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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Amber Kinetics Flywheel Energy Storage Demo - Ed Chiao, Amber Kinetics
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
amber_kinetics amber_kinetics DOE Peer Review September 2012 Ed Chiao, CEO amber_kinetics Amber Kinetics: Our Flywheel History Start-up launched in 2009, Stanford University Cleantech Entrepreneurship class Established a technology licensing & flywheel development partnership with LLNL; Amber Kinetics identified new material & lower-cost rotor designs for commercialization Awarded a Smart Grid Energy Storage Demonstration grant award for flywheels Awarded a matching grant for development & demonstration of flywheel technology Stanford University Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy California Energy Commission World-class institutions | innovative, deep flywheel technology owned by Amber Amber Kinetics, Inc. - Confidential and Proprietary, All Rights Reserved
Amber Kinetics | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
search Name Amber Kinetics Product Start-up company developing a novel flywheel energy storage system with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. References Amber...
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Amber Kinetics Flywheel Energy Storage...
7700 RPM - Spin testing accelerates rotor to: 530 ms and 11,000 RPM - Rotor stores 10 kWh of kinetic energy @ 11,000 RPM (2x more than design speed) - All testing conducted in...
Amber Kinetics, Inc. Smart Grid Demonstration Project | Open Energy
Kinetics, Inc. Smart Grid Demonstration Project Kinetics, Inc. Smart Grid Demonstration Project Jump to: navigation, search Project Lead Amber Kinetics, Inc. Country United States Headquarters Location Fremont, California Recovery Act Funding $4,000,000.00 Total Project Value $10,000,000.00 Coordinates 37.5482697°, -121.9885719° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[]}
High speed flywheel
DOE Patents (OSTI)
This invention relates generally to flywheels and relates more particularly to the construction of a high speed, low-mass flywheel. Flywheels with which this invention is to be compared include those constructed of circumferentially wound filaments or fibers held together by a matrix or bonding material. Flywheels of such construction are known to possess a relatively high hoop strength but a relatively low radial strength. Hoop-wound flywheels are, therefore, particularly susceptible to circumferential cracks, and the radial stress limitations of such a flywheel substantially limit its speed capabilities. It is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved flywheel which experiences reduced radial stress at high operating speeds. Another object of the present invention is to provide flywheel whose construction allows for radial growth as flywheel speed increases while providing the necessary stiffness for transferring and maintaining kinetic energy within the flywheel. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a flywheel having concentrically-disposed component parts wherein rotation induced radial stresses at the interfaces of such component parts approach zero. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a flywheel which is particularly well-suited for high speed applications. 5 figs.
McGrath, S.V.
AMBER at NERSC
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
AMBER AMBER AMBER Description AMBER (Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement) is the collective name for a suite of programs designed to carry out molecular mechanical force field simulations, particularly on biomolecules. See Amber force fields, AMBER consists of about 50 programs. Two major ones are: sander: Simulated annealing with NMR-derived energy restraints pmemd: This is an extensively-modified version of sander, optimized for periodic, PME simulations, and for GB simulations. It is faster than sander and scales better on parallel machines. How to Access AMBER NERSC uses modules to manage access to software. To use the default version of AMBER, type: % module load amber To see where the amber executables reside (the bin directory) and what environment variables it defines, type
Flywheel Energy Storage
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Flywheels are under consideration as an alternative for electrochemical batteries in a variety of applications This summary report provides a discussion of the mechanics of flywheels and magnetic bearings, the general characteristics of inertial energy storage systems, design considerations for flywheel systems, materials for advanced flywheels, and cost considerations.
Flywheel energy storage workshop
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Since the November 1993 Flywheel Workshop, there has been a major surge of interest in Flywheel Energy Storage. Numerous flywheel programs have been funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), by the Department of Energy (DOE) through the Hybrid Vehicle Program, and by private investment. Several new prototype systems have been built and are being tested. The operational performance characteristics of flywheel energy storage are being recognized as attractive for a number of potential applications. Programs are underway to develop flywheels for cars, buses, boats, trains, satellites, and for electric utility applications such as power quality, uninterruptible power supplies, and load leveling. With the tremendous amount of flywheel activity during the last two years, this workshop should again provide an excellent opportunity for presentation of new information. This workshop is jointly sponsored by ARPA and DOE to provide a review of the status of current flywheel programs and to provide a forum for presentation of new flywheel technology. Technology areas of interest include flywheel applications, flywheel systems, design, materials, fabrication, assembly, safety & containment, ball bearings, magnetic bearings, motor/generators, power electronics, mounting systems, test procedures, and systems integration. Information from the workshop will help guide ARPA & DOE planning for future flywheel programs. This document is comprised of detailed viewgraphs.
O`Kain, D.; Carmack, J. [comps.
Flywheel Battery Commercialization Study
High energy-density flywheel batteries, already in development as load leveling devices for electric and hybrid vehicles, have the potential to form part of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) for utilities and their customers. This comprehensive assessment of the potential of flywheels in a power conditioning role shows that a sizeable market for flywheel battery-UPS systems may emerge if units can be manufactured in sufficient volume.
A flywheel for operation at high speeds utilizes two or more ringlike coments arranged in a spaced concentric relationship for rotation about an axis and an expansion device interposed between the components for accommodating radial growth of the components resulting from flywheel operation. The expansion device engages both of the ringlike components, and the structure of the expansion device ensures that it maintains its engagement with the components. In addition to its expansion-accommodating capacity, the expansion device also maintains flywheel stiffness during flywheel operation.
McGrath, Stephen V. (Knoxville, TN)
Lightweight flywheel containment
A lightweight flywheel containment composed of a combination of layers of various material which absorb the energy of a flywheel structural failure. The various layers of material act as a vacuum barrier, momentum spreader, energy absorber, and reaction plate. The flywheel containment structure has been experimentally demonstrated to contain carbon fiber fragments with a velocity of 1,000 m/s and has an aerial density of less than 6.5 g/square centimeters. The flywheel containment, may for example, be composed of an inner high toughness structural layer, and energy absorbing layer, and an outer support layer. Optionally, a layer of impedance matching material may be utilized intermediate the flywheel rotor and the inner high toughness layer.
Smith, James R. (Livermore, CA)
Flywheel Energy Storage Module
kWh/100 kW kWh/100 kW Flywheel Energy Storage Module * 100KWh - 1/8 cost / KWh vs. current State of the Art * Bonded Magnetic Bearings on Rim ID * No Shaft / Hub (which limits surface speed) * Flexible Motor Magnets on Rim ID * Develop Touch-down System for Earthquake Flying Rim Eliminate Shaft and Hub Levitate on Passive Magnetic Bearings Increase Rim Tip Speed Larger Diameter Thinner Rim Stores More Energy 4 X increase in Stored Energy with only 60% Increase in Weight Development of a 100 kWh/100 kW Flywheel Energy Storage Module High Speed, Low Cost, Composite Ring with Bore-Mounted Magnetics Current State of the Art Flywheel Limitations of Existing Flywheel * 15 Minutes of storage * Limited to Frequency Regulation Application * Rim Speed (Stored Energy) Limited by Hub Strain and Shaft Dynamics
kWh100 kW Flywheel Energy Storage Module * 100KWh - 18 cost KWh vs. current State of the Art * Bonded Magnetic Bearings on Rim ID * No Shaft Hub (which limits surface speed)...
Flywheel Power Systems: Market Analysis
High speed flywheel power systems offer a new opportunity to provide power delivery systems. Such systems are very useful to mitigate power quality problems. This report focuses on the industrial market for flywheel storage systems.
Competition between SMES and flywheels
The benefits of flywheel energy storage using high-temperature superconducting bearings is compared to that of SMES for the same applications. Flywheels cover the same range of energy storage times as SMES but their scaling relationships make them inherently more amenable to modular manufacture. In addition, the magnetic fields seen by the environment are considerably reduced for flywheels.
Hull, J.R.
Separators for flywheel rotors
A separator forms a connection between the rotors of a concentric rotor assembly. This separator allows for the relatively free expansion of outer rotors away from inner rotors while providing a connection between the rotors that is strong enough to prevent disassembly. The rotor assembly includes at least two rotors referred to as inner and outer flywheel rings or rotors. This combination of inner flywheel ring, separator, and outer flywheel ring may be nested to include an arbitrary number of concentric rings. The separator may be a segmented or continuous ring that abuts the ends of the inner rotor and the inner bore of the outer rotor. It is supported against centrifugal loads by the outer rotor and is affixed to the outer rotor. The separator is allowed to slide with respect to the inner rotor. It is made of a material that has a modulus of elasticity that is lower than that of the rotors. 10 figs.
Bender, D.A.; Kuklo, T.C.
A separator forms a connection between the rotors of a concentric rotor assembly. This separator allows for the relatively free expansion of outer rotors away from inner rotors while providing a connection between the rotors that is strong enough to prevent disassembly. The rotor assembly includes at least two rotors referred to as inner and outer flywheel rings or rotors. This combination of inner flywheel ring, separator, and outer flywheel ring may be nested to include an arbitrary number of concentric rings. The separator may be a segmented or continuous ring that abuts the ends of the inner rotor and the inner bore of the outer rotor. It is supported against centrifugal loads by the outer rotor and is affixed to the outer rotor. The separator is allowed to slide with respect to the inner rotor. It is made of a material that has a modulus of elasticity that is lower than that of the rotors.
Bender, Donald A. (Dublin, CA); Kuklo, Thomas C. (Oakdale, CA)
Fact Sheet: Grid-Scale Flywheel Energy Storage Plant (October 2012)
Hazle Spindle LLC Hazle Spindle LLC American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) Beacon Power will design, build, and operate a utility-scale 20 MW flywheel energy storage plant at the Humboldt Industrial Park in Hazle Township, Pennsylvania for Hazle Spindle LLC, the Recipient of the ARRA Cooperative Agreement. The plant will provide frequency regulation services to grid operator PJM Interconnection. Flywheel systems are kinetic energy storage devices that react instantly when needed. By accelerating a cylindrical rotor (flywheel) to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy, flywheel energy storage systems can moderate fluctuations in grid demand. When generated power exceeds load, the flywheel speeds up; when load exceeds generation, the flywheel is slowed to convert the energy for
Design of Flywheel Energy Storage Structure
In this paper, we have mainly studied the flywheel energy storage system's construction and working principle, which include flywheel battery, integrated driven converting motor (Device of energy converter), and magnetic suspension support system. We ... Keywords: Flywheel principle, Flywheel energy storage, Energy transudcer, Application of flywheel storage
Baoquan Geng; Yiming He
Third Generation Flywheels for electric storage
Electricity is critical to our economy, but growth in demand has saturated the power grid causing instability and blackouts. The economic penalty due to lost productivity in the US exceeds $100 billion per year. Opposition to new transmission lines and power plants, environmental restrictions, and an expected $100 billion grid upgrade cost have slowed system improvements. Flywheel electricity storage could provide a more economical, environmentally benign alternative and slash economic losses if units could be scaled up in a cost effective manner to much larger power and capacity than the present maximum of a few hundred kW and a few kWh per flywheel. The goal of this project is to design, construct, and demonstrate a small-scale third generation electricity storage flywheel using a revolutionary architecture scalable to megawatt-hours per unit. First generation flywheels are built from bulk materials such as steel and provide inertia to smooth the motion of mechanical devices such as engines. They can be scaled up to tens of tons or more, but have relatively low energy storage density. Second generation flywheels use similar designs but are fabricated with composite materials such as carbon fiber and epoxy. They are capable of much higher energy storage density but cannot economically be built larger than a few kWh of storage capacity due to structural and stability limitations. LaunchPoint is developing a third generation flywheel � the "Power Ring" � with energy densities as high or higher than second generation flywheels and a totally new architecture scalable to enormous sizes. Electricity storage capacities exceeding 5 megawatt-hours per unit appear both technically feasible and economically attractive. Our design uses a new class of magnetic bearing � a radial gap �shear-force levitator� � that we discovered and patented, and a thin-walled composite hoop rotated at high speed to store kinetic energy. One immediate application is power grid frequency regulation, where Power Rings could cut costs, reduce fuel consumption, eliminate emissions, and reduce the need for new power plants. Other applications include hybrid diesel-electric locomotives, grid power quality, support for renewable energy, spinning reserve, energy management, and facility deferral. Decreased need for new generation and transmission alone could save the nation $2.5 billion per year. Improved grid reliability could cut economic losses due to poor power quality by tens of billions of dollars per year. A large export market for this technology could also develop. Power Ring technology will directly support the EERE mission, and the goals of the Distributed Energy Technologies Subprogram in particular, by helping to reduce blackouts, brownouts, electricity costs, and emissions, by relieving transmission bottlenecks, and by greatly improving grid power quality.
Ricci, Michael, R.; Fiske, O. James
Fiber composite flywheel rim
A flywheel comprising a hub having at least one radially projecting disc, an annular rim secured to said disc and providing a surface circumferential to said hub, a first plurality of resin-impregnated fibers wound about said rim congruent to said surface, and a shell enclosing said first plurality of fibers and formed by a second plurality of resin-impregnated fibers wound about said rim tangentially to said surface. 2 figs.
Davis, D.E.; Ingham, K.T.
A flywheel 2 comprising a hub 4 having at least one radially projecting disc 6, an annular rim 14 secured to said disc and providing a surface circumferential to said hub, a first plurality of resin-impregnated fibers 22 wound about said rim congruent to said surface, and a shell 26 enclosing said first plurality of fibers and formed by a second plurality of resin-impregnated fibers wound about said rim tangentially to said surface.
Davis, Donald E. (Thousand Oaks, CA); Ingham, Kenneth T. (Woodland Hills, CA)
Technologies for energy storage flywheels and super conducting magnetic energy storage
A flywheel is an electromechanical storage system in which energy is stored in the kinetic energy of a rotating mass. Flywheel systems under development include those with steel flywheel rotors and resin/glass or resin/carbon-fiber composite rotors. The mechanics of energy storage in a flywheel system are common to both steel- and composite-rotor flywheels. In both systems, the momentum of the rotating rotor stores energy. The rotor contains a motor/generator that converts energy between electrical and mechanical forms. In both types of systems, the rotor operates in a vacuum and spins on bearings to reduce friction and increase efficiency. Steel-rotor systems rely mostly on the mass of the rotor to store energy while composite flywheels rely mostly on speed. During charging, an electric current flows through the motor increasing the speed of the flywheel. During discharge, the generator produces current flow out of the system slowing the wheel down. The basic characteristics of a Flywheel system are shown. Steel flywheel systems are currently being marketed in the US and Germany and can be connected in parallel to provide greater power if required. Sizes range from 40kW to 1.6MW for times of 5--120 seconds. At this time sales are limited but growing. The suppliers of the composite type flywheel systems are currently in the prototype stages of development. Flywheel systems offer several potential advantages. FES systems, as their developers envision them will have exceptionally long service lives and low life-cycle costs as a result of minimal O and M requirements. FES systems are compact and self-contained allowing them to be placed in tight quarters, and they contain no hazardous chemicals nor do they produce flammable gases.
Rimmed and edge thickened Stodola shaped flywheel
A flywheel is described that is useful for energy storage in a hybrid vehicle automotive power system or in some stationary applications. The flywheel has a body composed of essentially planar isotropic high strength material. The flywheel body is enclosed by a rim of circumferentially wound fiber embedded in resin. The rim promotes flywheel safety and survivability. The flywheel has a truncated and edge thickened Stodola shape designed to optimize system mass and energy storage capability. 6 figs.
Kulkarni, S.V.; Stone, R.G.
Women @ Energy: Amber Boehnlein | Department of Energy
Amber Boehnlein Amber Boehnlein Women @ Energy: Amber Boehnlein March 11, 2013 - 1:50pm Addthis Amber Boehnlein is a physicist and heads scientific-computing applications in SLAC's Particle Physics and Astrophysics directorate. Amber Boehnlein is a physicist and heads scientific-computing applications in SLAC's Particle Physics and Astrophysics directorate. Check out other profiles in the Women @ Energy series and share your favorites on Pinterest. Amber Boehnlein is a physicist and heads scientific-computing applications in SLAC's Particle Physics and Astrophysics directorate. Boehnlein's responsibilities are twofold-managing the groups that run the scientific computing systems, and working with the Scientific Computing Steering Committee to coordinate use of those systems. Amber also manages SLAC's
Computer-aided-design of flywheels
We have presented in this work, a computer-aided-design software for flywheels using object-oriented programming approach of Visual Basic. The various configurations of flywheels (rimmed or solid) formed the basis for the development of the software. ... Keywords: Computer-aided-design, Flywheels, Object-oriented programming, Speed fluctuation, Stress
John A. Akpobi; Imafidon A. Lawani
We have presented in this work, a computer-aided-design software for flywheels using object-oriented programming approach of Visual Basic. The various configurations of flywheels (rimmed or solid) formed the basis for the development of the software. ... Keywords: computer-aided-design, flywheels, object-oriented programming, speed fluctuation, stress
Improved flywheel materials : characterization of nanofiber modified flywheel test specimen.
SciTech Connect
As alternative energy generating devices (i.e., solar, wind, etc) are added onto the electrical energy grid (AC grid), irregularities in the available electricity due to natural occurrences (i.e., clouds reducing solar input or wind burst increasing wind powered turbines) will be dramatically increased. Due to their almost instantaneous response, modern flywheel-based energy storage devices can act a mechanical mechanism to regulate the AC grid; however, improved spin speeds will be required to meet the necessary energy levels to balance thesegreen' energy variances. Focusing on composite flywheels, we have investigated methods for improving the spin speeds based on materials needs. The so-called composite flywheels are composed of carbon fiber (C-fiber), glass fiber, and aglue' (resin) to hold them together. For this effort, we have focused on the addition of fillers to the resin in order to improve its properties. Based on the high loads required for standard meso-sized fillers, this project investigated the utility of ceramic nanofillers since they can be added at very low load levels due to their high surface area. The impact that TiO2 nanowires had on the final strength of the flywheel material was determined by athree-point-bend' test. The results of the introduction of nanomaterials demonstrated an increase instrength' of the flywheel's C-fiber-resin moiety, with an upper limit of a 30% increase being reported. An analysis of the economic impact concerning the utilization of the nanowires was undertaken and after accounting for new-technology and additional production costs, return on improved-nanocomposite investment was approximated at 4-6% per year over the 20-year expected service life. Further, it was determined based on the 30% improvement in strength, this change may enable a 20-30% reduction in flywheel energy storage cost (%24/kW-h).
Boyle, Timothy J.; Bell, Nelson Simmons; Ehlen, Mark Andrew; Anderson, Benjamin John; Miller, William Kenneth
A flywheel (10) is described that is useful for energy storage in a hybrid vehicle automotive power system or in some stationary applications. The flywheel (10) has a body (15) composed of essentially planar isotropic high strength material. The flywheel (10) body (15) is enclosed by a rim (50) of circumferentially wound fiber (2) embedded in resin (3). The rim (50) promotes flywheel (10) safety and survivability. The flywheel (10) has a truncated and edge thickened Stodola shape designed to optimize system mass and energy storage capability.
Kulkarni, Satish V. (San Ramon, CA); Stone, Richard G. (Oakland, CA)
Categorical Exclusion Determinations: B3.6 | Department of Energy
February 9, 2010 CX-000760: Categorical Exclusion Determination Amber Kinetics Flywheel Energy Storage Demonstration CX(s) Applied: B3.6 Date: 02092010 Location(s):...
CX-000760: Categorical Exclusion Determination | Department of...
Exclusion Determination CX-000760: Categorical Exclusion Determination Amber Kinetics Flywheel Energy Storage Demonstration CX(s) Applied: B3.6 Date: 02092010 Location(s):...
Categorical Exclusion Determinations: Office of Electricity Delivery...
February 9, 2010 CX-000760: Categorical Exclusion Determination Amber Kinetics Flywheel Energy Storage Demonstration CX(s) Applied: B3.6 Date: 02092010 Location(s): Freemont,...
Slide 1
& CEO | nov 2010 AmberKinetics, Inc. | utility scale flywheel energy storage Smart Grid Demonstration Program Sub-Area: 2.5 Demonstration of Promising Energy Storage...
Improving AMBER, an MT evaluation metric
A recent paper described a new machine translation evaluation metric, AMBER. This paper describes two changes to AMBER. The first one is incorporation of a new ordering penalty; the second one is the use of the downhill simplex algorithm to tune the ...
Boxing Chen; Roland Kuhn; George Foster
Fact Sheet: Grid-Scale Flywheel Energy Storage Plant | Department...
Flywheel Energy Storage Plant Fact Sheet: Grid-Scale Flywheel Energy Storage Plant Beacon Power will design, build, and operate a utility-scale 20 MW flywheel energy storage plant...
Reluctance apparatus for flywheel energy storage - Energy ...
A motor generator for providing high efficiency, controlled voltage output or storage of energy in a flywheel system. A motor generator includes a stator of a soft ...
Flywheel energy storage advances using HTS bearings.
High-Temperature-Superconducting (HT) bearings have the potential to reduce idling losses and make flywheel energy storage economical. Demonstration of large, high-speed flywheels is key to market penetration. Toward this goal, a flywheel system has been developed and tested with 5-kg to 15-kg disk-shaped rotors. Rlm speeds exceeded 400 mls and stored energies were >80 W-hr. Test implementation required technological advances in nearly all aspects of the flywheel system. Features and limitations of the design and tests are discussed, especially those related to achieving additional energy storage.
Mulcahy, T. M.
On the Optimization of Composite Flywheel Rotors.
E-Print Network (OSTI)
??Energy storing flywheel rotor technology has yet to be fully optimized given the design possibilities. There have been many design approaches that have been published� (more)
Ross, Jacob
Rimmed and edge thickened stodola shaped flywheel. [Patent application
A flywheel is described that is useful for energy storage in a hybrid vehicle automotive power system or in some stationary applications. The flywheel has a body composed of essentially planar isotropic high strength material. The flywheel body is enclosed by a rim of circumferentially wound fiber embedded in resin. The rim promotes flywheel safety and survivability. The flywheel has a truncated and edge thickened Stodola shape designed to optimize system mass and energy storage capability.
Composite-flywheel burst-containment study
A key component impacting total flywheel energy storage system weight is the containment structure. This report addresses the factors that shape this structure and define its design criteria. In addition, containment weight estimates are made for the several composite flywheel designs of interest so that judgements can be made as to the relative weights of their containment structure. The requirements set down for this program were that all containment weight estimates be based on a 1 kWh burst. It should be noted that typical flywheel requirements for regenerative braking of small automobiles call for deliverable energies of 0.25 kWh. This leads to expected maximum burst energies of 0.5 kWh. The flywheels studied are those considered most likely to be carried further for operational design. These area: The pseudo isotropic disk flywheel, sometimes called the alpha ply; the SMC molded disk; either disk with a carbon ring; the subcircular rim with cruciform hub; and Avco's bi-directional circular weave disk. The flywheel materials for the disk are S-glass; the subcircular rim is Kevlar over S-glass. Test data on flywheel bursts and containment failures were analyzed. Recommendations are made for further testing.
Sapowith, A.D.; Handy, W.E.
Optimum rotationally symmetric shells for flywheel rotors
A flywheel rim support formed from two shell halves. Each of the shell halves has a disc connected to the central shaft. A first shell element connects to the disc at an interface. A second shell element connects to the first shell element. The second shell element has a plurality of meridional slits. A cylindrical shell element connects to the second shell element. The cylindrical shell element connects to the inner surface of the flywheel rim. A flywheel rim support having a disc connected an outer diameter of a shaft. Two optimally shaped shell elements connect to the optimally shaped disc at an interface. The interface defines a discontinuity in a meridional slope of said support. A cylindrical shell element connects to the two shell elements. The cylindrical shell element has an outer surface for connecting to the inner surface of the flywheel rim. A flywheel rim casing includes an annular shell connected to the central shaft. The annular shell connects to the flywheel rim. A composite shell surrounds the shaft, annular shell and flywheel rim.
Blake, Henry W. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Flywheel rotor and containment technology development
The goals of the project are: to develop an economical and practical composite flywheel having an energy density of 88 Wh/kg at failure, an operational energy density of 44 to 55 Wh/kg, and an energy storage capacity of approximately 1 kWh; to determine the suitability of various manufacturing processes for low-cost rotor fabrication; to investigate flywheel and flywheel-systems dynamics; to test and evaluate prototype rotors for use in transportation and stationary applications; and to develop a fail-safe, lightweight, and low-cost flywheel containment. The following tasks have been accomplished: evaluation and selection of 1-kWh, first-generation, advanced flywheel rotor designs for subsequent development towards the DOE-established energy density goal of 88 Wh/kg at burst; completion of an advanced design concept for a flywheel primary containment structure, capable of containing the failure of a 1-kWh flywheel rotor and targeted for vehicular applications; non-destructive inspection and burst testing of approximately twenty (20) prototype rotors, and initiation of cyclic testing; completion of various activities in the areas of rotor manufacturing processes, dynamic analyses and composite materials design data generation; and initiation of an economic feasibility study to establish a rational costing methodology for composite rotors and containment.
Kulkarni, S.V.
Canned pump having a high inertia flywheel
A canned pump is described which includes a motor, impeller, shaft, and high inertia flywheel mounted within a hermetically sealed casing. The flywheel comprises a heavy metal disk made preferably of a uranium alloy with a stainless steel shell sealably enclosing the heavy metal. The outside surfaces of the stainless steel comprise thrust runners and a journal for mating with, respectively, thrust bearing shoes and radial bearing segments. The bearings prevent vibration of the pump and, simultaneously, minimize power losses normally associated with the flywheel resulting from frictionally pumping surrounding fluid.
Veronesi, Luciano (O' Hara Twp., Allegheny County, PA); Raimondi, ALbert A. (Monroeville Borough, Allegheny County, PA)
A canned pump is described which includes a motor, impeller, shaft, and high inertia flywheel mounted within a hermetically sealed casing. The flywheel comprises a heavy metal disk made preferably of a uranium alloy with a stainless steel shell sealably enclosing the heavy metal. The outside surfaces of the stainless steel comprise thrust runners and a journal for mating with, respectively, thrust bearing shoes and radial bearing segments. The bearings prevent vibration of the pump and, simultaneously, minimize power losses normally associated with the flywheel resulting from frictionally pumping surrounding fluid. 5 figs.
Veronesi, L.; Raimondi, A.A.
Layered flywheel with stress reducing construction
A flywheel having elastic spokes carrying an elastic rim; and a hub coupling the spokes to a shaft and deforming in response to centrifugal force to match the radial distortion of the spokes.
Friedericy, Johan A. (Palos Verdes Estates, CA); Towgood, Dennis A. (Huntington Beach, CA)
The Flywheel Effect in the Middle Atmosphere
Because of the requirement of geostrophic balance, mechanical inertia can affect the thermal response of the atmosphere to transient heating. We examine some very simple linear models of this �flywheel effect,� and discuss their possible ...
Roelof K. Snieder; Stephen B. Fels
Assessment of Magtube Power Ring Flywheel Technology
This report provides an assessment of a novel flywheel technology being developed by Magtube Inc. as a concept that is potentially scalable to MW ratings and MWh storage capabilities.
Flywheel Energy Storage technology workshop
Advances in recent years of high strength/lightweight materials, high performance magnetic bearings, and power electronics technology has spurred a renewed interest by the transportation, utility, and manufacturing industries in Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) technologies. FES offers several advantages over conventional electro-chemical energy storage, such as high specific energy and specific power, fast charging time, long service life, high turnaround efficiency (energy out/energy in), and no hazardous/toxic materials or chemicals are involved. Potential applications of FES units include power supplies for hybrid and electric vehicles, electric vehicle charging stations, space systems, and pulsed power devices. Also, FES units can be used for utility load leveling, uninterruptable power supplies to protect electronic equipment and electrical machinery, and for intermittent wind or photovoltaic energy sources. The purpose of this workshop is to provide a forum to highlight technologies that offer a high potential to increase the performance of FES systems and to discuss potential solutions to overcome present FES application barriers. This document consists of viewgraphs from 27 presentations.
O`Kain, D.; Howell, D. [comps.
LIRR High-Speed Flywheel Demonstration
LIRR High-Speed Flywheel LIRR High-Speed Flywheel Demonstration Guy Sliker Program Manager Research & Technology Development New York Power Authority This project is part of the Joint Energy Storage Initiative between the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) and the Energy Storage Systems Program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE/ESS), and managed by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Presentation Layout Introduction Flywheel Description Project Reasoning Project Objective Project Participants Expected Benefits New York Power Authority Highlights A public benefit energy corporation founded 1931 Largest non-federal public electric utility in United States Wholesale power supplier throughout New York State and neighboring states as required by law
Advanced Flywheel Composite Rotors: Low-Cost, High-Energy Density Flywheel Storage Grid Demonstration
GRIDS Project: Boeing is developing a new material for use in the rotor of a low-cost, high-energy flywheel storage technology. Flywheels store energy by increasing the speed of an internal rotor �slowing the rotor releases the energy back to the grid when needed. The faster the rotor spins, the more energy it can store. Boeing�s new material could drastically improve the energy stored in the rotor. The team will work to improve the storage capacity of their flywheels and increase the duration over which they store energy. The ultimate goal of this project is to create a flywheel system that can be scaled up for use by electric utility companies and produce power for a full hour at a cost of $100 per kilowatt hour.
Research on simulation of ship electric propulsion system with flywheel energy storage system
Flywheel energy storage has been widely used to improve the ground electric power quality. This paper designed a flywheel energy storage device to improve ship electric propulsion system power grid quality. The practical mathematical models of flywheel ...
Chunling Xie; Conghui Zhang; Jen-Yuan James Chang
A power generator in the form of a flywheel with four reactors positioned about its rim is described. The reactors are so positioned that steam, produced in the reactor, exists tangentially to the flywheel, giving it a rotation. The reactors are incompletely moderated without water. The water enters the flywheel at its axis, under sufficient pressure to force it through the reactors, where it is converted to steam. The fuel consists of parallel twisted ribbons assembled to approximate a cylinder.
Loeb, E.
Reluctance apparatus for flywheel energy storage
A motor generator for providing high efficiency, controlled voltage output or storage of energy in a flywheel system. A motor generator includes a stator of a soft ferromagnetic material, a motor coil and a generator coil, and a rotor has at least one embedded soft ferromagnetic piece. Control of voltage output is achieved by use of multiple stator pieces and multiple rotors with controllable gaps between the stator pieces and the soft ferromagnetic piece.
Hull, John R. (Downers Grove, IL)
Flywheel energy storage with superconductor magnetic bearings
A flywheel having superconductor bearings has a lower drag to lift ratio that translates to an improvement of a factor of ten in the rotational decay rate. The lower drag results from the lower dissipation of melt-processed YBCO, improved uniformity of the permanent magnet portion of the bearings, operation in a different range of vacuum pressure from that taught by the art, and greater separation distance from the rotating members of conductive materials.
Weinberger, Bernard R. (Avon, CT); Lynds, Jr., Lahmer (Glastonbury, CT); Hull, John R. (Hinsdale, IL)
NREL: Buildings Research - Brilliant White Light with Amber LEDs...
Brilliant White Light with Amber LEDs; NREL Licensing Webinar December 10th November 12, 2013 LED bulbs are the future of lighting for industry, business, and consumers. As the...
NREL: Technology Transfer - Brilliant White Light with Amber...
NREL: Technology Deployment - Brilliant White Light with Amber...
Diesel Rig Mechanical Peaking System Based on Flywheel Storage Technolgy
Flywheel energy storage technology is an emerging energy storage technology, there is a great development in recent years promising energy storage technology, with a large energy storage, high power, no pollution, use of broad, simple maintenance, enabling ... Keywords: Flywheel energy storage technology, mechanical peaking, diesel rig, peak motor
Shuguang Liu, Jia Wang
Optimum flywheel sizing for parallel and series hybrid vehicles
Flywheels have the possibility of providing high turnaround efficiency and high specific power output. These characteristics are very important for the successful manufacture of parallel and series hybrid vehicles, which have the potential for providing high fuel economy and very low emissions with range and performance comparable to today`s light-duty vehicles. Flywheels have a high specific power output, but relatively low specific energy output. Therefore, it is of importance to determine energy and power requirements for flywheels applied to light-duty vehicles. Vehicle applications that require an energy storage system with high power and low energy are likely to benefit from a flywheel. In this paper, a vehicle simulation code and a flywheel model are applied to the calculation of optimum flywheel energy storage capacity for a parallel and a series hybrid vehicle. A conventional vehicle is also evaluated as a base-case, to provide an indication of the fuel economy gains that can be obtained with flywheel hybrid vehicles. The results of the analysis indicate that the optimum flywheel energy storage capacity is relatively small. This results in a low weight unit that has a significant power output and high efficiency. Emissions generated by the hybrid vehicles are not calculated, but have the potential of being significantly lower than the emissions from the conventional car.
Aceves, S.M.; Smith, J.R.
Composite flywheel development completion report, May 1--September 30, 1976
The program to design, fabricate, and performance test a prototype, vehicular-sized, composite flywheel is described. The overall program scope encompasses development of both the flywheel and its containment; however, the FY 1976-1976T objective was directed toward development of the flywheel and testing it in existing facilities. The development effort was successful, leading to successful testing of a flywheel design which demonstrated an energy density performance of 10.1 Wh/lb during spin testing. The initial application selected for development of the composite flywheel was the heat engine/flywheel hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle. This application was selected by the ERDA Advanced Physical Methods Branch staff because of its high potential for conservation of petroleum fuel in both the near and far-term time frames. Other applications, such as utility load leveling, represent potential areas for significant energy savings but require more extensive development programs and funding resources. Successful development of a high-performance, composite, vehicular flywheel represents one step along the development path leading toward larger, higher-energy storage flywheel applications.
Huddleston, R. L.; Kelly, J. J.; Knight, C. E.
Low-cost flywheel demonstration program. Final report
The Applied Physics Laboratory/Department of Energy Low Cost Flywheel Demonstration Program was initiated on 1 October 1977 and was successfully concluded on 31 December 19'9. The total cost of this program was $355,190. All primary objectives were successfully achieved as follows: demonstration of a full-size, 1)kWh flywheel having an estimated cost in large-volume production of approximately $50/kWh; developmeNt of a ball-bearing system having losses comparable to the losses in a totally magnetic suspension system; successful and repeated demonstration of the low-cost flywheel in a complete flywheel energy-storage system based on the use of ordinary house voltage and frequency; and application of the experience gained in the hardware program to project the system design into a complete, full-scale, 30-kWh home-type flywheel energy-storage system.
'Recycling' Grid Energy with Flywheel Technology | Department of Energy
'Recycling' Grid Energy with Flywheel Technology 'Recycling' Grid Energy with Flywheel Technology 'Recycling' Grid Energy with Flywheel Technology September 30, 2010 - 5:03pm Addthis Seven-foot tall cylinders equipped with flywheel technology (shown above) will make up Beacon Powerâs energy storage plant in Stephentown, N.Y. The company received a $43 million loan guarantee from the Energy Department to build the plant. | Photo courtesy of Beacon Power Corporation Seven-foot tall cylinders equipped with flywheel technology (shown above) will make up Beacon Power's energy storage plant in Stephentown, N.Y. The company received a $43 million loan guarantee from the Energy Department to build the plant. | Photo courtesy of Beacon Power Corporation Stephen Graff Former Writer & editor for Energy Empowers, EERE
Concentric ring flywheel without expansion separators
A concentric ring flywheel wherein the adjacent rings are configured to eliminate the need for differential expansion separators between the adjacent rings. This is accomplished by forming a circumferential step on an outer surface of an inner concentric ring and forming a matching circumferential step on the inner surface of an adjacent outer concentric ring. During operation the circumferential steps allow the rings to differentially expand due to the difference in the radius of the rings without the formation of gaps therebetween, thereby eliminating the need for expansion separators to take up the gaps formed by differential expansion.
Kuklo, Thomas C. (Oakdale, CA)
A concentric ring flywheel wherein the adjacent rings are configured to eliminate the need for differential expansion separators between the adjacent rings. This is accomplished by forming a circumferential step on an outer surface of an inner concentric ring and forming a matching circumferential step on the inner surface of an adjacent outer concentric ring. During operation the circumferential steps allow the rings to differentially expand due to the difference in the radius of the rings without the formation of gaps therebetween, thereby eliminating the need for expansion separators to take up the gaps formed by differential expansion. 3 figs.
Kuklo, T.C.
Flywheel energy storage using superconducting magnetic bearings
Storage of electrical energy on a utility scale is currently not practicable for most utilities, preventing the full utilization of existing base-load capacity. A potential solution to this problem is Flywheel Energy Storage (FES), made possible by technological developments in high-temperature superconducting materials. Commonwealth Research Corporation (CRC), the research arm of Commonwealth Edison Company, and Argonne National Laboratory are implementing a demonstration project to advance the state of the art in high temperature superconductor (HTS) bearing performance and the overall demonstration of efficient Flywheel Energy Storage. Currently, electricity must be used simultaneously with its generation as electrical energy storage is not available for most utilities. Existing storage methods either are dependent on special geography, are too expensive, or are too inefficient. Without energy storage, electric utilities, such as Commonwealth Edison Company, are forced to cycle base load power plants to meet load swings in hourly customer demand. Demand can change by as much as 30% over a 12-hour period and result in significant costs to utilities as power plant output is adjusted to meet these changes. HTS FES systems can reduce demand-based power plant cycling by storing unused nighttime capacity until it is needed to meet daytime demand.
Abboud, R.G. [Commonwealth Research Corp., Chicago, IL (United States); Uherka, K.; Hull, J.; Mulcahy, T. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)
This project�s mission was to achieve significant advances in the practical application of bulk high-temperature superconductor (HTS) materials to energy-storage systems. The ultimate product was planned as an operational prototype of a flywheel system on an HTS suspension. While the final prototype flywheel did not complete the final offsite demonstration phase of the program, invaluable lessons learned were captured on the laboratory demonstration units that will lead to the successful deployment of a future HTS-stabilized, composite-flywheel energy-storage system (FESS).
Dr. Michael Strasik; Mr. Arthur Day; Mr. Philip Johnson; Dr. John Hull
Flywheel Project Escalates Grid Efficiency | Department of Energy
Flywheel Project Escalates Grid Efficiency Flywheel Project Escalates Grid Efficiency Flywheel Project Escalates Grid Efficiency August 9, 2010 - 1:18pm Addthis Elizabeth Meckes Elizabeth Meckes Director of User Experience & Digital Technologies, Office of Public Affairs What does this project do? It's estimated to create 60 jobs in New York and Massachusetts (where Beacon Power is headquartered) and help bring clean technologies to market by improving the stability and reliability of the state's electric grid. More good news for New York State: in addition to last week's announcement on the AES energy storage project, the Energy Department has finalized a $43 million loan guarantee for Beacon Power Corporation's flywheel energy storage plant. Not only is the project estimated to create 60 jobs in New York and Massachusetts (where Beacon Power is
Flywheel Energy Storage Device for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
ORNL 2011-G00218/jcn UT-B ID 200701859 07.2011 Flywheel Energy Storage Device for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Technology Summary This cost-effective technology ...
Modeling and torque estimation of an automotive dual mass flywheel
The Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF) is primarily used for dampening of oscillations in automotive powertrains and to prevent gearbox rattling. This paper explains the DMF mechanics along with its application and components. Afterwards a detailed ab-inltio model ...
Ulf Schaper; Oliver Sawodny; Tobias Mahl; Uli Blessing
Flywheel storage for photovoltaics: an economic evaluation of two applications
A worth analysis is made for an advanced flywheel storage concept for tandem operation with photovoltaics currently being developed at MIT/Lincoln Laboratories. The applications examined here are a single family residence ...
Dinwoodie, Thomas L.
Flywheel rotor and containment technology development, FY83
The Department of Energy decided to terminate the Flywheel Rotor and Containment Technology Development project during FY 1983. Activities this year included fabrication, inspection, and test evaluation of rotor and containment structures. A peak energy of 700 Wh was stored at an energy density of 70 Wh/kg. In cyclic tests, 10,000 cycles from design speed to half speed were logged without failure. The first test of a lightweight containment structure indicates the need for additional development. In complementary studies, production cost estimates were made for three flywheel designs. In a cooperative program with the University of Wisconsin, work began on construction of a flywheel/continuously variable transmission/heat engine car which promises fuel economy improvements of up to 100%. Suggestions are made for the direction of future work when interest in flywheel system reappears.
Mohr, P.B.; Walter, C.E.
Flywheel Energy Storage for End-Use Power
Power quality represents both a challenge and an opportunity for utilities to provide quality and service to their customers. Flywheel systems are becoming commercially available for solving short-term power quality problems, specifically voltage sags and momentary interruptions, and a variety of products appears particularly attractive for this market. This report provides information on the subject of flywheel energy storage systems to utility personnel responsible for end-use power quality.
Interlayer toughening of fiber composite flywheel rotors
An interlayer toughening mechanism is described to mitigate the growth of damage in fiber composite flywheel rotors for long application. The interlayer toughening mechanism may comprise one or more tough layers composed of high-elongation fibers, high-strength fibers arranged in a woven pattern at a range from 0{degree} to 90{degree} to the rotor axis and bound by a ductile matrix material which adheres to and is compatible with the materials used for the bulk of the rotor. The number and spacing of the tough interlayers is a function of the design requirements and expected lifetime of the rotor. The mechanism has particular application in uninterruptable power supplies, electrical power grid reservoirs, and compulsators for electric guns, as well as electromechanical batteries for vehicles. 2 figs.
Groves, S.E.; Deteresa, S.J.
An interlayer toughening mechanism to mitigate the growth of damage in fiber composite flywheel rotors for long application. The interlayer toughening mechanism may comprise one or more tough layers composed of high-elongation fibers, high-strength fibers arranged in a woven pattern at a range from 0.degree. to 90.degree. to the rotor axis and bound by a ductile matrix material which adheres to and is compatible with the materials used for the bulk of the rotor. The number and spacing of the tough interlayers is a function of the design requirements and expected lifetime of the rotor. The mechanism has particular application in uninterruptable power supplies, electrical power grid reservoirs, and compulsators for electric guns, as well as electromechanical batteries for vehicles.
Groves, Scott E. (Brentwood, CA); Deteresa, Steven J. (Livermore, CA)
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Higher Power Motor for ARPA-E Flywheel...
Higher Power Motor for ARPA-E Flywheel Limitations of ARPA-E Flywheel * 1 Hour of Storage Program Tasks * Add Back-Iron to Stator to Increase Magnet Flux g * Limited to Longer Term...
Matched metal die compression molded structural random fiber sheet molding compound flywheel. [Patent application
A flywheel is described that is useful for energy storage in a hybrid vehicle automotive power system or in some stationary applications. The flywheel has a body of essentially planar isotropic high strength structural random fiber sheet molding compound (SMC-R). The flywheel may be economically produced by a matched metal die compression molding process. The flywheel makes energy intensive efficient use of a fiber/resin composite while having a shape designed by theory assuming planar isotropy.
Kulkarni, S.V.; Christensen, R.M.; Toland, R.H.
Matched metal die compression molded structural random fiber sheet molding compound flywheel
A flywheel (10) is described that is useful for energy storage in a hybrid vehicle automotive power system or in some stationary applications. The flywheel (10) has a body of essentially planar isotropic high strength structural random fiber sheet molding compound (SMC-R). The flywheel (10) may be economically produced by a matched metal die compression molding process. The flywheel (10) makes energy intensive efficient use of a fiber/resin composite while having a shape designed by theory assuming planar isotropy.
Kulkarni, Satish V. (San Ramon, CA); Christensen, Richard M. (Danville, CA); Toland, Richard H. (West Chester, PA)
Dynamic Analysis and Control of an Energy Storage Flywheel Rotor with Active Magnetic Bearings
Flywheel energy storage is a promising technology for providing intermediate energy storage. An energy storage flywheel is supported by active magnetic bearings (AMBs) to achieve high speed running and increase energy efficiency of the energy storage ... Keywords: Flywheel, Energy Storage, Magnetic Bearing, Rotor Dynamics
Zhang Kai; Dai Xingjian; Zhang Xiaozhang
Cost optimization of a hybrid composite flywheel rotor with a split-type hub using combined analytical/numerical models
A procedure to find the optimal design of a flywheel with a split-type hub is presented. Since cost plays a decisive role in stationary flywheel energy storage applications, a trade-off between energy and cost is required. Applying a scaling technique, ... Keywords: Cost optimization, Flywheel energy storage, Flywheel rotors, Multifidelity optimization, Split-type hub, Surrogate-based optimization
Malte Krack; Marc Secanell; Pierre Mertiny
Next-Generation Flywheel Energy Storage: Development of a 100 kWh/100 kW Flywheel Energy Storage Module
GRIDS Project: Beacon Power is developing a flywheel energy storage system that costs substantially less than existing flywheel technologies. Flywheels store the energy created by turning an internal rotor at high speeds�slowing the rotor releases the energy back to the grid when needed. Beacon Power is redesigning the heart of the flywheel, eliminating the cumbersome hub and shaft typically found at its center. The improved design resembles a flying ring that relies on new magnetic bearings to levitate, freeing it to rotate faster and deliver 400% as much energy as today�s flywheels. Beacon Power�s flywheels can be linked together to provide storage capacity for balancing the approximately 10% of U.S. electricity that comes from renewable sources each year.
Evaluation of Demo 1C composite flywheel rotor burst test and containment design
Laboratory-Directed funds were provided in FY 1995 for research to develop flywheel containment specifications and to consider concepts that could satisfy these specifications and produce a prototype small, lightweight, inexpensive, mobile flywheel containment. Research activities have included an analytical and pictorial review of the Demo 1C flywheel failure test, which provided significant insight about radial and axial failure modes; calculations of the thickness of ultra-conservative pressure vessel containment; entertainment of advanced containment concepts using lightweight materials and armor literature; consideration of fabrication assembly procedures; and participation in a Flywheel Energy Storage Workshop during which additional flywheel failure experiences were discussed. Based on these activities, calculations, and results, a list of conclusions concerning flywheel containment and its relation to the flywheel are presented followed by recommendations for further research.
Kass, M.D.; McKeever, J.W.; Akerman, M.A.; Goranson, P.L.; Litherland, P.S.; O`Kain, D.U.
Design of plywood and paper flywheel rotors
Technical and economic design factors of cellulosic rotors are compared with conventional materials for stationaly flywheel energy storage systems. Wood species, operation in a vacuum, assembly and costs of plywood rotors are evaluated. Wound kraft paper, twine and veneer rotors are examined. Plywood moisture equilibration during manufacture and assembly is critical. Disk shaping and rotor assembly are described. Potential self-centering dynamic balancing methods and equipment are described. High resolution tensile tests were performed while monitoring the acoustic emissions. Reasonable correlations exist between the instantaneous sample stiffness during the test and the accumulated acoustic energy released in fracture of the sample. They indicate promise for short term monitoring of damage during tensile tests. Preliminary duration of load tests were performed on vacuum dried hexagonal Birch plywood. Dynamic and static rotor-hub fatigue equipment were designed. Moisture loss rates while vacuum drying plywood cylinders were measured, and the radial and axial diffusion coefficients were evaluated. Diffusion coefficients of epoxy coated plywood cylinders were also obtained. Economics of cellulosic and conventional rotors were examined. Plywood rotor manufacturing costs were evaluated. The optimum economic shape for laminated rotors is shown to be cylindrical. Vacuum container costs are parametrically derived and based on material properties and costs. Containment costs are significant and are included in comparisons. The optimum design stress and wound rotor configuration are calculated for 17 examples. Plywood rotors appear to be marginally competitive with steel hose wire or E-glass rotors. High performance oriented draft paper rotors potentially provide the lowest energy storage costs in stationary systems.
Hagen, D.L.
Hopf Bifurcation Analysis for a Mechanical Centrifugal Flywheel Governor System
The complex dynamic behavior of the mechanical centrifugal flywheel governor system is studied. The dynamical equation of the system is established using Lagrangian and Newton�s second law. The bifurcation behavior and stability of the mechanical ... Keywords: centrifugal governor, Lyapunov exponents, chaos, chaos synchronization, Poincar� map
Jian-Gang Zhang; Jian-Ning Yu; Yan-Dong Chu; Xian-Feng Li
Properties of fiber composites for advanced flywheel energy storage devices
The performance of commercial high-performance fibers is examined for application to flywheel power supplies. It is shown that actual delivered performance depends on multiple factors such as inherent fiber strength, strength translation and stress-rupture lifetime. Experimental results for recent stress-rupture studies of carbon fibers will be presented and compared with other candidate reinforcement materials. Based on an evaluation of all of the performance factors, it is concluded that carbon fibers are preferred for highest performance and E-glass fibers for lowest cost. The inferior performance of the low-cost E-glass fibers can be improved to some extent by retarding the stress-corrosion of the material due to moisture and practical approaches to mitigating this corrosion are discussed. Many flywheel designs are limited not by fiber failure, but by matrix-dominated failure modes. Unfortunately, very few experimental results for stress-rupture under transverse tensile loading are available. As a consequence, significant efforts are made in flywheel design to avoid generating any transverse tensile stresses. Recent results for stress-rupture of a carbon fiber/epoxy composite under transverse tensile load reveal that these materials are surprisingly durable under the transverse loading condition and that some radial tensile stress could be tolerated in flywheel applications.
DeTeresa, S J; Groves, S E
10 Amber Kinetics, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Amber Kinetics, Inc. All rights reserved. Edward Chiao | co-founder & CEO | nov 2010 Amber_Kinetics, Inc. | utility scale flywheel energy storage Smart Grid Demonstration Program Sub-Area: 2.5 Demonstration of Promising Energy Storage Technologies Funded in part by the Energy Storage Systems Program of the U.S. Department Of Energy through National Energy Technology Laboratory Copyright 2010 Amber Kinetics, Inc. All rights reserved. problem intermittent wind & solar generation = unstable electric grid Copyright 2010 Amber Kinetics, Inc. All rights reserved. solution energy storage: balances supply & demand = smarter electric grid Copyright 2010 Amber Kinetics, Inc. All rights reserved. Metric Requirements Capital Cost < $1,500 / kW (4 hr duration)
Flywheel electric battery. Final report, June 12, 1995--January 16, 1997
The objective is to develop proposals to obtain funding for development of a 2nd Generation Flywheel Battery Prototype designed for a specific application.
Thorpe, D.G.
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Low Cost, High-Energy Density Flywheel...
of Boeing Management Company. Copyright 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved. | 1 Low-Cost, High-Energy Density Flywheel Storage Grid Demonstration" Mike Strasik Program...
Oak Ridge Flywheel Evaluation Laboratory. Annual report, April 1, 1979-September 30, 1979
The Oak Ridge Flywheel Evaluation Laboratory (ORFEL) was assembled, and the initial stages of proof testing were completed in FY 1979. The significant accomplishments for the past year included the establishment of adequate full-time personnel; facility modification to reflect the emphasis on flywheel evaluation over simple testing; and the facility proof test involving two aluminum disk flywheels and one composite flywheel. This report contains details of the FY 1979 program plans for ORFEL, personal profiles of the dedicated manpower, and details of the tests performed.
Steele, R.S. Jr.; Casstevens, J.M.; Sutton, B.J.
Performance Testing of a Flywheel-Based Uninterruptible Power Supply
Performance testing of a fully integrated flywheel-based uninterruptible power supply (UPS) confirmed that the Caterpillar UPS 250 unit offers an innovative power quality solution for a broad range of industrial and commercial applications. It provides stored energy, immediately available, to protect critical loads against temporary power disturbances such as outages, sags, and surges. This report provides complete details of performance testing of the UPS system, including test instrumentation and setup...
An assessment has been conducted for the DOE Vehicle Technologies Program to determine the state of the art of advanced flywheel high power energy storage systems to meet hybrid vehicle needs for high power energy storage and energy/power management. Flywheel systems can be implemented with either an electrical or a mechanical powertrain. The assessment elaborates upon flywheel rotor design issues of stress, materials and aspect ratio. Twelve organizations that produce flywheel systems submitted specifications for flywheel energy storage systems to meet minimum energy and power requirements for both light-duty and heavy-duty hybrid applications of interest to DOE. The most extensive experience operating flywheel high power energy storage systems in heavy-duty and light-duty hybrid vehicles is in Europe. Recent advances in Europe in a number of vehicle racing venues and also in road car advanced evaluations are discussed. As a frame of reference, nominal weight and specific power for non-energy storage components of Toyota hybrid electric vehicles are summarized. The most effective utilization of flywheels is in providing high power while providing just enough energy storage to accomplish the power assist mission effectively. Flywheels are shown to meet or exceed the USABC power related goals (discharge power, regenerative power, specific power, power density, weight and volume) for HEV and EV batteries and ultracapacitors. The greatest technical challenge facing the developer of vehicular flywheel systems remains the issue of safety and containment. Flywheel safety issues must be addressed during the design and testing phases to ensure that production flywheel systems can be operated with adequately low risk.
Hansen, James Gerald [ORNL
Energy Storage Application Brief -- Case History for Large Flywheel System: Piller -- Flywheel Energy Storage Systems for Premium Power
Piller of Middleton, New York produces premium power systems for power quality and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. An entire family of products is commercially available in a variety of system and circuit configurations for industrial use. These products are beneficial because they are highly reliable and protect from voltage sags. The energy storage components of these systems uses mature, conventional flywheel technology. This technology review describes the various applications of the...
Development of 5kWh Flywheel Energy Storage System Using MATLAB/xPC Target
A 5kWh class FESS(Flywheel Energy Storage System) with the operating speed range of 9,000~15,000rpm has been developed. The system consists of a composite flywheel rotor, active magnetic bearings, a motor/generator and its controller. Because Active ... Keywords: FESS, Magnetic bearing, rotor dynamics, Imbalace Response, xPC Target
Cheol Hoon Park; Sang-Kyu Choi; Young Su Son; Young Hee Han
Low-cost flywheel demonstration program. Final report, 1 October 1977-31 December 1979
The Applied Physics Laboratory/Department of Energy Low Cost Flywheel Demonstration Program was initiated on 1 October 1977 and was successfully concluded on 31 December 1979. The total cost of this program was $355,190. All primary objectives were successfully achieved as follows: demonstration of a full-size, 1-kWh flywheel having an estimated cost in large-volume production of approximately $50/kWh; development of a ball-bearing system having losses comparable to the losses in a totally magnetic suspension system; successful and repeated demonstration of the low-cost flywheel in a complete flywheel energy-storage system based on the use of ordinary house voltage and frequency; and application of the experience gained in the hardware program to project the system design into a complete, full-scale, 30-kWh home-type flywheel energy-storage system.
Rabenhorst, D.W.; Small, T.R.; Wilkinson, W.O.
Transforming molecular biology research through extreme acceleration of AMBER molecular dynamics simulations: sampling for the 99%
This talk will cover recent developments in the acceleration of Molecular Dynamics Simulations using NVIDIA Graphics Processing units with the AMBER software package. In particular it will focus on recent algorithmic improvements aimed at accelerating ...
Ross C. Walker; Levi Pierce; Romelia Salomon
Interface structure for hub and mass attachment in flywheel rotors
An interface structure is described for hub and mass attachment in flywheel rotors. The interface structure efficiently transmits high radial compression forces and withstands both large circumferential elongation and local stresses generated by mass-loading and hub attachments. The interface structure is comprised of high-strength fiber, such as glass and carbon, woven into an angle pattern which is about 45{degree} with respect to the rotor axis. The woven fiber is bonded by a ductile matrix material which is compatible with and adheres to the rotor material. This woven fiber is able to elongate in the circumferential direction to match the rotor growth during spinning. 2 figs.
Deteresa, S.J.; Groves, S.E.
An interface structure for hub and mass attachment in flywheel rotors. The interface structure efficiently transmits high radial compression forces and withstands both large circumferential elongation and local stresses generated by mass-loading and hub attachments. The interface structure is comprised of high-strength fiber, such as glass and carbon, woven into an angle pattern which is about 45.degree. with respect to the rotor axis. The woven fiber is bonded by a ductile matrix material which is compatible with and adheres to the rotor material. This woven fiber is able to elongate in the circumferential direction to match the rotor growth during spinning.
Deteresa, Steven J. (Livermore, CA); Groves, Scott E. (Brentwood, CA)
Fields and forces in flywheel energy storage with high-temperature superconducting bearings
The development of low-loss bearings employing high-temperature superconductors has brought closer the advent of practical flywheel energy storage systems. These systems require magnetic fields and forces for levitation, stabilization, and energy transfer. This paper describes the status of experiments on flywheel energy storage at Argonne National Laboratory and computations in support of that project, in particular computations for the permanent-magnet rotor of the motor-generator that transfers energy to and from the flywheel, for other energy-transfer systems under consideration, and for the levitation and stabilization subsystem.
Turner, L.R. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States). Energy Technology Div.
AMBER on the VLTI: data processing and calibration issues
We present here the current performances of the AMBER / VLTI instrument for standard use and compare these with the offered modes of the instrument. We show that the instrument is able to reach its specified precision only for medium and high spectral resolution modes, differential observables and bright objects. For absolute observables, the current achievable accuracy is strongly limited by the vibrations of the Unit Telescopes, and also by the observing procedure which does not take into account the night-long transfer function monitoring. For low-resolution mode, the current limitation is more in the data reduction side, since several effects negligible at medium spectral resolution are not taken into account in the current pipeline. Finally, for faint objects (SNR around 1 per spectral channel), electromagnetic interferences in the VLTI interferometric laboratory with the detector electronics prevents currently to get unbiased measurements. Ideas are under study to correct in the data processing side this effect, but a hardware fix should be investigated seriously since it limits seriously the effective limiting magnitude of the instrument.
Florentin Millour; Romain Petrov; Fabien Malbet; Eric Tatulli; Gilles Duvert; G�rard Zins; Evelyne Altariba; Martin Vannier; Oscar Hernandez; Gianluca Li Causi
Oak Ridge Flywheel Evaluation Laboratory. Annual report, October 1, 1979-September 30, 1980
The purpose of the Oak Ridge Flywheel Evaluation Laboratory Annual Report is to present work performed for and funded by the Mechanical Energy Storage Technology Project at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). In addition to the management sections (schedules, budgets, and facility accomplishments), summaries are given for the ultimate speed evaluations of one flywheel built by Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division (UCC-ND); four flywheels constructed under subcontracts from Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque; one fabricated by LLNL; and one manufactured by General Electric Company. Also included are the test results from two momentum transfer tests of the UCC-ND-designed flywheel. Prototype crash rings were used in a number of these tests, and a discussion of their performance is included.
Steele, Jr., R. S.; Babelay, Jr., E. F.; Sutton, B. J.
Investigation of Synergy Between Electrochemical Capacitors, Flywheels, and Batteries in Hybrid Energy Storage for PV Systems
This report describes the results of a study that investigated the synergy between electrochemical capacitors (ECs) and flywheels, in combination with each other and with batteries, as energy storage subsystems in photovoltaic (PV) systems. EC and flywheel technologies are described and the potential advantages and disadvantages of each in PV energy storage subsystems are discussed. Seven applications for PV energy storage subsystems are described along with the potential market for each of these applications. A spreadsheet model, which used the net present value method, was used to analyze and compare the costs over time of various system configurations based on flywheel models. It appears that a synergistic relationship exists between ECS and flywheels. Further investigation is recommended to quantify the performance and economic tradeoffs of this synergy and its effect on overall system costs.
Miller, John; Sibley, Lewis, B.; Wohlgemuth, John
Analysis of electromechanical interactions in a flywheel system with a doubly fed induction machine
This paper analyzes the electromechanical inter-action in a flywheel system with a doubly fed induction machine, used for wind farm power smoothing or grid frequency response control. The grid-connected electrical machine ...
Ran, Li
Amber Waves of...Switchgrass? How about Sorghum? | Department of Energy
Amber Waves of...Switchgrass? How about Sorghum? Amber Waves of...Switchgrass? How about Sorghum? Amber Waves of...Switchgrass? How about Sorghum? October 28, 2011 - 5:09pm Addthis Matthew Loveless Matthew Loveless Data Integration Specialist, Office of Public Affairs What does this mean for me? For many counties, the expanding market for energy products made from biomass is a potential source of economic growth. Is your county one of them? As the fall harvest comes to an end in Marshall County, Kansas, farmers are already planning what crops they'll be planting next year. As they do, food might not be the only thing on their mind. According to the US Billion-Ton Update, a study sponsored by the Energy Department, by increasing production of energy crops and using more agricultural residues, including the non-food portion of plant material, this county is well
Amber LEDs for Solid-State Lighting: White light with unprecendented efficiencies
Amber LEDs for Solid-State Lighting: Amber LEDs for Solid-State Lighting: White light with unprecedented efficiencies Commercialization Webinar December 10, 2013 2 Agenda for Today's Webinar * Welcome/Logistics * Technology Overview * Commercialization Opportunity * Q&A 3 Presenters Yoriko Morita, PhD MBA licensing manager Kirstin Alberi, PhD inventor 4 Technology Overview * Background/Context * Limitations NREL's Technology Addresses o Substrate material o Efficiency o Manufacturing * Performance Testing Results * Summary of Benefits/Advantages NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Amber LEDs for Solid-State Lighting: White light with unprecedented efficiencies
Demonstration of an inductor motor/alternator/flywheel energy storage system. Quarterly progress report No. 1, June 28, 1976--September 28, 1976
Vehicle propulsion concepts utilizing flywheel energy are described. Analyses are presented for sizing an inductor motor/alternator/flywheel for application to a 3000 pound vehicle. Component tradeoffs are included for the inductor motor/alternator drive, the solid state inverter/rectifier, the control circuit, and a composite flywheel. Design specifications for the machine are established and a test plan defined.
THE WIDE-AREA ENERGY STORAGE AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PHASE II Final Report - Flywheel Field Tests
This research was conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) operated for the U.S. department of Energy (DOE) by Battelle Memorial Institute for Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), California Institute for Energy and Environment (CIEE) and California Energy Commission (CEC). A wide-area energy management system (WAEMS) is a centralized control system that operates energy storage devices (ESDs) located in different places to provide energy and ancillary services that can be shared among balancing authorities (BAs). The goal of this research is to conduct flywheel field tests, investigate the technical characteristics and economics of combined hydro-flywheel regulation services that can be shared between Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and California Independent System Operator (CAISO) controlled areas. This report is the second interim technical report for Phase II of the WAEMS project. This report presents: 1) the methodology of sharing regulation service between balancing authorities, 2) the algorithm to allocate the regulation signal between the flywheel and hydro power plant to minimize the wear-and-tear of the hydro power plants, 3) field results of the hydro-flywheel regulation service (conducted by the Beacon Power), and 4) the performance metrics and economic analysis of the combined hydro-flywheel regulation service.
Lu, Ning; Makarov, Yuri V.; Weimar, Mark R.; Rudolph, Frank; Murthy, Shashikala; Arseneaux, Jim; Loutan, Clyde; Chowdhury, S.
Design of plywood and paper flywheel rotors. Final report
Technical and economic design factors of cellulosic rotors are compared with conventional materials for stationary flywheel energy storage systems. Wood species, operation in a vacuum, assembly and costs of rotors are evaluated. Wound kraft paper, twine and plywood rotors are examined. Two hub attachments are designed. Support stiffness is shown to be constrained by the material strength, rotor configuration and speed ratio. Preliminary duration of load tests was performed on vacuum dried hexagonal birch plywood. Dynamic and static rotor-hub fatigue equipment is designed. Moisture loss rates while vacuum drying plywood cylinders were measured, and the radial and axial diffusion coefficients were evaluated. Diffusion coefficients of epoxy coated plywood cylinders were also obtained. Economics of cellulosic and conventional rotors were examined. Plywood rotor manufacturing costs were evaluated. The optimum economic shape for laminated rotors is shown to be cylindrical. Vacuum container costs are parametrically derived and based on material properties and costs. Containment costs are significant and are included in comparisons. The optimum design stress and wound rotor configuration are calculated for seventeen examples. Plywood rotors appear to be marginally competitive with the steel hose wire or E-glass rotors. High performance oriented kraft paper rotors potentially provide the lowest energy storage costs in stationary systems.
Erdman, A.G.; Hagen, D.L.; Gaff, S.A.
Utilization of rotor kinetic energy storage for hybrid vehicles
A power system for a motor vehicle having an internal combustion engine, the power system comprises an electric machine (12) further comprising a first excitation source (47), a permanent magnet rotor (28) and a magnetic coupling rotor (26) spaced from the permanent magnet rotor and at least one second excitation source (43), the magnetic coupling rotor (26) also including a flywheel having an inertial mass to store kinetic energy during an initial acceleration to an operating speed; and wherein the first excitation source is electrically connected to the second excitation source for power cycling such that the flywheel rotor (26) exerts torque on the permanent magnet rotor (28) to assist braking and acceleration of the permanent magnet rotor (28) and consequently, the vehicle. An axial gap machine and a radial gap machine are disclosed and methods of the invention are also disclosed.
Hsu, John S. (Oak Ridge, TN)
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Next Generation Composite Materials for Flywheel Development - Timothy Lambert, SNL
Sandia! Sandia! National! Laboratories! Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge support from Dr. Imre Gyuk and the Office of Electricity, Delivery and Energy Reliability. Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed-Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Abstract Flywheels are "mechanical battery" storage systems that have fast response times, long lifetimes and lower maintenance costs; when coupled with high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bearings, flywheels can exhibit extremely low rotational losses resulting in high efficiency. For energy storage purposes, materials with higher strengths, and lower densities that would allow the flywheel to spin
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Magnetic Composites for Flywheel Energy Storage - Jim Martin, SNL
subsidiary subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white space between photos and header Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white space between photos and header Magnetic composites for flywheel energy storage September 27, 2012 James E. Martin Project description The bearings currently used in energy storage flywheels dissipate a significant amount of energy. Magnetic bearings would reduce these losses appreciably. Magnetic bearings require magnetic materials on an inner annulus of the flywheel for magnetic levitation. This magnetic material must be able to withstand a 2% tensile deformation, yet
Vibration Suppression and Flywheel Energy Storage in a Drillstring Bottom-Hole-Assembly
In this study, a novel concept for a downhole flywheel energy storage module to be embedded in a bottom-hole-assembly (BHA) is presented and modeled, as an alternative power source to existing lithium-ion battery packs currently deployed in measurement-while-drilling (MWD) or logging-while-drilling (LWD) operations. Lithium-ion batteries disadvantages include deteriorated performance in high temperature, limited lifetime that necessitates frequent replacement which elevates operational costs, and environmental disposal. Extreme and harsh downhole conditions necessitate that the flywheel module withstands temperatures and pressures exceeding 300 ?F and 20 kpsi, respectively, as well as violent vibrations encountered during drilling. Moreover, the flywheel module should adhere to the geometric constraints of the wellbore and its corresponding BHA. Hence, a flywheel sizing procedure was developed that takes into consideration the required energy to be stored, the surrounding environmental conditions, and the geometric constraints. A five-axis magnetic levitation control system was implemented and tuned to maintain continuous suspension of the flywheel under the harsh lateral, axial and torsional drilling vibrations of the BHA. Thus, an integrated finite element model was developed that included the rotordynamic behavior of the flywheel and the BHA, the component dynamics of the magnetic levitation control system, and the cutting dynamics of the drillbit for both PDC and tricone types. The model also included a newly developed coupling between lateral, axial and torsional vibrations. It was demonstrated through simulations conducted by numerical integration that the flywheel maintains levitation due to all different types of external vibration as well as its own lateral vibration due to mass unbalance. Moreover, a passive proof-mass-damper (PPMD) was developed that suppresses axial bit-bounce vibrations as well as torsional vibrations, and was extended to also mitigate lateral vibrations. Optimized values of the mass, stiffness and damping values of the PPMD were obtained by the hybrid analytical-numerical Chebyshev spectral method that was superior in computational efficiency to iterative numerical integration. This also enabled the fine-plotting of an operating stability chart indicating stability regions where bit-bounce and stick-slip are avoided. The proof-mass-damping concept was extended to the flywheel to be an active proof-mass-damper (APMD) where simulations indicated functionality for a light-weight BHA.
Saeed, Ahmed
A zinc-air battery and flywheel zero emission vehicle
In response to the 1990 Clean Air Act, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) developed a compliance plan known as the Low Emission Vehicle Program. An integral part of that program was a sales mandate to the top seven automobile manufacturers requiring the percentage of Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) sold in California to be 2% in 1998, 5% in 2001 and 10% by 2003. Currently available ZEV technology will probably not meet customer demand for range and moderate cost. A potential option to meet the CARB mandate is to use two Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) technologies, namely, zinc-air refuelable batteries (ZARBs) and electromechanical batteries (EMBs, i. e., flywheels) to develop a ZEV with a 384 kilometer (240 mile) urban range. This vehicle uses a 40 kW, 70 kWh ZARB for energy storage combined with a 102 kW, 0.5 kWh EMB for power peaking. These technologies are sufficiently near-term and cost-effective to plausibly be in production by the 1999-2001 time frame for stationary and initial vehicular applications. Unlike many other ZEVs currently being developed by industry, our proposed ZEV has range, acceleration, and size consistent with larger conventional passenger vehicles available today. Our life-cycle cost projections for this technology are lower than for Pb-acid battery ZEVs. We have used our Hybrid Vehicle Evaluation Code (HVEC) to simulate the performance of the vehicle and to size the various components. The use of conservative subsystem performance parameters and the resulting vehicle performance are discussed in detail.
Tokarz, F.; Smith, J.R.; Cooper, J.; Bender, D.; Aceves, S.
Transient analysis of a flywheel battery containment during a full rotor burst event.
Flywheels are being developed for use in an Advanced Locomotive Propulsion System (ALPS) targeted for use in high speed passenger rail service. The ALPS combines high performance, high speed gas turbines, motor/generators and flywheels to provide a light-weight, fuel-efficient power system. Such a system is necessary to avoid the high cost of railway electrification, as is currently done for high speed rail service (>100mph) since diesels are too heavy. The light-weight flywheel rotors are made from multilayered composite materials, and are operated at extremely high energy levels. Metal containment structures have been designed to enclose the rotors and provide encapsulation of the rotor during postulated failure events. One such event is a burst mode failure of the rotor in which the composite rim is assumed to burst into debris that impacts against the containment. This paper presents a finite element simulation of the transient structural response of a subscale metal flywheel containment structure to a rotor burst event.
Hsieh, B. J.
Design guide for composite-material flywheels: rotor dyamic considerations. Part I. System whirling and stability. Final report
Information to designers of flywheels is provided which will enable them to predict many aspects of the dynamic behavior of their flywheel systems when spin-tested with a quill-shaft support and driven by an air turbine. Computer programs are presented for the following dynamic analysis to obtain the results indicated: free whirling for natural frequencies versus rotational speed and the associated mode shapes; rough-type stability analysis for determining the stability limits; and forced whirling analysis for estimating the response of major components of the system to flywheel mass eccentricity and initial tilt. For the first and third kinds of analyses, two different mathematical models of the generic system are investigated. One is a seven-degree-of-freedom lumped-parameter analysis, while the other is a combined distributed- and lumped-parameter analysis. When applied to an existing flywheel system, the two models yielded numerical values for the lowest first-order forward critical speed in very close agreement with each other and with experimental results obtained in spin tests. Therefore, for the second kind of analysis, only the lumped-parameter model is implemented. Qualitative discussions as to why forced retrograde whirling is not as severe as forward whirling are also presented. The analyses are applied to the multi-material ring type flywheel systems, a constant-thickness-diskring type, and a tapered-thickness-disk type. In addition, the effects of the following flywheel design parameters on system dynamics were investigated: flywheel mass; diametral and polar mass moments of inertia; location of mass center from the lower end of the quill shaft; quill shaft length; lower turbine-bearing support stiffness; equivalent viscous damping coefficient of the external damper; flywheel dead weight; and torque applied at the turbine.
Bert, C.W.; Ramunujam, G.
Concentric ring flywheel with hooked ring carbon fiber separator/torque coupler
A concentric ring flywheel with expandable separators, which function as torque couplers, between the rings to take up the gap formed between adjacent rings due to differential expansion between different radius rings during rotation of the flywheel. The expandable separators or torque couplers include a hook-like section at an upper end which is positioned over an inner ring and a shelf-like or flange section at a lower end onto which the next adjacent outer ring is positioned. As the concentric rings are rotated the gap formed by the differential expansion there between is partially taken up by the expandable separators or torque couplers to maintain torque and centering attachment of the concentric rings.
A concentric ring flywheel with expandable separators, which function as torque couplers, between the rings to take up the gap formed between adjacent rings due to differential expansion between different radius rings during rotation of the flywheel. The expandable separators or torque couplers include a hook-like section at an upper end which is positioned over an inner ring and a shelf-like or flange section at a lower end onto which the next adjacent outer ring is positioned. As the concentric rings are rotated the gap formed by the differential expansion there between is partially taken up by the expandable separators or torque couplers to maintain torque and centering attachment of the concentric rings. 2 figs.
Solvation Free Energy of Biomacromolecules: Parameters for a Modified Generalized Born Model Consistent with the AMBER Force Field
Solvation Free Energy of Biomacromolecules: Parameters for a Modified Generalized Born Model provides rapid estimates of the electrostatic free energies of solvation for diverse molecules of parameters compatible with the AMBER force field is described. The method is used to estimate free energies
Jayaram, Bhyravabotla
Benefits from flywheel energy storage for area regulation in California - demonstration results : a study for the DOE Energy Storage Systems program.
This report documents a high-level analysis of the benefit and cost for flywheel energy storage used to provide area regulation for the electricity supply and transmission system in California. Area regulation is an 'ancillary service' needed for a reliable and stable regional electricity grid. The analysis was based on results from a demonstration, in California, of flywheel energy storage developed by Beacon Power Corporation (the system's manufacturer). Demonstrated was flywheel storage systems ability to provide 'rapid-response' regulation. Flywheel storage output can be varied much more rapidly than the output from conventional regulation sources, making flywheels more attractive than conventional regulation resources. The performance of the flywheel storage system demonstrated was generally consistent with requirements for a possible new class of regulation resources - 'rapid-response' energy-storage-based regulation - in California. In short, it was demonstrated that Beacon Power Corporation's flywheel system follows a rapidly changing control signal (the ACE, which changes every four seconds). Based on the results and on expected plant cost and performance, the Beacon Power flywheel storage system has a good chance of being a financially viable regulation resource. Results indicate a benefit/cost ratio of 1.5 to 1.8 using what may be somewhat conservative assumptions. A benefit/cost ratio of one indicates that, based on the financial assumptions used, the investment's financial returns just meet the investors target.
Eyer, James M. (Distributed Utility Associates, Livermore, CA)
Flywheel Cooling: A Cooling Solution for Non Air-Conditioned Buildings
"Flywheel Cooling" utillzes the natural cooling processes of evaporation, ventilation and air circulation. These systems are providing low-cost cooling for distribution centers, warehouses, and other non air-conditioned industrial assembly plants with little or no internal loads. The evaporative roof cooling system keeps the building from heating up during the day by misting the roof surface with a fine spray of water -just enough to evaporate. This process keeps the roof surface at 90� levels instead of 150� and knocks out the radiant heat transfer from the roof into the building. The system is controlled by a thermostat and automatically shuts off at night or when the roof surface cools below the set point. The same control system turns on exhaust fans to load the building with cool night air. Air circulators are installed to provide air movement on workers during the day. Best results are achieved by closing dock doors and minimizing hot air infiltration during the day. The typical application will maintain inside temperatures that will average 84� -86� when outside ambient temperatures range from 98 �-100�. Many satisfied users will attest to marked improvements in employee moral and productivity, along with providing safe storage temperatures for many products. Installed "Flywheel" systems' costs are usually less than 20% of comparable air-conditioning equipment. By keeping a built up roof cooler, the system will eliminate thermal shock and extend roof life while reducing maintenance.
Abernethy, D.
Ambient-Temperature Passive Magnetic Bearings for Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
Based on prior work at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ambient-temperature passive magnetic bearings are being adapted for use in high-power flywheel energy storage systems developed at the Trinity Flywheel Power company. En route to this goal specialized test stands have been built and computer codes have been written to aid in the development of the component parts of these bearing systems. The Livermore passive magnetic bearing system involves three types of elements, as follows: (1) Axially symmetric levitation elements, energized by permanent magnets., (2) electrodynamic ''stabilizers'' employing axially symmetric arrays of permanent magnet bars (''Halbach arrays'') on the rotating system, interacting with specially wound electrically shorted stator circuits, and, (3) eddy-current-type vibration dampers, employing axially symmetric rotating pole assemblies interacting with stationary metallic discs. The theory of the Livermore passive magnetic bearing concept describes specific quantitative stability criteria. The satisfaction of these criteria will insure that, when rotating above a low critical speed, a bearing system made up of the three elements described above will be dynamically stable. That is, it will not only be stable for small displacements from equilibrium (''Earnshaw-stable''), but will also be stable against whirl-type instabilities of the types that can arise from displacement-dependent drag forces, or from mechanical-hysteritic losses that may occur in the rotor. Our design problem thus becomes one of calculating and/or measuring the relevant stiffnesses and drag coefficients of the various elements and comparing our results with the theory so as to assure that the cited stability criteria are satisfied.
Bender, D.; Post, R.
Kinetic Economies
We study a minimalist kinetic model for economies. A system of agents with local trading rules display emergent demand behaviour. We examine the resulting wealth distribution to look for non-thermal behaviour. We compare and contrast this model with other similar models.
Abdullah, Wan Ahmad Tajuddin Wan
Design, Fabrication, and Test of a 5-kWh/100-kW Flywheel Energy Storage Utilizing a High-Temperature Superconducting Bearing
The summaries of this project are: (1) Program goal is to design, develop, and demonstrate a 100 kW UPS flywheel electricity system; (2) flywheel system spin tested up to 15,000 RPM in a sensorless, closed loop mode; (3) testing identified a manufacturing deficiency in the motor stator--overheats at high speed, limiting maximum power capability; (4) successfully spin tested direct cooled HTS bearing up to 14,500 RPM (limited by Eddy current clutch set-up); (5) Testing confirmed commercial feasibility of this bearing design--Eddy Current losses are within acceptable limits; and (6) Boeing's investment in flywheel test facilities increased the spin-test capabilities to one of the highest in the nation.
Dr. Michael Strasik, Philip E Johnson; A. C. Day; J. Mittleider; M. D. Higgins; J. Edwards; J. R. Schindler; K. E. McCrary; C.R. McIver; D.; J. F. Gonder; J. R. Hull
Phase 1 STTR flywheel motor/alternator for hybrid electric vehicles. CRADA final report
Visual Computing Systems (VCS) and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have teamed, through a Phase 1 Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) grant from the US Department of Energy (DOE), to develop an advanced, low-cost motor/alternator drive system suitable for Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) applications. During Phase 1, system performance and design requirements were established, design concepts were generated, and preliminary motor/alternator designs were developed and analyzed. ORNL provided mechanical design and finite element collaboration and Lynx Motion Technology, a spin-off from VCS to commercialize their technology, constructed a proof-of-concept axial-gap permanent magnet motor/alternator that employed their Segmented Electromagnetic Array (SEMA) with a survivable design speed potential of 10,000 rpm. The VCS motor/alternator was successfully tested in ORNL`s Motor Test Tank using an ORNL inverter and ORNL control electronics. It was first operated as an unloaded motor to 6,000 rpm and driven as an unloaded generator to 6,000 rpm. Output from the generator was then connected to a resistance bank, which caused the loaded generator to decelerate to 3,860 rpm where data was collected. After about 4-1/2 minutes, the test was terminated because of an impact noise. Subsequent inspection and operation at low speeds did not reveal the source of the noise. Electrical performance of the motor was excellent, encouraging continued development of this technology. Phase 2 efforts will focus on further design development and optimization, manufacturing development and prototype construction, testing, and evaluation.
McKeever, J.W.; Scudiere, M.B.; Ott, G.W. Jr.; White, C.P. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Kessinger, R.L. Jr.; Robinson, S.T.; Seymour, K.P.; Dockstadter, K.D. [Visual Computer Systems Corp., Greenville, IN (United States)
Utilization of rotor kinetic energy storage for hybrid ...
Flywheel Energy Storage Device for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Abstract: A power system for a motor vehicle having an internal combustion engine, ...
Design & development fo a 20-MW flywheel-based frequency regulation power plant : a study for the DOE Energy Storage Systems program.
This report describes the successful efforts of Beacon Power to design and develop a 20-MW frequency regulation power plant based solely on flywheels. Beacon's Smart Matrix (Flywheel) Systems regulation power plant, unlike coal or natural gas generators, will not burn fossil fuel or directly produce particulates or other air emissions and will have the ability to ramp up or down in a matter of seconds. The report describes how data from the scaled Beacon system, deployed in California and New York, proved that the flywheel-based systems provided faster responding regulation services in terms of cost-performance and environmental impact. Included in the report is a description of Beacon's design package for a generic, multi-MW flywheel-based regulation power plant that allows accurate bids from a design/build contractor and Beacon's recommendations for site requirements that would ensure the fastest possible construction. The paper concludes with a statement about Beacon's plans for a lower cost, modular-style substation based on the 20-MW design.
Rounds, Robert (Beacon Power, Tyngsboro, MA); Peek, Georgianne Huff
Advanced high-speed flywheel energy storage systems for pulsed power application
Power systems on modern commercial transportation systems are moving to more electric based equipment, thus improving the reliability of the overall system. Electrical equipment on such systems will include some loads that require very high power for short periods of time, on the order of a few seconds, especially during acceleration and deceleration. The current approach to solving this problem is sizing the electrical grid for peak power, rather than the average. A method to efficiently store and discharge the pulsed power is necessary to eliminate the cost and weight of oversized generation equipment to support the pulsed power needs of these applications. Highspeed Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS) are effectively capable of filling the niche of short duration, high cycle life applications where batteries and ultra capacitors are not usable. In order to have an efficient high-speed FESS, performing three important steps towards the design of the overall system are extremely vital. These steps are modeling, analysis and control of the FESS that are thoroughly investigated in this dissertation. This dissertation establishes a comprehensive analysis of a high-speed FESS in steady state and transient operations. To do so, an accurate model for the complete FESS is derived. State space averaging approach is used to develop DC and small-signal AC models of the system. These models effectively simplify analysis of the FESS and give a strong physical intuition to the complete system. In addition, they result in saving time and money by avoiding time consuming simulations performed by expensive packages, such as Simulink, PSIM, etc. In the next step, two important factors affecting operation of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) implemented in the high-speed FESS are investigated in detail and outline a proper control strategy to achieve the required performance by the system. Next, a novel design algorithm developed by S.P. Bhattacharyya is used to design the control system. The algorithm has been implemented to a motor drive system, for the first time, in this work. Development of the complete set of the current- and speed-loop proportional-integral controller gains stabilizing the system is the result of this implementation. In the last part of the dissertation, based on the information and data achieved from the analysis and simulations, two parts of the FESS, inverter/rectifier and external inductor, are designed and the former one is manufactured. To verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed controller, several simulations and experimental results on a laboratory prototype are presented.
Talebi Rafsanjan, Salman
Plasma Kinetic Theory
Kinetic Theory / Proceedings of the Ninth Carolus Magnus Summer School on Plasma and Fusion Energy Physics
B. Weyssow
Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics
Jul 31, 2011 ... About this Symposium. Meeting, 2012 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition. Symposium, Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics.
Basic and Kinetic Theory / Proceedings of the Tenth Carolus Magnus Summer School on Plasma and Fusion Energy Physics
Chapter 13. Chemical Kinetics
of chemical reactions. · Only gases, for which the kinetic theory of Chapter 4 is applicable, are consideredChapter 13. Chemical Kinetics #12;· Why do some chemical reactions proceed with lighting speed when the way in which molecules combine to form products? · All of these questions involve chemical kinetics
Ihee, Hyotcherl
A Comprehensive Investigation of Low Angle Grain Boundary Mobility in Pure Al ... A New Treatment for the Kinetics of Isothermal Oxidation of Zinc Powders.
Structure and Kinetics
Mar 4, 2013 ... Materials Science in Reduced Gravity: Structure and Kinetics ... Bias fields comprise weak interface energy sources that result from the vector�...
Hydrogen Sorption Kinetics in As-received and Cold Rolled Zircaloy
Environmentally Assisted Cracking Susceptibility Assessment of AP 1000 Reactor Coolant Pump Flywheel Retainer Ring A289 18Cr-18Mn Steel by Slow Strain�...
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Modeling
Oct 11, 2012... capability of the coating and thus the achievable engine efficiency. ... Aluminide coating of steels enables more efficient power generation through ... and kinetic modeling in order to build a time and temperature dependent�...
Thermodynamic & Kinetic Data for Sustainable Energy
Thermodynamic & Kinetic Data for Sustainable Energy. Summary: Industry needs thermodynamic and kinetic data for the ...
NETL F 451.1-1/1 Categorical Exclusion (CX) Designation Form
2 2 Amber Kinetics. Inc. OE PMC 2010 Ron Staubly 2/15/2010 - 12/15/2014 Fremont, CA (Utility-scale demo is TBD) Amber Kinetics Flywheel Energy Storage Demonstration Develop a low-cost flywheel system and demo a utility-scale installation to provide the foundation for scaling intermittent energy resources (wind & PV solar power). AOI 2: Grid Scale Energy Storage Demos. 02 01 2010 Digitally signed by Ron DN: cn=Ron, o=DOE-NETL, ou=EDTD, firstname.lastname@example.com, c=US Date: 2010.02.01 11:27:00 -05'00' 02 09 2010 john ganz Digitally signed by john ganz DN: cn=john ganz, o=NETL- DOE, ou=140 OPFC, firstname.lastname@example.com, c=US Date: 2010.02.09 13:23:13 -05'00' Phases 1-6 of this project's as described in SOPO are categorically excluded from further NEPA review.
Erbium hydride decomposition kinetics.
Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) is used to study the decomposition kinetics of erbium hydride thin films. The TDS results presented in this report are analyzed quantitatively using Redhead's method to yield kinetic parameters (E{sub A} {approx} 54.2 kcal/mol), which are then utilized to predict hydrogen outgassing in vacuum for a variety of thermal treatments. Interestingly, it was found that the activation energy for desorption can vary by more than 7 kcal/mol (0.30 eV) for seemingly similar samples. In addition, small amounts of less-stable hydrogen were observed for all erbium dihydride films. A detailed explanation of several approaches for analyzing thermal desorption spectra to obtain kinetic information is included as an appendix.
Ferrizz, Robert Matthew
Efficient Estimators for Quantum Instanton Evaluation of theKinetic Isotope Effects: Application to the Intramolecular HydrogenTransfer in Pentadiene
The quantum instanton approximation is used to compute kinetic isotope effects for intramolecular hydrogen transfer in cis-1,3-pentadiene. Due to the importance of skeleton motions, this system with 13 atoms is a simple prototype for hydrogen transfer in enzymatic reactions. The calculation is carried out using thermodynamic integration with respect to the mass of the isotopes and a path integral Monte Carlo evaluation of relevant thermodynamic quantities. Efficient 'virial' estimators are derived for the logarithmic derivatives of the partition function and the delta-delta correlation functions. These estimators require significantly fewer Monte Carlo samples since their statistical error does not increase with the number of discrete time slices in the path integral. The calculation treats all 39 degrees of freedom quantum-mechanically and uses an empirical valence bond potential based on a modified general AMBER force field.
Vanicek, Jiri; Miller, William H.
LLNL Chemical Kinetics Modeling Group
The LLNL chemical kinetics modeling group has been responsible for much progress in the development of chemical kinetic models for practical fuels. The group began its work in the early 1970s, developing chemical kinetic models for methane, ethane, ethanol and halogenated inhibitors. Most recently, it has been developing chemical kinetic models for large n-alkanes, cycloalkanes, hexenes, and large methyl esters. These component models are needed to represent gasoline, diesel, jet, and oil-sand-derived fuels.
Pitz, W J; Westbrook, C K; Mehl, M; Herbinet, O; Curran, H J; Silke, E J
Kinetic Theory of Plasma Waves
Kinetic Wave Theory / Proceedings of the Tenth Carolus Magnus Summer School on Plasma and Fusion Energy Physics
D. Van Eester; E. Lerche
Kinetic equilibrium and relativistic thermodynamics
Relativistic thermodynamics is treated from the point of view of kinetic theory. It is shown that the generalized J\\"uttner distribution suggested in [1] is compatible with kinetic equilibrium. The requirement of compatibility of kinetic and thermodynamic equilibrium reveals several generalizations of the Gibbs relation where the velocity field is an independent thermodynamic variable.
P. V�n
V�n, P
Kinetics of coal pyrolysis
This report contains results of a coordinated, multi-laboratory investigation of coal devolatilization. Data is reported pertaining to the devolatilization for bituminous coals over three orders of magnitude in apparent heating rate (100 to 100,000 + {degree}C/sec), over two orders of magnitude in particle size (20 to 700 microns), final particle temperatures from 400 to 1600{degree}C, heat transfer modes ranging from convection to radiative, ambient pressure ranging from near vacuum to one atmosphere pressure. The heat transfer characteristics of the reactors are reported in detail. It is assumed the experimental results are to form the basis of a devolatilization data base. Empirical rate expressions are developed for each phase of devolatilization which, when coupled to an awareness of the heat transfer rate potential of a particular devolatilization reactor, indicate the kinetics emphasized by a particular system reactor plus coal sample. The analysis indicates the particular phase of devolatilization that will be emphasized by a particular reactor type and, thereby, the kinetic expressions appropriate to that devolatilization system. Engineering rate expressions are developed from the empirical rate expressions in the context of a fundamental understanding of coal devolatilization developed in the course of the investigation. 164 refs., 223 figs., 44 tabs.
Seery, D.J.; Freihaut, J.D.; Proscia, W.M. (United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT (USA)); Howard, J.B.; Peters, W.; Hsu, J.; Hajaligol, M.; Sarofim, A. (Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, MA (USA)); Jenkins, R.; Mallin, J.; Espindola-Merin, B. (Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (USA)); Essenhigh, R.; Misra, M.K. (Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (USA))
5, 86898714, 2005 The Kinetic
Technical Note: Simulating chemical systems in Fortran90 and Matlab with the Kinetic PreProcessor KPP-2.1 A estimation techniques, and variational chemical data assimilation applications require the development of ef- ficient tools for the computational simulation of chemical kinetics systems. From a numerical point
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Nonlinear effects in kinetic resolutions
The impact of nonlinear effects in the asymmetric catalysis of kinetic resolutions is analyzed. It is found with minimal assumptions that the kinetics of homocompetitive reactions should apply generally to kinetic resolutions involving partially resolved catalysts, and this is supported by experimental observations with the Jacobsen hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of epoxides. The criterion for a nonlinear effect in asymmetric catalysis--a nonlinear correlation between the enantiomeric excess in a choral ligand and the product enantiomeric excess obtained from a reaction--is examined. The nonlinear effect idea is found to be generalizable to kinetic resolutions and other reactions by replacing consideration of the product enantiomeric excess with the quantity (k[]/k[]-1)/(k[]/k[]+1), a differential kinetic enantiomeric enhancement (DKEE). A nonlinear effect may then be defined by a nonlinear correlation between the DKEE and the chiral ligand enantiomeric excess. The application of these ideas to previously reported kinetic resolutions of sulfoxides and to nonlinear effects in the Jacobsen HKR is described. Relatively small nonlinear effects in kinetic resolutions are sufficient to obtain large asymmetric amplifications. A catalyst modification in the Jacobsen HKR also allows for the development of a novel recyclable system for the iterative enhancement of optical activity.
Johnson, Derrell W.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics Information at NIST
... Staff (06/28/2013). Thermodynamic & Kinetic Data for Sustainable Energy (10/05/2012). Thermodynamics and Kinetics Group (07/06/2013 ...
Metal reduction kinetics in Shewanella
Motivation: Metal reduction kinetics have been studied in cultures of dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria which include the Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1. Estimation of system parameters from time-series data faces obstructions in ...
Raman Lall; Julie Mitchell
Theoretical Studies in Chemical Kinetics
Theoretical Studies in Chemical Kinetics ^ ^ iCi| Theoretical Studies in Chemical Kinetics ^ ^ iCi| under AEC Contract A T (30-1)-3780 " ■ ' Annual Report (1970) Principal In-vestigator: Martin Karpins Institution: Harvard University The research performed under this contract can best be sunmarized under several headings. (a) Alkali-Halideg Alkali-Halide (MX^ M*X*) Exchange Reactions. This project is being continued. A careful study of certain
Theory is typically compute intensive. We recognize that computing infrastructure and facilities are essential to fulfill our research mission * Data storage and compute...
Categorical Exclusion Determinations: Office of Electricity Delivery and
February 9, 2010 February 9, 2010 CX-000760: Categorical Exclusion Determination Amber Kinetics Flywheel Energy Storage Demonstration CX(s) Applied: B3.6 Date: 02/09/2010 Location(s): Freemont, California Office(s): Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, National Energy Technology Laboratory February 8, 2010 CX-000762: Categorical Exclusion Determination Eastern Interconnection Planning Collaborative CX(s) Applied: A9 Date: 02/08/2010 Location(s): Morristown, Pennsylvania Office(s): Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, National Energy Technology Laboratory February 8, 2010 CX-000764: Categorical Exclusion Determination Dynamic Line Rating Project CX(s) Applied: B3.11, B4.6 Date: 02/08/2010 Location(s): Texas Office(s): Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, National Energy
California | Department of Energy
10, 2010 10, 2010 CX-001055: Categorical Exclusion Determination American Recovery and Reinvestment Act - Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant City of Los Angeles Strategy CX(s) Applied: A9, A11, B5.1 Date: 02/10/2010 Location(s): Los Angeles, California Office(s): Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Golden Field Office February 9, 2010 CX-000760: Categorical Exclusion Determination Amber Kinetics Flywheel Energy Storage Demonstration CX(s) Applied: B3.6 Date: 02/09/2010 Location(s): Freemont, California Office(s): Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, National Energy Technology Laboratory February 8, 2010 CX-000665: Categorical Exclusion Determination Development of an Advanced Stimulation/Production Predictive Simulator for Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Energy Storage Systems 2010 Update Conference Presentations - Day 2,
4 4 Energy Storage Systems 2010 Update Conference Presentations - Day 2, Session 4 The U.S. DOE Energy Storage Systems Program (ESS) conducted a record-breaking Update Conference at the Washington DC Marriott Hotel on Nov. 2 - 4, 2010, with more than 500 attendees. The 2010 agenda reflected increased national interest in energy storage issues. The 3-day conference included 11 sessions plus a poster session on the final day. Presentations from the fourth session of Day 2, chaired by NETL's Kim Nuhfer, are below. ESS 2010 Update Conference - Low Cost Energy Storage - Ted Wiley, Aquion.pdf Ess 2010 Update Conference - Solid State Li Metal Batteries for Grid-Scale Storage - Mohit Singh, Seeo.pdf ESS 2010 Update Conference - Utility Scale Flywheel Energy Storage Demonstration - Edward Chiao, Amber Kinetics.pdf
Kinetic Wave Power | Open Energy Information
Kinetic Wave Power Jump to: navigation, search Name Kinetic Wave Power Address 2861 N Tupelo St Place Midland Zip 48642 Sector Marine and Hydrokinetic Phone number 989-839-9757...
Oxidation Kinetics Modeling Applying Phase Field Approach
Presentation Title, Oxidation Kinetics Modeling Applying Phase Field Approach ... chemical reaction rates will increase exponentially and environmental attack�...
Modeling & Characterization of Harvestable Kinetic Energy for ...
... gov 301.975-5479. Modeling & Characterization of Harvestable Kinetic Energy for Wearable Medical Sensors. RF-enabled ...
Kinetics of Nano Ti Carbides Precipitation
About this Abstract. Meeting, Materials Science & Technology 2011. Symposium, Steel Product Metallurgy and Applications. Presentation Title, Kinetics of Nano�...
On fast reactor kinetics studies
The results and the program of fast reactor core time and space kinetics experiments performed and planned to be performed at the IPPE critical facility is presented. The TIMER code was taken as computation support of the experimental work, which allows transient equations to be solved in 3-D geometry with multi-group diffusion approximation. The number of delayed neutron groups varies from 6 to 8. The code implements the solution of both transient neutron transfer problems: a direct one, where neutron flux density and its derivatives, such as reactor power, etc, are determined at each time step, and an inverse one for the point kinetics equation form, where such a parameter as reactivity is determined with a well-known reactor power time variation function. (authors)
Seleznev, E. F.; Belov, A. A. [Nuclear Safety Inst. of the Russian Academy of Sciences IBRAE (Russian Federation); Matveenko, I. P.; Zhukov, A. M.; Raskach, K. F. [Inst. for Physics and Power Engineering IPPE (Russian Federation)
Kinetically Dominated FRII Radio Sources
The existence of FR II objects that are kinetically dominated, the jet kinetic luminosity, $Q$, is larger than the total thermal luminosity (IR to X-ray) of the accretion flow, $L_{bol}$, is of profound theoretical interest. Such objects are not expected in most theoretical models of the central engine of radio loud AGN. Thus, establishing such a class of objects is an important diagnostic for filtering through the myriad of theoretical possibilities. This paper attempts to establish a class of quasars that have existed in a state of kinetic dominance, $R(t)\\equiv Q(t)/L_{bol}(t)>1$, at some epoch, $t$. It is argued that the 10 quasars in this article with a long term time average $Q(t)$, $\\bar{Q}$, that exceed $L_{Edd}$ are likely to have satisfied the condition $R(t)>1$ either presently or in the past based on the rarity of $L_{bol}>L_{Edd}$ quasars. Finally, the existence of these sources is discussed in the context of the theory of the central engine.
Brian Punsly
Kinetic Modeling of Microbiological Processes
Kinetic description of microbiological processes is vital for the design and control of microbe-based biotechnologies such as waste water treatment, petroleum oil recovery, and contaminant attenuation and remediation. Various models have been proposed to describe microbiological processes. This editorial article discusses the advantages and limiation of these modeling approaches in cluding tranditional, Monod-type models and derivatives, and recently developed constraint-based approaches. The article also offers the future direction of modeling researches that best suit for petroleum and environmental biotechnologies.
Liu, Chongxuan; Fang, Yilin
Shale oil cracking. 1. Kinetics
Experiments were conducted to determine kinetics for thermal cracking of shale oil vapor over shale. Cracking temperatures of 504 to 610/sup 0/C and residence times of 2 to 11 seconds were used. A first-order Arrhenius rate expression and stoichiometry were obtained. Also observed were changes in the oil quality. Cracking decreased the H/C ratio, increased the nitrogen content, and decreased the pour point of the oil. Gas-phase oil cracking is contrasted to liquid-phase oil coking as a loss mechanism in oil-shale retorting.
Burnham, A.K.; Taylor, J.R.
Microreactor for fast chemical kinetics
The chemical reaction process in a T-shaped microchannel is studied experimentally through the reaction of Ca++ with a fluorescent tracer, Calcium-green. For thin channels (10 um), diffusion of species is found to behave in a way independent of the thickness direction. In such a situation, simulations of a two-dimensional reaction-diffusion model agree remarkably well with the experimental measurements. The comparison of experiments and simulations is used to measure the chemical kinetic constant, which we find to be k=3.2 x 10^5 dm^3/(mol s). Applications of the analysis to faster reactions and to micro-titration are also discussed.
Baroud, C N; Menetrier, L; Tabeling, P; Baroud, Charles N.; Okkels, Fridolin; Menetrier, Laure; Tabeling, Patrick
Aluminium Dissolution Kinetics in Caustic Media
� �uti?, V. and Stumm, W. (1984) Effect of organic acids and fluoride on the dissolution kinetics of hydrous alumina. A model study using the rotating disk
Nanocrystallization Reactions and Kinetics, Chemical Partitioning ...
Primary nanocrystallization reactions and kinetics will be discussed for selected FeCo-based ... Search of Half-Metallic Heusler Alloys and their Applications to�...
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Simulation and Experimental Results ...
Through the use of thermodynamic and kinetic modeling software, NETL has designed a systematic method that has been successfully developed to design an�...
Investigating Grain Boundary Structure-Kinetic Property ...
Abstract Scope, Grain boundary energy landscapes contain all the information that is required to describe the kinetic behavior of grain boundaries (GBs).
Chemical kinetics and oil shale process design
Oil shale processes are reviewed with the goal of showing how chemical kinetics influences the design and operation of different processes for different types of oil shale. Reaction kinetics are presented for organic pyrolysis, carbon combustion, carbonate decomposition, and sulfur and nitrogen reactions.
Burnham, A.K.
ERNSTMORITZARNDTUNIVERSITAT Absolute number density and kinetic analysis
plasma-chemical reactions. Therefore, from the analysis of their kinetics, one can learn more about of the technical applications, many plasmachemical processes within the discharges as well as mechanisms determines all electron induced plasma-chemical processes and hence influences the kinetics of species
Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität
Kinetics of Enzymatic Depolymerization of Guar Galactomannan
is used as a rheology modifier in many of its applications, previous kinetic studies have been limitedKinetics of Enzymatic Depolymerization of Guar Galactomannan Shamsheer Mahammad, Robert K. Prud'homme, George W. Roberts,*, and Saad A. Khan*, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North
Khan, Saad A.
Kinetic advantage of controlled intermediate nuclear fusion
The dominated process of controlled fusion is to let nuclei gain enough kinetic energy to overcome Coulomb barrier. As a result, a fusion scheme can consider two factors in its design: to increase kinetic energy of nuclei and to alter the Coulomb barrier. Cold Fusion and Hot fusion are all one-factor schemes while Intermediate Fusion is a twofactors scheme. This made CINF kinetically superior. Cold Fusion reduces deuteron-deuteron distance, addressing Coulomb barrier, and Hot Fusion heat up plasma into extreme high temperature, addressing kinetic energy. Without enough kinetic energy made Cold Fusion skeptical. Extreme high temperature made Hot Fusion very difficult to engineer. Because CIFN addresses both factors, CIFN is a more promising technique to be industrialized.
Guo Xiaoming [Physics and Computer Science Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5 (Canada)
Model simplification of chemical kinetic systems under uncertainty
This thesis investigates the impact of uncertainty on the reduction and simplification of chemical kinetics mechanisms. Chemical kinetics simulations of complex fuels are very computationally expensive, especially when ...
Coles, Thomas Michael Kyte
Across Inertia Friction Welded Alloy 720Li
kinetic energy stored in the rotating flywheel is dissipated as heat through friction/ shearing at the weld interface. In this way, it is possible to join advanced�...
technologies and PNNL focus Electrical energy Electrical charges: Capacitors Potential energy: pump hydro, compress air Kinetic energy: flywheels Chemical energy: batteries...
Modeling of Reactor Kinetics and Dynamics
In order to model a full fuel cycle in a nuclear reactor, it is necessary to simulate the short time-scale kinetic behavior of the reactor as well as the long time-scale dynamics that occur with fuel burnup. The former is modeled using the point kinetics equations, while the latter is modeled by coupling fuel burnup equations with the kinetics equations. When the equations are solved simultaneously with a nonlinear equation solver, the end result is a code with the unique capability of modeling transients at any time during a fuel cycle.
Matthew Johnson; Scott Lucas; Pavel Tsvetkov
Rainfall Kinetic Energy in Eastern Australia
Rainfall kinetic energy is a commonly used climatic parameter for the prediction of soil erosion by water. Such a parameter is difficult to measure and is usually estimated from relationships established between rainfall energy and rainfall ...
Colin John Rosewell
Kinetic Energy LLC | Open Energy Information
Name Kinetic Energy LLC Place Texas Utility Id 56210 Utility Location Yes Ownership R NERC ERCOT Yes ISO Ercot Yes Activity Retail Marketing Yes References EIA Form EIA-861...
AER NY Kinetics LLC | Open Energy Information
Database. This company is involved in the following MHK Projects: Ogdensburg Kinetic Energy Project This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Retrieved...
Kinetic Energy and the Equivalence Principle
According to the general theory of relativity, kinetic energy contributes to gravitational mass. Surprisingly, the observational evidence for this prediction does not seem to be discussed in the literature. I reanalyze existing experimental data to test the equivalence principle for the kinetic energy of atomic electrons, and show that fairly strong limits on possible violations can be obtained. I discuss the relationship of this result to the occasional claim that ``light falls with twice the acceleration of ordinary matter.''
S. Carlip
A general kinetic model: Kinetics and atomic-scale mechanisms of feldspar dissolution.
??This thesis presents a general kinetic model and its application to feldspar dissolution. In the framework of Monte Carlo methods, the model simulates the stochastic� (more)
Zhang, Li
The Multiplexed Chemical Kinetic Photoionization Mass Spectrometer: A New Approach To Isomer-resolved Chemical Kinetics
instruments applied to analysis of complex chemical mixturesrelies on chemical separation (by chromatography) into pureThe multiplexed chemical kinetic photoionization mass
Osborne, David L.
Kinetic Theory of Plasma Waves - Part III: Inhomogeneous Plasma
P. U. Lamalle
Kinetic Theory of Plasma Waves - Part I: Introduction
Kinetics of PBX9404 Aging
PBX 9404 is an early formulation of HMX from which we can learn about the effects of aging in the weapons stockpile. Of particular interest is the presence of 3% nitrocellulose in PBX 9404 as an energetic binder. Nitrocellulose is used pervasively in smokeless gunpowders and was formerly used extensively in the film and art preservation industries. It is well known that nitrocellulose decomposes autocatalytically, and stabilizers, such as the diphenylamine used in PBX 9404, are used to retard its decomposition. Even so, its lifetime is still limited, and the reactions eventually leading to catastrophic autocatalysis are still not understood well despite years of work. In addition to reducing the available energy in the explosive, degradation of nitrocellulose affects the mechanical properties of the pressed PBX 9404 parts by the associated reduction in molecular weight, which reduces the strength of the binder. A structural formula for a monomer of the nitrocellulose used in PBX 9404 is shown. The initial nitration level is 2.3 of 3.0 possible sites, and they have different reactivities. Degradation of nitrocellulose affects many properties. As an aid in examining historical chemical analysis data, several measures of degradation are given for the simple replacement of a nitro group with a hydrogen. The weight percent of nitrocellulose remaining for an initial concentration of 3% as used in PBX 9404 is also given. Of course, the real degradation reaction is more complicated, including chain scission and crosslinking reactions giving other gas species. During the course of this work, we spent considerable time addressing the question, ''Why is PBX 9404 blue?'' There was actually considerable controversy in the color evolution with aging, and the situation was clarified by Ben Richardson at Pantex. Workers there assured us that PBX 9404 starts with an ivory color. Drying the prill prior to pressing turns it a mottled blue, and well-preserved prill samples retain a blue color decades after formulation. Subsequently, heat and light both send it through a progression of colors from grayish blue, blue-green, green, brown, dirty yellow, mottled tan, and eventually pale tan. The progression is accelerated by oxygen and possibly moisture, as has been shown in several accelerated aging studies. The precise compounds causing the color evolution are uncertain, but they are undoubtedly a progression of quinoidal, nitroso, and nitrated DPA compounds. For example, paranitroso DPA is deep blue. Unfortunately, the location of various nitrated DPAs, which ranged from yellow to orange to red to brown and which were used by Pantex as analytical standards in the 1970s, is not currently known. While the color change is indicative of aging, it is by no means a quantitative measure of the extent of nitrocellulose degradation. Inspection of the literature yielded a variety of kinetic models, and the activation energy typically ranges from 25-35 kcal/mol for T<100 C. This literature qualitatively predicts times for 30% decomposition ranging from a few days at 100 C to 1-2 years at 50 C to 50 years at room temperature. To develop a quantitative model, we used the data of Leider and Seaton, which were collected at conditions most closely matching stockpile conditions for any data set we had available. They used PBX 9404 heated as pressed pellets in closed vessels at temperatures ranging from 50 to 100 C for times up to three years, and they report mass loss, gas yield and composition, and chemical analysis of the residual solid by methods used in stockpile surveillance. Initial kinetic analysis of the weight of remaining nitrocellulose as measured by liquid chromatography and the loss of nitrate esters by a colorimetric technique gave an activation energy of 27 kcal/mol. However, the reaction is complex due to the different stability of the three nitroester positions, and this complexity required either parallel first-order reactions or an nth-order reaction (n=3.6), which is mathematically equivalent to a Gamma distribution of frequency factors
Burnham, A K; Fried, L E
Multiple temperature kinetic model and gas-kinetic method for hypersonic non-equilibrium flow computations
It is well known that for increasingly rarefied flowfields, the predictions from continuum formulation, such as the Navier-Stokes equations lose accuracy. For the high speed diatomic molecular flow in the transitional regime, the inaccuracies are partially ... Keywords: Gas-kinetic method, Hypersonic and rarefied flows, Multiple temperature kinetic model
Kun Xu; Xin He; Chunpei Cai
Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Advanced Transportation Fuels
Development of detailed chemical kinetic models for advanced petroleum-based and nonpetroleum based fuels is a difficult challenge because of the hundreds to thousands of different components in these fuels and because some of these fuels contain components that have not been considered in the past. It is important to develop detailed chemical kinetic models for these fuels since the models can be put into engine simulation codes used for optimizing engine design for maximum efficiency and minimal pollutant emissions. For example, these chemistry-enabled engine codes can be used to optimize combustion chamber shape and fuel injection timing. They also allow insight into how the composition of advanced petroleum-based and non-petroleum based fuels affect engine performance characteristics. Additionally, chemical kinetic models can be used separately to interpret important in-cylinder experimental data and gain insight into advanced engine combustion processes such as HCCI and lean burn engines. The objectives are: (1) Develop detailed chemical kinetic reaction models for components of advanced petroleum-based and non-petroleum based fuels. These fuels models include components from vegetable-oil-derived biodiesel, oil-sand derived fuel, alcohol fuels and other advanced bio-based and alternative fuels. (2) Develop detailed chemical kinetic reaction models for mixtures of non-petroleum and petroleum-based components to represent real fuels and lead to efficient reduced combustion models needed for engine modeling codes. (3) Characterize the role of fuel composition on efficiency and pollutant emissions from practical automotive engines.
PItz, W J; Westbrook, C K; Herbinet, O
Chemical kinetic modelling of hydrocarbon ignition
Chemical kinetic modeling of hydrocarbon ignition is discussed with reference to a range of experimental configurations, including shock tubes, detonations, pulse combustors, static reactors, stirred reactors and internal combustion engines. Important conditions of temperature, pressure or other factors are examined to determine the main chemical reaction sequences responsible for chain branching and ignition, and kinetic factors which can alter the rate of ignition are identified. Hydrocarbon ignition usually involves complex interactions between physical and chemical factors, and it therefore is a suitable and often productive subject for computer simulations. In most of the studies to be discussed below, the focus of the attention is placed on the chemical features of the system. The other physical parts of each application are generally included in the form of initial or boundary conditions to the chemical kinetic parts of the problem, as appropriate for each type of application being addressed.
Westbrook, C.K.; Pitz, W.J.; Curran, H.J.; Gaffuri, P.; Marinov, N.M.
Philips Color Kinetics | Open Energy Information
Color Kinetics Color Kinetics Jump to: navigation, search Name Philips Color Kinetics Address 3 Burlington Woods Drive, 4th Floor Place Burlington, Massachusetts Zip 01803 Sector Efficiency Product LED lighting systems Website http://www.colorkinetics.com/ Coordinates 42.5005723°, -71.2042619° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":42.5005723,"lon":-71.2042619,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Model Independent Bounds on Kinetic Mixing
New Abelian vector bosons can kinetically mix with the hypercharge gauge boson of the Standard Model. This letter computes the model independent limits on vector bosons with masses from 1 GeV to 1 TeV. The limits arise from the numerous e{sup +}e{sup -} experiments that have been performed in this energy range and bound the kinetic mixing by {epsilon} {approx}< 0.03 for most of the mass range studied, regardless of any additional interactions that the new vector boson may have.
Hook, Anson; Izaguirre, Eder; Wacker, Jay G.; /SLAC
Ocean Circulation Kinetic Energy: Reservoirs, Sources,
. The coupling of the generation of different energy forms in the dynamics (in either balanced or wave motions are almost nonexistent in the ocean. www.annualreviews.org · Ocean Circulation Kinetic Energy 255 Annu.Rev.Fluid processes? Are the seemingly different dynamical ranges coupled? 2. THE OCEANIC ENERGY BUDGET We begin
Ferrari, Raffaele
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of a Brownian Motor
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of a Brownian Motor R. Dean Astumian Nonequilibrium fluctuations particle separation and the design of molecular motors and pumps. A small particle in a liquid is subject in conjunction with an- isotropy to drive a motor in the context of a "ratchet and pawl" device shrunk to micro
Linke, Heiner
KINETICS, STABILITY, AND CONTROL. A Selected Bibliography
References to 529 articles on nuclear reactor control, kinetics, and stability published before autumn 1962 are included. Emphasis is on calculations and theory since the references serve as an aid in analyzing the dynamic behavior of SNAP reactor systems. (D.C.W.)
Johnson, R.L.
Reaction kinetics for remodeling oil shale retorting
Results from recent laboratory kinetic studies at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) on gasification, pyrolysis, and mineral reactions in oil shale are presented. The specific pyrolysis reactions investigated include the decomposition of kerogen, the evolution of oil, hydrogen and C/sub 2/ plus C/sub 3/ hydrocarbons and the formation of a carbonaceous residue. Data describing the evolution of H/sub 2/ and CH/sub 4/ during secondary pyrolysis of the carbonaceous residue are also presented. The mineral reaction kinetics discussed include the decomposition and/or reaction (with silica or silicates) of calcite, dolomite, dawsonite and nahcolite. Rate equations describing the effects of CO/sub 2/ and steam on the reactions of calcite and dolomite are presented. Finally, kinetics describing gasification of the carbonaceous residue by CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O are examined. The above kinetic data are summarized in a set of rate expressions that can be used in numerical modeling of oil shale retorting. The rate equations are general enough for modeling both in-situ and surface retorting processes.
Campbell, J.H.; Burnham, A.K.
Radiation from Kinetic Poynting Flux Acceleration
We derive analytic formulas for the power output and critical frequency of radiation by electrons accelerated by relativistic kinetic Poynting flux, and validate these results with Particle-In-Cell plasma simulations. We find that the in-situ radiation power output and critical frequency are much below those predicted by the classical synchrotron formulae. We discuss potential astrophysical applications of these results.
Edison Liang; Koichi Noguchi
Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Hydrogen Combustion Limits
A detailed chemical kinetic model is used to explore the flammability and detonability of hydrogen mixtures. In the case of flammability, a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for hydrogen is coupled to the CHEMKIN Premix code to compute premixed, laminar flame speeds. The detailed chemical kinetic model reproduces flame speeds in the literature over a range of equivalence ratios, pressures and reactant temperatures. A series of calculation were performed to assess the key parameters determining the flammability of hydrogen mixtures. Increased reactant temperature was found to greatly increase the flame speed and the flammability of the mixture. The effect of added diluents was assessed. Addition of water and carbon dioxide were found to reduce the flame speed and thus the flammability of a hydrogen mixture approximately equally well and much more than the addition of nitrogen. The detailed chemical kinetic model was used to explore the detonability of hydrogen mixtures. A Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring (ZND) detonation model coupled with detailed chemical kinetics was used to model the detonation. The effectiveness on different diluents was assessed in reducing the detonability of a hydrogen mixture. Carbon dioxide was found to be most effective in reducing the detonability followed by water and nitrogen. The chemical action of chemical inhibitors on reducing the flammability of hydrogen mixtures is discussed. Bromine and organophosphorus inhibitors act through catalytic cycles that recombine H and OH radicals in the flame. The reduction in H and OH radicals reduces chain branching in the flame through the H + O{sub 2} = OH + O chain branching reaction. The reduction in chain branching and radical production reduces the flame speed and thus the flammability of the hydrogen mixture.
Pitz, W J; Westbrook, C K
Isothermal Ice Crystallization Kinetics in the Gas-Diffusion...
Isothermal Ice Crystallization Kinetics in the Gas-Diffusion Layer of a Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cell Title Isothermal Ice Crystallization Kinetics in the Gas-Diffusion Layer...
The Vertical Partition of Oceanic Horizontal Kinetic Energy
To produce an interpretation of the surface kinetic energy as measured by altimeters, a survey is made of the vertical structure of kinetic energy profiles in a large number of globally distributed long current meter records. Although the data ...
Carl Wunsch
Evaluating Mesoscale NWP Models Using Kinetic Energy Spectra
Kinetic energy spectra derived from observations in the free atmosphere possess a wavenumber dependence of k?3 for large scales, characteristic of 2D turbulence, and transition to a k?5/3 dependence in the mesoscale. Kinetic energy spectra ...
William C. Skamarock
Kinetic Controls on Cu and Pb Sorption by Ferrihydrite
nd ed.; Cambridge University Press: New York, 1993. (51) Sparks, D. L. Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (52) Espenson, J. H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms, 2Kinetic Controls on Cu and Pb Sorption by Ferrihydrite A N D R E A S C . S C H E I N O
Sparks, Donald L.
Kinetic and stationary point-set embeddability for plane graphs
We investigate a kinetic version of point-set embeddability. Given a plane graph G(V,E) where |V|=n, and a set P of n moving points where the trajectory of each point is an algebraic function of constant ... Keywords: kinetic algorithm, kinetic graph drawing, plane graph, point-set embeddability
Zahed Rahmati; Sue H. Whitesides; Valerie King
Asphalt Oxidation Kinetics and Pavement Oxidation Modeling
Most paved roads in the United States are surfaced with asphalt. These asphalt pavements suffer from fatigue cracking and thermal cracking, aggravated by the oxidation and hardening of asphalt. This negative impact of asphalt oxidation on pavement performance has not been considered adequately in pavement design. Part of the reason is that the process of asphalt oxidation in pavement is not well understood. This work focused on understanding the asphalt oxidation kinetics and on developing pavement oxidation model that predicts asphalt oxidation and hardening in pavement under environmental conditions. A number of asphalts were studied in laboratory condition. Based on kinetics data, a fast-rate ? constant-rate asphalt oxidation kinetics model was developed to describe the early nonlinear fast-rate aging period and the later constant-rate period of asphalt oxidation. Furthermore, reaction kinetics parameters for the fast-rate and constant-rate reactions were empirically correlated, leading to a simplified model. And the experimental effort and time to obtain these kinetics parameters were significantly reduced. Furthermore, to investigate the mechanism of asphalt oxidation, two antioxidants were studied on their effectiveness. Asphalt oxidation was not significantly affected. It was found that evaluation of antioxidant effectiveness based on viscosity only is not reliable. The asphalt oxidation kinetics model was incorporated into the pavement oxidation model that predicts asphalt oxidation in pavement. The pavement oxidation model mimics the oxidation process of asphalt in real mixture at pavement temperatures. A new parameter, diffusion depth, defined the oxygen diffusion region in the mastic. A field calibration factor accounted for the factors not considered in the model such as the effect of small aggregate particles on oxygen diffusion. Carbonyl area and viscosity of binders recovered from field cores of three pavements in Texas were measured and were used for model calibration and validation. Results demonstrated that the proposed model estimates carbonyl growth over time in pavement, layer-by-layer, quite well. Finally, this work can be useful for incorporating asphalt oxidation into a pavement design method that can predict pavement performance with time and for making strategic decisions such as optimal time for maintenance treatments.
Jin, Xin
Analysis on kinetic chemotaxis models using a functional analytic approach Analysis on kinetic chemotaxis models using a
that are applicable at the molecular level. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDS: kinetic stability of that system are undergoing constant change. This chemical example of replicator kinetic stability is akin in circumstance may dramatically affect the kinetic stability of physical, chemical and biological, systems. So
Hille, Sander
React. Kinet.Catal.Lett., Vol.9, No. 4,377-381 (1978) WHAT IS ESSENTIAL TO EXOTIC KINETIC BEHAVIOR?
6= 10'. I = 1 I=I 378 #12;TOTH: EXOTIC KINETIC BEHAVIOR? COROLLARIES Immediate application). REFERENCES 1. M. Feinberg: Mathamatical Aspects of Mass Action Kinetics. Chapter 1 of Chemical Reactor Theory-London-New York 1972. 3. J. T6th, P. ~rdi: Models, Problems and Applications of Formal Reaction Kinetics (in
Tóth, János
Kinetic and hydrodynamic models of chemotactic aggregation
We derive general kinetic and hydrodynamic models of chemotactic aggregation that describe certain features of the morphogenesis of biological colonies (like bacteria, amoebae, endothelial cells or social insects). Starting from a stochastic model defined in terms of N coupled Langevin equations, we derive a nonlinear mean field Fokker-Planck equation governing the evolution of the distribution function of the system in phase space. By taking the successive moments of this kinetic equation and using a local thermodynamic equilibrium condition, we derive a set of hydrodynamic equations involving a damping term. In the limit of small frictions, we obtain a hyperbolic model describing the formation of network patterns (filaments) and in the limit of strong frictions we obtain a parabolic model which is a generalization of the standard Keller-Segel model describing the formation of clusters (clumps). Our approach connects and generalizes several models introduced in the chemotactic literature. We discuss the anal...
Chavanis, Pierre-Henri
Auxiliary power supply with kinetic energy storage
Alternating current is supplied to an auxiliary load on a from a power supply comprised of a dc-energized inverter and a synchronous machine coupled to the inverter. The inverter supplies the alternating current requirements of the load up to the normal steady state load current magnitude. The synchronous machine stores kinetic energy when the load current load does not exceed its normal steady state magnitude, and converts kinetic energy into electrical energy to supply the load current requirements in excess of its normal steady-state load magnitude and to supply load current whenever the dc source inverter connection is interrupted. Frequency and amplitude of load voltage are regulated by operator commands through control apparatus coupled to the inverter and the synchronous machine.
Plunkett, A.B.; Turnbull, F.G.
ET Kinetics of Bifunctional Redox Protein Maquettes
Kinetics of Bifunctional Redox Protein Maquettes Kinetics of Bifunctional Redox Protein Maquettes Mitchell W. Mutz, James F. Wishart and George L. McLendon Adv. Chem Ser. 254, Ch. 10, pp. 145-159 Abstract: We prepared three bifunctional redox protein maquettes based on 12-, 16-, and 20-mer three-helix bundles. In each case, the helix was capped with a Co(III) tris-bipyridyl electron acceptor and also functionalized with a C-terminal viologen (1-ethyl-1'-ethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) donor. Electron transfer (ET) was initiated by pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis and followed spectrometrically to determined average, concentration-independent, first-order rates for the 16-mer and 20-mer maquettes. For the 16-mer bundle, the alpha-helical content was adjusted by the addition of urea or trifluoroethanol to solutions containing the metalloprotein. This
Chemical kinetics models for semiconductor processing
Chemical reactions in the gas-phase and on surfaces are important in the deposition and etching of materials for microelectronic applications. A general software framework for describing homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction kinetics utilizing the Chemkin suite of codes is presented. Experimental, theoretical and modeling approaches to developing chemical reaction mechanisms are discussed. A number of TCAD application modules for simulating the chemically reacting flow in deposition and etching reactors have been developed and are also described.
Coltrin, M.E.; Creighton, J.R. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Meeks, E.; Grcar, J.F.; Houf, W.G. [Sandia National Labs., Livermore, CA (United States); Kee, R.J. [Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)
An analysis of errors in measurement yields new insight into the penetration of quantum particles into classically forbidden regions. In addition to �physical� values, realistic measurements yield �unphysical � values which, we show, can form a consistent pattern. An experiment to isolate a particle in a classically forbidden region obtains negative values for its kinetic energy. These values realize the concept of a weak value, discussed in previous works. 0
Yakir Aharonov; Sandu Popescu; Daniel Rohrlich; Lev Vaidman
Rhodopsin kinetics in the cat retina
The bleaching and regeneration of rhodopsin in the living cat retina was studied by means of fundus reflectometry. Bleaching was effected by continuous light exposures of 1 min or 20 min, and the changes in retinal absorbance were measured at 29 wavelengths. For all of the conditions studied (fractional bleaches of from 65 to 100%), the regeneration of rhodopsin to its prebleach levels required greater than 60 min in darkness. After the 1-min exposures, the difference spectra recorded during the first 10 min of dark adaptation were dominated by photoproduct absorption, and rhodopsin regeneration kinetics were obscured by these intermediate processes. Extending the bleaching duration to 20 min gave the products of photolysis an opportunity to dissipate, and it was possible to follow the regenerative process over its full time-course. It was not possible, however, to fit these data with the simple exponential function predicted by first-order reaction kinetics. Other possible mechanisms were considered and are presented in the text. Nevertheless, the kinetics of regeneration compared favorably with the temporal changes in log sensitivity determined electrophysiologically by other investigators. Based on the bleaching curve for cat rhodopsin, the photosensitivity was determined and found to approximate closely the value obtained for human rhodopsin; i.e., the energy Ec required to bleach 1-e-1 of the available rhodopsin was 7.09 log scotopic troland-seconds (corrected for the optics of the cat eye), as compared with approximately 7.0 in man.
Ripps, H.; Mehaffey, L.; Siegel, I.M.
Inertial range turbulence in kinetic plasmas
The transfer of turbulent energy through an inertial range from the driving scale to dissipative scales in a kinetic plasma followed by the conversion of this energy into heat is a fundamental plasma physics process. A theoretical foundation for the study of this process is constructed, but the details of the kinetic cascade are not well understood. Several important properties are identified: (a) the conservation of a generalized energy by the cascade; (b) the need for collisions to increase entropy and realize irreversible plasma heating; and (c) the key role played by the entropy cascade--a dual cascade of energy to small scales in both physical and velocity space--to convert ultimately the turbulent energy into heat. A strategy for nonlinear numerical simulations of kinetic turbulence is outlined. Initial numerical results are consistent with the operation of the entropy cascade. Inertial range turbulence arises in a broad range of space and astrophysical plasmas and may play an important role in the ther...
Howes, G G
The transfer of turbulent energy through an inertial range from the driving scale to dissipative scales in a kinetic plasma followed by the conversion of this energy into heat is a fundamental plasma physics process. A theoretical foundation for the study of this process is constructed, but the details of the kinetic cascade are not well understood. Several important properties are identified: (a) the conservation of a generalized energy by the cascade; (b) the need for collisions to increase entropy and realize irreversible plasma heating; and (c) the key role played by the entropy cascade--a dual cascade of energy to small scales in both physical and velocity space--to convert ultimately the turbulent energy into heat. A strategy for nonlinear numerical simulations of kinetic turbulence is outlined. Initial numerical results are consistent with the operation of the entropy cascade. Inertial range turbulence arises in a broad range of space and astrophysical plasmas and may play an important role in the thermalization of fusion energy in burning plasmas.
G. G. Howes
Pedestal Fueling Simulations with a Coupled Kinetic-kinetic Plasma-neutral Transport Code
A Monte Carlo neutral transport routine, based on DEGAS2, has been coupled to the guiding center ion-electron-neutral neoclassical PIC code XGC0 to provide a realistic treatment of neutral atoms and molecules in the tokamak edge plasma. The DEGAS2 routine allows detailed atomic physics and plasma-material interaction processes to be incorporated into these simulations. The spatial pro le of the neutral particle source used in the DEGAS2 routine is determined from the uxes of XGC0 ions to the material surfaces. The kinetic-kinetic plasma-neutral transport capability is demonstrated with example pedestal fueling simulations.
D.P. Stotler, C.S. Chang, S.H. Ku, J. Lang and G.Y. Park
Energy Conservation Tests of a Coupled Kinetic-kinetic Plasma-neutral Transport Code
D.P. Stotler, C.S. Chang, S.H. Ku, J. Lang and G. Park
Inflation by purely kinetic coupled gravity
We study a purely kinetic coupled scalar-tensor gravity. We use FRW metric and obtain the modified Friedmann equations subject to an effective perfect fluid including energy density $\\rho_{\\phi}=\\rho_{g}+\\rho_{_G}$ and pressure $p_{\\phi}=p_{g}+p_{_G}$, where $(\\rho_{g}, p_{g})$ and $(\\rho_{_G}, p_{_G})$ define the perfect fluids corresponding to the coupling of scalar field dynamics with metric and Einstein tensors, respectively. We find that the inflation can occur in this model provided that $p_{_G}=-\\rho_{_G}$. We define Hubble slow-role parameters and find that the Hubble slow-role regime means $\\rho_{_{g}}\\ll\\rho_{_{G}}$. It turns out that the energy is not conserved for the scalar field and its kinetic energy is growing exponentially during inflation. It is proposed that this energy may be supplied by the quantum fluctuations of vacuum. This rapid transfer of energy density from vacuum to the scalar field may solve the cosmological constant problem. When $\\rho_{_{g}}$ becomes sufficiently large, the Hubble parameter starts decreasing and $\\rho_{_{g}}$ becomes comparable with $\\rho_{_{G}}$, hence the slow-role approximation is violated, and the inflation is ended. The large energy density of the scalar field may be transformed, partly into the matter, and partly into the radiation, and the universe experiences a reheating phase. At late times, the kinetic energy of the scalar field decreases as $a^{-6}$ and the remnant energy density of the scalar field may become a source of dark matter. Also, we study the cosmological perturbations during the inflation and obtain the behaviors of perturbations inside and outside the horizon. These results are in agreement with those obtained in common inflationary scenarios.
F. Darabi; A. Parsiya
Kinetics of Anionic Surfactant Anoxic Degradation
The biodegradation kinetics of Geropon TC-42 (trademark) by an acclimated culture was investigated in anoxic batch reactors to determine biokinetic coefficients to be implemented in two biofilm mathematical models. Geropon TC-42 (trademark) is the surfactant commonly used in space habitation. The two biofilm models differ in that one assumes a constant biofilm density and the other allows biofilm density changes based on space occupancy theory. Extant kinetic analysis of a mixed microbial culture using Geropon TC-42 (trademark) as sole carbon source was used to determine cell yield, specific growth rate, and the half-saturation constant for S0/X0 ratios of 4, 12.5, and 34.5. To estimate cell yield, linear regression analysis was performed on data obtained from three sets of simultaneous batch experiments for three S0/X0 ratios. The regressions showed non-zero intercepts, suggesting that cell multiplication is not possible at low substrate concentrations. Non-linear least-squares analysis of the integrated equation was used to estimate the specific growth rate and the half-saturation constant. Net specific growth rate dependence on substrate concentration indicates a self-inhibitory effect of Geropon TC-42 (trademark). The flow rate and the ratio of the concentrations of surfactant to nitrate were the factors that most affected the simulations. Higher flow rates resulted in a shorter hydraulic retention time, shorter startup periods, and faster approach to a steady-state biofilm. At steady-state, higher flow resulted in lower surfactant removal. Higher influent surfactant/nitrate concentration ratios caused a longer startup period, supported more surfactant utilization, and biofilm growth. Both models correlate to the empirical data. A model assuming constant biofilm density is computationally simpler and easier to implement. Therefore, a suitable anoxic packed bed reactor for the removal of the surfactant Geropon TC-42 (trademark) can be designed by using the estimated kinetic values and a model assuming constant biofilm density.
Camacho, Julianna G.
The Hydriding Kinetics of Organic Hydrogen Getters
The aging of hermetically sealed systems is often accompanied by the gradual production of hydrogen gas that is a result of the decay of environmental gases and the degradation of organic materials. In particular, the oxygen, water, hydrogen ''equilibrium'' is affected by the removal of oxygen due the oxidation of metals and organic materials. This shift of the above ''equilibrium'' towards the formation of hydrogen gas, particularly in crevices, may eventually reach an explosive level of hydrogen gas or degrade metals by hydriding them. The latter process is generally delayed until the oxidizing species are significantly reduced. Organic hydrogen getters introduced by Allied Signal Aerospace Company, Kansas City Division have proven to be a very effective means of preventing hydrogen gas accumulation in sealed containers. These getters are relatively unaffected by air and environmental gases. They can be packaged in a variety of ways to fit particular needs such as porous pellets, fine or coarse [gravel] powder, or loaded into silicone rubber. The hydrogen gettering reactions are extremely irreversible since the hydrogen gas is converted into an organic hydrocarbon. These getters are based on the palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation of triple bonds to double and then single bonds in aromatic aryl compounds. DEB (1,4 bis (phenyl ethynyl) benzene) typically mixed with 25% by weight carbon with palladium (1% by weight of carbon) is one of the newest and best of these organic hydrogen getters. The reaction mechanisms are complex involving solid state reaction with a heterogeneous catalyst leading to the many intermediates, including mixed alkyl and aryl hydrocarbons with the possibilities of many isomers. The reaction kinetics mechanisms are also strongly influenced by the form in which they are packaged. For example, the hydriding rates for pellets and gravel have a strong dependence on reaction extent (i.e., DEB reduction) and a kinetic order in pressure of 0.76. Silicone rubber based DEB getters hydride at a much lower rate, have little dependence on reaction extent, have a higher kinetic order in pressure (0.87), and have a lower activation energy. The kinetics of the reaction as a function of hydrogen pressure, stoichiometry, and temperature for hydrogen and deuterium near ambient temperature (0 to 75 C) for pressures near or below 100 Pa over a wide range (in some cases, the complete) hydrogenation range are presented along with multi-dimensional rate models.
Powell, G. L.
A numerical study of strong kinetic-Alfven turbulence at scales smaller than the ion gyroscale is presented, and a phenomenological model is proposed that argues that magnetic and density fluctuations are concentrated mostly in two-dimensional structures, which leads to their Fourier energy spectra E(k ){proportional_to}k {sup -8/3} , where k is the wavevector component normal to the strong background magnetic field. The results may provide an explanation for recent observations of magnetic and density fluctuations in the solar wind at sub-proton scales.
Boldyrev, Stanislav; Perez, Jean Carlos [Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 (United States)
Spatial redistribution of turbulent and mean kinetic energy
The turbulent spatial redistribution of turbulent and mean kinetic energy and its exchange is investigated in the framework of an K-{epsilon} model in a magnetized plasma column. The kinetic energy is transferred from the turbulence into the zonal flow around the shear layer. The Reynolds stress profile adjusts to the shear layer, which results in a transport of mean kinetic energy from the region around the shear layer into the shear layer.
Manz, P.; Xu, M.; Fedorczak, N.; Thakur, S. C.; Tynan, G. R. [Center for Momentum Transport and Flow Organization,University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California 92093 (United States); Center for Energy Research, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California 92093 (United States)
'Recycling' Grid Energy with Flywheel Technology | Department...
electrical grid has been around much longer than other vital technologies, like telecommunications and the Internet. Yet these systems have become more efficient in significantly...
Critical National Need: Improved Composites for Flywheels
... The US does possess abundant renewable resources in the form of wind, hydro, geothermal, and solar energy inputs. Hydro ...
approximately 23% of New York State electricity needs 2006 Generation: 26.9MM MWh 75% hydro; 25% fossil 2006 energy sales: 42.9MM MWh (includes 16.5MM MWh purchased power)...
Power Ring technology will directly support the EERE mission, and the goals of the Distributed Energy Technologies Subprogram in particular, by helping to reduce blackouts, brownouts, electricity costs, and emissions, by relieving transmission bottlenecks, and by greatly improving grid power quality.
Kinetics of zeolite dealumination in steam
Zeolite dealumination is a well known phenomenon that contributes to the deactivation or activation of catalysts in several different applications. The most obvious effect is in acid catalysis where dealumination under reaction conditions removes the Broensted sites, thus deactivating the catalyst. The authors are interested in the use of cation exchanged zeolites as selective reduction catalysts for removal of NO{sub x} from exhaust streams, particularly from automotive exhaust. In this case, copper exchanged ZSM-5 has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the generic reaction of NO{sub x} with hydrocarbons. However, high temperature and steam in combustion exhaust causes dealumination and consequent migration of copper out of the zeolite structure resulting in rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Dealumination of zeolites has been reported by many authors in uncountable papers and cannot be reviewed here. However, to the authors` knowledge there are no reports on the kinetics of dealumination under varying conditions of temperature and steam. By measuring the kinetics of dealumination with different zeolites and exchange cations they expect to develop working models of the dealumination process that will allow control of zeolite deactivation. This manuscript is a description of the basic techniques used and a progress report on the very beginning of this study.
Hughes, C.D.; Labouriau, A.; Crawford, S.N.; Romero, R.; Quirin, J.; Earl, W.L.
PBXN-9 Ignition Kinetics and Deflagration Rates
The ignition kinetics and deflagration rates of PBXN-9 were measured using specially designed instruments at LLNL and compared with previous work on similar HMX based materials. Ignition kinetics were measured based on the One Dimensional Time-to-Explosion combined with ALE3D modeling. Results of these experiments indicate that PBXN-9 behaves much like other HMX based materials (i.e. LX-04, LX-07, LX-10 and PBX-9501) and the dominant factor in these experiments is the type of explosive, not the type of binder/plasticizer. In contrast, the deflagration behavior of PBXN-9 is quite different from similar high weight percent HMX based materials (i.e LX-10, LX-07 and PBX-9501). PBXN-9 burns in a laminar manner over the full pressure range studied (0-310 MPa) unlike LX-10, LX-07, and PBX-9501. The difference in deflagration behavior is attributed to the nature of the binder/plasticizer alone or in conjunction with the volume of binder present in PBXN-9.
Glascoe, E; Maienschein, J; Burnham, A; Koerner, J; Hsu, P; Wemhoff, A
Direct Kinetic Measurements of a Criegee Intermediate
Direct Kinetic Measurements of a Criegee Intermediate Print Direct Kinetic Measurements of a Criegee Intermediate Print In the earth's troposphere, which blankets the planet surface where we live and breathe, dust particles, gas molecules, water vapor, and sunlight provide the ingredients for a multitude of chemical reactions that can generate effects ranging from clouds and smog to acid rain and climate change. In 1949, chemist Rudolf Criegee proposed a novel chemical pathway for one such reaction, known as ozonolysis: the destruction of alkenes (a type of hydrocarbon), via reaction with ozone, a key pollutant in the troposphere. Although there has been much indirect evidence supporting Criegee's mechanism, breakthrough research done at the ALS by chemists from Sandia National Laboratories, the University of Manchester, and Bristol University has for the first time directly measured reaction rates for so-called "Criegee intermediates," elusive molecules formed at intermediate stages of ozonolysis. The surprising results may have important implications for subjects ranging from advanced engine design to air quality and climate modeling.
The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Dissolution of Coarse Particles ...
A model of the kinetics of dissolution of Nb-rich and Nb2C particles in .... The Influence of Specimen Fabrication Method on the Measured Tensile�...
Chemical Dynamics, Molecular Energetics, and Kinetics at the Synchrotron
novel�measurements�of�chemical�dynamics�for�clusters,�Chemical Dynamics, Molecular Energetics, and Kinetics at theUniversity of California Chemical Sciences Division,
Leone, Stephen R.
Dissolution Kinetics of Steelmaking Slag and Its Promotion for the ...
Presentation Title, Dissolution Kinetics of Steelmaking Slag and Its Promotion for the Growth of Algae. Author(s), Chunfang Zi, Kai Huang, Lianyun Liu, Xiaohui�...
Thermo -Dynamic & -Kinetic Modeling to Quantify the Evolution of ...
The thermo-kinetic model is applied on various chemical compositions of type ... Application of the Phase-Field Model to Four-Phase Reactions in Ternary Alloys.
Kinetic Simulations of Fusion Energy Dynamics at the Extreme...
Kinetic Simulations of Fusion Energy Dynamics at the Extreme Scale PI Name: William Tang PI Email: email@example.com Institution: Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Allocation...
Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft Materials - TMS
Jul 25, 2007 ... REVIEWED BY: Stephen Rankin, associate professor, University of Kentucky. In his book Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft�...
Oxygen Exchange Kinetics on SOFC Cathode Materials: Importance ...
Presentation Title, Oxygen Exchange Kinetics on SOFC Cathode Materials: Importance of Ionic and Electronic Carriers. Author(s), Rotraut Merkle, Lei Wang,
Kinetic Modeling of Esterification of Ethylene Glycol with Acetic Acid
The reaction kinetics of the esterification of ethylene glycol with acetic acid in the presence of cation exchange resin has been studied and kinetic models based on empirical and Langmuir approach has been developed. The Langmuir based model involving eight kinetic parameters fits experimental data much better compared to empirical model involving four kinetic parameters. The effect of temperature and catalyst loading on the reaction system has been analyzed. Further, the activation energy and frequency factor of the rate constants for Langmuir based model has been estimated.
Yadav, Vishnu P.; Maity, Sunil K. [Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Ordnance Factory Estate, Yeddumailiram-502205, Andhra Pradesh (India); Mukherjee, Rudra Palash [Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur-713209, West Bengal (India); Bantraj, Kandi [Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008, Orissa (India)
3.205 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Materials, Fall 2003
Laws of thermodynamics applied to materials and materials processes. Solution theory. Equilibrium diagrams. Overview of fluid transport processes. Kinetics of processes that occur in materials, including diffusion, phase ...
Allen, Samuel M.
Defect Chemistry and Kinetics of Electrons in Ion Conducting Materials
Presentation Title, Defect Chemistry and Kinetics of Electrons in Ion Conducting Materials � Recent Results and Applications. Author(s), Hans D. Wiemh�fer.
Particle Size Distribution Model for Leaching Kinetics of Alumina
Presentation Title, Particle Size Distribution Model for Leaching Kinetics of Alumina. Author(s), Li Bao, Ting-an Zhang, Weimin Long, Anh V Nguyen, Guozhi Lv,�...
A Kinetic Monte Carlo Model for Material Aging: Simulations of ...
In this paper, we develop a kinetic Monte Carlo framework aiming at ... A Controlled Stress Energy Minimization Method for Coarse-grained Atomistic Simulation.
Thermal Stabilization of Nanocrystalline Grain Size by Kinetic and ...
This talk will review both kinetic and thermodynamic mechanisms and ... Basic Criteria for Formation of Growth Twins in High Stacking Fault Energy Metals.
An Integrated CALPHAD Tool for Modeling Precipitation Kinetics ...
Presentation Title, An Integrated CALPHAD Tool for Modeling Precipitation Kinetics and Accelerating Materials Design. Author(s), Qing Chen, Herng-Jeng Jou,�...
Kinetics of Supercritical Water Reformation of Ethanol to H
Sep 16, 2007 ... Description Kinetics of the supercritical water reformation of ethanol was experimentally studied in a tubular reactor made of Inconel 625 alloy.
Kinetic characterization of enhanced lipase activity on oil bodies
reaction kinetics of oil bodies versus oil emulsions as sub- strates for lipolytic ... of hydrolysis for the oil body system was comparatively very low due to a brief�...
, whereas for replicating chemical systems selection is effectively kinetic. Building on an extension. Keywords: biological complexification, chemical evolution, kinetic stability, kinetic state of matter that are kinetically more stable. So though all chemical reactions are governed by a combination of kinetic
Pross, Addy
Kinetic Energy Systems | Open Energy Information
Systems Systems Jump to: navigation, search Name Kinetic Energy Systems Place Ocala, Florida Zip 34476 Sector Hydro Product Designs and develops tidal generators. Has notably patented the KESC Tidal Generator which is based on free flow hydrodynamics. Coordinates 29.187525°, -82.140394° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":29.187525,"lon":-82.140394,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Detailed Kinetic Modeling of Gasoline Surrogate Mixtures
Real fuels are complex mixtures of thousands of hydrocarbon compounds including linear and branched paraffins, naphthenes, olefins and aromatics. It is generally agreed that their behavior can be effectively reproduced by simpler fuel surrogates containing a limited number of components. In this work, a recently revised version of the kinetic model by the authors is used to analyze the combustion behavior of several components relevant to gasoline surrogate formulation. Particular attention is devoted to linear and branched saturated hydrocarbons (PRF mixtures), olefins (1-hexene) and aromatics (toluene). Model predictions for pure components, binary mixtures and multi-component gasoline surrogates are compared with recent experimental information collected in rapid compression machine, shock tube and jet stirred reactors covering a wide range of conditions pertinent to internal combustion engines. Simulation results are discussed focusing attention on the mixing effects of the fuel components.
Mehl, M; Curran, H J; Pitz, W J; Westbrook, C K
A Chemical Kinetic Model of Transcriptional Elongation
A chemical kinetic model of the elongation dynamics of RNA polymerase along a DNA sequence is introduced. The proposed model governs the discrete movement of the RNA polymerase along a DNA template, with no consideration given to elastic effects. The model's novel concept is a ``look-ahead'' feature, in which nucleotides bind reversibly to the DNA prior to being incorporated covalently into the nascent RNA chain. Results are presented for specific DNA sequences that have been used in single-molecule experiments of the random walk of RNA polymerase along DNA. By replicating the data analysis algorithm from the experimental procedure, the model produces velocity histograms, enabling direct comparison with these published results.
Yujiro Richard Yamada; Charles S. Peskin
Kinetics driving high-density chlorine plasmas
A simple fluid model was developed in order to investigate the driving kinetics of neutral and charged species in high-density chlorine plasmas. It was found that the dissociation degree of Cl{sub 2} molecules is directly linked to the power balance of the discharge which controls the electron density. The model was also used to identify those reactions that could be neglected in the particle balance of charged species and those that must be included. Our results further indicate that diffusion losses need to be considered up to a pressure that depends on magnetic-field intensity and reactor aspect ratio. Finally, it is shown that the dominant charged carriers are linked to the dissociation level of Cl{sub 2} molecules.
Stafford, L.; Margot, J.; Vidal, F.; Chaker, M.; Giroux, K.; Poirier, J.-S.; Quintal-Leonard, A.; Saussac, J. [Department de physique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec (Canada); INRS-Energie, Materiaux et Telecommunications, Varennes, Quebec (Canada); Department de physique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec (Canada)
Spectroscopy, Kinetics, and Dynamics of Combustion Radicals
Spectroscopy, kinetics and dynamics of jet cooled hydrocarbon transients relevant to the DOE combustion mission have been explored, exploiting i) high resolution IR lasers, ii) slit discharge sources for formation of jet cooled radicals, and iii) high sensitivity detection with direct laser absorption methods and near the quantum shot noise limit. What makes this combination powerful is that such transients can be made under high concentrations and pressures characteristic of actual combustion conditions, and yet with the resulting species rapidly cooled (T ?10-15K) in the slit supersonic expansion. Combined with the power of IR laser absorption methods, this provides novel access to spectral detection and study of many critical combustion species.
Nesbitt, David J. [Research/Professor
Towards cleaner combustion engines through groundbreaking detailed chemical kinetic models
Towards cleaner combustion engines through groundbreaking detailed chemical kinetic models of more predictive and more accurate detailed chemical kinetic models for the combustion of fuels that the combustion of liquid fuels will remain the main source of energy for transportation for the next 50 years.1
Pyrolysis kinetics for western and eastern oil shale
Oil yield and kinetic results are reviewed for Western (Colorado Mahogany zone) and Eastern (Sunbury and Ohio (Cleveland member)) oil shales for conditions ranging from those encountered in in-situ processing to those in fluidized-bed retorting. The authors briefly summarize kinetic models for the pyrolysis reactions. Oil yields from Eastern shale are much more sensitive to pyrolysis conditions than Western shale.
Burnham, A.K.; Coburn, T.T.; Richardson, J.H.
Extracting biochemical reaction kinetics from time series data
Abstract. We consider the problem of inferring kinetic mechanisms for biochemical reactions from time series data. Using a priori knowledge about the structure of chemical reaction kinetics we develop global nonlinear models which use elementary reactions as a basis set, and discuss model construction using top-down and bottom-up approaches. 1
Edmund J. Crampin; Patrick E. Mcsharry; Santiago Schnell
Computing realizations of reaction kinetic networks with given properties
engineeringchemical kinetics, chemical thermodynamics, and fluid mechanicsare developed in the second CHEME 3900 Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design CHEME 4320 Chemical Engineering Laboratory CHEME 4620UndergradUate degree Program as a chemical engineer you'll work with chemical change and chemical
Gorban, Alexander N.
Reconciling competing models: a case study of wine fermentation kinetics
Mathematical models of wine fermentation kinetics promise early diagnosis of stuck or sluggish winemaking processes as well as better matching of industrial yeast strains to specific vineyards. The economic impact of these challenges is significant: ... Keywords: combined and refined model, fermentation problems, mechanistic kinetic models, statistical comparison with experimental data, wine fermentation
Rodrigo Assar; Felipe A. Vargas; David J. Sherman
Solubilty and growth kinetics of silver nitrate in ethanol
The solubility of silver nitrate in ethanol was determined at various temperatures. The growth kinetics of silver nitrate in ethanol were then determined using initial derivaties of temperature and desupersaturation in a mixed-batch crystallizer. For ... Keywords: ethanol, growth kinetics, initial derivatives, silver nitrate, solubility
M. Manteghian; A. Ebrahimi
Nonlinear adaptive control for bioreactors with unknown kinetics
We consider a control problem for a single bioreaction occurring in a continuous and well-mixed bioreactor, assuming that the bioreaction's kinetics is not represented by a validated model. We develop a nonlinear controller and prove the global asymptotic ... Keywords: Continuous bioprocesses, Nonlinear adaptive control, Unknown kinetics, Wastewater treatment
Ludovic Mailleret; Olivier Bernard; Jean-Philippe Steyer
Kinetics of Diuron Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Fiber
A study was conducted on the adsorption kinetics of diuron from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon fiber. The results showed that the formation of hydrogen bonds between diuron and water, and temperature variations may possibly affect the adsorption ... Keywords: activated carbon fiber, diuron adsorption, kinetic models, hydrogen bonds
Jianhua Xu; Yabing Sun; Zhenyu Li; Jingwei Feng
As part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) initiative to improve the efficiency of coal-fired power plants and reduce the pollution generated by these facilities, DOE has funded the High-Pressure Coal Combustion Kinetics (HPCCK) Projects. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted on selected pulverized coals at elevated pressures with the specific goals to provide new data for pressurized coal combustion that will help extend to high pressure and validate models for burnout, pollutant formation, and generate samples of solid combustion products for analyses to fill crucial gaps in knowledge of char morphology and fly ash formation. Two series of high-pressure coal combustion experiments were performed using SRI's pressurized radiant coal flow reactor. The first series of tests characterized the near burner flame zone (NBFZ). Three coals were tested, two high volatile bituminous (Pittsburgh No.8 and Illinois No.6), and one sub-bituminous (Powder River Basin), at pressures of 1, 2, and 3 MPa (10, 20, and 30 atm). The second series of experiments, which covered high-pressure burnout (HPBO) conditions, utilized a range of substantially longer combustion residence times to produce char burnout levels from 50% to 100%. The same three coals were tested at 1, 2, and 3 MPa, as well as at 0.2 MPa. Tests were also conducted on Pittsburgh No.8 coal in CO2 entrainment gas at 0.2, 1, and 2 MPa to begin establishing a database of experiments relevant to carbon sequestration techniques. The HPBO test series included use of an impactor-type particle sampler to measure the particle size distribution of fly ash produced under complete burnout conditions. The collected data have been interpreted with the help of CFD and detailed kinetics simulation to extend and validate devolatilization, char combustion and pollutant model at elevated pressure. A global NOX production sub-model has been proposed. The submodel reproduces the performance of the detailed chemical reaction mechanism for the NBFZ tests.
Stefano Orsino
Kinetics of the reactions of hydrogen fluoride with calcium oxide
This paper studies the kinetics of interaction of gaseous hydrogen fluoride with calcium oxide at temperatures 300-700 degrees. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory adsorption apparatus modified and adapted for work with corrosive hydrogen fluoride. Calcium oxide samples in granulated form and deposited on gamma-alumina were used in the experiments. Kinetic curves representing variations of the degree of conversion of the solid samples with time are shown. The influence of retardation dure to diffusion was observed in the experiments. The influence of diffusion control on the reaction rate was also observed in a study of the reaction kinetics on supported layers of calcium oxide.
Kossaya, A.M.; Belyakov, B.P.; Kuchma, Z.V.; Sandrozd, M.K.; Vasil'eva, V.G.
Evidence of critical balance in kinetic Alfven wave turbulence simulations
A numerical simulation of kinetic plasma turbulence is performed to assess the applicability of critical balance to kinetic, dissipation scale turbulence. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain to obviate complications inherent in performing a local analysis of turbulence. A theoretical model of dissipation scale critical balance is constructed and compared to simulation results, and excellent agreement is found. This result constitutes the first evidence of critical balance in a kinetic turbulence simulation and provides evidence of an anisotropic turbulence cascade extending into the dissipation range. We also perform an Eulerian frequency analysis of the simulation data and compare it to the results of a previous study of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence simulations.
TenBarge, J. M.; Howes, G. G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 (United States)
An Improved Equilibrium-Kinetics Speciation Algorithm For Redox Reactions
Improved Equilibrium-Kinetics Speciation Algorithm For Redox Reactions Improved Equilibrium-Kinetics Speciation Algorithm For Redox Reactions In Variably Saturated Subsurface Flow Systems Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Journal Article: An Improved Equilibrium-Kinetics Speciation Algorithm For Redox Reactions In Variably Saturated Subsurface Flow Systems Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) Abstract: Reactive chemical transport occurs in a variety of geochemical environments, and over a broad range of space and time scales. Efficiency of the chemical speciation and water-rock-gas interaction calculations is important for modeling field-scale multidimensional reactive transport problems. An improved efficient model, REACT, for simulating water-rock-gas interaction under equilibrium and kinetic conditions, has been developed.
Development of Novel Density Functionals for Thermochemical Kinetics
A new density functional theory (DFT) exchange-correlation functional for the exploration of reaction mechanisms is proposed. This new functional, denoted BMK (Boese-Martin for Kinetics), has an accuracy in the 2 kcal/mol range for transition state barriers but, unlike previous attempts at such a functional, this improved accuracy does not come at the expense of equilibrium properties. This makes it a general-purpose functional whose domain of applicability has been extended to transition states, rather than a specialized functional for kinetics. The improvement in BMK rests on the inclusion of the kinetic energy density together with a large value of the exact exchange mixing coefficient. For this functional, the kinetic energy density appears to correct `back' the excess exact exchange mixing for ground-state properties, possibly simulating variable exchange.
Boese, A D; Martin, Jan M. L.
Automated generation of kinetic chemical mechanisms using rewriting
Several software systems have been developed recently for the automated generation of combustion reactions kinetic mechanisms using different representations of species and reactions and different generation algorithms. In parallel, several software ...
Olivier Bournez; Guy-Marie C�me; Val�rie Conraud; H�l�ne Kirchner; Liliana Ib?nescu
Evaluation of the Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate Inside ...
Abstract Inferring the vertical variation of the mean turbulent kinetic energy ..... the times at which a threshold-crossings occurs are defined by the indicator function .... of noise infection and noise intensity, introducing a threshold Tc significantly�...
The Mesoscale Kinetic Energy Spectrum of a Baroclinic Life Cycle
The atmospheric mesoscale kinetic energy spectrum is investigated through numerical simulations of an idealized baroclinic wave life cycle, from linear instability to mature nonlinear evolution and with high horizontal and vertical resolution (?x ...
Michael L. Waite; Chris Snyder
Application of Ice Nucleation Kinetics in Orographic Clouds
Ice nucleation by silver iodide-sodium iodide aerosol particles has been characterized in the Colorado State University isothermal cloud chamber using the techniques of chemical kinetics. Two separate mechanisms of condensation-freezing ice ...
Rochelle R. Blumenstein; Robert M. Rauber; Lewis O. Grant; William G. Finnegan
Fundamental kinetic modeling of the catalytic reforming process
In this work, a fundamental kinetic model for the catalytic reforming process has been developed. The complex network of elementary steps and molecular reactions occurring in catalytic reforming has been generated through a computer algorithm characterizing ...
Rogelio Sotelo-Boyas / Gilbert F. Froment; Rayford G. Anthony
Estimates of Kinetic Energy Dissipation under Breaking Waves
The dissipation of kinetic energy at the surface of natural water bodies has important consequences for many Physical and biochemical processes including wave dynamics, gas transfer, mixing of nutrients and pollutants, and photosynthetic ...
E.A. Terray; M.A. Donelan; Y.C. Agrawal; W.M. Drennan; K.K. Kahma; A.J. Williams; P.A. Hwang; S.A. Kitaigorodskii
The Track Integrated Kinetic Energy of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
In this paper the concept of track integrated kinetic energy (TIKE) is introduced as a measure of seasonal Atlantic tropical cyclone activity and applied to seasonal variability in the Atlantic. It is similar in concept to the more commonly used ...
V. Misra; S. DiNapoli; M. Powell
Kinetic model reduction using integer and semi-infinite programming
In this work an optimization-based approach to kinetic model reduction was studied with a view to generating reduced-model libaries for reacting-flow simulations. A linear integer formulation of the reaction elimination ...
Bhattacharjee, Binita, 1976-
Turbulence Kinetic Energy Budget Profiles Derived from Doppler Sodar Measurements
Doppler sodar wind measurements made in light wind conditions in September 1979 near a power plant in Turbigo, Italy, are used to derive terms in the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) budget. Measurements on five days are grouped into two classes: ...
Gary K. Greenhut; Giangiuseppe Mastrantonio
Reversibility and Non-reversibility in Stochastic Chemical Kinetics
Mathematical problems with mean field and local type interaction related to stochastic chemical kinetics,are considered. Our main concern various definitions of reversibility, their corollaries (Boltzmann type equations, fluctuations, Onsager relations, etc.) and emergence of irreversibility.
Malyshev, V A
Sources of Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Labrador Sea
Experiments with a suite of North Atlantic general circulation models are used to examine the sources of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the Labrador Sea. A high-resolution model version (112�) quantitatively reproduces the observed signature. A ...
Carsten Eden; Claus B�ning
Determining Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation from Batchelor Curve Fitting
An algorithm is presented for obtaining the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation by fitting the theoretical Batchelor spectrum to the temperature gradient spectrum at high wavenumbers. The algorithm is relatively robust in selecting the ...
David A. Luketina; J�rg Imberger
Solar wind plasma : kinetic properties and micro-instabilities
The kinetic properties of ions in the solar wind plasma are studied. Observations of solar wind +H and +2He by the Faraday Cup instrument component of the Solar Wind Experiment on the Wind spacecraft show that these ions ...
Kasper, Justin Christophe, 1977-
Kinetic Energy Transfer between Internal Gravity Waves and Turbulence
We describe a reliable method for distinguishing the mean, wave and turbulence fields when internal waves with changing amplitude perturb the turbulent boundary layer. By integrating the component wave and turbulence kinetic energy budgets ...
J. J. Finnigan
Ducted kinetic Alfven waves in plasma with steep density gradients
Given their high plasma density (n {approx} 10{sup 13} cm{sup -3}), it is theoretically possible to excite Alfven waves in a conventional, moderate length (L {approx} 2 m) helicon plasma source. However, helicon plasmas are decidedly inhomogeneous, having a steep radial density gradient, and typically have a significant background neutral pressure. The inhomogeneity introduces regions of kinetic and inertial Alfven wave propagation. Ion-neutral and electron-neutral collisions alter the Alfven wave dispersion characteristics. Here, we present the measurements of propagating kinetic Alfven waves in helium helicon plasma. The measured wave dispersion is well fit with a kinetic model that includes the effects of ion-neutral damping and that assumes the high density plasma core defines the radial extent of the wave propagation region. The measured wave amplitude versus plasma radius is consistent with the pile up of wave magnetic energy at the boundary between the kinetic and inertial regime regions.
Houshmandyar, Saeid [Solar Observatory Department, Prairie View A and M University, Prairie View, Texas 77446 (United States); Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6315 (United States); Scime, Earl E. [Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6315 (United States)
Momentum and Kinetic Energy Budgets of Simulated Supercell Thunderstorms
The results of numerical simulations of severe thunderstorms with rotating updrafts and supercell characteristics are analyzed to determine their sources, sinks, and transports of momentum and kinetic energy. Two simulations are used, one ...
Douglas K. Lilly; Brian F. Jewett
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of nanocrystalline film deposition
A full diffusion kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm is used to model nanocrystalline film deposition, and study the mechanisms of grain nucleation and microstructure formation in such films. The major finding of this work is ...
Ruan, Shiyun
Kinetic modeling and automated optimization in microreactor systems
The optimization, kinetic investigation, or scale-up of a reaction often requires significant time and materials. Silicon microreactor systems have been shown advantageous for studying chemical reactions due to their small ...
Moore, Jason Stuart
Kinetics, Mechanics and Microstructure Changes in Storage Media
Program Review Crystal Gateway Marriott, Crystal City, VA May 18, 2006 Kinetics, Mechanics and Microstructure Changes in Storage Media Anter El-Azab Tel: 850-410-6655, E-mail...
LLNL researchers develop first kinetic model of plasma focus...
13013device 01302013 LLNL researchers develop first kinetic model of plasma focus device Anne M Stark, LLNL, (925) 422-9799, email@example.com Printer-friendly Deuterium ion...
Topobo : a 3-D constructive assembly system with kinetic memory
We introduce Topobo, a 3-D constructive assembly system em- bedded with kinetic memory, the ability to record and playback physical motion. Unique among modeling systems is Topobo's coincident physical input and output ...
Raffle, Hayes Solos, 1974-
mNAL PERFORMANCE REPORT mNAL PERFORMANCE REPORT for INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS OF FREE RADICALS DE-FG05-85ER13439 1-AUG-1985 to 31-JUL-1994 Robert F. Curl and Graham P. Glass Principal Investigators Introduction This research was directed at the detection, monitoring, and study (by infrared absorption spectroscopy) of the chemical kinetic behavior of small free radical species thought to be important intermediates in combustion. The work typically progressed from the detection and analysis of the infrared spectrum of combustion radical to the utilization of the infrared spectrum thus obtained in the investigation of chemical kinetics of the radical species. The methodology employed was infrared kinetic spectroscopy. In this technique the radical is produced by UV flash photolysis using an excimer laser and then
HCCI in a CFR engine: experiments and detailed kinetic modeling
Single cylinder engine experiments and chemical kinetic modeling have been performed to study the effect of variations in fuel, equivalence ratio, and intake charge temperature on the start of combustion and the heat release rate. Neat propane and a fuel blend of 15% dimethyl-ether in methane have been studied. The results demonstrate the role of these parameters on the start of combustion, efficiency, imep, and emissions. Single zone kinetic modeling results show the trends consistent with the experimental results.
Flowers, D; Aceves, S; Smith, R; Torres, J; Girard, J; Dibble, R
Kinetic effects on ballooning modes in mirror machines
A general procedure for examining the influence of kinetic effects on the stability of magnetohydrodynamic ballooning modes in mirror machines is presented. In particular, the basic kinetic ballooning mode equation for a nonaxisymmetric, arbitrary beta system with anisotropic pressure is derived. Considering a long-thin equilibrium typical of the tandem mirror, it is shown that this governing eigenmode equation reduces to a simple form independent of wave-particle resonant effects.
Tang, W.M.; Catto, P.J.
Defect aggregation kinetics in calcium fluoride
Defects in solid materials are responsible for many of their most interesting and critical properties. The authors have developed a site-selective laser technique that allows us to monitor the aggregation of rare earth ion defects in solids on the microscopic scale. This excitation absorption laser method enables us to derive kinetic rate information and thermodynamic parameters for the distribution of defects in solids. For doped materials, various types of defects arise when the dopant ions have ionic charges that differ from the charges of host crystal ions. In model systems such as alkaline earth fluorides doped with trivalent rare earth ions, some defect sites consist of a single dopant ion, while others consist of clusters of dopant cations and interstitial anions. Heat treatment of doped samples leads to a distribution of the various types of defect sites that is characteristic of the temperature and length of heat treatment and the total dopant ion concentration. The results from a study of the formation of trivalent europium ion defect aggregates in calcium fluoride indicate that our method successfully monitors changes in individual site concentrations resulting from heat treatment. The results of this study are consistent with the formation of negatively charged dimer and trimer defects in Eu{sup 3+}:CaF{sub 2} crystals from isolated europium ion and (Eu:F{sub i}) single pair defects. In addition, he presents evidence for rapid equilibrium between the isolated ion and the single pair. Other work presented in this thesis includes the development of a high-temperature fluorine oxidation apparatus that was used to convert divalent europium ions to the trivalent state in calcium fluoride single crystals. This apparatus was also used to increase the superconducting {Tc}'s of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-x} through modification of copper-oxygen oxidation states.
Cirillo, K.M.
We evaluate the proposed NpO{sub 2}{sup +}(aq)-NpO{sub 2}(cr) reduction-precipitation system at elevated temperatures to obtain primary information on the effects of temperature, ionic strength, O{sub 2} and CO{sub 2}. Experiments conducted on unfiltered solutions at 10{sup -4} M NpO{sub 2}{sup +}(aq), neutral pH, and 200 C indicated that solution colloids strongly affect precipitation kinetics. Subsequent experiments on filtered solutions at 200, 212, and 225 C showed consistent and distinctive temperature-dependent behavior at reaction times {le} 800 hours. At longer times, the 200 C experiments showed unexpected dissolution of neptunium solids, but experiments at 212 C and 225 C demonstrated quasi steady-state neptunium concentrations of 3 x 10{sup -6} M and 6 x 10{sup -6} M, respectively. Solids from a representative experiment analyzed by X-ray diffraction were consistent with NpO{sub 2}(cr). A 200 C experiment with a NaCl concentration of 0.05 M showed a dramatic increase in the rate of neptunium loss. A 200 C experiment in an argon atmosphere resulted in nearly complete loss of aqueous neptunium. Previously proposed NpO{sub 2}{sup +}(aq)-NpO{sub 2}(cr) reduction-precipitation mechanisms in the literature specified a 1:1 ratio of neptunium loss and H{sup +} production in solution over time. However, all experiments demonstrated ratios of approximately 0.4 to 0.5. Carbonate equilibria can account for only about 40% of this discrepancy, leaving an unexpected deficit in H+ production that suggests that additional chemical processes are occurring.
Johnsen, A M; Roberts, K E; Prussin, S G
One-dimensional kinetics modifications for BWR reload methods
Yankee Atomic Electric Company (YAEC) currently uses RETRAN-02 to analyze limiting transients and establish operating minimum critical power ratio (MCPR) limits for Vermont Yankee (VY) boiling water reactor (BWR) reload analysis. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission-approved analysis methods, used in previous cycles, use the point-kinetics modeling option in RETRAN-02 to represent transient-induced neutronic feedback. RETRAN-02 also contains a one-dimensional (1-D) kinetics neutronic feedback model option that provides a more accurate transient power prediction than the point-kinetics model. In the past few fuel cycles, the thermal or MCPR operating margin at VY has eroded due to increases in fuel cycle length. To offset this decrease, YAEC has developed the capability to use the more accurate 1-D kinetics RETRAN option. This paper reviews the qualification effort for the YAEC BWR methods. This paper also presents a comparison between RETRAN-02 predictions using 1-D and point kinetics for the limiting transient, and demonstrates the typical gain in thermal margin from 1-D kinetics.
Chandola, V.; Robichaud, J.D.
Soliton Kinetic Equations with Non-Kolmogorovian Structure: A New Tool for Biological Modeling?
is nonlinear kinetics of a chemical type). Another application is a simple two-qubit system whose evolution-Kolmogorovian aspects of chemical kinetics. Next, we briefly discuss the links between kinetic equations and their Lax equations becomes then especially clear. NON-KOLMOGOROVIAN ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL KINETICS Consider
Aerts, Diederik
Visualizing Chemical Compositions and Kinetics of Sol-Gel by Near-Infrared Multispectral Imaging
Visualizing Chemical Compositions and Kinetics of Sol-Gel by Near-Infrared Multispectral Imaging in order to determine the presence of any chemical and kinetic inhomogeneity. Unfortunately, to date, NIR to determine the chemical and kinetic inho- mogeneity of sol-gel. Preliminary results on the kinetics of sol
Reid, Scott A.
Phase-field Model for Interstitial Loop Growth Kinetics and Thermodynamic and Kinetic Models of Irradiated Fe-Cr Alloys
Microstructure evolution kinetics in irradiated materials has strongly spatial correlation. For example, void and second phases prefer to nucleate and grow at pre-existing defects such as dislocations, grain boundaries, and cracks. Inhomogeneous microstructure evolution results in inhomogeneity of microstructure and thermo-mechanical properties. Therefore, the simulation capability for predicting three dimensional (3-D) microstructure evolution kinetics and its subsequent impact on material properties and performance is crucial for scientific design of advanced nuclear materials and optimal operation conditions in order to reduce uncertainty in operational and safety margins. Very recently the meso-scale phase-field (PF) method has been used to predict gas bubble evolution, void swelling, void lattice formation and void migration in irradiated materials,. Although most results of phase-field simulations are qualitative due to the lake of accurate thermodynamic and kinetic properties of defects, possible missing of important kinetic properties and processes, and the capability of current codes and computers for large time and length scale modeling, the simulations demonstrate that PF method is a promising simulation tool for predicting 3-D heterogeneous microstructure and property evolution, and providing microstructure evolution kinetics for higher scale level simulations of microstructure and property evolution such as mean field methods. This report consists of two parts. In part I, we will present a new phase-field model for predicting interstitial loop growth kinetics in irradiated materials. The effect of defect (vacancy/interstitial) generation, diffusion and recombination, sink strength, long-range elastic interaction, inhomogeneous and anisotropic mobility on microstructure evolution kinetics is taken into account in the model. The model is used to study the effect of elastic interaction on interstitial loop growth kinetics, the interstitial flux, and sink strength of interstitial loop for interstitials. In part II, we present a generic phase field model and discuss the thermodynamic and kinetic properties in phase-field models including the reaction kinetics of radiation defects and local free energy of irradiated materials. In particular, a two-sublattice thermodynamic model is suggested to describe the local free energy of alloys with irradiated defects. Fe-Cr alloy is taken as an example to explain the required thermodynamic and kinetic properties for quantitative phase-field modeling. Finally the great challenges in phase-field modeling will be discussed.
Li, Yulan; Hu, Shenyang Y.; Sun, Xin; Khaleel, Mohammad A.
The Impact of Alternative Fuels on Combustion Kinetics
The research targets the development of detailed kinetic models to quantitatively characterize the impact of alternative fuels on the performance of Navy turbines and diesel engines. Such impacts include kinetic properties such as cetane number, flame speed, and emissions as well as physical properties such as the impact of boiling point distributions on fuel vaporization and mixing. The primary focus will be Fischer-Tropsch liquids made from natural gas, coal or biomass. The models will include both the effects of operation with these alternative fuels as well as blends of these fuels with conventional petroleum-based fuels. The team will develop the requisite kinetic rules for specific reaction types and incorporate these into detailed kinetic mechanisms to predict the combustion performance of neat alternative fuels as well as blends of these fuels with conventional fuels. Reduced kinetic models will be then developed to allow solution of the coupled kinetics/transport problems. This is a collaboration between the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The CSM/LLNL team plans to build on the substantial progress made in recent years in developing accurate detailed chemical mechanisms for the oxidation and pyrolysis of conventional fuels. Particular emphasis will be placed upon reactions of the isoalkanes and the daughter radicals, especially tertiary radicals, formed by abstraction from the isoalkanes. The various components of the program are described. We have been developing the kinetic models for two iso-dodecane molecules, using the same kinetic modeling formalisms that were developed for the gasoline and diesel primary reference fuels. These mechanisms, and the thermochemical and transport coefficient submodels for them, are very close to completion at the time of this report, and we expect them to be available for kinetic simulations early in the coming year. They will provide a basis for prediction and selection of desirable F-T molecules for use in jet engine simulations, where we should be able to predict the ignition, combustion and emissions characteristics of proposed fuel components. These mechanisms include the reactions and chemical species needed to describe high temperature phenomena such as shock tube ignition and flammability behavior, and they will also include low temperature kinetics to describe other ignition phenomena such as compression ignition and knocking. During the past years, our hydrocarbon kinetics modeling group at LLNL has focused a great deal on fuels typical of gasoline and diesel fuel. About 10 years ago, we developed kinetic models for the fuel octane primary reference fuels, n-heptane [1] and iso-octane [2], which have 7 and 8 carbon atoms and are therefore representative of typical gasoline fuels. N-heptane represents the low limit of knock resistance with an octane number of 0, while iso-octane is very knock resistant with an octane number of 100. High knock resistance in iso-octane was attributed largely to the large fraction of primary C-H bonds in the molecule, including 15 of the 18 C-H bonds, and the high bond energy of these primary bonds plays a large role in this knock resistance. In contrast, in the much more ignitable n-heptane, 10 of its 16 C-H bonds are much less strongly bound secondary C-H bonds, leading to its very low octane number. All of these factors, as well as a similarly complex kinetic description of the equally important role of the transition state rings that transfer H atoms within the reacting fuel molecules, were quantified and collected into large kinetic reaction mechanisms that are used by many researchers in the fuel chemistry world.
Kinetic dispersion of Langmuir waves. I. The Langmuir decay instability
We derive a fully kinetic, three-dimensional dispersion relation for Langmuir waves with a focus on the Langmuir decay instability (LDI). The kinetic dispersion is compared to the standard fluid dispersion found with an equation of state (EOS) closure. The EOS closure fails to capture the intricacies of the nonlinear pressure when high frequency electron plasma waves (EPWs) couple to low frequency ion acoustic waves (IAWs). In particular, we find discrepancies in the k{lambda}{sub d} scaling of the LDI growth rate, where k is the wavenumber of the incident EPW and {lambda}{sub d} is the Debye length. As a result, the kinetic dispersion relation for LDI results in instability thresholds that can be in excess of twice those predicted by the fluid theory. Both the fluid and kinetic dispersion relations predict a nonlinear frequency shift due to the beating of the pump and scattered EPWs, but again the k{lambda}{sub d} scaling of these frequency shifts differ. In addition, the kinetic dispersion predicts a nonlinear reduction in the IAW damping from the three-wave interaction.
Palastro, J. P.; Williams, E. A.; Hinkel, D. E.; Divol, L.; Strozzi, D. J. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551 (United States)
PKS 1018-42: A Powerful Kinetically Dominated Quasar
We have identified PKS 1018-42 as a radio galaxy with extraordinarily powerful jets, over twice as powerful as any 3CR source of equal or lesser redshift except for one (3C196). It is perhaps the most intrinsically powerful extragalactic radio source in the, still poorly explored, Southern Hemisphere. PKS 1018-42 belongs to the class of FR II objects that are kinetically dominated, the jet kinetic luminosity, $Q \\sim 6.5 \\times 10^{46}\\mathrm{ergs/s}$ (calculated at 151 MHz), is 3.4 times larger than the total thermal luminosity (IR to X-ray) of the accretion flow, $L_{bol} \\sim 1.9 \\times 10^{46}\\mathrm{ergs/s}$. It is the fourth most kinetically dominated quasar that we could verify from existing radio data. From a review of the literature, we find that kinetically dominated sources such as PKS 1018-42 are rare, and list the 5 most kinetically dominated sources found from our review. Our results for PKS 1018-42 are based on new observations from the Australia Telescope Compact Array.
Brian Punsly; Steven Tingay
NETL: Mercury Emissions Control Technologies - Bench Scale Kinetics of
Bench Scale Kinetics of Mercury Reactions in FGD Liquors Bench Scale Kinetics of Mercury Reactions in FGD Liquors When research into the measurement and control of Hg emissions from coal-fired power plants began in earnest in the early 1990s, it was observed that oxidized mercury can be scrubbed at high efficiency in wet FGD systems, while elemental mercury can not. In many cases, elemental mercury concentrations were observed to increase slightly across wet FGD systems, but this was typically regarded as within the variability of the measurement methods. However, later measurements have shown substantial re-emissions from some FGD systems. The goal of this project is to develop a fundamental understanding of the aqueous chemistry of mercury (Hg) absorbed by wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbing liquors. Specifically, the project will determine the chemical reactions that oxidized mercury undergoes once absorbed, the byproducts of those reactions, and reaction kinetics.
On kinetic description of electromagnetic processes in a quantum plasma
A nonlinear kinetic equation for nonrelativistic quantum plasma with electromagnetic interaction of particles is obtained in the Hartree's mean-field approximation. It is cast in a convenient form of Vlasov-Boltzmann-type equation with "quantum interference integral", that allows for relatively straightforward modification of existing classical Vlasov codes to incorporate quantum effects (quantum statistics and quantum interference of overlapping particles wave functions), without changing the bulk of the codes. Such modification (upgrade) of existing Vlasov codes may provide a direct and effective path to numerical simulations of nonlinear electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena in quantum plasmas, especially of processes where kinetic effects are important (e.g., modulational interactions and stimulated scattering phenomena involving plasma modes at short wavelengths or high-order kinetic modes, dynamical screening and interaction of charges in quantum plasma, etc.) Moreover, numerical approaches involv...
Tyshetskiy, Y O; Kompaneets, R
Chemical Kinetic Models for HCCI and Diesel Combustion
Predictive engine simulation models are needed to make rapid progress towards DOE's goals of increasing combustion engine efficiency and reducing pollutant emissions. These engine simulation models require chemical kinetic submodels to allow the prediction of the effect of fuel composition on engine performance and emissions. Chemical kinetic models for conventional and next-generation transportation fuels need to be developed so that engine simulation tools can predict fuel effects. The objectives are to: (1) Develop detailed chemical kinetic models for fuel components used in surrogate fuels for diesel and HCCI engines; (2) Develop surrogate fuel models to represent real fuels and model low temperature combustion strategies in HCCI and diesel engines that lead to low emissions and high efficiency; and (3) Characterize the role of fuel composition on low temperature combustion modes of advanced combustion engines.
Pitz, W J; Westbrook, C K; Mehl, M; Sarathy, S M
Kinetic Alfven double layer formed by electron viscosity
The effect of the electron viscosity on the kinetic Alfven solitary wave is investigated. It is found that small electron viscosity changes the electron motion along the magnetic field producing a boundary layer, and thus that in a low beta electron-ion plasma({beta} Much-Less-Than m{sub e}/m{sub i}), an obliquely propagating kinetic solitary Alfven wave can become a double layer. This double layer can exist in the sub-Alfvenic and super-Alfvenic regimes. The length scale of density drop for this double layer is on the order of that of the conventional kinetic solitary Alfven wave, and thus this double layer can accelerate electrons on a very short length scale.
Woo, M. H.; Ryu, C.-M. [Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784 (Korea, Republic of); Choi, C. R. [Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701 (Korea, Republic of)
Chemical and kinetic equilibrations via radiative parton transport
A hot and dense partonic system can be produced in the early stage of a relativistic heavy ion collision. How it equilibrates is important for the extraction of Quark-Gluon Plasma properties. We study the chemical and kinetic equilibrations of the Quark-Gluon Plasma using a radiative transport model. Thermal and Color-Glass-Condensate motivated initial conditions are used. We observe that screened parton interactions always lead to partial pressure isotropization. Different initial pressure anisotropies result in the same asymptotic evolution. Comparison of evolutions with and without radiative processes shows that chemical equilibration interacts with kinetic equilibration and radiative processes can contribute significantly to pressure isotropization.
Bin Zhang; Warner A. Wortman
Detailed chemical kinetic modeling of diesel combustion with oxygenated fuels
The influence of oxygenated hydrocarbons as additives to diesel fuels on ignition, NOx emissions and soot production has been examined using a detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism. N-heptane was used as a representative diesel fuel, and methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether and dimethoxymethane were used as oxygenated fuel additives. It was found that addition of oxygenated hydrocarbons reduced NOx levels and reduced the production of soot precursors. When the overall oxygen content in the fuel reached approximately 25% by mass, production of soot precursors fell effectively to zero, in agreement with experimental studies. The kinetic factors responsible for these observations are discussed.
Pitz, W J; Curran, H J; Fisher, E; Glaude, P A; Marinov, N M; Westbrook, C K
Kinetic description of electron plasma waves with orbital angular momentum
We describe the kinetic theory of electron plasma waves with orbital angular momentum or twisted plasmons. The conditions for a twisted Landau resonance to exist are established, and this concept is introduced for the first time. Expressions for the kinetic dispersion relation and for the electron Landau damping are derived. The particular case of a Maxwellian plasma is examined in detail. The new contributions to wave dispersion and damping due the orbital angular momentum are discussed. It is shown that twisted plasmons can be excited by rotating electron beams.
Mendonca, J. T. [IPFN, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa (Portugal)
Plasma outflow from a corrugated trap in the kinetic regime
The problem of stationary plasma outflow from an open corrugated trap in the kinetic regime is considered with allowance for pair collisions in the framework of a kinetic equation with the Landau collision integral. The distribution function is studied in the limit of small-scale corrugation and a large mirror ratio. In considering a single corrugation cell, a correction for the distribution function is calculated analytically. An equation describing variations of the distribution function along the system is derived and used to study the problem of plasma outflow into vacuum.
Skovorodin, D. I.; Beklemishev, A. D. [Russian Academy of Sciences, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch (Russian Federation)
Kinetic energy principle and neoclassical toroidal torque in tokamaks
It is shown that when tokamaks are perturbed, the kinetic energy principle is closely related to the neoclassical toroidal torque by the action invariance of particles. Especially when tokamaks are perturbed from scalar pressure equilibria, the imaginary part of the potential energy in the kinetic energy principle is equivalent to the toroidal torque by the neoclassical toroidal viscosity. A unified description therefore should be made for both physics. It is also shown in this case that the potential energy operator can be self-adjoint and thus the stability calculation can be simplified by minimizing the potential energy.
Park, Jong-Kyu [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 (United States)
Kinetic Energy Principle And Neoclassical Toroidal Torque In Tokamaks
It is shown that when tokamaks are perturbed the kinetic energy principle is closely related to the neoclassical toroidal torque by the action invariance of particles. Especially when tokamaks are perturbed from scalar pressure equilibria, the imaginary part of the potential energy in the kinetic energy principle is equivalent to the toroidal torque by the Neoclassical Toroidal Viscosity (NTV). A unified description therefore should be made for both physics. It is also shown in this case that the potential energy operator can be self-adjoint and thus the stability calculation can be simplified by minimizing the potential energy
Jong-Kyu Park
Fragmentation of water by ion impact: Kinetic energy release spectra
The fragmentation of isolated water molecules on collision with 450-keV Ar{sup 9+} has been studied using time-of-flight mass spectrometry employing multihit detection. The kinetic energy release spectrum for the dissociation of [H{sub 2}O]{sup 2+ White-Star} into (H{sup White-Star },H{sup +},O{sup +}) fragments has been measured where H{sup White-Star} is a neutral Rydberg hydrogen atom. Ab initio calculations are carried out for the lowest states of [H{sub 2}O]{sup q+} with q=2 and 3 to help interpret the kinetic energy release spectra.
Rajput, Jyoti; Safvan, C. P. [Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007 (India); Inter-University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067 (India)
Recent advances in the kinetics of oxygen reduction
Oxygen reduction is considered an important electrocatalytic reaction; the most notable need remains improvement of the catalytic activity of existing metal electrocatalysts and development of new ones. A review is given of new advances in the understanding of reaction kinetics and improvements of the electrocatalytic properties of some surfaces, with focus on recent studies of relationship of the surface properties to its activity and reaction kinetics. The urgent need is to improve catalytic activity of Pt and synthesize new, possibly non- noble metal catalysts. New experimental techniques for obtaining new level of information include various {ital in situ} spectroscopies and scanning probes, some involving synchrotron radiation. 138 refs, 18 figs, 2 tabs.
Adzic, R.
Airfoil sampling of a pulsed Laval beam with tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to low--temperature kinetics and product detection
flows suitable for kinetic studies of chemical reactions infor a chemical reaction in the available kinetic window ofa complex kinetic behavior. The rate of chemical reactions
Soorkia, Satchin
Viscous Dissipation of Turbulence Kinetic Energy in Storms
In this note the magnitude of the viscous dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy in the surface layer of storms is investigated. It is shown that the layer-integrated dissipative heating is a cubic function of the wind speed. The magnitude of ...
Steven Businger; Joost A. Businger
Di usive Kinetic Explicit Schemes for Nonlinear Degenerate Parabolic Systems
Di#11;usive Kinetic Explicit Schemes for Nonlinear Degenerate Parabolic Systems #3; D. Aregba parabolic systems. These schemes are based on discrete BGK models where both characteristic velocities. Evje and K.H. Karlsen [15] and of M. Espedal and K.H. Karlsen [14]. For the theory of general parabolic
Kinetic analysis of anaerobic fermentation of dry beef cattle manure
Influent total solids levels of 10, 20, 30 and 40% were tested for biogas production at 35/sup 0/C and C/N ratios of 11 and 25. Organic loading rates ranging from 5.0 to 10.6 kg VS m/sup -3/ d/sup -1/ were used and the Contois kinetic model was used to evaluate the data.
Schult, D.D.; Luis, V.
Seasonal Kinetic Energy Variability of Near-Inertial Motions
Seasonal variability of near-inertial horizontal kinetic energy is examined using observations from a series of McLane Moored Profiler moorings located at 39�N, 69�W in the western North Atlantic Ocean in combination with a one-dimensional, depth-...
Katherine E. Silverthorne; John M. Toole
From continuum Fokker-Planck models to discrete kinetic models
ABSTRACT Two theoretical formalisms are widely used in modeling mechanochemical systems such as protein motors: continuum Fokker-Planck models and discrete kinetic models. Both have advantages and disadvantages. Here we present a ��finite volume� � procedure to solve Fokker-Planck equations. The procedure relates the continuum equations to a discrete mechanochemical kinetic model while retaining many of the features of the continuum formulation. The resulting numerical algorithm is a generalization of the algorithm developed previously by Fricks, Wang, and Elston through relaxing the local linearization approximation of the potential functions, and a more accurate treatment of chemical transitions. The new algorithm dramatically reduces the number of numerical cells required for a prescribed accuracy. The kinetic models constructed in this fashion retain some features of the continuum potentials, so that the algorithm provides a systematic and consistent treatment of mechanical-chemical responses such as load-velocity relations, which are difficult to capture with a priori kinetic models. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate the performance of the method.
Jianhua Xing; Hongyun Wang; George Oster
Kinetic Isotope Effects from Hybrid Classical and Quantum
-order perturbation (KP2) is sufficiently accurate for chemical applications.7 We describe an automated, numerical in chemical applications to determine KIEs for chemical reactions, and because of its fast convergenceCHAPTER 5 Kinetic Isotope Effects from Hybrid Classical and Quantum Path Integral Computations
Minnesota, University of
Stepping and crowding: statistical kinetics from an exclusion process perspective
Motor enzymes are remarkable molecular machines that use the energy derived from the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate to generate mechanical movement, achieved through different steps that constitute their kinetic cycle. These macromolecules, nowadays investigated with advanced experimental techniques to unveil their molecular mechanisms and the properties of their kinetic cycles, are implicated in many biological processes, ranging from biopolymerisation (RNA polymerases, ribosomes,...) to intracellular transport (motor proteins such as kinesins or dyneins). Although the kinetics of individual motors is well studied on both theoretical and experimental grounds, the repercussions of their stepping cycle on the collective dynamics is still to be understood. Advances in this direction will improve our comprehension of transport process in the natural intracellular medium, where processive motor enzymes might operate in crowded conditions. In this work, we therefore extend the current statistical kinetic analysis to study collective transport phenomena of motors in terms of lattice gas models belonging to the exclusion process class. Via numerical simulations, we show how to interpret and use the randomness calculated from single particle trajectories in crowded conditions. Importantly, we also show that time fluctuations and non-Poissonian behavior are intrinsically related to spatial correlations and the emergence of large, but finite, clusters of co-moving motors. The properties unveiled by our analysis have important biological implications on the collective transport characteristics of processive motor enzymes in crowded conditions.
Luca Ciandrini; M. Carmen Romano; A. Parmeggiani
Kinetics of Oxygen Reduction in LSM and LSCF
1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 LogpO2atm VA''' VB''' VO** MnB* MnBx MnB' Kinetic Measurements Using Polycrystalline...
Detailed chemical kinetic oxidation mechanism for a biodiesel surrogate
A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism has been developed and used to study the oxidation of methyl decanoate, a surrogate for biodiesel fuels. This model has been built by following the rules established by Curran et al. for the oxidation of n-heptane and it includes all the reactions known to be pertinent to both low and high temperatures. Computed results have been compared with methyl decanoate experiments in an engine and oxidation of rapeseed oil methyl esters in a jet stirred reactor. An important feature of this mechanism is its ability to reproduce the early formation of carbon dioxide that is unique to biofuels and due to the presence of the ester group in the reactant. The model also predicts ignition delay times and OH profiles very close to observed values in shock tube experiments fueled by n-decane. These model capabilities indicate that large n-alkanes can be good surrogates for large methyl esters and biodiesel fuels to predict overall reactivity, but some kinetic details, including early CO2 production from biodiesel fuels, can be predicted only by a detailed kinetic mechanism for a true methyl ester fuel. The present methyl decanoate mechanism provides a realistic kinetic tool for simulation of biodiesel fuels.
Herbinet, O; Pitz, W J; Westbrook, C K
A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism has been developed and used to study the oxidation of methyl decanoate, a surrogate for biodiesel fuels. This model has been built by following the rules established by Curran et al. for the oxidation of n-heptane and it includes all the reactions known to be pertinent to both low and high temperatures. Computed results have been compared with methyl decanoate experiments in an engine and oxidation of rapeseed oil methyl esters in a jet stirred reactor. An important feature of this mechanism is its ability to reproduce the early formation of carbon dioxide that is unique to biofuels and due to the presence of the ester group in the reactant. The model also predicts ignition delay times and OH profiles very close to observed values in shock tube experiments fueled by n-decane. These model capabilities indicate that large n-alkanes can be good surrogates for large methyl esters and biodiesel fuels to predict overall reactivity, but some kinetic details, including early CO{sub 2} production from biodiesel fuels, can be predicted only by a detailed kinetic mechanism for a true methyl ester fuel. The present methyl decanoate mechanism provides a realistic kinetic tool for simulation of biodiesel fuels.
Overview of nonlinear theory of kinetically driven instabilities
An overview is presented of the theory for the nonlinear behavior of instabilities driven by the resonant wave particle interaction. The approach should be applicable to a wide variety of kinetic systems in magnetic fusion devices and accelerators. Here the authors emphasize application to Alfven were driven instability, and the principles of the theory are used to interpret experimental data.
Berk, H.L.; Breizman, B.N.
Kinetic ballooning-interchange modes in tandem mirrors
A hybrid fluid-gyrokinetic derivation of the kinetic modifications to the ballooning-interchange eigenmode equation is presented which removes the large and small wave frequency restrictions of Tang and Catto. The derivation employs a long-thin ordering and an eikonal ansatz, but otherwise allows arbitrary asymmetry, beta, pressure anisotropy, and unperturbed parallel and perpendicular electrostatic field.
Lee, X.S.; Catto, P.J.
Nano Research Kinetics of Molecular Recognition Mediated Nanoparticle
Nano Research Kinetics of Molecular Recognition Mediated Nanoparticle Self-Assembly Chinmay Soman1 the streptavidin-biotin interaction [9] 0078 Nano Res (2009) 2: 78 84 DOI 10.1007/s12274-009-9005-z Research Article #12;79Nano Res (2009) 2: 78 84 are incubated with specific antigens in a physiological buffer
Plasmadynamics and ionization kinetics of thermionic energy conversion
To reduce the plasma arc-drop, thermionic energy conversion is studied with both analytical and numerical tools. Simplifications are made in both the plasmadynamic and ionization-recombination theories. These are applied to a scheme proposed presently using laser irradiation to enhance the ionization kinetics of the thermionic plasma and thereby reduce the arc-drop. It is also predicted that it is possible to generate the required laser light from a thermionic-type cesium plasma. The analysis takes advantage of theoretical simplifications derived for the ionization-recombination kinetics. It is shown that large laser ionization enhancements can occur and that collisional cesium recombination lasing is expected. To complement the kinetic theory, a numerical method is developed to solve the thermionic plasma dynamics. To combine the analysis of ionization-recombination kinetics with the plasma dynamics of thermionic conversion, a finite difference computer program is constructed. It is capable of solving for both unsteady and steady thermionic converter behavior including possible laser ionization enhancement or atomic recombination lasing. A proposal to improve thermionic converter performance using laser radiation is considered. In this proposed scheme, laser radiation impinging on a thermionic plasma enhances the ionization process thereby raising the plasma density and reducing the plasma arc-drop. A source for such radiation may possibly be a cesium recombination laser operating in a different thermionic converter. The possibility of this being an energy efficient process is discussed. (WHK)
Lawless, J.L. Jr.; Lam, S.H.
Macro and Micro Scale Electromagnetic Kinetic Energy Harvesting Generators
This paper is concerned with generators that harvest electrical energy from the kinetic energy present in the sensor nodes environment. These generators have the potential to replace or augment battery power which has a limited lifetime and requires periodic replacement which limits the placement and application of the sensor node.
Beeby, S -P; Torah, R -N; Koukharenko, E; Roberts, S; O'Donnell, T; Roy, S
Abyssal Eddy Kinetic Energy Levels in the Western North Pacific
An earlier observation of about 50 cm2 s?2 for the maximum abyssal (4000 m depth) eddy kinetic energy (KE) in the western North Pacific along 152�E, occurring in the vicinity of the Kuroshio Extension, is now supported by nearly two years of ...
Willeam J. Schmitz Jr.
Comments on �Estimates of Kinetic Energy Dissipation under Breaking Waves�
It is noted that the results of recent experiments on the enhancement of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation below surface waves can be stated as follows. TKE dissipation is enhanced by a factor 15Hws/z at depths 0.5Hws < z < 20Hws with ...
Gerrit Burgers
Kinetics of hot-gas desulfurization sorbents for transport reactors
Hot-gas desulfurization for the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process has been investigated by many researchers to remove effectively hydrogen sulfide with various metal oxide sorbents at elevated temperatures. Various metal oxide sorbents are formulated with metal oxides such as Fe, Co, Zn, and Ti. Initial reaction kinetics of formulated sorbents with hydrogen sulfide is studied in the presence of various amounts of moisture and hydrogen at various reaction temperatures. The objectives of this research are to study initial reaction kinetics for a sorbent-hydrogen sulfide heterogeneous reaction system, to investigate effects of concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and moisture on dynamic absorption of H{sub 2}S into sorbents, to understand effects of space time of reaction gas mixtures on initial reaction kinetics of the sorbent-hydrogen sulfide system, and to evaluate effects of temperature and sorbent amounts on dynamic absorption of H{sub 2}S into sorbents. Experimental data on initial reaction kinetics of hydrogen sulfide with metal oxide sorbents were obtained with a 0.83-cm{sup 3} differential reactor. The reactivity of MCRH-67 sorbent and AHI-1 was examined. These sorbents were obtained from the Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The sorbents in the form of 70 {micro}m particles are reacted with 1,000--4,000 ppm hydrogen sulfide at 450--600 C. The range of space time of reaction gas mixtures is 0.03--0.09 s. The range of reaction duration is 4--14,400 s.
K.C. Kwon
Simulations of kinetic events at the atomic scale Graeme Henkelman
Simulations of kinetic events at the atomic scale Graeme Henkelman UT Austin Al / Al(100) B3I / Si Need to find saddle points on the energy surface Rate of escape through each saddle point region: E (KMC): 1. Find low energy saddle points using a min-mode method. 2. Choose one processes from
Ethylbenzene dehydrogenation into styrene: kinetic modeling and reactor simulation
A fundamental kinetic model based upon the Hougen-Watson formalism was derived as a basis not only for a better understanding of the reaction behavior but also for the design and simulation of industrial reactors. Kinetic experiments were carried out using a commercial potassium-promoted iron catalyst in a tubular reactor under atmospheric pressure. Typical reaction conditions were temperature = 620oC, steam to ethylbenzene mole ratio = 11, and partial pressure of N2 diluent = 0.432 bar. Experimental data were obtained for different operating conditions, i.e., temperature, feed molar ratio of steam to ethylbenzene, styrene to ethylbenzene, and hydrogen to ethylbenzene and space time. The effluent of the reactor was analyzed on-line using two GCs. Kinetic experiments for the formation of minor by-products, i.e. phenylacetylene, �?±-methylstyrene, �?²-methylstyrene, etc, were conducted as well. The reaction conditions were: temperature = 600oC ~ 640oC, a molar ratio of steam to ethylbenzene = 6.5, and partial pressure of N2 diluent = 0.43 bar and 0.64 bar. The products were analyzed by off-line GC. The mathematical model developed for the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation consists of nonlinear simultaneous differential equations in multiple dependent variables. The parameters were estimated from the minimization of the multiresponse objective function which was performed by means of the Marquardt algorithm. All the estimated parameters satisfied the statistical tests and physicochemical criteria. The kinetic model yielded an excellent fit of the experimental data. The intrinsic kinetic parameters were used with the heterogeneous fixed bed reactor model which is explicitly accounting for the diffusional limitations inside the porous catalyst. Multi-bed industrial adiabatic reactors with axial flow and radial flow were simulated and the effect of the operating conditions on the reactor performance was investigated. The dynamic equilibrium coke content was calculated using detailed kinetic model for coke formation and gasification, which was coupled to the kinetic model for the main reactions. The calculation of the dynamic equilibrium coke content provided a crucial guideline for the selection of the steam to ethylbenzene ratio leading to optimum operating conditions.
Lee, Won Jae
Kinetic modelling of molecular hydrogen transport in microporous carbon materials.
The proposal of kinetic molecular sieving of hydrogen isotopes is explored by employing statistical rate theory methods to describe the kinetics of molecular hydrogen transport in model microporous carbon structures. A Lennard-Jones atom-atom interaction potential is utilized for the description of the interactions between H{sub 2}/D{sub 2} and the carbon framework, while the requisite partition functions describing the thermal flux of molecules through the transition state are calculated quantum mechanically in view of the low temperatures involved in the proposed kinetic molecular sieving application. Predicted kinetic isotope effects for initial passage from the gas phase into the first pore mouth are consistent with expectations from previous modeling studies, namely, that at sufficiently low temperatures and for sufficiently narrow pore mouths D{sub 2} transport is dramatically favored over H{sub 2}. However, in contrast to expectations from previous modeling, the absence of any potential barrier along the minimum energy pathway from the gas phase into the first pore mouth yields a negative temperature dependence in the predicted absolute rate coefficients - implying a negative activation energy. In pursuit of the effective activation barrier, we find that the minimum potential in the cavity is significantly higher than in the pore mouth for nanotube-shaped models, throwing into question the common assumption that passage through the pore mouths should be the rate-determining step. Our results suggest a new mechanism that, depending on the size and shape of the cavity, the thermal activation barrier may lie in the cavity rather than at the pore mouth. As a consequence, design strategies for achieving quantum-mediated kinetic molecular sieving of H{sub 2}/D{sub 2} in a microporous membrane will need, at the very least, to take careful account of cavity shape and size in addition to pore-mouth size in order to ensure that the selective step, namely passage through the pore mouth, is also the rate determining step.
Hankel, M.; Zhang, H.; Nguyen, T. X.; Bhatia, S. K.; Gray, S. K.; Smith, S. C. (Center for Nanoscale Materials); (The Univ. of Queensland)
Analysis of Lipid OxidationChapter 10 Kinetic Analysis of Lipid Oxidation Data
Analysis of Lipid Oxidation Chapter 10 Kinetic Analysis of Lipid Oxidation Data Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books Downloadable pdf of Chapter 10 Kinetic Analysis of Lipid Oxidation Data from ...
Kinetic Energy Budget during Strong Jet Stream Activity over the Eastern United States
Kinetic energy budgets are computed during a cold air outbreak in association with strong jet stream activity over the eastern United States. The period is characterized by large generation of kinetic energy due to cross-contour flow. Horizontal ...
Henry E. Fuelberg; James R. Scoggins
Kinetic Energy Budgets of a Subtropical Squall Line Determined from TAMEX Dual-Doppler Measurements
Dual-Doppler data collected during the Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment (TAMEX) are used to study the kinetic energy balance of a subtropical squall line over the Taiwan Straits. Values of each term in the kinetic energy budget equation are ...
Yeong-Jer Lin; Hsi Shen; Robert W. Pasken
Kinetic Modeling of Halogen-Based Plasma Etching of Complex Oxide Films and its Application to Predictive Feature Profile Simulation
amounts of kinetic data (such as chemical reaction sets)kinetic parameters related to specific chemical reactionsChemical Engineering by Nathan Philip Marchack ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Kinetic
Marchack, Nathan
The Troposphere-to-Stratosphere Transition in Kinetic Energy Spectra and Nonlinear Spectral Fluxes as Seen in ECMWF Analyses
Global horizontal wavenumber kinetic energy spectra and spectral fluxes of rotational kinetic energy and enstrophy are computed for a range of vertical levels using a T799 ECMWF operational analysis. Above 250 hPa, the kinetic energy spectra ...
B. H. Burgess; Andre R. Erler; Theodore G. Shepherd
An Analysis of the Kinetic Energy Budget for Two Extratropical Cyclones: The Vertically Averaged Flow and the Vertical Shear Flow
An analysis of the kinetic energy budget is made for two intensely developing cyclones over North America. The principal kinetic energy source for the first cyclone is the net horizontal transport of kinetic energy across the boundaries of the ...
Jordan C. Alpert
Resistive-Glass Drift Tube for Use as a Controlled Kinetic Energy ...
externally formed ions for spectroscopy and other applications. ... Controlled Kinetic Energy Ion Source for Miniature Ion Trap ... Chemical Sciences Division
Exact results for parallel-chain kinetic models of biological transport Anatoly B. Kolomeisky
-state models. Thus, the application of phenomenological simple chemical kinetic models2022,25 which provide ``chemical'' approach is based on a kinetic multistate description of the molecular motor transport.17 or conformations leads to the motion of motor proteins. In the simplest chemical kinetic model see Fig. 1 , a motor
Nested stochastic simulation algorithms for chemical kinetic systems with multiple time scales
Nested stochastic simulation algorithms for chemical kinetic systems with multiple time scales an efficient numerical algorithm for simulating chemical kinetic systems with multiple time scales. This algo. Our analysis of such multi-scale chemical kinetic systems allows us to identify the slow variables
Van Den Eijnden, Eric
Non-meanfield deterministic limits in chemical reaction kinetics R. E. Lee DeVille
Non-meanfield deterministic limits in chemical reaction kinetics R. E. Lee DeVille Courant. An important class of such micro- scopic systems are kinetic Monte Carlo KMC schemes13,14 for chemical is demonstrated for the kinetic Monte Carlo version of the Schnakenberg reaction where we identified a scaling
Diffusion-limited kinetics of the solutionsolid phase transition of molecular substances
of the applicability of this mech- anism to small molecules comes from the unusually narrow grouping of the kinetic) Basic Chemical Kinetics (Wiley, New York). 3. Neilsen, A. E. (1967) in Crystal Growth, ed. Peiser, S Chemical Kinetics (John Wiley and Sons, New York). 14. Zwanzig, R. (2001) Nonequilibrium Statistical
Vekilov, Peter
Kinetics of Chromium(III) Oxidation by Manganese(IV) Oxides Using
. This represents the first study to determine the chemical kinetics of Cr(III) oxidation on Mn-oxides. The results focusing on the "chemical" kinetics of Cr(III) oxidation on manganese oxides, i.e., the initial rates of Obtaining and Analyzing Kinetic Data. In Rates of Soil Chemical Processes, Sparks, D. L., Suarez, D. L., Eds
"Kinetics of Chemical Reactions in Environmental Systems: Research Needs and Challenges"
-purposeful. Naturally, kinetic factors also affect chemical reactivity, but the influence of those factors is secondary. If a chemical reaction is disallowed thermodynamically, no combination of kinetic factors will enable that reaction to proceed. The bottom line: chemical reactions are governed by both thermodynamic and kinetic
Nested stochastic simulation algorithm for chemical kinetic systems with disparate rates
Nested stochastic simulation algorithm for chemical kinetic systems with disparate rates Weinan Ea online 14 November 2005 An efficient simulation algorithm for chemical kinetic systems with disparate This paper addresses two important issues on stochastic models of chemical kinetic systems with disparate
Band-trap capture and emission in the generalized kinetic theory of electrons and holes
of the applications. These assumptions amount to discard the kinetic equation for phonons, and to replace np The Boltzmann Equation and its Applications (New York: Springer Verlag). [8] Spiga G 1992 On extended kinetic theory with chemical reaction Nonlinear Kinetic Theory and Mathematical Aspects of Hyperbolic Systems ed
Spiga, Giampiero
All Kinds of Behavior are Possible in Chemical Kinetics: A Theorem and Its Potential
All Kinds of Behavior are Possible in Chemical Kinetics: A Theorem and Its Potential Applications by the equations of chemical kinetics are simple: the process of each chemical reaction, concentrations of some shown to occur in chemical kinetics, it has been not know whether all types of behavior are possible
Ward, Karen
All Kinds of Behavior are Possible in Chemical Kinetics: A Theorem and Its Potential Applications by the equations of chemical kinetics are simple: in the course of each chemical reaction, concentrations of some shown to occur in chemical kinetics, it has been not know whether all types of behavior are possible
Kreinovich, Vladik
Higher-order quadrature-based moment methods for kinetic equations
Kinetic equations containing terms for spatial transport, body forces, and particle-particle collisions occur in many applications (e.g., rarefied gases, dilute granular gases, fluid-particle flows). The direct numerical solution of the kinetic equation ... Keywords: Boltzmann equation, Dilute particle flows, Kinetic equation, Quadrature method of moments, Rarefied gas flows, Velocity distribution function
R. O. Fox
Parallel implementation of kinetic cellular automata for modeling CO oxidation over Pd(110) surface
For simulating CO catalytic oxidation on platinum-group metals asynchronous cellular automata (CA) with probabilistic transition rules (kinetic CA) are used. Based on the properties of surface kinetic CA has to have a huge cellular arrays and long evolution. ... Keywords: asynchronous mode, block-synchronous mode, catalytic oxidation reaction, kinetic cellular automata, synchronous mode
Valentina Markova; Anastasia Sharifulina
Optimization of Parameters of the Chemic Kinetic Model by Improved Genetic Algorithms
Detailed kinetic model is one of the most important basic research items that the chemic synthesis techniques will have been commercialized from laboratory. A great breakthrough has been made in the detailed mechanistic kinetics of the chemic synthesis, ... Keywords: Genetic Algorithm, kinetic model, parameter
Rui-feng Han; Yu-li Yang; Yong-kui Zhang
Accelerating moderately stiff chemical kinetics in reactive-flow simulations using GPUs
The chemical kinetics ODEs arising from operator-split reactive-flow simulations were solved on GPUs using explicit integration algorithms. Nonstiff chemical kinetics of a hydrogen oxidation mechanism (9 species and 38 irreversible reactions) were computed ... Keywords: CUDA, Chemical kinetics, GPU, Reactive-flow modeling, Stiff chemistry
Kyle E. Niemeyer, Chih-Jen Sung
A study on the effect of particle size on coal flotation kinetics using fuzzy logic
This paper investigates the effect of particle size on the flotation kinetics of coal in a batch flotation cell. The relationship between flotation kinetics constant and theoretical flotation recovery with particle size was estimated with nonlinear equations. ... Keywords: Coal, Flotation kinetics, Fuzzy logic, Modeling
Emad Abkhoshk; Mohammad Kor; Bahram Rezai
A unified moving grid gas-kinetic method in Eulerian space for viscous flow computation
Under a generalized coordinate transformation with arbitrary grid velocity, the gas-kinetic BGK equation is reformulated in a moving frame of reference. Then, a unified conservative gas-kinetic scheme is developed for the viscous flow computation in ... Keywords: 65M06, 76P05, 76T05, Gas-kinetic scheme, Moving grid, Navier-Stokes equations, Unified coordinate system
Changqiu Jin; Kun Xu
Simulations of Kinetic Events at the Atomic Scale
of kinetic events at the atomic scale of kinetic events at the atomic scale Graeme Henkelman UT Austin Al / Al(100) B 3 I / Si Pd / MgO How can we simulate the dynamics of molecular systems over experimental time scales? Objective: To calculate dynamics of a surface over time scales which are much longer than can be calculated with direct classical dynamics. Problem: time scale gap fs ps ns ms ms s mins atomic dynamics thermally activated experimental vibrations simulations reaction dynamics time scales Most interesting transitions are rare 0.5 eV 1000/s events (much slower than vibrations) Simulating a transition for a typical rare event with classical dynamics can require ~10 12 force evaluations Transition state theory A statistical theory for calculating the rate of slow thermal processes
Chemistry Resolved Kinetic Flow Modeling of TATB Based Explosives
Detonation waves in insensitive, TATB based explosives are believed to have multi-time scale regimes. The initial burn rate of such explosives has a sub-microsecond time scale. However, significant late-time slow release in energy is believed to occur due to diffusion limited growth of carbon. In the intermediate time scale concentrations of product species likely change from being in equilibrium to being kinetic rate controlled. They use the thermo-chemical code CHEETAH linked to an ALE hydrodynamics code to model detonations. They term their model chemistry resolved kinetic flow as CHEETAH tracks the time dependent concentrations of individual species in the detonation wave and calculates EOS values based on the concentrations. A HE-validation suite of model simulations compared to experiments at ambient, hot, and cold temperatures has been developed. They present here a new rate model and comparison with experimental data.
Vitello, P A; Fried, L E; Howard, W M; Levesque, G; Souers, P C
Stochastic kinetic models: Dynamic independence, modularity and graphs
The dynamic properties and independence structure of stochastic kinetic models (SKMs) are analyzed. An SKM is a highly multivariate jump process used to model chemical reaction networks, particularly those in biochemical and cellular systems. We identify SKM subprocesses with the corresponding counting processes and propose a directed, cyclic graph (the kinetic independence graph or KIG) that encodes the local independence structure of their conditional intensities. Given a partition $[A,D,B]$ of the vertices, the graphical separation $A\\perp B|D$ in the undirected KIG has an intuitive chemical interpretation and implies that $A$ is locally independent of $B$ given $A\\cup D$. It is proved that this separation also results in global independence of the internal histories of $A$ and $B$ conditional on a history of the jumps in $D$ which, under conditions we derive, corresponds to the internal history of $D$. The results enable mathematical definition of a modularization of an SKM using its implied dynamics. Gra...
Bowsher, Clive G
On Kinetic Equations Modeling Evolution of Systems in Mathematical Biology
We develop a rigorous formalism for the description of the kinetic evolution of interacting entities modeling systems in mathematical biology within the framework of the evolution of marginal observables. For this purpose we construct the mean field asymptotic behavior of a solution of the Cauchy problem of the dual BBGKY hierarchy for marginal observables of the dynamical systems based on the Markov jump processes, exhibiting the intrinsic properties of the living entities. The constructed scaling limit is governed by the set of recurrence evolution equations, namely by the dual Vlasov-type hierarchy. Moreover, the relationships of the dual Vlasov hierarchy for the limit marginal observables with the Vlasov-type kinetic equation is established.
Yu. Yu. Fedchun; V. I. Gerasimenko
Hydro-kinetic approach to relativistic heavy ion collisions
We develop a combined hydro-kinetic approach which incorporates hydrodynamical expansion of the systems formed in \\textit{A}+\\textit{A} collisions and their dynamical decoupling described by escape probabilities. The method corresponds to a generalized relaxation time ($\\tau_{\\text{rel}}$) approximation for Boltzmann equation applied to inhomogeneous expanding systems; at small $\\tau_{\\text{rel}}$ it also allows one to catch the viscous effects in hadronic component - hadron-resonance gas. We demonstrate how the approximation of sudden freeze-out can be obtained within this dynamical picture of continuous emission and find that hypersurfaces, corresponding to sharp freeze-out limit, are momentum dependent. The pion $m_{T}$ spectra are computed in the developed hydro-kinetic model, and compared with those obtained from ideal hydrodynamics with the Cooper-Frye isothermal prescription. Our results indicate that there does not exist a universal freeze-out temperature for pions with different momenta, and support ...
Akkelin, S V; Karpenko, Iu A; Sinyukov, Yu M
COMSOL-based Nuclear Reactor Kinetics Studies at the HFIR
The computational ability to accurately predict the dynamic behavior of a nuclear reactor core in response to reactivity-induced perturbations is an important subject in reactor physics. Space-time and point kinetics methodologies were developed for the purpose of studying the transient-induced behavior of the High Flux Isotope Reactor s (HFIR) compact core. The space-time simulations employed the three-energy-group neutron diffusion equations, and transients initiated by control cylinder and hydraulic tube rabbit ejections were studied. The work presented here is the first step towards creating a comprehensive multiphysics methodology for studying the dynamic behavior of the HFIR core during reactivity perturbations. The results of these studies show that point kinetics is adequate for small perturbations in which the power distribution is assumed to be time-independent, but space-time methods must be utilized to determine localized effects.
Chandler, David [ORNL; Freels, James D [ORNL; Maldonado, G Ivan [ORNL; Primm, Trent [ORNL
Active transport: A kinetic description based on thermodynamic grounds
We show that active transport processes in biological systems can be understood through a local equilibrium description formulated at the mesoscale, the scale to describe stochastic processes. This new approach uses the method established by nonequilibrium thermodynamics to account for the irreversible processes occurring at this scale and provides nonlinear kinetic equations for the rates in terms of the driving forces. The results show that the application domain of nonequilibrium thermodynamics method to biological systems goes beyond the linear domain. A model for transport of Ca$^{2+}$ by the Ca$^{2+}$-ATPase, coupled to the hydrolysis of adenosine-triphosphate is analyzed in detail showing that it depends on the reaction Gibbs energy in a non-linear way. Our results unify thermodynamic and kinetic descriptions, thereby opening new perspectives in the study of different transport phenomena in biological systems.
S. Kjelstrup; J. M. Rubi; D. Bedeaux
Propagation of radiation in fluctuating multiscale plasmas. II. Kinetic simulations
A numerical algorithm is developed and tested that implements the kinetic treatment of electromagnetic radiation propagating through plasmas whose properties have small scale fluctuations, which was developed in a companion paper. This method incorporates the effects of refraction, damping, mode structure, and other aspects of large-scale propagation of electromagnetic waves on the distribution function of quanta in position and wave vector, with small-scale effects of nonuniformities, including scattering and mode conversion approximated as causing drift and diffusion in wave vector. Numerical solution of the kinetic equation yields the distribution function of radiation quanta in space, time, and wave vector. Simulations verify the convergence, accuracy, and speed of the methods used to treat each term in the equation. The simulations also illustrate the main physical effects and place the results in a form that can be used in future applications.
Pal Singh, Kunwar; Robinson, P. A.; Cairns, Iver H.; Tyshetskiy, Yu. [School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia)
Propagation of radiation in fluctuating multiscale plasmas. I. Kinetic theory
A theory for propagation of radiation in a large scale plasma with small scale fluctuations is developed using a kinetic description in terms of the probability distribution function of the radiation in space, time, and wavevector space. Large scale effects associated with spatial variations in the plasma density and refractive index of the plasma wave modes and small scale effects such as scattering of radiation by density clumps in fluctuating plasma, spontaneous emission, damping, and mode conversion are included in a multiscale kinetic description of the radiation. Expressions for the Stokes parameters in terms of the probability distribution function of the radiation are used to enable radiation properties such as intensity and polarization to be calculated.
Tyshetskiy, Yu.; Pal Singh, Kunwar; Thirunavukarasu, A.; Robinson, P. A.; Cairns, Iver H. [School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia)
Unified Fractional Kinetic Equation and a Fractional Diffusion Equation
In earlier papers Saxena et al. (2002, 2003) derived the solutions of a number of fractional kinetic equations in terms of generalized Mittag-Leffler functions which extended the work of Haubold and Mathai (2000). The object of the present paper is to investigate the solution of a unified form of fractional kinetic equation in which the free term contains any integrable function f(t), which provides the unification and extension of the results given earlier recently by Saxena et al. (2002, 2003). The solution has been developed in terms of the Wright function in a closed form by the method of Laplace transform. Further we derive a closed-form solution of a fractional diffusion equation. The asymptotic expansion of the derived solution with respect to the space variable is also discussed. The results obtained are in a form suitable for numerical computation.
R. K. Saxena; A. M. Mathai; H. J. Haubold
An Independent Derivation of the Oxford Jet Kinetic Luminosity Formula
This letter presents a theoretical derivation of an estimate for a radio source jet kinetic luminosity. The expression yields jet powers that are quantitatively similar to a more sophisticated empirical relation published by the Willott, Blundell and Rawlings at Oxford. The formula allows one to estimate the jet kinetic luminosity from the measurement of the optically thin radio lobe emission in quasars and radio galaxies. Motivated by recent X-ray observation, the derivation assumes that most of the energy in the lobes is in plasma thermal energy with a negligible contribution from magnetic energy (not equipartition). The close agreement of the two independent expressions makes the veracity of these estimates seem very plausible.
Kinetic Method for Hydrogen-Deuterium-Tritium Mixture Distillation Simulation
Simulation of hydrogen distillation plants requires mathematical procedures suitable for multicomponent systems. In most of the present-day simulation methods a distillation column is assumed to be composed of theoretical stages, or plates. However, in the case of a multicomponent mixture theoretical plate does not exist.An alternative kinetic method of simulation is depicted in the work. According to this method a system of mass-transfer differential equations is solved numerically. Mass-transfer coefficients are estimated with using experimental results and empirical equations.Developed method allows calculating the steady state of a distillation column as well as its any non-steady state when initial conditions are given. The results for steady states are compared with ones obtained via Thiele-Geddes theoretical stage technique and the necessity of using kinetic method is demonstrated. Examples of a column startup period and periodic distillation simulations are shown as well.
Sazonov, A.B.; Kagramanov, Z.G.; Magomedbekov, E.P. [Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (Russian Federation)
MHK Projects/Ogdensburg Kinetic Energy Project | Open Energy Information
Ogdensburg Kinetic Energy Project Ogdensburg Kinetic Energy Project < MHK Projects Jump to: navigation, search << Return to the MHK database homepage Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":5,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"500px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"File:Aquamarine-marker.png","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":44.6942,"lon":-75.4863,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"http:\/\/prod-http-80-800498448.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com\/w\/images\/7\/74\/Aquamarine-marker.png","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Conformational Analysis of ET Kinetics across Oligoproline Peptides
Analysis of the Electron-Transfer Kinetics across Analysis of the Electron-Transfer Kinetics across Oligoproline Peptides Using N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine Donors and Pyrene-1-sulfonyl Acceptors Joseph B. Issa, Abdu S. Salameh, Edward W. Castner, Jr., James F. Wishart, and Stephan S. Isied J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 6878-6886 (2007). [Find paper at ACS Publications] or use ACS Articles on Request Abstract: Photoinduced intramolecular charge separation across proline-bridged donor-acceptor complexes of the type Pyr-(Pro)n-DMPD (where Pyr = pyrene-1-sulfonyl and DMPD = N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) was studied. The steady-state emission spectrum for n = 0, 1, 2, 3 showed an increase in emission intensity with the number of proline residues. Time-dependent emission measured by streak camera showed increasing
Esterification kinetics of triglycerides in n-hexane catalyzed by an immobilized lipase
The kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed esterification of triglycerides over immobilized lipase in n-hexane was investigated. The reaction kinetics were described in terms of a mechanism developed following the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) approach with surface reaction as the rate-controlling step. Sets of data obtained from batch experiments were used to determine the kinetic parameters. A good description of the esterification reaction by the suggested kinetic mechanism was achieved. The reaction was then run in a fixed bed flow reactor and the reactor performance was predicted using the batch reactor kinetics.
Gomez Ruiz, Alejandro
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Development of Detailed Kinetic Models for Fischer-Tropsch Fuels
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels can be synthesized from a syngas stream generated by the gasification of biomass. As such they have the potential to be a renewable hydrocarbon fuel with many desirable properties. However, both the chemical and physical properties are somewhat different from the petroleum-based hydrocarbons that they might replace, and it is important to account for such differences when considering using them as replacements for conventional fuels in devices such as diesel engines and gas turbines. FT fuels generally contain iso-alkanes with one or two substituted methyl groups to meet the pour-point specifications. Although models have been developed for smaller branched alkanes such as isooctane, additional efforts are required to properly capture the kinetics of the larger branched alkanes. Recently, Westbrook et al. developed a chemical kinetic model that can be used to represent the entire series of n-alkanes from C{sub 1} to C{sub 16} (Figure 1). In the current work, the model is extended to treat 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HMN), a large iso-alkane. The same reaction rate rules used in the iso-octane mechanism were incorporated in the HMN mechanism. Both high and low temperature chemistry was included so that the chemical kinetic model would be applicable to advanced internal combustion engines using low temperature combustion strategies. The chemical kinetic model consists of 1114 species and 4468 reactions. Concurrently with this effort, work is underway to improve the details of specific reaction classes in the mechanism, guided by high-level electronic structure calculations. Attention is focused upon development of accurate rate rules for abstraction of the tertiary hydrogens present in branched alkanes and properly accounting for the pressure dependence of the ?-scission, isomerization, and R + O{sub 2} reactions.
Westbrook, C K; Pitz, W J; Carstensen, H; Dean, A M
Comparison of kinetic theory models of laser ablation of carbon
The paper compares the predictions of three-dimensional kinetic theory models of laser ablation of carbon. All the models are based on the moment solution of the Boltzmann equation for arbitrary strong evaporation but use different approximations. Comparison of the model predictions demonstrated that the choice of the particular model has very little influence on the results. The influence of the heat conduction from the gas to the solid phase was also found to be negligible in this problem.
Shusser, Michael [Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000 (Israel)
Fundamental diagrams for kinetic equations of traffic flow
In this paper we investigate the ability of some recently introduced discrete kinetic models of vehicular traffic to catch, in their large time behavior, typical features of theoretical fundamental diagrams. Specifically, we address the so-called "spatially homogeneous problem" and, in the representative case of an exploratory model, we study the qualitative properties of its solutions for a generic number of discrete microstates. This includes, in particular, asymptotic trends and equilibria, whence fundamental diagrams originate.
Luisa Fermo; Andrea Tosin
Application of kinetic inductance thermometers to x-ray calorimetry
A kinetic inductance thermometer is applied to x-ray calorimetry, and its operation over a wide range of frequencies and geometries is discussed. Three amplifier configurations are described, one using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) amplifier, another incorporating an FET amplifier in an amplitude modulated system, and the third, using a tunnel diode frequency modulated oscillator circuit. The predicted performance of each configuration is presented. 13 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
Wai, Y.C.; Labov, S.E.; Silver, E.H.
Dynamic stability of spindles controlled by molecular motor kinetics
We analyze the role of the force-dependent kinetics of motor proteins in the stability of antiparallel arrays of polar filaments, such as those in the mitotic spindle. We determine the possible stable structures and show that there exists an instability associated to the collective behavior of motors that leads to the collapse of the spindle. Our analysis provides a general framework to understand several experimental observations in eukaryotic cell division.
Otger Campas; Jaume Casademunt; Ignacio Pagonabarraga
Catalyst Screening and Kinetic Studies Using Microchannel Reactors
A multi-parallel microchannel reactor system is described, as related to catalyst screening and discovery for heat-intensive heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Example systems are detailed, in which the rapid heat transfer of the screening device is utilized to maintain isothermal operation in multiple channels for catalyst screening as well as kinetic investigations. The advantages of the system and pertinent results are discussed, specifically for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol oxidation to formaldehyde, and methanol steam reforming.
Cao, Chunshe; Palo, Daniel R.; Tonkovich, Annalee Y.; Wang, Yong
Adiabatic trapping in coupled kinetic Alfven-acoustic waves
In the present work, we have discussed the effects of adiabatic trapping of electrons on obliquely propagating Alfven waves in a low {beta} plasma. Using the two potential theory and employing the Sagdeev potential approach, we have investigated the existence of arbitrary amplitude coupled kinetic Alfven-acoustic solitary waves in both the sub and super Alfvenic cases. The results obtained have been analyzed and presented graphically and can be applied to regions of space where the low {beta} assumption holds true.
Shah, H. A.; Ali, Z. [Department of Physics, G.C. University, 54000 Lahore (Pakistan); Masood, W. [COMSATS, Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 44000 (Pakistan); National Centre for Physics (NCP), Shahdara Valley Road, 44000 Islamabad (Pakistan); Theoretical Plasma Physics Division, P. O. Nilore, Islamabad (Pakistan)
Domain growth and ordering kinetics in dense quark matter
The kinetics of chiral transitions in quark matter is studied in a two-flavor Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. We focus on the phase-ordering dynamics subsequent to a temperature quench from the massless quark phase to the massive quark phase. We study the dynamics by considering a phenomenological model (Ginzburg-Landau free-energy functional). The morphology of the ordering system is characterized by the scaling of the order-parameter correlation function.
Singh, A.; Puri, S. [Jawaharlal Nehru University, School of Physical Sciences (India); Mishra, H., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Physical Research Laboratory, Theory Division (India)
Theoretical validation of chemical kinetic mechanisms : combustion of methanol.
A new technique is proposed that uses theoretical methods to systematically improve the performance of chemical kinetic mechanisms. Using a screening method, the chemical reaction steps that most strongly influence a given kinetic observable are identified. The associated rate coefficients are then improved by high-level quantum chemistry and transition-state-theory calculations, which leads to new values for the coefficients and smaller uncertainty ranges. This updating process is continued as new reactions emerge as the most important steps in the target observable. The screening process employed is a global sensitivity analysis that involves Monte Carlo sampling of the full N-dimensional uncertainty space of rate coefficients, where N is the number of reaction steps. The method is applied to the methanol combustion mechanism of Li et al. (Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 2007, 39, 109.). It was found that the CH{sub 3}OH + HO{sub 2} and CH{sub 3}OH + O{sub 2} reactions were the most important steps in setting the ignition delay time, and the rate coefficients for these reactions were updated. The ignition time is significantly changed for a broad range of high-concentration methanol/oxygen mixtures in the updated mechanism.
Skodje, R. T.; Tomlin, A. S.; Klippenstein, S. J.; Harding, L. B.; Davis, M. J.; Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division; Univ. of Colorado; Univ. of Leeds
Kinetics of Cd Release from Some Contaminated Calcareous Soils
Contamination of soils with heavy metals may pose long-term risk to groundwater quality leading to health implications. Bioavailability of heavy metals, like cadmium (Cd) is strongly affected by sorption and desorption processes. The release of heavy metals from contaminated soils is a major contamination risks to natural waters. The release of Cd from contaminated soils is strongly influenced by its mobility and bioavailability. In this study, the kinetics of Cd desorption from ten samples of contaminated calcareous soils, with widely varying physicochemical properties, were studied using 0.01 M EDTA extraction. The median percentage of Cd released was about 27.7% of the total extractable Cd in the soils. The release of Cd was characterized by an initial fast release rate (of labile fractions) followed by a slower release rate (of less labile fractions) and a model of two first-order reactions adequately describes the observed release of Cd from the studied soil samples. There was positive correlation between the amount of Cd released at first phase of release and Cd in exchangeable fraction, indicating that this fraction of Cd is the main fraction controlling the Cd in the kinetic experiments. There was strongly negative correlation between the amount of Cd released at first and second phases of release and residual fraction, suggesting that this fraction did not contribute in Cd release in the kinetic experiments. The results can be used to provide information for evaluation of Cd potential toxicity and ecological risk from contaminated calcareous soils.
Sajadi Tabar, S.; Jalali, M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Bu-Ali Sina University, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
Quantum instanton evaluation of the kinetic isotope effects
A general quantum-mechanical method for computing kinetic isotope effects is presented. The method is based on the quantum instanton approximation for the rate constant and on the path integral Metropolis Monte-Carlo evaluation of the Boltzmann operator matrix elements. It computes the kinetic isotope effect directly, using a thermodynamic integration with respect to the mass of the isotope, thus avoiding the more computationally expensive process of computing the individual rate constants. The method is more accurate than variational transition-state theories or the semiclassical instanton method since it does not assume a single reaction path and does not use a semiclassical approximation of the Boltzmann operator. While the general Monte-Carlo implementation makes the method accessible to systems with a large number of atoms, we present numerical results for the Eckart barrier and for the collinear and full three-dimensional isotope variants of the hydrogen exchange reaction H+H{sub 2} {yields} H{sub 2}+H. In all seven test cases, for temperatures between 250 K and 600 K, the error of the quantum instanton approximation for the kinetic isotope effects is less than {approx}10%.
Vanicek, Jiri; Miller, William H.; Castillo, Jesus F.; Aoiz, F.Javier
Hydrotreating process kinetics for bitumen and bitumen-derived liquids
Hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodesulfurization and resid conversion data for the Whiterocks bitumen and bitumen-derived liquid were analyzed using a modified power rate law model. The model incorporated the space velocity and pressure since the plug flow equation may not be applicable to laboratory-scale reactors in which complete wetting of the catalyst may not be attained. The data were obtained with the reactor operating as a fixed bed reactor in the upflow mode. The space velocity (WHSV{sup {alpha}}) term was included to account for deviations from plug flow behavior. The exponents (a,p) and the kinetic parameters were obtained by combined non-linear regression and ODE solver techniques for the analysis of laboratory data. A simple nth order power rate law expression for hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodesulfurization was examined. The higher than first order kinetics for hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodesulfurization of the bitumen and bitumen-derived liquids were explained by invoking two parallel first-order reactions; one slow and the other fast. Parallel and consecutive reaction schemes were used to examine the extent of conversion of the resid fraction to middle distillate, gas oil and gasoline and the apparent kinetic parameters were determined. It was determined that the upflow operating mode was preferred to the trickle-bed mode in the laboratory reactor to insure plug flow behavior.
Kwak, S.; Longstaff, D.C.; Deo, M.D.; Hanson, F.V.
Kinetic theory of nonlinear transport phenomena in complex plasmas
In contrast to the prevalent use of the phenomenological theory of transport phenomena, a number of transport properties of complex plasmas have been evaluated by using appropriate expressions, available from the kinetic theory, which are based on Boltzmann's transfer equation; in particular, the energy dependence of the electron collision frequency has been taken into account. Following the recent trend, the number and energy balance of all the constituents of the complex plasma and the charge balance on the particles is accounted for; the Ohmic loss has also been included in the energy balance of the electrons. The charging kinetics for the complex plasma comprising of uniformly dispersed dust particles, characterized by (i) uniform size and (ii) the Mathis, Rumpl, and Nordsieck power law of size distribution has been developed. Using appropriate expressions for the transport parameters based on the kinetic theory, the system of equations has been solved to investigate the parametric dependence of the complex plasma transport properties on the applied electric field and other plasma parameters; the results are graphically illustrated.
Mishra, S. K. [Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar 382428 (India); Sodha, M. S. [Centre for Energy Studies (CES), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016 (India)
Split kinetic energy method for quantum systems with competing potentials
For quantum systems with competing potentials, the conventional perturbation theory often yields an asymptotic series and the subsequent numerical outcome becomes uncertain. To tackle such a kind of problems, we develop a general solution scheme based on a new energy dissection idea. Instead of dividing the potential energy into 'unperturbed' and 'perturbed' terms, a partition of the kinetic energy is performed. By distributing the kinetic energy term in part into each individual potential, the Hamiltonian can be expressed as the sum of the subsystem Hamiltonians with respective competing potentials. The total wavefunction is expanded by using a linear combination of the basis sets of respective subsystem Hamiltonians. We first illustrate the solution procedure using a simple system consisting of a particle under the action of double {delta}-function potentials. Next, this method is applied to the prototype systems of a charged harmonic oscillator in strong magnetic field and the hydrogen molecule ion. Compared with the usual perturbation approach, this new scheme converges much faster to the exact solutions for both eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. When properly extended, this new solution scheme can be very useful for dealing with strongly coupling quantum systems. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A new basis set expansion method is proposed. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Split kinetic energy method is proposed to solve quantum eigenvalue problems. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Significant improvement has been obtained in converging to exact results. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Extension of such methods is promising and discussed.
Mineo, H.; Chao, Sheng D., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Hot-gas desulfurization for the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process has been investigated by many researchers to remove effectively hydrogen sulfide with various metal oxide sorbents at elevated temperatures. Various metal oxide sorbents are formulated with metal oxides such as Fe, Co, Zn, and Ti. Initial reaction kinetics of formulated sorbents with hydrogen sulfide is studied in the presence of various amounts of moisture and hydrogen at various reaction temperatures. The objectives of this research are to study initial reaction kinetics for a sorbent-hydrogen sulfide heterogeneous reaction system, to investigate effects of concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and moisture on dynamic absorption of H{sub 2}S into sorbents, and to evaluate effects of temperature and sorbent amounts on dynamic absorption of H{sub 2}S into sorbents. Experimental data on initial reaction kinetics of hydrogen sulfide with metal oxide sorbents were obtained with a 0.83-cm{sup 3} differential reactor. The reactivity of MCRH-67 was examined in this report. This sorbent was obtained from the Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The sorbent in the form of 130 mm particles are reacted with 18000-ppm hydrogen sulfide at 350-525 C. The range of space time of reaction gas mixtures is 0.069-0.088 s. The range of reaction duration is 4-180 s.
Hot-gas desulfurization for the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process has been investigated by many researchers to remove effectively hydrogen sulfide with various metal oxide sorbents at elevated temperatures. Various metal oxide sorbents are formulated with metal oxides such as Fe, Co, Zn, and Ti. Initial reaction kinetics of formulated sorbents with hydrogen sulfide is studied in the presence of various amounts of moisture and hydrogen at various reaction temperatures. The objectives of this research are to study initial reaction kinetics for a sorbent-hydrogen sulfide heterogeneous reaction system, to investigate effects of concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and moisture on dynamic absorption of H{sub 2}S into sorbents, and to evaluate effects of temperature and sorbent amounts on dynamic absorption of H{sub 2}S into sorbents. Experimental data on initial reaction kinetics of hydrogen sulfide with metal oxide sorbents were obtained with a 0.83-cm{sup 3} differential reactor. The reactivity of EX-SO3 was examined in this report. This sorbent was obtained from the Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The sorbent in the form of 110 {micro}m particles are reacted with 18000-ppm hydrogen sulfide at 350-550 C. The range of space time of reaction gas mixtures is 0.069-0.088 s. The range of reaction duration is 4-180 s.
Hot-gas desulfurization for the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process has been investigated by many researchers to remove effectively hydrogen sulfide with various metal oxide sorbents at elevated temperatures. Various metal oxide sorbents are formulated with metal oxides such as Fe, Co, Zn, and Ti. Initial reaction kinetics of formulated sorbents with hydrogen sulfide is studied in the presence of various amounts of moisture and hydrogen at various reaction temperatures. The objectives of this research are to study initial reaction kinetics for a sorbent-hydrogen sulfide heterogeneous reaction system, to investigate effects of concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and moisture on dynamic absorption of H{sub 2}S into sorbents, and to evaluate effects of temperature and sorbent amounts on dynamic absorption of H{sub 2}S into sorbents. Experimental data on initial reaction kinetics of hydrogen sulfide with metal oxide sorbents were obtained with a 0.83-cm{sup 3} differential reactor. In this report, the reactivity of AHI-5 was examined. This sorbent was obtained from the Research Triangle Institute (RTI). The sorbent in the form of 70 {micro}m particles are reacted with 9000-18000 ppm hydrogen sulfide at 350-500 C. The range of space time of reaction gas mixtures is 0.071-0.088 s. The range of reaction duration is 4-10800 s.
Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo Simulation ofKinetic Lattice Monte Carlo Simulation of Polycrystalline Thin film growthPolycrystalline Thin film growth
grain orientations s The first application of this code is to the growth of Mo tips, including chemicalKinetic Lattice Monte Carlo Simulation ofKinetic Lattice Monte Carlo Simulation of Polycrystalline Applications Motorola National Science Foundation National Center for Supercomputer Applications Motorola #12
Adams, James B
Influence of diffusion on the kinetics of excited-state associationdissociation reactions: Comparison of theory and simulation
-state proton transfer to solvent.1 In this context, Weller has solved the rate equations of chemical kinetics: Technological Institute, Kemerovo 650060, Russia. b On leave from the Institute of Chemical Kinetics kinetics We begin with the chemical kinetic approach where one solves two coupled ordinary differential
Agmon, Noam
Energetics and kinetics of anaerobic aromatic and fatty acid degradation
The kinetics of benzoate degradation by the anaerobic syntrophic bacterium, Syntrophus buswellii, was studied in coculture with Desulfovibrio strain G11. The threshold value for benzoate degradation was dependent on the acetate concentration with benzoate threshold values ranging from 2.4 [mu]M at 20 mM acetate to 30.0 [mu]M at 65 mM acetate. Increasing acetate concentrations also inhibited the rate of benzoate degradation with a apparent K[sub i] for acetate inhibition of 7.0 mM. Lower threshold values were obtained when nitrate rather than sulfate was the terminal electron acceptor. These data are consistent with a thermodynamic explanation for the threshold, and suggest that there is a minimum Gibbs free energy value required for the degradation of benzoate. An acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase has been isolated from Syntrophomonas wolfei; it is apparently a key enzyme controlling the synthesis of poly-B-hydroxyalkanoate from acetyl-CoA in this organism. Kinetic characterization of the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase from S. wolfei showed that it is similar in its structural, kinetic, and apparent regulatory properties to other biosynthetic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases from phylogenetically distinct bacteria that synthesize PHA. Intracellular concentrations of CoA and acetyl-CoA are believed to be critical factors regulating the activity of the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase in S. wolfei. We have also isolated and characterized several new halophilic anaerobic fermentative anaerobes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that one of these bacteria is a new species in the genus, Haloanaerobium. Two other species appear to be members of the genus, Halobacteroides. Several halophilic acetoclastic methanogenic bacteria have also been isolated and their physiological properties are currently under investigation. We have also isolated an acetate-using dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium.
McInerney, M.J.
Isopiestic Kinetics of Pd/C/DPB Composite: Temperature Dependence
In 2007, a continuation of experiments studying the uptake kinetics of a DPB getter material was conducted. In these experiments, a powder formed from ground pellets of DPB getter as currently deployed was subject to multiple hydrogenations in an isopiestic hydrogen reactor. The objective was to observe the reaction kinetics of the powdered material as a function of ambient hydrogen pressure at room temperature, with the intention of resolving key issues of the DPB reaction mechanism that could relate to its aging and capacity characteristics. The results indicated, in agreement with work performed in 2006 as part of the same project, that the likely mechanism of DPB/Hydrogen reaction occurs via the diffusion of unreacted DPB toward the catalyst surface. They also demonstrated that at a sufficiently high pressure (on the order of a few torr) of hydrogen, the reaction was vigorous enough to release sufficient heat to vaporize both the DPB getter and its hydrogenate away from the surface of the Pd catalyst at which the reaction takes place. The consequence was a premature slowing of the reaction kinetics and a drop in overall capacity. In the present work, the isopiestic reaction scheme is expanded to study the dependence of the reaction rate of this material on both hydrogen pressure and temperature. The dependence of the reaction rate on both temperature and pressure can provide both valuable clues about the reaction mechanism, as well as the activation energy of the principal reaction. The activation energy is an especially important term for purposes of doing lifetime predictions for getters under conditions of varying temperature.
Dinh, L N; Meulenberg, R; Saab, A P
Kinetic Simulations of Solar Type II Radio Burst Emission Processes
Using our kinetic Particle-in-Cell simulation code, we have examined the behavior of different plasma modes in the environment close to a CME shock front, with special focus on the modes that may contribute to the formation of type II radio bursts. Apart from electron velocity spectra, numerical dispersion plots obtained from simulation data allow for analysis of wave modes in the simulated plasma, especially showing growth and damping of these modes over time. These plots reveal features at 2omega{sub p} which are not predicted by linear wave theory, that may be results of nonlinear three wave interaction processes as theoretically predicted for type II emission processes.
Ganse, Urs; Burkart, Thomas; Spanier, Felix [Lehrstuhl fuer Astronomie, Universitaet Wuerzburg (Germany); Vainio, Rami [Department of Physics, University of Helsinki (Finland)
Kinetics of beneficiated fly ash by carbon burnout
The presence of carbon in fly ash requires an increase in the dosage of the air-entraining admixture for concrete mix, and may cause the admixture to lose efficiency. Specifying authorities for the concrete producers have set maximum allowable levels of residual carbon. These levels are the so called Loss On Ignition (LOI). The concrete producers` day-to-day purchasing decisions sets the LOI at 4%. The objective of the project is to investigate the kinetics of oxidation of residual carbon present in coal fly ash as a possible first step toward producing low-carbon fly ash from high-carbon, low quality fly ash.
Okoh, J.M.; Dodoo, J.N.D.; Diaz, A. [Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD (United States). Dept. of Natural Sciences; Ferguson, W.; Udinskey, J.R. Jr.; Christiana, G.A. [Delmarva Power, Wilmington, DE (United States)
The decay kinetics of the photo-induced absorbance changes in red and green algae are very sensitive to the wavelength of the actinic 11ght. A four to twofold increase in half-decay time is noted in going from short wavelength (550-650 mu) to long wavelength (> 700 mu) excitation. The slow decay ratios, produced by long wavelength light can be enhanced with a steady background of short wavelength light. A relationship between initial decay rates and 02 evolution rates is described. This relationship allows a direct correspondence between these spectroscopic studies and the 'red-drop' and 'enhancement' experiments of Emerson.
Kuntz Jr., I.D.; Calvin, Melvin
Bio-butanol: Combustion properties and detailed chemical kinetic model
Autoignition delay time measurements were performed at equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1 and 2 for butan-1-ol at reflected shock pressures of 1, 2.6 and 8 atm at temperatures from 1100 to 1800 K. High-level ab initio calculations were used to determine enthalpies of formation and consequently bond dissociation energies for each bond in the alcohol. A detailed chemical kinetic model consisting of 1399 reactions involving 234 species was constructed and tested against the delay times and also against recent jet-stirred reactor speciation data with encouraging results. The importance of enol chemistry is highlighted. (author)
Black, G.; Curran, H.J.; Pichon, S.; Simmie, J.M.; Zhukov, V. [Combustion Chemistry Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway (Ireland)
Advanced quasi-steady state approximation for chemical kinetics
Computational feasibility of turbulent reacting flows hinges on the reduction of large chemical kinetics systems to smaller more manageable reaction sets. Recently, several sophisticated reduction techniques have been developed but they continue to be computationally prohibitive for practical three-dimensional unsteady computations. For such applications, the classical quasi-steady state assumption (QSSA), despite serious shortcomings, continues to be popular due to its conceptual clarity and computational simplicity. Starting from invariant manifold description, we develop an advanced quasi-steady state assumption which (i) is independent of the choice of the retained (slow) species; (ii) possesses much improved physical and mathematical characteristics; and (iii) can be specialized for any objective function.
Girimaji, Sharath
Kinetic theory of the interdiffusion coefficient in dense plasmas
Naive applications of Spitzer's theory to very dense plasmas can lead to negative diffusion coefficients. The interdiffusion coefficients in Binary Ionic Mixtures (two species of point ions in a uniform neutralizing background) have been calculated recently using molecular dynamics techniques. These calculations can provide useful benchmarks for theoretical evaluations of the diffusion coefficient in dense plasma mixtures. This paper gives a brief description of a kinetic theoretic approximation to the diffusion coefficient which generalizes Spitzer to high density and is in excellent agreement with the computer simulations. 15 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.
Boercker, D.B.
Kinetic analysis of two dimensional metallic grating Cerenkov maser
The dispersion relation of two dimensional metallic grating Cerenkov maser has been given by using kinetic analysis, in which the influence of electron movement is directly considered without using an equivalent dielectric medium assumption. The effects of structural parameters and beam state on the interaction gain and synchronous frequency have also been investigated in detail by numerical calculations. To an illustrative case, the quantitative relations produced from varying the gap distance between electron beam and metallic grating, beam current, electron transverse to axial velocity ratio, and electron axial velocity spread have been obtained. The developed method can be used to predict the real interaction system performances.
Zhao Ding [Key Laboratory of High Power Microwave Sources and Technologies, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China)
Parity violating quantum kinetic theory in (2+1)-dimensions
We study the kinetic theory for a (2+1)-dimensional fermionic system with special emphasis on the parity violating properties associated with the fermion mass. The Wigner function approach is used to derive hydrodynamical transport coefficients to the first spatial derivative order. As a first attempt, the collisions between fermions are neglected. The resulting system is dissipationless. The parity violating Hall electric conductivity has the same temperature and chemical potential dependence as the quantum field theory result at one-loop. Vorticity dependent transport properties, which were not considered before, also emerge naturally in this approach.
Jiunn-Wei Chen; Jian-Hua Gao; Juan Liu; Shi Pu; Qun Wang
In this work, a fundamental kinetic model for the catalytic reforming process has been developed. The complex network of elementary steps and molecular reactions occurring in catalytic reforming has been generated through a computer algorithm characterizing the various species by vectors and Boolean relation matrices. The algorithm is based on the fundamental chemistry occurring on both acid and metal sites of the catalyst. Rates are expressed for each of the elementary steps involved in the transformation of the intermediates. The Hougen-Watson approach is used to express the rates of the molecular reactions occurring on the metal sites of the catalyst. The single event approach is used to account for the effect of structure of reactant and activated complex on the rate coefficients of the elementary steps occurring on the acid sites. This approach recognizes that even if the number of elementary steps is very large they belong to a very limited number of types, and therefore it is possible to express the kinetics of elementary steps by a reduced number of parameters. In addition, the single event approach leads to rate coefficients that are independent of the feedstock, due to their fundamental chemical nature. The total number of parameters at isothermal conditions is 45. To estimate these parameters, an objective function based upon the sum of squares of the residuals was minimized through the Marquardt algorithm. Intraparticle mass transport limitations and deactivation of the catalyst by coke formation are considered in the model. Both the Wilke and the Stefan-Maxwell approaches were used to calculate the concentration gradients inside of the particle. The heterogeneous kinetic model was applied in the simulation of the process for typical industrial conditions for both axial and radial flow fixed bed reactors. The influence of the main process variables on the octane number and reformate volume was investigated and optimal conditions were obtained. Additional aspects studied with the kinetic model are the reduction of aromatics, mainly benzene. The results from the simulations agree with the typical performance found in the industrial process.
Sotelo-Boyas, Rogelio
Kinetic phenomena in charged particle transport in gases and plasmas
The key difference between equilibrium (thermal) and non-equilibrium (low temperature - a.k.a. cold) plasmas is in the degree in which the shape of the cross sections influences the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). In this paper we will discuss the issue of kinetic phenomena from two different angles. The first will be how to take advantage of the strong influence and use low current data to obtain the cross sections. This is also known as the swarm technique and the product of a ''swarm analysis'' is a set of cross sections giving good number, momentum and energy balances of electrons or other charged particles. At the same time understanding the EEDF is based on the cross section data. Nevertheless sometimes the knowledge of the cross sections and even the behaviour of individual particles are insufficient to explain collective behaviour of the ensemble. The resulting ''kinetic'' effects may be used to favour certain properties of non-equilibrium plasmas and even may be used as the basis of some new plasma applications.
Petrovic, Zoran Lj.; Dujko, Sasa; Sasic, Olivera; Stojanovic, Vladimir; Malovic, Gordana [Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, POB 68 11080 Zemun (Serbia); Faculty of Traffic Engineering, University of Belgrade Belgrade (Serbia); Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, POB 68 11080 Zemun (Serbia)
We develop a combined hydro-kinetic approach which incorporates a hydrodynamical expansion of the systems formed in \\textit{A}+\\textit{A} collisions and their dynamical decoupling described by escape probabilities. The method corresponds to a generalized relaxation time ($\\tau_{\\text{rel}}$) approximation for the Boltzmann equation applied to inhomogeneous expanding systems; at small $\\tau_{\\text{rel}}$ it also allows one to catch the viscous effects in hadronic component - hadron-resonance gas. We demonstrate how the approximation of sudden freeze-out can be obtained within this dynamical picture of continuous emission and find that hypersurfaces, corresponding to a sharp freeze-out limit, are momentum dependent. The pion $m_{T}$ spectra are computed in the developed hydro-kinetic model, and compared with those obtained from ideal hydrodynamics with the Cooper-Frye isothermal prescription. Our results indicate that there does not exist a universal freeze-out temperature for pions with different momenta, and support an earlier decoupling of higher $p_{T}$ particles. By performing numerical simulations for various initial conditions and equations of state we identify several characteristic features of the bulk QCD matter evolution preferred in view of the current analysis of heavy ion collisions at RHIC energies.
S. V. Akkelin; Y. Hama; Iu. A. Karpenko; Yu. M. Sinyukov
The conservative cascade of kinetic energy in compressible turbulence
The physical nature of compressible turbulence is of fundamental importance in a variety of astrophysical settings. We present the first direct evidence that mean kinetic energy cascades conservatively beyond a transitional "conversion" scale-range despite not being an invariant of the compressible flow dynamics. We use high-resolution three-dimensional simulations of compressible hydrodynamic turbulence on $512^3$ and $1024^3$ grids. We probe regimes of forced steady-state isothermal flows and of unforced decaying ideal gas flows. The key quantity we measure is pressure dilatation cospectrum, $E^{PD}(k)$, where we provide the first numerical evidence that it decays at a rate faster than $k^{-1}$ as a function of wavenumber. This is sufficient to imply that mean pressure dilatation acts primarily at large-scales and that kinetic and internal energy budgets statistically decouple beyond a transitional scale-range. Our results suggest that an extension of Kolmogorov's inertial-range theory to compressible turbulence is possible.
Hussein Aluie; Shengtai Li; Hui Li
The physical nature of compressible turbulence is of fundamental importance in a variety of astrophysical settings. We present the first direct evidence that mean kinetic energy cascades conservatively beyond a transitional "conversion" scale-range despite not being an invariant of the compressible flow dynamics. We use high-resolution three-dimensional simulations of compressible hydrodynamic turbulence on $512^3$ and $1024^3$ grids. We probe regimes of forced steady-state isothermal flows and of unforced decaying ideal gas flows. The key quantity we measure is pressure dilatation cospectrum, $E^{PD}(k)$, where we provide the first numerical evidence that it decays at a rate faster than $k^{-1}$ as a function of wavenumber. This is sufficient to imply that mean pressure dilatation acts primarily at large-scales and that kinetic and internal energy budgets statistically decouple beyond a transitional scale-range. Our results suggest that an extension of Kolmogorov's inertial-range theory to compressible turbu...
Aluie, Hussein; Li, Hui
Kinetics and deactivation of sulfated zirconia catalysts for butane isomerization
Reaction kinetics studies were conducted of n-butane and isobutane isomerization over sulfated zirconia at 423 K. The kinetic data can be described well by a rate expression based on a reversible, bimolecular surface reaction between two adsorbed n-C{sub 4} species, probably through a C{sub 8} intermediate, to produce one i-C{sub 4} species, as well as surface reaction between two adsorbed i-C{sub 4} species to produce one n-C{sub 4} species. This reaction sequence also describes well the rates of C{sub 4}-disproportionation reactions to produce C{sub 3} and C{sub 5} species. The initial rate of catalyst deactivation is faster during n-butane isomerization than during isobutane isomerization, and the longer-term rate of deactivation during n-butane isomerization increases with the pressures of n-butane. The more rapid catalyst deactivation during n-butane isomerization may be related to the formation of n-C{sub 4}-diene species. 25 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.
Fogash, K.B.; Larson, R.B.; Gonzalez, M.R. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)] [and others] [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); and others
Progress in Chemical Kinetic Modeling for Surrogate Fuels
Gasoline, diesel, and other alternative transportation fuels contain hundreds to thousands of compounds. It is currently not possible to represent all these compounds in detailed chemical kinetic models. Instead, these fuels are represented by surrogate fuel models which contain a limited number of representative compounds. We have been extending the list of compounds for detailed chemical models that are available for use in fuel surrogate models. Detailed models for components with larger and more complicated fuel molecular structures are now available. These advancements are allowing a more accurate representation of practical and alternative fuels. We have developed detailed chemical kinetic models for fuels with higher molecular weight fuel molecules such as n-hexadecane (C16). Also, we can consider more complicated fuel molecular structures like cyclic alkanes and aromatics that are found in practical fuels. For alternative fuels, the capability to model large biodiesel fuels that have ester structures is becoming available. These newly addressed cyclic and ester structures in fuels profoundly affect the reaction rate of the fuel predicted by the model. Finally, these surrogate fuel models contain large numbers of species and reactions and must be reduced for use in multi-dimensional models for spark-ignition, HCCI and diesel engines.
Pitz, W J; Westbrook, C K; Herbinet, O; Silke, E J
The physical nature of compressible turbulence is of fundamental importance in a variety of astrophysical settings. We investigate the question: 'At what scales does the mechanism of pressure-dilatation operate?' and present the first direct evidence that mean kinetic energy cascades conservatively beyond a transitional 'conversion' scale range despite not being an invariant of the dynamics. We use high-resolution 1024{sup 3} subsonic and transonic simulations. The key quantity we measure is the pressure-dilatation cospectrum, E{sup PD}(k), where we show that it decays at a rate faster than k{sup -1} in wavenumber in at least the subsonic and transonic regimes. This is sufficient to imply that mean pressure-dilatation acts primarily at large scales and that kinetic and internal energy budgets statistically decouple beyond a transitional scale range. However, we observe that small-scale dynamics remains highly compressible locally in space and that the statistical decoupling in the energy budgets is unrelated to the existence of a subsonic scale range. Our results suggest that an extension of Kolmogorov's inertial-range theory to compressible turbulence is possible.
Aluie, Hussein; Li Shengtai; Li, Hui [Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 (United States)
Solar kinetics` photovoltaic concentrator module and tracker development
Solar Kinetics, Inc., has been developing a point-focus concentrating photovoltaic module and tracker system under contract to Sandia National Laboratories. The primary focus of the contract was to achieve a module design that was manufacturable and passed Sandia`s environmental testing. Nine modules of two variations were assembled, tested, and characterized in Phase 1, and results of these tests were promising, with module efficiency approaching the theoretical limit achievable with the components used. The module efficiency was 11.9% at a solar irradiance of 850 W/m{sup 2} and an extrapolated cell temperature of 25{degrees}C. Improvements in module performance are anticipated as cell efficiencies meet their expectations. A 2-kW tracker and controller accommodating 20 modules was designed, built, installed, and operated at Solar Kinetics` test site. The drive used many commercially available components in an innovative arrangement to reduce cost and increase reliability. Backlash and bearing play were controlled by use of preloaded, low slip-stick, synthetic slide bearings. The controller design used a standard industrial programmable logic controller to perform ephemeris calculations, operate the actuators, and monitor encoders.
White, D.L.; Howell, B. [Solar Kinetics, Inc., Dallas, TX (United States)
The inverse kinetics method and PID compensation of the Annular Core Research Reactor.
??This thesis explores the development of a model describing the Annular Core Research Reactor (ACRR), the application of the inverse kinetics method to calculate the� (more)
Garnas, Benjamin
Development of 3-D Neutronic Kinetic Model and Control for CANDU Reactors.
??The development of a three dimensional (3-D) neutronic kinetic modeling process aiming at control system design for CANadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactors is carried out� (more)
Xia, Lingzhi
Development of kinetic model reduction framework and its application in realistic flow simulation.
??The main objective of this research is to develop a kinetic model reduction framework that enables incorporation of detailed chemistry with realistic flow simulation. Comprehensive� (more)
He, Kaiyuan, 1986-
Redox Kinetics and Diffusion in Lithium Niobate by Optical In Situ ...
Redox kinetics upon oxygen activity jumps and the associated chemical diffusion coefficients are found in close agreement at a given temperature, indicating a�...
Application of chemical kinetic modeling to improve design and performance criteria for a practical incineration system.
??In this study, detailed thermo-chemical kinetics with networked ideal reactor model were applied to simulate a practical combustion system -the Secondary Combustion Chamber (SCC) of� (more)
Bass, Jr., Charles A.
Application of chemical probes to study the kinetic mechanism of DNA polymerases.
??Kinetic and structural basis of high-fidelity DNA replication by DNA polymerases has been the subject of extensive studies for several decades; however, it is still� (more)
Bakhtina, Marina M.
Specialized power-electronic apparatus for harnessing electrical power from kinetic hydropower plants.
??This thesis introduces a power electronic interface for a kinetic hydropower generation platform that enables extraction of electric power from a free-flowing water source such� (more)
Mosallat, Farid
Pyrolysis Kinetics and Chemical Structure Considerations of a Green River Oil Shale and Its Derivatives.
??This work had the objective of determining both the kinetic parameters for the pyrolysis of oil shale and kerogen as well as using analytical techniques� (more)
Hillier, James L
Kinetic analysis of coal and biomass co-gasification with carbon dioxide.
??Based on Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) experimental data, a kinetic analysis of the Boudouard reaction was studied for three different coal chars, three different biomass chars,� (more)
Bu, Jiachuan.
C-1: A Kinetic Study of the Leaching of Germanium Dust and Fume ...
The apparent activation energy for the dissolution of germanium has been evaluated ... Moreover, the apparent reaction order and the kinetic equation for the�...
Comparison of point kinetics, improved quasistatic and theta method as space-time kinetics solvers in DONJON-3 simulations
To ensure the safety of nuclear reactors, we have to simulate accurately their normal operation and also accident cases. To perform transient calculations, coupled neutronic and fhermo-hydraulic codes are used. This article compares three neutronic solvers. The first one is the point kinetic approach where the flux shape is constant during all the transient. For the second method (the improved quasistatic method), the flux shape is constant but only during small time steps. Finally, we used the theta approach where both flux and precursors distributions vary with time and space. Transients of Lost Of Coolant Accident in CANDU-6 reactors have been simulated with DONJON and the outputs of a thermalhydraulic system code. Results show that the point kinetics is inappropriate for transient with large distortion of the flux shape. Improved quasistatic and theta methods give relatively similar results. However, the improved quasistatic approach is less stable and a little bit more sensitive on time-step and spatial discretization than the theta method is. (authors)
Chambon, R.; Marleau, G. [Institut de Genie Nucleaire, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, 2500 chemin de la Polytechnique, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7 (Canada)
MHK Technologies/Kinetic Hydropower System KHPS | Open Energy Information
Kinetic Hydropower System KHPS Kinetic Hydropower System KHPS < MHK Technologies Jump to: navigation, search << Return to the MHK database homepage Verdantpower.jpg Technology Profile Primary Organization Verdant Power Project(s) where this technology is utilized *MHK Projects/Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy RITE *MHK Projects/Cornwall Ontario River Energy CORE Technology Resource Click here Current/Tidal Technology Type Click here Axial Flow Turbine Technology Readiness Level Click here TRL 7/8: Open Water System Testing & Demonstration & Operation Technology Description Verdant Power's central technology is the Kinetic Hydropower System (KHPS), a water-to-wire system that consists of three main components: 1) KHPS TURBINE: a three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine with four major assemblies: a) Composite rotor with 3-fixed blades that rotate at the relatively slow and constant speed of approximately 40 RPM, with tip-speeds of 35 feet per second. This is well below normal water vessel propeller speeds and conventional hydropower turbine blade speeds. b) Sealed nacelle, pylon and passive yaw mechanism that is hydrodynamically designed to allow the turbine to self-rotate into the prevailing current (like a weathervane) so that the blades are optimally aligned to generate energy. c) Custom-designed drivetrain unit (with induction generator) enclosed within the nacelle that integrates the bearing housing with a special long-life planetary gearbox, with mechanical shaft seals and a minimum of sealed lubricants. d) Streambed mounting system that can vary depending on site conditions as a single drilled monopile, a single gravity-based structure, or a gravity-based triframe mount that supports 3 turbines. 2) UNDERWATER CABLING: low-voltage shielded cable of short distance; and shoreline switchgear vaults, control room, and interconnection point(s). 3) APPURTENANT FACILITIES: for navigation safety, such as Public Aides to Navigation (PATON) buoys and lighted warning signs, as well as instrumentation including Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs). In order to maximize the application of the KHPS within the global MHK resource, Verdant Power has designed the technology as a simple and uniquely scalable system that can be operated in tidal, river and ocean current settings. Possible KHPS installations range from distributed generation arrangements in near-shore urban and village settings to base power generation at offshore deepwater locales.
Kinetic Modeling of Toluene Oxidation for Surrogate Fuel Applications
New environmental issues, like the effect of combustion-generated greenhouse gases, provide motivation to better characterize oxidation of hydrocarbons. Transportation, in particular, significantly contributes to energy consumption and CO{sub 2} emissions. Kinetic studies about the combustion of fuels under conditions typical of internal combustion engines provides important support to improve mechanism formulation and to eventually provide better computational tools that can be used to increase the engine performance. It is foreseeable that at least in the next 30 years the main transportation fuels will be either gasoline or diesel. Unfortunately, these fuels are very complex mixtures of many components. Moreover, their specifications and performance requirements significantly change the composition of these fuels: gasoline and diesel mixtures are different if coming from different refineries or they are different from winter to summer. At the same time a fuel with a well defined and reproducible composition is needed for both experimental and modeling work. In response to these issues, surrogate fuels are proposed. Surrogate fuels are defined as mixtures of a small number of hydrocarbons whose relative concentrations is adjusted in order to approximate the chemical and physical properties of a real fuel. Surrogate fuels are then very useful both for the design of reproducible experimental tests and also for the development of reliable kinetic models. The primary reference fuels (PRF) are a typical and old example of surrogate fuel: n-heptane and iso-octane mixtures are used to reproduce antiknock propensity of complex mixtures contained in a gasoline. PRFs are not able to surrogate gasoline in operating conditions different from standard ones and new surrogates have been recently proposed. Toluene is included in all of them as a species able to represent the behavior of aromatic compounds. On the other side, the toluene oxidation chemistry is not so well established and uncertainties still remain in the mechanism. This is especially true in the low temperature regime (< 850K). In these conditions, the toluene reactivity is too low to be conveniently investigated. Nonetheless, gasoline surrogates work in the engine at low temperatures, because of the presence of very reactive alkanes. The effect of these component interactions have to be taken into account. This work's aim is to present the model activity carried out by two different research groups, comparing the main pathways and results, matching data carried out in different devices both for pure toluene and mixtures. This is the starting point for a further activity to improve the two kinetic schemes.
Frassoldati, A; Mehl, M; Fietzek, R; Faravelli, T; Pitz, W J; Ranzi, E
Isopiestic Kinetics of Powdered Pd/C/DPB Composite
In a 2006 LLNL internal report, a study of DEB and DPB based hydrogen getter materials was described. The materials, consisting of DEB or DPB physically blended with amorphous carbon on which palladium nanoparticle catalyst was supported, were studied during the course of reaction with fixed aliquots of hydrogen gas in order to observe their hydrogen consumption capacities as a function of ambient hydrogen pressure. The experiments demonstrated that the getter capacity was directly proportional to hydrogen fugacity: the lower the initial hydrogen pressure, the lower the resultant capacity at correspondingly low steady-state pressures. In the course of these experiments, further interesting observations were made of DEB and DPB reduction by hydrogen gas that painted a picture of a complicated reaction mechanism. To summarize, it was determined that reaction rate was controlled partly by diffusion of the organic diacetylene toward the catalyst surface. The results indicated this diffusion was in turn enhanced by phase changes in the course of the reaction that result in a liquid phase of the getter, and also by the heat of reaction, itself being proportional to initial reaction rate. However, these same two terms were speculated to have negative impacts on the net reaction kinetics, as well. It was suggested the liquid phase served to block gas access, and that excessively fast initial rates limited rate and capacity at later times by creating a depletion zone of reactant around the catalyst. Because of the nature of the experiments, whereby both hydrogen pressure and getter activity were changing in time, actual kinetic information could not be gathered. Knowledge of the reaction rate characteristics of these materials as a function of pressure and temperature is crucial to understanding the overall behavior of this material in service. Further, direct observation of the reaction rate can permit estimates of the diffusion of the reactive species. The present work centers on the development of an understanding of the kinetics for the hydrogenation of DPB and DEB as a function of temperature and pressure.
Dinh, L; Saab, A
Kinetics of nonisothermal adsorption by biporous adsorbents. Communication 6. Description of kinetic adsorption curves with account of the temperature dependence of the intracrystalline diffusion coefficients
An analytical description has been given of the kinetic adsorption curves with account of the influence of the change in adsorbent temperature due to the evolution of heat and adsorption on the coefficient of intracrystalline diffusion of the adsorbate. The deviation of the experimental kinetic curves for the adsorption of trans-2-butene by finely crystalline NaA zeolite from those calculated from the equation of isothermal diffusion is due to the influence of temperature on the coefficient of intracrystalline diffusion.
Broddak, R.; Voloshchuk, A.M.; Gorlov, V.A.; Dubinin, M.M.; Kochirzhik, M.
Advances in petascale kinetic plasma simulation with VPIC and Roadrunner
VPIC, a first-principles 3d electromagnetic charge-conserving relativistic kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) code, was recently adapted to run on Los Alamos's Roadrunner, the first supercomputer to break a petaflop (10{sup 15} floating point operations per second) in the TOP500 supercomputer performance rankings. They give a brief overview of the modeling capabilities and optimization techniques used in VPIC and the computational characteristics of petascale supercomputers like Roadrunner. They then discuss three applications enabled by VPIC's unprecedented performance on Roadrunner: modeling laser plasma interaction in upcoming inertial confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), modeling short pulse laser GeV ion acceleration and modeling reconnection in magnetic confinement fusion experiments.
Bowers, Kevin J [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Albright, Brian J [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Yin, Lin [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Daughton, William S [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Roytershteyn, Vadim [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Kwan, Thomas J T [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Kinetic Study of the Combustion of Phosphorus Containing Species
The combustion of organophosphorus compounds is of great interest for the incineration of chemical warfare agent and their use in flame inhibition as halon replacement. The thermochemical data of these species and the reactions involved at high temperature are not well known, despite some recent experimental studies. With BAC-MP4 ab initio estimations as a basis and semi-empirical estimations for many new compounds, the thermochemistry of organophosphorus compounds is studied. New group additivity values are proposed for enthalpies of formation at 298K, entropies and heat capacities of species involving pentavalent phosphorus bonded to carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, nitrogen and sulfur atoms. The kinetic of unimolecular elimination is investigated by modeling pyrolysis experiments of DEMP, TEP and DIMP. A new combustion mechanism is described and applied to the modeling of DMMP reaction in a H{sub 2}/O{sub 2} flame.
Glaude, P.A.; Curran, H.J.; Pitz, W.J.; Westbrook, C.K.
Solids decomposition kinetics for LASL bismuth sulfate cycle
The LASL Bismuth Sulfate Cycle includes a solid-decomposition step as an alternative to the high-temperature evaporation and decomposition of concentrated sulfuric acid, with its attendant drying and materials problems. A solids decomposition facility was constructed and used to study the handling of solid sulfates and the kinetics of their decomposition. The decomposition of Bi/sub 2/O(SO/sub 4/)/sub 2/ has been measured as a function of temperature and transit time through a laboratory-scale rotary kiln, constructed from quartz. Temperatures from 973 to 1143/sup 0/K were investigated. The transit time was controlled by varying the slope of the kiln, its rotational speed, and the rate of feed of a bismuth oxysulfate prepared in the prescribed manner. The preparation and characterization of this solid, which has reasonable feeding properties and minimal solution retention, are described. Significant amounts of decomposition were measured in short reaction times at the temperatures investigated.
Peterson, C.L.; Bowman, M.G.
Scientists at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley are continuously reinventing synchrotron investigations of physical chemistry and chemical physics with vacuum ultraviolet light. One of the unique aspects of a synchrotron for chemical physics research is the widely tunable vacuum ultraviolet light that permits threshold ionization of large molecules with minimal fragmentation. This provides novel opportunities to assess molecular energetics and reaction mechanisms, even beyond simple gas phase molecules. In this perspective, significant new directions utilizing the capabilities at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline are presented, along with an outlook for future synchrotron and free electron laser science in chemical dynamics. Among the established and emerging fields of investigations are cluster and biological molecule spectroscopy and structure, combustion flame chemistry mechanisms, radical kinetics and product isomer dynamics, aerosol heterogeneous chemistry, planetary and interstellar chemistry, and secondary neutral ion-beam desorption imaging of biological matter and materials chemistry.
Leone, Stephen R.; Ahmed, Musahid; Wilson, Kevin R.
Kinetic damping of resistive wall modes in ITER
Full drift kinetic modelling including finite orbit width effects has been used to assess the passive stabilisation of the resistive wall mode (RWM) that can be expected in the ITER advanced scenario. At realistic plasma rotation frequency, the thermal ions have a stabilising effect on the RWM, but the stability limit remains below the target plasma pressure to achieve Q = 5. However, the inclusion of damping arising from the fusion-born alpha particles, the NBI ions, and ICRH fast ions extends the RWM stability limit above the target {beta} for the advanced scenario. The fast ion damping arises primarily from finite orbit width effects and is not due to resonance between the particle frequencies and the instability.
Chapman, I. T.; Liu, Y. Q. [EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB (United Kingdom); Asunta, O. [Department of Applied Physics, Association EURATOM-Tekes, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100 FI-00076 AALTO (Finland); Graves, J. P. [CRPP, Association EURATOM/Confederation Suisse, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland); Johnson, T. [EURATOM-VR Association, EES, KTH, Stockholm (Sweden); Jucker, M. [GFDL/Princeton University, AOS Program, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 (United States)
An Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study of Methyl Decanoate Combustion
Biodiesel is typically a mixture of long chain fatty acid methyl esters for use in compression ignition engines. Improving biofuel engine performance requires understanding its fundamental combustion properties and the pathways of combustion. This research study presents new combustion data for methyl decanoate in an opposed-flow diffusion flame. An improved detailed chemical kinetic model for methyl decanoate combustion is developed, which serves as the basis for deriving a skeletal mechanism via the direct relation graph method. The novel skeletal mechanism consists of 648 species and 2998 reactions. This mechanism well predicts the methyl decanoate opposed-flow diffusion flame data. The results from the flame simulations indicate that methyl decanoate is consumed via abstraction of hydrogen atoms to produce fuel radicals, which lead to the production of alkenes. The ester moiety in methyl decanoate leads to the formation of low molecular weight oxygenated compounds such as carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and ketene.
Sarathy, S M; Thomson, M J; Pitz, W J; Lu, T
High Temperature Chemical Kinetic Combustion Modeling of Lightly Methylated Alkanes
Conventional petroleum jet and diesel fuels, as well as alternative Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels and hydrotreated renewable jet (HRJ) fuels, contain high molecular weight lightly branched alkanes (i.e., methylalkanes) and straight chain alkanes (n-alkanes). Improving the combustion of these fuels in practical applications requires a fundamental understanding of large hydrocarbon combustion chemistry. This research project presents a detailed high temperature chemical kinetic mechanism for n-octane and three lightly branched isomers octane (i.e., 2-methylheptane, 3-methylheptane, and 2,5-dimethylhexane). The model is validated against experimental data from a variety of fundamental combustion devices. This new model is used to show how the location and number of methyl branches affects fuel reactivity including laminar flame speed and species formation.
Sarathy, S M; Westbrook, C K; Pitz, W J; Mehl, M
Hybrid fluid/kinetic modeling of Pluto's escaping atmosphere
Predicting the rate of escape and thermal structure of Pluto's upper atmosphere in preparation for the New Horizons Spacecraft encounter in 2015 is important for planning and interpreting the expected measurements. Having a moderate Jeans parameter Pluto's atmosphere does not fit the classic definition of Jeans escape for light species escaping from the terrestrial planets, nor does it fit the hydrodynamic outflow from comets and certain exoplanets. It has been proposed for some time that Pluto lies in the region of slow-hydrodynamic escape. Using a hybrid fluid/molecular-kinetic model, we previously demonstrated the typical implementation of this model fails to correctly describe the appropriate temperature structure for the upper atmosphere for solar minimum conditions. Here we used a time-dependent solver to allow us to extend those simulations to higher heating rates and we examined fluid models in which Jeans-like escape expressions are used for the upper boundary conditions. We compare these to our hybr...
Erwin, Justin T; Johnson, Robert E
Consistent description of kinetic equation with triangle anomaly
We provide a consistent description of the kinetic equation with a triangle anomaly which is compatible with the entropy principle of the second law of thermodynamics and the charge/energy-momentum conservation equations. In general an anomalous source term is necessary to ensure that the equations for the charge and energy-momentum conservation are satisfied and that the correction terms of distribution functions are compatible to these equations. The constraining equations from the entropy principle are derived for the anomaly-induced leading order corrections to the particle distribution functions. The correction terms can be determined for the minimum number of unknown coefficients in one charge and two charge cases by solving the constraining equations.
Pu Shi; Gao Jianhua; Wang Qun [Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical Study and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 (China)
Mass independent kinetic energy reducing inlet system for vacuum environment
A particle inlet system comprises a first chamber having a limiting orifice for an incoming gas stream and a micrometer controlled expansion slit. Lateral components of the momentum of the particles are substantially cancelled due to symmetry of the configuration once the laminar flow converges at the expansion slit. The particles and flow into a second chamber, which is maintained at a lower pressure than the first chamber, and then moves into a third chamber including multipole guides for electromagnetically confining the particle. The vertical momentum of the particles descending through the center of the third chamber is minimized as an upward stream of gases reduces the downward momentum of the particles. The translational kinetic energy of the particles is near-zero irrespective of the mass of the particles at an exit opening of the third chamber, which may be advantageously employed to provide enhanced mass resolution in mass spectrometry.
Reilly, Peter T. A. [Knoxville, TN
Kinetics of quasi-isoenergetic transition processes in biological macromolecules
A master equation describing the evolution of averaged molecular state occupancies in molecular systems where alternation of molecular energy levels is caused by discrete dichotomous and trichotomous stochastic fields, is derived. This study is focused on the kinetics of quasi-isoenergetic transition processes in the presence of moderately high frequency stochastic field. A novel physical mechanism for temperature-independent transitions in flexible molecular systems is proposed. This mechanism becomes effective when the conformation transitions between quasi-isoenergetic molecular states take place. At room temperatures, stochastic broadening of molecular energy levels predominates the energy of low frequency vibrations accompanying the transition. This leads to a cancellation of the temperature dependence in the stochastically averaged rate constants. As examples, physical interpretations of the temperature-independent onset of P2X$_3$ receptor desensitization in neuronal membranes, as well as degradation of PER2 protein in embrionic fibroblasts, are provided.
E. G. Petrov; V. I. Teslenko
Propagation of Chaos for a Thermostated Kinetic Model
We consider a system of N point particles moving on a d-dimensional torus. Each particle is subject to a uniform field E and random speed conserving collisions. This model is a variant of the Drude-Lorentz model of electrical conduction. In order to avoid heating by the external field, the particles also interact with a Gaussian thermostat which keeps the total kinetic energy of the system constant. The thermostat induces a mean-field type of interaction between the particles. Here we prove that, starting from a product measure, in the large N limit, the one particle velocity distribution satisfies a self consistent Vlasov-Boltzmann equation.. This is a consequence of "propagation of chaos", which we also prove for this model.
F. Bonetto; E. A. Carlen; R. Esposito; J. L. Lebowitz; R. Marra
Quantum kinetic theory model of a continuous atom laser
We investigate the feasible limits for realising a continuously evaporated atom laser with high-temperature sources. A plausible scheme for realising a truly continuous atom laser is to outcouple atoms from a partially condensed Bose gas, whilst continuously reloading the system with non-condensed thermal atoms and performing evaporative cooling. Here we use quantum kinetic theory to model this system and estimate feasible limits for the operation of such a scheme. For sufficiently high temperatures, the figure of merit for the source is shown to be the phase-space flux. The dominant process limiting the usage of sources with low phase-space flux is the three-body loss of the condensed gas. We conclude that certain double-magneto-optical trap (MOT) sources may produce substantial mean condensate numbers through continuous evaporation, and provide an atom laser source with a narrow linewidth and reasonable flux.
G. R. Dennis; Matthew J. Davis; J. J. Hope
Kinetic Solvers with Adaptive Mesh in Phase Space
An Adaptive Mesh in Phase Space (AMPS) methodology has been developed for solving multi-dimensional kinetic equations by the discrete velocity method. A Cartesian mesh for both configuration (r) and velocity (v) spaces is produced using a tree of trees data structure. The mesh in r-space is automatically generated around embedded boundaries and dynamically adapted to local solution properties. The mesh in v-space is created on-the-fly for each cell in r-space. Mappings between neighboring v-space trees implemented for the advection operator in configuration space. We have developed new algorithms for solving the full Boltzmann and linear Boltzmann equations with AMPS. Several recent innovations were used to calculate the full Boltzmann collision integral with dynamically adaptive mesh in velocity space: importance sampling, multi-point projection method, and the variance reduction method. We have developed an efficient algorithm for calculating the linear Boltzmann collision integral for elastic and inelastic...
Arslanbekov, Robert R; Frolova, Anna A
Hydrocarbon fuels for advanced combustion engines consist of complex mixtures of hundreds or even thousands of different components. These components can be grouped into a number of chemically distinct classes, consisting of n-paraffins, branched paraffins, cyclic paraffins, olefins, oxygenates, and aromatics. Biodiesel contains its own unique chemical class called methyl esters. The fractional amounts of these chemical classes are quite different in gasoline, diesel fuel, oil-sand derived fuels and bio-derived fuels, which contributes to the very different combustion characteristics of each of these types of combustion systems. The objectives of this project are: (1) Develop detailed chemical kinetic models for fuel components used in surrogate fuels for diesel and HCCI engines; (2) Develop surrogate fuel models to represent real fuels and model low temperature combustion strategies in HCCI and diesel engines that lead to low emissions and high efficiency; and (3) Characterize the role of fuel composition on low temperature combustion modes of advanced combustion engines.
Pitz, W J; Westbook, C K; Mehl, M
Combined Ideal and Kinetic Effects on Reversed Shear Alfven Eigenmodes
A theory of Reversed Shear Alfven Eigenmodes (RSAEs) is developed for reversed magnetic field shear plasmas when the safety factor minimum, qmin, is at or above a rational value. The modes we study are known sometimes as either the bottom of the frequency sweep or the down sweeping RSAEs. We show that the ideal MHD theory is not compatible with the eigenmode solution in the reversed shear plasma with qmin above integer values. Corrected by special analytic FLR condition MHD dispersion of these modes nevertheless can be developed. Large radial scale part of the analytic RSAE solution can be obtained from ideal MHD and expressed in terms of the Legendre functions. The kinetic equation with FLR effects for the eigenmode is solved numerically and agrees with the analytic solutions. Properties of RSAEs and their potential implications for plasma diagnostics are discussed.
N.N. Gorelenkov, G.J. Kramer, and R. Nazikian
A Novel Approach to Experimental Studies of Mineral DIsoolution Kinetics
Novel ApproAch to experimeNtAl Novel ApproAch to experimeNtAl StudieS of miNerAl diSSolutioN KiNeticS Background DOE is conducting pilot CO 2 injection tests to evaluate the concept of geologic sequestration. One strategy that has the potential to enhance CO 2 solubility and reduce the risk of CO 2 leaking back to the surface is dissolution of indigenous minerals in the geological formation and formation of secondary carbonate precipitates. This both increases the brine pH and immobilizes the CO 2 . Clearly, the rates at which these dissolution and precipitation reactions occur directly determine the efficiency of this option. However, one of the fundamental problems in modern geochemistry is the persistent two to five orders of magnitude discrepancy between laboratory-measured and field-derived
1 Kinetics of Initial Lithiation of Crystalline Silicon Electrodes of 2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
1 Kinetics of Initial Lithiation of Crystalline Silicon Electrodes of 2 Lithium-Ion Batteries 3 the lithiated silicon phase. 20 KEYWORDS: Lithium-ion batteries, silicon, kinetics, plasticity 21 Lithium-ion by the National Science Foundation 648through a grant on Lithium-ion Batteries (CMMI-1031161). 649This work
Liu, X. Shirley
Detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms for soy and rapeseed biodiesel fuels
properties between the two biodiesel fuels, derived from soy and rapeseed oils, are traced to the differencesDetailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms for soy and rapeseed biodiesel fuels C.K. Westbrooka chemical kinetic reaction mechanism is developed for the five major components of soy biodiesel
Efficient kinetic schemes for steady and unsteady flow simulations on unstructured meshes
This paper presents efficient second-order kinetic schemes on unstructured meshes for both compressible unsteady and incompressible steady flows. For compressible unsteady flows, a time-dependent gas distribution function with a discontinuous particle ... Keywords: Compressible unsteady flows, Efficient second-order kinetic schemes, Incompressible steady flows, Unstructured meshes
Guoxi Ni; Song Jiang; Kun Xu
Engineering model reduction of bio-chemical kinetic David Csercsik, Katalin M. Hangos
of Hydrosystems Chemical and Thermal Non-Equilibrium: Kinetic Mass & Energy Transfer Motivation Modeling Non is actually driven by difference in chemical potential influence of thermal non-equilibrium on kinetic mass situation of clear non-equilibrium extending range of applicability Support of the German Research
Adsorption and desorption kinetics for hydrophilic and hydrophobic vapors on activated carbon
]. It is apparent that the LDF kinetic model is applicable for a wide variety of adsorbateadsorbent systemsAdsorption and desorption kinetics for hydrophilic and hydrophobic vapors on activated carbon are of fundamental importance in applications of adsorbents in real situations. The adsorption/desorption char
Thomas, Mark
A First-Passage Kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm for complex diffusion-reaction systems
We develop an asynchronous event-driven First-Passage Kinetic Monte Carlo (FPKMC) algorithm for continuous time and space systems involving multiple diffusing and reacting species of spherical particles in two and three dimensions. The FPKMC algorithm ... Keywords: Asynchronous algorithms, Diffusion-reaction, First-passage, Kinetic Monte Carlo
Aleksandar Donev; Vasily V. Bulatov; Tomas Oppelstrup; George H. Gilmer; Babak Sadigh; Malvin H. Kalos
Molecular-level Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters for the Self-assembly of Apoferritin
Molecular-level Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters for the Self-assembly of Apoferritin Molecules at the molecular level the processes responsible for crystal growth. To evaluate the governing thermodynamic and the molecular-level thermodynamic and kinetic parameters determined here. We found that step growth velocity
Kinetics of Ni Sorption in Soils: Roles of Soil Organic Matter and Ni Precipitation
Aqueous Model (WHAM),6,20 which is able to account for the effects of solution chemistry and SOM WHAM VI was integrated into the kinetics model to account for the effects of SOM concentrations by an electrostatic model built in WHAM VI for cation exchange on clay minerals. Ni precipitation kinetics were
Development of a predictive kinetic model for homogeneous Hg oxidation data
Several researchers have developed kinetic models to predict the effects of various flue gas components on homogeneous mercury (Hg) oxidation. Most of these models make use of over 50 reversible reactions that involve radicals in a combustion or post-combustion ... Keywords: Chlorine gas, Homogeneous mercury oxidation, Kinetic model, Simulated flue gas
Hans Agarwal; Harvey G. Stenger
THERMALIZATION OF THE ION KINETIC ENERGY IN A Ne GAS PUFF PINCH MODEL*
THERMALIZATION OF THE ION KINETIC ENERGY IN A Ne GAS PUFF PINCH MODEL* J. L. Giuliani, J. W Department of Energy/NNSA, Washington DC USA Full understanding of the dynamics, population kinetics, and energy budget of a K-shell radiating Z-pinch remains a challenging problem in high energy density plasma
Time scales and pathways for kinetic energy relaxation in solvated proteins: Application to carbonmonoxy myoglobin
of ki- netic energy equipartitioning compared to that of the hydro- gen atoms. These backbone atomsTime scales and pathways for kinetic energy relaxation in solvated proteins: Application, the rates of kinetic energy partitioning for various elements of solvated carboxy-myoglobin were calculated
Straub, John E.
DNA hybridization kinetics: zippering, internal displacement and sequence dependence
While the thermodynamics of DNA hybridization is well understood, much less is known about the kinetics of this classic system. Filling this gap in our understanding has new urgency because DNA nanotechnology often depends critically on binding rates. Here we use a coarse-grained model to explore the hybridization kinetics of DNA oligomers, finding that strand association proceeds through a complex set of intermediate states. Successful binding events start with the formation of a few metastable base-pairing interactions, followed by zippering of the remaining bonds. However, despite reasonably strong interstrand interactions, initial contacts frequently fail to lead to zippering because the typical configurations in which they form differ from typical states of similar enthalpy in the double-stranded equilibrium ensemble. Therefore, if the association process is analyzed on the base-pair (secondary structure) level, it shows non-Markovian behavior. Initial contacts must be stabilized by two or three base pairs before full zippering is likely, resulting in negative effective activation enthalpies. Non-Arrhenius behavior is observed as the number of base pairs in the effective transition state increases with temperature. In addition, we find that alternative pathways involving misbonds can increase association rates. For repetitive sequences, misaligned duplexes frequently rearrange to form fully paired duplexes by two distinct processes which we label `pseudoknot' and `inchworm' internal displacement. We show how the above processes can explain why experimentally observed association rates of GC-rich oligomers are higher than rates of AT-rich equivalents. More generally, we argue that association rates can be modulated by sequence choice.
Thomas E. Ouldridge; Petr �ulc; Flavio Romano; Jonathan P. K. Doye; Ard A. Louis
Gas Kinetic Study of Magnetic Field Effects on Plasma Plumes
Plasma flow physics in magnetic nozzles must be clearly understood for optimal design of plasma propulsion devices. Toward that end, in this thesis we: i) perform an extensive literature survey of magnetic nozzle physics, ii) assess the validity of magnetohydrodynamics for studying magnetic nozzle physics, and iii) illustrate the effects of the Hall term in simple flows as well as in magnetic nozzle configurations through numerical experiments with the Magneto-Gas Kinetic Method (MGKM). The crucial steps necessary for thrust generation in magnetic nozzles are energy conversion, plasma detachment, and momentum transfer. These three physical phenomena must be understood to optimize magnetic nozzle design. The operating dimensionless parameter ranges of six prominent experiments are considered and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed. An order of magnitude analysis of the governing equations reveal: i) most magnetic nozzles under consideration operate at the edge of the continuum regime rendering continuum-based description and computation valid; ii) in the context of MHD framework, the generalized Ohm�s law must be used to capture all of the relevant physics. This work also continues the development of the Magneto Gas Kinetic Method (MGKM) computational tool. Validation of the solver is performed in shock-tube and Hartmann channel flows in the Hall physics regime. Comparison with theory and available data is made whenever possible. Novel numerical experiments of magnetic nozzle plasma jets in the Hall regime are performed, confirming the theoretically predicted azimuthal rotation of the plasma jet due to Hall physics. The primary conclusion from this work is that the addition of the Hall effect generates helical structures in magnetic nozzle plasma flows. Preliminary results are encouraging for future magnetic nozzle studies and further challenges are identified.
Ebersohn, Frans 1987-
A new water anomaly: the temperature dependence of the proton mean kinetic energy
The mean kinetic energy of protons in water is determined by Deep Inelastic Neutron Scattering experiments, performed above and below the temperature of maximum density and in the supercooled phase. The temperature dependence of this energy shows an anomalous behavior, as it occurs for many water properties. In particular two regions of maximum kinetic energy are identified: the first one, in the supercooled phase in the range 269 K - 272 K, and a second one above 273 K. In both these regions the measured proton kinetic energy exceedes the theoretical prediction based on a semi-classical model. Noteworthy, the proton mean kinetic energy has a maximum at 277 K, the temperature of the maximum density of water. In the supercooled metastable phase the measured mean kinetic energy and the proton momentum distribution clearly indicate proton delocalization between two H-bonded oxygens.
Davide Flammini; Fabio Bruni; Maria Antonietta Ricci
Nonlinear evolution of the magnetized Kelvin-Helmholtz instability: from fluid to kinetic modeling
The nonlinear evolution of collisionless plasmas is typically a multi-scale process where the energy is injected at large, fluid scales and dissipated at small, kinetic scales. Accurately modelling the global evolution requires to take into account the main micro-scale physical processes of interest. This is why comparison of different plasma models is today an imperative task aiming at understanding cross-scale processes in plasmas. We report here the first comparative study of the evolution of a magnetized shear flow, through a variety of different plasma models by using magnetohydrodynamic, Hall-MHD, two-fluid, hybrid kinetic and full kinetic codes. Kinetic relaxation effects are discussed to emphasize the need for kinetic equilibriums to study the dynamics of collisionless plasmas in non trivial configurations. Discrepancies between models are studied both in the linear and in the nonlinear regime of the magnetized Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, to highlight the effects of small scale processes on the nonl...
Henri, P; Califano, F; Pegoraro, F; Rossi, C; Faganello, M; �ebek, O; Tr�vn�?ek, P M; Hellinger, P; Frederiksen, J T; Nordlund, �; Markidis, S; Keppens, R; Lapenta, G
Flywheel Energy Storage Device for Hybrid and Electric ...
Technology Marketing Summary This cost-effective technology stores and reuses what would otherwise be wasted energy inside a hybrid electric vehicle ...
Beacon Power-Flywheel Energy Storage System Case Study
As the telecommunications industry grows and competition increases, providers of cable, telephone, and other products are looking for more equipment reliability and cost-effectiveness to distinguish themselves. Reliability for telecommunication and cable equipment has traditionally been provided through the use of lead-acid batteries. However, because these batteries have disadvantages, telecommunications operators are looking for alternative power quality and reliability solutions for their systems. The...
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Magnetic Composites for Flywheel Energy...
in greater detail. Develop mixed particle composites based on monodisperse steel shot to appreciably increase the packing density and composite permeability. ...
Effects of adsorbed water vapor on the Wheeler kinetic rate constant and kinetic adsorption capacity for activated carbon adsorbents
Activated carbon plays a key role reducing organic vapor emissions to the environment from synthetic chemical manufacturing, pesticide manufacturing, in odor control, for removal of contaminant vapors during remediation of hazardous waste sites, and as an adsorption matrix for collection of organic vapors from ambient air in occupational and environmental settings to assess exposure. The Wheeler dynamic adsorption model has been evaluated under laboratory conditions and has shown potential for predicting activated carbon bed penetration. Water vapor is a normal constituent of ambient air that is present at concentrations 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than the concentrations of potentially toxic air contaminants. Many investigations have shown that adsorbed water vapor can reduce the breakthrough-time of activated charcoal beds. The effect of adsorbed water vapor on the predictive power of the Wheeler model has not been evaluated. The research evaluated the effect of water vapor adsorbed on activated charcoal on the subsequent adsorption of four air contaminants, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethylene, and 1-propanol. The adsorbent used in this research had a large surface area, 1200 m[sup 2]/g and that 95% of the surface area was associated with micropores (pores with diameters less than 2 micrometers). Kinetic adsorption capacities for all four adsorbates were not affected by the presence of water vapor except for some observed enhancement. The kinetic trial data suggest that the primary effect of adsorbed water vapor was to reduce the effective pore radius of the smaller mesopores thus restricting pore diffusion. This results in an increase in the critical bed capacity with shorter breakthrough times for adsorbent beds.
Hall, T.A.
A Novel Approach to Experimental Studies of Mineral Dissolution Kinetics
Currently, DOE is conducting pilot CO{sub 2} injection tests to evaluate the concept of geological sequestration. The injected CO{sub 2} is expected to react with the host rocks and these reactions can potentially alter the porosity, permeability, and mechanical properties of the host or cap rocks. Reactions can also result in precipitation of carbonate-containing minerals that favorably and permanently trap CO{sub 2} underground. Many numerical models have been used to predict these reactions for the carbon sequestration program. However, a firm experimental basis for predicting silicate reaction kinetics in CO{sub 2} injected geological formations is urgently needed to assure the reliability of the geochemical models used for the assessments of carbon sequestration strategies. The funded experimental and theoretical study attempts to resolve this outstanding scientific issue by novel experimental design and theoretical interpretation of silicate dissolution rates at conditions pertinent to geological carbon sequestration. In this four year research grant (three years plus a one year no cost extension), seven (7) laboratory experiments of CO{sub 2}-rock-water interactions were carried out. An experimental design allowed the collection of water samples during experiments in situ and thus prevented back reactions. Analysis of the in situ samples delineated the temporal evolution of aqueous chemistry because of CO{sub 2}-rock-water interactions. The solid products of the experiments were retrieved at the end of the experimental run, and analyzed with a suite of advanced analytical and electron microscopic techniques (i.e., atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)). As a result, the research project probably has produced one of the best data sets for CO{sub 2}-rock-water interactions in terms of both aqueous solution chemistry and solid characterization. Three experiments were performed using the Navajo sandstone. Navajo sandstone is geologically equivalent to the Nugget sandstone, which is a target formation for a regional partnership injection project. Our experiments provided the experimental data on the potential CO{sub 2}-rock-water interactions that are likely to occur in the aquifer. Geochemical modeling was performed to interpret the experimental results. Our single mineral (feldspar) experiments addressed a basic research need. i.e., the coupled nature of dissolution and precipitation reactions, which has universal implication to the reaction kinetics as it applied to CO{sub 2} sequestration. Our whole rock experiments (Navajo sandstone) addressed the applied research component, e.g., reacting Navajo sandstone with brine and CO{sub 2} has direct relevance on the activities of a number of regional partnerships. The following are the major findings from this project: (1) The project generated a large amount of experimental data that is central to evaluating CO{sub 2}-water-rock interactions and providing ground truth to predictive models, which have been used and will inevitably be increasingly more used in carbon sequestration. (2) Results from the feldspar experiments demonstrated stronger coupling between dissolution and precipitation reactions. We show that the partial equilibrium assumption did not hold in the feldspar hydrolysis experiments (Zhu and Lu, submitted, Appendix A-2). The precipitation of clay minerals influenced dissolution of primary silicate in a much stronger way as previously envisioned. Therefore, our experimental data indicated a much more complex chemical kinetics as it has been applied to carbon sequestration program in terms of preliminary predictive models of CO{sub 2}-rock-water interactions. Adopting this complexity (strong coupling) may influence estimates of mineral trapping and porosity/permeability for geological carbon sequestration. In general, our knowledge of the coupling of different reactions is poor, and we must consider the uncertainties resultin
Chen Zhu
A new class of accelerated kinetic Monte Carlo algorithms
Kinetic (aka dynamic) Monte Carlo (KMC) is a powerful method for numerical simulations of time dependent evolution applied in a wide range of contexts including biology, chemistry, physics, nuclear sciences, financial engineering, etc. Generally, in a KMC the time evolution takes place one event at a time, where the sequence of events and the time intervals between them are selected (or sampled) using random numbers. While details of the method implementation vary depending on the model and context, there exist certain common issues that limit KMC applicability in almost all applications. Among such is the notorious 'flicker problem' where the same states of the systems are repeatedly visited but otherwise no essential evolution is observed. In its simplest form the flicker problem arises when two states are connected to each other by transitions whose rates far exceed the rates of all other transitions out of the same two states. In such cases, the model will endlessly hop between the two states otherwise producing no meaningful evolution. In most situation of practical interest, the trapping cluster includes more than two states making the flicker somewhat more difficult to detect and to deal with. Several methods have been proposed to overcome or mitigate the flicker problem, exactly [1-3] or approximately [4,5]. Of the exact methods, the one proposed by Novotny [1] is perhaps most relevant to our research. Novotny formulates the problem of escaping from a trapping cluster as a Markov system with absorbing states. Given an initial state inside the cluster, it is in principle possible to solve the Master Equation for the time dependent probabilities to find the walker in a given state (transient or absorbing) of the cluster at any time in the future. Novotny then proceeds to demonstrate implementation of his general method to trapping clusters containing the initial state plus one or two transient states and all of their absorbing states. Similar methods have been subsequently proposed in [refs] but applied in a different context. The most serious deficiency of the earlier methods is that size of the trapping cluster size is fixed and often too small to bring substantial simulation speedup. Furthermore, the overhead associated with solving for the probability distribution on the trapping cluster sometimes makes such simulations less efficient than the standard KMC. Here we report on a general and exact accelerated kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm generally applicable to arbitrary Markov models1. Two different implementations are attempted both based on incremental expansion of trapping sub-set of Markov states: (1) numerical solution of the Master Equation with absorbing states and (2) incremental graph reduction followed by randomization. Of the two implementations, the 2nd one performs better allowing, for the first time, to overcome trapping basins spanning several million Markov states. The new method is used for simulations of anomalous diffusion on a 2D substrate and of the kinetics of diffusive 1st order phase transformations in binary alloys. Depending on temperature and (alloy) super-saturation conditions, speedups of 3 to 7 orders of magnitude are demonstrated, with no compromise of simulation accuracy.
Bulatov, V V; Oppelstrup, T; Athenes, M
Pattern Formation and Growth Kinetics in Eutectic Systems
Growth patterns during liquid/solid phase transformation are governed by simultaneous effects of heat and mass transfer mechanisms, creation of new interfaces, jump of the crystallization units from liquid to solid and their rearrangement in the solid matrix. To examine how the above processes influence the scale of microstructure, two eutectic systems are chosen for the study: a polymeric system polyethylene glycol-p-dibromobenzene (PEG-DBBZ) and a simple molecular system succinonitrile (SCN)-camphor. The scaling law for SCN-camphor system is found to follow the classical Jackson-Hunt model of circular rod eutectic, where the diffusion in the liquid and the interface energy are the main physics governing the two-phase pattern. In contrast, a significantly different scaling law is observed for the polymer system. The interface kinetics of PEG phase and its solute concentration dependence thus have been critically investigated for the first time by directional solidification technique. A model is then proposed that shows that the two-phase pattern in polymers is governed by the interface diffusion and the interface kinetics. In SCN-camphor system, a new branch of eutectic, elliptical shape rodl, is found in thin samples where only one layer of camphor rods is present. It is found that the orientation of the ellipse can change from the major axis in the direction of the thickness to the direction of the width as the velocity and/or the sample thickness is decreased. A theoretical model is developed that predicts the spacing and orientation of the elliptical rods in a thin sample. The single phase growth patterns of SCN-camphor system were also examined with emphasis on the three-dimensional single cell and cell/dendrite transition. For the 3D single cell in a capillary tube, the entire cell shape ahead of the eutectic front can be described by the Saffmann-Taylor finger only at extremely low growth rate. A 3D directional solidification model is developed to characterize the cell shape and tip undercooling and the experimental results are compared with the predictions of the model. From the investigation of cell/dendrite transition, a model is proposed, from which the condition for the onset of the transition can be obtained.
Jing Teng
Reduced and Validated Kinetic Mechanisms for Hydrogen-CO-sir Combustion in Gas Turbines
Rigorous experimental, theoretical, and numerical investigation of various issues relevant to the development of reduced, validated kinetic mechanisms for synthetic gas combustion in gas turbines was carried out - including the construction of new radiation models for combusting flows, improvement of flame speed measurement techniques, measurements and chemical kinetic analysis of H{sub 2}/CO/CO{sub 2}/O{sub 2}/diluent mixtures, revision of the H{sub 2}/O{sub 2} kinetic model to improve flame speed prediction capabilities, and development of a multi-time scale algorithm to improve computational efficiency in reacting flow simulations.
Yiguang Ju; Frederick Dryer
Autoignition chemistry of the hexane isomers: An experimental and kinetic modeling study
Autoignition of the five distinct isomers of hexane is studied experimentally under motored engine conditions and computationally using a detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism. Computed and experimental results are compared and used to help understand the chemical factors leading to engine knock in spark-ignited engines and the molecular structure factors contributing to octane rating for hydrocarbon fuels. The kinetic model reproduces observed variations in critical compression ratio with fuel structure, and it also provides intermediate and final product species concentrations in very dose agreement with observed results. In addition, the computed results provide insights into the kinetic origins of fuel octane sensitive.
Curran, H.J.; Gaffuri, P.; Pitz, W.J.; Westbrook, C.K. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States); Leppard, W.R. [General Motors Research Labs., Warren, MI (United States)
Time-dependent corrections to effective rate and event statistics in Michaelis-Menten kinetics
We generalize the concept of the geometric phase in stochastic kinetics to a noncyclic evolution. Its application is demonstrated on kinetics of the Michaelis-Menten reaction. It is shown that the nonperiodic geometric phase is responsible for the correction to the Michaelis-Menten law when parameters, such as a substrate concentration, are changing with time. We apply these ideas to a model of chemical reactions in a bacterial culture of a growing size, where the geometric correction qualitatively changes the outcome of the reaction kinetics.
Sinitsyn, N A
Gasification characteristics and kinetics for an Eastern oil shale
Gasification reactivity of an Eastern oil shale was studied in a three-year research project under a cooperative agreement between the Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, and HYCRUDE Corp. to expand the data base on the hydroretorting of Eastern oil shales. Gasification tests were conducted with the Indiana New Albany oil shale during the first year of the program. A total of six Eastern oil shales are planned to be tested during the program. A laboratory thermobalance and a 2-inch diameter fluidized bed were used to conduct gasification tests with Indiana New Albany oil shale. Temperature and pressure ranges used were 1600 to 1900/sup 0/F and 15 to 500 psig, respectively. Fifteen thermobalance tests were made in hydrogen/steam and synthesis gas/steam mixtures. Six fluidized-bed tests were made in the same synthesis gas/steam mixture. Carbon conversions as high as 95% were achieved. Thermobalance test results and a kinetic description of weight loss during hydrogen/steam gasification are presented. 14 refs., 6 figs., 4 tabs.
Lau, F.S.; Rue, D.M.; Punwani, D.V.; Rex, R.C. Jr.
Constructive Methods of Invariant Manifolds for Kinetic Problems
We present the Constructive Methods of Invariant Manifolds for model reduction in physical and chemical kinetics, developed during last two decades. The problem of reduced description is studied as a problem of constructing the slow invariant manifold. The invariance conditions are formulated as the differential equation for a manifold immersed in the phase space (the invariance equation). The equation of motion for immersed manifolds is obtained (the film extension of the dynamics). Invariant manifolds are fixed points for this equation, and slow invariant manifolds are Lyapunov stable fixed points, thus slowness is presented as stability. A collection of methods for construction of slow invariant manifolds is presented, in particular the analogue of KAM methods for dissipative systems. We systematically consider a discrete analogue of the slow (stable) positively invariant manifolds for dissipative systems, invariant grids. The following examples of applications are presented: Nonperturbative deviation of physically consistent hydrodynamics from the Boltzmann equation and from the reversible dynamics, for Knudsen numbers ~ 1; construction of the moment equations for nonequilibrium media and their dynamical correction (instead of extension of list of variables) to gain more accuracy in description of highly nonequilibrium flows; invariant grids for chemical reactions; universal continuous media description of dilute polymeric solution, etc.
A. N. Gorban; I. V. Karlin; A. Yu. Zinovyev
Simplified jet-A kinetic mechanism for combustor application
Successful modeling of combustion and emissions in gas turbine engine combustors requires an adequate description of the reaction mechanism. For hydrocarbon oxidation, detailed mechanisms are only available for the simplest types of hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, acetylene, and propane. These detailed mechanisms contain a large number of chemical species participating simultaneously in many elementary kinetic steps. Current computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models must include fuel vaporization, fuel-air mixing, chemical reactions, and complicated boundary geometries. To simulate these conditions a very sophisticated computer model is required, which requires large computer memory capacity and long run times. Therefore, gas turbine combustion modeling has frequently been simplified by using global reaction mechanisms, which can predict only the quantities of interest: heat release rates, flame temperature, and emissions. Jet fuels are wide-boiling-range hydrocarbons with ranges extending through those of gasoline and kerosene. These fuels are chemically complex, often containing more than 300 components. Jet fuel typically can be characterized as containing 70 vol pct paraffin compounds and 25 vol pct aromatic compounds. A five-step Jet-A fuel mechanism which involves pyrolysis and subsequent oxidation of paraffin and aromatic compounds is presented here. This mechanism is verified by comparing with Jet-A fuel ignition delay time experimental data, and species concentrations obtained from flametube experiments. This five-step mechanism appears to be better than the current one- and two-step mechanisms.
Lee, Chiming; Kundu, K.; Ghorashi, B.
Complex (dusty) plasmas-kinetic studies of strong coupling phenomena
'Dusty plasmas' can be found almost everywhere-in the interstellar medium, in star and planet formation, in the solar system in the Earth's atmosphere, and in the laboratory. In astrophysical plasmas, the dust component accounts for only about 1% of the mass, nevertheless this component has a profound influence on the thermodynamics, the chemistry, and the dynamics. Important physical processes are charging, sputtering, cooling, light absorption, and radiation pressure, connecting electromagnetic forces to gravity. Surface chemistry is another important aspect. In the laboratory, there is great interest in industrial processes (e.g., etching, vapor deposition) and-at the fundamental level-in the physics of strong coupling phenomena. Here, the dust (or microparticles) are the dominant component of the multi-species plasma. The particles can be observed in real time and space, individually resolved at all relevant length and time scales. This provides an unprecedented means for studying self-organisation processes in many-particle systems, including the onset of cooperative phenomena. Due to the comparatively large mass of the microparticles (10{sup -12}to10{sup -9}g), precision experiments are performed on the ISS. The following topics will be discussed: Phase transitions, phase separation, electrorheology, flow phenomena including the onset of turbulence at the kinetic level.
Morfill, Gregor E.; Ivlev, Alexei V.; Thomas, Hubertus M. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Extraterrestrische Physik, D-85740 Garching (Germany)
Carbon-13 kinetic isotope effects in CO oxidation by Ag
In the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over silver wool the {sup 13}C kinetic isotope effects in the 343--453 K temperature range were experimentally determined and the following temperature dependence was found: 100 ln(k{sub 12}/k{sub 13}) = (3.398--630/T) {+-} 0.083. A reaction CO/O{sub 2}gas mixture of 1:2 ratio was used in a static system with initial pressures ranging from 20 to 40 kPa. Under these conditions the reaction is of order 1 with respect to CO and order 0 with respect to O{sub 2} and CO{sub 2} pressure. The apparent activation energy is 59.3 {+-} 1.7 kJ/mol. In the authors theoretical interpretation of the experimental data various geometries of (CO{sub 2})* and (CO{sub 3})* transition states were applied, and only a (CO{sub 2})* with an interbond angle of 110{degree} and CO stretching force constants of 1,700 and 1,000--1,400 N/m, respectively, with an asymmetric reaction coordinate was found to be acceptable.
Kobal, I.; Burghaus, U.; Senegacnik, M.; Ogrinc, N.
Biological conversion of synthesis gas. Mass transfer/kinetic studies
Mass transfer and kinetic studies were carried out for the Rhodospirillum rubrum and Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum bacterial systems. R. rubrum is a photosynthetic anaerobic bacterium which catalyzes the biological water gas shift reaction: CO + H{sub 2}0 {yields} CO{sub 2} + H{sub 2}. C. thiosulfatophilum is also a H{sub 2}S and COS to elemental sulfur. The growth of R. rubrum may be satisfactorily carried out at 25{degree} and 30{degree}C, while CO uptake and thus the conversion of CO best occurs at temperatures of either 30{degree}, 32{degree} or 34{degree}C. The rate of conversion of COs and H{sub 2}O to CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}S may be modeled by a first order rate expression. The rate constant at 30{degree}C was found to be 0.243 h{sup {minus}1}. The growth of C. thiosulfatophilum may be modeled in terms of incoming light intensity using a Monod equation: {mu} = {sub 351} + I{sub o}/{sup 0.152}I{sub o}. Comparisons of the growth of R. rubrum and C. thiosulfatophilum shows that the specific growth rate of C. thiosulfatophilum is much higher at a given light intensity.
Klasson, K.T.; Basu, R.; Johnson, E.R.; Clausen, E.C.; Gaddy, J.L.
Detailed and global chemical kinetics model for hydrogen
Detailed and global chemical kinetic computations for hydrogen-air mixtures have been performed to describe flame propagation, flame structure and ignition phenomena. Simulations of laminar flame speeds, flame compositions and shock tube ignition delay times have been successfully performed. Sensitivity analysis was applied to determine the governing rate-controlling reactions for the experimental data sets examined. In the flame propagation and structure studies, the reactions, OH + H{sub 2} = H{sub 2}0 + H, 0 + H{sub 2} = OH + H and 0 + OH = 0{sub 2} + H were the most important in flames. The shock tube ignition delay time study indicated the H + 0{sub 2} + M = H0{sub 2} + M (M = N{sub 2}, H{sub 2}) and 0 + OH = 0{sub 2} + H reactions controlled ignition. A global rate expression for a one-step overall reaction was developed and validated against experimental hydrogen-air laminar flame speed data. The global reaction expression was determined to be 1.8 {times} 10{sup 13} exp({minus}17614K/T)[H{sub 2}]{sup 1.0}[O{sub 2}]{sup 0.5} for the single step reaction H{sub 2} + 1/2O{sub 2} = H{sub 2}O.
Marinov, N.M.; Westbrook, C.K.; Pitz, W.J.
Kinetic effects on robustness of electron magnetohydrodynamic structures
Following recent remarkable progress in the development of high-power short-pulse lasers, exploration is ongoing into hitherto unknown phenomena at fast time scales of electrons, the understanding of which is becoming crucial. For a simplified description of such phenomena, the Electron Magnetohydrodynamics (EMHDs) fluid description is often adopted. For the possibility of electron transport in high-density plasma, exact solutions of the EMHD model in the form of electron vortex currents, together with their associated magnetic fields, have been considered. However, the fluid EMHD model does not incorporate kinetic effects. Here, the finite Larmor radius effects owing to a finite electron temperature on the robustness of the exact EMHD structures are investigated using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. It is found that larger EMHD vortex structures can sustain themselves for long periods, even in high temperature plasma; however, sustaining structures at higher temperatures tends to be difficult. With increasing temperature, electrons with finite Larmor radii become disengaged from the localized region. It is also shown that structures localized in smaller regions are more difficult to sustain. A quantitative criterion in terms of the structure size and Larmor radius has been established by simulations over a wide range of parameters. Finally, we conclude that a structure, larger than about eight times the typical Larmor radius at r=R, could form and exist even under the effects of finite electron temperature.
Hata, M. [Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Sakagami, H. [Fundamental Physics Simulation Research Division, National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292 (Japan); Das, A. [Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 (India)
Plasma transport induced by kinetic Alfven wave turbulence
At the Earth's magnetopause that separates the hot-tenuous magnetospheric plasma from the cold dense solar wind plasma, often seen is a boundary layer where plasmas of both origins coexist. Plasma diffusions of various forms have been considered as the cause of this plasma mixing. Here, we investigate the plasma transport induced by wave-particle interaction in kinetic Alfven wave (KAW) turbulence, which is one of the candidate processes. We clarify that the physical origin of the KAW-induced cross-field diffusion is the drift motions of those particles that are in Cerenkov resonance with the wave: E Multiplication-Sign B-like drift that emerges in the presence of non-zero parallel electric field component and grad-B drift due to compressional magnetic fluctuations. We find that KAW turbulence, which has a spectral breakpoint at which an MHD inertial range transits to a dissipation range, causes selective transport for particles whose parallel velocities are specified by the local Alfven velocity and the parallel phase velocity at the spectral breakpoint. This finding leads us to propose a new data analysis method for identifying whether or not a mixed plasma in the boundary layer is a consequence of KAW-induced transport across the magnetopause. The method refers to the velocity space distribution function data obtained by a spacecraft that performs in situ observations and, in principle, is applicable to currently available dataset such as that provided by the NASA's THEMIS mission.
Izutsu, T. [Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 133-0033 (Japan); Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210 (Japan); Hasegawa, H.; Fujimoto, M. [Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210 (Japan); Nakamura, T. K. M. [X-Computational Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 (United States)
We present the first study of the formation and dissipation of current sheets at electron scales in a wave-driven, weakly collisional, three-dimensional kinetic turbulence simulation. We investigate the relative importance of dissipation associated with collisionless damping via resonant wave-particle interactions versus dissipation in small-scale current sheets in weakly collisional plasma turbulence. Current sheets form self-consistently from the wave-driven turbulence, and their filling fraction is well correlated to the electron heating rate. However, the weakly collisional nature of the simulation necessarily implies that the current sheets are not significantly dissipated via Ohmic dissipation. Rather, collisionless damping via the Landau resonance with the electrons is sufficient to account for the measured heating as a function of scale in the simulation, without the need for significant Ohmic dissipation. This finding suggests the possibility that the dissipation of the current sheets is governed by resonant wave-particle interactions and that the locations of current sheets correspond spatially to regions of enhanced heating.
TenBarge, J. M.; Howes, G. G., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 (United States)
Stochastic cooling of bunched beams from fluctuation and kinetic theory
A theoretical formalism for stochastic phase-space cooling of bunched beams in storage rings is developed on the dual basis of classical fluctuation theory and kinetic theory of many-body systems in phase-space. The physics is that of a collection of three-dimensional oscillators coupled via retarded nonconservative interactions determined by an electronic feedback loop. At the heart of the formulation is the existence of several disparate time-scales characterizing the cooling process. Both theoretical approaches describe the cooling process in the form of a Fokker-Planck transport equation in phase-space valid up to second order in the strength and first order in the auto-correlation of the cooling signal. With neglect of the collective correlations induced by the feedback loop, identical expressions are obtained in both cases for the coherent damping and Schottky noise diffusion coefficients. These are expressed in terms of Fourier coefficients in a harmonic decomposition in angle of the generalized nonconservative cooling force written in canonical action-angle variables of the particles in six-dimensional phase-space. Comparison of analytic results to a numerical simulation study with 90 pseudo-particles in a model cooling system is presented.
Chattopadhyay, S.
Kinetic Modeling of Combustion Characteristics of Real Biodiesel Fuels
Biodiesel fuels are of much interest today either for replacing or blending with conventional fuels for automotive applications. Predicting engine effects of using biodiesel fuel requires accurate understanding of the combustion characteristics of the fuel, which can be acquired through analysis using reliable detailed reaction mechanisms. Unlike gasoline or diesel that consists of hundreds of chemical compounds, biodiesel fuels contain only a limited number of compounds. Over 90% of the biodiesel fraction is composed of 5 unique long-chain C{sub 18} and C{sub 16} saturated and unsaturated methyl esters. This makes modeling of real biodiesel fuel possible without the need for a fuel surrogate. To this end, a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism has been developed for determining the combustion characteristics of a pure biodiesel (B100) fuel, applicable from low- to high-temperature oxidation regimes. This model has been built based on reaction rate rules established in previous studies at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Computed results are compared with the few fundamental experimental data that exist for biodiesel fuel and its components. In addition, computed results have been compared with experimental data for other long-chain hydrocarbons that are similar in structure to the biodiesel components.
Naik, C V; Westbrook, C K
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Carbon Dioxide Binding to Two Stereoisomers
Binding to Stereoisomers of a Cobalt(I) Macrocycle Binding to Stereoisomers of a Cobalt(I) Macrocycle Carol Creutz, Harold A. Schwarz, James F. Wishart, Etsuko Fujita and Norman Sutin J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 3361-3371 (1991) Abstract: The thermodynamics and kinetics of binding of CO2, CO, and H+ to N-racemic and N-meso stereoisomers of the cobalt(I) macrocycle CoL+ (L=5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene) have been determined in aqueous media with use of the pulse radiolysis technique and transient ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. N-rac or N-meso-CoL+ was produced by the hydrated electron reduction of N-rac or N-meso-CoL2+, with tert-butyl alcohol generally added to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. Reactions of both N-rac- and N-meso CoL+ are readily followed by the disappearance of intense ([epsilon] 1 x 104 M-1 cm-1) absorption bands
Coherency Strain and the Kinetics of Phase Separation in LiFePO [subscript 4
A theoretical investigation of the effects of elastic coherency strain on the thermodynamics, kinetics, and morphology of intercalation in single LiFePO4 nanoparticles yields new insights into this important battery material. ...
Cogswell, Daniel A.
Roles of Divergent and Rotational Winds in the Kinetic Energy Balance Intense Convective Activity
Contibutions of divergent and rotational wind components to the synoptic-scale kinetic energy balance are described using rawinsonde data at 3 and 6 h intervals from NASA�s fourth Atmospheric Variability Experiment (AVE 4). Two intense ...
Henry E. Fuelberg; Peter A. Browning
Oxidation kinetics of methylphosphonic acid in supercritical water : experimental measurements and model development
(cont.) at well-defined operating conditions and to develop. both microscopic and macroscopic models, ranging from regressed global models to an elementary reaction mechanism, to quantify MPA oxidation kinetics in supercritical ...
Sullivan, Patricia A. (Patricia Ann), 1978-
A rule-based approach for automated generation of kinetic chemical mechanisms
An Experimental Study of the Role of Plasticity in the Rafting Kinetics ...
This is consistent with the symmetry of the corresponding Fourier transform. ... components of the scattering vector k, perpendicular to, .... enhanced kinetics due to the supply of fast diffusion paths ... the total strain energy of the single crystal is.
Evaluation of the Kinetic Energy Approach for Modeling Turbulent Fluxesin Stratocumulus
The modeling of vertical mixing by a turbulence scheme on the basis of prognostic turbulent kinetic energy (E) and a diagnostic length scale (l) is investigated with particular emphasis on the representation of entrainment. The behavior of this E�...
G. Lenderink; A. A. M. Holtslag
Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reaction Kinetics on Platinum: Acid vs Alkaline Electrolytes
The kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on polycrystalline platinum [Pt(pc)] and high surface area carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles (Pt/C) were studied in 0.1 M ...
Sheng, Wenchao
Kinetic viscoelasticity modeling applied to degradation during carbon�carbon composite processing
Kinetic viscoelasticity modeling has been successfully utilized to describe phenomena during cure of thermoset based carbon fiber reinforced matrices. The basic difference from classic viscoelasticity is that the fundamental ...
Drakonakis, Vassilis M.
January 28, 2011 Kinetic Isotope Effects Predicted Correctly for a Mass Ratio of 36
January 28, 2011 Kinetic Isotope Effects Predicted Correctly for a Mass, and it has chemical properties very similar to a hydrogen atom, but very large), and the dynamics was thermally averaged to yield temperature-dependent chemical reaction rate
Truhlar, Donald G
Budgets of Divergent and Rotational Kinetic Energy during Two Periods of Intense Convection
Budgets of divergent and rotational components of kinetic energy (KD and KR) are investigated for two periods of intense convection. Derivations of the budget equations are presented for limited volumes in terms of VD and VR. The two periods ...
Dennis E. Buechler; Henry E. Fuelberg
The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis. XVI. Kinetic Relationships of the Intermediates in Steady State Photosynthesis
OF CARBON I N PHOTOSYNTHESIS, X U , KINETIC REIATIORSEIPS OFof steady. state photosynthesis in cUO2 provides informationThe path of carbon i n photosynthesis begins with a small
Benson, A.A.; Kawaguchi, S.; Hayes, P.; Calvin, M.
Mesoscale Energy Spectra of Mei-Yu Front System. Part I: Kinetic Energy Spectra
The mesoscale kinetic energy (KE) spectra of Mei-Yu front system are investigated through idealized numerical simulations. In the mature stage, the upper tropospheric KE spectrum resembles a -3 power law for wavelengths between 1000 and 400 km and ...
Jun Peng; Lifeng Zhang; Yu Luo; Yun Zhang
Derivation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy from a First-Order Nonlocal Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization
Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is derived from a first-order planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization for convective boundary layers: the nonlocal K-profile Yonsei University (YSU) PBL. A parameterization for the TKE equation is developed ...
Hyeyum Hailey Shin; Song-You Hong; Yign Noh; Jimy Dudhia
The Kinetic Energy of Hailfalls. Part III: Sampling Errors Inferred, from Radar Data
The representativeness of hailfall kinetic energies derived from point measurements of networks is studied by means of radar data of hail cells. The 202 cells were observed within a radius of 60 km from the 10 cm radar. Different Cartesian ...
A. Waldvogel; W. Schmid
Millisecond Kinetics of Nanocrystal Cation Exchange Using Microfluidic X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
nanocrystal with DDA, R CdSe was calculated to be 3.4 nm. Rto measure the kinetics of the CdSe-to-Ag 2 Se nanocrystalthe millisecond mixing of CdSe nanocrystal and Ag + reactant
Chan, Emory M.; Marcus, Matthew A.; Fakra, Sirine; Elnaggar, Mariam S.; Mathies, Richard A.; Alivisatos, A. Paul
Surface Circulation and Kinetic Energy Distributions in the Southern Hemisphere Oceans from FGGE Drifting Buoys
Trajectories of approximately 300 satellite-tracked drifting buoys deployed throughout the Southern Hemisphere oceans during the Fiat GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) have been analyzed to infer the mean surface circulation and kinetic energy ...
Steven L. Patterson
A kinetic scheme for unsteady pressurised flows in closed water pipes
he aim of this paper is to present a kinetic numerical scheme for the computations of transient pressurised flows in closed water pipes. Firstly, we detail the mathematical model written as a conservative hyperbolic partial differentiel system of equations, and the we recall how to obtain the corresponding kinetic formulation. Then we build the kinetic scheme ensuring an upwinding of the source term due to the topography performed in a close manner described by Perthame et al. using an energetic balance at microscopic level for the Shallow Water equations. The validation is lastly performed in the case of a water hammer in a uniform pipe: we compare the numerical results provided by an industrial code used at EDF-CIH (France), which solves the Allievi equation (the commonly used equation for pressurised flows in pipes) by the method of characteristics, with those of the kinetic scheme. It appears that they are in a very good agreement.
Bourdarias, Christian; Gerbi, St�phane
On Measuring the Terms of the Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget from an AUV
The terms of the steady-state, homogeneous turbulent kinetic energy budgets are obtained from measurements of turbulence and fine structure from the small autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Remote Environmental Measuring Units (REMUS). The ...
Louis Goodman; Edward R. Levine; Rolf G. Lueck
Microprocessor Field Impactometer Calibration: Do We Measure Drops� Momentum or Their Kinetic Energy?
This study presents the construction and calibration of a low-cost piezoelectric microprocessor impactometer designed for the field measurements of the rainfall kinetic energy (KE) flux. Its precise calibration was performed in laboratory ...
Pawe? Licznar; Janusz ?omotowski; S?awomir B?o?ski; Grzegorz J. Ciach
Influences of ENSO on Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Kinetic Energy and Its Meridional Transport
This study investigates the influences of ENSO on tropical cyclone (TC) kinetic energy and its meridional transport in the western North Pacific (WNP) using the TC wind field obtained after a method for removing TC vortices from reanalysis data is ...
Yao Ha; Zhong Zhong; Yijia Hu; Xiuqun Yang
Aging Effects on the Kinetics of Cesium Desorption from Vermiculite And Contaminated Soil
Aging Effects on the Kinetics of Cesium Desorption from Vermiculite And Contaminated Soil A. M), it is important to determine how aging affects 137 Cs desorption. This study uses a batch technique to measure 0
Systems, methods and computer-readable media to model kinetic performance of rechargeable electrochemical devices
A system includes an electrochemical cell, monitoring hardware, and a computing system. The monitoring hardware samples performance characteristics of the electrochemical cell. The computing system determines cell information from the performance characteristics. The computing system also analyzes the cell information of the electrochemical cell with a Butler-Volmer (BV) expression modified to determine exchange current density of the electrochemical cell by including kinetic performance information related to pulse-time dependence, electrode surface availability, or a combination thereof. A set of sigmoid-based expressions may be included with the modified-BV expression to determine kinetic performance as a function of pulse time. The determined exchange current density may be used with the modified-BV expression, with or without the sigmoid expressions, to analyze other characteristics of the electrochemical cell. Model parameters can be defined in terms of cell aging, making the overall kinetics model amenable to predictive estimates of cell kinetic performance along the aging timeline.
Gering, Kevin L.
The Kinetic Energy of Hailfalls. Part IV: Patterns of Hailpad and Radar Data
Ground-and radar-measured patterns of hail kinetic energy from eight hailstorms have been compared. The radar patterns were shifted horizontally in such a way that the correlation coefficient between the ground and radar data reaches a maximum. ...
W. Schmid; H. H. Schiesser; A. Waldvogel
Using a Stochastic Kinetic Energy Backscatter Scheme to Improve MOGREPS Probabilistic Forecast Skill
An improved stochastic kinetic energy backscatter scheme, version 2 (SKEB2) has been developed for the Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS). Wind increments at each model time step are derived from a streamfunction ...
Warren J. Tennant; Glenn J. Shutts; Alberto Arribas; Simon A. Thompson
Reflectivity, Rain Rate, and Kinetic Energy Flux Relationships Based on Raindrop Spectra
The relationships between radar reflectivity factor Z, rainfall rate R, and rainfall kinetic energy flux E were analyzed based on a multiyear raindrop spectra dataset recorded by a Joss�Waldvogel disdrometer in the Goodwin Creek research ...
Matthias Steiner; James A. Smith
Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Near-Inertial Kinetic Energy from Historical Moored Velocity Records
Temporal and spatial patterns of near-inertial kinetic energy (KEmoor) are investigated in a database of 2480 globally distributed, moored current-meter records (deployed on 690 separate moorings) and compared with the distribution of wind-forced ...
Matthew H. Alford; Maya Whitmont