text:
1.an act of aggression (as one against a person who resists)"he may accomplish by craft in the long run what he cannot do by force and violence in the short one"
2.the property of being wild or turbulent"the storm's violence"
3.a turbulent state resulting in injuries and destruction etc.
1.(MeSH)Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.
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ViolenceVi"o*lence (?), n. [F., fr. L. violentia. See Violent.]
1. The quality or state of being violent; highly excited action, whether physical or moral; vehemence; impetuosity; force.
That seal
You ask with such a violence, the king,
Mine and your master, with his own hand gave me. Shak.
All the elements
At least had gone to wrack, disturbed and torn
With the violence of this conflict. Milton.
2. Injury done to that which is entitled to respect, reverence, or observance; profanation; infringement; unjust force; outrage; assault.
Do violence to do man. Luke iii. 14.
We can not, without offering violence to all records, divine and human, deny an universal deluge. T. Burnet.
Looking down, he saw
The whole earth filled with violence. Milton.
3. Ravishment; rape; constupration.
To do violence on, to attack; to murder. "She . . . did violence on herself." Shak. -- To do violence to, to outrage; to injure; as, he does violence to his own opinions.
Syn. -- Vehemence; outrage; fierceness; eagerness; violation; infraction; infringement; transgression; oppression.
ViolenceVi"o*lence, v. t. To assault; to injure; also, to bring by violence; to compel. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
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definition of Wikipedia
Assaultive Behavior (MeSH), Atrocities (MeSH), Behavior, Assaultive (MeSH)
Domestic Violence • Family Violence • Physical violence • act of violence • crime of violence • do violence to • domestic violence • government violence • non-violence • political violence • public violence • sexual violence • violence at school • youth violence
domestic violence • government violence • political violence • sexual violence • violence at school • youth violence
2005 Danish urban violence • 2005 German urban violence • 2005 Greek urban violence • 2005 Portuguese urban violence • 2005 Spanish urban violence • 2007 Catania football violence • 2008 Lhasa violence • A Frank Exploration of Voyeurism and Violence • A History of Violence (album) • Act of Violence • Aestheticization of violence • Alternatives to Violence Project • Anarchism and violence • Another Lesson in Violence • Anti-Chinese violence in Washington • Anti-Christian violence in India • Anti-Christian violence in Karnataka • Anti-Jewish violence in Eastern Europe, 1944–1946 • Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946 • Anti-abortion violence • Anti-violence • Banking, Violence and the Inner Life Today • Blind Date with Violence • Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act • Campaign Against Domestic Violence • Cartoon violence • Caste-related violence in India • Center Against Domestic Violence • Christianity and domestic violence • Coalition to Stop Gun Violence • Communal violence • Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid • Coordinated violence • Crime and violence in Latin America • Cupcakes Taste Like Violence • Cycle of violence • Deadpan violence • Decade to Overcome Violence • Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban • Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 • Domestic violence and islam • Domestic violence court • Domestic violence in Argentina • Domestic violence in Bolivia • Domestic violence in Brazil • Domestic violence in Chile • Domestic violence in Colombia • Domestic violence in Ecuador • Domestic violence in Guyana • Domestic violence in Panama • Domestic violence in Paraguay • Domestic violence in Peru • Domestic violence in Russia • Domestic violence in islam • Douce Violence • Emotional Violence • Enjoy the Violence • Epidemic of Violence • Epidemiology of domestic violence • Estimates of sexual violence • Ethnic violence • Extreme Violence • Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence • Family Feud, violence • Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–26) • Fear or provocation of violence • French suburban violence • French urban violence • Gandhi-King Award for Non-Violence • Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development • Graphic violence • Gun violence • Gun violence death • Gun violence in the United States by state • Gun violence in the world • INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence • Initiatives to prevent sexual violence • Intelligence and Violence • International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women • International Day of Non-Violence • International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers • International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World • Islam and domestic violence • July 2006 São Paulo violence • Kansas City Anti-Violence Project • Language Sex Violence Other • Legislative violence • Lessons in Violence • Lissette Ochoa domestic violence case • Management violence • Mass racial violence in the United States • Maximum Violence • May 2006 São Paulo violence • Media violence research • Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment • Miracle Violence Connection • Monopoly on violence • Muslim domestic violence • Muslims and domestic violence • Naked Violence • National Advisory Council on Violence Against Women • National Coalition Against Domestic Violence • National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs • National Emergency Committee Against Mob Violence • National Network to End Domestic Violence • New Horizons In Violence • New Violence EP • New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence • Non Violence • Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies • Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies • Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies( • Of Vengeance and Violence • Office on Violence Against Women • Palestinian political violence • Paris Violence • Politically motivated violence • Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 • Psychedelic Violence • Purification through Violence • Random Acts of Senseless Violence • Random Acts of Violence • Random Violence • Random Violence (album) • Religious violence in India • Scenarios of Violence • Sectarian violence • Sectarian violence in Pakistan • Senseless Violence • Seville Statement on Violence • Sex and Violence • Sex and Violence (album) • Sexual violence • Sexual violence by intimate partners • Six and Violence • Society Against Violence in Education • Sounds Like Violence • Spanish Courts for Violence against Women • Stop Violence • Stop Violence Against Women • Stop the Violence • Stop the violence • Strategy Of Violence • Structural violence • Symbolic violence • Teen dating violence • The City of Violence • The Color of Violence • The Day the Violence Died • The End of Violence • The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence • The Logic of Violence in Civil War • The Sex and Violence Family Hour • The Sound of Violence • The Sound of Violence (album) • The Sound of Violence (song) • The Ultra-Violence • The World Movement for Non-Violence • Threat of violence • Time of Violence • Triad of Violence • Tulane Law School Domestic Violence Clinic • Twice the Violence • U.S. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence • UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict • Unborn Victims of Violence Act • Union violence • Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 • Vintage Violence • Violence (album) • Violence (disambiguation) • Violence (game) • Violence (role-playing game) • Violence Against Women Act • Violence Has Arrived • Violence Initiative • Violence Policy Center • Violence against Israelis in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2001 • Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq • Violence against women • Violence and the Sacred • Violence in bars and pubs • Violence in baseball • Violence in ice hockey • Violence in sports • Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict • Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2000 • Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2002 • Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2003 • Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2004 • Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2006 • Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2008 • Violence in the Snowy Fields • Violence of Summer (Love's Taking Over) • Viva Las Violence • Welcome to Violence • Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media • Workplace violence • Zionist political violence
Criminology - Slaves, Social Problems - General Social Development and Population, Sociology - Civil Disorders - Persons - War[Hyper.]
Biological Terrorism, Bioterrorism[Analogie]
Crime, Kidnapping - Slaves, Social Problems[Hyper.]
Riots - Crime Victims, Victimization - Biological Warfare, Biologic Warfare[Analogie]
Violence (n.) [MeSH]↕
power; strength[Classe]
défaut du caractère (fr)[Classe...]
(violence), (aggressiveness; truculence; truculency), (violently), (do violence to; violate; murder)[Thème]
violence (n.)↕
tendance politique parlementaire (fr)[Classe]
attitude de l'extrémiste (fr)[Classe]
doctrine et système politique (fr)[Classe...]
Descripteurs EUROVOC (fr)[Thème]
action - ideology, political orientation, political theory - penetrate, perforate[Hyper.]
aggress, attack - hostile - force, violence - storm[Dérivé]
extremist, hard liner[Propriété~]
aggression, hostility - extremism[Hyper.]
force, storm - violent[Dérivé]
violence (n.)↕
dissatisfaction; discontentment; discontent; discontentedness[Classe]
power; strength[Classe]
qui est en colère (fr)[Classe]
violent (personnes) (fr)[Classe]
abondant et violent (mer) (fr)[Classe]
violent (choses, phénomènes) (fr)[Classe]
cruel (fr)[Classe]
qui est à l'état sauvage (fr)[Classe]
qui hait le genre humain (fr)[Classe]
bourru (fr)[Classe]
qui est d'une nature rude, primitive (fr)[Classe]
(anger; ire), (wildly)[Thème]
acte de violence (fr)[DomaineCollocation]
qualificatif d'une mer agitée (fr)[DomaineDescription]
qualificatif d'un comportement d'animal (fr)[DomaineDescription]
degree, grade, level, plane[Hyper.]
deepen, intensify - compound, deepen, heighten, intensify - escalate, intensify, step up - intense - intensive - intensive - ferocity, fierceness, furiosity, furiousness, fury, madness, rage, vehemence, violence, wildness - violently[Dérivé]
angry, fiery - stormy - merciless, unmerciful - violent[Similaire]
anger; ire[Classe]
force brutale d'un chose, d'un phénomène naturel (fr)[Classe]
intensity, intensiveness[Hyper.]
angered, berserk, enraged, furious, infuriated, maddened, seething - angry, raging, tempestuous, unbridled, unrestrained, violent, wild - boisterous, fierce, rough - bowelless, cutthroat - tearing, trigger-happy, vehement - déchainé, fou (fr) - буен, стихиен (bg) - ferocious, savage[Dérivé]
violence (n.)↕
disorder, disorders, revolt, riot, riots, trouble[Hyper.]
disruptive, riotous, troubled, tumultuous, turbulent[Dérivé]
government, political science, politics, politology[Domaine]
Sturm und Drang, turbulence, upheaval[Hyper.]
crimson, red, violent[Dérivé]
violence (n.)↕
Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.[2] This definition associates intentionality with the committing of the act itself, irrespective of the outcome it produces.
Globally, violence takes the lives of more than 1.5 million people annually: just over 50% due to suicide, some 35% due to homicide, and just over 12% as a direct result of war or some other form of conflict. For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments.[3] Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for victims' physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development.
Violence, however, is preventable. Evidence shows strong relationships between levels of violence and potentially modifiable factors such as concentrated poverty, income and gender inequality, the harmful use of alcohol, and the absence of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between children and parents. Scientific research shows that strategies addressing the underlying causes of violence can be effective in preventing violence. Examples of scientifically credible strategies to prevent violence include nurse home-visiting and parenting education to prevent child maltreatment; life skills training for children ages 6–18 years; school-based programmes to address gender norms and attitudes; reducing alcohol availability and misuse through enactment and enforcement of liquor licensing laws, taxation and pricing; reducing access to guns and knives; and promoting gender equality by, for instance, supporting the economic empowerment of women.[4]
In the above definition of violence ("the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation) the inclusion of the word ''power,'' in addition to the phrase "use of physical force," broadens the nature of a violent act and expands the conventional understanding of violence to include those acts that result from a power relationship, including threats and intimidation. The "use of power" also serves to include neglect or acts of omission, in addition to the more obvious violent acts of commission. Thus, "the use of physical force or power" should be understood to include neglect and all types of physical, sexual and psychological abuse, as well as suicide and other self-abusive acts.
This definition covers a broad range of outcomes – including psychological harm, deprivation and maldevelopment. This reflects a growing recognition of the need to include violence that does not necessarily result in injury or death, but that nonetheless poses a substantial burden on individuals, families, communities and health care systems worldwide. Many forms of violence against women, children and the elderly, for instance, can result in physical, psychological and social problems that do not necessarily lead to injury, disability or death. These consequences can be immediate, as well as latent, and can last for years after the initial abuse. Defining outcomes solely in terms of injury or death thus limits the understanding of the full impact of violence on individuals, communities and society at large.[2]
In the typology of violence[2] in the figure below, the horizontal array shows who is affected and the vertical array describes how they are affected. The typology divides violence into three broad categories according to characteristics of those committing the violent act:
The nature of violent acts, on the vertical axis, can be:
This initial categorization differentiates between violence a person inflicts upon himself or herself, violence inflicted by another individual or by a small group of individuals, and violence inflicted by larger groups such as states, organized political groups, militia groups and terrorist organizations. These three broad categories are each divided further to reflect more specific types of violence.
Self-directed violence is subdivided into suicidal behavior and self-abuse. The former includes suicidal thoughts, attempted suicides – also called ''para suicide'' or ''deliberate self-injury'' in some countries – and completed suicides. Self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as self-mutilation.
Interpersonal violence is divided into two subcategories: Family and intimate partner violence – that is, violence largely between family members and intimate partners, usually, though not exclusively, taking place in the home. Community violence – violence between individuals who are unrelated, and who may or may not know each other, generally taking place outside the home. The former group includes forms of violence such as child abuse, intimate partner violence and abuse of the elderly. The latter includes youth violence, random acts of violence, rape or sexual assault by strangers, and violence in institutional settings such as schools, workplaces, prisons and nursing homes.
Collective violence is subdivided into social, political and economic violence. Unlike the other two broad categories, the subcategories of collective violence suggest possible motives for violence committed by larger groups of individuals or by states. Collective violence that is committed to advance a particular social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by organized groups, terrorist acts and mob violence. Political violence includes war and related violent conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by larger groups. Economic violence includes attacks by larger groups motivated by economic gain – such as attacks carried out with the purpose of disrupting economic activity, denying access to essential services, or creating economic division and fragmentation. Clearly, acts committed by larger groups can have multiple motives.
This typology, while imperfect and far from being universally accepted, does provide a useful framework for understanding the complex patterns of violence taking place around the world, as well as violence in the everyday lives of individuals, families and communities. It also overcomes many of the limitations of other typologies by capturing the nature of violent acts, the relevance of the setting, the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim, and – in the case of collective violence – possible motivations for the violence. However, in both research and practice, the dividing lines between the different types of violence are not always so clear.
Violence in all its forms accounts for over 1.5 million deaths a year, some 90% of which occur in low- and middle-income countries. This total can be broken down into 52% (or 782'000) due to suicide, 35.5% (or 535'000) due to homicide, and just over 12% (182'000) as a direct result of war or some other form of conflict.[5] Thus, most of the deaths due to violence occur in settings which are at peace and most perpetrators are the victims themselves or people who are close to the victim such as parents, intimate partners, friends, and acquaintances.
By way of comparison, the 1.5 millions deaths a year due to violence is greater than the number of deaths due to tuberculosis (1.34 million), road traffic injuries (1.21 million), and malaria (830'000), but slightly less than the number of people who die from HIV/AIDS (1.77 million).[6]
For every death due to violence, there are numerous nonfatal injuries. In 2008, over 16 million cases of non-fatal violence-related injuries were severe enough to require medical attention. Beyond deaths and injuries, forms of violence such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and elder maltreatment have been found to be highly prevalent.
In the last 45 years suicide rates have increased by 60% worldwide. Suicide is among the three leading causes of death among those aged 15–44 years in some countries, and the second leading cause of death in the 10–24 years age group. These figures do not include suicide attempts which are up to 20 times more frequent than completed suicide. Suicide was the 16th leading cause of death worldwide in 2004 and is projected to increase to the 12th in 2030.[7] Although traditionally suicide rates have been highest among the male elderly, rates among young people have been increasing to such an extent that they are now the group at highest risk in a third of countries, in both developed and developing countries.
Rates and patterns of violent death vary by country and region. In recent years, homicide rates have been highest in developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean and lowest in East Asia, the western Pacific, and some countries in northern Africa.[8] More than 500,000 people died from gun violence in Brazil between 1979 and 2003.[9] Studies show a strong, inverse relationship between homicide rates and both economic development and economic equality. Poorer countries, especially those with large gaps between the rich and the poor, tend to have higher rates of homicide than wealthier countries. Homicide rates differ markedly by age and sex. Gender differences are least marked for children. For the 15 to 29 age group, male rates were nearly six times those for female rates; for the remaining age groups, male rates were from two to four times those for females.[10]
Studies in a number of countries show that, for every homicide among young people age 10 to 24, 20 to 40 other young people receive hospital treatment for a violent injury.[2]
Forms of violence such as child maltreatment and intimate partner violence are highly prevalent. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused.[11] A WHO multi-country study found that between 15–71% of women reported experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives[12]
Wars grab headlines, but the individual risk of dying violently in an armed conflict is today relatively low—much lower than the risk of violent death in many countries that are not suffering from an armed conflict. For example, between 1976 and 2008, African Americans were victims of 329,825 homicides.[13][14] Although there is a widespread perception that war is the most dangerous form of armed violence in the world, the average person living in a conflict-affected country had a risk of dying violently in the conflict of about 2.0 per 100,000 population between 2004 and 2007. This can be compared to the average world homicide rate of 7.6 per 100,000 people. This illustration highlights the value of accounting for all forms of armed violence rather than an exclusive focus on conflict related violence. Certainly, there are huge variations in the risk of dying from armed conflict at the national and subnational level, and the risk of dying violently in a conflict in specific countries remains extremely high. In Iraq, for example, the direct conflict death rate for 2004–07 was 65 per 100,000 people per year and, in Somalia, 24 per 100,000 people. This rate even reached peaks of 91 per 100,000 in Iraq in 2006 and 74 per 100,000 in Somalia in 2007.[15]
Beyond deaths and injuries, highly prevalent forms of violence (such as child maltreatment and intimate partner violence) have serious lifelong non-injury health consequences. Victims may engage in high-risk behaviours such as alcohol and substance misuse, smoking, and unsafe sex, which in turn can contribute to cardiovascular disorders, cancers, depression, diabetes and HIV/AIDS, resulting in premature death[16]
In countries with high levels of violence, economic growth can be slowed down, personal and collective security eroded, and social development impeded. Families edging out of poverty and investing in schooling their sons and daughters can be ruined through the violent death or severe disability of the main breadwinner. Communities can be caught in poverty traps where pervasive violence and deprivation form a vicious circle that stifles economic growth. For societies, meeting the direct costs of health, criminal justice, and social welfare responses to violence diverts many billions of dollars from more constructive societal spending. The much larger indirect costs of violence due to lost productivity and lost investment in education work together to slow economic development, increase socioeconomic inequality, and erode human and social capital.
Violence cannot be attributed to a single factor. Its causes are complex and occur at different levels. To represent this complexity, the ecological, or Social ecological model is often used. The following four-level version of the ecological is often used in the study of violence:
The first level identifies biological and personal factors that influence how individuals behave and increase their likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence: demographic characteristics (age, education, income), personality disorders, substance abuse, and a history of experiencing, witnessing, or engaging in violent behaviour.
The second level focuses on close relationships, such as those with family and friends. In youth violence, for example, having friends who engage in or encourage violence can increase a young person's risk of being a victim or perpetrator of violence.31,32 For intimate partner violence, a consistent marker at this level of the model is marital conflict or discord in the relationship. In elder abuse, important factors are stress due to the nature of the past relationship between the abused person and the care giver.
The third level explores the community context—i.e., schools, workplaces, and neighbourhoods. Risk at this level may be affected by factors such as the existence of a local drug trade, the absence of social networks, and concentrated poverty. All these factors have been shown to be important in several types of violence.
Finally, the fourth level looks at the broad societal factors that help to create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited: the responsiveness of the criminal justice system, social and cultural norms regarding gender roles or parent-child relationships, income inequality, the strength of the social welfare system, the social acceptability of violence, the availability of firearms, the exposure to violence in mass media, and political instability.
A rigorous review of the literature on the effectiveness of strategies to prevent interpersonal violence identified the seven strategies below as being supported by either strong or emerging evidence for effectiveness.[17] These strategies target risk factors at all four levels of the ecological model.
Among the most effective such programmes to prevent child maltreatment and reduce childhood aggression are the Nurse Family Partnership home-visiting programme[18] and the Triple P (Parenting Program).[19] There is also emerging evidence that these programmes reduce convictions and violent acts in adolescence and early adulthood, and probably help decrease intimate partner violence and self-directed violence in later life.[20][21]
Evidence shows that the life-skills acquired in social development programmes can reduce involvement in violence, improve social skills, boost educational achievement and improve job prospects. Life skills refer to social, emotional, and behavioural competencies which help children and adolescents effectively deal with the challenges of everyday life.
Evidence is emerging that violence may be prevented by:
Evidence emerging suggests that limiting access to firearms can prevent homicides and injuries and reduce the costs of these forms of violence to society. There is some evidence, for example, to suggest that jurisdictions with restrictive firearms legislation and lower firearms ownership tend to have lower levels of gun violence.[22][23][24][25]
Evaluation studies are beginning to support community interventions that aim to prevent violence against women by promoting gender equality. For instance, evidence suggests that programmes that combine microfinance with gender equity training can reduce intimate partner violence.[26][27] School-based programmes such as Safe Dates programme in the United States of America[28][29] and the Youth Relationship Project in Canada[30] have been found to be effective for reducing dating violence.
Rules or expectations of behaviour – norms – within a cultural or social group can encourage violence. Interventions that challenge cultural and social norms supportive of violence can prevent acts of violence and have been widely used, but the evidence base for their effectiveness is currently weak. The effectiveness of interventions addressing dating violence and sexual abuse among teenagers and young adults by challenging social and cultural norms related to gender is supported by some evidence[31][32]
Interventions to identify victims of interpersonal violence and provide effective care and support are critical for protecting health and breaking cycles of violence from one generation to the next. Examples for which evidence of effectiveness is emerging includes: screening tools to identify victims of intimate partner violence and refer them to appropriate services;[33] psychosocial interventions – such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy – to reduce mental health problems associated with violence, including post-traumatic stress disorder;[34] and protection orders, which prohibit a perpetrator from contacting the victim,[35][36] to reduce repeat victimization among victims of intimate partner violence.
Not surprisingly, scientific evidence about the effectiveness of interventions to prevent collective violence is lacking.[37] However, policies that facilitate reductions in poverty, that make decision-making more accountable, that reduce inequalities between groups, as well as policies that reduce access to biological, chemical, nuclear and other weapons have been recommended. When planning responses to violent conflicts, recommended approaches include assessing at an early stage who is most vulnerable and what their needs are, co-ordination of activities between various players and working towards global, national and local capabilities so as to deliver effective health services during the various stages of an emergency.[38]
Not all suicides can be prevented, but a majority can. There are a number of measures that can be taken at community and national levels to reduce the risk, including:
At a more personal level, it is important to know that only a small number of suicides happen without warning. Most people who kill themselves give definite warnings of their intentions. Therefore, all threats of self-harm should be taken seriously. In addition, a majority of people who attempt suicide are ambivalent and not entirely intent on dying. Many suicides occur in a period of improvement when the person has the energy and the will to turn despairing thoughts into destructive action. However, a once-suicidal person is not necessarily always at risk: suicidal thoughts may return but they are not permanent and in some people they may never return[39]
The criminal justice approach sees its main task as enforcing laws that proscribe violence and ensuring that "justice is done". The notions of individual blame, responsibility, guilt, and culpability are central to criminal justice's approach to violence and one of the criminal justice system's main tasks is to "do justice", i.e. to ensure that offenders are properly identified, that the degree of their guilt is as accurately ascertained as possible, and that they are punished appropriately. To prevent and respond to violence, the criminal justice approach relies primarily on deterrence, incarceration and the punishment and rehabilitation of perpetrators.[40]
The criminal justice approach, beyond justice and punishment, has traditionally emphasized indicated interventions, aimed at those who have already been involved in violence, either as victims or as perpetrators. One of the main reasons offenders are arrested, prosecuted, and convicted is to prevent further crimes – through deterrence (threatening potential offenders with criminal sanctions if they commit crimes), incapacitation (physically preventing offenders from committing further crimes by locking them up) and through rehabilitation (using time spent under state supervision to develop skills or change one's psychological make-up to reduce the likelihood of future offences).[41]
In recent decades in many countries in the world, the criminal justice system has taken an increasing interest in preventing violence before it occurs. For instance, much of community and problem-oriented policing aims to reduce crime and violence by altering the conditions that foster it - and not to increase the number of arrests. Indeed, some police leaders have gone so far as to say the police should primarily be a crime prevention agency [Bratton W (with Knobler P). Turnaround: how America's top cop reversed the crime epidemic. New York: Random House, 1998.]. Juvenile justice systems – an important component of criminal justice systems – are largely based on the belief in rehabilitation and prevention. In the US, the criminal justice system has, for instance, funded school- and community-based initiatives to reduce children's access to guns and teach conflict resolution. In 1974, the US Department of Justice assumed primary responsibility for delinquency prevention programmes and created the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, which has supported the "Blueprints for violence prevention" programme at the University of Colorado.[42]
The public health approach is a science-driven, population-based, interdisciplinary, intersectoral approach based on the ecological model which emphasizes primary prevention.[2] Rather than focusing on individuals, the public health approach aims to provide the maximum benefit for the largest number of people, and to extend better care and safety to entire populations. The public health approach is interdisciplinary, drawing upon knowledge from many disciplines including medicine, epidemiology, sociology, psychology, criminology, education and economics. Because all forms of violence are multi-faceted problems, the public health approach emphasizes a multi-sectoral response. It has been proved time and again that cooperative efforts from such diverse sectors as health, education, social welfare, and criminal justice are often necessary to solve what are usually assumed to be purely "criminal" or "medical" problems. The public health approach considers that violence, rather than being the result of any single factor, is the outcome of multiple risk factors and causes, interacting at four levels of a nested hierarchy (individual, close relationship/family, community and wider society) of the Social ecological model.
From a public health perspective, prevention strategies can be classified into three types:
to violence, such as pre-hospital care, emergency services or treatment for sexually transmitted infections following a rape.
A public health approach emphasizes the primary prevention of violence, i.e. stopping them from occurring in the first place. Until recently, this approach has been relatively neglected in the field, with the majority of resources directed towards secondary or tertiary prevention. Perhaps the most critical element of a public health approach to prevention is the ability to identify underlying causes rather than focusing upon more visible "symptoms". This allows for the development and testing of effective approaches to address the underlying causes and so improve health.
The public health approach is an evidence-based and systematic process involving the following four steps:
In many countries, violence prevention is still a new or emerging field in public health. The public health community has started only recently to realize the contributions it can make to reducing violence and mitigating its consequences. In 1949, Gordon called for injury prevention efforts to be based on the understanding of causes, in a similar way to prevention efforts for communicable and other diseases.[43] In 1962, Gomez, referring to the WHO definition of health, stated that it is obvious that violence does not contribute to "extending life" or to a "complete state of well-being". He defined violence as an issue that public health experts needed to address and stated that it should not be the primary domain of lawyers, military personnel, or politicians.[44]
However, it is only in the last 30 years that public health has begun to address violence, and only in the last fifteen has it done so at the global level.[45] This is a much shorter period of time than public health has been tackling other health problems of comparable magnitude and with similarly severe lifelong consequences.
The global public health response to interpersonal violence began in earnest in the mid-1990s. In 1996, the World Health Assembly adopted Resolution WHA49.25[46] which declared violence "a leading worldwide public health problem" and requested that the World Health Organization (WHO) initiate public health activities to (1) document and characterize the burden of violence, (2) assess the effectiveness of programmes, with particular attention to women and children and community-based initiatives, and (3) promote activities to tackle the problem at the international and national levels. The World Health Organization's initial response to this resolution was to create the Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability and to publish the World report on violence and health (2002).[2]
The case for the public health sector addressing interpersonal violence rests on four main arguments.[47] First, the significant amount of time health care professionals dedicate to caring for victims and perpetrators of violence has made them familiar with the problem and has led many, particularly in emergency departments, to mobilize to address it. The information, resources, and infrastructures the health care sector has at its disposal are an important asset for research and prevention work. Second, the magnitude of the problem and its potentially severe lifelong consequences and high costs to individuals and wider society call for population-level interventions typical of the public health approach. Third, the criminal justice approach, the other main approach to addressing violence (link to entry above), has traditionally been more geared towards violence that occurs between male youths and adults in the street and other public places – which makes up the bulk of homicides in most countries – than towards violence occurring in private settings such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence and elder abuse – which makes up the largest share of non-fatal violence. Fourth, evidence is beginning to accumulate that a science-based public health approach is effective at preventing interpersonal violence.
The Human rights approach is based on the obligations of states to respect, protect and fulfill human rights and therefore to prevent, eradicate and punish violence. It recognizes violence as a violation of many human rights: the rights to life, liberty, autonomy and security of the person; the rights to equality and non-discrimination; the rights to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment; the right to privacy; and the right to the highest attainable standard of health. These human rights are enshrined in international and regional treaties and national constitutions and laws, which stipulate the obligations of states, and include mechanisms to hold states accountable. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, for example, requires that countries party to the Convention take all appropriate steps to end violence against women. The Convention on the Rights of the Childin its Article 19 states that States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.
A significant number of human geographers take violence as their substantive focus. Derek Gregory and Alan Pred assembled the influential edited collection "Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror, and Political Violence", which demonstrates how place, space and landscape are foremost factors in the real and imagined practices of organized violence both historically and in the present.[48] Relatedly, Simon Springer emphasizes the interconnectedness of violence by questioning those reductionist approaches that exclusively align violence to particular places, suggesting instead that violence is born of an overdetermined number of variables that stretch out across the wider matrix of space.[49] Elsewhere, Springer expands on these ideas, arguing that "to treat the material expression of violence only through its directly observable manifestation is a reductionist appraisal. This view ignores the complexity of the infinite entanglements of social relations, and further neglects the future possibilities, or what Nordstrom (2004) calls 'the tomorrow of violence'. When we bear witness to violence, what we are seeing is not a 'thing', but a moment with a past, present and future that is determined by its elaborate relations with other moments of social process. The material 'act' of violence itself is merely a nodal point, a snapshot of oppressive social relations, and one that has an enduring tendency to be marked with absolutist accounts of space and time, when in fact, violence is temporally dispersed through a whole series of 'troubling geographies'".[50]
Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence and commercial or other exploitation, which results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power. Exposure to intimate partner violence is also sometimes included as a form of child maltreatment[51]
Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences, which is, however, complex and difficult to study. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused.[2][52]
Consequences of child maltreatment include impaired lifelong physical and mental health, and social and occupational functioning (e.g. school, job, and relationship difficulties). These can ultimately slow a country's economic and social development.[53][54] Preventing child maltreatment before it starts is possible and requires a multisectoral approach. Effective prevention programmes support parents and teach positive parenting skills. Ongoing care of children and families can reduce the risk of maltreatment reoccurring and can minimize its consequences.[55][56]
Following the World Health Organization, youth are defined as people between the ages of 10 and 29 years. Youth violence refers to violence occurring between youths, and includes acts that range from bullying and physical fighting, through more severe sexual and physical assault to homicide.[57]
Worldwide some 250 000 homicides occur among youth 10–29 years of age each year, which is 41% of the total number of homicides globally each year (("Global Burden of Disease", World Health Organization, 2008). For each young person killed, 20-40 more sustain injuries requiring hospital treatment.[57] Youth violence has a serious, often lifelong, impact on a person's psychological and social functioning. Youth violence greatly increases the costs of health, welfare and criminal justice services; reduces productivity; decreases the value of property; and generally undermines the fabric of society.
Prevention programmes shown to be effective or to have promise in reducing youth violence include life skills and social development programmes designed to help children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflict, and develop the necessary social skills to solve problems; schools-based anti-bullying prevention programmes; and programmes to reduce access to alcohol, illegal drugs and guns.[58]
Intimate partner violence refers to behaviour in an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours.[2]
Population-level surveys based on reports from victims provide the most accurate estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual violence in non-conflict settings. A study conducted by WHO in 10 mainly developing countries[59] found that, among women aged 15 to 49 years, between 15% (Japan) and 70% (Ethiopia and Peru) of women reported physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner.
Intimate partner and sexual violence have serious short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems for victims and for their children, and lead to high social and economic costs. These include both fatal and non-fatal injuries, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.[60]
Factors associated with the perpetration and experiencing of intimate partner violence are low levels of education, past history of violence as a perpetrator, a victim or a witness of parental violence, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes that are accepting of violence as well as marital discord and dissatisfaction. Factor associated only with perpetration of intimate partner violence are having multiple partners, and an antisocial personality disorder.
The primary prevention strategy with the best evidence for effectiveness for intimate partner violence is school-based programming for adolescents to prevent violence within dating relationships.[61] Evidence is emerging for the effectiveness of several other primary prevention strategies – those that: combine microfinance with gender equality training;[62] promote communication and relationship skills within communities; reduce access to, and the harmful use of alcohol; and change cultural gender norms.[63]
Sexual violence is any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes rape, defined as the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object.[64]
Population-level surveys based on reports from victims estimate that between 0.3–11.5% of women reported experiencing sexual violence.[65] Sexual violence has serious short- and long-term consequences on physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health for victims and for their children as described in the section on intimate partner violence. If perpetrated during childhood, sexual violence can lead to increased smoking,[66] drug and alcohol misuse, and risky sexual behaviours in later life. It is also associated with perpetration of violence (for males) and being a victim of violence (for females).
Many of the risk factors for sexual violence are the same as for intimate partner violence. Risk factors specific to sexual violence perpetration include beliefs in family honour and sexual purity, ideologies of male sexual entitlement and weak legal sanctions for sexual violence.
Few intervention to prevent sexual violence have been demonstrated to be effective. School-based programmes to prevent child sexual abuse by teaching children to recognize and avoid potentially sexually abusive situations are run in many parts of the world and appear promising, but require further research. To achieve lasting change, it is important to enact legislation and develop policies that protect women; address discrimination against women and promote gender equality; and help to move the culture away from violence.[67]
Elder maltreatment is a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person. This type of violence constitutes a violation of human rights and includes physical, sexual, psychological, emotional; financial and material abuse; abandonment; neglect; and serious loss of dignity and respect[2]
While there is little information regarding the extent of maltreatment in elderly populations, especially in developing countries, it is estimated that 4-6% of elderly people in high-income countries have experienced some form of maltreatment at home[68][69] However, older people are often afraid to report cases of maltreatment to family, friends, or to the authorities. Data on the extent of the problem in institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes and other long-term care facilities are scarce. Elder maltreatment can lead to serious physical injuries and long-term psychological consequences. Elder maltreatment is predicted to increase as many countries are experiencing rapidly ageing populations.
Many strategies have been implemented to prevent elder maltreatment and to take action against it and mitigate its consequences including public and professional awareness campaigns, screening (of potential victims and abusers), caregiver support interventions (e.g. stress management, respite care), adult protective services and self-help groups. Their effectiveness has, however, not so far been well-established.[70][71]
See War.
The causes of violent behavior in humans are often a topic of research in psychology. Neurobiologist Jan Volavka emphasizes that for those purposes, "violent behavior is defined as intentional physically aggressive behavior against another person."[72]
Scientists do agree violence is inherent in humans. Among prehistoric humans, there is archaeological evidence for both contentions of violence and peacefulness as primary characteristics.[73]
Since violence is a matter of perception as well as a measurable phenomenon, psychologists have found variability in whether people perceive certain physical acts as 'violent'. For example, in a state where execution is a legalized punishment we do not typically perceive the executioner as 'violent', though we may talk, in a more metaphorical way, of the state acting violently. Likewise understandings of violence are linked to a perceived aggressor-victim relationship: hence psychologists have shown that people may not recognise defensive use of force as violent, even in cases where the amount of force used is significantly greater than in the original aggression.[74]
The "violent male ape" image is often brought up in discussions of human violence. Dale Peterson and Richard Wrangham in "Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence" write that violence is inherent in humans, though not inevitable. However, William L. Ury, editor of a book called "Must We Fight? From the Battlefield to the Schoolyard—A New Perspective on Violent Conflict and Its Prevention" criticizes the "killer ape" myth in his book which brings together discussions from two Harvard Law School symposiums. The conclusion is that "we also have lots of natural mechanisms for cooperation, to keep conflict in check, to channel aggression, and to overcome conflict. These are just as natural to us as the aggressive tendencies."[75]
James Gilligan writes violence is often pursued as an antidote to shame or humiliation.[76] The use of violence often is a source of pride and a defence of honor, especially among males who often believe violence defines manhood.[77]
Steven Pinker in a New Republic article "The History of Violence" offers evidence that on the average the amount and cruelty of violence to humans and animals has decreased over the last few centuries.[78]
Pinker's observation of the decline in interpersonal violence echoes the work of Norbert Elias, who attributes the decline to a 'civilizing process', in which the state's monopolisation of violence, the maintenance of socioeconomic interdependencies or 'figurations', and the maintenance of behavioural codes in culture all contribute to the development of individual sensibilities, which the increase repugnance individuals towards violent acts.[79] Criminologist Steve Hall notes that the decline in violence in the West since the late 14th century has been accompanied by a large rise in less violent forms of acquisitive crime. In a complex process he names 'pseudo-pacification', he argues that the capitalist system and its attendant culture of competitive individualism stimulate aggressive libidinal energy but sublimate it into socially acceptable forms of competition over symbols of social status. This fuels consumer demand in the economy at the same time as creating and reproducing the pacified cultural climate needed for productive and trading relations to function properly. This powerful libidinal energy sometimes 'leaks' past its insulating boundary in social spaces where economic participation is difficult or behavioural codes are lax, with obvious criminogenic and potentially violent results.[80]
Evolutionary psychology offers several explanations for human violence in various contexts. Goetz (2010) argues that humans are similar to most mammal species and use violence in specific situations. He writes that "Buss and Shackelford (1997a) proposed seven adaptive problems our ancestors recurrently faced that might have been solved by aggression: co-opting the resources of others, defending against attack, inflicting costs on same-sex rivals, negotiating status and hierarchies, deterring rivals from future aggression, deterring mate from infidelity, and reducing resources expended on genetically unrelated children."[81]
Goetz writes that most homocides seem to start from relatively trivial disputes between unrelated men who then escalate to violence and death. He argues that such conflicts occur when there is a status dispute between men of relatively similar status. If there is a great initial status difference, then the lower status individual usually offers no challenge and if challenged the higher status individual usually ignores the lower status individual. At the same an environment of great inequalities between people may cause those at the bottom to use more violence in attempts to gain status.[81]
Several rare but painful episodes of assassination, attempted assassination and shootings in schools and universities in the United States led to a considerable body of research on ascertainable behaviors of persons who have planned or carried out such attacks. These studies (1995-2002) investigated what the authors called "targeted violence," described the "path to violence" of those who planned or carried out attacks, and laid out suggestions for law enforcement and educators. A major point from these research studies is that targeted violence does not just "come out of the blue."[82][83][84][85][86][87]
This section requires expansion. |
Some legal drugs such as benzodiazepines may have adverse side effects that include violence.
One of the main functions of law is to regulate violence.[88]
Sociologist Max Weber stated that the state claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of force practiced within the confines of a specific territory. Law enforcement is the main means of regulating nonmilitary violence in society. Governments regulate the use of violence through legal systems governing individuals and political authorities, including the police and military. Civil societies authorize some amount of violence, exercised through the police power, to maintain the status quo and enforce laws.
However, German political theorist Hannah Arendt noted: "Violence can be justifiable, but it never will be legitimate ... Its justification loses in plausibility the farther its intended end recedes into the future. No one questions the use of violence in self-defence, because the danger is not only clear but also present, and the end justifying the means is immediate".[89] Arendt made a clear distinction between violence and power. Most political theorists regarded violence as an extreme manifestation of power whereas Arendt regarded the two concepts as opposites.[90] In the 20th century in acts of democide governments may have killed more than 260 million of their own people through police brutality, execution, massacre, slave labor camps, and sometimes through intentional famine.[91]
Violent acts that are not carried out by the military or police and that are not in self-defence are usually classified as crimes, although not all crimes are violent crimes. Damage to property is classified as violent crime in some jurisdictions but not in all.[citation needed]
The Federal Bureau of Investigation classifies violence resulting in homicide into criminal homicide and justifiable homicide (e.g. self defense).[92]
War is a state of prolonged violent large-scale conflict involving two or more groups of people, usually under the auspices of government. War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defense, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it.[citation needed]
Since the Industrial Revolution, the lethality of modern warfare has steadily grown. World War I casualties were over 40 million and World War II casualties were over 70 million.
Nevertheless, some hold the actual deaths from war have decreased compared to past centuries. In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, calculates that 87% of tribal societies were at war more than once per year, and some 65% of them were fighting continuously. The attrition rate of numerous close-quarter clashes, which characterize endemic warfare, produces casualty rates of up to 60%, compared to 1% of the combatants as is typical in modern warfare. "Primitive Warfare" of these small groups or tribes was driven by the basic need for sustenance and violent competition. Their environment dictated the size of their groups for the most part, they would only include as many people as the tribe could provide for. The small group size also made moving much easier if needed, once resources were becoming scarce in the area.[93] Stephen Pinker agrees, writing that "in tribal violence, the clashes are more frequent, the percentage of men in the population who fight is greater, and the rates of death per battle are higher."[94]
Jared Diamond in his award-winning books, Guns, Germs and Steel and The Third Chimpanzee provides sociological and anthropological evidence for the rise of large-scale warfare as a result of advances in technology and city-states. The rise of agriculture provided a significant increase in the number of individuals that a region could sustain over hunter-gatherer societies, allowing for development of specialized classes such as soldiers, or weapons manufacturers. On the other hand, tribal conflicts in hunter-gatherer societies tend to result in wholesale slaughter of the opposition (other than perhaps females of child-bearing years) instead of territorial conquest or slavery, presumably as hunter-gatherer numbers could not sustain empire-building.[citation needed]
Religious and political ideologies have been the cause of interpersonal violence throughout history.[95] Ideologues often falsely accuse others of violence, such as the ancient blood libel against Jews, the medieval accusations of casting witchcraft spells against women, caricatures of black men as "violent brutes" that helped excuse the late 19th century Jim Crow laws in the United States,[96] and modern accusations of satanic ritual abuse against day care center owners and others.[97]
Both supporters and opponents of the 21st century War on Terrorism regard it largely as an ideological and religious war.[98]
Vittorio Bufacchi describes two different modern concepts of violence, one the "minimalist conception" of violence as an intentional act of excessive or destructive force, the other the "comprehensive conception" which includes violations of rights, including a long list of human needs.[99]
Anti-capitalists assert that capitalism is violent. They believe private property, trade, interest and profit survive only because police violence defends them and that capitalist economies need war to expand.[100] They may use the term "structural violence" to describe the systematic ways in which a given social structure or institution kills people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic needs, for example the deaths caused by diseases because of lack of medicine.[101] Free market supporters argue that it is violently enforced state laws intervening in markets - state capitalism - which cause many of the problems anti-capitalists attribute to structural violence.[102]
Frantz Fanon critiqued the violence of colonialism and wrote about the counter violence of the "colonized victims."[103][104][105]
Throughout history, most religions and individuals like Mahatma Gandhi have preached that humans are capable of eliminating individual violence and organizing societies through purely nonviolent means. Gandhi himself once wrote: "A society organized and run on the basis of complete non-violence would be the purest anarchy."[106] Modern political ideologies which espouse similar views include pacifist varieties of voluntarism, mutualism, anarchism and libertarianism.
Research into the media and violence examines whether links between consuming media violence and subsequent aggressive and violent behavior exists. Although some scholars had claimed media violence may increase aggression,[107] this view is coming increasingly in doubt both in the scholarly community[108] and was rejected by the US Supreme Court in the Brown v EMA case, as well as in a review of video game violence by the Australian Government (2010) which concluded evidence for harmful effects were inconclusive at best and the rhetoric of some scholars was not matched by good data.
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Violence |
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The argument between FedEx and UPS over national labor law has brought great attention to the questions surrounding the Railway Labor Act and the National Labor Relations Act, the United States'
Coverage of railroad shipping jobs, unions, strikes and more.
News & Analysis
20 Feb 2015
Canadian National Railway said it will lock out 4,800 union workers, some of whom are tied to its intermodal services, on Monday night if Unifor doesn't agree to accept binding arbitration this weekend.
15 Feb 2015
CSX Transportation has warned that the strike by more than 3,000 Canadian Pacific Railway locomotive engineers and conductors could affect shipments to and from Canada.
15 Feb 2015
A Teamsters union representing more than 3,000 Canadian Pacific Railway locomotive engineers and conductors walked off the job after failing to reach an agreement by the midnight deadline on Feb. 14.
11 Feb 2015
Canadian intermodal shippers could see a reduction in Canadian Pacific Railway service if a union representing 3,300 locomotive engineers, conductors and train workers follow through with their threat to strike later this week if the railroad doesn't meet their contract demands.
23 Jan 2015
Canadian National Railway turned down a request by the Teamsters Canada Rail Conference to extend the current conciliation process by 60 days, saying additional time isn't required to reach an agreement.
02 Dec 2014
The U.S. trucking industry is committing to hire 100,000 military veterans over the next two years to fight a shortage of truck drivers as the military begins to reduce the number of active service members.
25 Nov 2014
The International Transport Workers' Federation is battling with the Panama Canal Authority, accusing the PCA of trying to shut down a tugboat captains' union in advance of the canal's expansion.
13 Nov 2014
Road and city drivers at a FedEx Freight terminal in Newark, N.J., voted against joining the Teamsters union — the second victory for FedEx Freight in four elections.
28 Oct 2014
Employees at two Con-way Freight terminals in Southern California rejected the Teamsters while those at another voted for the union. The company could face more elections.
03 Oct 2014
Trucking employment bounced back after the dog days of August, climbing 2.3 percent year-over-year in September as the U.S. labor market showed surprising strength.
Companies in the news
Feb 25, 2015 2:00PM EST


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23rd September 2014 @ 03:47pm
Arsene Wenger says that Danny Welbeck should look to Thierry Henry for inspiration if he wants to become an Arsenal great
16th July 2014 @ 02:27pm
Germany star Mario Gotze almost joined Arsenal back in 2011
20th May 2014 @ 08:55pm
Arsenal midfielder Aaron Ramsey has been tipped to become a huge global superstar by Neville Southall


text:
Just one word.
That's all it takes.
Continued by many.
Followed by pushing.
We wish it will stop.
We try hard to be strong.
To deal with it on our own.
But when we try and ask for help, we get put down and told to 'get over it'.
It's not just physical, it's not just emotional.
It attacks our confidence.
And shatters our Esteem.
It threatens our well-being as we dream.
That maybe, just maybe we'll be treated like everyone else. To feel what it's like to not fear of being hurt.
To those who bully; to those who judge.
Put on the shoes of someone who you have hurt and,
Walk a mile where they have walked.
Feel the feelings that they have felt.
So, do yourself a favor.
Think before you speak.
Think before you do.
'Cause you never know; the victim could someday be you.
Then you will realize that your words nor your actions were ever that cool.
By: Krista M. Warcop


text:
Market Watch: Mars and Jupiter Grapes
by Dana Angelo White in Farmers' Market Finds, September 2, 2010Get an astronomy lesson and an after-school snack wrapped into one with these incredibly gorgeous grapes. Mars and Jupiter grapes are hitting the market now — find out why they're out of this world.
The Flavor: Mars and Jupiter Grapes
The oblong "Jupiter" grapes are reddish-purple with a tangy-sweet flavor. "Mars" are rounder, with deep violet skin and juicy candy-like flavor – very similar to a concord grape.
What To Do With Grapes
Sure, they're delicious straight off the vine, but don't stop there: Turn any seedless grapes into homemade jelly for PB & J, try roasted with olive oil, salt and pepper, or turn them into the easiest after school snack around, frozen grapes!
Recipes to Try:
Frozen Grapes
Frozen Grape Slushies
Dana Angelo White, MS, RD, ATC, is a registered dietitian, certified athletic trainer and owner of Dana White Nutrition, Inc., which specializes in culinary and sports nutrition. See Dana's full bio »
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Market Watch: Green Tiger Zucchini
If zucchini is a seasonal staple in your kitchen, be on the lookout at farmers markets for tiger zucchini, a less common variety. Named for its pale g...Comments (
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I just made a grape pie. I know it sounds weird, but it is so good. Make the custard kind. Maybe it's not healthy, but it's heavenly.
I just eat them straight off the vine. Yummmmyyy!!!! I also make somethies with them, but you have to freeze them first. Man, it's so good, I can taste it right now. I also so grape jucie ice pops, and grape slushis. Great hot day things.
There are a lot of ways to use grapes!
~"Blah" -
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Penguin ascendant. Hush in command. The Bat-Family on the ropes. This isn't just another Tuesday in Gotham.
Two tales of Cassie Hack and Edward Warren crossing paths before either of them had made it big.
What's worse: a world full of zombies or a world full of evil Deadpools? The correct answer is a world full of BOTH of those things!
Character » Mandarin appears in 435 issues.
Member of the Avatars. He able to draw on the stength of his ancestors to increase his own size and strength to superhuman levels.
Weapons dealer who worked with the Mandarin. Has had run ins with both Iron Man and the Thunderbolts.
Although they never actually met, The Mandarin found Axonn-Karr's remains in a cave in The Valley of Spirits.
A mysterious mystic from another reality designated Earth-7511
Seemingly the leader of the Mandarins Avatars.
One of the Avatars of the Mandarin
The very mention of his name makes lesser men tremble! The brilliant scientist with the iron mask and the twisted brain! Master of science and sorcery, Victor Von Doom is the monarch of Latveria, and the eternal nemesis of the Fantastic Four!
Dragon Man is a synthetic lifeform and occasional enemy of The Avengers. He is currently a member of Future Foundation.
Amora the Enchantress is an Asgardian goddess who is extremely experienced in the use of magic and is also skilled at seduction through supernatural means. She has been both an ally and an enemy to Thor, although she often chooses the latter.
An Asgardian Warrior and former enemy of Thor, who realized he was being used by the Enchantress. He sacrificed himself to save countless souls from Niflheim.
The son of Tony Stark's late business rival and archenemy Obadiah Stane.
Foundry is a member of the Avatars, a group of beings in service to the Mandarin.
War Machine of the year 2052. Son of Tony Stark and Pepper Potts. Father of Ginny Stark.
Justine Hammer, aka "The Crimson Cowl", was the leader of the Masters of Evil and battled the Thunderbolts. The daughter of Justin Hammer and mother to Sasha Hammer she has recently followed in her fathers footsteps and took control of Hammer industries. She was ultimately killed by Zeke Stane.
A former diplomatic assistant, transformed into a skeletal monster. Member of the Mandarin Avatars.
Arthur Parks was a brilliant scientist in the field of laser research and design. He became a career criminal using laser technology, and then a being of pure living energy. He is an Iron Man enemy.
Machinesmith is a former criminal who became a cyborg after his death.
In the Amalgam Universe, Mandarinestro is a merging between the Mandarin and Sinestro, He is the arch-foe of Iron Lantern.
A Japanese Crimelord of the Yakuza and leader of The Hand, Matsuo has been associated with many crime & terrorist organizations throughout his criminal career.
Member of the Avatars and servant to the Mandarin.
Member of the Initiative team of Nebraska.
Q'Wake was an enemy of Force Works
A nuclear physicist and Communist agent in the People's Republic of China, Chen Lu is a Chinese superhero who's nationality has seen him come into conflict with American heroes. He has the ability to control and emit deadly forms of radiation.
Former enemy of Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Sandman reformed after a humiliating merge with Hydro-Man.
Daughter to Justine Hammer and the Mandarin, and grand daughter to Justin Hammer.
One of the Avatars of the Mandarin. He represented field workers of China.
A former student of Taskmaster who became Spymaster and led Espionage Elite. He was eventually killed by Sinclair Abbott who usurped his identity.
Beginning his career as a circus performer where he helped train a young Hawkeye, Jacques DuQuesne later became the costumed mercenary Swordsman. He joined the Avengers, at first for nefarious reasons, but soon resolved to become a true Avenger when he fell in love with Mantis.
Temugin is the Mandarin's son.
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Posts tagged Adam Vinatieri
Fans' Pro Bowl Selections An Even Bigger Joke Than We Thought
Dec 23rd
If only the NFL could idiot proof the Pro Bowl voting process. You know, make people prove they're not complete fucking morons before they're allowed to vote. Obviously, if there were any such measure in place, it didn't work this year. We told you which way the voting was going last week, and it turned […]


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Cardinals broadcaster Dan McLaughlin talks MLB off-season with some big trades over the past week. Rams COO Kevin Demoff talks about the team's game this afternoon against rival Arizona Cardinals. Cardinals VP of ticket sale, […]
NewsRadio 1120 KMOX–12/08/2013
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Nvidia-bl blacklight control from terminal
Hi, i m on Fedora 32bit running NVIDIA drivers 195.36.31 on SONY VAIO VPCCW2S8E . I have installed nvidia_bl module version 0.16.10 (source file here: http://aur.archlinux.org/packages/nv...bl/nvidia_bl.c) . Now when i load the module my blacklight goes at a low value. I 'd like to change values and control the level. How can i do this on terminal?? What is the command to tell to nvidia_bl that i want a different value of brightness??
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Hi everybody, well everybody who's going to choose to read this I wanted to say that I've been only lurking on DA mainly due to lack of time since I got a promotion at work and also because we are expecting a new little member of the family ^^ I'm kind of surprised I haven't put anything up here before now, but I guess I just haven't been on DA as much because I haven't had the opportunity to draw as much It makes me a little sad. But anyways, on to the happy news
I'm having a baby girl due Feb 13th 2013 We are all very excited. Here is a 3d ultrasound picture we had done on 10-31-12 when she was 27 weeks along.
Also, anyone who would like to find me on Facebook, as I tend to hang out there a little more frequently, I'm Jennifer Sample, and my Photo is me with some blue foam wings on.


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The Deal: Trading Berry Petroleum's Puzzling $2.9 Billion Merger with LinnCo
NEW YORK ( TheDeal) -- Shares of Berry Petroleum Co. trade at an uncommonly wide spread to its $2.9 billion merger with LinnCo LLC and affiliate Linn Energy LLC, but is there a way to trade it?
Berry Petroleum entered a stock swap Dec. 20 with LinnCo for 1.25 of a LinnCo share for each share of Berry. Berry is an oil and gas exploration and development company with assets from California to Texas. LinnCo is a limited partnership holding units of Linn, which develops oil and gas properties.
The companies expect the deal could close by the end of June. The registration statement for the units to be issued in the merger was filed March 22.
Shares of Berry Petroelum were gaining 0.6% to $48.18 while LinnCo was falling 15 to $42.08.
The deal requires the approval of shareholders of Berry, LinnCo and Linn. Some arbs following the transaction do not see any issues with it closing. The merger does require the approval of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Berry has electric generation in California that powers its own operations, but the company also sells energy to utilities and so FERC has to approve the change of control. The deal spread has been wide since the transaction was announced because LinnCo units cannot be readily borrowed for short sales. As a consequence, risk arbitrageurs cannot easily hedge the deal to capture the spread. Also, since LinnCo is an LP, funds holding the shares on the deal close face a tax difficulty because their investors become liable for individual taxes related to the LinnCo units. So funds would shy away from owning LinnCo, but if the deal can be traded they could hold a position until shortly before the close and unwind it prior to actually owning LinnCo. If LinnCo could be shorted, another issue is the relatively high dividend LinnCo pays: about 73 cents a quarter.When the Berry deal spread was $2 and change following the deal announcement, this all seemed academic. But in recent weeks, the spread has grown wider. In recent days Berry has traded at a spread of about $5.20, without regard for the LinnCo dividend, to the value of the stock swap.
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Senior Member
Better but still too takes too long to get any kind of damage out IMO and she gets focused way too easily in a teamfight.
Her orbs don't last long enough to get a decent amount of bonus damage for her ult IMO. 2, maybe 3 with max CDR. Other than that, being one of the hardest champions in the game currently, against incredibly easy face role-e type champs, she's not fairing well. Skill capped or not.
Mystic Blue Fox
I pasting this from my other Syndra post to add to this one.
Syndra is fine the way she is. The problem isn't Syndra, it is that the other recent Champions have all been blatantly overpowered so she seems lackluster in comparison.
If you played her pre-buff, the changes Riot made had a HUGE impact on her performance. I think the only changes she needs are to her ult range. She is more of a utility mage like Oriana putting out stuns, slows, and taking out the squishies. I dont think people understand that, since the last and probably only AP mid released that was utility based was Ori


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Strangers, neighbors and colleagues and their stories collide in this riveting dramatic thriller about ordinary people struggling to connect in today's wired world.
©2013 Disconnect LLC
Jason Bateman, Hope Davis, Frank Grillo, Michael Nyqvist, Paula Patton, Andrea Riseborough, Alexander Skarsgård, Max Thieriot, Colin Ford, Jonah Bobo
directed by
Mickey Liddell, William Horberg, Jennifer Monroe
common sense
Intense, powerful film explores joys and dangers of the Web.
what parents need to know
what families can talk about
movie reviews from Rotten Tomatoes®
reviews counted: 20see all Disconnect reviews -
Top Critic Reviews
Fresh: What works is the uncomfortable intimacy of peering over the shoulders of, say, Patton when she watches YouTube videos of her dead son, and the shudder of recognition that our hard drives are our external consciences.
- Amy Nicholson, Los Angeles Times, Thursday, April 11, 2013
Fresh: Handsomely shot and judiciously edited, the film benefits from a superlative cast ...
- Ann Hornaday, Washington Post, Friday, April 19, 2013
Rotten: This dour would-be art movie posits that social media might be alienating people from each other rather than bringing them together. (Spoiler alert: the title is a metaphor.)
- Ben Sachs, Chicago Reader, Thursday, April 11, 2013
Audience Reviews
If this was merely another cautionary tale of the dangers of technology, it might not have been so successful. After all, that concept is nothing new. What makes this account so real is the depth of human sorrow explored. Disconnect does a brilliant job of presenting individuals and their human failings. Loneliness is a pervading theme. There's a lot of melodrama here and for the most part it presents these people with honesty and believability. In an equation where the sum of the individual vignettes must add up to the power of the overall experience, Disconnect scores very high. There are profound moments of despair. A daughter's sobbing realization she did nothing to support her younger brother is heartbreaking. A childless couple confronted with each other's online histories is discomforting. The online conversation between a teen bully and the victim's father is insightful. That father is ably played by Jason Bateman in a serious turn that showcases a dramatic talent seldom seen in his comedic roles. He's exceptional but so is everyone else in this reflection of converging lives. There isn't a false performance in the entire lot. There's genuine feeling on display. That's what makes this portrait so effective. fastfilmreviews.wordpress.com
- hobster1, Tuesday, April 30, 2013
In this ensemble drama, we see how this generation's addiction to Internet in general and social media in particular can intersect with real life. The premise is interesting, and despite being a bit contrived, it works for the most part. I was disappointed by the ending, though. It tried to tie everything together way too neatly, and it was just too soft and fluffy for this kind of story.
- GabrielKnight, Friday, July 5, 2013
If you remember and liked the Oscar winning best movie of the year, "Crash" from several years back then you will like this movie as well. Disconnect follows several ongoing characters as they deal with their lives connections that are intertwined by the electronic lives we all lead. The use and abuse of technology is the central theme of this movie. The pluses and minuses of spending even a small amount of time online are weighed. The questions then becomes are we too connected and are we missing something by not knowing any personal contact with whom we/re choosing to communicate with? Everything has its price and is the price for all this remote communication too high? If you have asked these and other similar question to yourself then I highly recommend this movie to you. ANd if you haven't bothered to ask yourselves these thought provoking questions perhaps you should!
- Torred2010, Monday, May 13, 2013


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