DiBona, Donna K
Interannual Variability in the Southern Hemisphere Circulation Organized by Stratospheric Final Warming Events
A composite observational analysis is presented demonstrating that austral stratospheric final warming (SFW) events provide a substantial organizing influence upon the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. In particular, ...
Mesoscale Generation of Available Potential Energy in the Warm Sector of an Extratropical Cyclone
Generation of available potential energy (APE) is computed for the warm sector of an extratropical cyclone containing intense convection. Three hourly mesoscale rawinsonde data from the 10�11 April day of AVESESAME 1979 are used to evaluate ...
Henry E. Fuelberg; Mark G. Ruminski; David O'C. Starr
Multiparameter Radar and Aircraft Study of Raindrop Spectral Evolution in Warm-based Clouds
Radar measurements of reflectivity differential reflectivity, and X-band (3-cm wavelength) specific attenuation are used to inter some microphysical characteristics of warm-based convective clouds with emphasis on raindrop spectral evolution. The ...
V. N. Bringi; D. A. Burrows; S. M. Menon
A Numerical Modeling Study of Warm Offshore Flow over Cool Water
Numerical simulations of boundary layer evolution in offshore flow of warm air over cool water are conducted and compared with aircraft observations of mean and turbulent fields made at Duck, North Carolina. Two models are used: a two-dimensional,...
Eric D. Skyllingstad; Roger M. Samelson; Larry Mahrt; Phil Barbour
Planetary Wave Breaking and Tropospheric Forcing as Seen in the Stratospheric Sudden Warming of 2006
The major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) of January 2006 is examined using meteorological fields from Goddard Earth Observing System version 4 (GEOS-4) analyses and forecast fields from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction ...
Lawrence Coy; Stephen Eckermann; Karl Hoppel
Modeling Study of Ice Formation in Warm-Based Precipitating Shallow Cumulus Clouds
Observations of large concentrations of ice particles in the dissipating stage of warm-based precipitating shallow cumulus clouds point to the limitations of scientists� understanding of the physics of such clouds and the possible role of cloud ...
Jiming Sun; Parisa A. Ariya; Henry G. Leighton; Man Kong Yau
Propagation and Selective Transmission of Internal Gravity Waves in a Sudden Warming
Longitudinally asymmetric features of gravity wave propagation in a sudden warming are examined theoretically, using observed geostrophic wind fields in the stratosphere for three days of winter 1979. It is shown that the wind patterns ...
Timothy J. Dunkerton; Neal Butchart
Interannual Variability in Warm Water Volume Transports in the Equatorial Pacific during 1993�99
Previous studies have indicated that the volume of warm water (WWV) in the equatorial Pacific is intrinsically related to the dynamics of the El Ni�o�Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. A gridded subsurface temperature dataset, which incorporates ...
Christopher S. Meinen; Michael J. McPhaden
Regional Tropical Precipitation Change Mechanisms in ECHAM4/OPYC3 under Global Warming
Mechanisms of global warming impacts on regional tropical precipitation are examined in a coupled atmosphere�ocean general circulation model (ECHAM4/OPYC3). The pattern of the regional tropical precipitation changes, once established, tends to ...
Chia Chou; J. David Neelin; Jien-Yi Tu; Cheng-Ta Chen
Heat Balance in the Pacific Warm Pool Atmosphere during TOGA COARE and CEPEX
The atmosphere above the western equatorial Pacific warm pool (WP) is an important source for the dynamic and thermodynamic forcing of the atmospheric general circulation. This study uses a high-resolution reanalysis and several observational ...
Baijun Tian; Guang Jun Zhang; V. Ramanathan
Multiwavelength WHAM Observations of Extra-planar Warm Ionized Gas in the Galaxy
Abstract. We report on observations of several optical emission lines toward a variety of newly revealed faint, large-scale H?-emitting structures in the warm ionized medium (WIM) of the Galaxy. The lines include [N II] ?6583,
G. J. Madsen
Warming of the North Pacific Ocean: Local Air�Sea Coupling and Remote Climatic Impacts
In this paper, global climatic response to the North Pacific oceanic warming is investigated in a series of coupled ocean�atmosphere modeling experiments. In the model, an idealized heating is imposed over the North Pacific Ocean, while the ocean ...
Lixin Wu; Chun Li
The Effect of Irrigation on Warm Season Precipitation in the Southern Great Plains
The synoptic and subsynoptic atmospheric processes that accompany statistically determined periods of irrigation-induced rainfall increases during the warm season in the Texas Panhandle are examined. Major results are as follows.
Anthony G. Barnston; Paul T. Schickedanz
Cold and Warm Frontal Circulations in an Idealized Moist Semigeostrophic Baroclinic Wave
Diagnoses are presented of the three-dimensional vertical circulation for a coupled cold-warm frontal system in an idealized moist semi-geostrophic (SG) baroclinic wave. The vertical circulation is computed in SG space where the solution ...
Qin Xu
Climate Change over the Equatorial Indo-Pacific in Global Warming
The response of the equatorial Indian Ocean climate to global warming is investigated using model outputs submitted to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. In all of the analyzed climate models, the SSTs ...
Chie Ihara; Yochanan Kushnir; Mark A. Cane; Victor H. de la Pe�a
Results of the Thailand Warm-Cloud Hygroscopic Particle Seeding Experiment
A randomized, warm-rain enhancement experiment was carried out during 1995�98 in the Bhumibol catchment area in northwestern Thailand. The experiment was conducted in accordance with a randomized, floating single�target design. The seeding ...
Bernard A. Silverman; Wathana Sukarnjanaset
A Coupled Theory of Tropical Climatology: Warm Pool, Cold Tongue, and Walker Circulation
Based on results from analytic and general circulation models, the authors propose a theory for the coupled warm pool, cold tongue, and Walker circulation system. The intensity of the coupled system is determined by the coupling strength, the ...
Zhengyu Liu; Boyin Huang
A Statistical Procedure to Forecast Warm Season Lightning over Portions of the Florida Peninsula
Sixteen years of cloud-to-ground lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network and morning radiosonde-derived parameters are used to develop a statistical scheme to provide improved forecast guidance for warm season afternoon and ...
The Dynamic Response of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets to Multiple-Century Climatic Warming
New calculations were performed to investigate the combined response of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to a range of climatic warming scenarios over the next millennium. Use was made of fully dynamic 3D thermomechanic ice sheet models, ...
Philippe Huybrechts; Jan de Wolde
Reasons for Larger Warming Projections in the IPCC Third Assessment Report
Projections of future warming in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report (TAR) are substantially larger than those in the Second Assessment Report (SAR). The reasons for these differences are documented and ...
T. M. L. Wigley; S. C. B. Raper
The Orographic Modulation of Pre-Warm-Front Precipitation in Southern New England
Topographic forcing over the hills and small mountains of southern New England plays an important role in determining the distribution of pre-warm-front precipitation from winter cyclones. Upslope regions receive 20�60% more precipitation than do ...
Richard E. Passarelli Jr.; Hannah Boehme
Propagation and Diurnal Evolution of Warm Season Cloudiness in the Australian and Maritime Continent Region
Warm season cold cloud-top climatology in the Austral�Indonesian region is examined for evidence of propagating modes of precipitation that originate from elevated heat sources and the diurnal heating cycle. Using satellite-inferred cloudiness ...
T. D. Keenan; R. E. Carbone
Constraining the Ratio of Global Warming to Cumulative CO2 Emissions Using CMIP5 Simulations
The ratio of warming to cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide has been shown to be approximately independent of time and emissions scenarios and directly relates emissions to temperature. It is therefore a potentially important tool for climate ...
Nathan P. Gillett; Vivek K. Arora; Damon Matthews; Myles R. Allen
Constraining the ratio of global warming to cumulative CO2 emissions using CMIP5 simulations
The ratio of warming to cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide has been shown to be approximately independent of time and emissions scenario, and directly relates emissions to temperature. It is therefore a potentially important tool for climate ...
Amazonian Deforestation: Impact of Global Warming on the Energy Balance and Climate
A coupled biosphere�atmosphere statistical�dynamical model is used to study the relative roles of the impact of the land change caused by tropical deforestation and global warming on energy balance and climate. Three experiments were made: 1) ...
E. C. Moraes; Sergio H. Franchito; V. Brahmananda Rao
Increased Runoff from Melt from the Greenland Ice Sheet: A Response to Global Warming
The authors attribute significantly increased Greenland summer warmth and Greenland Ice Sheet melt and runoff since 1990 to global warming. Southern Greenland coastal and Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures were uncorrelated between the 1960s ...
Edward Hanna; Philippe Huybrechts; Konrad Steffen; John Cappelen; Russell Huff; Christopher Shuman; Tristram Irvine-Fynn; Stephen Wise; Michael Griffiths
Multiscale Variability of the Atmospheric Mixed Layer over the Western Pacific Warm Pool
Sounding data from Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) have provided a first opportunity to document the variability of the atmospheric mixed layer over the western Pacific warm pool on ...
Richard H. Johnson; Paul E. Ciesielski; Jennifer A. Cotturone
Comments on �Why Hasn�t Earth Warmed as Much as Expected?�
In a recent paper, Schwartz et al. suggest that 1) over the last century the earth has warmed less than expected, and they discuss several factors that could explain the discrepancy, including climate sensitivity estimates and aerosol forcing. ...
Reto Knutti; Gian-Kasper Plattner
How Are Spring Snow Conditions in Central Canada Related to Early Warm-Season Precipitation?
The response of the warm-season atmosphere to antecedent snow anomalies has long been an area of study. This paper explores how the spring snow depth relates to subsequent precipitation in central Canada using ground observations, reanalysis ...
Hua Su; Robert E. Dickinson; Kirsten L. Findell; Benjamin R. Lintner
The Interaction between Hurricane Opal (1995) and a Warm Core Ring in the Gulf of Mexico
Hurricane Opal (1995) experienced a rapid, unexpected intensification in the Gulf of Mexico that coincided with its encounter with a warm core ring (WCR). The relative positions of Opal and the WCR and the timing of the intensification indicate ...
Xiaodong Hong; Simon W. Chang; Sethu Raman; Lynn K. Shay; Richard Hodur
Cool- and Warm-Season Precipitation Reconstructions over Western New Mexico
Precipitation over the southwestern United States exhibits distinctive seasonality, and contrasting ocean�atmospheric dynamics are involved in the interannual variability of cool- and warm-season totals. Tree-ring chronologies based on annual-...
D. W. Stahle; M. K. Cleaveland; H. D. Grissino-Mayer; R. D. Griffin; F. K. Fye; M. D. Therrell; D. J. Burnette; D. M. Meko; J. Villanueva Diaz
DOE's Energy Savers Website Helps Consumers "Stay Warm, Save Money" |
Energy Savers Website Helps Consumers "Stay Warm, Save Money" Energy Savers Website Helps Consumers "Stay Warm, Save Money" DOE's Energy Savers Website Helps Consumers "Stay Warm, Save Money" October 1, 2008 - 3:43pm Addthis DOE Helps Americans Be Energy Efficient at Home and Save on Energy Costs WASHINGTON - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today, on the first day of Energy Awareness Month, launched the Stay Warm, Save Money website and educational outreach campaign to help consumers be more energy efficient and save on energy costs. The information focuses on proactive ways to implement simple, cost-effective, energy saving solutions for both homes and businesses this winter and will expand to year-round home energy efficient tips. The site also features the Department's work to develop
The climatological record of clear-sky longwave radiation at the Earth's surface: evidence for water vapour feedback?
An increase in global surface temperature of between 1.4�K and 5.8�K is expected to occur by 2100 due to a doubling of the global concentration of CO2. Associated with this predicted surface warming will be an increase in the downwards longwave ...
F. Prata
Modeling the Summertime Climate of Southwest Asia: The Role of Land Surface Processes in Shaping the Climate of Semiarid Regions
Presented is a study on the role of land surface processes in determining the summertime climate over the semiarid region of southwest Asia. In this region, a warm surface air temperature bias of 3.5�C is simulated in the summer by using the ...
Marc P. Marcella; Elfatih A. B. Eltahir
Presented is a study on the role of land surface processes in determining the summertime climate over the semiarid region of southwest Asia. In this region, a warm surface air temperature bias of 3.5�C is simulated in the ...
Marcella, Marc P.
Surface Integrity
...inclusions introduced Plastically deformed debris as a result of grinding Voids, pits, burrs, or foreign material inclusions in surface Metallurgical Transformation of phases Grain size and distribution Precipitate size and distribution Foreign inclusions in material Twinning Recrystallization...
Programmable surfaces
Robotic vehicles walk on legs, roll on wheels, are pulled by tracks, pushed by propellers, lifted by wings, and steered by rudders. All of these systems share the common character of momentum transport across their surfaces. ...
Sun, Amy (Amy Teh-Yu)
Integrated Warm Gas Multicontaminant Cleanup Technologies for Coal-Derived Syngas
Integrated Warm Gas Multicontaminant Integrated Warm Gas Multicontaminant Cleanup Technologies for Coal-Derived Syngas Description Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology offers a means to utilize coal -the most abundant fuel in the United States-to produce a host of products, ranging from electricity to value-added chemicals like transportation fuels and hydrogen, in an efficient, environmentally friendly manner. However, the overall cost (capital, operating,
Comparative Global Warming Impacts of Electric Vapor-Compression and Direct-fired Absorption Equipment
This report compares the global warming impacts of electric vapor-compression and gas-fired absorption-cycle equipment for commercial cooling applications. Absorption chillers do not use ozone depleting refrigerants but substitution of alternative refrigerants in electrically driven vapor-compression cycle equipment also offers radically reduced or eliminated potential for stratospheric ozone depletion. Therefore, when comparing absorption-cycle and vapor-compression equipment, net global warming impacts...
Surface Analysis
In the Surface Analysis group, within the National Center for Photovoltaic's Measurements and Characterization Division, we use surface analytical techniques help to determine the chemical, elemental, and molecular composition, and electronic structure of material surfaces and interfaces. The properties of the surface and outer few micrometers of a material often control the electrical, chemical, or mechanical properties of that material--hence, this region is of extreme importance. Our techniques use ions, electrons, and X-ray or ultraviolet photons in high vacuum to probe surfaces and interfaces of a material. We map the elemental and chemical composition of specimens, study impurities and grain boundaries, gather bonding and chemical-state information, measure surface electronic properties, and perform depth profiles to determine doping and elemental distributions. We have analyzed a wide range of materials, including photovoltaics, microelectronics, polymers, and biological specimens. We work collaboratively with you to solve materials- and device-related R&D problems. This sheet describes our major technique capabilities.
Not Available
Properties of warm absorbers in active galaxies: a systematic stability curve analysis
Signatures of warm absorbers are seen in soft X-ray spectra of about half of all Seyfert1 galaxies observed and in some quasars and blazars. We use the thermal equilibrium curve to study the influence of the shape of the ionizing continuum, density and the chemical composition of the absorbing gas on the existence and nature of the warm absorbers. We describe circumstances in which a stable warm absorber can exist as a multiphase medium or one with continuous variation in pressure. In particular we find the following results: i) the warm absorber exists only if the spectral index of the X-ray power-law ionizing continuum $\\alpha > 0.2$ and has a multiphase nature if $\\alpha \\sim 0.8$, which interestingly is the spectral index for most of the observed Seyfert 1 galaxies; ii) thermal and ionization states of highly dense warm absorbers are sensitive to their density if the ionizing continuum is sufficiently soft, i.e. dominated by the ultraviolet iii) absorbing gas with super-Solar metallicity is more likely to have a multiphase nature; iv) the nature of the warm absorber is significantly influenced by the absence of iron and associated elements which are produced in the later stages of star formation history in supernovae of type Ia.
Susmita Chakravorty; Ajit K. Kembhavi; Martin Elvis; Gary Ferland
Natural gas and efficient technologies: A response to global warming
It has become recognized by the international scientific community that global warming due to fossil fuel energy buildup of greenhouse CO{sub 2} in the atmosphere is a real environmental problem. Worldwide agreement has also been reached to reduce CO{sub 2} emissions. A leading approach to reducing CO{sub 2} emissions is to utilize hydrogen-rich fuels and improve the efficiency of conversion in the power generation, transportation and heating sectors of the economy. In this report, natural gas, having the highest hydrogen content of all the fossil fuels, can have an important impact in reducing CO{sub 2} emissions. This paper explores natural gas and improved conversion systems for supplying energy to all three sectors of the economy. The improved technologies include combined cycle for power generation, the Carnol system for methanol production for the transportation sector and fuel cells for both power generation and transportation use. The reduction in CO{sub 2} from current emissions range from 13% when natural gas is substituted for gasoline in the transportation sector to 45% when substituting methanol produced by the Carnol systems (hydrogen from thermal decomposition of methane reacting with CO{sub 2} from coal-fired power plants) used in the transportation sector. CO{sub 2} reductions exceeding 60% can be achieved by using natural gas in combined cycle for power generation and Carnol methanol in the transportation sector and would, thus, stabilize CO{sub 2} concentration in the atmosphere predicted to avoid undue climate change effects. It is estimated that the total fossil fuel energy bill in the US can be reduced by over 40% from the current fuel bill. This also allows a doubling in the unit cost for natural gas if the current energy bill is maintained. Estimates of the total net incremental replacement capital cost for completing the new improved equipment is not more than that which will have to be spent to replace the existing equipment conducting business as usual.
Steinberg, M.
ExploreNEOs. II. THE ACCURACY OF THE WARM SPITZER NEAR-EARTH OBJECT SURVEY
We report on results of observations of near-Earth objects (NEOs) performed with the NASA Spitzer Space Telescope as part of our ongoing (2009-2011) Warm Spitzer NEO survey ('ExploreNEOs'), the primary aim of which is to provide sizes and albedos of some 700 NEOs. The emphasis of the work described here is an assessment of the overall accuracy of our survey results, which are based on a semi-empirical generalized model of asteroid thermal emission. The NASA Spitzer Space Telescope has been operated in the so-called Warm Spitzer mission phase since the cryogen was depleted in 2009 May, with the two shortest-wavelength channels, centered at 3.6 {mu}m and 4.5 {mu}m, of the Infrared Array Camera continuing to provide valuable data. The set of some 170 NEOs in our current Warm Spitzer results catalog contains 28 for which published taxonomic classifications are available, and 14 for which relatively reliable published diameters and albedos are available. A comparison of the Warm Spitzer results with previously published results ('ground truth'), complemented by a Monte Carlo error analysis, indicates that the rms Warm Spitzer diameter and albedo errors are {+-}20% and {+-}50%, respectively. Cases in which agreement with results from the literature is worse than expected are highlighted and discussed; these include the potential spacecraft target 138911 2001 AE{sub 2}. We confirm that 1.4 appears to be an appropriate overall default value for the relative reflectance between the V band and the Warm Spitzer wavelengths, for use in correction of the Warm Spitzer fluxes for reflected solar radiation.
Harris, A. W.; Mommert, M. [DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany); Hora, J. L.; Fazio, G.; Smith, H. A.; Spahr, T. B. [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, MS-65 Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Mueller, M.; Delbo, M. [Univ. de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Obs. de la Cote d'Azur, BP 4229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4 (France); Trilling, D. E.; Thomas, C. A. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 (United States); Bhattacharya, B. [NASA Herschel Science Center, Caltech, M/S 100-22, 770 South Wilson Ave. Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States); Bottke, W. F. [Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut St., Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 (United States); Chesley, S.; Mainzer, A. [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 (United States); Emery, J. P. [Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, 1412 Circle Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996 (United States); Penprase, B. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pomona College, 610 N. College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711 (United States); Stansberry, J. A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721 (United States)
Global warming and end-use efficiency implications of replacing CFCs
The direct contribution of CFCs to calculated global warming has been recognized for some time. As a result of the international agreement to phase out CFCs due to stratospheric ozone and the ensuing search for suitable alternatives, there has recently been increased attention on the DIRECT global warming potential (GWP) of the fluorocarbon alternatives as greenhouse gases. However, to date there has been little focus on the INDIRECT global warming effect arising from end-use efficiency changes and associated CO{sub 2} emissions. A study being conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) addresses this combined or total global warming impact of viable options to replace CFCs in their major energy-related applications. This paper reviews selected results for air-conditioning, refrigeration, and heat pump applications. The analysis indicates that the CFC user industries have made substantial progress in approaching near-equal energy efficiency with the HCFC/HFC alternative refrigerants. The findings also bring into question the relative importance of the DIRECT (chemical-related) effect in many applications. Replacing CFCs is an important step in reducing the total global warming impact, and at present the HCFC and HFCS appear to offer the best efficiency and lowest total impact of options available in the relatively short time period required for the transition away from CFCs.
Fairchild, P.D.; Fischer, S.K.
Hydrogen and oxygen isotope geochemistry of cold and warm springs from the Tuscarora, Nevada thermal area
Eighteen cold and warm spring water samples from the Tuscarora, Nevada KGRA have been analyzed for hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition and fluid chemistry. Warm springs have deltaD values (-128 to -137 permil) significantly lower than those of cold springs to the north and east of the area, but similar to the deltaD values of cold springs to the west and south (-131 to -135 permil). The recharge area for the warm springs is unlikely to be to the immediate north, which is the local topographic highland in the area. The hydrogen isotope data would permit recharge from areas to the southwest or from high elevations to the southeast (Independence Mountains), a sector consistent with electrical resistivity evidence of fluid flow. Warm springs are HCO/sub 3//sup -/-rich waters, enriched by a factor of 3 to 10 in Na, HCO{sub 3}/{sup -} and SiO{sub 2} relative to local cold springs. Average quartz (no steam loss) and Na/K/Ca geothermometer estimates suggest subsurface temperatures of 145{sup 0} and 196{sup 0}C, respectively. The warm springs exhibit poor correlations between either hydrogen or oxygen isotope composition and water temperature or chemistry. The absence of such correlations suggests that there is no single coherent pattern of cold water mixing or evaporation in the thermal spring system.
Bowman, J.R.; Cole, D.
Hydrogen and oxygen isotope geochemistry of cold and warm springs from the Tuscarora, Nevada Thermal Area
Eighteen cold and warm spring water samples from the Tuscarora, Nevada KGRA have been analyzed for hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition and fluid chemistry. Warm springs have deltaD values (128 to -137 permil) significantly lower than those of cold springs to the north and east of the area, but similar to the deltaD values of cold springs to the west and south (-131 to -135 permil). The recharge area for the warm springs is unlikely to be to the immediate north, which is the local topographic highland in the area. The hydrogen isotope data would permit recharge from areas to the southwest or from high elevations to the southeast (Independence Mountains), a sector consistent with electrical resistivity evidence of fluid flow. Warm springs are HCO/sub 3//sup -/-rich waters, enriched by a factor of 3 to 10 in Na, HCO/sub 3//sup -/ and SiO/sub 2/ relative to local cold springs. Average quartz (no steam loss) and Na/K/Ca geothermometer estimates suggest subsurface temperatures of 145/sup 0/ and 196/sup 0/C, respectively. The warm springs exhibit poor correlations between either hydrogen or oxygen isotope composition and water temperature or chemistry. The absence of such correlations suggests that there is no single coherent pattern of cold water mixing or evaporation in the thermal spring system.
Chimneys: Warm and Cozy or Easy Exit for Your Heat? | Department of Energy
Chimneys: Warm and Cozy or Easy Exit for Your Heat? Chimneys: Warm and Cozy or Easy Exit for Your Heat? Chimneys: Warm and Cozy or Easy Exit for Your Heat? January 12, 2010 - 10:21am Addthis Drew Bittner Web Manager, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Both of my childhood homes featured fireplaces. If you've had one, you know how terrific they can be-great places to bask on cold winter nights, an easy opportunity to toast marshmallows, picturesque, undeniably a pleasure in the house that has one. However, fireplaces have chimneys...and chimneys can be problems when it comes to home energy efficiency. For one thing, many people do not take care to close their chimney flue when there is no fire. This means warm air has an easy exit from your home; you have a big hole in your roof, after all, and warm air will take advantage of that. Ditto cold air in the
Final Report, Wind Power Resource Assessment on the Warm Springs Reservation Tribal Lands, Report No. DOE/GO/12103
This report concludes a five-year assessment of wind energy potential on the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon lands.
Jim Manion, Warm Springs Power & Water Enterprises; David McClain, McClain & Associates; HDR Engineering; Dr. Stel Walker, Oregon State University
Saving Energy and Keeping Seniors Warm This Season | Department of Energy
Saving Energy and Keeping Seniors Warm This Season Saving Energy and Keeping Seniors Warm This Season Saving Energy and Keeping Seniors Warm This Season January 7, 2013 - 12:44pm Addthis Seniors check out the new energy-efficient fitness facility at the Rockville Senior Center. | Photo courtesy of Chris Galm, Energy Department. Seniors check out the new energy-efficient fitness facility at the Rockville Senior Center. | Photo courtesy of Chris Galm, Energy Department. Using money from a Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant, the Greater Randolph Senior Center installed a 7-kW Solar PV system to reduce energy consumption. | Photo courtesy of Bexar County, Texas. Using money from a Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant, the Greater Randolph Senior Center installed a 7-kW Solar PV system to reduce
Stay Warm and Save Money This Winter with Tips from the Energy Department |
Stay Warm and Save Money This Winter with Tips from the Energy Stay Warm and Save Money This Winter with Tips from the Energy Department Stay Warm and Save Money This Winter with Tips from the Energy Department December 19, 2011 - 1:24pm Addthis Department of Energy headquarters during the winter months. | DOE file photo. Department of Energy headquarters during the winter months. | DOE file photo. What does this mean for me? Help your family save money by saving energy with these tips this winter. Click "start now" on Benefits.gov to find out if you're eligible for government assistance, including energy-related costs. Editor's note: This article was originally posted on Benefits.gov. As the days get shorter and temperatures get cooler, those energy bills seem to just keep going up. The average American spends around $2,000 per household on energy costs
Get Ready for Fall: Leaf Peeping, Staying Warm, and Saving Money |
Ready for Fall: Leaf Peeping, Staying Warm, and Saving Money Ready for Fall: Leaf Peeping, Staying Warm, and Saving Money Get Ready for Fall: Leaf Peeping, Staying Warm, and Saving Money September 21, 2009 - 3:04pm Addthis Allison Casey Senior Communicator, NREL Tomorrow is the official first day of fall, and while I always mourn the end of summer, one of the best things about fall is leaf peeping! Last year, we took my father-in-law's red '57 T-bird convertible on a lovely drive through the mountains to see the bright yellow aspens. Something about a car like that draws lots of attention-honks, waves, questions. We basically made friends everywhere we went. As much fun as that was, it wasn't exactly the most fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly excursion. I know we can do better this year; beautiful leaves are less than an hour's
Fuels for Schools Program Uses Leftover Wood to Warm Buildings | Department
Fuels for Schools Program Uses Leftover Wood to Warm Buildings Fuels for Schools Program Uses Leftover Wood to Warm Buildings Fuels for Schools Program Uses Leftover Wood to Warm Buildings May 10, 2010 - 1:11pm Addthis Darby Schools received a woodchip heating system in 2003. Rick Scheele, facilities manager for the Darby schools, shows off the wood firebox | Photo Courtesy USFS Fuels for Schools, Dave Atkins Darby Schools received a woodchip heating system in 2003. Rick Scheele, facilities manager for the Darby schools, shows off the wood firebox | Photo Courtesy USFS Fuels for Schools, Dave Atkins Stephen Graff Former Writer & editor for Energy Empowers, EERE In parts of this country, wood seems like the outsider in the biomass family. New ethanol plants that grind down millions of bushels of corn in the Midwest and breakthroughs in algae along the coasts always garner the
Three-Dimensional Studies of the Warm Ionized Medium in the Milky Way using WHAM
The Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper (WHAM) is a high throughput Fabry-Perot facility developed specifically to detect and explore the warm, ionized component of the interstellar medium at high spectral resolution. It began operating at Kitt Peak, Arizona in 1997 and has recently completed the WHAM Northern Sky Survey (WHAM-NSS), providing the first global view of the distribution and kinematics of the warm, diffuse H II in the Milky Way. This H-alpha survey reveals a complex spatial and kinematic structure in the warm ionized medium and provides a foundation for studies of the temperature and ionization state of the gas, the spectrum and strength of the ionizing radiation, and its relationship to other components of the interstellar medium and sources of ionization and heating within the Galactic disk and halo. More information about WHAM and the Survey can be found at http://www.astro.wisc.edu/wham/.
R. J. Reynolds; L. M. Haffner; G. J. Madsen
Reynolds, R J; Madsen, G J
Warm Springs Resort Pool & Spa Low Temperature Geothermal Facility | Open
Warm Springs Resort Pool & Spa Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Warm Springs Resort Pool & Spa Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Facility Warm Springs Resort Sector Geothermal energy Type Pool and Spa Location Idaho City, Idaho Coordinates 43.8285046°, -115.8345537° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[]}
Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehab. Pool & Spa Low Temperature
Pool & Spa Low Temperature Pool & Spa Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehab. Pool & Spa Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Facility Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehab. Sector Geothermal energy Type Pool and Spa Location Warm Springs, Georgia Coordinates 32.8904081°, -84.6810381° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[]}
Energy and global warming impacts of HFC refrigerants and emerging technologies: TEWI-III
The use of hydrofluorocarbons (BFCs) which were developed as alternative refrigerants and insulating foam blowing agents to replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is now being affected by scientific investigations of greenhouse warming and questions about the effects of refrigerants and blowing agents on global warming. A Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) assessment analyzes the environmental affects of these halogenated working fluids in energy consuming applications by combining a direct effect resulting from the inadvertent release of HFCs to the atmosphere with an indirect effect resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels needed to provide the energy to operate equipment using these compounds as working fluids. TEWI is a more balanced measure of environmental impact because it is not based solely on the global warming potential (GWP) of the working fluid. It also shows the environmental benefit of efficient technologies that result in less CO{sub 2} generation and eventual emission to the earth`s atmosphere. The goal of TEWI is to assess total global warming impact of all the gases released to the atmosphere, including CO{sub 2} emissions from energy conversion. Alternative chemicals and technologies have been proposed as substitutes for HFCs in the vapor-compression cycle for refrigeration and air conditioning and for polymer foams in appliance and building insulations which claim substantial environmental benefits. Among these alternatives are: (1) Hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants and blowing agents which have zero ozone depleting potential and a negligible global warming potential, (2) CO{sub 2} as a refrigerant and blowing agent, (3) Ammonia (NH{sub 3}) vapor compression systems, (4) Absorption chiller and heat pumping cycles using ammonia/water or lithium bromide/water, and (5) Evacuated panel insulations. This paper summarizes major results and conclusions of the detailed final report on the TEWI-111 study.
Sand, J.R.; Fischer, S.K.; Baxter, V.D.
Policy implications of greenhouse warming: Mitigation, adaptation, and the science base
This book discusses the policy implications of greenhouse warming by examining three major areas: general summary of information about the greenhouse effect leading to a framework for policy; the science basis for the greenhouse effect; mitigation of greenhouse warming. Each section contains 9-13 chapters on specific subjects including the following: overview of greenhouse gases; policy implications; internations considerations; climate records and models; sea levels; temperature rise estimation; energy management at several levels; nonenergy emission reduction; human populations; deforestation. Conclusions are summarized at the end of each section.
BioFacts: Fueling a stronger economy, Global warming and biofuels emissions
The focus of numerous federal and state regulations being proposed and approved today is the reduction of automobile emissions -- particularly carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), which is the greenhouse gas considered responsible for global warming. Studies conducted by the USDOE through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) indicate that the production and use of biofuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, and methanol could nearly eliminate the contribution of net CO{sub 2} from automobiles. This fact sheet provides and overview of global warming, followed by a summary of NREL`s study results.
Warm Bias and Parameterization of Boundary Upwelling in Ocean Models
It has been demonstrated that Eastern Boundary Currents (EBC) are a baroclinic intensification of the interior circulation of the ocean due to the emergence of mesoscale eddies in response to the sharp buoyancy gradients driven by the wind-stress and the thermal surface forcing. The eddies accomplish the heat and salt transport necessary to insure that the subsurface flow is adiabatic, compensating for the heat and salt transport effected by the mean currents. The EBC thus generated occurs on a cross-shore scale of order 20-100 km, and thus this scale needs to be resolved in climate models in order to capture the meridional transport by the EBC. Our result indicate that changes in the near shore currents on the oceanic eastern boundaries are linked not just to local forcing, such as coastal changes in the winds, but depend on the basin-wide circulation as well.
Cessi, Paola; Wolfe, Christopher
Effect of mechanical cleaning on seawater corrosion of candidate OTEC heat exchanger materials. Part 1. Tests with M. A. N. brushes
Corrosion evaluations were conducted on 3003 Alclad, 5052 aluminum, C7 0600 copper-nickel, AL-6X stainless steel, and commercially-pure titanium in natural seawater under simulated OTEC heat exchanger conditions to investigate the erosion-corrosion effects of mechanical tube cleaning. Test conditions of M.A.N. brush cleaning and M.A.N. brush cleaning + chlorination were compared with no mechanical cleaning over a seven month period. M.A.N. brushing significantly accelerated corrosion of 5052 aluminum and C7 0600 copper-nickel. Chlorination significantly accelerated erosion-corrosion of 3003 Alclad and 5052 aluminium. Chlorination somewhat decreased erosion-corrosion of C7 0600 copper-nickel. There was no detectable effect of M.A.N. brushing or chlorination on AL-6X stainless steel or titanium, although AL-6X exhibited crevice corrosion at tubing connections. 3003 Alclad and 5052 aluminum exhibited piting corrosion in all 3 test environments.
A Time-Varying Greenhouse Warming Pattern and the Tropical�Extratropical Circulation Linkage in the Pacific Ocean
Recently, Cai and Whetton provided modeling evidence that the greenhouse warming pattern has undergone a systematic change from a pattern with maximum warming in subtropical and mid- to high latitudes to one that is El Ni�o�like from the 1960s ...
Wenju Cai; P. H. Whetton
Long-term effects of soil warming on labile carbon availability and microbial community respiration and composition
warmed soils from the Harvard Forest in Petersham, MA were analyzed as to the long-term effects. Soil warming has been going on in large 30x30m plots at the Harvard Forest (Petersham, MA) for the past in the Barre Woods of the Slab City Tract of the Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA. This is a mixed deciduous
Vallino, Joseph J.
Droplet evolution in expanding flow of warm dense matter
We propose a simple, self-consistent kinetic model for the evolution of a mixture of droplets and vapor expanding adiabatically in vacuum after rapid, almost isochoric heating. We study the evolution of the two-phase fluid at intermediate times between the molecular and the hydrodynamic scales, focusing on out-of-equilibrium and surface effects. We use the van der Waals equation of state as a test bed to implement our model and study the phenomenology of the upcoming second neutralized drift compression experiment (NDCX-II) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) that uses ion beams for target heating.We find an approximate expression for the temperature difference between the droplets and the expanding gas and we check it with numerical calculations. The formula provides a useful criterion to distinguish the thermalized and nonthermalized regimes of expansion. In the thermalized case, the liquid fraction grows in a proportion that we estimate analytically, whereas, in case of too rapid expansion, a s...
Armijo, Julien; 10.1103/PhysRevE.83.051507
Research Aircraft Observations and Numerical Simulations of a Warm Front Approaching Vancouver Island
The mesoscale structure of the low-level flow and the character of the turbulence are investigated for a warm front as it approached the prominent terrain of the Pacific Northwest in the vicinity of Vancouver Island. Flight-level and airborne ...
James D. Doyle; Nicholas A. Bond
VIRGINIA CENTER FOR COAL & ENERGY RESEARCH WINTER 1998-99 / VOL. XVIII, NO. 1 Global Warming
for fossil fuelbased energy then the production of carbon dioxide will also, inevitably, increaseVIRGINIA CENTER FOR COAL & ENERGY RESEARCH WINTER 1998-99 / VOL. XVIII, NO. 1 Global Warming Our the opinion. Can the VCCER with its mandated interests in coal and energy be any different? Well, we do try
A Climatology of the Warm Season Great Plains Low-Level Jet Using Wind Profiler Observations
Hourly observations from the Wind Profiler Demonstration Network during the warm season months of 1991 and 1992 were used to develop a climatology of the low-level jet (LLJ) over the Great Plains of the central United States. The maximum overall ...
Mark J. Mitchell; Raymond W. Arritt; Ken Labas
Comparison of Bulk and Bin Warm-Rain Microphysics Models Using a Kinematic Framework
This paper discusses the development and testing of a bulk warm-rain microphysics model that is capable of addressing the impact of atmospheric aerosols on ice-free clouds. Similarly to previous two-moment bulk schemes, this model predicts the ...
Hugh Morrison; Wojciech W. Grabowski
Modeling Supersaturation and Subgrid-Scale Mixing with Two-Moment Bulk Warm Microphysics
This paper describes further developments of a two-moment warm rain bulk microphysics scheme suitable for addressing the indirect impact of atmospheric aerosols on ice-free clouds in large-eddy simulation (LES) models. The emphasis is on the ...
The Effect of Urban Warming on the Northern Hemisphere Temperature Average
The significance of the urban warming effect on large-scale and hemispheric mean temperature series is assessed using estimates of the urbanization bias for stations in the United States produced by Karl et al. It is concluded that the Northern ...
P. D. Jones; P. M. Kelly; C. M. Goodess; T. Karl
A Preferred Scale for Warm-Core Instability in a Nonconvective Moist Basic State
The existence, scale, and growth rates of subsynoptic-scale warm-core circulations are investigated with a simple parameterization for latent heat release in a nonconvective basic state using a linear two-layer shallow-water model. For a range of ...
Brian H. Kahn; Douglas M. Sinton
Comprehensive monitoring of CO2 sequestration in subalpine forest ecosystems and its relation to global warming
Global warming is an increasing concern worldwide. Assessing the contribution of CO2 to this phenomenon is an important issue. This project's goal is to improve understanding of CO2 and H2O transport in a mountainous terrain that confound current efforts ... Keywords: biogeochemistry, carbon sequestration, ecosystem, multi-modal, multi-scale, multi-tier, self organized, sensor array, trigger, wireless
Lynette Laffea; Russ Monson; Richard Han; Ryan Manning; Ashly Glasser; Steve Oncley; Jielun Sun; Sean Burns; Steve Semmer; John Militzer
The Early Twentieth-Century Warming in the Arctic�A Possible Mechanism
The huge warming of the Arctic that started in the early 1920s and lasted for almost two decades is one of the most spectacular climate events of the twentieth century. During the peak period 1930�40, the annually averaged temperature anomaly for ...
Lennart Bengtsson; Vladimir A. Semenov; Ola M. Johannessen
A Model Study on the 1988�89 Warming Event in the Northern North Pacific
Using outputs of a high-resolution ocean general circulation model, upper-ocean heat content budget and mixed layer heat budget are analyzed to investigate the reason for the 1988�89 decadal warming event in the northern North Pacific. The model ...
Jing-Jia Luo; Toshio Yamagata
The Final Warming Date of the Antarctic Polar Vortex and Influences on its Interannual Variability
More than 40 years of radiosonde data from two Antarctic stations are examined for changes in the date of the final stratospheric warming that occurs each year as the vortex breaks up in spring/summer. A new measure of this date is derived that ...
Joanna D. Haigh; Howard K. Roscoe
Ice Initiation by Collision-Freezing in Warm-Based Cumuli
The mechanical shock of collision between supercooled water drops is explored as a mechanism for the origin of ice in the warm-based cumuli of the central United States. The results of laboratory experiments, using groups of 3-mm diameter ...
Roobert R. Czys
Impact of Verification Grid-Box Size on Warm-Season QPF Skill Measures
A 10-km-grid-spacing version of NCEP's Eta Model was used to simulate 11 warm-season convective systems occurring over the U.S. upper midwest. Quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) from the model valid for 6-h periods were verified using 4-...
William A. Gallus Jr.
Do Models and Observations Disagree on the Rainfall Response to Global Warming?
Recently analyzed satellite-derived global precipitation datasets from 1987 to 2006 indicate an increase in global-mean precipitation of 1.1%�1.4% decade?1. This trend corresponds to a hydrological sensitivity (HS) of 7% K?1 of global warming, ...
Beate G. Liepert; Michael Previdi
Genesis of Pre�Hurricane Felix (2007). Part II: Warm Core Formation, Precipitation Evolution, and Predictability
This is the second of a two-part study examining the simulated formation of Atlantic Hurricane Felix (2007) in a cloud-representing framework. Here several open issues are addressed concerning the formation of the storm�s warm core, the evolution ...
Zhuo Wang; M. T. Montgomery; T. J. Dunkerton
Estimating the Diapycnal Transport Contribution to Warm Water Volume Variations in the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Variations in the warm water volume (WWV) of the equatorial Pacific Ocean are considered a key element of the dynamics of the El Ni�o�Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. WWV, a proxy for the upper-ocean heat content, is usually defined as the ...
Jaclyn N. Brown; Alexey V. Fedorov
Global Warming and the Problem of Testing for Trend in Time Series Data
In recent years a number of statistical tests have been proposed for testing the hypothesis that global warming is occurring. The standard approach is to examine one or two of the more prominent global temperature datasets by letting Yt = a + bt +...
Wayne A. Woodward; H. L. Gray
The Energy Balance in a Warm-Core Ring's Near-Inertial Critical Layer
The energy sink for near-inertial internal gravity waves encountering a vertical critical layer is examined with fine- and microstructure profiles collected in a warm-core ring. The hypothesis that the bulk of the trapped wave energy is lost to ...
Eric Kunze; Raymond W. Schmitt; John M. Toole
Warm-to-Cold Water Conversion in the Northern North Atlantic Ocean
A box Model of warm-to-cold-water conversion in the northern North Atlantic is developed and used to estimate conversion rates, given water mass temperatures, conversion paths and rate of air-sea heat exchange. The northern North Atlantic is ...
M. S. McCartney; L. D. Talley
VIRGINIA CENTER FOR COAL & ENERGY RESEARCH WINTER 1998-99 / VOL. XVIII, NO. 1 Global Warming Our the opinion. Can the VCCER with its mandated interests in coal and energy be any different? Well, we do try QUARTERLY COAL PRODUCTION STATISTICS 5 GAS PRODUCTION STATISTICS 6 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Convection over the Pacific Warm Pool in relation to the Atmospheric Kelvin-Rossby Wave
Deep convection over the western tropical Pacific warm pool is analyzed in terms of its relation to the atmospheric Kelvin�Rossby wave, which dominates the large-scale flow during the austral summer. The study uses Doppler radar data collected by ...
Robert A. Houze Jr.; Shuyi S. Chen; David E. Kingsmill; Yolande Serra; Sandra E. Yuter
Carbon capture and storage in geologic formations has been proposed as a global warming mitigation strategy
Abstract Carbon capture and storage in geologic formations has been proposed as a global warming mitigation strategy that can contribute to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to maintain adsorbed methane in the coalbed formation. But now carbon dioxide will replace the methane
Mohaghegh, Shahab
Timing of El Ni�o�Related Warming and Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall
The relationship between all-India summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) and the timing of (El Ni�o�Southern Oscillation) ENSO-related warming/cooling is investigated, using observational data during the period from 1881 to 1998. The analysis of the ...
Chie Ihara; Yochanan Kushnir; Mark A. Cane; Alexey Kaplan
Increase of global monsoon area and precipitation under global warming: A robust signal?
Increase of global monsoon area and precipitation under global warming: A robust signal? Pang 2012; revised 18 February 2012; accepted 20 February 2012; published 16 March 2012. [1] Monsoons of people around the world. The global monsoon precipitation had an increasing trend over the past three
Li, Tim
The Mean and Near-Inertial Velocity Fields in a Warm-Core Ring
Velocity and temperature profiles collected in warm-core ring 82-I in January 1983 are used to describe the mean and fluctuating fields of the ring. The ring was relatively small, containing no Sargasso See water. Its signature vanished below 600 ...
Eric Kunze
Addressing Global Warming, Air Pollution Health Damage, and Long-Term Energy Needs Simultaneously
pollution simultaneously, namely wind- and solar energy for electric power, electric vehicles and diesel vehicles currently cause. 4) Studies to date suggest little reduction or an exacerbation of global estimates of the effects of cellulosic ethanol on global warming to date are premature and low. 6) Wind
Patzek, Tadeusz W.