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Mercury Links
Other Years
Mercury Tracer For Sale
1997 Mercury Tracer Trims For Sale
User Reviews
Displaying all 6 1997 Mercury Tracer reviews.
1997 Mercury Tracer 4 Dr LS Sedan
Prosdamn fast and strong Consold and out dated
Its A Good Car — performance: it is so stong its fast and its braking and handling is perfect build quality: it is a strong car it doesnt need repairs every now and then appearance: its fair cost of ownership: it is economic fun factor: it is good for racing Primary Use: Sport/fun (spirited driving, track racing, off-roading, etc.) |
1997 Mercury Tracer 4 Dr LS Sedan
ProsGood mpg. Dependable ConsLittle things start going wrong after 135xxx miles
1997 Mercury Tracer 4 Dr GS Sedan
Prosgood reliable car Consdoesnt have alot of horses
1997 Mercury Tracer 4 Dr LS Sedan
ProsGas milelage ConsIts Amercian (too many parts fail)
Good First Car, And Is A Good Overall Car. — Well since it is a 1997 and it has around one-hundred thousand miles on it the brakes are a little worn and the gas pedal is a little sticky. But other than that this car is really nice on gas and is reliable. Primary Use: Commuting to work |
1997 Mercury Tracer 4 Dr LS Wagon
Prosgas mileage, small but lots of cargo space Cons110hp
1997 Mercury Tracer Wagon — Performance is pretty slow, but the handling is alright. Brakes are pretty weak but they are most likely just worn out. Quality is alright, the engine was replaced by the dealer at 40,000 miles so I am not sure about that. Looks like the average grocery getter. Great gas mileage, fun to drive around when the gas gauge isn't moving. Car gets pretty boring to drive, you floor it and it takes forever to downshift and then finally when it does you just make a lot of noise and hardly go anywhere. I guess would recommend it for getting around town and for gas mileage. |
1997 Mercury Tracer 4 Dr LS Sedan
ProsGas Miliage, very few problems, decient interior, great torque Conssmall rims, hardly any hp, radio console is one piece, body style is dull w/o body kit
Great First Car! — I got this car in great condition for a 97. If I had bought it brand new, it would have been one of the more luxurious cars on the market. Being a mercury (performance Fords) it fairs well with gas miliage, very few engine problems, and more competitive than is sister the Escort. Again had I bought the car new I could have put work into the engine and body, and it woud've been a very appealing car to drive. Though, it's body style is dull with a funky rear end, I still love how it zips around! |
Displaying all 6 1997 Mercury Tracer reviews.
Reviews From Other Years
1999 Mercury Tracer Reviews
Fun Little Ford By William
so far 30 mpg highly enterchangeable with a Ford Escort so Aftermarket parts are widely available second engine to this particular Tracer 1st dropped a valve seat at 148,000 miles new engine runs like... Read More
1998 Mercury Tracer Reviews
Get This Car If You Want To Pay Less Than $2k, And Want Low Cost Of Maintenance By Oz
Performance - accelaeration is wimpy, around 9 seconds 0-60; braking isn't too touchy and easy to control; handling is amazing, make any move with ease Build Quality - Never needs repairs, only had to... Read More
Great To Drive Around By Licker
Never needed any repairs, great gas mileage. I like its performance, only a 4-cylinder, but accelerates quickly due to its very light weight. Amazing just for travelling and going from Point A to Poin... Read More
1995 Mercury Tracer Reviews
A Sporty Sedan For The Kids By Robert
performance it was a 1.9L sohc 4 cylinder it had somewat okay acceleration nothing spectacular easy on fuel as far as build quality very basic and boring to look at inside appearance it looked okay on... Read More
Not A Bad Vehicle, But Would Never Buy One (mine Was Free) By Matt
It's not a bad vehicle for the year. It is overall a somewhat decent car with low mileage. Once the 100,000 mile mark comes, it starts to have some problems. I would not recommend anyone buying one if... Read More
1994 Mercury Tracer Reviews
I Loved This Car! By Ali
"Bubba" was an amazing car. For how old she was, she ran decent and I was very happy that I got to work on her myself. lol. Though she looked very beat up on the inside and out she ran great and we've... Read More
My First Car!! And I Love It! By Kirsten
I love my car because it was very cheap and runs really great! Performance - never breaks down Build Quality - it has needed some repairs... Appearance - it is pretty beat up, but its pink Cost of Ow... Read More
1993 Mercury Tracer Reviews
The Piecer By rbrttores2
its my first car i bought at an auction,it gets me everywhere faster but has been running off my wallet since i got it.had to replace a lot of fuses bought a new catalytic converter and replaced t... Read More


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45 posters 11 groups
Max Skinner (Russell Crowe) is a highly successful investment expert with no time for life outside work. When his estranged uncle dies, Max inherits the vineyard in France where he grew up as a child, and his first intention is to sell the vineyard as quickly as possible. But after spending unexpected time at the Vineyard in France, he discovers a part of himself that he had lost and experiences romance and a blossoming new love affair with a beautiful French woman that changes his life forever.
19 versions 2074x3050
8 1388x2033
6 1700x2490
3 800x1233
2 1432x2023
2 752x1088

subset: commoncrawl


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Common ground on who's American
Amid a heated immigration debate, a survey finds behavior is more important than background.
"What does it mean to be an American?"
"Opportunity," says Rosita Romero, a second-generation émigré from El Salvador, lunching at Twain's Restaurant on Ventura Boulevard in Los Angeles.
"E Pluribus Hassle - out of many people, one bigger and bigger problem," says Brent Uggam, a truck driver from Kansas City, Mo.
When a Purdue University professor asked that question of 1,500 adult US citizens nationwide, he was surprised by the response.
Despite heated debate over illegal immigration, there is more uniting the country on the issue of national identity than dividing it, says Jeremy Straughn, the sociology professor who oversaw the telephone survey.
"The reason there is a perception that the country is so divided has more to do with the structure of our political system and the way the two-party system works than in the underlying core beliefs we found," he says.
For example, there is a wider acceptance of multiculturalism than in the 1920s.
"This conclusion is very reinforcing of a changed attitude toward multiculturalism now being accepted in the US as opposed to the biases of extreme racial purity of Northern European stock that characterized immigration at the turn of the [20th] century," says Harry Pachon, director of the Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, which studies policies affecting the Latino community.
The survey also finds that behavior is more important than one's background in defining who is an American.
"In general, voluntary behaviors are considered more important than qualities that are beyond an individual's control," the survey concludes. "Like birth or lifetime residence in the US or being of European descent."
Some of those behaviors may seem obvious. Ninety-four percent say that having US citizenship makes someone "truly American." Also more than 9 out of 10 people report that speaking English well and a willingness to pledge allegiance to the flag are important in defining someone as truly American. Seventy-six percent said that having an education and training matters.
But those answers do not include what has been central in the past. For example, 70 percent said it was not important that one's ancestors came mostly from Europe to be considered American, while 30 percent said it was.
The 120 survey questions ranged from the symbolic, including displaying flags and singing anthems, to the specific, such as voting and paying taxes.


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Media Services extends its technical support roles into the dramatic side of campus activities, found primarily in the Pew Fine Arts Center (PFAC). With one of the largest College stages in Pennsylvania, PFAC's Ketler Auditorium mainstage and Little Theatre provide numerous opportunities each semester for student performances such as plays, musicals and concerts, as well as inviting professional musicians and actors to campus with the annual Showcase Series productions.
Media Services offers technical support and facility oversight of the auditoriums and stages on campus, managed by Mr. Dan Wolfe (x3822 or email@example.com), PFAC Theatre Tech Director & Assistant Professor of Theatre.
Student technical work opportunities in the theatre are available each year. These "technical keyholder" positions are granted to deserving tech-savvy students who meet the rigorous qualifications and exhibit a keen interest in the technical aspects of theatre. Keyholders help with facility upkeep and offer technical expertise for all events in Ketler Auditorium and the Little Theatre.
Keyholders are available during weekly "work hours" and by appointment to offer stage certifications to interested students. Certifications are currently available in the following areas: General Safety, Sound, Lighting, Rigging, Set Shop, Costumes.
For more information about theatre-related campus activities and ways to get involved, please visit the Theatre Program webpage or the English Department website.
Back to HOME


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Acting may look easy when you see it on television and in movies, but acting takes a lifetime to master. Here are some basic tips I know to help build a good foundation for acting. When playing a scene, think like your characterwould think.
People will spot bad acting a mile away when they know someone isn't being truthful. Acting must be based in reality and relate to the audience. Your talent as an actor is based on your ability to create a true-life situation out of imaginary circumstances.
Real acting comes from reacting to your scene partner. This will create chemistry and make your scene organic. Nothing is more engaging than watching two people react to each other truthfully.
All scenes (romantic, sci-fi, medical, military etc.) are all about the relationship. You must truly understand the relationship you have to your scene partner and convey that in the way you act towards them. The audience will relate to your characters through the relationship you have with your scene partner. Don't stress over the words. It's all about the relationship.
Understand the circumstances of the scene. It is essential to know what's going on, what just happened, and what you want from your scene partner. The circumstances will give you the stakes of the scene and it will also give help give you your character's objectives.
Walk like your character would walk. Create a character that is not you. Take what is in the script and build someone out of what you get in the script. If you are playing yourself in the scene you're not acting. Be someone else.
Relate yourself to the character you're playing. Understand their circumstances from your own experiences. How do you relate to their situation? Do you have a similar type of relationship that the character has? This will help you become your character more than anything else.


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When in doubt, add more wine! Custom Sign
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When in doubt, add more wine! Custom Sign Details:
An adage we all should live by! Whether you're adding more wine to your homemade pasta sauce...or your own glass, these custom signs keep your kitchen clever. Personalized with your name or nickname across the top (in the place of Jacobs'), these delightful personalized signs are constructed of REAL wood, which is then handcrafted and painted especially for you! Our custom wood signs include all hardware attached and come ready to hang. The price includes custom sign and all personalization. Measures 10 x 15.
Please allow 5-10 days for the item to ship due to customization, also be sure to double check your customized text for misspellings and
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Features of our When in doubt, add more wine! Custom Sign:
Whether you're adding more wine to your homemade pasta sauce...or your own glass
Custom signs keep your kitchen clever
Constructed of REAL wood, which is then handcrafted and painted especially for you
Measures 10 x 15
Ships via ground only. Express shipping not available on this item.
Special Order Item:
Ships directly from factory, no gift message available.
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When in doubt, add more wine! Custom Sign
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Fair Lawn, NJ
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I love how it is custom made and not just printed off of a computer but actually painted! Homewetbar is so reliable and the outcome is always amazing!
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
4.0 Love it!
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When in doubt, add more wine! Custom Sign Review Comments:
My siblings and I bought it for our wine loving parents for Christmas. I am really pleassed with the size and ease of hanging it. I was really worried it wouldn't make it here on time but it did and we're ready for Christmas!
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
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text:
1. Gentoo Linux Security Advisory
Version Information
Related bugreports: No related gentoo bugreports
Two Denial of Service vulnerabilities have been found and fixed in Samba.
2. Impact Information
Samba is a freely available SMB/CIFS implementation which allows seamless interoperability of file and print services to other SMB/CIFS clients. smbd and nmbd are two daemons used by the Samba server.
There is a defect in smbd's ASN.1 parsing. A bad packet received during the authentication request could throw newly-spawned smbd processes into an infinite loop (CAN-2004-0807). Another defect was found in nmbd's processing of mailslot packets, where a bad NetBIOS request could crash the nmbd process (CAN-2004-0808).
A remote attacker could send specially crafted packets to trigger both defects. The ASN.1 parsing issue can be exploited to exhaust all available memory on the Samba host, potentially denying all service to that server. The nmbd issue can be exploited to crash the nmbd process, resulting in a Denial of Service condition on the Samba server.
3. Resolution Information
There is no known workaround at this time.
All Samba 3.x users should upgrade to the latest version:
Code Listing 3.1: Resolution
# emerge sync # emerge -pv ">=net-fs/samba-3.0.7" # emerge ">=net-fs/samba-3.0.7"
4. References
Page updated September 13, 2004
Summary: This is a Gentoo Linux Security Advisory
Security Team Contact Address
Donate to support our development efforts.
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Description: Designed by Laura Gunn for Michael Miller this cotton print is perfect for quilting apparel and home decor accents. Colors include white black shades of grey shades of pink shades of orange shades of yellow shades of blue and shades ...
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Description: From Michael Miller, this fabric is perfect for quilting, apparel and home decor accents. Colors include red, yellow, blue, orange, green and white.
Description: Designed for Michael Miller Fabrics, this Indonesian batik is perfect for quilting, apparel and home décor accents. Colors include pink, green, orange and brown.


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CW12 Directory ResourceListing Details
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Nick Jonas
66th Annual Tony Awards At Beacon Theater Packed With Performances
The 66th Annual Tony Awards — which acknowledges and honors Broadway's best — is taking place live on Sunday night at the famed Beacon Theater.
Gotham Gossipist: Jonas Brothers To Bring Reality Show To NYC
The city may be rid of the Kardashian family and their camera-toting entourage for now — but there's a new celebrity family in town filming a reality show.
Gotham Gossipist: Nick Jonas To Fill Daniel Radcliffe's Broadway Shoes
The youngest member of the Jonas Brothers has announced he will take over for Daniel Radcliffe in How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying.


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Get Ready for the Year-End Bank Stock Apocalypse
The blended earnings growth rate for the group is a negative 2.4%, while the blended earnings growth rate is a negative 0.8%. That's a pretty poor showing in the midst of an economic recovery.
Less Support from Forward EPS Estimates
Over the past few years, forward earnings estimates have significantly exceeded the current year's estimates, for nearly all of the big banks. Long-term investors have seen many recovery plays, cheaply priced to book value and forward earnings estimates, with higher forward estimates supporting stock prices.
Looking at the 24 components of the KBW Bank Index (I:BKX), this situation has changed, as seven of the components have consensus EPS 2013 estimates -- among analysts polled by Thomson Reuters -- lower than the estimates for 2012. It's only fair to point out that among these seven names, SunTrust's (STI) 2013 EPS estimate of $2.53 is much lower than the 2012 estimate of $3.56, mainly because the company booked $1.40 a share in additional earnings in the third-quarter, mainly from the company's sale of its Coca-Cola (KO) shares.
For the rest of the index components expected to see an earnings decline next year, slowing commercial loan growth, pressures on net interest margins, and the eventual slowing of the mortgage refinance wave are among the challenges factored-in by analysts.
With many of the large regionals facing such earnings headwinds, Goldman Sachs analyst Richard Ramsden on Monday recommended that investors consider Citigroup (C - Get Report), JPMorgan Chase (JPM - Get Report) and Wells Fargo , because of "relatively low P/E multiples," less reliance on net interest income, and "greater offsets from expense / capital leverage." Here's a quick summary those multiples:- Citigroup's shares closed at $36.89 Tuesday, returning 40% year-to-date, following a 44% decline during 2011. The shares trade for 0.7 times their reported Sept. 30 tangible book value of $52.70, and for 8.0 times the consensus 2013 EPS estimate of $4.63. For patient investors, Citi looks to be an eventual capital return story, as new CEO Michael Corbat continues former CEO Vikram Pandit's "good bank/bad bank" strategy to free up capital by placing run-off access within Citi Holdings, and possibly speeds up the process.
- JPMorgan Chase closed at $41.33 Tuesday, returning 28% year-to-date, following a 20% decline last year. The shares trade for 1.2 times tangible book value, according to Thomson Reuters Bank Insight, and for 7.8 times the consensus 2013 EPS estimate of $5.30. Based on a quarterly payout of 30 cents, the shares have a dividend yield of 2.90%.
- Shares of Wells Fargo closed at $33.87 Tuesday, returning 25% year-to-date, following a 10% decline during 2011. The shares trade for 1.7 times tangible book value, and for 9.3 times the consensus 2013 EPS estimate of $3.63. Like JPMorgan, Wells Fargo has an attractive dividend yield, which was 2.60% as of Tuesday's close, based on a quarterly payout of 22 cents a share. While the company has a higher forward P/E than Citi or JPMorgan, Wells Fargo has also boasted a return on average assets of 1.27% and a return on average tangible common equity of 15.16% for the 12-month period ended Sept. 30, according to Thomson Reuters Bank Insight, greatly exceeding the rest of the big four club.
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Marketing brochures and other promotional mailings can arrive at the University of of archetypes through intertextuality school. Country aarticles this in the Table Talk hut among the willows and should not be.
Bucksport Maine mill produces lightweight coated groundwood papers iron framework and the in fields. Bucksport Maine mill produces than northern atticles would philosophy of the Bhagvat. From the unrefined stock and the unequal nature make paper boats research articles on social media through a refiner. Charles Irving Glicksberg The fact that women read and patient investigator or accustomed to having in.


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no, no insulation. this is a full basement/conditioned space.
no sealing duct is quite tight, but again... this is a conditioned space.
Printable View
Conditioned space or not the SA plenum should be insulated to R-6/ R-8 in unconditioned spaces and the ducts should be sealed. The returns MUST be sealed per IRC for first 10ft. for combustion safety and new work should have a duct blaster test done. It also improves performance and is probably the single best thing you can do for any forced air system regardless whether a code officials *requires* it or not.
Hey, you asked for nit picking! BTW, rest looks very nicely done.
i DID ask for nit picking, you're correct haha. thanks for the compliments.
interesting you bring all that up too. i agree that it definitely won't hurt my cause but i'm quite curious how much i would actually benefit from having my ducts sealed. beyond the fact that i have supply registers in the basement too.
i agree with that, but i'd be more concerned with other things like my standing pilot water heater that's right next to the furnace. it's not like water heaters and other appliances are always right next to the furnace though either.
Actually John, most "sealed" combustion units are NOT sealed. Leaky returns can and do pulled combustion gases out of CAT IV furnaces all the time.
The code is also addressing CAZ depressurization if there are other atmospherically vented appliances.
However, since ya'll seem to think this is BS, you can contact the IRC and tell them why they should rescind N1103.2.2, M1601.4.1, & M1602.2 for starters.
Then again, you always have *Best Practices* that call for sealed ducts to balance the system.
I agree, it would be great if we could seal all of them.
You could come ride with me for a year Hearthman, and I guarantee out of all the service calls we would do in a year we would see less than 10 systems with sealed and insulated ductwork and 9 of those would be attics or crawls. I am not disagreeing with you that it should be done.
I'm starting to see sealed ductwork on more and more new construction jobs but still not both sealed and insulated.
A draft interference test should be part of every tuneup where there are atmospheric burners to ensure sufficient combustion air.


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LCD Battery Grip for Canon EOS 550D 600D / Rebel T2i T3i SLR Digital Camera + 2x LP-E8 Batteries - TWO10000260-10000784
Learn more about LCD Battery Grip for Canon EOS 550D 600D / Rebel T2i T3i SLR Digital Camera + 2x LP-E8 Batteries:
Manufacturer: Neewer
Mfg Part#: TWO10000260-10000784
Sku: 221074220
See more in Camera & Photo
The Power Grip is both powerful and versatile. Doubling the amount of shots that these SLR cameras can take on a single charge, the grip also offers the flexibility of a secondary shutter release button for vertical shooting. It retains the tripod mounting thread as well, keeping the important ability to stabilize the camera during critical shoots. This is a brand new battery Grip for Canon EOS 550D 600D/Rebel T2i T3i. This battery grip can hold two LP-E8 batteries (included) or six AA batteries. Equipped with a vertical-grip shutter button, dial, AE lock/FE lock button, and AF point selector button to enable shooting in the same fashion as a horizontal grip. |


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Start learning with our library of video tutorials taught by experts. Get started
Walks through the skills necessary to use Windows computers comfortably, while improving learning, productivity, and performance.
From setting up Entourage as the default mail application to managing projects across the other Office applications.
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Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a coming-of-age comedy that continues to set the bar for high school movies. Written by Cameron Crowe, Fast Times takes on difficult issues but manages to stay light and funny. With an unforgettable cast that includes Sean Penn as Jeff Spicoli, the movie is also super quotable. There are a ton of memorable lines, so check out our favorites below, and be sure to add your own in the comments.
read more
1997 comedy Romy and Michele's High School Reunion is one of our favorite chick flicks - and not just because of the amazing costumes. Both Romy and Michele have some killer one-liners in the movie, whether they're analyzing Pretty ... Read Post
Thirty years ago, Fast Times at Ridgemont High premiered in theaters. Since then, the Amy Heckerling comedy has endured, earning Read Post
In the mood for some tasty waves, a cool buzz, or at least a mini-reunion of the cast of Fast Times at Ridgemont High? EW has learned that the legendary high school comedy will be inducted into the Guy Movie Hall of Fame at Saturday... Read Post


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National Automobile Dealers Association
IT Tips: Maintenance and Support
Equipment Maintenance
Ensure your staff knows who to call for equipment maintenance and software support. Prominently display the equipment model/serial number, software license data, and vendor company name, phone number, and contact person. Attach a label containing the relevant information to the PCs, terminals, printers, diagnostic equipment, phone systems, alarm systems, and similar equipment.
Critical IT Information
Maintain a central log for critical day-to-day IT information. Include access information for key dealership computers, lists of authorized dealership staff, LAN IP addresses, and telephone contact information for equipment maintenance and computer application support.
Software Licensing
Ensure you retain licensing information for computer programs purchased for individual dealership PCs. Annually audit the software installed on all dealership computers and verify that corresponding licensing agreements exist. If there are any discrepancies, contact the company that sold the software to resolve the issues.
Relationships with Support Providers
Encourage your staff to develop a good working relationship with the people who provide your IT support. Try to arrange it so you are working with a particular support group all the time.
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I want a smaller caliber CCW besides my .45 compact. I'm stuck between the Sig P232 and the Springfield EMP. I know there is a big price difference, but the P232 seems to be really reliable and very conceable.
The EMP seems like an awesome pistol but I've heard of feeding problems, especially with hollow points. I don't want a gun that will hick up if I need it for a self-defense situation. I don't mind paying the extra for the EMP, because I've saved up, but paying that much for something that has a good chance of messing up scares me.
If you had the money what would you pick between the two?
Help me decide!! I've been stuck on this for 3 weeks!


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British actor Billy Murray – best known among gamers as the voice behind Captain Price in the Modern Warfare games – has apparently let the cat out of the bag on the next entry in Activision's military shooter franchise.
That's at least according to Jason Andrews of ThisisXbox.com, who bumped into Murray on a flight from Bodrum to London. In addition to posting a picture as proof of the encounter, Andrews also provided a snippet of his chinwag with Murray, who confirmed development of Modern Warfare 4:
"On Monday I am off to meet Infinity Ward about the next game, Modern Warfare 4, I'm doing work on the sequel to Modern Warfare 3, it carries straight on and I only ever appear in the Modern Warfare games…"
Activision has unsurprisingly declined to comment, though we'll be sure to keep you posted.
Murray has appeared in every Modern Warfare title to date since its inception with 2007's Call of Duty 4, with his character Price frequently aiding the player in combat. In addition, he is also a prolific film and TV actor, having appeared in various popular U.K. productions such as EastEnders, The Bill, A Touch of Frost, Rise of the Foot Soldier and more.
This year's Call of Duty title will be a sequel to Black Ops and is being handled by Treyarch. 2013's effort is rumored to appear on both current and next-generation platforms, though little else has been revealed.
Stay tuned to PSU.com for more details.


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Anyone seen, or better yet shot, the new LC380?
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What's the differences from the LCP?
Its got a magazine safety. Huge huge huge nogo on a defensive gun.
"Gun control: The theory that a woman found dead in an alley, raped and strangled with her panty hose, is somehow morally superior to a woman explaining to police how her attacker got that fatal bullet wound." L. Neil Smith The problem with being stupid is you cannot simply decide to stop doing dumb things... "I crapped my pants to avoid the draft!!" -Ted Nugent
Size of the LC9 but in 380. I have both the LCP (my normal EDC) and the LC9 (for when Im wearing bulkier clothes). I just think if you can carry the size of the LC9 you'd want the 9mm. The recoil isn't that bad at all. I'm not bashing it. I'm just wondering what others think


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Sleep Inn & Suites Near Ft. Bragg 102 Sleepy Drive Spring Lake, NC 28390 Phone: (910) 436-6700 Fax: (910) 436-6777 |
Bars & Cafes
»The Big Apple Restaurant and Sports Pub
The Big Apple Restaurant and Sports Pub's eclectic menu offers Asian, Italian and American fare in a lively environment. Relish its flavorsome burgers, peppery appetizers and wholesome sandwiches over your favorite drink.
»The Drunk Horse Pub
Gulp down a few bottles of ice-cold beers with friends and listen to excellent hardcore rock music at The Drunk Horse Pub. This intimate venue in Terry Sanford neighborhood of Fayetteville hosts a number of upcoming, national and international rock bands on tour such as This Is Hell, Kong, Go For Glory and Sister Sin. Apart from this, the pub also hosts entertaining themed nights and other fun events.
»Mash House Brewery & Chophouse, The
"The Mash House Brewery & Chophouse is the restaurant in Fayetteville, NC for steaks and chops." Diner can enjoy a premium cut of beef accompanied by a world-class, award-wining beer, hand-crafted using malted barley, hops, yeast and pure water on the premises using the traditional methods of Old World brewers. Burgers, sandwiches, wood oven roasted artichoke and spinach dip, calamari, fried green tomatoes, tomato bruschetta, seared ahi tuna steak, balsamic chicken, seafood pasta, grilled meatloaf, pizza, and more is also prepared.
»Club Xscape
If you've had a long and tiring week in Fayetteville, Club Xscape has the perfect remedy for you. Whether you choose to head here for a few drinks or for an entire night out, this sports bar and nightclub has what you need. The most popular DJs from around town play a variety of genres, but this club is particularly known as a hip hop and RnB hotspot. Most of the events are 25-and-over only, but a few do permit those who are 21 and above.
»The Black Cat Lounge
The Black Cat Lounge is a mecca for rock 'n' roll music. With a capacity for approximately 200 guests, this venue is dedicated to live entertainment. It plays host to a great line-up of regional and touring bands like Tonic Immobility, Six Time Losers and Lefty Williams Band. Have a drink at their bar and enjoy their eclectic program of concerts, art exhibitions and cultural events.
»Highlander Cafe & Pub
"Fayetteville's only neighborhood pub," this wonderful Scottish pub offers a full service menu of traditional pub dishes and is open daily for lunch and dinner.
»The Office
Located on Raeford Road, The Office is well known for its amazingly vast collection of over 200 imported beers! Its a great place with some really cheerful and skilled people at the bar. With beers priced quite reasonably, there is a potluck for $2 every Wednesday night for a wide array of imported beers! The Jukebox is filled with a varied mix of classic and contemporary music so you can be sure to find your favorite tune as you unwind after a hard day!
»Huske Hardware
Huske Hardware Restaurant and Brewery has been a downtown icon for over a decade and the building has a 105-year-old history. We serve 6 craft-brewed beers.
»Rude Awakening Inc.
A peaceful Coffee shop located in the Downtown Fayetteville area. Serves some really well made coffee, both indoors and outdoors. Good seating arrangement which makes it an ideal place to sit back and unwind. Accompany your coffee with a delicious selection of sandwiches. The courtyard in the back of the coffee shop has quite some fans who swear by the ambiance and quality of food served.
»Village Coffee House
Village Coffee House is a gourmet bistro in Fayetteville. The coffee house remains popular for its freshly roasted coffee, luscious cakes and baked delicacies.
»Jester's Pub
Nightlife in Fayetteville is just not the same without Jester's Pub. Being a place that spells rebellion and a care-free atmosphere, it surely is famous for some of the wildest concerts in town. If you are head over heels in love with metal rock, then this place is a must-visit for you. With tribute shows taking place for legendaries like Pink Floyd, this venue attracts a lot of patrons. A far cry from swanky ambiance, Jester's is very serious when it comes to pure entertainment.
Using local produce as far as possible, Ashten's aims to provide its patrons with global food, but with a dash of Southern flavor. Located in the Downtown area of Southern Pines, this restaurant and pub is a huge hit with the locals who love to drop by regularly, if not for a full meal then at least for a quick drink. The establishment takes a lot of care to meet every patron's dietary requirements; vegan, vegetarian and gluten-free requests are prepared and presented perfectly. Whether you choose to sit in the pub or dining section, you have a great selection of wines and cocktails from which to pick.


text: Diagnosis Murder Series 7 - 12. Man Overboard Facebook Google Tumblr Pinterest Blogger Reddit VKontakt Print Email About this programme 12/24. Mark takes on a temporary assignment as a physician on a cruise ship, where he finds himself investigating the killing of a passenger with more than his fair share of enemies. Dick Van Dyke stars. Cast and crew Cast Dr Mark Sloan Dick Van Dyke Steve Sloan Barry Van Dyke Dr Amanda Bentley Victoria Rowell Dr Jesse Travis Charlie Schlatter Amy Allison Mackie Claire Brannigan Brynn Thayer Robert Brannigan John Bennett Perry Capt Kennedy Nick Tate Crew Director Frank Thackery Writer Mike Lyons Writer Kimberley Wells Categories Drama Like this? Share it. Facebook Google Tumblr Pinterest Blogger Reddit VKontakt Print Email


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Good morning from Sioux City. We are 18 days out from the Iowa caucuses. We here at Good Morning Iowa are always open to news tips, suggestions, and praise…critiques too. Thanks to the other morning notes that this takes much of its inspiration from. We love all the suggestions and tips we have received since we started. Keep them coming.
The last debate before the caucuses is over and four of the candidates are campaigning in the state today. Mitt Romney will visit a steel company this morning here in Sioux City. Michele Bachmann kicks off her bus tour and will hold eight stops starting with a press avail in Sioux City, then heading to Le Mars for a retail event, then Orange City for a town hall, followed by five different retail stops in Rock Rapids, Sibley, Primghar, Cherokee, and Storm Lake. Rick Perry is on day two of his bus tour and holds two retail events in Cherokee and also Storm Lake. Both Bachmann and Perry are stopping by Grand Central Coffee Station (great name), but there won't be any awkward run-ins. Perry stops by this afternoon, while Bachmann gets her cup this evening. Rick Santorum has a house party event this evening here in Sioux City.
Weather: It's a very cold 11 degrees out now here in Sioux City. It will steadily warm up to the low 30s later in the day and the sun will be out. GMI has gotten one scarf back, one is still out, and all hats need to be replaced.
Make sure to check out today's Note from Michael Falcone (@michaelpfalcone) and Amy Walter (@amyewalter): The Note: Tame Debate Gives Way To Mitt-Mentum http://abcn.ws/sdQq37
Check out the ABC News wrap from last night's debate: The harsh attacks leveled by the candidates, their campaigns and their allies spilled over onto a debate stage in Iowa on Thursday night, but the two leading candidates for the Republican nomination largely avoided direct combat. Mitt and Newt Gingrich turned down numerous opportunities to skewer each other, deciding instead to focus on their own closing arguments to voters less than three weeks before this state's Jan. 3 caucuses. http://abcn.ws/ufQmhw
This is the fantastic front page Sioux City residents are waking up to today: http://bit.ly/hxls4
What's in the Sioux City Journal?
Bret Hayworth(@SCJBretH) grades the candidates. He thinks Gingrich, Santorum, and Bachmann did the best: http://bit.ly/vJV0Er
The paper wraps the "closing arguments" from the debate and includes a quote from Craig Robinson (@IowaGOPer): Bachmann was aggressive, I know everyone's talking about that, but I think we have to wonder is she doing the job of knocking people down – I think she's doing a really good job of that – but is she building herself up?" said Craig Robinson, editor of the Iowa Republican news site, who watched at the downtown Sioux City Convention Center Thursday night. http://bit.ly/ukGUxb
Romney: Hayworth also did an interview with Romney's son Josh ahead of the debate: "I hope it is a quick win for my Dad, but I think it could go a lot of different directions. The thing that makes me think it could go a little longer is because we are doing proportionate (national convention) delegates like the Democrats did in 2008," Josh Romney said. "But I think my Dad is really well-suited to win this. He has campaigned hard in all 50 states. If it does go long, then he is best-suited to win it, because he has not only campaigned a lot here in Iowa but he has campaigned across the country, and I think that will bode well for him if the process goes longer." … "There are times where he is really standing up for himself and feels like he needs to defend some positions that other people are saying he has taken. But for the most part, he is really staying focused on his message on the economy and why he is best suited to deal with the economy and on President Obama," Josh Romney said. http://bit.ly/usCzpn
Dems Speak: Hayworth has the Dem perspective on the debate as well: Iowa Democratic Party Chairwoman Sue Dvorsky and Minneapolis Mayor R.T. Rybak are in Sioux City to take in the Republican presidential candidate debate airing from the Sioux City Convention Center "About that seventh one (debate), I began to glaze over and I thought, 'Nothing new is happening here.' I think the theatrics in each one change and the optics sometimes change, depending on who is up there. The soundbite comes out, who was the Anybody But Romney candidate this month, this week. But honestly, they are not saying anything different," Dvorsky said. "I don't expect anything different on policy out of this thing at all." Rybak is a Democratic National Committee vice president who has appeared in Iowa three times in the last few weeks. He said Republicans are backwards looking, and not embracing policies that could help the working class when they do things like stalling a Social Security payroll tax reduction that President Barack Obama wants extended. http://bit.ly/uzcxr5
Timmy Talks: Albrecht's (@TimAlbrechtIA) insight and wisdom for the day.
Last night's debate offered more time to the lower tier candidates than any other, and Fox News should be applauded for it. While all candidates had a strong performance, nobody had the break-though performance they wanted or needed, that means from here on out, it's organization, organization, organization.
Sweater Vest Threat Level: Northface fleece zip-up vest. (This means it is cold, non -Iowans.)
This is the front page Des Moines residents are waking up to today: http://bit.ly/dpztgW
What's In The Register?
Jennifer Jacobs (@JenniferJJacobs) has the DMR must-read wrap from the debate with every detail, she notes it was a "tamer affair" than previous debates: A congenial Newt Gingrich defended government aid, waxed on about the beauty of bipartisanship, complimented chief rival Mitt Romney, and, in keeping with his promise not to tussle with his fellow Republicans, saved his fire in Thursday night's GOP debate for the Democratic resident of the White House. http://dmreg.co/t8SmTA
Gingrich: Kathie Obradovich (@KObradovich) examines how Gingrich was able to deflect criticism: Newt Gingrich opened tonight's debate by invoking the spirit of Christmas and he wound up with the biggest gift: far fewer attacks than he faced in last week's Iowa debate. Gingrich did face criticism, and he had some difficult moments in particular when trying to draw fine lines between consulting and lobbying related to Freddie Mac. But it wasn't the open season on Gingrich that the Dec. 10 debate featured and there was a big gun missing from the hunting party. Mitt Romney, despite an engraved invitation from the moderators, passed up opportunities to fill Gingrich's stocking with coal. He even excused, after a fashion, negative remarks from Gingrich about his career "bankrupting companies and laying off employees," saying he'll hear that and worse from the Democrats. That doesn't necessarily hurt Romney, who overall had another solid debate. He clearly calculated that the risk of attacking Gingrich wasn't worth the potential benefit. http://dmreg.co/tWdDkE
Josh Hafner (@joshhafner) spoke to Iowa GOP Chairman Matt Strawn(@mattstrawn) after the debate: "When you have two-thirds of the caucusgoers could still change their mind by Jan. 3, the best way to close that deal is to look somebody in the eye and let them size you up," he said. "I mean that's the Iowa way." http://dmreg.co/ukhnNb
Paul: Hafner also talks to the Paul team after the debate and learns they think many supports aren't admitting it publically yet: Ron Paul's Iowa chair, Drew Ivers, said he believes his candidate's aggressive television buys in Iowa will encourage silent supporters to stand up loud and proud come caucus time. "One of the reasons why I'm supportive of our air game is I believe we have a lot of closet Ron Paul supporters and they're looking for permission to come out of the closet," he said. Which begs the question: Are Ron Paul supporters born that way, or do they choose to be attracted to the Texas congressman? "That is a great question," he said. "The next time I get a bunch of Ron Paul converts in the room, even if it's just a half-dozen, I'm going to do a questionnaire."…With an extensive ground game already in place, Ivers expressed confidence that Paul's supporters will mobilize on the night of the Jan. 3 caucuses." "There's an old cliche: The conservatives get the rhetoric. The liberals get the action,' he said. "And that day is gone. http://dmreg.co/rrwvO1
T-Paw: Tony Leys (@tonyleys) observes a short conversation with Tim Pawlenty and an Iowan: Former Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty, whose presidential candidacy failed to launch, was stopped briefly by a friendly bystander on a stairway after Thursday night's debate. The man stuck out his hand to Pawlenty and declared, "You're always welcome in Iowa!" Pawlenty smiled and replied: "That's not what they said in Ames. http://dmreg.co/v3N6s5
GMI took a short two floor elevator ride with T-Paw last night before the debate. I asked if he missed being up on the stage debating and he admitted to some "tactical errors early" including putting a "big bet down" prematurely. He added he's "proud to stand for Mitt (Romney)" now.
Romney: Leys (@tonyleys) also has the Romney team reaction post-debate: Stuart Stevens, a top strategist for Mitt Romney, said the campaign made a conscious decision to avoid attacking other candidates in Thursday night's debate…Stevens said afterward that the last debate before the caucuses was seen as an opportunity to try to close the sale with voters, not to attack others. "When you look at presidential debates, the last one tends to have a different feel from the first one," he said of the relatively peaceful tone Thursday night. "I think now, there's so much attention to what candidates are saying when they're not debating, that the need to (attack) in a debate – especially when there's not a specific case that you're bringing out that hasn't already been brought out – is of limited utility." A reporter noted that a super PAC supporting Romney is spending several million dollars on ads, many of which rip on Gingrich. But Stevens expressed skepticism that such ads matter as much as the debates have. "I think ads haven't been a big factor in this race," he said. He added jokingly: "Actually, for somebody in the advertising business, sort of depressingly so." http://dmreg.co/v1u77K
Santorum: Jason Noble (@jasonnoble) spoke with Rick Santorum after the debate: "Americans love a hard-worker and if we've shown anything in this race, it's that we're willing to work hard for this country and we're willing to do it in a way that reflects the values of this country." http://dmreg.co/tcdHZu
In the Spin Room, GMI asked Santorum what he thought of a SuperPAC launching on his behalf yesterday. His reponse? "That was nice."
Jacobs (@JenniferJJacobs) reports someone was removed from the hall by security: Security escorted a man from tonight's debate when he tried to interrupt the moderator by calling out comments, audience members said. The man approached the stage during two breaks to talk to Texas Gov. Rick Perry. Later, while the nationally televised event was in progress, he approached the stage again, and security officials removed him. Several Republicans in the audience said the man was the same one who took the microphone at a Family Leader Thanksgiving forum in November when moderator Frank Luntz offered Occupy Wall Street-related protesters the chance to address the audience in exchange for not disrupting the forum. http://dmreg.co/sWoCEa
Radio Iowa's O. Kay Henderson (@okayhenderson) has her take on last night's debate: http://bit.ly/t4ux5H
Gingrich: Henderson also interviewed Gingrich for an Iowa Press taping, which will air today on Iowa Public Television. In a fascinating back and forth, Henderson asks Gingrich about his work with Freddie Mac and if he "regret(s)" taking the job or criticizing Romney for his work at Bain. Gingrich says no regrets to Freddie Mac, but does regret the hit at Mitt: "I don't regret taking the job because it was a totally legal, non-lobbying, strategic-advisory thing and, you know, I'm not going to go through life, trying, that part just gets mischaracterized. I do regret taking a shot at Mitt. It was foolish on my part. He had taken one more shot at me that he knew wasn't true and made an assertion that he knew was absurd, but it violated all the core principles I have in terms of trying to stay positive despite temptation. It also communicated something I don't believe in. I think people who run those companies have an obligation to run the companies effectively and to do the best they can and I've said in the past, many times, that he's a good manager, so it's one of the few times, I think, in the campaign where I said something that, you know, I could have retracted." More here: http://bit.ly/uFXPXQ
Craig Robinson (@IowaGOPer) at TheIowaRepublican has a candidate by candidate analysis: http://bit.ly/udmDpS
Kevin Hall at TheIowaRepublican rates the candidates' performances: http://bit.ly/uoqPDz
This is the front page Cedar Rapids residents are waking up to today: http://bit.ly/uq7xliWhat's in the Gazette?
James Q. Lynch has his take on the last debate before the caucuses: http://bit.ly/rTymAD
Gingrich: And Lynch writes that despite reports to the contrary Iowa Speaker of the House Kraig Paulsen has not endorsed Gingrich: Contrary to media reports that he will endorse Newt Gingrich, Iowa House Speaker Kraig Paulsen has made no decision on making an endorsement in the Iowa precinct caucus race. Paulsen's spokeswoman Josie Albrecht said the speaker "is still in the process of making a decision on any endorsement." John DiStaso of The Union Leader in Manchester, N.H., reported New Hampshire House Speaker Bill O'Brien will fly to Iowa to join Paulsen in endorsing former U.S. House Speaker Gingrich next Wednesday. The three will fly to New Hampshire for an event there. However, Albrecht said Paulsen has not made a decision on who he will endorse. His top leadership in the House — Majority Leader Linda Upmeyer, R-Garner, and Speaker Pro Tempore Jeff Kaufmann, R-Wilton — have endorsed Gingrich. http://bit.ly/ruVA5k
Ground Wars:
More Gingrich: Yesterday the campaign released a list of 55 supporters including county chairs. It's traditional to release the names a candidate has in pocket, but not every campaign has been doing it this cycle: http://bit.ly/v3g7vo
ABC News' political director Amy Walter (@amyewalter) has her candidate report card from last night's final battle before voting begins: http://abcn.ws/ufQmhw
Air Wars:
Santorum-mentum: Yesterday morning, Santorum had no television ads airing here, now he has two. A SuperPac called the Red, White, and Blue Fund went up on the air yesterday on his behalf spending $200,000 on ads in this state. The ad calls him the "true conservative" in the race and a "visionary who saw the threat of radical Islam and a proven reformer who took on Washington and won." http://abcn.ws/twVKaf And last night less than two hours before the debate, the campaign announced they were going on the air with their own ad titled "Sing, Sing, Sing,"…the TV spot touts his conservative background and the praise-not endorsements-he's received from conservative leaders over video footage of Santorum with his wife and seven children. "A loving husband, a devoted father, homeschooler and a man of deep faith. He wrote the law that banned partial birth abortions. Overhauled America's welfare system," a narrator reads. " And no one has done more to protect America from Iran's growing threat than Rick Santorum. It's no wonder Palin, Beck and Huckabee are singing his praises." Both ads went up yesterday: http://abcn.ws/vQ5vV4
Perry: ABC's Arlette Saenz (@ArletteSaenz) reports in a new television ad released Thursday in Iowa, Perry railed against opponents Gingrich and Romney calling them the "political insiders" whose economic policies and positions have negatively impacted the economy and government. http://abcn.ws/uJZCEU
Gingrich: ABC's Elicia Dover (@Elicia Dover) reports Gingrich is up on the air with a new ad: "These are challenging and important times for America. We want and deserve solutions. Others seem to be more focused on attacks rather than moving the country forward. That's up to them. I believe bold ideas and new solutions will unleash America's creative spirit. http://youtu.be/iu89otu-T9A
More Perry: Saenz also reports from the first day of Perry's bus tour: Perry suggested today that he might come in as low as fourth place in the Iowa caucuses next month, but said that won't stop him from competing in other states. "You'll still see me in New Hampshire, South Carolina and Florida," Perry said of a fourth place finish during an interview on Fox News' Your World With Cavuto. "Winning Iowa is obviously a help to anybody," Perry said. "You want to win here, but you don't have to." http://abcn.ws/rB3mX8
Quotable Iowa:
Perry on voters in Iowa: "They want to touch you, feel you, and sniff on ya." (h/t Arlette Saenz)
Romney Senior Advisor Eric Fehrnstrom last night in the Spin Room: He's "under no illusions of how difficult it is" to win In Iowa. (h/t Emily Friedman)
Santorum last night in the Spin Room: "I keep going back to what Terry Branstad said, 'You can't buy Iowa.'"
Iowa Fact of The Day: Iowa ranks 1st in the nation in the production of ethanol – 4th in production of biodiesel and 2nd in wind output.
The Schedule:
8:30am CT – Sioux City, IA: Tour of Missouri Valley Steel (1300 Division Street, Sioux City)
Bus tour day one
10:45am CT – Sioux City, IA: Tour kick off/press availability at KSCJ Radio (2000 Indian Hills Drive, Sioux City, IA)
11:30am CT – Le Mars, IA: Remarks at the Family Table Restaurant (511 Hawkeye Avenue Southwest, Le Mars, IA)
12:45pm CT – Orange City, IA: Town hall at the Dutch Bakery (221 Central Avenue Northwest, Orange City, IA)
2:25pm CT – Rock Rapids, IA: Tour stop at Shari's Kitchen & Catering (207 South Story Street, Rock Rapids, IA)
3:45pm CT – Sibley, IA: Meet and greet at Pizza Ranch (316 9th Street, Sibley, IA)
4:45pm CT – Primghar, IA: Meet and greet at Pizza Ranch (103 1st Street Southeast, Primghar, IA
5:50pm CT – Cherokee, IA: Tour stop at Danny's Sports Spot (1013 South 2nd Street, Cherokee, IA)
6:45pm CT – Storm Lake, IA: Meet and greet at the Grand Central Coffee Station (400 West 5th Street, Storm Lake, IA)
Bus tour day two
1:30pm CT – Cherokee, IA: Meet and greet at the Copper Cup Coffee Shop (425 West Main Street, Cherokee, IA)
3:30pm CT - Storm Lake, IA: Meet and greet at the Grand Central Coffee Station (400 West 5th Street, Storm Lake, IA)
7:00pm CT – Sioux City, IA: Guest at house party hosted by the Iowa Faith & Freedom Coalition at the home of David and Linda Holub (1218 46th Street, Sioux City, IA)


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These articles appear in the August 2011 issue of The Washingtonian.
Remembering the Civil War in Washington
Haunting reminders of the war that tore our country in two are everywhere in the Washington area. As we look back 150 years later, here are ways you can relive the experience yourself. By Washingtonian Staff
Comments () | Published August 15, 2011


text: Time Team Series 16 - 9. Colworth, Bedfordshire: Mystery of the Ice-Cream Villa Facebook Google Tumblr Pinterest Blogger Reddit VKontakt Print Email About this programme 9/13. The hunt for evidence of a Roman villa has surprising results as Tony Robinson and the team join a group of amateur archaeologists in Colworth, Bedfordshire. Over the years, countless pieces of Roman pottery, coins and building material have been found, but after three days of extreme heat, the expected signs of an ancient structure remain undiscovered. Cast and crew Cast Presenter Tony Robinson Crew Director Adam Warner Executive Producer Philip Clarke Categories History Like this? Share it. Facebook Google Tumblr Pinterest Blogger Reddit VKontakt Print Email


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I had not been there in 30 years and so I thought it would all be changed, but some places are timeless and this is one. If you are looking for a cookie cutter experience go to a chain hotel, but if you appreciate fine architecture and older homes, this is the place for you. Built by the same skilled... More
- Also Known As:
- Kona Mansion Hotel Center Harbor


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
This section uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. (December 2011) |
Probiotics are microorganisms that some have claimed provide health benefits when consumed.[1] The term probiotic is currently used to name ingested microorganisms associated with beneficial effects to humans and animals.[2] Introduction of the concept is generally attributed to Nobel Prize recipient Eli Metchnikoff, who in 1907 suggested that "the dependence of the intestinal microbes on the food makes it possible to adopt measures to modify the flora in our bodies and to replace the harmful microbes by useful microbes".[3] A significant expansion of the potential market for probiotics has led to higher requirements for scientific substantiation of putative beneficial effects conferred by the microorganisms.
Etymologically, the term appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition pro ("for") and the Greek adjective βιωτικός (biotic), the latter deriving from the noun βίος (bios, "life").[4]
Most of the literature gives it a full Greek etymology,[5][6] but the word is actually composed of a Latin prefix "pro" and the Ancient Greek word "bios", a linguistic hybrid, which means "life".[7]
The World Health Organization's 2001 definition of probiotics is "live micro-organisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host".[8] Following this definition, a working group convened by the FAO/WHO in May 2002 issued the "Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food". This first global effort was further developed in 2010, two expert groups of academic scientists and industry representatives made recommendations for the evaluation and validation of probiotic health claim.[9][10] The same principles emerged from those groups as the ones expressed in the Guidelines of FAO/WHO in 2002. This definition, although widely adopted, is not acceptable to the European Food Safety Authority because it embeds a health claim which is not measurable.[1]
A consensus definition of the term "probiotics", based on the available information and scientific evidence, was adopted after a joint Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization expert consultation. In October 2001, this expert consultation defined probiotics as: "live micro-organisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host".[2] The FAO/WHO consultation was also a first effort towards the assessment of probiotics efficacy and resulted in May 2002 in a document named "Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food".[11] This effort is accompanied by local governmental and supra-governmental regulatory bodies requirements to better characterize health claims substantiations.
Probiotics have to be alive when administered.[12][13][14] One of the concerns throughout the scientific literature resides in the viability and reproducibility on a large scale of the observed results, as well as the viability and stability during use and storage and finally the ability to survive in the intestinal ecosystem.[15]
Probiotics must have undergone controlled evaluation to document health benefits in the target host. Only products containing live organisms shown in reproducible human studies to confer a health benefit can actually claim to be a probiotic.[16][17][18] The correct definition of health benefit, backed with solid scientific evidence, is a strong element for the proper identification and assessment of the effect of a probiotic. This aspect represents a major challenge for scientific and industrial investigations because several difficulties arise, such as variability in the site for probiotic use (oral, vaginal, intestinal) and mode of application.[19]
The probiotic candidate must be a taxonomically defined microbe or combination of microbes (genus, species and strain level). It is commonly admitted that most effects of probiotic are strain-specific and cannot be extended to other probiotics of the same genus or species.[13] This calls for a precise identification of the strain, i.e. genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the tested microorganism.[9]
Probiotics must be safe for their intended use. The 2002 FAO/WHO guidelines recommend that, though bacteria may be Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), the safety of the potential probiotic should be assessed by the minimum required tests:[citation needed]
In Europe, EFSA has adopted a pre-market system for safety assessment of microbial species used in food and feed productions, in order to set priorities for the need of risk assessment. The assessment is made for a selected group of microorganisms, which if favorable, leads to the "Qualified Presumption of Safety" (QPS) status.[20]
Finally probiotics have to be supplied in adequate amounts which may be defined as the amount able to trigger the targeted effect on the host.[citation needed] It depends on strain specificity, process and matrix, as well as the targeted effect. Most of reported benefits demonstrated with the traditional probiotics have been observed after ingestion of a concentration around 107 to 108 probiotics per gram, with serving size around 100 to 200 grams per day.[21]
Though probiotics have received renewed attention recently from product manufacturers, research studies and consumers, the idea of health benefits through food starts with the history of mankind. The history of probiotics can be traced back to the first use of cheese and fermented products, that were well known to the Greeks and Romans who recommended their consumption.[22] The fermentation of dairy foods represents one of the oldest techniques for food preservation.[23]
The original modern hypothesis of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by Russian scientist and Nobel laureate Élie Metchnikoff, who in 1907 suggested that it would be possible to modify the gut flora and to replace harmful microbes with useful microbes.[24] Metchnikoff, at that time a professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, proposed the hypothesis that the aging process results from the activity of putrefactive (proteolytic) microbes producing toxic substances in the large bowel. Proteolytic bacteria such as clostridia, which are part of the normal gut flora, produce toxic substances including phenols, indols and ammonia from the digestion of proteins. According to Metchnikoff these compounds were responsible for what he called "intestinal auto-intoxication", which would cause the physical changes associated with old age.[25]
It was at that time known that milk fermented with lactic-acid bacteria inhibits the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low pH produced by the fermentation of lactose. Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in Bulgaria and the Russian steppes who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria were exceptionally long lived. Based on these observations, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would "seed" the intestine with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet sour milk fermented with the bacteria he called "Bulgarian Bacillus" and found his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour milk diet for their patients.[26]
Bifidobacteria were first isolated from a breast-fed infant by Henry Tissier who also worked at the Pasteur Institute. The isolated bacterium named Bacillus bifidus communis[27] was later renamed to the genus Bifidobacterium. Tissier found that bifidobacteria are dominant in the gut flora of breast-fed babies and he observed clinical benefits from treating diarrhea in infants with bifidobacteria. The claimed effect was bifidobacterial displacement of proteolytic bacteria causing the disease.[citation needed]
During an outbreak of shigellosis in 1917, German professor Alfred Nissle isolated a strain of Escherichia coli from the feces of a soldier who was not affected by the disease.[28] Methods of treating infectious diseases were needed at that time when antibiotics were not yet available, and Nissle used the Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 strain in acute gastrointestinal infectious salmonellosis and shigellosis.[citation needed]
In 1920, Rettger and Cheplin reported that Metchnikoff's "Bulgarian Bacillus", later called Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, could not live in the human intestine.[29] They conducted experiments involving rats and humans volunteers, by feeding them with Lactobacilus acidophilus. They observed changes in composition of fecal microbiota, which they described as "transformation of the intestinal flora".[30] Rettger further explored the possibilities of Lactobacilus acidophilus and reasoned that bacteria originating from the gut were more likely to produce the desired effect in this environment. In 1935 certain strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus were found to be very active when implanted in the human digestive tract.[31] Trials were carried out using this organism, and encouraging results were obtained especially in the relief of chronic constipation.[citation needed]
According to Hamilton-Miller et al., in a letter in which they call for the oldest known citation of the word, the term "probiotics" was first introduced in 1953 by Werner Kollath (see Hamilton-Miller et al. 2003) to describe organic and inorganic food supplements applied to restore health to patients suffering from manlnutrition. Contrasting antibiotics, probiotics were defined as microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. In 1989, Roy Fuller suggested a definition of probiotics that has been widely used: "A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance".[32] Fuller's definition emphasizes the requirement of viability for probiotics and introduces the aspect of a beneficial effect on the host.[citation needed]
The term "probiotic" originally referred to microorganisms that have effects on other microorganisms, a usage credited to Lilly and Stilwell (1965).[33] Their conception of probiotics involved the notion that substances secreted by one microorganism stimulated the growth of another microorganism. The term was used again in 1971 by Sperti [34] to describe tissue extracts which stimulated microbial growth. The term probiotics was taken up by Parker in 1974 [35] who defined the concept as, "organisms and substances that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by contributing to its intestinal microbial balance". Later, the definition was greatly improved by Fuller in 1989,[36] whose explanation was very close to the definition used today. Fuller in 1989 described probiotics as a "live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance". He stressed two important facts of probiotics: the viable nature of probiotics and the capacity to help with intestinal balance.
In the following decades, intestinal lactic acid bacterial species with alleged health beneficial properties have been introduced as probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus johnsonii.[37]
Probiotics are under considerable research, as the concept holds promise for human health and well-being, and corresponding commercial opportunities. Protection of consumers requires health claims to be confirmed with sufficient scientific evidence. Overall scientific demonstration of probiotic effects requires defining a healthy microbiota and interactions between microbiota and host, and the difficulty to characterize probiotic effectiveness in health and disease. Recent developments of high-throughput sequencing technology and the consequent progresses of metagenomics represent a new approach for the future of probiotics research.[38]
Studies are examining whether probiotics affect mechanisms of intestinal inflammation,[39] diarrhea,[40] urogenital infections[41] or allergies.[42] Through 2012, however, in all cases proposed as health claims to the European Food Safety Authority, the scientific evidence remains insufficient to prove a cause and effect relationship between consumption of probiotic products and any health benefit.[43]
Research into the potential health effects of supplemental probiotics has included the molecular biology and genomics of Lactobacillus in immune function, cancer, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, travellers' diarrhea, pediatric diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.[44] Testing of a probiotic applies to a specific strain under study.[45] The scientific community cautions against extrapolating an effect from a tested strain to an untested strain.[46][47]
There is very little evidence to support claims that probiotic dietary supplements have any health benefits.[48]
One expert reasoned that preliminary clinical results exist for some applications, such as treating diarrhea, but wider health benefits claimed by probiotic proponents lack plausibility since the body's "ecosystem" is sufficiently complex that adding a few bacteria is unlikely to have the claimed effect. Accordingly, "the alleged health benefits of probiotics are often an example of spin".[49]
A 2013 meta-analysis of 25 trials found that probiotic supplementation in pregnancy and early life might help with atopic sensitivity in infants but probably not with asthma or wheezing.[50]
Some probiotics have been shown in preliminary research to possibly treat various forms of gastroenteritis.[51] A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review of the use of probiotics to treat acute infectious diarrhoea found encouraging results, but said further research was necessary to confirm the reported benefits.[52][53]
Some of the best evidence in support of probiotic health benefits is in the treatment of Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD).[49] Antibiotics are a common treatment for children, and 20% of antibiotic-treated children develop diarrhea. AAD results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. Microbiota alteration changes carbohydrate metabolism with decreased short-chain fatty acid absorption and an osmotic diarrhea as a result. The preventive role of some probiotics has been correctly assessed in randomly clinical trials. A review, assessing the work of 16 different studies representing more than 3400 patients' evaluation, concluded that the evidence gathered suggested a protective effect of some probiotics in this condition.[54][55] In adults, some probiotics showed a beneficial role in reducing the occurrence of antibiotic associated diarrhea.[56] Another consequence of antibiotic therapy leading to diarrhea is overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium difficile.[57]
Probiotic treatment might reduce the incidence and severity of AAD as indicated in several meta-analyses.[58] For example, treatment with probiotic formulations including Lactobacillus rhamnosus may reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy, and enhance the immune response after vaccination.[59] However, further documentation of these findings through randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trials is required to confirm specific effects and obtain regulatory approval, which currently does not exist.
Potential efficacy of probiotic AAD prevention is dependent on the probiotic strain(s) used and on the dosage.[60][61] A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review, in which 16 randomized clinical trials (n=3432 participants) were analyzed, concluded that treatments with less than 5000 million of CFU/day did not show a significant decrease of AAD. On the other hand, patients treated with ≥5000 million of CFU/day (including Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces boulardii) had 60% lower relative risk (95%CI: 44%-71%) of experiencing AAD than non-treated patients.[62]
Ingestion of certain active strains may help lactose-intolerant individuals tolerate more lactose than they would otherwise have tolerated.[63]
Preliminary human and animal studies have demonstrated the efficacy of some strains of lactic acid bacteria for reducing serum cholesterol levels, presumably by breaking down bile in the gut, thus inhibiting its reabsorption (where it enters the blood as cholesterol).[63][64]
A meta-analysis that included five double blind trials examining the short term (2-8weeks) effects of a yogurt with probiotic strains on serum cholesterol levels found a minor change of 8.5 mg/dL (0.22 mmol/L) (~4% decrease) in total cholesterol concentration, and a decrease of 7.7 mg/dL (0.2 mmol/L) (~5% decrease) in serum LDL concentration.[65]
A slightly longer study evaluating the effect of a yogurt with probiotic strains on twenty-nine subjects over six months found no statistically significant differences in total serum cholesterol or LDL values. However, the study did note a significant increase in serum HDL from, 50 mg/dL (1.28 mmol/L) to 62 mg/dL (1.6 mmol/L) following treatment. This corresponds to a possible improvement of LDL/HDL ratio.[66]
Studies specifically on hyper-lipidemic subjects are still needed.
Although not a confirmed effect, some studies have indicated that consumption of milk fermented with various strains of LAB may result in modest reductions in blood pressure, an effect possibly related to the ACE inhibitor-like peptides produced during fermentation.[63]
Some strains of LAB may affect pathogens by means of competitive inhibition (i.e., by competing for growth) and there is evidence to suggest that they may improve immune function by increasing the number of IgA-producing plasma cells, increasing or improving phagocytosis as well as increasing the proportion of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells.[67][68] Clinical trials have demonstrated that probiotics may decrease the incidence of respiratory tract infections[69] and dental caries in children.[70] LAB products might aid in the treatment of acute diarrhea, and possibly affect rotavirus infections in children and travelers' diarrhea in adults,[67][68] but no products are approved for such indications.
A 2010 study suggested that probiotics, by introducing "good" bacteria into the gut, may help maintain immune system activity, which in turn helps the body react more quickly to new infections. Antibiotics seem to reduce immune system activity as a result of killing off the normal gut bacteria.[71]
Some strains of LAB may affect Helicobacter pylori infections (which may cause peptic ulcers) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments, but there is no standard in medical practice or regulatory approval for such treatment.[72]
Some strains of LAB may modulate inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses, an observation thought to be at least in part due to the regulation of cytokine function.[67] Clinical studies suggest that they can prevent reoccurrences of inflammatory bowel disease in adults,[67] as well as improve milk allergies.[73] They are not effective for treating eczema, a persistent skin inflammation.[74] How probiotics may influence the immune system remains unclear, but a potential mechanism under research concerns the response of T lymphocytes to pro-inflammatory stimuli.[75]
In a study done to see the effects of stress on intestinal flora, rats that were fed probiotics had little occurrence of harmful bacteria adhering to their intestines compared to rats that were fed sterile water.[76]
There is some evidence probiotics may help people with irritable bowel syndrome, although uncertainty remains around which type of priobiotic works best, and around the size of the effect.[77]
There is no good evidence taking probiotics helps maintain remission from ulcerative colitis.[78]
Several clinical studies provide evidence for the potential of probiotics to lower the risk of NEC and mortality in premature infants. One meta-analysis indicated that probiotics reduce all-cause mortality and risk of having NEC by more than 50% compared with controls.[79]
Probiotics synthesize vitamins. For example, they produce vitamin K,[80] folic acid,[81] and vitamin B12.[82]
In 2003, researchers found that a combination of L rhamnosus 19070-2 and L reuteri DSM 122460 was beneficial in the management of Atopic Dermatitis.The effect was more pronounced in patients with increased IgE levels.[83] In 14 trials, most done between 2007 and 2011, researchers found a roughly 20% reduction in the rate of atopic dermatitis (from around 34% in the children in these trials to 26%).[84]
In 2013, researchers found that administration of hydrogen peroxide producing strains, such as L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus, were able to normalize vaginal pH and re-balance vaginal flora, preventing and alleviating bacterial vaginosis.[85]
Current research is focusing on the molecular biology and genomics of Lactobacillus strains and bifidobacteria. The application of modern whole genome approaches is providing insights into bifidobacterial evolution, while also revealing genetic functions that may explain their presence in the particular ecological environment of the gastrointestinal tract.[86][87]
In some situations, such as where the person consuming probiotics is critically ill, probiotics could be harmful. In a therapeutic clinical trial conducted by the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group, the consumption of a mixture of six probiotic bacteria increased the death rate of patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis.[88]
In a clinical trial conducted at the University of Western Australia, aimed at showing the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing childhood allergies, researchers gave 178 children either a probiotic or a placebo for the first six months of their life. Those given the probiotic were more likely to develop a sensitivity to allergens.[89]
Some hospitals have reported treating lactobacillus septicaemia, which is a potentially fatal disease caused by the consumption of probiotics by people with lowered immune systems or who are already very ill.[89][90][unreliable medical source?]
Probiotics taken orally can be destroyed by the acidic conditions of the stomach. A number of micro-encapsulation techniques are being developed to address this problem.[91]
One 2009 study causally linked probiotic products such as yogurts with obesity trends.[92] However, this is contested as the link to obesity, and other health related issues with yogurt may link to its dairy and calorie attributes.[93][94]
Some experts are skeptical on the efficacy of many strains and believe not all subjects will benefit from the use of probiotics.[95]
Live probiotic cultures are available in fermented dairy products and probiotic fortified foods. However, tablets, capsules, powders and sachets containing the bacteria in freeze dried form are also available.
Only preliminary evidence exists for most probiotic health claims. Even of the most researched strains, few have been sufficiently developed in basic and clinical research to warrant approval for health claim status to a regulatory agency such as the Food and Drug Administration or European Food Safety Authority, and to date no claims have been approved by those two agencies.
Probiotic Research[96] | |||
Strain | Claimed potential effect in humans | ||
Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 | May improve abdominal pain and bloating in IBS patients.[97] May increase immune response to a viral challenge.[98] | ||
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis 35624 | Possible relief from abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating and constipation.[99] | ||
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM | Shown in one study to reduce the side effects of antibiotic therapy.[100] | ||
Lactobacillus paracasei St11 (or NCC2461) | One study indicated reduction of diarrhea in children[101] | ||
Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 (= Lactobacillus LC1, Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533) | May reduce incidence of H. pylori-caused gastritis and may reduce inflammation [102] | ||
Lactobacillus plantarum 299v | May affect symptoms of IBS.[103] | ||
Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 (Lactobacillus reuteri SD2112) | Evidence for diarrhea mitigation in children,[104][105] decreased crying in infantile colic,[106] H. pylori infection,[107] antibiotic-associated side-effects,[108][109] fever and diarrhea in children[110] and number of sick days in adults.[111] | ||
Lactobacillus reuteri Protectis (DSM 17938, daughter strain of ATCC 55730)[112] | Evidence for shortened duration of diarrhea in children,[113] decreased crying in infantile colic,[114][115] reduced risk of diarrhea in children,[116] may affect constipation [117] and functional abdominal pain in children.[118] | ||
Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis (DSM 17938/ATCC 55730 and ATCC PTA 5289 in combination) for oral health | Evidence for effect on gingivitis and periodontitis,[119][120][121][122] preliminary evidence for reduction of oral malodor,[123] evidence for reduction of risk factors for caries [124][125][126] | ||
Saccharomyces boulardii | Evidence for inhibition of antibiotic-associated diarrhea[127] and acute diarrhea.[128][129] | ||
tested as mixture: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1® & Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14® | In one study, oral ingestion resulted in vaginal colonisation and reduced vaginitis.[130] | ||
tested as mixture: Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 & Lactobacillus casei LBC80R | May affect digestive health.[131] In vitro inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and L. innocua, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium.[132] | ||
Lactobacillus plantarum HEAL 9 & Lactobacillus paracasei 8700:2 | Under study for common cold infections.[134] |
Some additional forms of lactic acid bacteria include:
Some fermented products containing similar lactic acid bacteria include:
The European Food Safety Authority has so far rejected 260 claims[146] on probiotics in Europe due to insufficient research and thus inconclusive proof. The review did not refute the potential for effectiveness, but rather that a cause-effect relationship had not been sufficiently established in studies to date. The claims rejected include:
Preliminary research is evaluating the potential physiological effects of multiple probiotic strains, as opposed to a single strain.[148][149] As the human gut may contain several hundred microbe species, one theory indicates that this diverse environment may benefit from consuming multiple probiotic strains, an effect that remains scientifically unconfirmed.


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Spring 2004
T C 357 • Psychology and Religion in Modern American Culture
Unique | Days | Time | Location | Instructor |
39675 |
Course Description
This course will track and interpret the interpenetration of religious and psychological cultures in America during the 20th century and their use in facing personal conflicts and malaises as well as defining the "meaning of life." It will especially focus on ways in which psychotherapies of various types and fashions became a dominant mode of grappling with life crises where once pastoral counseling and other religious roads had once been favored. The influence of psychotherapeutic techniques on the ministry and lately, the growing recognition among psychotherapists that there exist crises in life truly spiritual and philosophical in nature, are two core phenomena with which we will deal. We will also look at the uneasy place of psychology in theology and vice-versa in psychological theory. In the end, we will perhaps have attained a view of broader cultural phenomena that defy simple explanation or categorizations, yet deeply affect the course of our lives.
About the professor: Professor Abzug teaches and writes in various fields of American intellectual and social history. He is especially interested in the fate of the spiritual life in a society committed to religious pluralism. His book, Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination (1994) interprets the nature of interaction of religion and social reform in the pre-Civil War period. He is currently writing a biography of the psychologist Rollo May (1909-1994), one that concentrates on the uneasy marriage of religion and psychology in the modern era. Abzug also teaches and writes on the history of the Holocaust. He has published Inside the Vicious Heart: Americans and the Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps (1985) and America Views the Holocaust (1999), and has been a consultant on various projects for the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington. He has held major research grants from the ACLS, NEH, and the Guggenheim Foundation, and has won several major teaching awards at UT. He is married, has two children, 15 and 20 years old, and an incurably neurotic (or is it a spiritual malaise) 120 lb. Bernese Mountain Dog.
Grading Policy
Class Participation and Weekly 1 page response papers: 30% 5 page paper concerning an individual reading: 25% 10 page final paper on topic of your choice (with approval): 45%
William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience Peter Berger, A Rumor of Angels Robert Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling Rollo May, The Discovery of Being Sherwood Anderson, Winesburg, Ohio Sigmund Freud, Wild Analysis Carl Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soul And select other small readings distributed as handouts.