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Engineered zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) are a tool for genome manipulation that are of great interest to scientists in many fields. To meet the needs of researchers wishing to employ ZFNs, an inexpensive, rapid assembly procedure would be beneficial to laboratories that do not have access to the proprietary reagents often required for ZFN production. Using freely available sequence data derived from the Zinc Finger Targeter database, we developed a protocol for synthesis and directed insertion of user-defined ZFNs into a versatile plasmid expression system. This oligonucleotide-based isothermal DNA assembly protocol was used to determine whether we could generate functional nucleases capable of endogenous gene editing. We targeted the human α-l-iduronidase (IDUA) gene on chromosome 4, mutations of which result in the severe lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis type I. In approximately 1 week we were able to design, assemble, and test six IDUA-specific ZFNs. In a single-stranded annealing assay five of the six candidates we tested performed at a level comparable to or surpassing previously reported ZFNs. One of the five subsequently showed nuclease activity at the endogenous genomic IDUA locus. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of in silico-designed, oligonucleotide-assembled, synthetic ZFNs, requiring no specialized templates or reagents that are capable of endogenous human gene target site activity. This method, termed CoDA-syn (context-dependent assembly-synthetic), should facilitate a more widespread use of ZFNs in the research community.
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The size of the seven subregions of the corpus callosum was measured on MRI scans from 22 non-mentally retarded autistic subjects and 22 individually matched controls. Areas of the anterior subregions were smaller in the autistic group. In a subsample, measurements were adjusted for intracranial, total brain, and white matter volumes and the differences between groups remained significant. No differences were found in the other subregions. This observation is consistent with the frontal lobe dysfunction reported in autism.
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The function of trichomes of an amphibious fern, Marsilea quadrifolia.
ABSTRACT.--Marsilea quadrifolia, an amphibious fern, has the ability to develop heterophyllous, aerial and submerged leaves. In contrast to submerged leaves, aerial leaves have trichomes on both surfaces. To examine if the presence of trichomes can reflect excess light and hence reduce the risk of being damaged by excess light, we compared the optical properties and chlorophyll a fluorescence, in particular the maximum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), of M. quadrifolia leaves with trichomes (intact) and those having trichomes removed (de-trichomed). Photosynthetic gas exchange measurements were also conducted to quantify transpirational water loss and instantaneous water use efficiency (WIDE) of M. quadrifolia intact and de-trichomed leaves. The results showed that removal of trichomes neither affected the optical properties in the visible part of the solar spectrum nor the midday depression of Fv/Fm values of leaflets. In contrast, significantly increased in transpiration rates and decreased rates in WUE were found in detrichomed leaflets in comparison to intact ones. These results imply that the presence of trichomes is of more importance in reducing water loss than in reflecting light and protecting M. quadrifolia against the potentially damaging effect of photoinhibition in aerial environments.KEY WORDS.--amphibious fern, gas exchange, Marsilea quadrifolia, optical property, photoinhibition, trichome
How amphibious species cope with contrasting environmental conditions between aquatic and terrestrial habitats is of interests to researchers. Marsilea, an amphibious fern genus, has the ability to develop heterophyll. Marsilea quadrifolia L. experiencing extreme variation in environment develops submerged, floating, emergent and terrestrial leaves (Liu, 1984; Lin et al., 2007). These different forms of leaves have different morphological and physiological characteristics. For example, in contrast to the glabrous surface of submerged and floating leaves, the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of emergent leaves are covered with dense trichomes. In addition, leaves of terrestrial grown M. quadrifolia (terrestrial leaves) have more trichomes than emergent leaves of aquatic grown (Lin et al., 2007). The ecological importance of these trichomes has not been studied.
The two commonly cited functions of trichomes are to increase reflectance and to increase boundary layer resistance (Lambers et al., 1998). Increasing reflectance would reduce incident light on leaf surfaces and might reduce the risk of overheating and the potentially harmful effects of excessive light on leaves (Ehleringer, 1984). Increasing boundary layer resistance would reduce transpirational water loss. A combination of drought, temperature and light stress would greatly increase in terrestrial environments in comparison to that in aquatic habitats. Hence, the production of trichomes may represent one of the acclimation responses conferring M. quadrifolia the ability to grow in terrestrial conditions (Lin et al., 2007).
The phenomenon of photoinhibition occurs when leaves are exposed to light levels in excess of what can be utilized in photosynthesis (Powles, 1984). Photoinhibition leads to decreases in photon yield and photosystem II is considered the primary site of photoinhibition (Barber and Andersson, 1992). The yield and kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence emitted from leaves upon illumination with actinic light have been used as a probe for the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis (Krause and Weis, 1991). In particular, the linear relationship between quantum yield and the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) (Kao and Forseth, 1992), suggests that Fv/Fm can be used as a probe to monitor the activity of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. A decrease in the values indicates reduction in photosynthetic activity.
The objective of this study is to investigate the ecological significance of trichomes in leaves of M. quadrifolia. To examine if the presence of trichomes can reflect excess light and hence reduce the risk of being damaged by excess light, we compared the optical properties and chlorophyll a fluorescence of M. quadrifolia intact leaves (with trichomes) with leaves having trichomes removed (by de-trichomed treatment). Photosynthetic gas exchange measurements were also conducted to quantify transpirational water loss and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of M. quadrifolia intact and detrichomed leaves. We test the hypothesis that to reduce the risk of drought stress and being damaged by excessive light, M. quadrifolia develops trichomes, reducing transpirational water loss and/or reflecting excess light.
MATERIAL Am METHODS
Rhizomes of M. quadrifolia were planted in 2 L plastic pots filled with a mixture of vermiculite: soil of 1:1 by volume. Plants were grown in a glasshouse receiving natural daylight, watered to soil saturation every other day, and fertilized using inorganic fertilizer (N:P:K of 20:20:20) once every two weeks. The plant produces leaves with four leaflets expanded on a plane perpendicular to the petiole, resembling a four-leaf clover, which is connected to the rhizome. The following measurements were conducted on leaflets.
The morphology of trichomes was observed and the length measured under a scanning electron microscope (TM 1000, Hitachi). The optical properties were measured on the same leaflet before and after partial trichomes being removed. To remove trichomes, we gently brushed both surfaces of leaflets. Trichome density was estimated on both surfaces with a dissecting microscope before and after the de-trichomed treatment. Leaf optical measurements on adaxial surfaces were made using a custom-built dual integrating sphere system following the method described by Runcie and Durako (2004). Briefly, leaf spectral transmittance (T([lambda])) and reflectance (R([lambda])) were measured from 400 nm to 700 nm at 0.5 nm resolution using a fiber-optic spectrometer (HR2000, Ocean Optics) interfaced with a FOI[s.sup.-1] (for T([lambda]) measurement; Ocean Optics) or ISP-REF (for R([lambda]) measurement; Ocean Optics) integrating spheres. Light source provided by a collimated beam from a tungsten-halogen light (L[s.sup.-1], Ocean Optics) was directed into the entrance port and to an exit port of the opposite side of the sphere through an optical fiber. For measuring reflectance, measurements were calibrated against a 99% reflectance standard (W[s.sup.-1]-SS, Ocean Optics). After measurements of T([lambda]) and R([lambda]), we then calculated leaf absorptance (A([lambda]) = 1 - T([lambda]) - R([lambda])).
To evaluate if the presence of trichomes can reduce photoinhibition, we measured the characteristics of fluorescence induction on intact and treated leaflets in situ using a portable, pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer (MiniPAM, Walz, Effeltrich, Germany). Fluorescence was measured on the adaxial side of leaflets with or without trichomes removed (n = 6) at 10, 12 and 14 h on a clear day. Leaves were adapted to darkness for 30 minutes before the measurement was taken. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) on a horizontal surface at the same height of the leaves and air temperature were also monitored.
Photosaturated photosynthetic rates ([A.sub.max]) and transpiration rates (E) were measured with an LI-6400 infrared gas exchange system (LI-Cor, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) on the most recently expanded, intact and de-trichomed leaflets. The intercellular C[O.sub.2] concentration (Ci) was calculated according to Farquhar and Sharkey (1982). Measurement conditions within the cuvette were: photosynthetic photon flux density (PPF) of 1200 [micro]mol [m.sup.-2][s.sup.-1], cuvette temperature 30[degrees]C, leaf-to-air water vapor pressure difference (VPD) 1.5-1.6 kPa, and ambient C[O.sub.2] concentration 360 [+ or -] 5 [cm.sup.3][m.sup.-3]. The de-trichomed leaflets remained green and looked healthy a few days after the experiment indicating that the brushing treatment did not damage the leaflets. To further make sure that the de-trichomed treatment did not damage the epidermis, we also made paraffin sections of leaflets and found that the epidermis cells remained intact after the detachment of trichomes (data not shown).
All statistical tests were performed with the computer software SYSTAT (Statistical Solution, Cork, Ireland). Significant differences are reported as P < 0.05.
Characteristics of trichomes.--The morphology of trichomes is shown in the SEM picture (Fig. 1). Grown in terrestrial condition, M. quadrifolia produced multicellular, 2-3 cells, trichomes (Fig. 1). Before making the SEM scan, we used liquid nitrogen to fix the samples. Some of trichomes were detached from the surface by the treatment. Hence, we estimated trichome density with a dissecting microscope instead of calculating the number of trichomes by SEM scanning. The result showed that there was no significant difference in trichome density between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces (Table 1).
Leaf optical properties.--In general, intact and de-trichomed leaflets had the highest reflectance and transmittance and the lowest absorptance at ca. 550 nm in the wavelengths ranging from 400 to 700 nm (Fig. 2). In a comparison of intact and de-trichomed leaves, no significant difference was found either in T([lambda]) or in R([lambda]). Consequently, both types of leaves had similar A([lambda]). As a result, reducing trichome density did not affect the average reflectance, transmittance and absorptance of visible light in M. quadrifolia leaflets (Table 1).
Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement.--The diurnal courses of PPF at plant height and air temperature (Ta) were recorded on the same day as leaf fluorescence was measured (Fig. 3a). Initial and continuous dark adapted measurements of maximum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) indicated that the leaves were healthy and not experiencing stress due to the removal of trichomes (Table 2). Midday depression of Fv/Fm values was found in the leaflets when exposed to solar irradiation (Fig. 3b). In comparison to continuously dark-adapted leaves, illuminated leaflets showed significant reduction in Fv/Fm at 1000h, 1200h and 1400h when PPF and air temperature were highest during the day (Fig. 3). No significant difference was found in Fv/ Fm values between intact and de-trichomed leaflets.
Gas exchange measurement.--Transpiration rate (E) increases with [A.sub.max] in both intact and detrichomed leaflets; as a result, a significant, positive, linear relationship was found between [A.sub.max] and E (Fig. 4a). No significant difference was found between the slopes of these positive relationships for intact and de trichomed leaflets. However, de-trichomed leaflets had significantly higher E relative to intact leaflets for a given [A.sub.max].
The calculated Ci values of de-trichomed leaflets were higher than those of intact leaflets (Fig. 4h).
Knowledge of how fern species cope with excess light or drought stress in terrestrial environments is of ecological and evolutionary importance. Biochemical mechanisms, such as xanthophyll-mediated energy dissipation, and/or morphological mechanisms, such as leaf curing and laminar scales, have been demonstrated in pteridophytes (Eichmeier et al., 1993; Tausz et al., 2001; Watkins et al., 2006). To our knowledge, the influence of pubescence on the incident radiation and water budget has not been studied in any fern species.
Among other functions (Johnson, 1975; Zvereva et al., 1998), pubescence had been shown to increase reflectance (Ehleringer, 1984; Holmes and Keiller, 2002) and afford protection against excess radiation (Ripley et al., 1999; Morales et al., 2002; Manetas, 2003) in seed plants. Our results, however, showed that M. quadrifolia leaflets have a very high absorptance and detrichomed treatments did not affect the visible part (400-700 nm) of optical properties of the leaflets (Fig. 2). Additionally, the Fv/Fm values of leaflets of M. quadrifolia at the midday were not affected by the removal of trichomes (Fig. 3b). It is therefore possible that trichomes on leaflets of M. quadrifolia are of less importance in reflecting light and in protecting the plant against the potentially damaging effect of photoinhibition. However, leaf temperatures in de-trichomed leaflets may be reduced due to their increased transpiration rates (Fig. 4a), which may ameliorate the damaging effect of high light and high air temperature on de-trichomed leaflets. For example, the result that the detrichomed/orienting leaflets had less reduction in Fv/Fm, though not significant, than intact/orienting leaflets (Fig. 3b) might result from the increased transpiration rate in the former. Accordingly, we cannot completely exclude the role of trichomes in providing photoprotection for M. quadrifolia leaflets.
Few studies have also shown that the presence of trichomes can reduce leaf transpiration rates (Ripley et al., 1999). The significantly increase in transpiration rates, about 30%, measured in de-trichomed M. quadrifolia leaflets compared to intact ones (Fig. 4a) suggests that the presence of trichomes is of more importance in reducing water loss than in providing photoprotection. At constant leaf-air vapor pressure deficit, Ci values may be used as a measure of the instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of the leaf (Farquhar and Sharkey, 1982), with a lower Ci indicating a higher instantaneous WUE. De-trichomed treatments resulted in leaflets with higher Ci (Fig. 4b) implying a lower WUE. These results reveal that the reduction in water loss from M. quadrifolia leaflets with trichomes also resulted in increased WUE.
The hair layer on leaves may lead to higher leaf temperatures caused by reducing the transpirational water loss (Ripley et al., 1999). We have observed that leaflets of M. quadrifolia have the ability of performing tropic movements (pers. obs.). It is possible that M. quadrifolia adjust leaflet angle and azimuth to intercept a smaller quantity of radiant energy, which would allow the plant to moderate leaflet temperature without excessive transpiration. The function of tropic leaf movements in protecting soybean leaves from photoinhibition has been documented (Kao and Forseth, 1992). Thus, the presence of trichomes on both surfaces combined with leaflet movements may provide M. quadrifolia mechanisms against drought stress. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the combination of the avoidance mechanisms, leaf movements and the production of trichomes are very important adaptations, conferring the amphibious M. quadrifolia ability to grow in terrestrial conditions. The effect of the interaction between water availability and light intensity on trichome density and leaflet movements in M. quadrifolia are currently under studied.
We thank Dr. Bai-Ling Lin, for the inspiration of this study and providing rhizomes of M. quadrifolia, Dr. Shiang-Jiuun Chen for providing technique support in taking the SEM picture, and Yih-Chi Chang, for help in taking chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange measurements.
BARBER, J. and B. ANDERSSON. 1992. TOO much of a good thing: light can be bad for photosynthesis. Trends in Biochem. Sci. 17:61-66.
EHLERINGER, J. R. 1984. Ecology and ecophysiology of leaf pubescence in North American desert plants. In E. Rodrigues, P. L. Healey and I. Mehta, eds. Biology and Chemistry of Plant Trichomes. Plenum Press, New York.
EICHMEIER, W. C., C. CASPER and C. B. OSMOND. 1993. Chlorophyll fluorescence in the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook & Grev) Spring during high-light and desiccation stress, and evidence for zeaxanthin-associated photoprotection. Planta 189:30-38.
FARQUHAR, G. D. and T. D. SHARKEY. 1982. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33:317-345.
JOHNSON, H. B. 1975. Plant pubescence- ecological perspective. Bot. Rev. 41:233-258.
HOLMES, M. G. and D. R. KEILLER. 2002. Effects of pubescence and waxes on the reflectance of leaves in the ultraviolet and photosynthetic wavebands: a comparison of a range of species. Plant Cell Environ. 25:85-93.
KAO, W.-Y. and I. N. FORSETH. 1992. Diurnal leaf movement, chlorophyll fluorescence and carbon assimilation in soybean grown under different nitrogen and water availability. Plant Cell Environ. 15:703-710.
KRAUSE, G. H. and E. WEIS. 1991. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basics. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:313-349.
LAMBERS, H., F. S. CHAPIN III and T. L. PONS. 1998. Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer, New York.
LIN, C.-H., B.-L. LIN and W.-Y. KAO. 2007. Leaf characteristics and photosynthetic performance of floating, emergent and terrestrial leaves of Marsilea quadrifolia. Taiwania 52:195-200.
LIU, B. L. L. 1984. Abscisic acid induces land form characteristics in Marsilea quadrifolia L. Am. J. Bot. 71:638-644.
MANETAS, Y. 2003. The importance of being hairy: the adverse effects of hair removal on stem photosynthesis of Verbascum speciosum are due to solar UV-B radiation. New Phytol. 158:503-508.
MORALES, F., A. ABRADIA, J. ABADIA, G. MONTSERRAT and E. GRL-PELEGRIN. 2002. Trichomes and photosynthetic pigment composition changes: responses of Quercus ilex subsp, blllota (Desf.) Samp. and Quercus coccifera L. to Mediterranean stress conditions. Trees 16:504-510.
POWLEs, S. B. 1984. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:15-44.
RIPLEY, B. S., N. W. PAMMENTER and V. R. SMITH. 1999. Function of leaf hairs revisited: the hair layer on leaves of Arctotbeca populifolia reduces photoinhibition, but leads to higher leaf temperatures caused by lower transpiration rates. J. Plant Physiol. 155:78-85.
RUNCIE, J. W. and M. J. DURAKO. 2004. Among-shoot variability and leaf-specific absorptance characteristics affect diel estimates of in situ electron transport of Posidonia australis. Aquat. Bot. 80:200-209.
TAUSZ, M., P. HIETZ and O. BRIONES. 2001. The significance of carotenoids and tocopherols in photoprotection of seven epiphytic fern species of a Mexican cloud forest. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28:775-783.
WATKINS, J. E., A. Y. KAWAHARA, S. T. LEICHT, J. R. AULD, A. J. BICKSLER and K. KAISER. 2006. Fern laminar scales protect against photoinhibition from excess light. Am. Fern J. 96:83-92.
ZVEREVA, E. L., M. V. KOZLOV and P. NIEMELA. 1998. Effects of leaf pubescence in Salix borealis on host-plant choice and feeding behavior of the leaf beetle, Melasoma lapponica. Ento. Exp. Appl. 89:297-303.
Inst. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University
Inst. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University,
Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University
* Corresponding author: Wen-Yuan Kao; Address: Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Fax: 886-2367-3374, Phone: 886-3366-2511; e-mail: email@example.com
TABLE 1. Trichome density ([cm.sup.-2]) on adaxial and abaxial surfaces of intact and de-trichomed leaflets and the optical properties of M. quadrifolia (mean [+ or -] S.E., n = 5). Values within the same row followed by different superscripts represent significant difference at P = 0.05. Parameters Intact leaflets Trichome density Adaxial surface 1433 [+ or -] 69 (a) Abaxial surface 1594 [+ or -] 99 (a) Total 3027 [+ or -] 164 (a) Optical properties Reflectance (%) 5.5 [+ or -] 0.4 (a) Transmittance (%) 6.5 [+ or -] 0.9 (a) Absorptance (%) 88.0 [+ or -] 1.0 (b) Parameters De-trichomed Trichome density 149 [+ or -] 47 (b) 159 [+ or -] 39 (b) 308 [+ or -] 77 (b) Optical properties 5.3 [+ or -] 1.0 (a) 7.8 [+ or -] 1.1 (a) 87.0 [+ or -] 1.7 (b) TABLE 2. Maximum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of initial (before leaflet being exposed to solar irradiation) and continuous dark adapted intact and de-trichomed leaflets of M. quadrifolia used in the measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence (mean [+ or -] s.e., n = 6). Treatments Initial Continuous dark Intact 0.76 [+ or -] 0.01 0.77 [+ or -] 0.01 De-trichomed 0.77 [+ or -] 0.01 0.77 [+ or -] 0.01
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Geographic Code: | 9TAIW |
Date: | Oct 1, 2009 |
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The Minerals Education Coalition's (MEC) mission is to identify, produce and disseminate fact-based K-12 minerals education lessons and activities and to inform and educate the general public about the importance of mining in their everyday lives.
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Lebanese election a blow to Hezbollah
The Western-backed March 14 coalition won an unexpectedly large parliamentary majority – 71 of 128 seats – over the opposition, led by the Iranian-backed militant group.
Hussam Shbaro/Reuters
Beirut, Lebanon
Lebanon's Western-backed March 14 coalition has defeated a stiff challenge by the Hezbollah-led opposition in national elections to retain its parliamentary majority.
The March 14 bloc's win will reassure its supporters in Washington and Saudi Arabia, while the opposition defeat is a blow for Iran and Syria, which support Hezbollah and were hoping to counter US influence in Lebanon.
But protracted negotiations over the composition of a new national unity government could spark a fresh political crisis between the two rival camps.
A key sticking point is what should be done with Hezbollah's weapons – a question that has been at the crux of the political schism in Lebanon since the devastating month-long war with Israel in 2006. "It depends how smart March 14 plays it," says Ousama Safa, director of the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies in Beirut. "The election result has ripped many cards from Hezbollah ... but if March 14 has learned anything, it would be a major mistake to go after Hezbollah's weapons head-on."
Page 1 of 5


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Gifts and your taxes: What you need to know
Tax time is upon us. In fact, the deadline to file taxes is less than a week away. And while you may have already forgotten about that awful gift you got for Christmas, as you prepare your taxes, you're going to have to recall other gifts you may have bestowed or received throughout the year—stocks, bonds, real estate, and cash.
Whether you're the giver or the receiver, the IRS wants to know when gifts are made to 1) tax them and/or 2) tally how much of the giver's lifetime gift and estate tax exclusion he or she has used. That's right, there's a limit to your and others' graciousness as a tax benefit. Granted, it's a pretty big limit. In 2012, the lifetime exclusion was $5.12 million, and in January 2013, it was bumped up to $5.25 million, adjusting for inflation.
So before you begin filing your taxes, see if any of these rules apply to you:
1. Did you receive a gift?
You're not taxed on the gift or required to report to the IRS the year you receive it. However, you'll be taxed when the asset gifted is sold and sold for a profit. The profit is typically capital gain. Since it'll be your responsibility to report the sale of the gifted asset, it's important for those who make gifts to provide information necessary for the recipient to calculate the profit on the sale. It's also important to keep the documentation that supports what the donor paid for it, since the person who receives the gift will have to document the sale basis if they're audited.
2. Did you give a gift?
If you give a gift, you must report your 2012 gifts in excess of $13,000 per year per person. In 2013, that gift exclusion rises to $14,000. When reporting gifts, the cost basis (usually what you paid for the asset gifted) and the fair market value of the gift must be reported. If you give real estate, typically a real estate appraisal on the date of the gift will be necessary. The real estate appraisal will usually be required to be attached to the gift tax return.
3. Who needs to report?
As you can see, gift reporting to the IRS is for individuals who give another person more than $13,000 per year. Couples were able to jointly give up to $26,000 in 2012 and will be able to give up to $28,000 in 2013 without impacting their once-in-a-lifetime exclusion. Joint gifts require spousal consent and thus require the filing of a gift tax return even when below the filing limit.
4. What counts as a gift?
Gifts considered for the yearly amount can accumulate during the year, so it may be necessary to track gifts to individuals throughout the year. For example, if you gave your daughter a $500 birthday gift, a $1,000 graduation gift, and $12,500 of yearly college living expenses, that takes the yearly total of gifts to above the yearly $13,000 threshold and requires you to report.
5. When is this really important?
Gifting is typically part of estate planning, usually with the help of a qualified attorney and tax planner. Estate planning is not just for the wealthy. Estate planning encompasses wills and testaments, trusts, and retirement, disability, and life insurance. You not only address how to leave assets to others, but also answer such important questions as "Who will manage your affairs if you pass away?" and "Who will look after your children if you're not able?" Without a will, a court typically decides.
The gift rules and limits explained above are based on federal rules. Each state has its own rules as well. Consult a knowledgeable lawyer or accountant before making important financial decisions.
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A guided tour of resources for addressing this popular and complicated subject, featuring advice from Dr. John Ciribassi.
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(3129 quotes found)
"It is the set of the sails, not the direction of the wind that determines which way we will go."
Jim Rohn
"The direction in which education starts a man will determine his future in life"
"When two people love each other, they don't look at each other, they look in the same direction"
Ginger Rogers
"The fragrance of flowers spreads only in the direction of the wind. But the goodness of a person spreads in all direction."
"Forget about the consequences of failure. Failure is only a temporary change in direction to set you straight for your next success."
Denis Waitley
"Efforts and courage are not enough without purpose and direction."
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
"Our thoughts create our reality -- where we put our focus is the direction we tend to go."
Peter McWilliams
"If you board the wrong train, it is no use running along the corridor in the other direction."
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
"Our soulmate is someone who shares our deepest longings, our sense of direction. When we're two balloons, and together our direction is up, chances are we've found the right person."
Richard Bach
"My life has no purpose, no direction, no aim, no meaning, and yet I'm happy. I can't figure it out. What am I doing right?"
Charles M. Schulz


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Originally released in 1982, Gang of Four's third album found them pursuing a poppier direction, albeit with their skewed rhythms and intelligent lyrics intact. It's a step down from Entertainment! and Solid Gold, but 'I Love a Man in Uniform' gives an idea of what the Human League might have sounded like had they been strident pacifists.
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Arbor Size: | 5/8 in. |
Diameter: | 7 in. |
Tooth: | 16 |
Do you have questions about this product?
get answers from real customers and in-house experts with AnswerBox.
Is there an adjustable dado blade available that will fit on an arbor less than 1 3/8" ?2 answers
Oldham's "Short Arbor Dado" Part No.6005016A:
No, dado saws are not made for arbors less than 1 3/8". They are recommended for 3/16-in, 1/4-in, 5/16-in, 3/8-in, 7/16-in, 1/2-in, and 9/16-in.


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Availability: In stock
Finish: Potomac Cherry top, Cotton undertop moulding and legsTwo doors, two adjustable shelves, three drawers, interchangeable wood and glass door panels. Center drawer is ventilated in back with flip down front for media access. Electrical outlet recessed in back. Cherry cathedral veneer and cherry quarter veneer edgeband with ebony inlay border.


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Heron Island - paradise on the Great Barrier Reef
We spent 4 nights on Heron Island, located on the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef about 40 miles offshore from Gladstone. World-class snorkeling - Wow !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! We...more
Whitsunday Islands are a Must-See
Make sure if you are near the Whitsunday Islands to drop by. It has some of the best snorkeling and diving with an absolutely gorgeous view. I went snorkeling there and was surrounded...more
Hey Mate! Port Douglas was the best town I visited on my trip to Australia. I would recommend snorkeling with Wavelength. I couldn't believe my eyes when A turtle swam right...more
Have been to wonderful Sydney, Multicultural Melborne and would love to go to The Great Barrier Reef. Went in the winter, but would recommend going in the summer time. more
I studied abroad in Sydney in college. For spring brak my buddy and me flew to Cairns and biased our way down the eastern coast stopping at a random beach every two days. That my...more
Visiting the Great Barrier Reef
For anyone looking for a quality, top of line experience on the Great Barrier Reef, I highly recommend Ocean Spirit Cruises (http://www.oceanspirit.com.au/). My family and I booked a...more
I absolutely love Australia!!!
I spent some time travelling around Australia & just fell in love with The Whitsunday Islands!! Beautiful nature reserves, the people are just wonderful & friendly, the variety...more
Whether you arrive by boat or air you will immediately unwind since no cars are allowed, the resorts give you a nifty golf cart to explore the island, the beaches are just fabulous.Food...more
Probably the best thing I've ever done in my life! I've done some great diving and I've been to some excellent scuba locations, but the 4 days I spent on the Spirit of...more


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Remote Oil Filter Kit; Remote Spin-On Oil Filter Kit; Incl. 90 deg. Rotating Billet Aluminum Block Adapter/Rem
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Brand: Canton Racing Products
Manufacturer's Part Number: 22-824
Part Type: Oil Filter Relocation Kits
Product Line: Canton Racing Remote Oil Filter Kits
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Oil Filter Quantity: 1
Oil Filter Included: No
Thread Size: 13/16-16 in.
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Hose Length (ft): 8.000
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These Canton Racing remote oil filter kits allow for the use of a standard spin-on oil filter in a remote location. The kits contain a 90 degree rotating billet aluminum block adapter, a billet aluminum remote filter mount, 8 ft. of stainless steel braided hose, and all of the necessary fittings.
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What does MUN mean in NYSE Symbols?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand MUN in the Business field in general and in the NYSE Symbols terminology in particular.
Find a translation for MUN in other languages:
Select another language:
What does MUN mean?
- mun(Noun)
- The mouth, jaw.
Discuss this MUN abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"MUN." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 3 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/34637>.
MUN also stands for:
- Man Under Name
- Maturin ( South Pacific), Venezuela
- Mdoel United Nations
- Member Under Name
- Memorial University Of Newfoundland
... and 8 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search Muniholdings New York Fund, Inc. on Amazon
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Accessibility links
Friday 06 March 2015
The latest video sports news reports, clips and analysis from around the world. Football, cricket, rugby, formula one, racing, the Olympics and more - all available on demand on Telegraph TV.
The Telegraph's Daniel Johnson takes on commentator Martin Brundle on a scalextric ahead of new F1 season
05 Mar 2015
| CommentsFight breaks out during Bilbao Basket and Laboral Kutxa Baskoni basketball game in the Spanish ACB League
03 Mar 2015
Former world number one tennis player Andre Agassi says the USA's Davis Cup players face a real test against Team GB in Glasgow
02 Mar 2015
| Comments02 Mar 2015
Match of the Day regular Jonathan Pearce gets drenched by sprinklers just before he previews the Arsenal versus Everton game
02 Mar 2015
World Cup winner Will Greenwood answers your questions following England's 19-9 defeat to Ireland in Dublin on Sunday
01 Mar 2015
As Chelsea beat Spurs for first title win in 3 years we break down the facts and figures that resulted in the 2-0 win
01 Mar 2015
| CommentsHere is how the facts and figures broke down for Monaco's surprise 3-1 win over Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium
25 Feb 2015
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25 Feb 2015
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24 Feb 2015
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22 Feb 2015
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21 Feb 2015
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text: My wife and I spent two days in Maupin for a rafting trip. First off, you are within walking distance of several rafting companies including the one we booked with, and also walking distance from a few good places to eat and the river if you want to go for a swim. Room was very clean, the place is well... More


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Irish ease to victory
James McClean received the biggest cheer of the night at Craven Cottage, but it was debutant Robbie Brady who stole the show as he scored one and set up two more as the Republic of Ireland comfortably beat Oman 4-1.
Brady is yet to play a match for Manchester United, but he lit up a quiet atmosphere at Tuesday night's friendly in London by crossing for Kevin Doyle's opener early in the first half.
The winger smacked home a volley to make it 2-0 and he set up Shane Long for the Republic's third while Alex Pearce added a fourth after Eid Al-Farsi had scored a consolation goal for Paul Le Guen's side.
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Avondale is the 69th most walkable neighborhood in Chicago with 18,050 residents.
Avondale has good public transportation and is very bikeable.
Nearby neighborhoods: Irving Park, Logan Square, Horner Park, Palmer Square, The Villa, Ravenswood Manor and South Old Irving Park.
Most errands can be accomplished on foot.
Most errands can be accomplished on foot in Avondale Chicago.
Avondale is the 69th most walkable neighborhood in Chicago with a Walk Score of 80.
Find apartments in Chicago's most walkable neighborhoods: Near North, Printers Row and Gold Coast.
Compare Avondale to other Chicago neighborhoods.
Rank # | Name | Walk Score | Transit Score | Bike Score |
67 | Near West Side | 81 | 80 | 79 |
68 | Humboldt Park | 81 | 67 | 71 |
69 | Avondale | 80 | 69 | 70 |
70 | West Rodgers Park | 80 | 58 | 59 |
71 | Gladstone Park | 79 | 62 | 63 |
There are about 133 restaurants, bars and coffee shops in Avondale.
People in Avondale can walk to an average of 5 restaurants, bars and coffee shops in 5 minutes.
Many nearby public transportation options. Find Avondale Chicago apartments for rent near public transit.
Avondale has good public transportation and about 7 bus lines passing through it.
The map above shows how far you can travel in 30 minutes from Avondale on public transit.
Biking is convenient for most trips.
Avondale has less personal crime and less property crime per person than the Chicago average.
Avondale Crime Rate
Compared to all Chicago neighborhoods.
How do you feel walking in Avondale Chicago?
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God supplied every need
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Irene tells the Sentinel's Rita Polatin about God's protection and provision when they decided to change occupations and buy a farm.
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text:
1. Gentoo Linux Security Advisory
Version Information
Related bugreports: #59526
glibc contains an information leak vulnerability allowing the debugging of SUID binaries.
2. Impact Information
The GNU C library defines various Unix-like "system calls" and other basic facilities needed for a standard POSIX-like application to operate.
Silvio Cesare discovered a potential information leak in glibc. It allows LD_DEBUG on SUID binaries where it should not be allowed. This has various security implications, which may be used to gain confidentional information.
An attacker can gain the list of symbols a SUID application uses and their locations and can then use a trojaned library taking precendence over those symbols to gain information or perform further exploitation.
3. Resolution Information
There is no known workaround at this time. All users are encouraged to upgrade to the latest available version of glibc.
All glibc users should upgrade to the latest version:
Code Listing 3.1: Resolution
# emerge sync # emerge -pv your_version # emerge your_version
4. References
Page updated August 16, 2004
Summary: This is a Gentoo Linux Security Advisory
Security Team Contact Address
Donate to support our development efforts.
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text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Matt Kenseth | |||||||
Kenseth in 2009 | |||||||
Born | Cambridge, Wisconsin, U.S. | March 10, 1972 ||||||
Achievements | 2003 Winston Cup Series Champion 2004 IROC Champion 2009, 2012 Daytona 500 Winner 2000 Coca-Cola 600 Winner 2013 Southern 500 winner 2004 NEXTEL All Star Challenge Winner 2012, 2014 Budweiser Duel Winner | ||||||
Awards | 2000 Winston Cup Series Rookie of the Year | ||||||
NASCAR Sprint Cup Series career | |||||||
542 race(s) run over 17 year(s) | |||||||
Car no., team | No. 20 (Joe Gibbs Racing) | ||||||
2013 position | 2nd | ||||||
Best finish | 1st (2003) | ||||||
First race | 1998 MBNA Gold 400 (Dover) | ||||||
Last race | 2014 AAA Texas 500 (Texas) | ||||||
First win | 2000 Coca-Cola 600 (Charlotte) | ||||||
Last win | 2013 Sylvania 300 (Loudon) | ||||||
| |||||||
NASCAR Nationwide Series career | |||||||
282 race(s) run over 18 year(s) | |||||||
Car no., team | No. 20 (Joe Gibbs Racing) | ||||||
2013 position | 92nd | ||||||
Best finish | 2nd (1998) | ||||||
First race | 1996 Red Dog 300 (Charlotte) | ||||||
Last race | 2014 O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge (Texas) | ||||||
First win | 1998 GM Goodwrench Service Plus 200 (Rockingham) | ||||||
Last win | 2013 Kansas Lottery 300 (Kansas) | ||||||
| |||||||
NASCAR Canadian Tire Series career | |||||||
1 race(s) run over 1 year(s) | |||||||
Best finish | 67th (2002) | ||||||
First race | 2002 Canada Day Shootout (Cayuga) | ||||||
First win | 2002 Canada Day Shootout (Cayuga) | ||||||
| |||||||
Statistics current as of November 2, 2014. |
Matt Kenseth | |||||||
Kenseth in 2009 | |||||||
Born | Cambridge, Wisconsin, U.S. | March 10, 1972 ||||||
Achievements | 2003 Winston Cup Series Champion 2004 IROC Champion 2009, 2012 Daytona 500 Winner 2000 Coca-Cola 600 Winner 2013 Southern 500 winner 2004 NEXTEL All Star Challenge Winner 2012, 2014 Budweiser Duel Winner | ||||||
Awards | 2000 Winston Cup Series Rookie of the Year | ||||||
NASCAR Sprint Cup Series career | |||||||
542 race(s) run over 17 year(s) | |||||||
Car no., team | No. 20 (Joe Gibbs Racing) | ||||||
2013 position | 2nd | ||||||
Best finish | 1st (2003) | ||||||
First race | 1998 MBNA Gold 400 (Dover) | ||||||
Last race | 2014 AAA Texas 500 (Texas) | ||||||
First win | 2000 Coca-Cola 600 (Charlotte) | ||||||
Last win | 2013 Sylvania 300 (Loudon) | ||||||
| |||||||
NASCAR Nationwide Series career | |||||||
282 race(s) run over 18 year(s) | |||||||
Car no., team | No. 20 (Joe Gibbs Racing) | ||||||
2013 position | 92nd | ||||||
Best finish | 2nd (1998) | ||||||
First race | 1996 Red Dog 300 (Charlotte) | ||||||
Last race | 2014 O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge (Texas) | ||||||
First win | 1998 GM Goodwrench Service Plus 200 (Rockingham) | ||||||
Last win | 2013 Kansas Lottery 300 (Kansas) | ||||||
| |||||||
NASCAR Canadian Tire Series career | |||||||
1 race(s) run over 1 year(s) | |||||||
Best finish | 67th (2002) | ||||||
First race | 2002 Canada Day Shootout (Cayuga) | ||||||
First win | 2002 Canada Day Shootout (Cayuga) | ||||||
| |||||||
Statistics current as of November 2, 2014. |
Matthew Roy "Matt" Kenseth (born March 10, 1972) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He drives the No. 20 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series full-time as well as the No. 20 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing in the NASCAR Nationwide Series on a part-time basis.
Kenseth started racing on several short tracks in Wisconsin and won track championships at Madison International Speedway, Slinger Super Speedway and Wisconsin International Raceway. He moved to the ARTGO, American Speed Association, and Hooters Late Model touring series before getting a full-time ride in the NASCAR Busch Series (now Nationwide Series) for his former Wisconsin short track rival Robbie Reiser. After finishing second and third in the standings, he moved up in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series (later NEXTEL Cup Series and now Sprint Cup Series). He won the series' Rookie of the Year title in 2000 and the championship in 2003. The International Race of Champions invited Kenseth to race in their 2004 season as the reigning champion and he won the season championship. In 2009, he won a rain-shortened Daytona 500 and repeated as Daytona 500 winner in 2012. He is the father of Ross Kenseth.
Kenseth was born in Cambridge, Wisconsin. He made an agreement with his father, Roy, that Roy should buy a car and race, and Matt would work on the car until he was old enough to race.[1] Kenseth began stock car racing in 1988 at the age of 16 at Madison International Speedway.[2] "My dad bought a car when I was 13 and raced it at Madison," Kenseth said. "Neither of us knew much and it was a learning experience. He continued to race in 1988 and 1989. My first car – what might be considered a sportsman – was a 1981 Camaro that Todd Kropf had driven to championships at Madison and Columbus 151 Speedway. On the third night out I won a feature. I ran 15 features in 1983 and won two of them."[2] "The first night out in the Kropf car Matt won a heat race," said Kenseth's father Roy. "The third night he won the feature by holding off two of the best drivers at the track, Pete Moore and Dave Phillips, for 20 laps. Matt was smooth. I knew then he was going to be a racer."[2] He ran for the points title on Saturday nights at Wisconsin Dells in 1989. He finished second in points and won eight features.[2] On Friday nights, he ran about half of the races at Golden Sands Speedway and half at Columbus 151 Speedway.[2] In 1990, he bought a late model from Rich Bickle.[2] In the season-opening race at Slinger Super Speedway, Kenseth inherited the lead and won his only race of the season when track champion Tony Strupp had a flat tire.[2] He finished sixth in season points and won the track's rookie of the year award.[2] Kenseth entered fifteen ARTGO events that season and raced in 40 features that year.[2] After graduating from Cambridge High School that summer, Kenseth worked for four years selling and shipping parts for Left-hander Chassis, a late model racecar chassis manufacturer just south of Wisconsin in Illinois.[1] In 1991 he won the ARTGO race at La Crosse Fairgrounds Speedway to become the youngest winner in the series' history.[2] He passed Joe Shear and Steve Holzhausen, and held off Steve and Tom Carlson for the win.[2] 1992 was a difficult year for Kenseth. He won three races and blew up more engines than he could count.[2] He was ready to quit racing after the season.[2] "I felt we were at a standstill", he said. "I wasn't gaining. My dad and I had some major discussions at the end of the year. We had to find the dollars for a good program or I told him I would rather not race."[2] Kipley Performance loaned a motor to Kenseth for the season-final race at La Crosse and the team ran better.[2] Kenseth built a new car for 1993 using a Kipley engine.[2] He used the car at Madison to win eight features and finished second in the points.[2] Mike Butz offered Kenseth the chance to race his late model, and it took some time for the combination to stop struggling before they started winning features.[2] At the end of the season, they won the final short track series race at Madison, La Crosse, and I-70 Speedway.[2]
The 1994 and 1995 seasons established Kenseth as a short track star.[2] Kenseth made a name for himself while driving at several Wisconsin tracks, beating nationally known drivers such as Dick Trickle and Robbie Reiser. He raced 60 times in three different cars in 1994, winning track championships at both Wisconsin International Raceway (WIR) on Thursday nights and Madison on Friday nights.[2] Kenseth competed against Reiser at Madison, and won 12 of 17 features at the track.[2] He won the 1994 Slinger Nationals at Slinger Super Speedway.[1] In 1995, he repeated with back-to-back championships at Madison and WIR, plus he won the Red, White, and Blue state championship series at WIR on three Saturday nights.[2] Butz's wife Patty Butz said "We knew by 1995 that Matt had too much talent to be with us for very long."[2]
Kenseth decided to move across the country in 1996 to the Southern United States to race for engine builder Carl Wegner in the Hooters Series Late Model championship.[2] The plan was to run the Hooters Series, five NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series races, and five Busch Series (now Nationwide Series) before moving full-time into the Busch Series in 1997.[2] He finished third in the Hooters Series, nearly winning the series championship as a rookie.[2] In 1996, Kenseth made his Busch Series debut at the spring race at Lowe's Motor Speedway for Wegner, finishing 22nd after starting 30th in a car rented from Bobby Dotter.[2] Kenseth was disappointed because they were unable to attract major sponsorship.[2] "It was just like 1992", Kenseth said. "Plans just didn't work. I thought things would be different. Personally, I had moved and was adjusting to being a thousand miles from home."[2] At the end of the season, the Wegner/Kenseth team closed, and Kenseth found a ride for Gerry Gunderman's American Speed Association team, who was also Alan Kulwicki's last shop in Wisconsin before moving to NASCAR.[1] The team raced together for two races in 1997 before Kenseth received a telephone call from a former competitor.[2]
In 1997, racer Tim Bender was injured, and Bender's crew chief/car owner Robbie Reiser hired his former competitor and rival Kenseth to race for him despite having only one Busch start.[2] Reiser said "Matt and I used to have some fierce races against each other. I needed someone who understood race cars the way I understood them. I knew he could drive and he could talk to me in a manner I could understand."[2] Kenseth qualified third for the new team's first race. He was racing in third place in the final laps when he spun and finished eleventh.[2] Kenseth qualified in 20th place for the next race at Talladega in his second time at a track big enough to have a significant draft.[2] He passed thirteen cars to finish seventh.[2] Kenseth had two Top 5 finishes during the partial season.[2] The following year he raced full-time all season. He won his first Busch Series race on February 22, 1998, when he nudged leader Tony Stewart's car entering the final turn of the final lap,[2] culmulating in a second- and third-place finishes in the Busch points. Kenseth drove the No. 17 Chevrolet sponsored first by Kraft, then Lycos, and most recently by DeWalt.
Kenseth won the last two races of the Busch season in 2006 driving the #17 Pennzoil Ford Fusion, at Phoenix and Homestead.
In 2007, Kenseth planned to run 23 Busch races to be sponsored by Arby's restaurants (13 races), Dish Network (five races), iLevel by Weyerhaeuser (four races), and Aflac (one race). Kenseth won the Stater Brothers 300 at California Speedway in February and the O'Reilly 300 at Texas Motor Speedway in April.
Kenseth broke an 18 race winless streak as he won the 2008 Nicorette 300 at the Atlanta Motor Speedway. Kenseth's 23rd career series victory came after the series was renamed the Nationwide Series. On lap 104 at the 2009 Aaron 312 on April 25, Kenseth took a wild ride flipping over 3.5 times, sliding on his roof, then completed a fourth flip. The car burst into flames, and Kenseth walked away.
Kenseth won the Diamond Hill Plywood 200 at Darlington Raceway in 2009. Kenseth led only the last four laps of the race – three of them under caution – after Busch had to pull into the pits due to a flat right-rear tire during the penultimate caution period and just as the race was about to get into a green-white-checkered finish.
On May 28, 2011 Kenseth won the Top Gear 300 at Charlotte. Kenseth, filling in for Trevor Bayne, passed Roush Fenway teammate Carl Edwards with two laps to go to win his only Nationwide Start of the 2011 season.
In 2013, Kenseth returned to the Nationwide Series for 16 races driving Joe Gibbs Racing's #18 Toyota. Kenseth finished with 7 Top-5 and 14 Top-10 finishes. He won the summer race in Daytona and the fall race in Kansas.
In 2014, Kenseth will drive 17 races in the #20 Toyota; GameStop will sponsor 10 races and Reser's Fine Foods will sponsor 7 races.[3] In 15 races, Kenseth has 7 Top-5 and 11 Top-10 finishes.
Kenseth's first Winston Cup series race was at Dover in 1998, when he filled in for Bill Elliott who was attending his father's funeral on the day of the race. He finished sixth, the third best debut of any driver. The last driver before Kenseth to debut with a top-10 finish had been Rusty Wallace in 1980 with a second place finish in Atlanta.
In 2000 Kenseth's entire team joined the Roush Racing organization, he beat out Dale Earnhardt, Jr. to win the Raybestos Rookie of the Year. He won the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte, and is the only rookie to win the famed 600 mile event. He went on to finish 14th in points with four top 5s and 11 top 10s.
In 2001 Kenseth finished 13th in points with four top 5s and nine top 10 finishes. Robbie Reiser and the DeWalt pit crew won the Unocal 76 World Pit Crew Competition.
In 2002 Kenseth won the most races (five) and one pole, but inconsistency caused him to finish eighth in the final points. His wins came at Rockingham, Texas, Michigan, Richmond and Phoenix. The DeWalt team won a second Unocal 76 World Pit Crew Competition.
In 2003 he dominated in the points standings and leading the last 33 of 36 races and became the 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup champion, the last driver to ever hold that title. Kenseth also had a series best 25 top 10 finishes in the 2003 season.
In 2004 Kenseth won the International Race of Champions (IROC) championship. He qualified for the inaugural Nextel Cup, finished eighth in the final NASCAR point standings. Kenseth finished with two wins, those coming back-to-back early in the year at Rockingham and Las Vegas. His win in the Subway 400 at Rockingham was a photo finish with eventual Raybestos Rookie of the Year Kasey Kahne. He also won the All-Star Race. Began the 10-race Chase in fifth place and finished eighth, and is of only four drivers to be ranked in the top 10 all season.
Kenseth started the 2005 season with relatively poor finishes but had a strong mid-season run. He rose from the 24th place in championship points after fourteen races to eighth after twenty six races, and he qualified for the Chase for the Cup. He finished seventh in the final points standings with one win coming at Bristol. Kenseth made his 200th career start. His totals after his first 200 starts were: 1 championship, 10 wins, 40 Top 5s, 85 Top 10s, 1 pole position, and more than $28.5 million earnings. He also led a career high 1,001 laps.
Kenseth had a fast start to the 2006 season. He led early in the Daytona 500, but then spun out after contact with Tony Stewart. He fell down two laps, but rallied back to a 15th place finish. Kenseth won the following race at California Speedway. He was the points leader after the eighth race at Phoenix. He won the Dover spring race by racing from sixth to the front in the final 60 laps. He made the winning pass over teammate Jamie McMurray with three laps left. With the season winding down into the last dozen races, Kenseth won the Sharpie 500 at the Bristol Motor Speedway – securing his spot in the chase for the Nextel Cup. He finished the year with winnings of $9,524,966, his take for second place. Only spent one week outside the top 10 (finished 15th in seasonopening Daytona 500). ... Was either first or second in points for 27 of 36 weeks. ... Led 1,132 laps, second among all drivers.
In the second race of the 2007 season Kenseth won the Auto Club 500 at California Speedway. After Jeff Gordon wrecked out of the Coca-Cola 600, Kenseth was left as the only driver to complete every lap of the season until he was wrecked out of the Citizens Bank 400 at Michigan where Ryan Newman was trying to get one of his 3 laps back. The wreck also ended Kenseth's streak of 13 consecutive top-15's this season. Kenseth won the Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 18, 2007. The race was the final event under series title sponsor NEXTEL, and the final race using the templates originally based on the 1964 Holman Moody Ford Fairlane template. Kenseth finished fourth in series points, and as a result, finished in the top 10 in the standings for six consecutive seasons, tied with Jimmie Johnson for the most. He earned $6,485,630 in winnings. He also won an additional $100,000 dollars from his sponsor, Safeway.
In 2008, Kenseth was winless, but finished 11th in the points standing. His best finish was second at the fall race at Dover. He had five top-10 finishes during the Chase. This ended his streak of winning at least one race in six consecutive seasons and finishing in the top 10 in the standings in six consecutive seasons.
Kenseth started toward the back for the Daytona 500 and worked his way to the lead and led 2 laps, but soon after his own teammate, David Ragan, squeezed him into the wall, knocking both out of contention and resulting in a finish of 36th.
In the Goody's Cool Orange 500 Kenseth started 28th, but finished 31st. Kenseth was held a lap for pitting outside of his box early, but later was spun out by David Gilliland and was held for 2 laps for intentionally wrecking him back. Despite that, Gilliland finished 24th.
Kenseth failed to win a race in the 2008 season for first time since 2001.
Kenseth won the rain shortened 2009 Daytona 500, passing Elliott Sadler mere moments before the caution came out on lap 146 as the result of an accident on the backstretch between Aric Almirola and Sam Hornish, Jr.. The red flag was later waved and subsequent end of the race, 152 laps in, followed, giving Kenseth his first Daytona 500 victory, and the first Daytona 500 victory for his owner Jack Roush after 20 years as a car owner.[4] He led only 1 green flag lap (of 7 laps led), after starting the race at the rear of the field. It was Kenseth's tenth attempt at "The Great American Race".[5]
Kenseth won the second race of the season, the (Auto Club 500), to become the fourth driver in NASCAR history to follow up a win at the Daytona 500 with another win the following race.[6] Kenseth's bids for a third straight victory went south after engine failure at Las Vegas Motor Speedway
Kenseth flipped his car during the April Nationwide Series race at Talladega. Kenseth won in the Nationwide series for his 24th win at Darlington. He also won the pole at Darlington in the Sprint Cup Series, setting a new track record in the process.
It was announced before the Indianapolis race that DeWalt was going to drop its sponsorship with Kenseth. Crown Royal will take over its sponsorship in 2010 for 35 races. Valvoline announced sponsorship for another 3 races, including non-points races and the spring race at Talladega.
After finishing 25th at the Chevy Rock and Roll 400 at Richmond, Kenseth was bumped out of the Chase by Brian Vickers. This left Jimmie Johnson as the only driver to have made the Chase every time since its inception in 2004.
In 2010, following the Daytona 500, Drew Blickenderfer was released from his duties as crew chief of the #17 team. Todd Parrott was announced as his replacement. Later in the year Parrott was replaced by Jimmy Fennig.
Wikinews has related news: Matt Kenseth wins 2011 NASCAR Samsung Mobile 500 |
During the third race of the 2011 season, Kenseth captured his fifth pole of his career by setting a new track record at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. A few races later, Kenseth snapped a 76 race winless streak at Texas Motor Speedway by winning the race on April 9, 2011. Kenseth also won the FedEx 400 benefitting Autism Speaks at Dover International Speedway. On a late caution, Kenseth and crew chief Jimmy Fennig called an audible in the pits and decided to go with two tires instead of four. That proved to be all the difference as Kenseth won for the second time in 5 races. Once he made the Chase for the Sprint Cup, he won the Bank of America 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway for his third win of the season. Kenseth's second championship hopes went south after several altercations with Brian Vickers.
Wikinews has related news: Matt Kenseth wins third NASCAR Sprint Cup race of 2012 |
Kenseth's 2012 season started with him winning his second Daytona 500.[7] On June 26, 2012, it was announced that Kenseth would leave Roush Fenway Racing after the 2012 season. Kenseth did not discuss the details of where he would be racing in 2013 and beyond. When asked by reporters if he would give them a hint as to what team he would be with after the 2012 season, where he was in contention for his second championship, Kenseth wryly responded, "No." On August 25, while leading the 2012 Irwin Tools Night Race at Bristol on lap 332, Kenseth collided with Tony Stewart when neither driver would lift in the entrance to turn 1. Stewart threw his helmet at Kenseth's car as he left pit road. Kenseth and Stewart had overcome being a lap down earlier in the race before the crash took them out of contention for a win at Bristol.
On October 7, Kenseth won his second race of the year, winning the fall race at Talladega as a crash unfolded behind him. He led the second-most laps of the race with 33.
On October 21, Kenseth won his third race of the year and second during the 2012 Chase at a freshly paved Kansas Speedway in Kansas City, Kansas. The repaving created a slick track that brought out a record 14 cautions for 66 laps during the Hollywood Casino 400 Sprint Cup race. This was Kenseth's first win at the Kansas track and the 24th of his career, and his last with Roush Fenway Racing.
On September 4, 2012 it was officially announced that Kenseth would be joining Joe Gibbs Racing for the 2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season, driving the No. 20 Toyota, replacing Joey Logano with the team.[8]
In the 2013 Daytona 500, Kenseth had a strong car, leading the most laps at 86. However, on lap 149, his day ended with engine failure. He finished 37th.
At Las Vegas, Kenseth won his first race in the #20 and became the third driver after Kyle Busch and Cale Yarborough to win on their birthday.
At Kansas, Kenseth won the pole, led the most laps and won the race. However, afterwards, he was penalized 50 points after his engine failed post-race inspection. One of the eight connector rods was 3 grams under the legal limit. His pole award was revoked and his win no longer counted towards the Chase points. Crew chief Jason Ratcliff was penalized $200,000.00 and suspended for one race. Car owner Joe Gibbs would not receive any owner points for 6 races. The engine builder, Toyota, would not receive any manufacturer points for 5 races. Joe Gibbs appealed the penalties.
Two weeks later, car owner Joe Gibbs met with the appeals board. The appeals board, feeling that the penalties were too harsh because Kenseth won the race, reversed a variety of penalties. Kenseth was awarded 38 Chase points back, leaving his penalty at just 12 points. He moved up 7 spots to 4th place. Kenseth's pole award and win were reinstated, giving him 2 poles and 2 official wins. Gibbs' owner points suspension was lowered to 1 race, but the $200,000.00 fine stood, and crew chief Jason Ratcliff was suspended for one race.[9] The Toyota manufacturer's points suspension was increased to 7 races.
At Darlington, Kenseth passed his teammate Kyle Busch with ten laps remaining to win his third race of the season and his first Sprint Cup Series win at the track.
At Kentucky, Kenseth took the lead after Johnson spun out, and held off Jamie McMurray to take his fourth win of the season.
After struggling a few weeks, Kenseth had better success when the series returned to Bristol. He held off Kasey Kahne to win his fifth race of the year.
With five wins in the regular season, Kenseth was the top seed in the Chase. He opened by holding off Kyle Busch to win the opening two Chase races at Chicagoland and at Loudon, his first wins on both of those tracks. With the win at Loudon, Kenseth joined Richard Petty as the only two drivers to win in their 500th race start. It also moved him into 22nd place, passing Rex White, on the all-time wins list.
Going into the last race of the season at Homestead, only three drivers can win the Chase. Kenseth trails Jimmie Johnson by 28 points and leads Kevin Harvick by 5 points for second. Kenseth won the pole. Harvick starts in 6th and Johnson in 7th positions. At the start, Kenseth had the dominate car. He led a race high 144 laps to get the bonus point. The only trouble that Kenseth had was on the restart after a cation with 74 laps remaining. He was behind Jeff Gordon, who spun his tires causing an accordion effect. Cars scattered everywhere. Kenseth and Johnson bumped each other causing Kenseth to drop to 12th and Johnson down to 26th position. Kenseth made his way back up to finish in second behind his teammate Denny Hamlin. Johnson finished in 9th place to win the 2013 championship, beating Kenseth by 19 points.[10] Kenseth finished second.
With seven wins, Kenseth had given the #20 more wins in a single season than the car ever had in an individual season being driven by Tony Stewart or Joey Logano. It was also a career best for Kenseth, outdoing his five race wins in 2002.
At Daytona, for the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, in the first of two Budweiser Duels, Kenseth held off Kevin Harvick (whose race was later disqualified) and Kasey Kahne for the win in a three-wide finish.[11] With the win, he started in the 3rd position in the Daytona 500. Kenseth did not lead a lap, but finished in 6th position.
Going into the last race before the Chase, Kenseth has no wins.
Richmond was the last of the qualifying races. Kenseth was racing up in the top 10 the whole race, when an accident knocked Kenseth to finish 41st. With Kenseth's high points total, he advances into the Chase, even with zero wins.
The next three races is the first of the elimination rounds. Four drivers of the 16 qualified will be out of the chase and can finish no higher than fifth in the final points standings.
At Chicago, New Hampshire and Dover, Kenseth finished 10th, 21st and 5th to advance to the next round of the chase.
The next three races is the second of the elimination rounds. Four more drivers of the 12 remaining will be out of the Chase and can finish no higher than fifth in the final points standings.
At Kansas, Kenseth leading zero laps, finished 13th.
At Charlotte, after a caution with 70 laps remaining, Brad Keselowski restarted 2nd and Kenseth 4th. Kenseth went high, trying to pass him on the outside. Keselowski saw Kenseth and then tried to block Kenseth making contact with him. Kenseth fell back to 18th and went a lap down due to the damage he received. He made the lap back with being the lucky dog after another caution. After another caution with 2 laps remaining, Keselowski made contact with Kenseth's teammate, Denny Hamlin. Keselowski also wanted to make claim that Kenseth also bumped him causing he and Kenseth to fall back. Kenseth finished 19th and Keselowski in 16th. After the race, Keselowski tried to spin out Hamlin, but failed. He then went after Kenseth on pit road. Kenseth had removed his HANS device and seat-belt when he bumped him. Not making full contact with Kenseth, Keselowski hit Tony Stewart. Stewart then put his car in reverse and rammed Keselowski's car hard. After getting out of the cars, Hamlin tried to go after Keselowski, but was held back. Keselowski then walked away between two haulers when Kenseth charged between the haulers and put Keselowski in a headlock. [12] Keselowski's crew chief Paul Wolfe grabbed Kenseth to restrained him when Kenseth's crew came over to restrain Wolfe. Kenseth's mechanic Jesse Sanders and crew chief Jason Ratcliff were called to the NASCAR hauler. Kenseth and Hamlin were not penalized for the incident since no punches were thrown.[13]
At Talladega, Kenseth stayed back around 32nd place for most of the race missing a couple of big crashes. Coming down to the end on the last lap, Kenseth was following Kevin Harvick. Harvick then went up and Kenseth saw a better chance getting behind Brad Keselowski. He tried but couldn't get pass him and finished in 2nd to move on to the next round.
The next three races is the third of the elimination rounds. Four more drivers of the 8 remaining will be out of the chase and can finish no higher than fifth in the final points standings.
At Martinsville, Kenseth came in fast and checked up, causing his car to wheel-hop. He hit Kevin Harvick hard, who's still in the Chase, causing the two of them to spin. Harvick hit the wall hard and fell 42 laps back. While starting his spin, a sideways Kenseth was bumped by Tony Stewart and straighten Kenseth out of his spin with no more damage. Harvick, who had returned to the track laps earlier, saw Kenseth coming behind him. Harvick purposely checked-up trying to smash up Kenseth's radiator, hit him. Kenseth still finished in 6th place and is in fourth place of the Chase. Harvick finished in 33rd putting him 28 points down and swore that if this race is the cause of him not making it further into the Chase, that he was going to cause Kenseth not to make it either.
At Texas, Kenseth won his second pole of the year. He was in the top 6 most of the race, until Ryan Newman and Kevin Harvick made it 4 wide. Newman and Kenseth rubbed tires damaging Kenseth's car a little. Kenseth finished 25th and is tied with Carl Edwards for fifth place, one point behind 4th. Next week is the last race before the elimination round.
After the 2003 season, Kenseth's championship became a source of controversy and criticism. Critics of the Sprint Cup points system, most notably Roger Penske, pointed out the flaw in having a driver who won only one race out of 36 winning a championship. Additionally, the fact that Kenseth led the points standings for an unprecedented 33 weeks despite only having the one victory, as well as already having clinched the Winston Cup title with one week to go in the season (rendering the final race in essence a non-event) led to discussions on how to prevent Kenseth's feat from happening again (by comparison, in 2000, under the same points system, Bobby Labonte had won the Winston Cup championship after leading in points for 25 races, but unlike Kenseth, Labonte also won four races in his championship year). Kenseth finished that year with 11 top-5 finishes and an unprecedented 25 top-10 finishes.
As a result, 2004 saw the implementation of a new points and playoffs system titled "The Chase for the Nextel Cup" after Winston was replaced as primary sponsor of NASCAR's top series by NEXTEL. In essence, the system created a 10 race playoff, with only the top-10 drivers in points after the first 26 races competing for the championship. Moreover, the system placed an emphasis, and a points premium, on wins. As a result, the term "The Matt Kenseth Rule" was coined to describe NASCAR's adoption of the current points system. NASCAR acknowledged that the 2003 championship outcome was not the driving factor in establishment of The Chase, as it had been researching methods to adjust the points system to put more emphasis on winning races since 2000. However, the coincidence of the commencement of the new format in 2004 and Kenseth's 2003 championship linked the issues, and were even referred to by NASCAR officials in the interviews and press releases following the announcement of the new format.
In 2000, Kenseth married Katie Martin, also from Cambridge. Kenseth has a son, Ross Kenseth, from a previous relationship. Matt and Katie have three daughters, Kaylin Nicola born on July 6, 2009, two days after Kenseth finished eighth in the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona, Grace Katherine, born on February 22, 2011, two days after the Daytona 500 Kenseth had finished 34th in the race after being involved in two crashes. and Clara Mae was born on March 25th 2014 two days after the Auto Club 400.[14] Ross raced a legends car for one year in Wisconsin before starting in limited late model racing as a 14-year-old.[15] As a 16-year-old, Ross won the 2009 championship in the Big 8 Series, a late model touring series in Wisconsin and northern Illinois.[16] He qualified the second fastest for the Snowball Derby in December 2009.[17]
Season | Races | Wins | Poles | Top 5 | Top 10 | DNF | Finish | Start | Points | Position | Team(s) |
1998 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6.0 | 16.0 | 150 | 57th | Bill Elliott Racing |
1999 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 26.0 | 22.6 | 434 | 49th | Roush Racing |
2000 | 34 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 18.9 | 25.2 | 3,711 | 14th | |
2001 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 18.6 | 27.8 | 3,982 | 13th | |
2002 | 36 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 19 | 3 | 15.6 | 18.1 | 4,432 | 8th | |
2003 | 36 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 25 | 2 | 10.2 | 21.3 | 5,022 | 1st | |
2004 | 36 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 16 | 6 | 15.7 | 21.7 | 6,069 | 8th | |
2005 | 36 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 17 | 4 | 15.4 | 17.0 | 6,352 | 7th | |
2006 | 36 | 4 | 0 | 15 | 21 | 1 | 9.8 | 14.6 | 6,419 | 2nd | |
2007 | 36 | 2 | 0 | 13 | 22 | 4 | 13.0 | 19.9 | 6,298 | 4th | Roush Fenway Racing |
2008 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 20 | 3 | 16.4 | 16.5 | 6,184 | 11th | |
2009 | 36 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 15.4 | 21.4 | 4,389 | 14th | |
2010 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 15 | 0 | 12.8 | 19.4 | 6,294 | 5th | |
2011 | 36 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 20 | 3 | 12.2 | 14.2 | 2,330 | 4th | |
2012 | 36 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 19 | 1 | 11.1 | 13.3 | 2,324 | 7th | |
2013 | 36 | 7 | 3 | 12 | 20 | 3 | 12.1 | 8.7 | 2,400 | 2nd | Joe Gibbs Racing |
2014* | 29 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 18 | 2 | 13.8 | 14.9 | 3,000 | 8th | |
Totals | 537 | 31 | 12 | 149 | 266 | 43 | 14.2 | 18.3 | |||
Sources:[18] |
Year | Manufacturer | Start | Finish | Team |
2000 | Ford | 24 | 10 | Roush |
2001 | 16 | 21 | ||
2002 | 40 | 33 | ||
2003 | 35 | 20 | ||
2004 | 21 | 9 | ||
2005 | 14 | 42 | ||
2006 | 11 | 15 | ||
2007 | 10 | 27 | ||
2008 | 28 | 36 | ||
2009 | 39 | 1 | ||
2010 | 24 | 8 | ||
2011 | 9 | 34 | ||
2012 | 4 | 1 | ||
2013 | Toyota | 12 | 37 | Gibbs |
2014 | 3 | 6 |
24 Hours of Daytona results | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Year | Class | No | Team | Car | Co-drivers | Laps | Position | Class Pos. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2005 | DP | 49 | Multimatic Motorsports | Ford Multimatic DP | Scott Maxwell Kurt Busch Greg Biffle | 588 | 27 DNF | 15 DNF |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matt Kenseth. |
Sporting positions | ||
Preceded by Tony Stewart | NASCAR Winston Cup Champion 2003 | Succeeded by Kurt Busch |
Preceded by Kurt Busch | IROC Champion IROC XXVIII (2004) | Succeeded by Mark Martin |
Achievements | ||
Preceded by Tony Stewart | NASCAR Winston Cup Rookie of the Year 2000 | Succeeded by Kevin Harvick |
Preceded by Ryan Newman Trevor Bayne | Daytona 500 Winner 2009 2012 | Succeeded by Jamie McMurray Jimmie Johnson |


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Dave for Model Number LFC25760SW
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This is our first visit to Korea & the hotel doesn't disappointed me. The staffs at reception are very nice & helpful. They can speak some simple English. They able to tell me where to enjoyed some good local meal & simple direction how to reach the attractions. The hotel just 50m away from Gwangalli beach & 15mins walking from... More
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During the month of October many JSU organizations and community service volunteers have staged numerous events and fundraisers in support of Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Events have varied from getting free exams, participating in a 5K walk and having a great barbecue dinner, to having the opportunity to learn a lot about maintaining overall good health. And the many successful events at JSU have inspired even more students to get involved.
Delisha Ledford, sophomore nursing student at JSU, along with Jonathan Stringer, sophomore music major, are two more students who have decided to branch out and stage their own event – a fashion show.
"Basically Jonathan Stringer and I came up with this idea because we believe that even though we are not in an organization, we can still do something positive on this campus," said Ledford.
Ledford and Stringer have thought about and planned this event since the summer break. Other students including DeAunna Harris, Benjamin Irby and members of the Forever Young Modeling Troupe (FYMT) are also participants in this effort. Each student plays a different role and has a major part in organizing this fashion show. Ledford and Stringer are the executive producers, Harris is the fashion coordinator and Irby is the producer.
"Each person has a certain job, but at the end of the day it's all about doing something positive and giving the students an opportunity to grow," said Ledford.
This group of students made the decision to include FYMT because they have more experience in performing on the runway. Other service organization members and faculty members who are cancer survivors will also be involved in this fashion show.
The show will take place on Wednesday, November 13, at 7 p.m. at the Jacksonville Community Center. Admission is a $2 for those wearing some pink attire and $3 for others. All of the proceeds will be donated to a breast cancer support group in Anniston -- the Steel Magnolias. After the show, there will be a mixer for fraternities and sororities that includes a chance to participate in the first annual "Breast Cancer Stroll-Off." The winning team will receive a trophy.
The fashion show was originally scheduled for October 23, but it had to be rescheduled. "Even though October is over, we can still raise awareness," said Ledford.
The theme is New York -- very chic with pink carpet and chairs facing the runway. There will be finger foods for the guests to enjoy. "The setting will be very 'I Love Pink New York.' Be classy, but after you can always have fun. It's going to be a laid-back situation," said Ledford.
"I want people to know that you don't have to be in an organization to do something. You can plan it on your own and still be known as a leader. Everyone thinks you have to be in this organization or need to be in that organization. No. It's not the organization you need to be in but what you can bring to the table. If you want to do it, go ahead and do it and prove them wrong," said Ledford. "I'm including everybody and I want people to be involved. To unite everybody in one cause, that's a great thing to do," she said.
People should expect to see more from Ledford. She is planning to start a program on campus to help Piedmont Elementary and Kitty Stone Elementary Schools develop a program for kids who are in need.
"We should give back because they look up to us," she said.
"This is for fun and a good cause at the same time. I asked President and Mrs. Meehan to come. I'm also sending invitations to vice presidents of the university and deans of every department to come and support this cause. They are going to try and make an appearance. I want the mayor of Jacksonville to come. I'm working on that," she said.
The show is called "Pink Diamonds Last Forever," and is going to have four different scenes. The first scene is "Diamonds Are A Girl's Best Friend" which will contain diamonds and fur. The second scene is "From Rags To Riches" and the audience will see vests, baggy pants, and box braids. The third scene is "Girls Night Out" which will feature clothes from Dillard's.
"It will be very elegant," Ledford added.
The fourth scene will be "I'm Every Woman." Everything will be pink. Breast cancer survivors walk out at the end. Jasmine, a member of FYMT, will sing the first part of Whitney Houston's song, "I'm Every Woman."
"We will be tweeting about it and Facebooking about it. Just watch out! I want this to be a big success," said Ledford.
For more information, call Ebonee Roston at 256.782.5636.


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Spot Coolers commercial portable heating & cooling. Nationwide Emergency service 24/7. Your source for portable air conditioning rentals and sales.
Need portable cooling for data centers, offices & more? Atlas Sales & Rentals is on call 24/7 from locations nationwide. Fast service, competitive prices.
The FARO Focus3D X 330 Laser Scanner is the perfect tool for 3D documentation of as-built conditions for architectural, construction, and engineering applications and projects. http://www.faro.com/focus
Red Hawk: A comprehensive range of contemporary fire and security solutions. One that's just right for your business. That's the power of experience. www.redhawkus.com


text:
Bruce Watson, Ed.D.
Assistant Professor in Educational & Community Leadership
Educational Leadership
Office: EA 2238
Phone: (574) 520-4486
Fax: (574) 520-4550
Email: email@example.com
31 years - K-12 Public Education in Michigan.
21 of those as Superintendent, Whittemore-Prescott Schools (3), Watervliet Schools (8) St. Joseph Schools (10).
Hobbies: Running daily and racing on weekends.
Bass fishing anytime - (well not winter!)
Dancing freestyle weekends, country and oldies.
Reading Bible,Conan Doyle, Evanovich, or mysteries
(when time permits)