text:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Building Technologies Office: Fluorescent and Incandescent Lamps Public
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
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A Bright Idea: New Efficiency Standards for Incandescent and Fluorescent
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
A Bright Idea: New Efficiency Standards for Incandescent and A Bright Idea: New Efficiency Standards for Incandescent and Fluorescent Lights A Bright Idea: New Efficiency Standards for Incandescent and Fluorescent Lights July 21, 2009 - 5:18pm Addthis John Lippert Pretty soon, lighting is going to get a lot more efficient. New standards for incandescent reflector bulbs, general purpose fluorescent bulbs, and regular incandescent bulbs are going into effect beginning in approximately three years. You may be curious about how these standards will affect the most popular types of incandescent bulbs we've all used for so long: the common non-reflector 40-watt, 60-watt, 75-watt, and 100-watt bulbs. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (also known as EISA) requires that these incandescent bulbs use 30% less energy than today's
,,,"Incandescent","Standard Fluorescent","Compact Fluorescent","High-Intensity Discharge","Halogen"
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
B39. Lighting Equipment, Floorspace, 1999" B39. Lighting Equipment, Floorspace, 1999" ,"Total Floorspace (million square feet)" ,"All Buildings","All Lit Buildings","Lighting Equipment (more than one may apply)" ,,,"Incandescent","Standard Fluorescent","Compact Fluorescent","High-Intensity Discharge","Halogen" "All Buildings ................",67338,64321,38156,60344,20666,19223,17926 "Building Floorspace" "(Square Feet)" "1,001 to 5,000 ...............",6774,5859,2946,5154,738,245,600 "5,001 to 10,000 ..............",8238,7464,4047,6722,1108,663,991 "10,001 to 25,000 .............",11153,10393,6055,9815,1759,1701,1996 "25,001 to 50,000 .............",9311,9053,5004,8344,2296,2224,1611
Energy Basics: Incandescent Lighting
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
The three most common types of incandescent lamps are: Standard incandescent lamps Energy-Saving Incandescent (or Halogen) Reflector lamps Standard Incandescent Lamps Known as...
DOE/EA-1664: Environmental Assessment for 10 CFR 430 Energy Conservation Standards: Energy Conservation Standards for Fluorescent and Incandescent Lamps (June 2009)
4 4 Environmental Assessment for 10 CFR Part 430 Energy Conservation Standards: Energy Conservation Standards for Fluorescent and Incandescent Lamps June 2009 16-i CHAPTER 16. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 16-1 16.2 AIR EMISSIONS ANALYSIS...................................................................................... 16-1 16.2.1 Air Emissions Descriptions............................................................................................ 16-1 16.2.2 Air Quality Regulation................................................................................................... 16-3 16.2.3 Global Climate Change..................................................................................................
Incandescent Lighting | Department of Energy
Incandescent Lighting Incandescent Lighting August 16, 2013 - 10:00am Addthis Incandescent lighting is the most common type of lighting used in homes. Incandescent lamps operate...
Whole Product Performance for 2X High-Efficiency Incandescent Lamps
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
FirstEnergy (FE) approached EPRI�s Lighting Lab in 2011 to validate the performance of a newly developed �2X� incandescent lighting technology developed by a manufacturing company in their service territory. This manufacturer claimed that their product was identical in light output, but twice (2X) as efficient as traditional 100W incandescent bulbs. In collaboration with FE, EPRI conducted a series of tests to independently verify the energy and photometric performance of this ...
Potential Environmental Impacts from the Metals in Incandescent, Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL), and Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
E-Print Network (OSTI)
), and Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Bulbs Seong-Rin Lim, Daniel Kang, Oladele A. Ogunseitan,,§ and Julie M sources with compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs that use about 70% and 85 lighting systems are transitioning from incandes- cent to compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and light
Short, Daniel
Photonically Engineered Incandescent Emitter
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A photonically engineered incandescence is disclosed. The emitter materials and photonic crystal structure can be chosen to modify or suppress thermal radiation above a cutoff wavelength, causing the emitter to selectively emit in the visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum. An efficient incandescent lamp is enabled thereby. A method for fabricating a three-dimensional photonic crystal of a structural material, suitable for the incandescent emitter, is also disclosed.
Gee, James M. (Albuquerque, NM); Lin, Shawn-Yu (Albuquerque, NM); Fleming, James G. (Albuquerque, NM); Moreno, James B. (Albuquerque, NM)
How Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescents |
Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescents How Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescents July 29, 2012 - 6:25pm Addthis Energy-efficient light bulbs are available today and could save you about $50 per year in energy costs when you replace 15 traditional incandescent bulbs in your home. Energy-efficient light bulbs are available today and could save you about $50 per year in energy costs when you replace 15 traditional incandescent bulbs in your home. Compared to traditional incandescents, energy-efficient lightbulbs such as energy-saving incandescents, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and light emitting diodes (LEDs) have the following advantages: Typically use about 25%-80% less energy, saving you money
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Electric lighting constitutes approximately 21-23 % of the electric grid load in the United States. The higher energy and maintenance costs of incandescent lamps, combined with the favorable economics of high-efficiency compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), are making CFLs the increasingly popular choice for both residential and commercial lighting. Utility incentive and rebate programs to stimulate CFL use and the beginnings of a ban on incandescent lamps are enhancing CFL penetration levels in these enviro...
Soot particle sizing during high-pressure Diesel spray combustion via time-resolved laser-induced incandescence
Single-pulse time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII) signal transients from soot particulates were acquired during unsteady high pressure Diesel combustion in a constant volume cell for typical top dead center conditions during a Diesel engine cycle. Measurements were performed for initial gas pressures between 1 and 3 MPa, injection pressures between 50 and 130 MPa and laser probe timings between 5 and 16 ms after start of fuel injection. In separate experiments and for the same cell operating conditions gas temperatures were deduced from spectrally resolved soot pyrometry measurements. Implementing the LII model of Kock et al. [Combust. Flame 147 (2006) 79-92] ensemble mean soot particle diameters were evaluated from least-squares fitting of theoretical cooling curves to experimental TiRe-LII signal transients. Since in the experiments the environmental gas temperature and the width of an assumed particle size distribution were not known, the effects of the initial choice of these parameters on retrieved particle diameters were investigated. It is shown that evaluated mean particle diameters are only slightly biased by the choice of typical size distribution widths and gas temperatures. For a fixed combustion phase mean particle diameters are not much affected by gas pressure, however they become smaller at high fuel injection pressure. At a mean chamber pressure of 1.39 MPa evaluated mean particle diameters increased by a factor of two for probe delays between 5 and 16 ms after start of injection irrespective of the choices of first-guess fitting variables, indicating a certain robustness of data analysis procedure. (author)
Ryser, R.; Gerber, T.; Dreier, T. [Reaction Analysis Group, Department of General Energy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland)
Single-pulse time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII) signal transients from soot particulates were acquired during unsteady high pressure Diesel combustion in a constant volume cell for typical top dead center conditions during a Diesel engine cycle. Measurements were performed for initial gas pressures between 1 and 3 MPa, injection pressures between 50 and 130 MPa and laser probe timings between 5 and 16 ms after start of fuel injection. In separate experiments and for the same cell operating conditions gas temperatures were deduced from spectrally resolved soot pyrometry measurements. Implementing the LII model of Kock et al. [Combust. Flame 147 (20006) 79-92] ensemble mean soot particle diameters were evaluated from least-squares fitting of theoretical cooling curves to experimental TiRe-LII signal transients. Since in the experiments the environmental gas temperature and the width of an assumed particle size distribution were not known, the effects of the initial choice of these parameters on retrieved particle diameters were investigated. It is shown that evaluated mean particle diameters are only slightly biased by the choice of typical size distribution widths and gas temperatures. For a fixed combustion phase mean particle diameters are not much affected by gas pressure, however they become smaller at high fuel injection pressure. At a mean chamber pressure of 1.39 MPa evaluated mean particle diameters increased by a factor of two for probe delays between 5 and 16 ms after start of injection irrespective of the choices of first-guess fitting variables, indicating a certain robustness of data analysis procedure. (author)
Ryser, R.; Gerber, T.; Dreier, T. [Reaction Analysis Group, Department of General Energy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen (Switzerland)
Incandescent | OpenEI
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Incandescent Incandescent Dataset Summary Description The following data-set is for a benchmark residential home for all TMY3 locations across all utilities in the US. The data is indexed by utility service provider which is described by its "unique" EIA ID ( Source National Renewable Energy Laboratory Date Released April 05th, 2012 (2 years ago) Date Updated April 06th, 2012 (2 years ago) Keywords AC apartment CFL coffeemaker Computer cooling cost demand Dishwasher Dryer Furnace gas HVAC Incandescent Laptop load Microwave model NREL Residential television tmy3 URDB Data text/csv icon Residential Cost Data for Common Household Items (csv, 14.5 MiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Annually Time Period License License Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and Licence (PDDL)
Incandescent Lighting Incandescent Lighting Incandescent Lighting October 17, 2013 - 6:15pm Addthis Incandescent lighting is the most common, and least energy efficient, type of lighting used in homes. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/TokenPhoto. Incandescent lighting is the most common, and least energy efficient, type of lighting used in homes. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/TokenPhoto. Incandescent lamps are often considered the least energy efficient type of electric lighting commonly found in residential buildings. Although inefficient, incandescent lamps possess a number of key advantages--they are inexpensive to buy, turn on instantly, are available in a huge array of sizes and shapes and provide a pleasant, warm light with excellent color rendition. However, because of their relative inefficiency and short life spans, they
,,,"Incandescent","Standard Fluorescent","Compact Fluorescent...
Energy Consumption Survey." " Energy Information Administration 1999 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Building Characteristics Tables 1" "RSEs for Table B38....
Highly thermostable fluorescent proteins
Thermostable fluorescent proteins (TSFPs), methods for generating these and other stability-enhanced proteins, polynucleotides encoding such proteins, and assays and method for using the TSFPs and TSFP-encoding nucleic acid molecules are provided. The TSFPs of the invention show extremely enhanced levels of stability and thermotolerance. In one case, for example, a TSFP of the invention is so stable it can be heated to 99.degree. C. for short periods of time without denaturing, and retains 85% of its fluorescence when heated to 80.degree. C. for several minutes. The invention also provides a method for generating stability-enhanced variants of a protein, including but not limited to fluorescent proteins.
Bradbury, Andrew M. (Santa Fe, NM); Waldo, Geoffrey S. (Santa Fe, NM); Kiss, Csaba (Los Alamos, NM)
2X Incandescent Lamp Technology
The incandescent lamp was developed during the 1800s, largely reaching the design of the traditional incandescent lamp as we know it by the late 1800s.�This lamp remained largely unchanged for years, providing most commercial and residential lighting demands into the 1950s and residential lighting into the 2000s. As�new lighting technologies became available, the low efficacy, measured in lumens per watt, of the traditional incandescent lamp became an issue which many wanted to ...
Energy Basics: Fluorescent Lighting
& Cooling Water Heating Fluorescent Lighting Fluorescent lamps use 25%-35% of the energy used by incandescent lamps to provide the same amount of illumination (efficacy of...
Sales of specialty incandescent bulbs decline despite ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
... and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs. Several manufacturers offer CFL three-way bulbs to replace incandescent three-way bulbs. LEDs, ...
Fluorescent Lighting Fluorescent lamps use 25%-35% of the energy used by incandescent lamps to provide the same amount of illumination (efficacy of 30-110 lumens per watt). They...
Energy Cost Calculator for Compact Fluorescent Lamps | Department of Energy
Compact Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Energy Cost Calculator for Compact Fluorescent Lamps October 8, 2013 - 2:18pm Addthis This tool calculates the payback period for your calc retrofit project. Modify the default values to suit your project requirements. Existing incandescent lamp wattage Watts Incandescent lamp cost dollars Incandescent lamp life 1000 hours calc wattage Watts calc cost dollars calc life (6000 hours for moderate use, 10000 hours for high use) 8000 hours Number of lamps in retrofit project Hours operating per week hours Average cost of electricity 0.06 $/kWh Relamper labor costs $/hr Time taken to retrofit all lamps in this project min Time taken to relamp one lamp min Type of Relamping Practiced: Group Relamping: Calculate Simple Payback Period months
Incandescent Lighting Basics | Department of Energy
Incandescent Lighting Basics Incandescent Lighting Basics Incandescent Lighting Basics August 16, 2013 - 10:00am Addthis Incandescent lamps operate simply by heating a metal filament inside a bulb filled with inert gas. Because they operate directly on variety of common power types including common household alternating current or direct current such as batteries or automobiles, they do not require a special power supply or ballast. They turn on up instantly, providing a warm light with excellent color rendition because the light is produced in much the same way as the light from the sun. They can also be easily dimmed using inexpensive controls and are available in a staggering variety of shapes and sizes. However, incandescent lamps have a low efficacy (10-17 lumens per watt) compared with other lighting options and a short average
How Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescent...
How Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescents How Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescents July 29, 2012 - 6:25pm Addthis...
New and Underutilized Technology: Efficient High Bay Fluorescent Lighting |
Efficient High Bay Fluorescent Efficient High Bay Fluorescent Lighting New and Underutilized Technology: Efficient High Bay Fluorescent Lighting October 7, 2013 - 8:54am Addthis The following information outlines key deployment considerations for efficient high bay fluorescent lighting within the Federal sector. Benefits Efficient high bay fluorescent lighting can include either T5 or T8 fluorescent lighting systems for high-bay applications currently using metal halide fixtures. Fluorescent fixtures offer better light distribution, better light maintenance over the life of the lamp, improved color quality, and on-off control (re-strike time) with lower energy consumption. Application Efficient high bay fluorescent lighting is applicable for facilities containing high bay areas. Key Factors for Deployment
Fluorescent Lighting
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Fluorescent lamps use 25%-35% of the energy used by incandescent lamps to provide the same amount of illumination (efficacy of 30-110 lumens per watt). They also last about 10 times longer (7,000-24,000 hours).
Novel Nanophosphors for High Efficiency Fluorescent Lamps
SciTech Connect
This is the Final Report of the Novel Nanophosphors for High Efficiency Fluorescent Lamps, Department of Energy (DOE). The overall goal of this three-year program is to develop novel hybrid phosphors by coating commercially available lamp phosphors with highly stable wide band-gap nanocrystalline phosphors (NCP). The prime technical approach is the development of NCP quantum-splitting phosphor (QSP) and ultra-violet (UV) emitting phosphors with quantum efficiencies exceeding that of the conventional phosphors at 185 nm. The novel hybrid phosphors will increase the efficiency of the fluorescent lamps by up to 32%, enabling total energy savings of 0.26 quads, the reduction in the U.S. energy bill by $6.5 billion and the reduction of the annual carbon emission by 4.1 billion kilogram. Our work started by investigating through modeling calculations the requirement for the particle size of the NCP. Our work to develop suitable nanocrystalline phosphors started with the known oxide quantum splitting and UV emitting phosphors. We demonstrated several synthesis techniques for the production of high quality nanocrystalline materials that crystallizes in the desired phase and with the desired particle size. In collaboration with our subcontractor we demonstrated the feasibility for the manufacture of NC phosphors. We also demonstrated novel techniques of coating the NCP on the surface of micron sized phosphors. Our chief achievement pertains to the successful testing of the coated hybrid phosphor systems in linear fluorescent lamps. In linear fluorescent lamp tests, we have demonstrated up to 7% increase in the efficacy of hybrid phosphors over the conventional (uncoated) phosphors. We have also demonstrated the improvement in the lumen maintenance of the coated phosphors. A hybrid phosphor system based on the commercial red emitting phosphor, Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}:Eu{sup 3+} did not show the anticipated improvement in lamp efficacy. We explored the reasons for this observation, which are detailed in this report. Within the program we have carried out fundamental investigations into the physical processes that determine the quantum splitting behavior of the Pr{sup 3+} ion in solids. Specifically, we have investigated the quantum splitting luminescence of this ion in the LaPO{sub 4}, SrAl{sub 12}O{sub 19} and LiLaP{sub 4}O{sub 12} host lattices. In this final report we summarize the technical work completed under the Program, summarize our findings about the performance limits of the various technologies we investigated, and outline promising paths for future work.
Alok Srivatava
Energy Savings and NOx Emissions Reduction Potential from the 2012 Federal Legislation to Phase Out Incandescent Lamps in Texas
This report provides detailed information about the potential savings from the 2012 Federal Legislation to phase out incandescent lamps and the NOx emissions reduction from the replacement of incandescent bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL). In Texas, this analysis includes the savings estimates from both the annual and Ozone Season Day (OSD) NOx reductions. The NOx emissions reduction in this analysis are calculated using estimated emissions factors for 2007 from the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) eGRID database, which had been specially prepared for this purpose.
Liu, Zi; Baltazar, Juan Carlos; Haberl, Jeff; Soman, Rohit
Replacing Incandescent Lightbulbs and Ballasts | Department of Energy
Incandescent Lightbulbs and Ballasts Incandescent Lightbulbs and Ballasts Replacing Incandescent Lightbulbs and Ballasts July 29, 2012 - 5:16pm Addthis Many incandescent lightbulbs can be replaced with more energy efficient options. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto.com/ClarkandCompany. Many incandescent lightbulbs can be replaced with more energy efficient options. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto.com/ClarkandCompany. What does this mean for me? For the greatest energy efficiency, use new fixtures with new lightbulbs. Replace A-type lightbulbs with more energy-efficient options such as CFLs, LEDs, and energy-saving (halogen) incandescents. Matching replacement lightbulbs to existing fixtures and ballasts can be tricky, especially with older fixtures. Using new fixtures made for new lightbulbs gives you the greatest energy savings, reliability, and
Replacing Incandescent Lightbulbs and Ballasts Replacing Incandescent Lightbulbs and Ballasts Replacing Incandescent Lightbulbs and Ballasts July 29, 2012 - 5:16pm Addthis Many incandescent lightbulbs can be replaced with more energy efficient options. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto.com/ClarkandCompany. Many incandescent lightbulbs can be replaced with more energy efficient options. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto.com/ClarkandCompany. What does this mean for me? For the greatest energy efficiency, use new fixtures with new lightbulbs. Replace A-type lightbulbs with more energy-efficient options such as CFLs, LEDs, and energy-saving (halogen) incandescents. Matching replacement lightbulbs to existing fixtures and ballasts can be tricky, especially with older fixtures. Using new fixtures made for new
Fluorescent Lighting | Department of Energy
Fluorescent Lighting Fluorescent Lighting Fluorescent Lighting October 17, 2013 - 5:44pm Addthis Fluorescent Lighting Fluorescent Lighting Fluorescent lamps use 25%-35% of the energy used by incandescent products to provide a similar amount of light. They also last about 10 times longer (7,000-24,000 hours). The two general types of fluorescent lamps are: Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) -- commonly found with integral ballasts and screw bases, these are popular lamps often used in household fixtures Fluorescent tube and circline lamps -- typically used for task lighting such as garages and under cabinet fixtures, and for lighting large areas in commercial buildings. CFLs CFLs combine the energy efficiency of fluorescent lighting with the convenience and popularity of incandescent fixtures. CFLs fit most fixtures
History and technical evolution of high frequency fluorescent lighting
This work was performed to accelerate development and commercialization of solid-state, high frequency ballasts for fluorescent lighting systems. The history and development of fluorescent lamps, of ballasts for these fixtures, and of related circuits and equipment are reviewed. The higher lamp efficiency of high-frequency (300 to 3000 Hz) fluorescent lamps as compared with 60 Hz lamps, the development of frequency converter circuits for high-frequency lamps, and uses, electrical characteristics, and economics of these lighting systems are discussed. (LCL)
Campbell, J.H.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - Sector
Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (EIA)
incandescent bulbs. High-performance incandescent, compact fluorescent, and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps continue to replace low-efficacy incandescent lamps. In 2035,...
Fluorescence Enhancement of White-Light Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystals.
??Advances are being made in lighting technology, as incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs become less efficient compared to solid-state lighting devices, especially light-emitting diodes (LEDs).� (more)
Rosson, Teresa Ellen
Light Flicker in Compact Fluorescent Lamps Caused by Voltage Fluctuations
This power quality (PQ) case study presents tests performed at the EPRI Power Electronics Applications Center (PEAC) Power Quality Test Facility to characterize the light output of an incandescent lamp and compact fluorescent lamps during voltage fluctuations.
High power light emitting diode based setup for photobleaching fluorescent impurities
High power light emitting diode based setup for photobleaching fluorescent impurities Tobias K be photobleached before final sample preparation. The instrument consists of high power light emitting diodes
Kaufman, Laura
Electronic Compact Fluorescent Lamps
This EPRI Technical Update addresses the fastest growing energy efficient light source the electronic compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). Business and technical market factors (Chapter 2) explain the past and future growth of the CFL market while emphasizing future technical improvements along with discussion of the importance of utility involvement in helping their customers make the switch from incandescent lamps to CFLs. The basic CFL technology is covered in Chapter 3 including test results for selected ...
EA-1911: Energy Conservation Standards for Certain Reflector, Elliptical Reflector, and Bulged Reflector Incandescent Lamps
This EA will evaluate the environmental impacts of a proposal to amend energy conservation standards for Certain Reflector, Elliptical Reflector, and Bulged Reflector Incandescent Lamps.
Dec. 1953. "Hi-Volt-Cycle Lighting ~ Launched i n a Hi-Wide2, F e b r u a r y , 19 53. "Lighting Your Plant with Highg h Frequency Fluorescent Lighting John H. Campbell December
Campbell, John H.
Apparatus to facilitate lengthening the life of incandescent lamps
An energizing circuit is described for an incandescent bulb comprising a transformer having a primary winding connectable to an AC mains source and first and second secondary windings for producing first and second voltages. The first secondary winding is connected to an input of a first full-wave rectifier means and the second secondary winding is connected to an input of a second full-wave rectifier means, the full-wave rectifier means having outputs connected in parallel across the bulb. The first voltage is sufficient to fully illuminate the bulb and the second voltage is sufficient to maintain the bulb warm but with little or no light output, a first switch being connected between the first secondary winding and the first rectifier means whereby, when the first switch is open, the bulb is energized solely by the second voltage.
Spissinger, F.H.
Particulate measurement issues in diesel exhausts using laser induced incandescence
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
A number of studies in the recent past have identified Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) as a versatile technique for in-flame measurement of soot concentrations. Recently, a number of researchers have focused their attention in adapting this technique to measure particulate in diesel exhausts. However the agreement with established physical sampling techniques, such as the EPA recommended filter paper collection method, was found to be less than ideal. This paper reports the efforts to adapt this technique for diesel exhaust characterization. Many of the factors affecting LII signal were identified through computer modeling. Parameters that could not be determined through such a model were determined experimentally following a parametric study. Subsequently, LII measurements were performed in the exhaust of a modified lab burner, with conditions close to that of diesel engine exhausts. Such measurements show excellent agreement with those performed using the standard filter paper collection technique.
Gupta, S. B.; Poola, R. B.; Sekar, R.
Biological detection and tagging using tailorable, reactive, highly fluorescent chemosensors.
This program was focused on the development of a fluorogenic chemosensor family that could tuned for reaction with electrophilic (e.g. chemical species, toxins) and nucleophilic (e.g. proteins and other biological molecules) species. Our chemosensor approach utilized the fluorescent properties of well-known berberine-type alkaloids. In situ chemosensor reaction with a target species transformed two out-of-plane, weakly conjugated, short-wavelength chromophores into one rigid, planar, conjugated, chromophore with strong long wavelength fluorescence (530-560 nm,) and large Stokes shift (100-180 nm). The chemosensor was activated with an isourea group which allowed for reaction with carboxylic acid moieties found in amino acids.
Shepodd, Timothy J.; Zifer, Thomas; McElhanon, James Ross; Rahn, Larry A.
Assessment of Electrical, Efficiency, and Photometric Performance of Advanced Lighting Sources: Dimmable Advanced Lighting Technolog ies -- Electronic High-Intensity Discharge Ballasts
This EPRI Technical Update addresses the dimming performance of electronic high-intensity discharge (HID) ballasts. Chapter 1 provides a discussion of basic lighting control, the importance of considering power quality in lighting control, lighting control methods and parameters, and the advantages and future of lighting control. Chapter 2 addresses in more depth the dimming methods used in advanced lighting sources and controls for incandescent, fluorescent, high-intensity discharge (HID) and light-emit...
High-throughput screening assay of hepatitis C virus helicase inhibitors using fluorescence-quenching phenomenon
We have developed a novel high-throughput screening assay of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) helicase inhibitors using the fluorescence-quenching phenomenon via photoinduced electron transfer between fluorescent dyes and guanine bases. We prepared double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with a 5'-fluorescent-dye (BODIPY FL)-labeled strand hybridized with a complementary strand, the 3'-end of which has guanine bases. When dsDNA is unwound by helicase, the dye emits fluorescence owing to its release from the guanine bases. Our results demonstrate that this assay is suitable for quantitative assay of HCV NS3 helicase activity and useful for high-throughput screening for inhibitors. Furthermore, we applied this assay to the screening for NS3 helicase inhibitors from cell extracts of microorganisms, and found several cell extracts containing potential inhibitors.
Tani, Hidenori [Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480 (Japan); Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 (Japan); Akimitsu, Nobuyoshi [Radioisotope Center, University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 (Japan); Fujita, Osamu; Matsuda, Yasuyoshi [Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 (Japan); Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480 (Japan); Miyata, Ryo [Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 (Japan); Tsuneda, Satoshi [Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480 (Japan); Igarashi, Masayuki [Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021 (Japan); Sekiguchi, Yuji [Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 (Japan); Noda, Naohiro [Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566 (Japan); Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480 (Japan)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Energy efficiency improvement and cost saving opportunities for the Corn Wet Milling Industry: An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers
efficiency motors Lighting Controls Replace metal halide HID with high-intensity Daylighting fluorescents Replace incandescent with fluorescent or CFL
Galitsky, Christina; Worrell, Ernst; Ruth, Michael
1997 Glossary
All types of light bulbs are included: incandescent, fluorescent, compact fluorescent, halogen, and high-intensity-discharge (HID). (See Appliances ...
High-performance CFL downlights: The best and the brightest
Downlight fixtures -- often referred to as ``recessed cans`` -- are among the most common lighting fixtures in commercial and residential settings. As such, they represent one of the most promising targets for improving lighting energy efficiency. The authors estimate that downlight fixtures account for more than one-fifth of the 2.8 billion incandescent lighting sockets in the US, and represent about 8 percent of total direct lighting energy use. Over 30 million new fixtures of this type are sold each year in the US. With existing and foreseeable technology, nearly two-thirds of the incandescent downlights in the US are candidates for retrofit or replacement with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) or fixtures. The remaining one-third, however, are unlikely to ever be replaceable with CFL technology because of constraints on light output, lighting quality, size, and cost-effectiveness of CFL alternatives. High performance downlight systems using compact fluorescent lamps and incorporating advanced optical, thermal, and ballast designs use up to 75 percent less energy than conventional incandescent downlight fixtures. Many CFL downlight fixtures, however, perform poorly. In this report, the authors explore ways in which various elements of fixture design influence performance. They also describe exemplary elements of high-performance designs, and evaluate several emerging or experimental technologies that promise to further improve efficiency.
Sardinsky, R.; Hawthorne, S.; Newcomb, J.
button, a 100 watt (130 volt) lamp, a 100 watt long lifeFluorescent Watt L I ltage (volts) cu ge ic in s) ative ( 1the diode energy button (83 volts) was obtained by dividing
Verderber, Rudy
High power light emitting diode based setup for photobleaching fluorescent impurities Tobias K be photobleached before final sample preparation. The instrument consists of high power light emitting diodes for simple photobleaching pur- poses, we designed a simple but efficient lighting system using light emitting
Energy-efficient compact screw-in fluorescent lamp. Final report
A compact fluorescent lamp has been designed and constructed which can replace an incandescent lamp. The lamp is slightly larger than a standard lamp (8 3/4 in. x 3 1/4 in.), but is designed to fit a majority of portable lamp applications. This version, with a core-coil ballast, results in a system efficacy of 54 lumens per watt, with a light output of more than 1800 lumens. This compares favorably with a 100-watt incandescent (17.5 lumens per watt and 1750 lumens light output). The color temperature of 3000/sup 0/K is compatible with an incandescent lamp (2800/sup 0/K). The color rendition index (CRI) is 84. With a solid-state ballast, the efficacy and light output could be increased by 20% (65 l/w, 2200 lumens) and could provide a direct replacement for a three-way, 150-watt incandescent lamp (15 l/w, 2200 lumens).
Morton, E.W.
How to upgrade your incandescent light bulbs Many people are choosing replacements for their standard incandescent light bulbs to save money or energy, because they've heard of new LED
How to upgrade your incandescent light bulbs Many people are choosing replacements for their standard incandescent light bulbs to save money or energy, because they've heard of new LED options for replacement light bulbs, you probably noticed that you have many options and the alternative bulbs are more
Bystroff, Chris
Phosphor blends for high-CRI fluorescent lamps
A phosphor blend comprises at least two phosphors each selected from one of the groups of phosphors that absorb UV electromagnetic radiation and emit in a region of visible light. The phosphor blend can be applied to a discharge gas radiation source to produce light sources having high color rendering index. A phosphor blend is advantageously includes the phosphor (Tb,Y,LuLa,Gd).sub.x(Al,Ga).sub.yO.sub.12:Ce.sup.3+, wherein x is in the range from about 2.8 to and including 3 and y is in the range from about 4 to and including 5.
Setlur, Anant Achyut (Niskayuna, NY); Srivastava, Alok Mani (Niskayuna, NY); Comanzo, Holly Ann (Niskayuna, NY); Manivannan, Venkatesan (Clifton Park, NY); Beers, William Winder (Chesterland, OH); Toth, Katalin (Pomaz, HU); Balazs, Laszlo D. (Budapest, HU)
Electronic high frequency fluorescent ballasts (past, present and future)
Based upon the years of development and manufacture as well as a documented three and one-half year life test the reliability of the electronic high frequency ballast concept has been established. There are several characteristics that can be used to assess a ballast's performance with respect to cost effectiveness, lamp life and power quality. The higher cost of the electronic ballast is due to the demand exceeding the supply. With more competition in an expanding market the price of ballasts will be significantly reduced. 4 refs.
Verderber, R.R.
Green Office Certificate Program (GOCP) Glossary Autoclave: Device to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high
to produce the renewable energy source. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs): Energy-saving light bulbs, which last longer and use far less energy than traditional (or incandescent) light bulbs for the same level and the environment. Incandescent lamps: (Light bulbs) create light by running electricity through a thin filament
Yamamoto, Keith
Soot temperature measurements and implications for time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TIRE-LII)
Emission spectroscopy has been used to determine soot particle temperatures in an ethene diffusion flame both under normal combustion conditions and also after irradiation with an intense laser pulse. On the basis of these measurements, a check on the models and an improvement of parameters underlying time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TIRE-LII) was performed. With this technique a two-dimensionally resolved measurement of soot primary particle sizes is feasible in a combustion process from the ratio of emission signals obtained at two delay times after a laser pulse, as the cooling behavior is characteristic of particle size. For accurate measurements, local gas temperatures must be known, which can be derived from the temperatures of the soot particles themselves. These have been measured by fitting full Planck curves to line-of-sight emission spectra after an inversion algorithm. The temperature and heat of vaporization of soot, which govern the energy and mass loss at high temperatures, were obtained by measurements of maximum particle temperature for various laser irradiances and a fit procedure to the theoretical dependence. Finally, the temperature decay of laser-heated soot was measured with high temporal resolution. Comparisons with model predictions show that soot temperatures are roughly 300 K higher than expected after the onset of vaporization, which indicates deficiencies in the present models of vaporization. It is demonstrated that the TIRE-LII performance is essentially unaffected by these shortcomings if LII signals are detected in a period where conductive heat transfer dominates and an appropriate correction is performed.
Schraml, S.; Dankers, S.; Bader, K.; Will, S.; Leipertz, A.
Subunits of highly Fluorescent Protein R-Phycoerythrin as Probes for Cell Imaging and Single-Molecule Detection
The purposes of our research were: (1) To characterize subunits of highly fluorescent protein R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE) and check their suitability for single-molecule detection (SMD) and cell imaging, (2) To extend the use of R-PE subunits through design of similar proteins that will be used as probes for microscopy and spectral imaging in a single cell, and (3) To demonstrate a high-throughput spectral imaging method that will rival spectral flow cytometry in the analysis of individual cells. We first demonstrated that R-PE subunits have spectroscopic and structural characteristics that make them suitable for SMD. Subunits were isolated from R-PE by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected as single molecules by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). In addition, R-PE subunits and their enzymatic digests were characterized by several separation and detection methods including HPLC, capillary electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and HPLC-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Favorable absorption and fluorescence of the R-PE subunits and digest peptides originate from phycoerythrobilin (PEB) and phycourobilin (PUB) chromophores that are covalently attached to cysteine residues. High absorption coefficients and strong fluorescence (even under denaturing conditions), broad excitation and emission fluorescence spectra in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum, and relatively low molecular weights make these molecules suitable for use as fluorescence labels of biomolecules and cells. We further designed fluorescent proteins both in vitro and in vivo (in Escherichia coli) based on the highly specific attachment of PEB chromophore to genetically expressed apo-subunits of R-PE. In one example, apo-alpha and apo-beta R-PE subunits were cloned from red algae Polisiphonia boldii (P. boldii), and expressed in E. coli. Although expressed apo-subunits formed inclusion bodies, fluorescent holo-subunits were formed after incubation of E. coli cells with PEB. Spectroscopic characterization of holo-subunits confirmed that the attachment of PEB chromophore to apo-subunits yielded holo-subunits containing both PEB and urobilin (UB). Fluorescence and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy showed polar location of holo-subunit inclusion bodies in E. coli cells. In another example, R-PE apo-subunits were genetically fused to cytoplasmic and periplasmic versions of E. coli maltose binding protein (MBP). Fluorescent proteins formed after attachment of PEB to MBP-subunit fusions in vitro and in vivo contained PEB as the sole chromophore, were soluble, and displayed high orange fluorescence. Fluorescence microscopy showed that fusions are located either throughout cells or at cell poles. In addition, cells containing fluorescent holo-subunits or MBP-subunit fusions were up to ten times brighter than control cells as measured by flow cytometry. Results show that the fluorescent proteins formed after non-enzymatic attachment of PEB to R-PE subunit fusions could be used as reporters of gene expression and protein localization in cells as well as fluorescence labels in flow cytometry. Finally, we demonstrated a high-throughput method able to record emission fluorescence spectra of individual cells containing fluorescent proteins. Upon excitation with a 488 mn argon-ion laser many bacterial cells were imaged by a 20X microscope objective while they moved through a capillary tube. Fluorescence was dispersed by a transmission diffraction grating, and an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera simultaneously recorded the zero and the first orders of the fluorescence from each cell. Single-cell fluorescence spectra were reconstructed from the distance between zero-order and first-order maxima as well as the length and the pixel intensity distribution of the first-order images. By using this approach, the emission spectrum of E. coli cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was reconstructed. Also, fluorescence spectra of E
Dragan Isailovic
Compact Fluorescent Plug-In Ballast-in-a-Socket
The primary goal of this program was to develop a ballast system for plug-in CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) that will directly replace standard metal shell, medium base incandescent lampholders (such as Levition No. 6098) for use with portable lamp fixtures, such as floor, table and desk lamps. A secondary goal was to identify a plug-in CFL that is optimized for use with this ballast. This Plug-in CFL Ballastin-a-Socket system will allow fixture manufacturers to easily manufacture CFL-based high-efficacy portable fixtures that provide residential and commercial consumers with attractive, cost-effective, and energy-efficient fixtures for use wherever portable incandescent fixtures are used today. The advantages of this proposed system over existing CFL solutions are that the fixtures can only be used with high-efficacy CFLs, and they will be more attractive and will have lower life-cycle costs than screw-in or adapter-based CFL retrofit solutions. These features should greatly increase the penetration of CFL's into the North American market. Our work has shown that using integrated circuits it is quite feasible to produce a lamp-fixture ballast of a size comparable to the current Edison-screw 3-way incandescent fixtures. As for price points for BIAS-based fixtures, end-users polled by the Lighting Research Institute at RPI indicated that they would pay as much as an additional $10 for a lamp containing such a ballast. The ballast has been optimized to run with a 26 W amalgam triple biax lamp in the base-down position, yet can accept non-amalgam versions of the lamp. With a few part alterations, the ballast can be produced to support 32 W lamps as well. The ballast uses GE's existing L-Comp[1] power topology in the circuit so that the integrated circuit design would be a design that could possibly be used by other CFL and EFL products with minor modifications. This gives added value by reducing cost and size of not only the BIAS, but also possibly other integral CFL and future dimmable integral and plug-in versions of the EFL products.
Rebecca Voelker
Micromolding of a Highly Fluorescent Reticular Coordination Polymer: Solvent-Mediated Reconfigurable Polymerization in a Soft Lithographic Mold
Coordination polymerization of pyridine-based ligands and zinc or silver ions was controlled by soft lithographic micromolding in capillaries. The polymer patterns that are produced are highly fluorescent and supramolecularly structured.
Y You; H Yang; J Chung; J Kim; Y Jung; S Park
L-Prize Competition Winner 60W Incandescent Replacement Lamp Update
Interagency Technology Deployment Working Group L Prize ® Competition Winner 60W Incandescent Replacement Lamp Update James E. Rannels, Senior Advisor L Prize Competition D&R International March 15, 2012 Cost of electricity 1 cent per kilowatt-hour The Washington Post, March 8, 2012 Page One 2 Cost of electricity 11 cents per kilowatt-hour The Washington Post, March 9, 2012 Page Two 3 What Is the L Prize? * Technology competition to spur innovation and exceptional performance * Created by Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA 2007) Sec. 655 * Two key lamp replacements: 60W Incandescent and PAR 38 Halogen * Future focus: 21 st Century Lamp * Cash prizes, federal purchasing, utility programs 4 Philips Wins First L Prize * August 3, 2011: Philips
X-ray Methods in High-Intensity Discharges and Metal-Halide Lamps: X-ray Induced Fluorescence
We describe the use of x-ray induced fluorescence to study metal-halide high-intensity discharge lamps and to measure equilibrium vapor pressures of metal-halide salts. The physical principles of metal-halide lamps, relevant aspects of x-ray-atom interactions, the experimental method using synchrotron radiation, and x-ray induced fluorescence measurements relevant to metal-halide lamps are covered.
Curry, John J.; Lapatovich, Walter P.; Henins, Albert (NIST)
Highly Fluorescent Group 13 Metal Complexes with Cyclic, Aromatic Hydroxamic Acid Ligands
The neutral complexes of two ligands based on the 1-oxo-2-hydroxy-isoquinoline (1,2-HOIQO) motif with group 13 metals (Al, Ga, In) show bright blue-violet luminescence in organic solvents. The corresponding transition can be attributed to ligand-centered singlet emission, characterized by a small Stokes shifts of only a few nm combined with lifetimes in the range between 1-3 ns. The fluorescence efficiency is high, with quantum yields of up to 37% in benzene solution. The crystal structure of one of the indium(III) complexes (trigonal space group R-3, a = b = 13.0384(15) {angstrom}, c = 32.870(8) {angstrom}, ? = {beta} = 90{sup o}, {gamma} = 120{sup o}, V = 4839.3(14) {angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 6) shows a six-coordinate geometry around the indium center which is close to trigonal-prismatic, with a twist angle between the two trigonal faces of 20.7{sup o}. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations (Al and Ga: B3LYP/6-31G(d)); In: B3LYP/LANL2DZ of the fac and mer isomers with one of the two ligands indicate that there is no clear preference for either one of the isomeric forms of the metal complexes. In addition, the metal centers do not have a significant influence on the electronic structure, and as a consequence, on the predominant intraligand optical transitions.
Seitz, Michael; Moore, Evan G.; Raymond, Kenneth N.
High-Intensity Discharge Lighting
High-intensity discharge (HID) lighting provides the highest efficacy and longest service life of any lighting type. It can save 75%-90% of lighting energy when it replaces incandescent lighting.
The effects of supply harmonics on the performance of compact fluorescent lamps
This paper describes a performance evaluation of ten compact fluorescent lighting systems operated with sinusoidal and distorted voltage waveform conditions. The lamps were either provided with an electronic ballast, a magnetic core ballast or a magnetic core ballast with a power factor correction circuit. The test results show that the electrical performance of the compact fluorescent lamps for both sinusoidal and distorted voltage waveform operation is related to the different types of ballast used. The cost of operation of these compact fluorescent lamps was calculated and compared to the cost of a conventional 60 W incandescent lamp.
Arseneau, R.; Ouellette, M.
Quantitative laser-induced incandescence measurements of soot in turbulent pool fires.
Laser-induced incandescence measurements have recently been obtained from 10% and 30% toluene in methanol blended fuel pool fires of 2-m diameter. Calibration of the instrument was performed using an ethylene/air laminar diffusion flame produced by a Santoro-type burner which allowed the extraction of absolute soot-volume-fractions from these images. Performance of the optical probe was characterized using the laminar diffusion flame and corrections were implemented for signal dependence upon detector gain, flat field, and location within the probe laser sheet when processing the images. Probability density functions of the soot-volume fraction were constructed for the blended fuels used in this study and the mean values were determined to be 0.0077 and 0.028 ppm for the 10% and 30% blended fuels, respectively. Signal trapping was estimated for the two types of blended fuel and it was determined to be negligible for the 10% toluene/methanol blend and require {approx}10% correction for the 30% toluene/methanol blend.
Frederickson, Kraig; Grasser, Thomas W.; Kearney, Sean Patrick
High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detection X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy: Detection of Adsorption Sites in Supported Metal Catalysts
High energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) X-ray adsorption spectroscopy (XAS) is demonstrated as a new tool to identify the geometry of metal adsorption sites and the orbitals involved in bonding. The type of CO adsorption site on a nanoparticular Pt-Al2O3 catalyst is determined. The orbitals involved in the Pt - CO bonding are identified using theoretical FEFF8.0 calculations. In situ application of HERFD XAS is applicable to a large number of catalytic systems and will provide fundamental insights in structure - performance relationships.
Tromp, Moniek [University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (United Kingdom); Bokhoven, Jeroen A. van [Institute for chemical and bioengineering ETH Zurich (Switzerland); Safonova, Olga V.; Glatzel, Pieter [ESRF, Grenoble (France); Groot, Frank M. F. de [Utrecht University, Utrecht (Netherlands); Evans, John [University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (United Kingdom); Diamond Light Source, Didcot (United Kingdom)
Assessment of Electrical, Efficiency, and Photometric Performance of Advanced Lighting Technologies: Dimmable Advanced Lighting Tech nologies -- Electronic Fluorescent, High-Intensity Discharge, and Light-Emitting Diode
This EPRI Technical Report is a compilation of four technical updates that address the basic dimming performance of advanced lighting sources: EPRI report 1018476 for linear fluorescent ballasts, 1018477 for hot and cold cathode compact fluorescent lamps, 1018479 for electronic high-intensity discharge (HID) ballasts, and 1018480 for light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. Chapter 1 provides a discussion of basic lighting control, the importance of considering power quality in lighting control, lighting con...
Assessment of Electrical, Efficiency, and Photometric Performance of Advanced Lighting Sources: Dimmable Advanced Lighting Technolog ies -- Electronic Linear Fluorescent Ballasts
This EPRI Technical Update is one of four in a series that addresses the basic dimming performance of advanced lighting sources8212linear electronic fluorescent ballasts. Chapter 1 provides a discussion of basic lighting control, the importance of considering power quality in lighting control, lighting control methods and parameters, and the advantages and future of lighting control. Chapter 2 addresses in more depth dimming methods used in advanced lighting sources and controls for incandescent, fluores...
Fiber bundle fluorescence endomicroscopy
An improved design for fiber bundle fluorescence endomicroscopy is demonstrated. Scanned illumination and detection using coherent fiber bundles with 30,000 elements with 3 ?m resolution enables high speed imaging with ...
Tsai, Tsung-Han
Technical Program
ity of replacing conventional incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lights with LED ... and exciting light sources as a commercial product with a high output.
Application of In-Situ High Energy-Resolution Fluorescence Detection and Time-Resolved X-Ray Spectroscopy: Catalytic Activation of Oxygen over Supported Gold Catalysts
Life-time-broadening reduction in high-energy-resolution fluorescence detected XAS produced spectra of unprecedented detail. Au L3 edge spectra of a Au/Al2O3 catalyst under various reaction conditions showed the interaction of oxygen with the gold particles on this catalyst. A reaction path on the gold particle in the oxidation of CO was established.
Bokhoven, Jeroen A. van [Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich (Switzerland); Tromp, Moniek [University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Southampton (United Kingdom); Glatzel, Pieter; Safonova, Olga [European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble (France)
Fluorescent refrigeration
Fluorescent refrigeration is based on selective radiative pumping, using substantially monochromatic radiation, of quantum excitations which are then endothermically redistributed to higher energies. Ultimately, the populated energy levels radiatively deexcite emitting, on the average, more radiant energy than was initially absorbed. The material utilized to accomplish the cooling must have dimensions such that the exciting radiation is strongly absorbed, but the fluorescence may exit the material through a significantly smaller optical pathlength. Optical fibers and mirrored glasses and crystals provide this requirement. 6 figs.
Epstein, R.I.; Edwards, B.C.; Buchwald, M.I.; Gosnell, T.R.
Note: A portable, light-emitting diode-based ruby fluorescence spectrometer for high-pressure calibration
Ruby (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, with {approx}0.5 wt. % Cr doping) is one of the most widely used manometers at the giga-Pascal scale. Traditionally, its fluorescence is excited with intense laser sources. Here, I present a simple, robust, and portable design that employs light-emitting diodes (LEDs) instead. This LED-based system is safer in comparison with laser-based ones.
Feng Yejun [Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 (United States)
An active-optic x-ray fluorescence analyzer with high energy resolution, large solid angle coverage, and a large tuning range
A crystal-optic x-ray fluorescence energy analyzer has been designed and tested, which combines the features of electron-volt energy resolution, large solid angle coverage, and tunability over several kilo-electron-volts. The design is based upon the principle of active optics, with ten actuators available to optimally adjust the shape of a silicon crystal used in the Bragg geometry. In most applications the shape is that of a logarithmic spiral for high energy resolution with a spatially nonresolving detector, but a wide range of other shapes is also possible for applications such as imaging or single-shot spectroscopy in a spectral range of the operator's choosing.
Adams, Bernhard W.; Attenkofer, Klaus [Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 (United States)
Energy saving controller for fluorescent lamps.
??Although fluorescent lamp is a very efficient lighting device in daily life, still the high harmonic distortion and low power factor cause unnecessary energy consumption.� (more)
Cheong, Zhi Xiong
Bioanalytical Applications of Fluorescence Line-Narrowing and Non-Line-Narrowing Spectroscopy Interfaced with Capillary Electrophoresis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are widely used analytical separation techniques with many applications in chemical, biochemical, and biomedical sciences. Conventional analyte identification in these techniques is based on retention/migration times of standards; requiring a high degree of reproducibility, availability of reliable standards, and absence of coelution. From this, several new information-rich detection methods (also known as hyphenated techniques) are being explored that would be capable of providing unambiguous on-line identification of separating analytes in CE and HPLC. As further discussed, a number of such on-line detection methods have shown considerable success, including Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy (FLNS). In this thesis, the feasibility and potential of combining the highly sensitive and selective laser-based detection method of FLNS with analytical separation techniques are discussed and presented. A summary of previously demonstrated FLNS detection interfaced with chromatography and electrophoresis is given, and recent results from on-line FLNS detection in CE (CE-FLNS), and the new combination of HPLC-FLNS, are shown.
Kenneth Paul Roberts
Laser-induced incandescence and elastic-scattering measurements of particulate-matter volume fraction changes during passage through a dilution tunnel
Modern diesel engines produce far less mass of particulate matter than their predecessors, but this advance has been achieved at the expense of a significant increase in the number of sub-micron sized particles. This change in soot morphology has created the need for new instrumentation capable of measuring small volumes and sizes of particulate matter in a reasonable period of time, and preferably in real-time. Laser-induced incandescence and laser elastic scattering are complementary techniques suitable for this task. Optical measurements are presented for a diesel engine exhaust and compared with measurements performed using a scanning mobility particle sizer. This study investigates the effects of exhaust dilution and temperature control of the sampling system. It is also shown that laser-induced vaporization of low temperature volatile material is a potentially valuable technique for measuring the volatile component of exhaust particulate matter.
Robert M. Green; Peter O. Witze
Fluorescent Lighting Basics | Department of Energy
Fluorescent Lighting Basics Fluorescent Lighting Basics Fluorescent Lighting Basics October 17, 2013 - 5:39pm Addthis Light from a fluorescent lamp is first created by an electric current conducted through an inert gas producing ultraviolet light that is invisible to the human eye. The ultraviolet light in turn interacts with special blends of phosphors coating the interior surface of the fluorescent lamp tube that efficiently converts the invisible light into useful white light. Fluorescent lamps require a special power supply called a ballast that is needed to regulate lamp operating current and provide a compatible start-up voltage. Electronic ballasts perform the same function as a magnetic ballast but outperform the outdated magnetic products by operating at a very high frequency that eliminates flicker and noise while
Fluorescent Optical Position Sensor
Sandia National Laboratories has created a method and apparatus for measuring the position of an object.� It relies on the attenuation of fluorescence light carried inside a fluorescent optical fiber to determine the position of an object.�
Near Infrared Microspectroscopy, Fluorescence Microspectroscopy, Infrared Chemical Imaging and High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Soybean Seeds, Somatic Embryos and Single Cells
Novel methodologies are currently being developed and established for the chemical analysis of soybean seeds, embryos and single cells by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Fourier Transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR) Microspectroscopy, Fluorescence and High-Resolution NMR (HR-NMR). The first FT-NIR chemical images of biological systems approaching one micron resolution are presented here. Chemical images obtained by FT-NIR and FT-IR Microspectroscopy are presented for oil in soybean seeds and somatic embryos under physiological conditions. FT-NIR spectra of oil and proteins were obtained for volumes as small as two cubic microns. Related, HR-NMR analyses of oil contents in somatic embryos are also presented here with nanoliter precision. Such 400 MHz 1H NMR analyses allowed the selection of mutagenized embryos with higher oil content (e.g. ~20%) compared to non-mutagenized control embryos. Moreover, developmental changes in single soybean seeds and/or somatic embryos may be monitored by FT-NIR with a precision ...
Baianu, I C; Hofmann, N E; Korban, S S; Lozano, P; You, T; AOCS 94th Meeting, Kansas
Fourier Transform Near Infrared Microspectroscopy, Infrared Chemical Imaging, High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fluorescence Microspectroscopy Detection of Single Cancer Cells and Single Viral Particles
Single Cancer Cells from Human tumors are being detected and imaged by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Fourier Transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR)Hyperspectral Imaging and Fluorescence Correlation Microspectroscopy. The first FT-NIR chemical, microscopic images of biological systems approaching one micron resolution are here reported. Chemical images obtained by FT-NIR and FT-IR Microspectroscopy are also presented for oil in soybean seeds and somatic embryos under physiological conditions. FT-NIR spectra of oil and proteins were obtained for volumes as small as two cubic microns. Related, HR-NMR analyses of oil contents in somatic embryos as well as 99% accurate calibrations are also presented here with nanoliter precision. Such high-resolution, 400 MHz H-1 NMR analyses allowed the selection of mutagenized embryos with higher oil content (e.g. >~20%) compared to the average levels in non-mutagenized control embryos. Moreover, developmental changes in single soybean seeds and/or somatic embryos may be monito...
Baianu,I C; Hofmann, N E; Korban, S S; Lozano, P; You, T
Sustainable LED Fluorescent Light Replacement Technology
Ilumisys and the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS) partnered on a three-year project awarded by the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE), to quantify the impacts of LED lamps, incandescent lamps and fluorescent benchmark lamps over a product lifecycle � i.e. to develop a sustainable design and manufacturing strategy that addresses product manufacturing, use, recycling and disposal scenarios for LED-based lighting. Based on the knowledge gained from extensive product tear-down studies of fluorescent and screw-in lighting products, lifecycle assessment tools, and accelerated lifecycle testing protocols, an interactive Sustainable LED Design Guide has been developed to aid architectural and lighting designers and engineers in making design decisions that consider three important environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions, energy use and mercury emission) across all phases of the life of an LED lighting product. Critical information developed for the lifecycle analysis and product feature comparisons is the useful life of the lighting product as well as its performance. The Design Guide is available at www.ncms.org, and was developed based on operational and durability testing of a variety of lighting products including power consumption, light output, and useful life of a lamp in order to allow a more realistic comparison of lamp designs. This report describes the main project tasks, results and innovative features of the lifecycle assessment (LCA)-based design tools, and the key considerations driving the sustainable design of LED lighting systems. The Design Guide incorporates the following three novel features for efficiently evaluating LED lighting features in value-chains: � Bill-of-Materials (BOM) Builder � Designers may import process data for each component and supply functional data for the product, including power, consumption, lumen output and expected useful life. � Environmental Impact Review � Designs are comparable across lifecycle phases, subsystems, and environmental impact category, and can be normalized to a userdefined functional unit. � Drill-down Review � These provide an indepth look at individual lamp designs with the ability to review across subsystem or lifecycle phase.
Spatial assessment of net mercury emissions from the use of fluorescent bulbs
While fluorescent lighting is an important technology for reducing electrical energy demand, mercury used in the bulbs is an ongoing concern. Using state and country level data, net emissions of mercury from the marginal use of fluorescent lightbulbs are examined for a base year of 2004 for each of the 50 United States and 130 countries. Combustion of coal for electric power generation is generally the largest source of atmospheric mercury pollution; reduction in electricity demand from the substitution of incandescent bulbs with fluorescents leads to reduced mercury emissions during the use of the bulb. This analysis considers the local mix of power sources, coal quality, thermal conversion efficiencies, distribution losses, and any mercury control technologies that might be in place. Emissions of mercury from production and end-of-life treatment of the bulbs are also considered, providing a life-cycle perspective. Net reductions in mercury over the entire life cycle range from -1.2 to 97 mg per bulb depending on the country. The consequences for atmospheric mercury emissions of several policy scenarios are also discussed. 46 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
Matthew J. Eckelman; Paul T. Anastas; Julie B. Zimmerman [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States). Department of Chemical Engineering
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
Incandescent Fluorescent Other Hours Used Total Low Medium High Unknown Short Long Compact Halogen Other Unknown Total 4,196 431 2,811 409 14 159 173 34 24 141 Unknown 104 11...
Potential for Savings Potential for Savings Household-Level Savings Households in the U. S. contain a total of 523 million lights that are on 1 or more hours a day--282 million of these are on 4 or more hours a day. The majority of these lights are incandescent--88 percent of those on 1 to 4 hours and 85 percent of those on 4 or more hours. Given the greater efficiency of compact fluorescent lights, how much would households save if they replaced their incandescent lights with compact fluorescents? Replacing incandescent lights that are on for a short period of time with compact fluorescents is not very cost effective, because compact fluorescents cost so much more than incandescents (about 22 dollars compared to 75 cents). However, at longer periods of use, compact fluorescents do become cost effective, in spite of their high initial cost.
Global Potential of Energy Efficiency Standards and Labeling Programs
T5 Incandescent CFL Halogen Other Total Equipment EfficiencyCFL replacement for incandescent bulbs, and high-efficiency
McNeil, Michael A
Recombinant fluorescent protein microsphere calibration standard
A method for making recombinant fluorescent protein standard particles for calibration of fluorescence instruments.
Nolan, John P. (Santa Fe, NM); Nolan, Rhiannon L. (Santa Fe, NM); Ruscetti, Teresa (Los Alamos, NM); Lehnert, Bruce E. (Los Alamos, NM)
Fluorescent filtered electrophosphorescence
The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), and more specifically to OLEDS that emit light using a combination of fluorescent emitters and phosphorescent emitters for the efficient utilization of all of the electrically generated excitons.
Forrest, Stephen R. (Princeton, NJ); Sun, Yiru (Princeton, NJ); Giebink, Noel (Princeton, NJ); Thompson, Mark E. (Anaheim Hills, CA)
Forrest, Stephen (Ann Arbor, MI); Sun, Yiru (Princeton, NJ); Giebink, Noel (Ann Arbor, MI); Thompson, Mark E. (Anaheim Hills, CA)
or pear-shaped A-19 lamps Energy-saving or halogen A-19 lamps Reflector or parabolic reflector (PAR) lamps, sometimes called "flood" or "spot" lamps Standard...
Optical Nanofibers for Manipulating and Probing Single-Atom Fluorescence
We demonstrate how optical nanofibers can be used to manipulate and probe single-atom fluorescence. We show that fluorescence photons from a very small number of atoms, average atom number of less than 0.1, around the nanofiber can readily be observed through single-mode optical fiber under resonant laser irradiation. We show also that optical nanofibers enable us to probe the van der Waals interaction between atoms and surface with high precision by observing the fluorescence excitation spectrum.
K. P. Nayak; P. N. Melentiev; M. Morinaga; Fam Le Kien; V. I. Balykin; K. Hakuta
Design, Syntheses and Applications of Fluorescent Dyes
New methodologies for the efficient syntheses of 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4adiaza- s-indacenes (BODIPYs) and rosamines were developed. A serendipitous discovery led to a new reaction which afforded BODIPYs in high yields. Systematic studies of the kinetics and mechanisms of the new reaction were performed. A series of BODIPYs were successfully prepared using the new approach. A simple and efficient synthesis of rosamines with cyclic-amine substituents was devised. These new rosamines showed interesting anti-tumor activities. Several types of novel fluorescent compounds were prepared. Highly fluorescent GFP-chromophore analogs were designed and synthesized. The correlation between the optical properties and the structures was investigated. New pyronin dyes with mesoheteroatom substituents were efficiently prepared. The fluorescence properties of these compounds were highly dependent on the nature of the meso-substituents. A set of BODIPY dyes that fluoresce brightly above 600 nm were made. They were then used as acceptors to prepare water-soluble through-bond energy transfer cassettes. All the cassettes had complete energy transfer and high quantum yields in MeOH. A few also had good fluorescence properties in aqueous media and even on proteins. The through-bond energy transfer cassettes were used to monitor protein-protein interactions. In order to test our hypothesis, an artificial protein interaction system was built by utilizing the biotin/(strept)avidin interactions. Thus Atto425-BSA-biotin, streptavidin-cassette1 and avidin-cassette2 were prepared. The interactions between Atto425-BSA-biotin and cassette labeled (strept)avidin were successfully detected in vitro and in living cells by fluorescence techniques.
Wu, Liangxing
Integrated fluorescence analysis system
An integrated fluorescence analysis system enables a component part of a sample to be virtually sorted within a sample volume after a spectrum of the component part has been identified from a fluorescence spectrum of the entire sample in a flow cytometer. Birefringent optics enables the entire spectrum to be resolved into a set of numbers representing the intensity of spectral components of the spectrum. One or more spectral components are selected to program a scanning laser microscope, preferably a confocal microscope, whereby the spectrum from individual pixels or voxels in the sample can be compared. Individual pixels or voxels containing the selected spectral components are identified and an image may be formed to show the morphology of the sample with respect to only those components having the selected spectral components. There is no need for any physical sorting of the sample components to obtain the morphological information.
Buican, Tudor N. (Los Alamos, NM); Yoshida, Thomas M. (Los Alamos, NM)
Fluorescent fixtures and ballasts
The basic parameters of a fluorescent lighting system that affect the illumination level are discussed. The parameters include the thermal performance of the fixture and the ballast factor, voltage regulation, and thermal regulation of the ballast/lamp system. Fixtures determine the minimum lamp-wall temperature of the lamps and are described as hot or cold. That is, the lamp-wall temperatures can vary from 39 to 61/sup 0/C. In general, cool fixtures tend to provide higher light levels and are more efficacious for a given ballast/lamp system. Solid-state fluorescent ballast/lamp systems have been measured and show a variation in light output from 6170 to 3780 lumens for the two-lamp, F-40, T-12, rapid-start lamps. Lighting designers must obtain this information in order to accurately predict illumination levels in a space.
Fluorescent lamp ballast
This patent describes an electronic ballast unit for a fluorescent lamp comprising: a circuit assembly having a pair of voltage input terminal and a first inductor and a capacitor in series relationship with each other to form a series resonant circuit. The circuit is adapted to be coupled to a fluorescent lamp to provide a starting voltage for the lamp; and a second inductor connected in shunt relationship to the first inductor and connected to the other input terminal. There is a core on which the first inductor and the second inductor are mounted. The core inductively couples the inductors with each other and are shaped to reduce core losses to minimize the increase of temperature of the core; the core is of a generally H-shaped configuration, and means of opposite ends of the H-shaped core to complete the magnetic flux path for each inductor, respectively.
Boyd, G.D.
Magnetic fluorescent lamp
The radiant emission of a mercury-argon discharge in a fluorescent lamp assembly is enhanced by providing means for establishing a magnetic field with lines of force along the path of electron flow through the bulb of the lamp assembly, to provide Zeeman splitting of the ultraviolet spectral line. Optimum results are obtained when the magnetic field strength causes a Zeeman splitting of approximately 1.7 times the thermal line width.
Berman, S.M.; Richardson R.W.
DNA complexes with dyes designed for energy transfer as fluorescent markers
Heteromultimeric fluorophores are provided for binding to DNA, which allow for the detection of DNA in electrical separations and preparation of probes having high-fluorescent efficiencies and large Stokes shifts. In addition, by appropriate choice of fluorescent molecules, one can use a single narrow wavelength band excitation light source, while obtaining fluorescent emissions having sufficient separation to be readily discriminated. 4 figs.
Glazer, A.N.; Benson, S.C.
Glazer, A.M.; Benson, S.C.
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
4 4 PEVELOPMENT OF FLUORESCENCE LIFETIME DIAGNOSTIC w I Project Accomplishments Summary (Attachment I) CRADA NO. TSB-1449-97 Date: U 1 8 1 9 8 Revision: 1 A . Parties The project is a relationship between the Lawrence Livennore National Laboratoq (LLNL) and Optiphase, Inc. University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue, L-399 Livermore, CA 94550 Optiphase, h c 7652 Haskell Ave. Van Nuys, CA 91406 Technical Contact - D r . Pepe Davis (8 18)782-0997ext 1 12 B . Background Fiber-optic-based sensors are excellent candidates for detecting the presence and monitoring the levels of degradation products in stockpiled weapons. Specifically, fl uorescence-based sensors are extremely sensitive, can have high specificity for compounds of interest, and are "e~ectrically
Dynamic fluorescence imaging with molecular agents for cancer detection
Non-invasive dynamic optical imaging of small animals requires the development of a novel fluorescence imaging modality. Herein, fluorescence imaging is demonstrated with sub-second camera integration times using agents specifically targeted to disease markers, enabling rapid detection of cancerous regions. The continuous-wave fluorescence imaging acquires data with an intensified or an electronmultiplying charge-coupled device. The work presented in this dissertation (i) assessed dose-dependent uptake using dynamic fluorescence imaging and pharmacokinetic (PK) models, (ii) evaluated disease marker availability in two different xenograft tumors, (iii) compared the impact of autofluorescence in fluorescence imaging of near-infrared (NIR) vs. red light excitable fluorescent contrast agents, (iv) demonstrated dual-wavelength fluorescence imaging of angiogenic vessels and lymphatics associated with a xenograft tumor model, and (v) examined dynamic multi-wavelength, whole-body fluorescence imaging with two different fluorescent contrast agents. PK analysis showed that the uptake of Cy5.5-c(KRGDf) in xenograft tumor regions linearly increased with doses of Cy5.5-c(KRGDf) up to 1.5 nmol/mouse. Above 1.5 nmol/mouse, the uptake did not increase with doses, suggesting receptor saturation. Target to background ratio (TBR) and PK analysis for two different tumor cell lines showed that while Kaposi�s sarcoma (KS1767) exhibited early and rapid uptake of Cy5.5-c(KRGDf), human melanoma tumors (M21) had non-significant TBR differences and early uptake rates similar to the contralateral normal tissue regions. The differences may be due to different compartment location of the target. A comparison of fluorescence imaging with NIR vs. red light excitable fluorescent dyes demonstrates that NIR dyes are associated with less background signal, enabling rapid tumor detection. In contrast, animals injected with red light excitable fluorescent dyes showed high autofluorescence. Dual-wavelength fluorescence images were acquired using a targeted 111In- DTPA-K(IRDye800)-c(KRGDf) to selectively detect tumor angiogenesis and an untargeted Cy5.5 to image lymphatics. After acquiring the experimental data, fluorescence image-guided surgery was performed. Dynamic, multi-wavelength fluorescence imaging was accomplished using a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF). Excitation light was used for reflectance images with a LCTF transmitting a shorter wavelength than the peak in the excitation light spectrum. Therefore, images can be dynamically acquired alternating frame by frame between emission and excitation light, which should enable image-guided surgery.
Kwon, Sun Kuk
Fluorescent temperature sensor
The present invention is a fluorescent temperature sensor or optical thermometer. The sensor includes a solution of 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane within a 1-butyl-1-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid solvent. The 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane remains unassociated when in the ground state while in solution. When subjected to UV light, an excited state is produced that exists in equilibrium with an excimer. The position of the equilibrium between the two excited states is temperature dependent.
Baker, Gary A [Los Alamos, NM; Baker, Sheila N [Los Alamos, NM; McCleskey, T Mark [Los Alamos, NM
Fluorescence analyzer for lignin
A method and apparatus for measuring lignin concentration in a sample of wood pulp or black liquor comprises a light emitting arrangement for emitting an excitation light through optical fiber bundles into a probe which has an undiluted sensing end facing the sample. The excitation light causes the lignin concentration to produce fluorescent emission light which is then conveyed through the probe to analyzing equipment which measures the intensity of the emission light. Measures a This invention was made with Government support under Contract Number DOE: DE-FC05-90CE40905 awarded by the Department of Energy (DOE). The Government has certain rights in this invention.
Berthold, John W. (Salem, OH); Malito, Michael L. (Hubbard, OH); Jeffers, Larry (Alliance, OH)
Flash Lighting with Fluorescent Lamp.
??A flash lighting circuit with the fluorescent lamp is designed to produce lighting flicker by means of controlling the operating frequency and the duty-ratio of� (more)
Hsieh, Horng
Power control architectures for cold cathode fluorescent lamp and light emitting diode based light sources.
?? In this dissertation, two different energy efficient power supply topologies are introduced for controlling cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) and high-brightness light emitting diode� (more)
Doshi, Montu V.
An electronic ballast is described having at least a first and second terminal for engaging the filaments of at least one fluorescent lamp which requires a breakdown voltage to ignite the lamp and a maintaining voltage for maintaining ionization therewithin, the electronic ballast comprising: a direct current voltage source; a transistor; a transformer having a primary winding separated into a first winding, a second winding, a third winding, and a fourth winding; the first winding connected between the voltage source and the first terminal; the second winding connected between the two terminals; the third winding connected between the second terminal and to both the transistor and to ground; the fourth winding connected between ground and the transistor; the lamp being parallel to the second winding when the lamp filaments engages the ballast terminals.
Ureche, A.
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence for Materials Assay
clandestine material with nuclear resonance fluorescence�.E. Norman, UC Berkeley Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, privatepp. 349. G. Warren et al. �Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence of
Quiter, Brian
Modification of fluorescent luminaries for energy conservation
Reducing energy consumption in existing buildings by reducing the number of lamps presents technical problems when more than one fluorescent lamp operates from a single ballast. A preliminary investigation was made whereby capacitors were substituted for one fluorescent lamp in a two-lamp luminaire which operated with a single ballast. Under optimum conditions, lighting efficiency (foot-candles per watt) was nearly as high at reduced power input as it was with two lamps operating normally. No failures in lighting equipment or capacitors occurred and no fire hazards, other safety hazards, or other unsatisfactory occurrences were observed. A more thorough investigation involving a number of parameters is needed to ascertain the feasibility of this modification.
Beausoliel, R.W.; Meese, W.J.; Yonemura, G.
Modification of fluorescent luminaires for energy conservation
Reducing energy consumption in existing buildings by reducing the number of lamps presents technical problems when more than one fluorescent lamp operates from a single ballast. A preliminary investigation was made whereby capacitors were substituted for one fluorescent lamp in a two-lamp luminaire which operated with a single ballast. Under optimum conditions, lighting efficiency (foot-candles per watt) was nearly as high at reduced power input as it was with two lamps operating normally. No failures in lighting equipment or capacitors occurred and no fire hazards, other safety hazards, or other unsatisfactory occurrences were observed. A more thorough investigation involving a number of parameters is needed to ascertain the feasibility of this modification. (auth)
Lighting in Residential and Commercial Buildings (1993 and 1995 Data)
Types > 1995 CBECS Lighting Equipment Types > 1995 CBECS Lighting Equipment 1995 CBECS Lighting Equipment Profile Lighting Equipment - Type and Characteristics of Equipment Emits Found In Incandescent Incandescent Light Bulb Produces light by electrically heating a tungsten filament Includes energy-efficient incandescent bulbs, such as Reflector or R-Lamps (accent and task lighting), Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) lamps (flood and spot lighting), and Ellipsoidal Reflector (ER) lamps (recessed lighting) Highly inefficient because much of the energy is lost as heat 14-18 Lumens Per Watt (LPW) 14% of Lit Commercial Floorspace Standard Fluorescent Lighting with Magnetic Ballast Standard Fluorescent with Magnetic Ballast Produces light by passing electricity through mercury vapor, causing the fluorescent coating to glow or fluoresce
Acting Globally: Potential Carbon Emissions Mitigation Impacts from an International Standards and Labelling Program
air conditioning, lighting, standby power, televisions,fluorescent and incandescent), standby power (for consumerair conditioners, televisions and standby power; commercial
Letschert, Virginie E.
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence for Nuclear Materials Assay
Potential of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence . . . . . . . .2.9.1 Nuclear ThomsonSections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear Resonance
Quiter, Brian Joseph
Fluorescent lamp dimming adaptor kit
An add-on fluorescent lamp dimming adaptor is described for connecting to a conventional nondimming ballast in a fluorescent lighting system, the system including a source of ac voltage. The ballast has terminals for connecting to a fluorescent lamp, the adaptor comprising: a switching module adapted to be coupled to the terminals for switching current from the lamp, the switching module being connected in parallel with the lamp to divert current from the lamp when the switching module conducts; and a level control coupled to the switching module, the level control controlling the conductive state of the switching module to vary the current in the lamp according to a dimming control signal supplied to the level control, the level control causing the switching module to switch at a frequency in the range of 300 hertz and higher during times that the lamp current is being varied.
Alley, R.P.
Selecting effective fluorescent lamp and ballast for retrofit in the continental United States. Final report
Electrical lighting is a major contributor to daytime peak energy demand, accounting for about 30 percent of total electricity consumption in most Army facilities. Some of this energy may be wasted because many existing lighting systems at Army Installations use outmoded technologies. While recent technology has improved the energy efficiency of all lighting systems, fluorescent lighting-the most widely used interior building lighting-has shown the greatest efficiency gains. Retrofits using high-efficiency fluorescent lamps and ballasts can yield significant operating cost savings. High-efficiency fluorescent lighting systems are widely available, but current information on their performance characteristics is highly technical and not easily accessible to Army facility managers considering retrofit options. This report provides a single, accessible source that summarizes fluorescent lamp and ballast performance characteristics and outlines selection procedures. Fluorescent lamp, Retrofit, Ballast, Lighting. Energy conservation.
Taylor, W.R.
Replacing Fluorescent Lightbulbs | Department of Energy
Replacing Fluorescent Lightbulbs Replacing Fluorescent Lightbulbs Replacing Fluorescent Lightbulbs July 29, 2012 - 6:37pm Addthis Although fluorescent lightbulbs are generally energy efficient, you can replace them with new, even more efficient bulbs that use better electrodes and coatings than older ones. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto.com/JoLin. Although fluorescent lightbulbs are generally energy efficient, you can replace them with new, even more efficient bulbs that use better electrodes and coatings than older ones. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto.com/JoLin. What does this mean for me? Today's fluorescent light fixtures and bulbs are far more efficient than older ones. You can replace fluorescent bulbs and ballasts with more efficient ones to save money and energy. All fluorescent bulbs contain a very small amount of mercury:
Measuring the Natural Fluorescence of Phytoplankton Cultures
A laboratory instrument, the Natural Fluorescence Chemostat, was developed to measure the natural fluorescence of phytoplankton cultures. With this instrument, the physical and chemical environment of a culture can be manipulated with respect to ...
S. R. Laney; R. M. Letelier; R. A. Desiderio; M. R. Abbott; D. A. Kiefer; C. R. Booth
Quantum Dot Fluorescence Lifetime Engineering with DNA ...
Quantum Dot Fluorescence Lifetime Engineering with DNA Origami ... such as metal nanoparticles and semiconductor quantum dots � is challenging ...
A versatile detector for total fluorescence and electron yield experiments
The combination of a non-coated silicon photodiode with electron repelling meshes makes a versatile detector for total fluorescence yield and electron yield techniques highly suitable for x-ray absorption spectroscopy. In particular, a copper mesh with a bias voltage allows to suppress or transmit the electron yield signal. The performance of this detection scheme has been characterized by near edge x-ray absorption fine structure studies of thermal oxidized silicon and sapphire. The results show that the new detector probes both electron yield and for a bias voltage exceeding the maximum photon energy the total fluorescence yield.
Thielemann, N. [Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany); Institut fuer Physik, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany); Hoffmann, P. [Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany); Foehlisch, A. [Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin (Germany); Institut fuer Physik und Astronomie, Universitaet Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam (Germany)
Replacing Incandescent Lightbulbs and Ballasts | Department of...
as ellipsoidal reflectors (type-ER) in recessed fixtures. Use reflector (R)or parabolic reflector (PAR) CFLs for flood and spotlighting. Some CFL fixtures have built-in...
Search EIA.gov. A-Z Index; ... like three-way bulbs and appliance bulbs, are exempted from congressionally-legislated energy efficiency standards.
Biofuels: Ethanol & Biodiesel ... This effect points to broader lighting market transformation beyond the target of the original legislation, ...
Zinc Oxide and Nitride Nanowire Based Light Emitting Diodes
lumens/W, the LED beats the incandescent bulb and is on thefor an LED as opposed to an incandescent light bulb as shownbulb, fluorescent lamp, and blue light emitting diode. (24) (25) 2.2 LED
Lai, Elaine Michelle
Electric Power | Department of Energy
Electric Power Electric Power From incandescent bulbs to fluorescents to LEDs, learn more about the long history of the light bulb. From incandescent...
Funding Sustainable Initiatives: Should Williams Implement a Revolving Loan Fund?
to replace its incandescent light bulbs with more efficient compact fluorescent (CFL) light bulbs. These light bulbs use 2/3 less energy than #12;Terra 4 standard incandescent bulbs, but they are more
Aalberts, Daniel P.
Three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime tomography
Near-infrared fluorescence tomography using molecularly targeted lifetime-sensitive, fluorescent contrast agents have applications for early-stage cancer diagnostics. Yet, although the measurement of fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is extensively used in microscopy and spectroscopy applications, demonstration of fluorescence lifetime tomography for medical imaging is limited to two-dimensional studies. Herein, the feasibility of three-dimensional fluorescence-lifetime tomography on clinically relevant phantom volumes is established, using (i) a gain-modulated intensified charge coupled device (CCD) and modulated laser diode imaging system, (ii) two fluorescent contrast agents, e.g., Indocyanine green and 3-3'-Diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide differing in their fluorescence lifetime by 0.62 ns, and (iii) a two stage approximate extended Kalman filter reconstruction algorithm. Fluorescence measurements of phase and amplitude were acquired on the phantom surface under different target to background fluorescence absorption (70:1, 100:1) and fluorescence lifetime (1:1, 2.1:1) contrasts at target depths of 1.4-2 cm. The Bayesian tomography algorithm was employed to obtain three-dimensional images of lifetime and absorption owing to the fluorophores.
Godavarty, Anuradha; Sevick-Muraca, Eva M.; Eppstein, Margaret J. [327 Votey Building, Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 (United States); 1011 Richardson Building, Photon Migration Laboratories, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (United States); 327 Votey Building, Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 (United States)
Fluorescence photon migration by the boundary element method
The use of the boundary element method (BEM) is explored as an alternative to the finite element method (FEM) solution methodology for the elliptic equations used to model the generation and transport of fluorescent light in highly scattering media, without the need for an internal volume mesh. The method is appropriate for domains where it is reasonable to assume the fluorescent properties are regionally homogeneous, such as when using highly specific molecularly targeted fluorescent contrast agents in biological tissues. In comparison to analytical results on a homogeneous sphere, BEM predictions of complex emission fluence are shown to be more accurate and stable than those of the FEM. Emission fluence predictions made with the BEM using a 708-node mesh, with roughly double the inter-node spacing of boundary nodes as in a 6956-node FEM mesh, match experimental frequency-domain fluorescence emission measurements acquired on a 1087 cm{sup 3} breast-mimicking phantom at least as well as those of the FEM, but require only 1/8 to 1/2 the computation time.
Fedele, Francesco [Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 (United States); Eppstein, Margaret J. [Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 (United States)]. E-mail: email@example.com; Laible, Jeffrey P. [Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 (United States); Godavarty, Anuradha [Photon Migration Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012 (United States); Sevick-Muraca, Eva M. [Photon Migration Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012 (United States)
Max Tech and Beyond: Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent lamps are the most widely used artificial light source today, responsible for approximately 70% of the lumens delivered to our living spaces globally. The technology was originally commercialized in the 1930's, and manufacturers have been steadily improving the efficacy of these lamps over the years through modifications to the phosphors, cathodes, fill-gas, operating frequency, tube diameter and other design attributes. The most efficient commercially available fluorescent lamp is the 25 Watt T5 lamp. This lamp operates at 114-116 lumens per watt while also providing good color rendering and more than 20,000 hours of operating life. Industry experts interviewed indicated that while this lamp is the most efficient in the market today, there is still a further 10 to 14% of potential improvements that may be introduced to the market over the next 2 to 5 years. These improvements include further developments in phosphors, fill-gas, cathode coatings and ultraviolet (UV) reflective glass coatings. The commercialization of these technology improvements will combine to bring about efficacy improvements that will push the technology up to a maximum 125 to 130 lumens per watt. One critical issue raised by researchers that may present a barrier to the realization of these improvements is the fact that technology investment in fluorescent lamps is being reduced in order to prioritize research into light emitting diodes (LEDs) and ceramic metal halide high intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Thus, it is uncertain whether these potential efficacy improvements will be developed, patented and commercialized. The emphasis for premium efficacy will continue to focus on T5 lamps, which are expected to continue to be marketed along with the T8 lamp. Industry experts highlighted the fact that an advantage of the T5 lamp is the fact that it is 40% smaller and yet provides an equivalent lumen output to that of a T8 or T12 lamp. Due to its smaller form factor, the T5 lamp contains less material (i.e., glass, fill gas and phosphor), and has a higher luminance, enabling fixtures to take advantage of the smaller lamp size to improve the optics and provide more efficient overall system illuminance. In addition to offering the market a high-quality efficacious light source, another strong value proposition of fluorescent lighting is its long operating life. In today's market, one manufacturer is offering fluorescent lamps that have a rated life of 79,000 hours - which represents 18 years of service at 12 hours per day, 365 days per year. These lamps, operated using a long-life ballast specified by the manufacturer, take advantage of improvements in cathode coatings, fill gas chemistry and pressure to extend service life by a factor of four over conventional fluorescent lamps. It should be noted that this service life is also longer (approximately twice as long) as today's high-quality LED products. The fluorescent market is currently focused on the T5 and T8 lamp diameters, and it is not expected that other diameters would be introduced. Although T8 is a more optimal diameter from an efficacy perspective, the premium efficiency and optimization effort has been focused on T5 lamps because they are 40% smaller than T8, and are designed to operate at a higher temperature using high-frequency electronic ballasts. The T5 lamp offers savings in terms of materials, packaging and shipping, as well as smaller fixtures with improved optical performance. Manufacturers are actively researching improvements in four critical areas that are expected to yield additional efficacy improvements of approximately 10 to 14 percent over the next five years, ultimately achieving approximately 130 lumens per watt by 2015. The active areas of research where these improvements are anticipated include: (1) Improved phosphors which continue to be developed and patented, enabling higher efficacies as well as better color rendering and lumen maintenance; (2) Enhanced fill gas - adjusting proportions of argon, krypton, neon and xenon to optimize performance, while also m
Scholand, Michael
Information on the Fate of Mercury From Fluorescent Lamps Disposed in Landfills
Mercury is contained in energy-efficient fluorescent, mercury-vapor, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium lamps. This report presents information on the potential for air and groundwater contamination when mercury lamps are disposed in municipal landfills.
Method and apparatus for dimming fluorescent lights
This patent describes a dimmer for fluorescent lights that utilizes the standard ballast associated with the lights, comprising: means for controlling the transmission of the normal line A.C. voltage sine wave to the ballast. This is done so that the A.C. voltage is connected to the ballast for only a selectable period of time during each half cycle of the sine wave and is blocked during the remaining period of each half cycle thereby controlling the power supplied to the discharge portion of the lights to control brightness; and means for applying a high frequency voltage signal to the ballast during at least a portion of the time period when the A.C. signal to the ballast is blocked thereby supplying additional power to the filaments of lights.
Clark, R.
Sandia National Laboratories Fluorescent Optical Position Sensor
As shown in the figure, a small excitation source, such as a laser or LED, excites a localized area of fluorescence at an unknown position along the
Portable spotter for fluorescent contaminants on surfaces
A portable fluorescence-based spotter for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon contamination on personnel and work area surfaces under ambient lighting conditions is provided. This instrument employs beam modulation and phase sensitive detection for discriminating between fluorescence from organic materials from reflected background light and inorganic fluorescent material. The device uses excitation and emission filters to provide differentiation between classes of aromatic organic compounds. Certain inorganic fluorescent materials, including heavy metal compounds, may also be distinguished from the organic compounds, despite both having similar optical properties.
Schuresko, Daniel D. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Wednesday, January 30, 2013, 1:15 pm EDT (1 hour talk followed by 30 minute of networking refreshments will be served)
and projected bulb efficacies of existing white light sources with white LEDs . LEDs have the potential distinct markets for the LEDs: the low efficacy market, characterized by the incandescent and halogen bulbs.157 0.186 LED 2020 (high invest) Any 160 13 100,000 0.013 0.044 0.057 Fluorescent bulbs are currently
Salama, Khaled
The LSU Campus Committee for Sustainability serves in an advisory role to the Chancellor
to sleep mode or turn it off when not in use Change incandescent light bulbs to compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) Use task lighting rather than lighting the entire room, and take advantage of natural light Begin design of high efficiency projects, including lighting upgrades, utility insulation, and building
Bremsstrahlung-induced K fluorescence
Bremsstrahlung radiation can be used to excite nearly monoenergetic x rays in secondary targets, which are then used to study the energy response of radiation detectors if the intensity and purity are known. A method is suggested for calculating the spectral intensity of the secondary target radiation, including K-fluorescent x rays, and the bremsstrahlung and characteristic line radiation scattered from the target. Coherent and incoherent scatter are included in the calculation. To test the theory, bremsstrahlung radiation from an x-ray unit operating in the 100- to 300-kV potential range was used to excite K-fluorescent radiation in secondary targets that range in atomic number from 29 to 90. The primary and secondary spectra were measured with NaI, silicon, and germanium detectors. The measured primary spectral intensities were used as input to the secondary spectral intensity calculation. Calculated secondary spectra were within 20 percent agreement with measurement. Optimization of the secondary target intensity and purity is discussed as a function of target thickness, potential, and selective filtration.
Storm, E.
Evaluation of plant seedling water stress using dynamic fluorescence index with blue LED-based fluorescence imaging
A dynamic fluorescence image index system capable of non-destructive assessment of water stress in cabbage seedlings was developed. The quenching curves of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic to the plant's water stress status under reduced excitation ... Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence, Fluorescence image, Fluorescence index, Water stress
Shih-Chieh Hsiao; Suming Chen; I-Chang Yang; Chia-Tseng Chen; Chao-Yin Tsai; Yung-Kun Chuang; Feng-Jehng Wang; Yu-Liang Chen; Tzong-Shyan Lin; Y. Martin Lo
Studying DNA translocation in nanocapillaries using single molecule fluorescence
We demonstrate simultaneous measurements of DNA translocation into glass nanopores using ionic current detection and fluorescent imaging. We verify the correspondence between the passage of a single DNA molecule through the nanopore and the accompanying characteristic ionic current blockage. By tracking the motion of individual DNA molecules in the nanocapillary perpendicular to the optical axis and using a model, we can extract an effective mobility constant for DNA in our geometry under high electric fields.
Thacker, Vivek V; Hern�ndez-Ainsa, Silvia; Bell, Nicholas A W; Keyser, Ulrich F; 10.1063/1.4768929
Electronic Radio-Frequency (Electrodeless) Induction Lamps: A Fluorescent Technology
This EPRI Technical Update addresses an expanding energy efficient light source electronic radio-frequency (electrodeless) induction lamps. Business and technical market factors (Chapter 2) use the past and future growth of the CFL market to illustrate the potential for the induction lighting market while emphasizing future technical improvements. Discussion of the importance of utility involvement in helping their customers consider induction lamps for high-efficiency fluorescent applications with long-...
Applications of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) has the potential of addressing a wide variety of applications, which require isotopic and/or elemental information about a sample. We have investigated a variety of non-proliferation applications that may be addressed by NRF. From these applications, we have selected two, measuring uranium enrichment in UF6 cylinders and material verification in dismantlement, to investigate in more detail. Analytical models have been developed to evaluate these applications, and test measurements have been conducted to validate those models. We found that it is unlikely with current technology to address the requirements for UF6 cylinder enrichment measurements. In contrast, NRF is a very promising approach for material verification for dismantlement.
Warren, Glen A.; Detwiler, Rebecca S.; Peplowski, Patrick N.
Fiber optical assembly for fluorescence spectrometry
A system for analyzing a sample for the presence of an analyte in a sample. The system includes a sample holder for containing the sample; an excitation source, such as a laser, and at least one linear array radially disposed about the sample holder. Radiation from the excitation source is directed to the sample, and the radiation induces fluorescent light in the sample. Each linear array includes a plurality of fused silica optical fibers that receive the fluorescent light and transmits a fluorescent light signal from the first end to an optical end port of the linear array. An end port assembly having a photo-detector is optically coupled to the optical end port. The photo-detector detects the fluorescent light signal and converts the fluorescent light signal into an electrical signal.
Carpenter, II, Robert W. (Pagosa Springs, CO); Rubenstein, Richard (Staten Island, NY); Piltch, Martin (Los Alamos, NM); Gray, Perry (Los Alamos, NM)
High-Intensity Discharge Lighting Basics | Department of Energy
High-Intensity Discharge Lighting Basics High-Intensity Discharge Lighting Basics High-Intensity Discharge Lighting Basics August 15, 2013 - 5:59pm Addthis High-intensity discharge (HID) lighting provides the highest efficacy and longest service life of any lighting type. It can save 75%-90% of lighting energy when it replaces incandescent lighting. Illustration of a high-intensity discharge (HID) lIllustration amp. The lamp is a tall cylindrical shape, and a cutout of the outer tube shows the materials inside. A long, thin cylinder called the arc tube runs through the lamp between two electrodes. The space around the arc tube is labeled as a vacuum. In a high-intensity discharge lamp, electricity arcs between two electrodes, creating an intensely bright light. Mercury, sodium, or metal halide gas
Using Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence for Nondestructive Isotopic Analysis
7, (1959) pp. 54. [12] B.J. Quiter, ``Nuclear ResonanceFluorescence for Nuclear Materials Assay,'' University ofclandestine material with nuclear resonance fluorescence,"
Ludewigt, Bernhard A.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps : Technologies : From the Lab to the...
process. (Left) Compact Fluorescent Lamp; (Right) Cover of the 'Lighting Retrofit Workbook' (Left) Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) (Right) Retrofitting national parks...
Stadiums and arenas use efficient, high wattage lamps - Today ...
Other lighting types, such as light-emitting diode (LED), incandescent, and halogen lamps, are used in applications like signals, signage, ...
YAG:Dy and YAG:Tm Fluorescence Above 1400 C.
Fluorescence from three samples of YAG:Tm, and three samples of YAG:Dy, with different activator concentrations, was measured for a wide temperature range, extending from room temperature to about 1700 C. Fluorescence lifetimes were measured for emissions at 460 nm from the YAG:Tm and at 453, 480, and 575 nm from YAG:Dy. The measurement system is described, including techniques for accommodating the high background blackbody radiation encountered at these very high temperatures. Data compilations are shown, including the fluorescence lifetimes over the temperature range of the measurement. This study has extended the high-temperature range of phosphor thermometry by approximately 200 C and shown the feasibility of using phosphor materials for very high temperature noncontact thermometry, opening up further applications for engines, materials, high-temperature processing, and related areas.
Cates, M.R.
Reflector-coupled fluorescent solar collector
The present invention provides a system for the collection of electromagnetic radiation and the transmission of that radiation to a point of use. In its simplest sense, an apparatus for the collection and transmission of electromagnetic radiation comprises a cylindrical fluorescent fiber, at least one end of which is optically coupled to an optical wave guide, and means for reflecting solar radiation impinging over a relatively wide area onto said cylindrical fluorescent fiber. Preferably, a compound parabolic mirror is employed for reflecting incident solar radiation onto the optical fluorescent fiber.
Younghouse, L.B.
Mercury-free fluorescent lighting
A brief comparative review of possible mercury free fluorescent lighting technologies is presented, including rare-gas positive column discharges, molecular discharges, and dielectric barrier discharges. Detailed experimental results on xenon positive column discharges will then be considered. In order to judge whether xenon-based discharges are a viable UV source it is necessary to measure the radiant emittance (power per unit area) for the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) resonance xenon emission at 147 nm. Two techniques to determine the VUV radiant emittance have been developed and applied to xenon discharges. One method combines the measured resonance level density using absorption spectroscopy and a calculation of the trapped decay rate for the resonance radiation to arrive at the radiant emittance at 147 nm. A second method utilizes a direct measurement of the radiance (power per unit area per unit solid angle) at 147 nm using a calibrated VUV photodiode, and a calculation of the relative angular distribution of the resonance radiation to determine the radiant emittance. In both techniques a simulation of the transport of resonance radiation is key to determining the radiant emittance.
Doughty, D.A. [General Electric Corporate Research and Development, Schenectady, NY (United States)
Advanced Light Sources
In the generation of artificial light using electric lamps, photometric and color performance have been paramount in lamp design, manufacturing, measurement, lighting design, and visual perception. Many designers and researchers have strived to understand how light and color are generated, related, and to improve them. This has stemmed from the development of incandescent lamps, halogen lamps, linear fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) among other...
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence for Nuclear Materials Assay.
??This dissertation examines the measurement of nuclear resonance fluorescence gamma-rays as a technique to non-destructively determine isotopic compositions of target materials that are of interest� (more)
System Laser Power Measurement Wavelength Calibration SystemLaser Power Measurement Wavelength Calibration PAGE Fluorescence Detection Systemmeasurement system. The actual time for initiation of the detection gate with respect to the laser
Grieman, Frederick Joseph.
Green fluorescent protein as a mechanical sensor
Inquiry into intracellular and cytoskeletal mechanics requires an intracellular mechanical sensor to verify models of sub-cellular structure dynamics. To this end, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is considered as a ...
Muso, Taro M. (Taro Michael)
Application guidance for fluorescent lighting projects
This application guides is intended to help activity personnel retrofit fluorescent lighting. With this guide, an energy manager can determine if replacing T-12 lamp and magnetic ballast fixtures is cost effective.
Rocha, M.
Multiplexed fluorescence detector system for capillary electrophoresis
A fluorescence detection system for capillary electrophoresis is provided wherein the detection system can simultaneously excite fluorescence and substantially simultaneously monitor separations in multiple capillaries. This multiplexing approach involves laser irradiation of a sample in a plurality of capillaries through optical fibers that are coupled individually with the capillaries. The array is imaged orthogonally through a microscope onto a charge-coupled device camera for signal analysis. 14 figs.
Yeung, E.S.; Taylor, J.A.
Laser excited confocal microscope fluorescence scanner and method
A fluorescent scanner for scanning the fluorescence from a fluorescence labeled separated sample on a sample carrier including a confocal microscope for illuminating a predetermined volume of the sample carrier and/or receiving and processing fluorescence emissions from said volume to provide a display of the separated sample.
Mathies, Richard A. (Contra Costa, CA); Peck, Konan (Contra Costa, CA)
Ultratrace analysis of transuranic actinides by laser-induced fluorescence
Ultratrace quantities of transuranic actinides are detected indirectly by their effect on the fluorescent emissions of a preselected fluorescent species. Transuranic actinides in a sample are coprecipitated with a host lattice material containing at least one preselected fluorescent species. The actinide either quenches or enhances the laser-induced fluorescence of the preselected fluorescent species. The degree of enhancement or quenching is quantitatively related to the concentration of actinide in the sample.
Miller, Steven M. (Chelmsford, MA)
Energy efficient fluorescent ballasts. Phase I, final report
The development of a high-frequency electronic (Stevens) ballast for fluorescent lamps is described. It is claimed that use of this ballast could reduce use energy consumption by 1.2 to 2.5 percent. The Stevens ballast has a basic efficiency of 29 percent when used with conventional lamps. With the more efficient lamps, the efficiency increases drastically. The conventional ballast and lamp has an efficiacy of approximately 60 to 63 lumens per watt (LPW). With the Stevens ballast the efficiacy raises to between 75 and 80 lumens per watt. When the Stevens ballast is utilized with the newer high efficiency lamps the efficiacy increases to 90 to 95 lumens per watt or a full 51 percent improvement over conventional coil and core ballasts and 25 percent over the best high efficiency premium coil and core ballasts. In addition to its energy savings capabilities, this high frequency fluorescent lamp ballast has the advantages that it is a true retrofit device that is directly interchangeable with the conventional coil core ballast, and it is dimmable over a wide and continuous range. (LCLC)
Stevens Luminoptics Corporation
Understanding Drooping Light Emitting Diodes CEEM | U.S. DOE...
Office of Science (SC) Website
Impact Understanding "droop" may result in cheaper, more efficient LEDs; LEDs are more energy efficient, smaller, and longer-lived than incandescent lamps or fluorescent...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - Source
of incandescent bulbs with more efficient compact fluorescent lighting and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. Among electric end-use services in the residential sector,...
Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Oportunities for the Concrete Industry
CEE Consortium for Energy Efficiency CFL Compact fluorescentEfficiency Measures Lighting Turning off lights in unoccupied areas Lighting level standards Lighting controls Daylighting Replace incandescent with CFL
Kermeli, Katerina
Report to Congress on Appliance Energy Efficiency Rulemakings
discussed above). The seven products that have two backlogged standards cycles are direct heating equipment, pool heaters, mobile home furnaces, fluorescent lamps, incandescent...
--No Title--
lighting retrofits at community facilities. Retrofits would consist of changing out fixtures to accommodate compact fluorescent bulbs instead of relying on incandescent bulbs....
Types of Lighting | Department of Energy
selection. Types of lighting include: Fluorescent Incandescent Outdoor solar Light-emitting diode (LED) Also learn how energy-efficient lightbulbs compare to traditional...
DOE Solar Decathlon: News Blog � Tennessee
home's energy efficiency. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) provide the same amount of light as incandescent bulbs but use about 75% less energy. CFLs fit into common household...
The Better Buildings Neighborhood View - December 10, 2013
traditional incandescent bulbs? Consider installing energy efficient compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) in your basement lighting fixtures. Light Neighborhood View to Become...
DOE Solar Decathlon: News Blog
DOE Solar Decathlon: News Blog � Blog Archive � Technology...
1999 Commercial Buildings Characteristics--End-Use Equipment
Energy Consumption Survey Lighting Equipment Standard fluorescent and incandescent light bulbs were the most widely used types of lighting equipment (Figure 3). The vast...
for bathrooms of 42 residences. These retrofits would involve upgrading incandescent light fixtures to those that will accommodate compact fluorescent bulbs. It is estimated...
It's Elemental - The Element Tungsten
melting point of all metallic elements and is used to make filaments for incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs and television tubes. Tungsten expands at nearly the...
U.S. Department of Energy NEPA Categorical Exclusion Determination...
incentive program for citizens to exchange incandescent bulbs for compact fluorescent or light-emitting diode bulbs. Conditions: None Categorical Exclusion(s) Applied: A1, A9,...
CX-009174: Categorical Exclusion Determination | Department of...
incentive program for citizens to exchange incandescent bulbs for compact fluorescent or light-emitting diode bulbs. CX-009174.pdf More Documents & Publications CX-008898:...
Glossary - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Compact fluorescent bulbs: ... Many screw into a standard light socket, and most produce a similar color of light as a standard incandescent bulb.
These energy efficiency retrofits would include: (1) installation of compact fluorescent light bulbs, which use 75 percent less energy and last ten times longer than incandescent...
bulb swap in the residence halls and replaced 400 incandescents with compact fluorescent light bulbs. When talking to colleges and universities about energy efficiency, it is...
SSL Roadmap
new jobs. For the most part, LEDs will displace point sources such as incandescent lamps (light- bulbs), while OLEDs will displace area sources such as fluorescent lamps. OLEDs...
Appliances and Commercial Equipment Standards
General Service Fluorescent and Incandescent Reflector Lamps Energy Conservation Standard Sign up for e-mail updates on regulations for this and other products The Department of...
EA-1664: Finding of No Significant Impact | Department of Energy
4: Finding of No Significant Impact 4: Finding of No Significant Impact EA-1664: Finding of No Significant Impact Energy Conservation Standards: Energy Conservation Standards for Fluorescent and Incandescent Lamps The U.S. Department of Energy has determined that the adoption of energy conservation standards for General Service Fluorescent Lamps and Incandescent Reflector Lamps as described in the final rule titled the "energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for General Service Fluorescent Lamps and Incandescent Reflector lamps," would not be a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. Finding of No Significant Impact for 10 CFR Part 430 Energy Conservation Standards: Energy Conservation Standards for Fluorescent and Incandescent
EA-1664: Final Environmental Assessment | Department of Energy
64: Final Environmental Assessment 64: Final Environmental Assessment EA-1664: Final Environmental Assessment 10 CFR Part 430 Energy Conservation Standards: Energy Conservation Standards for Fluorescent and Incandescent Lamps The U.S. Department of Energy has determined that the adoption of energy conservation standards for General Service Fluorescent Lamps and Incandescent Reflector Lamps as described in the final rule titled the "energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for General Service Fluorescent Lamps and Incandescent Reflector lamps," would not be a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. Environmental Assessment for 10 CFR Part 430 Energy Conservation Standards: Energy Conservation Standards for Fluorescent and Incandescent Lamps,
Time dependence of liquid-helium fluorescence
The time dependence of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) fluorescence following an ionizing radiation event in liquid helium is observed and studied in the temperature range from 250 mK to 1.8 K. The fluorescence exhibits significant structure including a short ({approx}10 ns) strong initial pulse followed by single photons whose emission rate decays exponentially with a 1.6-{mu}s time constant. At an even longer time scale, the emission rate varies as '1/time' (inversely proportional to the time after the initial pulse). The intensity of the '1/time' component from {beta} particles is significantly weaker than those from {alpha} particles or neutron capture on {sup 3}He. It is also found that for {alpha} particles, the intensity of this component depends on the temperature of the superfluid helium. Proposed models describing the observed fluorescence are discussed.
McKinsey, D.N.; Brome, C.R.; Dzhosyuk, S.N.; Mattoni, C.E.H.; Yang, L.; Doyle, J.M. [Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (United States); Golub, R.; Habicht, K.; Korobkina, E. [Hahn-Meitner Institut, Berlin-Wannsee (Germany); Huffman, P.R.; Thompson, A.K. [National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 (United States); Lamoreaux, S.K. [Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544 (United States)
Ultrabright fluorescent OLEDS using triplet sinks
A first device is provided. The first device further comprises an organic light emitting device. The organic light emitting device further comprises an anode, a cathode, and an emissive layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The emissive layer further comprises an organic host compound, an organic emitting compound capable of fluorescent emission at room temperature, and an organic dopant compound. The triplet energy of the dopant compound is lower than the triplet energy of the host compound. The dopant compound does not strongly absorb the fluorescent emission of the emitting compound.
Zhang, Yifan; Forrest, Stephen R; Thompson, Mark
0 0 Summary Our short-term outlook for a wide array of energy prices has been adjusted upward as international and domestic energy supply conditions have tightened. We think that crude oil prices are as likely as not to end the year $2 to $3 per barrel higher than our previous projections. Thus, we think that the probability of West Texas Intermediate costing an average of $30 per barrel or more at midwinter is about 50 percent. On their current track, heating oil prices are likely to be about 30 percent above year-ago levels in the fourth quarter. Prices for Q1 2001 seem more likely now to match or exceed the high level seen in Q1 2000. Tight oil markets this year and an inherent propensity for high gas utilization in incremental power supply have resulted in rising North American natural gas
Energy Performance of Compact Fluorescent Lamps
This power quality (PQ) case study presents the results of tests performed at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, in contract with the EPRI Power Electronics Applications Center (PEAC), to determine the light output, power consumption, efficiency, and power factor of off-the-shelf electronic and magnetic compact fluorescent lamps.
DNA sequencing using fluorescence background electroblotting membrane
A method for the multiplex sequencing on DNA is disclosed which comprises the electroblotting or specific base terminated DNA fragments, which have been resolved by gel electrophoresis, onto the surface of a neutral non-aromatic polymeric microporous membrane exhibiting low background fluorescence which has been surface modified to contain amino groups. Polypropylene membranes are preferably and the introduction of amino groups is accomplished by subjecting the membrane to radio or microwave frequency plasma discharge in the presence of an aminating agent, preferably ammonia. The membrane, containing physically adsorbed DNA fragments on its surface after the electroblotting, is then treated with crosslinking means such as UV radiation or a glutaraldehyde spray to chemically bind the DNA fragments to the membrane through said smino groups contained on the surface thereof. The DNA fragments chemically bound to the membrane are subjected to hybridization probing with a tagged probe specific to the sequence of the DNA fragments. The tagging may be by either fluorophores or radioisotopes. The tagged probes hybridized to said target DNA fragments are detected and read by laser induced fluorescence detection or autoradiograms. The use of aminated low fluorescent background membranes allows the use of fluorescent detection and reading even when the available amount of DNA to be sequenced is small. The DNA bound to the membrances may be reprobed numerous times.
Caldwell, Karin D. (Salt Lake City, UT); Chu, Tun-Jen (Salt Lake City, UT); Pitt, William G. (Orem, UT)
A method for the multiplex sequencing on DNA is disclosed which comprises the electroblotting or specific base terminated DNA fragments, which have been resolved by gel electrophoresis, onto the surface of a neutral non-aromatic polymeric microporous membrane exhibiting low background fluorescence which has been surface modified to contain amino groups. Polypropylene membranes are preferably and the introduction of amino groups is accomplished by subjecting the membrane to radio or microwave frequency plasma discharge in the presence of an aminating agent, preferably ammonia. The membrane, containing physically adsorbed DNA fragments on its surface after the electroblotting, is then treated with crosslinking means such as UV radiation or a glutaraldehyde spray to chemically bind the DNA fragments to the membrane through amino groups contained on the surface. The DNA fragments chemically bound to the membrane are subjected to hybridization probing with a tagged probe specific to the sequence of the DNA fragments. The tagging may be by either fluorophores or radioisotopes. The tagged probes hybridized to the target DNA fragments are detected and read by laser induced fluorescence detection or autoradiograms. The use of aminated low fluorescent background membranes allows the use of fluorescent detection and reading even when the available amount of DNA to be sequenced is small. The DNA bound to the membranes may be reprobed numerous times. No Drawings
Caldwell, K.D.; Chu, T.J.; Pitt, W.G.
Fluorescent compounds for plastic scintillation applications
Several 2-(2{prime}-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole, -benzoxazole, and -benzimidazole derivatives have been prepared. Transmittance, fluorescence, light yield, and decay time characteristics of these compounds have been studied in a polystyrene matrix and evaluated for use in plastic scintillation detectors. Radiation damage studies utilizing a {sup 60}C source have also been performed.
Pla-Dalmau, A.; Bross, A.D.
Solid-State Lighting: LED Replacements for Linear Fluorescent...
LED Replacements for Linear Fluorescent Lamps Webcast to someone by E-mail Share Solid-State Lighting: LED Replacements for Linear Fluorescent Lamps Webcast on Facebook Tweet about...
Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Radiation DetectionFluorescent Nanoparticles for Radiation Detection
Researchers at ORNL invented a promising material for more efficient nanoscalescintillators, or radiation detectors. The new material, which can detect most kindsof radiation, consists of fluorescent nanoparticles embedded in a transparent matrix.The ...
Comparison of Segmentation Algorithms For Fluorescence Microscopy Images of Cells
Comparison of Segmentation Algorithms For Fluorescence Microscopy Images of Cells Alden A. Dima,1 Mary C. Brady,1 Hai C. Tang,1 Anne L. Plant2 * Abstract The analysis of fluorescence microscopy fluorescence microscopy; k-means cluster; image segmentation; cell edge; bivariate simi- larity index NUMEROUS
Bernal, Javier
Energy Basics: High-Intensity Discharge Lighting
and longest service life of any lighting type. It can save 75%-90% of lighting energy when it replaces incandescent lighting. HID lamps use an electric arc to produce...
A dimmable (1000:1 range) fluorescent ballast for instrument panel lighting
A 1000:1 wide range continuously dimmable ballast is designed for fluorescent lighting of aircraft instrument panels. High voltage, low energy, 800 Hz starting pulses reliably start the lamps at all light level settings. The starting pulses alone produce the illumination at the minimum light control setting.
Lauritzen, P.O.; Jorgensen, J.A.; Meyer, S.D.; Osborn, J.G.
A laser-excited synchronous fluorescence spectrometer for benzo(a)pyrene
A laser-based synchronous scanning fluorimeter was developed for detecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although extensive sample cleanup and separation are usually required, fluorescence has long been used for determination of PAHs. Amount of sample pretreatment can often be reduced when synchronous fluorescence (SF) is used, and the sensitivity of SF can be increased by the high power and narrow profile of a laser source. A small, portable, pulsed dye laser was used in this study. The instrument and its application to the determination of the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene are described.
Huebedr, D.M.; Iruela Del Olmo, M.; Stevenson, C.L.; Vo-Dinh, T.
0 0 Highlights International Oil Markets Prices. We have raised our world oil price projection by about $2 per barrel for this month because of assumed greater compliance by OPEC to targeted cuts, especially for the second quarter of 2000 (Figure 1). The expected decline in world petroleum inventories continues (Figure 2), and, given the generally stiff resolve of OPEC members to maintain production cuts, any sign of a turnaround in stocks may be postponed until later this year than previously assumed (Q3 instead of Q2). Our current estimate for the average import cost this past January is now $25 per barrel, a nearly $15-per-barrel increase from January 1999. Crude oil prices are expected to remain at relatively high levels for the first half of 2000, but
Effect of filament power removal on a fluorescent lamp system
Two techniques are used to measure the effects of removing the filament power from a two-lamp, F-40, rapid-start fluorescent lamp system. The changes are measured for a standard CBM core-coil ballast and for a solid-state ballast operating the lamp at high frequency. There is a 4 tp 6% increase in system efficacy when the filament power is removed. Removal of filament power also decreases filament temperature from 1000/sup 0/C to below 700/sup 0/C in lamps operated at 60 Hz, and from above 600/sup 0/C to 300/sup 0/C in lamps operated at high frequency. The study shows that the arc current and anode fall also determine filament temperature.
Verderber, R.R.; Morse, O.; Rubinstein, F.M.
Product Standards for Fluorescent Lighting (Japan) | Open Energy
Product Standards for Fluorescent Lighting (Japan) Product Standards for Fluorescent Lighting (Japan) Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary LAUNCH TOOL Name: Product Standards for Fluorescent Lighting (Japan) Focus Area: Appliances & Equipment Topics: Policy Impacts Website: www.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/pdf/tr_fluorescent_lights_jul.2009.pdf Equivalent URI: cleanenergysolutions.org/content/product-standards-fluorescent-lightin Language: English Policies: "Deployment Programs,Regulations" is not in the list of possible values (Deployment Programs, Financial Incentives, Regulations) for this property. DeploymentPrograms: Industry Codes & Standards Regulations: Appliance & Equipment Standards and Required Labeling This Energy Conservation Center Japan (ECCJ) document was created as a
Electrokinetic Delivery of Single Fluorescent Biomolecules in Fluidic Nanochannels
We describe the fabrication of sub-100-nanometer-sized channels in a fused silica lab-on-a-chip device and experiments that demonstrate detection of single fluorescently labeled proteins in buffer solution within the device with high signal and low background. The fluorescent biomolecules are transported along the length of the nanochannels by electrophoresis and/or electro-osmosis until they pass into a two-focus laser irradiation zone. Pulse-interleaved excitation and time-resolved single-photon detection with maximum-likelihood analysis enables the location of the biomolecule to be determined. Diffusional transport of the molecules is found to be slowed within the nanochannel, and this facilitates fluidic trapping and/or prolonged measurements on individual biomolecules. Our goal is to actively control the fluidic transport to achieve rapid delivery of each new biomolecule to the sensing zone, following the completion of measurements, or the photobleaching of the prior molecule. We have used computer simulations that include photophysical effects such as triplet crossing and photobleaching of the labels to design control algorithms, which are being implemented in a custom field-programmable-gate-array circuit for the active fluidic control.
Davis, Lloyd M [University of Tennessee Space Institute; Canfield, Brian K [University of Tennessee Space Institute; Li, Xiaoxuan [University of Tennessee Space Institute; Hofmeister, William [University of Tennessee Space Institute; Shen, Guoqing [University of Tennessee Space Institute; Lescano, Isaac [University of Tennessee Space Institute; Bomar, Bruce W [University of Tennessee Space Institute; Wikswo, John P [Vanderbilt University; Markov, Dmitry P [Vanderbilt University; Samson, Philip C [Vanderbilt University; Daniel, Claus [ORNL; Sikorski, Zbigniew [University of Tennessee Space Institute; Robinson, William N [University of Tennessee Space Institute
DNA fragment sizing and sorting by laser-induced fluorescence
A method is provided for obtaining DNA fingerprints using high speed detection systems, such as flow cytometry to determine unique characteristics of DNA pieces from a selected sample. In one characterization the DNA piece is fragmented at preselected sites to produce a plurality of DNA fragments. The DNA piece or the resulting DNA fragments are treated with a dye effective to stain stoichiometrically the DNA fragments. The fluorescence from the dye in the stained fragments is then examined to generate an output functionally related to the number of nucleotides in each one of the DNA fragments. In one embodiment, the intensity of the fluorescence emissions from each fragment is directly proportional to the fragment length. Additional dyes can be bound to the DNA piece and DNA fragments to provide information additional to length information. Oligonucleotide specific dyes and/or hybridization probes can be bound to the DNA fragments to provide information on oligonucleotide distribution or probe hybridization to DNA fragments of different sizes.
Jett, J.H.; Hammond, M.L.; Keller, R.A.; Marrone, B.L.; Martin, J.C.
Counting constituents in molecular complexes by fluorescence photon antibunching
Modern single molecule fluorescence microscopy offers new, highly quantitative ways of studying the systems biology of cells while keeping the cells healthy and alive in their natural environment. In this context, a quantum optical technique, photon antibunching, has found a small niche in the continuously growing applications of single molecule techniques to small molecular complexes. Here, we review some of the most recent applications of photon antibunching in biophotonics, and we provide a guide for how to conduct photon antibunching experiments at the single molecule level by applying techniques borrowed from time-correlated single photon counting. We provide a number of new examples for applications of photon antibunching to the study of multichromophoric molecules and small molecular complexes.
Fore, S; Laurence, T; Hollars, C; Huser, T
Rapid determination of uranium by x-ray fluorescence
This report describes a method for rapidly determining the amount of uranium using x-ray fluorescence. We add an aliquot of sample solution plus the internal standard element, yttrium, to a 10-ml volumetric flask. We transfer this solution to an x-ray cell and read the L..cap alpha..1 line of uranium and the K..cap alpha..1 line of yttrium. We then compare the ratio of uranium to yttrium for the sample with the ratios obtained from standards. This rapid, highly accurate procedure has a relative standard deviation of 0.69% for samples containing 1 to 5 mg U/ml. 2 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.
Martell, C.J.; Hansel, J.M.
Type=G41 Approx. $9.37 LED Bulb 40 Lumen equivalent (Sylvania) Lowe's or Home Depot Approx. $22.00 each spectrum with different light sources; compact fluorescent, LED, incandescent. 5. Discuss light bulb. Observe difference of color spectrum with different light sources; compact fluorescent, LED, incandescent
By Stanley Micklavzina, Asher Tubman, and Frank Vignola for the Meyer Fund for Sustainable Development and the University of Oregon Department of Physics and the Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory
) of light on the PV cell output current. To answer the question of why fluorescent bulbs are more voltmeter 2 Lamps Light Filters 60W Incandescent Bulb Compact Fluorescent Bulb (13W Comparable light of wavelength (color) of light on the output of a solar cell. Using an incandescent light bulb, the current
Oregon, University of
Energy-Efficient Lighting The typical American family spends more
fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) saves you money in the long run with lower energy bills. CFLs are significant Typical incandescent 75-watt light bulb Compact Fluorescent 18-watt light bulb Purchase cost $0.60 $ 5 that incandescent bulbs use becomes heat while only 10 percent becomes light. CFLs create less heat because more
Survivability of Electronic Compact Fluorescent Lamps
This EPRI Technical Report addresses the fastest growing energy efficient light source8212the electronic compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). Because some of the failure modes for screw-in CFLs are different than those for plug-in CFLs, a cursory review of the difference between the two types of CFLs is provided in the first part of Chapter 2. A broad definition of shortened-life CFLs is also provided in Chapter 2 with an emphasis on revisiting mortality curves, the 10-minute lamp start, other relevant defini...
Solid state laser media driven by remote nuclear powered fluorescence
An apparatus is provided for driving a solid state laser by a nuclear powered fluorescence source which is located remote from the fluorescence source. A nuclear reaction produced in a reaction chamber generates fluorescence or photons. The photons are collected from the chamber into a waveguide, such as a fiber optic waveguide. The waveguide transports the photons to the remote laser for exciting the laser.
Prelas, Mark A. (Columbia, MO)
Prelas, M.A.
Improved Performance of a Fluorescent Blue Organic Light Emitting ...
Presentation Title, Improved Performance of a Fluorescent Blue Organic Light Emitting Diode with Hole Blocking Materials as Dopants for Transport Layers.
Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements for flowing particles
Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements are disclosed for flowing particles. An apparatus and method for the measurement and analysis of fluorescence for individual cells and particles in flow are described, wherein the rapid measurement capabilities of flow cytometry and the robust measurement and analysis procedures of time-domain fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy are combined. A pulse-modulated CW laser is employed for excitation of the particles. The characteristics and the repetition rate of the excitation pulses can be readily adjusted to accommodate for fluorescence decays having a wide range of lifetimes. 12 figs.
Deka, C.; Steinkamp, J.A.
New Lighting Technologies
This Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) technical update continues the technical assessment of advanced lighting technologies in the following product areas�linear LED T8 fluorescent replacements, Edison-based dimmable LED lamps, commercial replacement side-lit LED fixtures, Edison-based reduced-consumption halogen lamps designed to replace 100W incandescent lamps, high bay induction LED lamps, and architectural LED lamps. Many of the products in this year�s report are designed as ...
Assessment of Electrical, Efficiency, and Photometric Performance of Advanced Lighting Sources: Dimmable Advanced Lighting Technolog ies -- Electronic Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Fixtures, Lamps, and Drivers
This EPRI Technical Update addresses the dimming performance of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. Chapter 1 provides a discussion of basic lighting control, the importance of considering power quality in lighting control, lighting control methods and parameters, and the advantages and future of lighting control. Chapter 2 addresses in more depth the dimming methods used in advanced lighting sources and controls for incandescent, fluorescent, high-intensity discharge (HID) and LED sources. Chapter 3 ad...
Laser induced fluorescence of trapped molecular ions
Laser induced fluoresence (LIF) spectra (laser excitation spectra) are conceptually among the most simple spectra to obtain. One need only confine a gaseous sample in a suitable container, direct a laser along one axis of the container, and monitor the sample's fluorescence at a right angle to the laser beam. As the laser wavelength is changed, the changes in fluorescence intensity map the absorption spectrum of the sample. (More precisely, only absorption to states which have a significant radiative decay component are monitored.) For ion spectroscopy, one could benefit in many ways by such an experiment. Most optical ion spectra have been observed by emission techniques, and, aside from the problems of spectral analysis, discharge emission methods often produce the spectra of many species, some of which may be unknown or uncertain. Implicit in the description of LIF given above is certainty as to the chemical identity of the carrier of the spectrum. This article describes a method by which the simplifying aspects of LIF can be extended to molecular ions (albeit with a considerable increase in experimental complexity over that necessary for stable neutral molecules).
Winn, J.S.
Nontemplated Approach to Tuning the Spectral Propertiesof Cyanine-Based Fluorescent NanoGUMBOS
Template-free controlled aggregation and spectral properties in fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) is highly desirable for various applications.Herein, we report a nontemplated method for controlling the aggregation in near-infrared (NIR) cyanine-based nanoparticles derived from a group of uniformmaterials based on organic salts (GUMBOS). Cationic heptamethine cyanine dye 1,10,3,3,30,30-hexamethylindotricarbocyanine (HMT) was coupled with five different anions, viz., [NTf2 -], [BETI-], [TFPB-], [AOT-], and [TFP4B-], by an ion-exchange method to obtain the respective GUMBOS. The nanoGUMBOS obtained via a reprecipitation method were primarily amorphous and spherical (30-100 nm) as suggested by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The formation of tunable self-assemblies within the nanoGUMBOS was characterized using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. Counterion-controlled spectral properties observed in the nanoGUMBOS were attributed to variations in J/H ratios with different anions. Association with the [AOT-] anion afforded predominant J aggregation enabling the highest fluorescence intensity, whereas [TFP4B-] disabled the fluorescence due to predominantHaggregation in the nanoparticles. Analyses of the stacking angle of the cations based on molecular dynamic simulation results in [HMT][NTf2], [HMT][BETI], and [HMT][AOT] dispersed in water and a visual analysis of the representative simulation snapshots also imply that the type of aggregation was controlled through the counterion associated with the dye cation.
Das, Susmita [Louisiana State University; Bwambok, David [Louisiana State University; El-Zahab, Bilal [Lousianna State University; Monk, Joshua [Louisiana State University; De Rooy, Sergio [Louisiana State University; Challa, Santhosh [Louisiana State University; Li, Min [Lousianna State University; Hung, Francisco [Louisiana State University; Baker, Gary A [ORNL; Warner, Isiah M [ORNL
Compact light source performance in recessed type luminaires
Photometric comparisons were made with an indoor, recessed, type luminaire using incandescent, high intensity discharge and compact fluorescent lamps. The test results show substantial performance advantages, as expected, for the discharge light sources where the efficacy gains can be in the order for 400% even when including the ballast losses associated with the discharge lamps. The candlepower distribution patterns emerging from these luminaries are also different from those associated with the baseline incandescent lamps, and which are in some ways, even more desirable from a uniformity of illuminance perspective. A section on fluorescent lamp starting is also included which describes a system having excellent starting characteristics in terms of electrode starting temperature (RH/RC technique), proper operating frequency to minimize unwanted IR interactions, and satisfactory current crest factor values to help insure life performance.
Hammer, E.E.
EEBLBP3 91- 93 F-2b Percent standard incandescent bulb STBLBP3 95- 97 F-2c Percent energy efficient fluorescent EEFLRP3 99- 101 F-2d Percent standard fluorescent light...
Long-Term Performance of Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamps
The packaging material for compact fluorescent lamps normally includes some claim regarding expected lamp lifetime. This claimed lifetime is generally not obtained through rigorous testing. This study shows how different operating cycles, components, and lamp and ballast designs affect screwbase compact fluorescent lamp (SCFL) life.
A transportable fluorescence imagining system for detecting fecal contaminants
Feces are the primary source of many pathogenic organisms that can potentially contaminate agricultural commodities. Feces generally contain chlorophyll a and related compounds due to ingestion of plant materials. Fluorescent responses of these compounds ... Keywords: Fecal contamination, Fluorescence, Food safety, Multispectral imaging
Alan M. Lefcourt; Moon S. Kim; Yud-Ren Chen
Quantum Optics: Colloidal Fluorescent Semiconductor Nanocrystals (Quantum Dots)
U ncorrected Proof Chapter 3 Quantum Optics: Colloidal Fluorescent Semiconductor Nanocrystals (Quantum Dots) in Single-Molecule Detection and Imaging Laurent A. Bentolila, Xavier Michalet, and Shimon quantum dots (QDs), have emerged as new powerful fluorescent probes for in vitro and in vivo biological
Michalet, Xavier
Precise Measurement of the Absolute Yield of Fluorescence Photons in Atmospheric Gases
We have performed a measurement of the absolute yield of fluorescence photons at the Fermilab Test Beam. A systematic uncertainty at 5% level was achieved by the use of Cherenkov radiation as a reference calibration light source. A cross-check was performed by an independent calibration using a laser light source. A significant improvement on the energy scale uncertainty of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays is expected.
Ave, M.; /Karlsruhe, Inst. Technol.; Bohacova, M.; /Chicago U., EFI; Daumiller, K.; /Karlsruhe, Inst. Technol.; Di Carlo, P.; /INFN, Aquila; Di Giulio, C.; /INFN, Rome; Luis, P.Facal San; /Chicago U., EFI; Gonzales, D.; /Karlsruhe U., EKP; Hojvat, C.; /Fermilab; Horandel, J.R.; /Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Hrabovsky, M.; /Palacky U.; Iarlori, M.; /INFN, Aquila /Karlsruhe, Inst. Technol.
RAY FLUORESCENCE MICROPROBE (XFM) RAY FLUORESCENCE MICROPROBE (XFM) TECHNIQUES AND CAPABILITIES APPLICATIONS WORLD-LEADING MICROFOCUSED EXAFS SPECTROSCOPY * XFM is an optimized three-pole wiggler beamline for the characterization of materials in an "as-is" state that are chemically heterogeneous at the micrometer scale via synchrotron induced X-ray fluorescence. * XFM includes instrumentation for microbeam X-ray fluorescence (µXRF), diffraction (µXRD) and fluorescence computed microtomography (FCMT) . However, it is optimized to provide users state-of-the-art microfocused Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (µEXAFS) spectroscopy between 4 to 20 keV. * XFM will trade-off beam size and flux for sample configuration flexibility. This includes more readily achievable stability
Circular dichroism and fluorescence polarization anisotropy are important tools for characterizing biomolecular systems. Both are used extensively in kinetic experiments involving stopped- or continuous flow systems as well as titrations and steady-state spectroscopy. This paper presents the theory for determining circular dichroism and fluorescence polarization anisotropy simultaneously, thus insuring the two parameters are recorded under exactly the same conditions and at exactly the same time in kinetic experiments. The approach to measuring circular dichroism is that used in almost all conventional dichrographs. Two arrangements for measuring fluorescence polarization anisotropy are described. One uses a single fluorescence detector and signal processing with a lock-in amplifier that is similar to the measurement of circular dichroism. The second approach uses classic ''T'' format detection optics, and thus can be used with conventional photon-counting detection electronics. Simple extensions permit the simultaneous measurement of the absorption and excitation intensity corrected fluorescence intensity.
Compatibility testing of fluorescent lamp and ballast systems
The rapid growth in the use of electronic ballasts for fluorescent lighting systems, and the corresponding increase in the number of new products and new manufacturers in the market, has raised a number of questions regarding the compatibility of the lamps and ballasts used in fluorescent systems. Because many of the new products start and operate lamps differently than previous products, the relevant American National Standards Institute requirements may no longer be adequate for addressing compatibility concerns. The impacts on system performance of the newer products of a parametric study designed to test key hypotheses regarding the impact of ballast parameters on fluorescent lamp life. In this study, samples of 4-ft T8 fluorescent lamps were operated on duty cycles of 5 min on and 5 min off, using seven different ballast types. The results of the study indicate which parameters seem to have the biggest effect on lamp life, and can be used in establishing new performance standards for fluorescent systems.
Ji, Y.; Davis, R.; O' Rourke, C.; Chui, E.W.M.
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) | Open Energy Information
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Technique: X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) NEPA(0) Exploration Technique Information Exploration Group: Lab Analysis Techniques Exploration Sub Group: Rock Lab Analysis Parent Exploration Technique: Rock Lab Analysis Information Provided by Technique Lithology: Bulk and trace element analysis of rocks, minerals, and sediments. Stratigraphic/Structural: Hydrological: Thermal: Dictionary.png X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF): X-Ray Fluorescence is a lab-based technique used for bulk chemical analysis of rock, mineral, sediment, and fluid samples. The technique depends on the fundamental principles of x-ray interactions with solid materials, similar
Mercury Lamps Recycling Fluorescent light-tubes, compact fluorescent bulbs, mercury and sodium vapor lamps, ultraviolet and
Mercury Lamps Recycling Fluorescent light-tubes, compact fluorescent bulbs, mercury and sodium light tubes are recycled. They are made from aluminum and metal. Aluminum is a silver-white metal and is very light in weight and strong. Because aluminum is ductile, it can be drawn into wires or pressed
Ungerleider, Leslie G.
DOE Requires Manufacturer and Labeler to Cease Sale of Incandescent...
90PAR38130 Addthis Related Articles DOE Requires Westinghouse to Cease Sales of Two Light Bulb Models and Allows Sale of Another Westinghouse and Fuzhou Permitted to Restart...
certain whether the electrical power is off or on, he may beof light. The electrical input (power, voltage and current)
L Prize Competition Winner: 60W Incandescent Replacement Lamp
Prize Partners 14 15 Field Assessments: Retail Platte River Power Authority DTE Energy SMUD 16 Additional Opportunities: GATEWAY Demonstrations of LED Outdoor Lighting Reports...
Underwater Lighting by Submerged Lasers and Incandescent Sources
Techniques for long- range underwater photography usingon Resolving Power in Underwater Photography," J. Opt. Soc.A. R. , Tyler, J. E. , "Underwater Photometer," J. Opt. Soc.
Duntley, Seibert Q
cell having a plane window to That attachment was necessaryfor attachment to the measurement window by means of the
placed into light bulb sockets (Edison sockets) and the lampbe inserted into the same Edison type socket that is usedto injury. In addition, Edison sockets that are hori~
A Bright Idea: New Efficiency Standards for Incandescent and...
out" of less-efficient bulbs will begin with 100 watt bulbs in 2012; lesser wattage light bulbs will then be gradually removed from distribution, ending with noncompliant 40...
Treatability study for removal of leachable mercury in crushed fluorescent lamps
Nonserviceable fluorescent lamps removed from radiological control areas at the Oak Ridge Department of Energy facilities have been crushed and are currently managed as mixed waste (hazardous and radiologically contaminated). We present proposed treatment flowsheets and supporting treatability study data for conditioning this solid waste residue so that it can qualify for disposal in a sanitary landfill. Mercury in spent fluorescent lamps occurs primarily as condensate on high-surface-area phosphor material. It can be solubilized with excess oxidants (e.g., hypochlorite solution) and stabilized by complexation with halide ions. Soluble mercury in dechlorinated saline solution is effectively removed by cementation with zero-valent iron in the form of steel wool. In packed column dynamic flow testing, soluble mercury was reduced to mercury metal and insoluble calomel, loading > 1.2 g of mercury per grain of steel wool before an appreciable breakthrough of soluble mercury in the effluent.
Bostick, W.D.; Beck, D.E.; Bowser, K.T. [and others
NIST energy related inventions: Electronic starter device for fluorescent lamps. Interim report, August--October, 1997
From the Scope of Work document which accompanied the original proposal, three silicon devices were anticipated for development, simulation, and quality assurance fabrication. The status of these are in the same format as the Scope of Work...Attachment-A-: Task 1--design and simulation; Task 2--prototype tooling; Task 3--test engineering; Task 4--product tooling; Task 5--package tooling/manufacturing design and assembly. It is felt the program will meet it`s stated goals of producing a low cost, high performance fluorescent lamp starter which will lower the acquisition and operating cost of fluorescent technology...thus saving significant amounts of energy. The likelihood of success is even greater, now that the TN22 component has been qualified. The challenges of creating a custom ASIC, while still significant, are within the skill and expertise level or the assigned engineers.
Johnson, S.A.
Covered Product Category: Fluorescent Luminaires | Department of Energy
Fluorescent Luminaires Fluorescent Luminaires Covered Product Category: Fluorescent Luminaires October 7, 2013 - 10:52am Addthis Did You Know? Lighting Can Help You Accomplish Other Facility Upgrades and Efficiency Improvements Facilities with significant potential savings in lighting may be able to bundle lighting upgrades with heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and other energy conservation measures into a Utility Energy Service Contract (UESC) or Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC). Because of the substantial cost and energy savings potential, replacing lighting can be a key component in financing facility retrofits. The funding portion of the FEMP website offers more information on these and other funding opportunities. FEMP provides acquisition guidance and Federal efficiency requirements
Fluorescent lamp unit with magnetic field generating means
A fluorescent lamp unit having a magnetic field generating means for improving the performance of the fluorescent lamp is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment the fluorescent lamp comprises four longitudinally extending leg portions disposed in substantially quadrangular columnar array and joined by three generally U-shaped portions disposed in different planes. In another embodiment of the invention the magnetic field generating means comprises a plurality of permanent magnets secured together to form a single columnar structure disposed within a centrally located region defined by the shape of lamp envelope. 4 figs.
Grossman, M.W.; George, W.A.
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence for Material Verification in Dismantlement
Nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) is a well-established physical process that provides an isotope-specific signature that can be exploited for isotopic detection and characterization of samples. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has been investigating possible applications of NRF for national security. Of the investigated applications, the verification of material in the dismantlement process is the most promising. Through a combination of benchmarking measurements and radiation transport modeling, we have shown that NRF techniques with existing bremsstrahlung photon sources and a modest detection system can be used to detect highly enriched uranium in the quantities and time limits relevant to the dismantlement process. Issues such as orientation, placement and material geometry do not significantly impact the sensitivity of the technique. We have also investigated how shielding of the uranium would be observed through non-NRF processes to enable the accurate assay of the material. This paper will discuss our findings on how NRF and photon-interrogation techniques may be applied to the material verification in the dismantlement process.
Warren, Glen A.; Detwiler, Rebecca S.
Lighting the Way with Compact Fluorescent Lighting | Department of Energy
Lighting the Way with Compact Fluorescent Lighting Lighting the Way with Compact Fluorescent Lighting Lighting the Way with Compact Fluorescent Lighting April 28, 2009 - 5:00am Addthis John Lippert There is a major push today to get homeowners to adopt compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) light bulbs. They have been on the market for nearly three decades, and many homeowners still do not use them widely. But the tide is definitely turning. Their availability and the percentage of homeowners familiar with the technology and purchasing them for their homes have been steadily rising. The products have improved considerably compared to early products, and their prices have plummeted. The ENERGY STAR® Change a Light, Change the World Campaign has been running now for more than half a dozen years. This campaign is designed to
Calibration of fluorescence resonance energy transfer in microscopy
Imaging hardware, software, calibrants, and methods are provided to visualize and quantitate the amount of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) occurring between donor and acceptor molecules in epifluorescence microscopy. The MicroFRET system compensates for overlap among donor, acceptor, and FRET spectra using well characterized fluorescent beads as standards in conjunction with radiometrically calibrated image processing techniques. The MicroFRET system also provides precisely machined epifluorescence cubes to maintain proper image registration as the sample is illuminated at the donor and acceptor excitation wavelengths. Algorithms are described that pseudocolor the image to display pixels exhibiting radiometrically-corrected fluorescence emission from the donor (blue), the acceptor (green) and FRET (red). The method is demonstrated on samples exhibiting FRET between genetically engineered derivatives of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) bound to the surface of Ni chelating beads by histidine-tags.
Youvan, Douglas C. (San Jose, CA); Silva, Christopher M. (Sunnyvale, CA); Bylina, Edward J. (San Jose, CA); Coleman, William J. (Moutain View, CA); Dilworth, Michael R. (Santa Cruz, CA); Yang, Mary M. (San Jose, CA)
The Effects of Table Lamp Shade Shape and Compact Fluorescent...
The Effects of Table Lamp Shade Shape and Compact Fluorescent Lamp Burning Position on Visual Comfort Speaker(s): Zaidi Abdullah Date: March 15, 2001 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90...
Assessment of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence for Spent Nuclear Fuel Assay
Fluorescence for Spent Nuclear Fuel Assay Brian J. Quiter ?of Pu isotopes in spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Given the lowU and 239 Pu in spent nuclear fuel using NRF. II. PERFORMING
Large core polymer optical backplanes for fluorescence detection
Fluorescence based sensors are used for determining environmental parameters such as dissolved oxygen or pH in biological systems without disturbing a biological system's equilibrium. Recently, there has been a drive to ...
Lee, Kevin Shao-Kwan
Exploring the mechanome with optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence
The combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence into an instrument capable of making combined, coincident measurements adds an observable dimension that allows for the examination of the localized ...
Brau, Ricardo R. (Ricardo Rafael), 1979-
A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery
The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the recent surgical intraoperational applications of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging methods, the basics of the technology, and instrumentation used. Well over 200 papers describing this technique ...
Jarmo T. Alander, Ilkka Kaartinen, Aki Laakso, Tommi P�til�, Thomas Spillmann, Valery V. Tuchin, Maarit Venermo, Petri V�lisuo
Lighting the Way with Compact Fluorescent Lighting | Department...
and compact fluorescent lights. And I've already purchased a few of the new light emitting diode (LED) solid-state lighting lights-but that's the topic of a future blog. Stay...
Altitude dependence of fluorescence light emission by extensive air showers
Fluorescence light is induced by extensive air showers while developing in the Earth's atmosphere. The number of emitted fluorescence photons depends on the conditions of the air and on the energy deposited by the shower particles at every stage of the development. In a previous model calculation, the pressure and temperature dependences of the fluorescence yield have been studied on the basis of kinetic gas theory, assuming temperature-independent molecular collision cross-sections. In this work we investigate the importance of temperature-dependent collision cross-sections and of water vapour quenching on the expected fluorescence yield. The calculations will be applied to simulated air showers while using actual atmospheric profiles to estimate the influence on the reconstructed energy of extensive air showers.
B. Keilhauer; J. Bluemer; R. Engel; H. O. Klages
Covered Product Category: Compact Fluorescent Lamps | Department of Energy
Covered Product Category: Compact Fluorescent Lamps Covered Product Category: Compact Fluorescent Lamps Covered Product Category: Compact Fluorescent Lamps October 7, 2013 - 10:48am Addthis ENERGY STAR Qualified Products Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) provides acquisition guidance across a variety of product categories, including compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), which are an ENERGY STAR-qualified product category. Federal laws and executive orders mandate that agencies meet these efficiency requirements in all procurement and acquisition actions that are not specifically exempted by law. Most manufacturers display the ENERGY STAR label on complying models. For a model not displaying this label, check the manufacturer's literature to determine if it meets the efficiency requirements outlined by ENERGY STAR.
Information Resources: LED Replacements for Linear Fluorescent Lamps
Replacements for Linear Fluorescent Lamps Webcast Replacements for Linear Fluorescent Lamps Webcast In this June 20, 2011 webcast on LED products marketed as replacements for linear fluorescent lamps, Jason Tuenge of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) discussed current Lighting Facts-listed products as well as products evaluated in the latest CALiPER reports. Eric Richman, also of PNNL, reported on a recently completed GATEWAY demonstration project, in which LED and fluorescent lamps were installed in a variety of recessed troffer luminaires for comparison in an office environment. The presentation concluded with a discussion of specifications listed in a newly updated technology fact sheet. View presentation slides View the text-alternative version View the webcast (WMV 16 MB) Download Windows Media Player
" A Heterodyne Laser-induced Fluorescence Technique to Determine
A Heterodyne Laser-induced Fluorescence Technique to Determine A Heterodyne Laser-induced Fluorescence Technique to Determine Simultaneously the Bulk and Time Varying Molecule Velocity Distribution." Inventors Ahmed Diallo, Stephane Mazouffre.The method's primary goal is to determine simultaneously the bulk a The method's primary goal is to determine simultaneously the bulk and the time verying part of the molecule velocity distribution using a heterodyne laser induced fluorescence technique. Used in biology, chemistry and plasma physics laser-induced fluorescence is a well known technique to resolve the bulk velocity distribution of probed molecules and atoms in a medium. The novel approach is aimed at determining not only the bulk distribution, but also the time-varying velocity distribution. The two parts of the velocity distribution are key in the characterization of a
Appliance Standard Program - The FY 2003 Priority -Setting Summary Report and Actions Proposed - Appendix B
APPENDIX B: APPENDIX B: Data Sheets for Existing Products Table of Contents Product Rulemaking Priority Page Product Rulemaking Priority Page Commercial Air-Cooled Central A/C & Air-Source HP, 65-240 kBtu/h Standards High B-1 High Intensity Discharge Lamps Determination High B-27 Central A/C & HP, 3 phase, < 65 kBtu/h Standards Medium B-2 Test Procedure Low B-28 Clothes Dryers Standards Low B-3 Lamps, Fluorescent Standards Low B-29 Test Procedure Low B-4 Test Procedure Low B-30 Clothes Washers Standards* Low B-5 Lamps, Incandescent General Service Standards Low B-31 Test Procedure* Low B-6 Test Procedure Low B-32 Commercial Water-Cooled A/C & Water- Source Heat Pumps Standards Low B-7 Lamps, Incandescent Reflector Standards Low B-33
Deep cuts in household greenhouse gas emissions Andrew Blakers
an electric light bulb with a power of 100 W for 10 hours then 1,000 watt-hours, or 1 kilowatt hour (k simple measure! 2. Incandescent light bulbs will be phased out over the next few years, but if you do frequently used incandescent light fittings with compact fluorescent lights will reduce your lighting bill
Isotopic imaging via nuclear resonance fluorescence with laser-based Thomson radiation
The present invention utilizes novel laser-based, high-brightness, high-spatial-resolution, pencil-beam sources of spectrally pure hard x-ray and gamma-ray radiation to induce resonant scattering in specific nuclei, i.e., nuclear resonance fluorescence. By monitoring such fluorescence as a function of beam position, it is possible to image in either two dimensions or three dimensions, the position and concentration of individual isotopes in a specific material configuration. Such methods of the present invention material identification, spatial resolution of material location and ability to locate and identify materials shielded by other materials, such as, for example, behind a lead wall. The foundation of the present invention is the generation of quasimonochromatic high-energy x-ray (100's of keV) and gamma-ray (greater than about 1 MeV) radiation via the collision of intense laser pulses from relativistic electrons. Such a process as utilized herein, i.e., Thomson scattering or inverse-Compton scattering, produces beams having diameters from about 1 micron to about 100 microns of high-energy photons with a bandwidth of .DELTA.E/E of approximately 10E.sup.-3.
Barty, Christopher P. J. (Hayward, CA); Hartemann, Frederic V. (San Ramon, CA); McNabb, Dennis P. (Alameda, CA); Pruet, Jason A. (Brentwood, CA)
Cyanine-based probe\\tag-peptide pair fluorescence protein imaging and fluorescence protein imaging methods
A molecular probe comprises two arsenic atoms and at least one cyanine based moiety. A method of producing a molecular probe includes providing a molecule having a first formula, treating the molecule with HgOAc, and subsequently transmetallizing with AsCl.sub.3. The As is liganded to ethanedithiol to produce a probe having a second formula. A method of labeling a peptide includes providing a peptide comprising a tag sequence and contacting the peptide with a biarsenical molecular probe. A complex is formed comprising the tag sequence and the molecular probe. A method of studying a peptide includes providing a mixture containing a peptide comprising a peptide tag sequence, adding a biarsenical probe to the mixture, and monitoring the fluorescence of the mixture.
Mayer-Cumblidge, M. Uljana; Cao, Haishi
Interference in the resonance fluorescence of two incoherently coupled transitions
The fluorescence light emitted by a 4-level system in $J=1/2$ to $J=1/2$ configuration driven by a monochromatic laser field and in an external magnetic field is studied. We show that the spectrum of resonance fluorescence emitted on the $\\pi$ transitions shows a signature of spontaneously generated interference effects. The degree of interference in the fluorescence spectrum can be controlled by means of the external magnetic field, provided that the Land\\'e g-factors of the excited and the ground state doublet are different. For a suitably chosen magnetic field strength, the relative weight of the Rayleigh line can be completely suppressed, even for low intensities of the coherent driving field. The incoherent fluorescence spectrum emitted on the $\\pi$ transitions exhibits a very narrow peak whose width and weight depends on the magnetic field strength. We demonstrate that the spectrum of resonance fluorescence emitted on the $\\sigma$ transitions show an indirect signature of interference. A measurement of the relative peak heights in the spectrum from the $\\sigma$ transitions allows to determine the branching ratio of the spontaneous decay of each excited state into the $\\sigma$ channel.
Martin Kiffner; Joerg Evers; Christoph H. Keitel
Another Side of Light - D
D. Three quantum phenomena D. Three quantum phenomena In fluorescence, matter absorbs light waves of a high frequency and then emits light of the same or lower frequency. This process was studied and named by George Gabriel Stokes in the mid-19th century. Today, fluorescence is familiar to us from fluorescent light bulbs. A fluorescent bulb's filament produces ultraviolet light, which is absorbed by the bulb's inner coating, which then emits lower-frequency visible light-more visible light than an incandescent bulb produces with the same wattage. According to the hypothesis of light quanta, during fluorescence an atom absorbs a quantum of light whose energy is proportional to the light wave's frequency. If the atom doesn't supply any extra energy of its own, the light quantum emitted should either have the same energy or less energy
Trace Detection of Metastable Helium Molecules in Superfluid Helium by Laser-Induced Fluorescence
We describe an approach to detecting ionizing radiation that combines the special properties of superfluid helium with the sensitivity of quantum optics techniques. Ionization in liquid helium results in the copious production of metastable He{sub 2} molecules, which can be detected by laser-induced fluorescence. Each molecule can be probed many times using a cycling transition, resulting in the detection of individual molecules with high signal to noise. This technique could be used to detect neutrinos, weakly interacting massive particles, and ultracold neutrons, and to image superfluid flow in liquid {sup 4}He.
McKinsey, D. N.; Lippincott, W.H.; Nikkel, J.A.; Rellergert, W.G. [Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 (United States)
Obstacles and opportunities in the commercialization of the solid-state-electronic fluorescent-lighting ballast
The Solid State Ballast (SSB) Program, aimed at improving the efficiency of fluorescent lights, is described. The first generation of solid state electronic ballasts has been developed and the technology has been transferred to the private sector. This report examines the opportunities for rapid dissemination of this technology into the marketplace. It includes a description of product characteristics and their influence on the commercialization of the SSB, a description of the technology delivery system presently used by the ballast industry, an analysis of the market for SSB, and identification of some high-leverage opportunities to accelerate the commercialization process. (MCW)
Johnson, D.R.; Marcus, A.A.; Campbell, R.S.; Sommers, P.; Skumatz, L.; Berk, B.; Petty, P.; Eschbach, C.
In nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) measurements, resonances are excited by an external photon beam leading to the emission of gamma rays with specific energies that are characteristic of the emitting isotope. NRF promises the unique capability of directly quantifying a specific isotope without the need for unfolding the combined responses of several fissile isotopes as is required in other measurement techniques. We have analyzed the potential of NRF as a non-destructive analysis technique for quantitative measurements of Pu isotopes in spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Given the low concentrations of 239Pu in SNF and its small integrated NRF cross sections, the main challenge in achieving precise and accurate measurements lies in accruing sufficient counting statistics in a reasonable measurement time. Using analytical modeling, and simulations with the radiation transport code MCNPX that has been experimentally tested recently, the backscatter and transmission methods were quantitatively studied for differing photon sources and radiation detector types. Resonant photon count rates and measurement times were estimated for a range of photon source and detection parameters, which were used to determine photon source and gamma-ray detector requirements. The results indicate that systems based on a bremsstrahlung source and present detector technology are not practical for high-precision measurements of 239Pu in SNF. Measurements that achieve the desired uncertainties within hour-long measurements will either require stronger resonances, which may be expressed by other Pu isotopes, or require quasi-monoenergetic photon sources with intensities that are approximately two orders of magnitude higher than those currently being designed or proposed.This work is part of a larger effort sponsored by the Next Generation Safeguards Initiative to develop an integrated instrument, comprised of individual NDA techniques with complementary features, that is fully capable of determining Pu mass in spent fuel assemblies.
Quiter, Brian; Ludewigt, Bernhard; Ambers, Scott
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence for Safeguards Applications
In nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) measurements, resonances are excited by an external photon beam leading to the emission of {gamma} rays with specific energies that are characteristic of the emitting isotope. The promise of NRF as a non-destructive analysis technique (NDA) in safeguards applications lies in its potential to directly quantify a specific isotope in an assay target without the need for unfolding the combined responses of several fissile isotopes as often required by other NDA methods. The use of NRF for detection of sensitive nuclear materials and other contraband has been researched in the past. In the safeguards applications considered here one has to go beyond mere detection and precisely quantify the isotopic content, a challenge that is discussed throughout this report. Basic NRF measurement methods, instrumentation, and the analytical calculation of NRF signal strengths are described in Section 2. Well understood modeling and simulation tools are needed for assessing the potential of NRF for safeguards and for designing measurement systems. All our simulations were performed with the radiation transport code MCNPX, a code that is widely used in the safeguards community. Our initial studies showed that MCNPX grossly underestimated the elastically scattered background at backwards angles due to an incorrect treatment of Rayleigh scattering. While new, corrected calculations based on ENDF form factors showed much better agreement with experimental data for the elastic scattering of photons on an uranium target, the elastic backscatter is still not rigorously treated. Photonuclear scattering processes (nuclear Thomson, Delbruck and Giant Dipole Resonance scattering), which are expected to play an important role at higher energies, are not yet included. These missing elastic scattering contributions were studied and their importance evaluated evaluated against data found in the literature as discussed in Section 3. A transmission experiment was performed in September 2009 to test and demonstrate the applicability of the method to the quantitative measurement of an isotope of interest embedded in a thick target. The experiment, data analysis, and results are described in Section 4. The broad goal of our NRF studies is to assess the potential of the technique in safeguards applications. Three examples are analyzed in Section 5: the isotopic assay of spent nuclear fuel (SNF), the measurement of {sup 235}U enrichment in UF{sub 6} cylinders, and the determination of {sup 239}Pu in mixed oxide (MOX) fuel. The study of NRF for the assay of SNF assemblies was supported by the Next Generation Safeguards Initiative (NGSI) of the U.S. Department of Energy as part of a large multi-lab/university effort to quantify the plutonium (Pu) mass in spent nuclear fuel assemblies and to detect the diversion of pins with non-destructive assay (NDA) methods. NRF is one of 14 NDA techniques being researched. The methodology for performing and analyzing quantitative NRF measurements was developed for determining Pu mass in SNF and is extensively discussed in this report. The same methodology was applied to the assessment of NRF for the measurement of {sup 235}U enrichment and the determination of {sup 239}Pu in MOX fuel. The analysis centers on determining suitable NRF measurement methods, measurement capabilities that could be realized with currently available instrumentation, and photon source and detector requirements for achieving useful NDA capabilities.
Ludewigt, Bernhard A; Quiter, Brian J; Ambers, Scott D
Biocompatible polymers with hydrolyzable chemical bonds have been used to produce safe, non-toxic fluorescent microspheres for material penetration studies. The selection of polymeric materials depends on both biocompatibility and processability, with tailored fluorescent properties depending on specific applications. Microspheres are composed of USFDA-approved biodegradable polymers and non-toxic fluorophores and are therefore suitable for tests where human exposure is possible. Micropheres were produced which contain unique fluorophores to enable discrimination from background aerosol particles. Characteristics that affect dispersion and adhesion can be modified depending on use. Several different microsphere preparation methods are possible, including the use of a vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG), a Sono-Tek atomizer, an emulsion technique, and inkjet printhead. Applications for the fluorescent microspheres include challenges for biodefense system testing, calibrants for biofluorescence sensors, and particles for air dispersion model validation studies.
Farquar, G; Leif, R
Fluorescent single walled nanotube/silica composite materials
Fluorescent composites of surfactant-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were prepared by exposing suspensions of surfactant-wrapped carbon nanotubes to tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) vapor. Sodium deoxycholate (DOC) and sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) were the surfactants. No loss in emission intensity was observed when the suspension of DOC-wrapped SWNTs were exposed to the TMOS vapors, but about a 50% decrease in the emission signal was observed from the SDS-wrapped SWNTs nanotubes. The decrease in emission was minimal by buffering the SDS/SWNT suspension prior to forming the composite. Fluorescent xerogels were prepared by adding glycerol to the SWNT suspensions prior to TMOS vapor exposure, followed by drying the gels. Fluorescent aerogels were prepared by replacing water in the gels with methanol and then exposing them to supercritical fluid drying conditions. The aerogels can be used for gas sensing.
Dattelbaum, Andrew M.; Gupta, Gautam; Duque, Juan G.; Doorn, Stephen K.; Hamilton, Christopher E.; DeFriend Obrey, Kimberly A.
Laser-induced differential normalized fluorescence method for cancer diagnosis
An apparatus and method for cancer diagnosis are disclosed. The diagnostic method includes the steps of irradiating a tissue sample with monochromatic excitation light, producing a laser-induced fluorescence spectrum from emission radiation generated by interaction of the excitation light with the tissue sample, and dividing the intensity at each wavelength of the laser-induced fluorescence spectrum by the integrated area under the laser-induced fluorescence spectrum to produce a normalized spectrum. A mathematical difference between the normalized spectrum and an average value of a reference set of normalized spectra which correspond to normal tissues is calculated, which provides for amplifying small changes in weak signals from malignant tissues for improved analysis. The calculated differential normalized spectrum is correlated to a specific condition of a tissue sample.
Vo-Dinh, Tuan (Knoxville, TN); Panjehpour, Masoud (Knoxville, TN); Overholt, Bergein F. (Knoxville, TN)
LED-induced fluorescence diagnostics for turbine and combustion engine thermometry
Fluorescence from phosphor coatings is the basis of an established technique for measuring temperature in a wide variety of turbine and combustion engine applications. Example surfaces include blades, vanes, combustors, intake valves, pistons, and rotors. Many situations that are remote and noncontact require the high intensity of a laser to illuminate the phosphor, especially if the surface is moving. Thermometric resolutions of 0.1 C are obtainable, and some laboratory versions of these systems have been calibrated against NIST standards to even higher precision. To improve the measurement signal-to-noise ratio, synchronous detection timing has been used to repeatedly interrogate the same blade in a high speed rotating turbine. High spatial resolution can be obtained by tightly focusing the interrogation beam in measurements of static surfaces, and by precise differential timing of the laser pulses on rotating surfaces. We report here the use of blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) as a n illumination source for producing useable fluorescence from phosphors for temperature measurements. An LED can excite most of the same phosphors used to cover the temperature range from 8 to 1400 C. The advantages of using LEDs are obvious in terms of size, power requirements, space requirements and cost. There can also be advantages associated with very long operating lifetimes, wide range of available colors, and their broader emission bandwidths as compared to laser diodes. Temperature may be inferred either from phase or time-decay determinations.
Allison, S.W.
Time-resolved Hyperspectral Fluorescence Spectroscopy using Frequency Modulated Excitation
An intensity-modulated excitation light source is used together with a micro channel plate intensified CCD (ICCD) detector gated at a slightly different frequency to generate a beat frequency from a fluorescent sample. The addition of a spectrograph produces a hyperspectral time-resolved data product where the resulting beat frequency is detected with a low frame rate camera. Measuring the beat frequency of the spectrum as a function of time allows separation of the excited fluorescence from ambient constant light sources. The excitation and detector repetition rates are varied over a range of discrete frequencies, and the phase shift of the beat wave maps out the emission decay rate(s).
,; Neill, M
Heat transfer assembly for a fluorescent lamp and fixture
In a lighting fixture including a lamp and a housing, a heat transfer structure is disclosed for reducing the minimum lamp wall temperature of a fluorescent light bulb. The heat transfer structure, constructed of thermally conductive material, extends from inside the housing to outside the housing, transferring heat energy generated from a fluorescent light bulb to outside the housing where the heat energy is dissipated to the ambient air outside the housing. Also disclosed is a method for reducing minimum lamp wall temperatures. Further disclosed is an improved lighting fixture including a lamp, a housing and the aforementioned heat transfer structure.
Siminovitch, Michael J. (Richmond, CA); Rubenstein, Francis M. (Berkeley, CA); Whitman, Richard E. (Richmond, CA)
Digital optical phase conjugation of fluorescence in turbid tissue
We demonstrate a method for phase conjugating fluorescence. Our method, called reference free digital optical phase conjugation, can conjugate extremely weak, incoherent optical signals. It was used to phase conjugate fluorescent light originating from a bead covered with 0.5 mm of light-scattering tissue. The phase conjugated beam refocuses onto the bead and causes a local increase of over two orders of magnitude in the light intensity. Potential applications are in imaging, optical trapping, and targeted photochemical activation inside turbid tissue.
Vellekoop, Ivo M.; Cui Meng; Yang Changhuei [Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California (United States)
In a lighting fixture including a lamp and a housing, a heat transfer structure is disclosed for reducing the minimum lamp wall temperature of a fluorescent light bulb. The heat transfer structure, constructed of thermally conductive material, extends from inside the housing to outside the housing, transferring heat energy generated from a fluorescent light bulb to outside the housing where the heat energy is dissipated to the ambient air outside the housing. Also disclosed is a method for reducing minimum lamp wall temperatures. Further disclosed is an improved lighting fixture including a lamp, a housing and the aforementioned heat transfer structure. 11 figs.
Siminovitch, M.J.; Rubenstein, F.M.; Whitman, R.E.
Fluorescence Axial Localization with Nanometer Accuracy and Precision
We describe a new technique, standing wave axial nanometry (SWAN), to image the axial location of a single nanoscale fluorescent object with sub-nanometer accuracy and 3.7 nm precision. A standing wave, generated by positioning an atomic force microscope tip over a focused laser beam, is used to excite fluorescence; axial position is determined from the phase of the emission intensity. We use SWAN to measure the orientation of single DNA molecules of different lengths, grafted on surfaces with different functionalities.
Li, Hui; Yen, Chi-Fu; Sivasankar, Sanjeevi
Combination of fluorescence imaging and local spectrophotometry in fluorescence diagnostics of early cancer of larynx and bronchi
The results of comparative studies of autofluorescence and 5-ALA-induced fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX, used in the diagnostics of early cancer of larynx and bronchi, are presented. The autofluorescence and 5-ALA-induced fluorescence images of larynx and bronchial tissues are analysed during the endoscopic study. The method of local spectrophotometry is used to verify findings obtained from fluorescence images. It is shown that such a combined approach can be efficiently used to improve the diagnostics of precancer and early cancer, to detect a primary multiple tumours, as well as for the diagnostics of a residual tumour or an early recurrence after the endoscopic, surgery or X-ray treatment. The developed approach allows one to minimise the number of false-positive results and to reduce the number of biopsies, which are commonly used in the white-light bronchoscopy search for occult cancerous loci. (laser biology and medicine)
Sokolov, Vladimir V; Filonenko, E V; Telegina, L V [P.A. Hertsen Moscow Research Oncological Institute, Moscow (Russian Federation); Boulgakova, N N; Smirnov, V V [A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Russian Federation)
On the Search for Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence Signatures of 235U and 238U above 3 MeV
Nuclear resonance fluorescence is a physical process that provides an isotope-specific signature that could be used for the identification and characterization of materials. The technique involves the detection of prompt discrete-energy photons emitted from a sample that is exposed to MeV-energy photons. Potential applications of the technique range from detection of high explosives to characterization of special nuclear materials such as 235U. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Passport Systems have collaborated to conduct a pair of measurements to search for a nuclear resonance fluorescence response of 235U above 3 MeV and of 238U above 5 MeV using an 8 g sample of highly enriched uranium and a 90 g sample of depleted uranium. No new signatures were observed. The minimum detectable integrated cross section for 235U is presented.
Warren, Glen A.; Caggiano, Joseph A.; Bertozzi, William; Korbly, Steve; Ledoux, Robert; Park, William H.
Automated hybridization/imaging device for fluorescent multiplex DNA sequencing
A method is disclosed for automated multiplex sequencing of DNA with an integrated automated imaging hybridization chamber system. This system comprises an hybridization chamber device for mounting a membrane containing size-fractionated multiplex sequencing reaction products, apparatus for fluid delivery to the chamber device, imaging apparatus for light delivery to the membrane and image recording of fluorescence emanating from the membrane while in the chamber device, and programmable controller apparatus for controlling operation of the system. The multiplex reaction products are hybridized with a probe, the enzyme (such as alkaline phosphatase) is bound to a binding moiety on the probe, and a fluorogenic substrate (such as a benzothiazole derivative) is introduced into the chamber device by the fluid delivery apparatus. The enzyme converts the fluorogenic substrate into a fluorescent product which, when illuminated in the chamber device with a beam of light from the imaging apparatus, excites fluorescence of the fluorescent product to produce a pattern of hybridization. The pattern of hybridization is imaged by a CCD camera component of the imaging apparatus to obtain a series of digital signals. These signals are converted by the controller apparatus into a string of nucleotides corresponding to the nucleotide sequence an automated sequence reader. The method and apparatus are also applicable to other membrane-based applications such as colony and plaque hybridization and Southern, Northern, and Western blots. 9 figs.
Weiss, R.B.; Kimball, A.W.; Gesteland, R.F.; Ferguson, F.M.; Dunn, D.M.; Di Sera, L.J.; Cherry, J.L.
A method is disclosed for automated multiplex sequencing of DNA with an integrated automated imaging hybridization chamber system. This system comprises an hybridization chamber device for mounting a membrane containing size-fractionated multiplex sequencing reaction products, apparatus for fluid delivery to the chamber device, imaging apparatus for light delivery to the membrane and image recording of fluorescence emanating from the membrane while in the chamber device, and programmable controller apparatus for controlling operation of the system. The multiplex reaction products are hybridized with a probe, then an enzyme (such as alkaline phosphatase) is bound to a binding moiety on the probe, and a fluorogenic substrate (such as a benzothiazole derivative) is introduced into the chamber device by the fluid delivery apparatus. The enzyme converts the fluorogenic substrate into a fluorescent product which, when illuminated in the chamber device with a beam of light from the imaging apparatus, excites fluorescence of the fluorescent product to produce a pattern of hybridization. The pattern of hybridization is imaged by a CCD camera component of the imaging apparatus to obtain a series of digital signals. These signals are converted by the controller apparatus into a string of nucleotides corresponding to the nucleotide sequence an automated sequence reader. The method and apparatus are also applicable to other membrane-based applications such as colony and plaque hybridization and Southern, Northern, and Western blots.
Weiss, Robert B. (Salt Lake City, UT); Kimball, Alvin W. (Salt Lake City, UT); Gesteland, Raymond F. (Salt Lake City, UT); Ferguson, F. Mark (Salt Lake City, UT); Dunn, Diane M. (West Valley City, UT); Di Sera, Leonard J. (Salt Lake City, UT); Cherry, Joshua L. (Salt Lake City, UT)
Restoration of X-ray fluorescence images of hidden paintings
This paper describes our methods for repairing and restoring images of hidden paintings (paintings that have been painted over and are now covered by a new surface painting) that have been obtained via noninvasive X-ray fluorescence imaging of their ... Keywords: Art restoration, Artifact correction, Image restoration, Underdetermined source separation
Anila Anitha; Andrei Brasoveanu; Marco Duarte; Shannon Hughes; Ingrid Daubechies; Joris Dik; Koen Janssens; Matthias Alfeld
Convection venting lensed reflector-type compact fluorescent lamp system
Disclosed herein is a fluorescent lamp housing assembly capable of providing convection cooling to the lamp and the ballast. The lens of the present invention includes two distinct portions, a central portion and an apertured portion. The housing assembly further includes apertures so that air mass is able to freely move up through the assembly and out ventilation apertures. 12 figs.
Pelton, B.A.; Siminovitch, M.
Distinguishability of Biological Material Using Ultraviolet Multi-Spectral Fluorescence
Recent interest in the detection and analysis of biological samples by spectroscopic methods has led to questions concerning the degree of distinguishability and biological variability of the ultraviolet (W) fluorescent spectra from such complex samples. We show that the degree of distinguishability of such spectra is readily determined numerically.
Gray, P.C.; Heinen, R.J.; Rigdon, L.D.; Rosenthal, S.E.; Shokair, I.R.; Siragusa, G.R.; Tisone, G.C.; Wagner, J.S.
Fluorescent lamp with static magnetic field generating means
A fluorescent lamp wherein magnetic field generating means (e.g., permanent magnets) are utilized to generate a static magnetic field across the respective electrode structures of the lamp such that maximum field strength is located at the electrode's filament. An increase in efficacy during operation has been observed.
Moskowitz, Philip E. (Peabody, MA); Maya, Jakob (Brookline, MA)
A fluorescent lamp wherein magnetic field generating means (e.g., permanent magnets) are utilized to generate a static magnetic field across the respective electrode structures of the lamp such that maximum field strength is located at the electrode's filament. An increase in efficacy during operation has been observed. 2 figs.
Moskowitz, P.E.; Maya, J.
Disclosed herein is a fluorescent lamp housing assembly capable of providing convection cooling to the lamp and the ballast. The lens of the present invention includes two distinct portions, a central portion and an apertured portion. The housing assembly further includes apertures so that air mass is able to freely move up through the assembly and out ventilation apertures.
Pelton, Bruce A. (825 Manor Rd., El Sobrante, CA 94803); Siminovitch, Michael (829 Manor Rd., El Sobrante, CA 94803)
Measurement of plutonium in spent nuclear fuel by self-induced x-ray fluorescence
Direct measurement of the plutonium content in spent nuclear fuel is a challenging problem in non-destructive assay. The very high gamma-ray flux from fission product isotopes overwhelms the weaker gamma-ray emissions from plutonium and uranium, making passive gamma-ray measurements impossible. However, the intense fission product radiation is effective at exciting plutonium and uranium atoms, resulting in subsequent fluorescence X-ray emission. K-shell X-rays in the 100 keV energy range can escape the fuel and cladding, providing a direct signal from uranium and plutonium that can be measured with a standard germanium detector. The measured plutonium to uranium elemental ratio can be used to compute the plutonium content of the fuel. The technique can potentially provide a passive, non-destructive assay tool for determining plutonium content in spent fuel. In this paper, we discuss recent non-destructive measurements of plutonium X-ray fluorescence (XRF) signatures from pressurized water reactor spent fuel rods. We also discuss how emerging new technologies, like very high energy resolution microcalorimeter detectors, might be applied to XRF measurements.
Hoover, Andrew S [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Rudy, Cliff R [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Tobin, Steve J [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Charlton, William S [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Stafford, A [TEXAS A& M; Strohmeyer, D [TEXAS A& M; Saavadra, S [ORNL
Have You Switched to Compact Fluorescent Lights? Why or Why Not...
Switched to Compact Fluorescent Lights? Why or Why Not? Have You Switched to Compact Fluorescent Lights? Why or Why Not? May 1, 2009 - 1:52pm Addthis On Tuesday, John wrote about...
Examining 239Pu and 240Pu Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence Measurements on Spent Fuel for Nuclear Safeguards
resonance fluorescence in 240 Pu,� Submitted to Phys. Rev.near 2 MeV in 235 U and 239 Pu,� Phys. Rev. C 041601(R) (Examining Pu and Pu Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence
Page not found | Department of Energy
ffing-analysis-instructions-blank-sheet-and-example-sheet Article The History of the Light Bulb From incandescent bulbs to fluorescents to LEDs, we're exploring the long history of...
Luminous Efficacy Standards for General Purpose Lights | Department...
output) per watt (measure of power input). The efficacy of a typical incandescent light bulb ranges between 12 lmW and 18 lmW. The efficacy of a typical compact fluorescent...
-rebuilding-green-homes-after-disaster-revised-fact-sheet Article The History of the Light Bulb From incandescent bulbs to fluorescents to LEDs, we're exploring the long history of...
Tailoring optical properties of light-emitting diodes by nanostructuring with nanospheres.
???III-V nitride based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have experienced rapid developments during past decade, proving their potential to substitute conventional incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps to� (more)
Commercialization of gallium nitride nanorod arrays on silicon for solid-state lighting
One important component in energy usage is lighting, which is currently dominated by incandescent and fluorescent lamps. However, due to potentially higher efficiencies and thus higher energy savings, solid-state lighting ...
Wee, Qixun
Design and implementation of a solar power system in rural Haiti
This paper describes the design and implementation of a solar power system for a school and health center in Petit-Anse, Haiti. The end-use applications are lighting via a set of fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, and a ...
Hussam, Shaheer M. (Shaheer Muqtasid), 1981-
Solid-State Lighting Issue 20: Selected Business & Technology...
doses of light bright enough to mimic dawn, between 2,500 to 10,000 lux. This amount of light is unattainable by incandescent bulbs, and largely inconvenient with fluorescent...
BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY Easy ways you can help reduce our
when they are not in use! Replace incandescent light bulbs with energy saving compact fluorescent consumption. Lighting: Use natural light instead of artificial light whenever possible. Turn off the lights
Moore, Paul A.
It's Elemental - The Element Argon
used when an inert atmosphere is needed. It is used to fill incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs to prevent oxygen from corroding the hot filament. Argon is also used to form...
4-epa-notice-availability-final-environmental-impact-statement Article The History of the Light Bulb From incandescent bulbs to fluorescents to LEDs, we're exploring the long...
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence Excitations around 2 MeV in U-235 and Pu-239
A search for nuclear resonance fluorescence excitations in U and Pu within the energy range of 1.0- to 2.5-MeV was performed using a 4-MeV, continuous, bremsstrahlung source at the High Voltage Research Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Measurements utilizing high purity Ge detectors at back angles identified 9 photopeaks in U-235 and 13 photopeaks in Pu-239 in this energy range, most likely dipole excitations. These resonances provide unique signatures that allow the materials to be non-intrusively detected in a variety of environments including fuel cells, waste drums, vehicles and containers. The presence and properties of these states may prove useful in understanding the nuclear structure of even - odd nuclei.
Bertozzi, William; Caggiano, Joseph A.; Hensley, Walter K.; Johnson, Micah S.; Korbly, Steve; Ledoux, Robert; McNabb, Dennis P.; norman, E. B.; Park, William H.; Warren, Glen A.
Dimeric fluorescent energy transfer dyes comprising asymmetric cyanine azole-indolenine chromophores
Novel fluorescent heterodimeric DNA-staining energy transfer dyes are provided combining asymmetric cyanine azole-indolenine dyes, which provide for strong DNA affinity, large Stokes shifts and emission in the red region of the spectrum. The dyes find particular application in gel electrophoresis and for labels which may be bound to a variety of compositions in a variety of contexts. Kits and individual compounds are provided, where the kits find use for simultaneous detection of a variety of moieties, particularly using a single narrow wavelength irradiation source. The individual compounds are characterized by high donor quenching and high affinity to dsDNA as a result of optimizing the length of the linking group separating the two chromophores.
Glazer, Alexander N. (Orinda, CA); Benson, Scott C. (Oakland, CA)
Integrated starting and running amalgam assembly for an electrodeless fluorescent lamp
An integrated starting and running amalgam assembly for an electrodeless SEF fluorescent lamp includes a wire mesh amalgam support constructed to jointly optimize positions of a starting amalgam and a running amalgam in the lamp, thereby optimizing mercury vapor pressure in the lamp during both starting and steady-state operation in order to rapidly achieve and maintain high light output. The wire mesh amalgam support is constructed to support the starting amalgam toward one end thereof and the running amalgam toward the other end thereof, and the wire mesh is rolled for friction-fitting within the exhaust tube of the lamp. The positions of the starting and running amalgams on the wire mesh are jointly optimized such that high light output is achieved quickly and maintained, while avoiding any significant reduction in light output between starting and running operation.
Borowiec, Joseph Christopher (Schenectady, NY); Cocoma, John Paul (Clifton Park, NY); Roberts, Victor David (Burnt Hills, NY)
A new post-column reactor-laser induced fluorescence detector for capillary electrophoresis
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), a powerful separation method based on the differential migration of charged species under the influence of an electric field, has been widely used for separations covering from small ions to big biomolecules. Chapter 1 describes the method, then discusses detection of the separated analytes by laser induced fluorescence and by chemical derivatization, and the use of O-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) as a post-column reagent. Chapter 2 describes a post-column reactor which uses two narrow bore capillaries connected coaxially. This reactor differs from other coaxial reactors in terms of capillary dimensions, reagent flow control, ease of construction and most importantly, better limits of detection. The derivatization reagent is electroosmotically driven into the reaction capillary and the reagent flow rate is independently controlled by a high voltage power supply. Amino acids, amines and proteins, derivatized by OPA/2-mercaptoethanol using this post-column reactor coupled with LIF detection, show low attomole mass limits of detection, and for the first time, the authors demonstrate single cell capability with a post-column derivatization scheme. The single cell capability shows that this reactor could find applications in assaying non-fluorescent or electrochemically inactive components in individual biological cells in the future.
Zhang Liling
Nanogold{reg_sign}, a gold cluster with a core of gold atoms 1.4 nm in diameter, has proven to be a superior probe label for electron microscopy (EM), giving both higher labeling density and improved access to previously hindered or restricted antigens. It may be visualized by autometallography (AMG) for use in light microscopy (LM): silver-and gold-amplified Nanogold detection has proven to be one of the most sensitive methods available for the detection of low copy number targets such as viral DNA in cells and tissue specimens. AMG enhancement has also made Nanogold an effective detection label in blots and gels. The following protocols will be described: Labeling of nuclear components in cells. Protocol for in situ hybridization and detection with fluorescein-Nanogold--or Cy3{trademark}-Nanogold-labeled streptavidin. Nanogold is an inert molecule, and generally does not interact with biological molecules unless a specific chemical reactivity is introduced into the molecule. Conjugates are prepared using site-specific chemical conjugation through reactive chemical functionalities introduced during Nanogold preparation, which allows the gold label to be attached to a specific site on the conjugate biomolecule. For example, a maleimido-Nanogold derivative, which is specific for thiol binding, is frequently attached to the hinge region of an antibody at a unique thiol site generated by selective reduction of a hinge disulfide. This site is remote from the antigen combining region, and the Nanogold, therefore, does not compromise target binding. Nanogold may also be prepared with specific reactivity towards amines or other unique chemical groups. This mode of attachment enables the preparation of probes labeled with both Nanogold and fluorescent labels. Different chemical reactivities are used to attach the Nanogold and the fluorescent groups to different sites in the conjugate biomolecule, as shown in Figure 7.1. In this manner, the two labels are spaced sufficiently far apart that fluorescent resonance energy transfer does not quench the fluorescent signal, and the probes may be used to label specimens for fluorescent and EM observation in a single staining procedure. This reduces the complexity of the staining procedure, allowing less specimen perturbation, and also enables a higher degree of correlation between the fluorescence and EM localization of the target, thus increasing the usefulness of the complementary data sets. Since gold and fluorescent-labeled probes are often used at different concentrations under different conditions, optimum procedures for the use of fluorescent and gold probes may entail some degree of compromise between the most appropriate conditions for the two types of probes. However, the chemical stability of the Nanogold label means that it is generally stable to a wide range of use conditions, and the following protocols have been found to be effective for labeling specimens with combined fluorescein and Nanogold-labeled antibody Fab' probes and with combined Cy3 and Nanogold-labeled streptavidin.
Impurity studies in fusion devices using laser-fluorescence spectroscopy
Resonance fluorescence excitation of neutral atoms using tunable radiation from dye lasers offers a number of unique advantages for impurity studies in fusion devices. Using this technique, it is possible to perform local time-resolved measurements of the densities and velocity distributions of metallic impurities in fusion devices without disturbing the plasma. Velocities are measured by monitoring the fluorescence intensity while tuning narrow bandwidth laser radiation through the Doppler-broadened absorption spectrum of the transition. The knowledge of the velocity distribution of neutral impurities is particularly useful for the determination of impurity introduction mechanisms. The laser fluorescence technique will be described in terms of its application to metallic impurities in fusion devices and related laboratory experiments. Particular attention will be given to recent results from the ISX-B tokamak using pulsed dye lasers where detection sensitivities for neutral Fe of 10/sup 6/ atoms/cm/sup 3/ with a velocity resolution of 600 m/s (0.1 eV) have been achieved.
Husinsky, W.R.
Glovebox characterization and barrier integrity testing using fluorescent powder
This paper presents a method for characterizing the spread of contamination and testing the barrier integrity of a new glovebox during material transfer operations and glove change-outs using fluorescent powder. Argonne National Laboratory-West has performed this test on several new gloveboxes prior to putting them into service. The test is performed after the glovebox has been leak tested and all systems have been verified to be operational. The purpose of the test is to show that bag-in/bag-out operations and glove change-outs can be accomplished without spreading the actual contaminated material to non-contaminated areas. The characterization test also provides information as to where contamination might be expected to build-up during actual operations. The fluorescent powder is used because it is easily detectable using an ultra-violet light and disperses in a similar fashion to radioactive material. The characterization and barrier integrity test of a glovebox using fluorescent powder provides a visual method of determining areas of potential contamination accumulation and helps evaluate the ability to perform clean transfer operations and glove change-outs.
Wahlquist, D.R. [Argonne National Lab., Idaho Falls, ID (United States). Technology Development Div.
Remediation plan for fluorescent light fixtures containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
This report describes the remedial action to achieve compliance with 29 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements of fluorescent light fixtures containing PCBs at K-25 site. This remedial action is called the Remediation Plan for Fluorescent Light Fixtures Containing PCBs at the K-25 Site (The Plan). The Plan specifically discusses (1) conditions of non-compliance, (2) alternative solutions, (3) recommended solution, (4) remediation plan costs, (5) corrective action, (6) disposal of PCB waste, (7) training, and (8) plan conclusions. The results from inspections by Energy Systems personnel in 2 buildings at K-25 site and statistical extension of this data to 91 selected buildings at the K-25 site indicates that there are approximately 28,000 fluorescent light fixtures containing 47,036 ballasts. Approximately 38,531 contain PCBs and 2,799 of the 38,531 ballasts are leaking PCBs. Review of reportable occurrences at K-25 for the 12 month period of September 1990 through August 1991 shows that Energy Systems personnel reported 69 ballasts leaking PCBs. Each leaking ballast is in non-compliance with 29 CFR 1910 - Table Z-1-A. The age of the K-25 facilities indicate a continued and potential increase in ballasts leaking PCBs. This report considers 4 alternative solutions for dealing with the ballasts leaking PCBs. The advantages and disadvantages of each alternative solution are discussed and ranked using cost of remediation, reduction of health risks, and compliance with OSHA as criteria.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | December 1, 2010 What to Do if a Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) Bulb or
Fluorescent Light (CFL) Bulb or Fluorescent Tube Light Bulb Breaks in Your Home1 Fluorescent light bulbs contain a small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing. When a fluorescent bulb breaks in your home, some of this mercury is released as mercury vapor. The broken bulb can continue to release
McConnell, Terry
Performance of electronic ballasts and lighting controllers with 34-W fluorescent lamps: Final report
This study has measured the performance of energy-saving 34-watt F40, T-12, rapid-start, lite white fluorescent lamps being operated by solid-state ballasts and lighting control equipment. The performances of these lamps are compared with those of 40-watt F40, T-12 rapid-start cool white fluorescent lamp systems studied in the prior phase of this project. With the 34-watt F40 lamps and various solid-state ballasts, system efficacy ranged from 67 to 84 lumens per watt and ballast factor from 0.756 to 0.908. Average system efficacy using the 34-watt lamps exceeded that of systems using 40-watt lamps and the same solid-state ballasts by only 1 percent even though the 34-watt lamps is about 6 percent more efficacious than the 40-watt lamp. This apparent discrepancy is due to increased ballast losses when operating the 34-watt lamps. However, the system efficacy of the 34-watt lamps used with a solid-state ballast exceeded that of a 34-watt, two-lamp system using the standard core-coil ballast by as much as 29 percent. A T-8 fluorescent lamp system with a smaller lamp diameter was also included in the study. Operating this lamp with a solid-state ballast produced a high system efficacy of 90 lumens per watt, a 39 percent improvement over the efficacy of a 40-watt F40 system using the standard core-coil ballast. The use of static controllers with 34-watt F40 lamps can result in excessive flickering (46 percent) and the generation of a second harmonic as high as 96 percent of the fundamental frequency. The dynamic controllers, when used to dim the 34-watt lamps generally cannot be dimmed as low as the 40-watt lamp system without flickering. In general, the 34-watt energy-saving lamps are appropriate as a retrofit to reduce illumination levels. However, for new construction, the 40-watt F40 argon filled lamps cost less, perform better, and provide a more reliable system. 5 refs., 27 figs., 9 tabs.
Mercury reduction studies to facilitate the thermal decontamination of phosphor powder residues from spent fluorescent lamps
This work investigates the thermal release of mercury from phosphor powder of spent fluorescent lamps. The treatment conditions and the ability of various reducing agents (primarily sodium borohydride) to lower the overall heating temperature required to improve the release of Hg have been evaluated. Hg species in samples were monitored in a thermal desorption atomic absorption spectrometer system, and total mercury was analyzed in a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometer. Sodium borohydride was the best reducing agent among the ones studied. However, citric acid presented a high capacity to weaken mercury bonds with the matrix. When the sample was crushed with sodium borohydride for 40 min in a mass ratio of 10:1 (sample:reducing agent) and submitted to thermal treatment at 300 deg. C for 2 h, the concentration of mercury in a phosphor powder sample with 103 mg kg{sup -1} of mercury reached 6.6 mg kg{sup -1}.
Alves Durao, Walter [Chemistry Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Cidade Universitaria 30.123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil); Andreva de Castro, Camila [Chemistry Engineering Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) (Brazil); Carvalhinho Windmoeller, Claudia [Chemistry Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Cidade Universitaria 30.123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)], E-mail: email@example.com
The Many Applications of Refractory Metals - Programmaster.org
From medical imaging to the classic incandescent light bulb, refractory metals are critical in the most high-tech, demanding applications to common everyday�...
Gary Rozak
Oct 10, 2012 ... From medical imaging to the classic incandescent light bulb, refractory metals are critical in the most high-tech, demanding applications to�...
Energy for 500 Million Homes: Drivers and Outlook for Residential Energy Consumption in China
trends in residential space conditioning are affected byinto space heating, air conditioning, appliances, cookingSpace heating North Transition Ordinary efficient Highly efficient Incandescent Florescent CFL Air conditioning
Zhou, Nan
Light emitting polymers on flexible substrates for Naval firefighting applications .
??Display technologies in the current market range from the simple and cheap incandescent bulb behind a graphic overlay to the upwardly expensive flat panel high� (more)
Brisar, Jon David
Unusually high (oxidizer/Pu) ratios in the macro-residues from plutonium-droplet combustion
Individual submillimeter-diameter droplets of /sup 239/Pu-0.6w/o Ga alloy were laser ignited and burned during free fall through air. As with a number of other active metals, plutonium droplets burn as coherent, intensely incandescent bodies that explode near the end of combustion. Compared to many other metals, however, the explosive event with plutonium droplets is relatively mild, and, in most experiments, an essentially intact spherule of oxidized material can be retrieved afterward from the combustion chamber. The oxidizer-to-plutonium atomic ratios (O/Pu) of the exploded spherules retrieved in the experiments seem unusually high - from 3- to 5-fold greater than the pre-explosion ratios. Some possible explanations of the high apparent O/Pu ratios are: (1) the particles may have become contaminated after the explosion but before the microweighing; (2) the analyses may have been performed with only partially dissolved specimens; (3) one or more elements heavier than the oxidizer elements (i.e. Ga) may have concentrated in the post explosion residue, giving a false indication of the O/Pu ratio; (4) the specimens may be supersaturated or otherwise metastable solutions of oxygen or other oxidizers quenched in at combustion temperatures; or (5) there might be hitherto unknown hyperstoichiometric oxygen and/or nitrogen compounds of plutonium which form at high temperatures. (JMT)
Nelson, L.S.
Assaying protein import into mitochondria using fluorescence spectroscopy
Most proteins residing in the mitochondrial matrix are synthesized in the cytosol and post-translationally imported into the mitochondrial matrix. The matrix-targeted preproteins traverse the outer mitochondrial membrane (OM) via the Translocase of the Outer Membrane (TOM) complex, and the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM) via the Translocase of the Inner Membrane 23 (TIM23) complex. A novel system was set up to examine the import of matrix-targeted preproteins into mitochondria using fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescent probe 6-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4- yl)aminohexanoic acid (NBD) was site-specifically incorporated into different positions along the model matrix protein Su9-DHFR. The fluorescent-labeled polypeptides were either fully imported into isolated mitochondria or were arrested along the translocation pathway by the binding of methotrexate (MTX) to the DHFR moiety, creating NBDSu9- DHFR�?MTX import intermediates. The NBD-Su9-DHFR polypeptides were able to be fully imported into the mitochondrial matrix in the absence of MTX, and were inaccessible to externally-added iodide ion quenchers. Treatment of the mitochondria with the pore-forming antibiotic alamethicin allowed the iodide ion quenchers access to the matrix through pores in the inner membrane (IM). After Alamethicin treatment the fully-imported NBD-Su9-DHFR polypeptides were accessible to the externally-added iodide ions. The extent of collisional quenching of the NBD fluorophores by the iodide ions was measured as the Stern-Volmer quenching constant, Ksv. Ksv values were obtained for the NBD-Su9-DHFR polypeptides in the presence of MTX (import intermediates) or in the absence of MTX (fully-imported). The Ksv values for NBD-Su9- DHFR import intermediates were similar, despite the location of the NBD probe along the translocation pathway. These Ksv values were similar to those obtained for the fullyimported NBD-Su9-DHFR polypeptides (-MTX). The locations of the varying probe positions along the import pathway were addressed using chemical crosslinking of Su9- DHFR Cys mutants. The use of fluorescence spectroscopy, in association with chemical crosslinking, to analyze the mitochondrial protein import pathways will prove a useful tool to probe the environment of the nascent chain as it is crossing the import pathway (the TOM, TIM23 complexes).
Cargill, Holly Beth
Fluorescence emission induced by extensive air showers in dependence on atmospheric conditions
Charged particles of extensive air showers (EAS), mainly electrons and positrons, initiate the emission of fluorescence light in the Earth's atmosphere. This light provides a calorimetric measurement of the energy of cosmic rays. For reconstructing the primary energy from an observed light track of an EAS, the fluorescence yield in air has to be known in dependence on atmospheric conditions, like air temperature, pressure, and humidity. Several experiments on fluorescence emission have published various sets of data covering different parts of the dependence of the fluorescence yield on atmospheric conditions. Using a compilation of published measurements, a calculation of the fluorescence yield in dependence on altitude is presented. The fluorescence calculation is applied to simulated air showers and different atmospheric profiles to estimate the influence of the atmospheric conditions on the reconstructed shower parameters.
Keilhauer, Bianca
The Energy Efficiency of the U.S Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Industry
The Energy Efficiency of the U.S Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Industry The Energy Efficiency of the U.S Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Industry Speaker(s): Francis Rubinstein Date: February 14, 2008 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Fluorescent lamp ballasts are subject to DOE appliance standards and rulemaking. But currently, only ballasts for older fluorescent lamp types, such as T-12 lamps are subject to minimum efficacy limits. The majority of fluorescent lamps now being shipped (T-8 and T-5 types) type are operated by ballasts that will not be subject to DOE rule until 2011. The metric used by DOE for characterizing the electrical efficiency of the fluorescent lamp-ballast system is called Ballast Efficacy Factor (BEF). Because BEF is not normalized, it is of limited utility for rulemaking and is useless for procurement. But by normalizing BEF to the total lamp power, I have
Lighting Options for Homes.
This report covers many aspects of various lighting options for homes. Types of light sources described include natural light, artificial light, incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, and high intensity discharge lamps. A light source selection guide gives the physical characteristics of these, design considerations, and common applications. Color, strategies for efficient lighting, and types of lighting are discussed. There is one section giving tips for various situations in specific rooms. Rooms and types of fixtures are shown on a matrix with watts saved by using the recommended type lighting for that room and room location. A major emphasis of this report is saving energy by utilizing the most suitable, recommended lighting option. (BN)
Baker, W.S.
U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Categorical Exclusion Determination Form
U.S. Department of Energy Categorical Exclusion Determination Form Program or Field Office: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Phase III Xlerator Program Funding Opportunity Number DE-FOA-0000397 Applicant Name: Universal Display Corporation Location: Ewing, NJ Project Title Energy Saving Phosphorescent OLED Luminaires Proposed Action or Project Description American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are potentially inexpensive and highly efficient diffuse light sources that may compete directly with and offer a 'green' alternative to incandescent and fluorescent light sources. OLEDs also offer unique design possibilities that could potentially revolutionize the industry
Single-Atom Resolved Fluorescence Imaging of an Atomic Mott Insulator
The reliable detection of single quantum particles has revolutionized the field of quantum optics and quantum information processing. For several years, researchers have aspired to extend such detection possibilities to larger scale strongly correlated quantum systems, in order to record in-situ images of a quantum fluid in which each underlying quantum particle is detected. Here we report on fluorescence imaging of strongly interacting bosonic Mott insulators in an optical lattice with single-atom and single-site resolution. From our images, we fully reconstruct the atom distribution on the lattice and identify individual excitations with high fidelity. A comparison of the radial density and variance distributions with theory provides a precise in-situ temperature and entropy measurement from single images. We observe Mott-insulating plateaus with near zero entropy and clearly resolve the high entropy rings separating them although their width is of the order of only a single lattice site. Furthermore, we show how a Mott insulator melts for increasing temperatures due to a proliferation of local defects. Our experiments open a new avenue for the manipulation and analysis of strongly interacting quantum gases on a lattice, as well as for quantum information processing with ultracold atoms. Using the high spatial resolution, it is now possible to directly address individual lattice sites. One could, e.g., introduce local perturbations or access regions of high entropy, a crucial requirement for the implementation of novel cooling schemes for atoms on a lattice.
Jacob F. Sherson; Christof Weitenberg; Manuel Endres; Marc Cheneau; Immanuel Bloch; Stefan Kuhr
Optical Imaging of Bacterial Infection in Living Mice Using a Fluorescent Near-Infrared Molecular Probe
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, NIST Center for Theoretical and Computational Nanosciences substrates,9 and antibiotic drugs.10 Recently, we discovered that fluorescent molecular probes containing syn
Smith, Bradley D.
S.D. Ambers, �Assesment of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescencefor Spent Nuclear Fuel Assay,� Inst. of Nucl. Mat. Man. ,clandestine material with nuclear resonance fluorescence,�
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence to Measure Plutonium Mass in Spent Nuclear Fuel
and Nuclear Recoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Quantitative Measurements using NRF 2.1 Nuclear ResonanceFuture Work A Transmission Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence
Ludewigt, Bernhard A
Shelf life of five meat products displayed under light emitting diode or fluorescent lighting.
??Light emitting diode (LED) and fluorescent (FLS) lighting effects on enhanced pork loin chops, beef longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus steaks, ground beef, and ground turkey� (more)
Steele, Kyle Stover
Dimming of Compact Fluorescent Lamps Caused By Cold-Air Drafts
This Case Study documents the investigation performed by the New York Port Authority (PA) of the dimming of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in the World Trade Center.
Anatomy-Based Algorithms for Detecting Oral Cancer Using Reflectance and Fluorescence Spectroscopy
OBJECTIVES: We used reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy to noninvasively and quantitatively distinguish benign from dysplastic/malignant oral lesions. We designed diagnostic algorithms to account for differences in ...
McGee, Sasha
Fluorescence spectrum analysis using Fourier series modeling for Fluorescein solution in Ethanol
We have measured the fluorescence spectrum for fluorescein solution in ethanol with concentration 1 {\\times} 10-3 mol/liter at different temperatures from room temperature to freezing point of solvent, (T = 153, 183, 223, 253, and 303 K) using liquid nitrogen. Table curve 2D version 5.01 program has been used to determine the fitting curve and fitting equation for each fluorescence spectrum. Fourier series (3 {\\times} 2) was the most suitable fitting equation for all spectra. Theoretical fluorescence spectrum of fluorescein in ethanol at T = 183K was calculated and compared with experimental fluorescence spectrum at the same temperature. There is a good similarity between them.
Hadi, Mahasin F
Excitation-emission spectra and fluorescence quantum yields for fresh and aged biogenic secondary organic aerosols
Certain biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOA) become absorbent and fluorescent when exposed to reduced nitrogen compounds such as ammonia, amines and their salts. Fluorescent SOA may potentially be mistaken for biological particles by detection methods relying on fluorescence. This work quantifies the spectral distribution and effective quantum yields of fluorescence of SOA generated from two monoterpenes, limonene and a-pinene, and two different oxidants, ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (OH). The SOA was generated in a smog chamber, collected on substrates, and aged by exposure to ~100 ppb ammonia vapor in air saturated with water vapor. Absorption and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra of aqueous extracts of aged and control SOA samples were measured, and the effective absorption coefficients and fluorescence quantum yields (~0.005 for 349 nm excitation) were determined from the data. The strongest fluorescence for the limonene-derived SOA was observed for excitation = 420+- 50 nm and emission = 475 +- 38 nm. The window of the strongest fluorescence shifted to excitation = 320 +- 25 nm and emission = 425 +- 38 nm for the a-pinene-derived SOA. Both regions overlap with the excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra of some of the fluorophores found in primary biological aerosols. Our study suggests that, despite the low quantum yield, the aged SOA particles should have sufficient fluorescence intensities to interfere with the fluorescence detection of common bioaerosols.
Lee, Hyun Ji; Laskin, Alexander; Laskin, Julia; Nizkorodov, Sergey A.
Diagnosing breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy
Using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, we have developed an algorithm that successfully classifies normal breast tissue, fibrocystic change, fibroadenoma, and infiltrating ductal ...
Fitzmaurice, Maryann
Free Volume Related Fluorescence Properties of Electron Irradiated Chalcone Doped PMMA Films
Effect of electron irradiation on free volume related fluorescence properties of chalcone doped Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) composite films have been studied using Positron Annihilation and Fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. In this polymer composite, enhancement of fluorescence at lower doses and reduction at higher doses has been observed under electron irradiation. From Positron annihilation studies suggests that at lower doses of irradiation induced crosslinking which affect the free volume properties and inturn hinders the chalcone molecular rotation. At higher doses chain scission process affect matrix relaxation. Under the restricted condition the chromophore molecules likely to emit enhanced fluorescence and its mobility is directly related to the free volume around it.
Ravindrachary, Ismayil V.; Bhajantri, R. F.; Harisha, A. [Department of Physics, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri - 574 199 (India); Praveena, S. D. [Department of Physics, K.V.G College of Engineering, Kurunjibhag, Sullia, Karnataka - 574 327 (India)
Transmission Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence Measurements of 238U in Thick Targets
G. Rusev, and A.P. Tonchev, Transmission-based detection ofas it traverses the transmission detection sheet. The secondTransmission Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence Measurements of
Quiter, Brian J.
Fluorescence-based detection methodologies for nitric oxide using transition metal scaffolds
Chapter 1. Fluorescence-Based Detection Methodologies for Nitric Oxide: A Review. Chapter 2. Cobalt Chemistry with Mixed Aminotroponimine Salicylaldimine Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Nitric Oxide Reactivity. ...
Hilderbrand, Scott A. (Scott Alan), 1976-
Section 5.4.1 Linear Fluorescent Lighting: Greening Federal Facilities...
and color temperature. When specifying a lighting sys- tem, be sure that the lamp and ballast are electrically matched and the lamp and fixture optically matched. Fluorescent lamp...
Capillary electrophoresis-fluorescence line narrowing system (CE-FLNS) for on-line structural characterization
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is interfaced with low temperature fluorescence line-narrowing (FLN) spectroscopy for on-line structural characterization of separated molecular analytes.
Jankowiak, Ryszard J. (Ames, IA); Small, Gerald J. (Ames, IA); Shields, Peter A. (Reading, MA)
Nanofabrication, Plasmon Enhanced Fluorescence and Photo-oxidation Kinetics of CdSe Nanoparticles
Unconventional nanofabrication techniques; both those which have been newly developed and those under development, had brought inexpensive, facile, yet high quality means to fabricate nanostructures that have feature sizes of less than 100 nm in industry and academia. This dissertation focuses on developing unconventional fabrication techniques, building studying platforms, and studying the mechanisms behind them. The studies are divided into two main facets and four chapters. The first facet, in Chapter II and Chapter III, deals with the research and development of different nanofabrication techniques and nanostructures. These techniques include litho-synthesis, colloidal lithography, and photolithography. The nanostructures that were fabricated by these techniques include the metal nanoparticle arrays, and the self-assembled CdSe nanoring arrays. At the same time, the dissertation provides mechanisms and models to describe the physical and chemical nature of these techniques. The second area of this study, in Chapter III to Chapter V, presents the applications of these nanostructures in fundamental studies, i.e. the mechanisms of plasmon enhanced fluorescence and photo-oxidation kinetics of CdSe quantum dots, and applications such as molecular sensing and material fabrication. More specifically, these applications include tuning the optical properties of CdSe quantum dots, biomodification of CdSe quantum dots, and copper ion detection using plasmon and photo enhanced CdSe quantum dots. We have successfully accomplished our research goals in this dissertation. Firstly, we were able to tune the emission wavelength of quantum dots, blue-shifted for up to 45 nm, and their surface functionalization with photo-oxidation. A kinetic model to calculate the photo-oxidation rates was established. Secondly, we established a simple mathematical model to explain the mechanism of plasmon enhanced fluoresce of quantum dots. Our calculation and experimental data support the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism between quantum dots and the metal nanoparticles. Thirdly, we successfully pattered the CdSe quantum dots (diameter ~4 nm) into nanorings with tunable diameters and annular sizes on different substrates. We also established a physical model to quantitatively explain the mechanism with the forces that involved in the formation of the nanorings.
Chen, Jixin
Cerenkov emission induced by external beam radiation stimulates molecular fluorescence
Purpose: Cerenkov emission is induced when a charged particle moves faster than the speed of light in a given medium. Both x-ray photons and electrons produce optical Cerenkov photons in everyday radiation therapy of tissue; yet, this phenomenon has never been fully documented. This study quantifies the emissions and also demonstrates that the Cerenkov emission can excite a fluorophore, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), embedded in biological phantoms. Methods: In this study, Cerenkov emission induced by radiation from a clinical linear accelerator is investigated. Biological mimicking phantoms were irradiated with x-ray photons, with energies of 6 or 18 MV, or electrons at energies 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 MeV. The Cerenkov emission and the induced molecular fluorescence were detected by a camera or a spectrometer equipped with a fiber optic cable. Results: It is shown that both x-ray photons and electrons, at MeV energies, produce optical Cerenkov photons in tissue mimicking media. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Cerenkov emission can excite a fluorophore, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), embedded in biological phantoms. Conclusions: The results here indicate that molecular fluorescence monitoring during external beam radiotherapy is possible.
Axelsson, Johan; Davis, Scott C.; Gladstone, David J.; Pogue, Brian W. [Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (United States); Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766 (United States); Thayer School of Engineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (United States)
Research and Development of a New Field Enhanced Low Temperature Thermionic Cathode that Enables Fluorescent Dimming and Loan Shedding without Auxiliary Cathode Heating
This is the final report for project entitled 'Research and development of a new field enhanced low temperature thermionic cathode that enables fluorescent dimming and load shedding without auxiliary cathode heating', under Agreement Number: DE-FC26-04NT-42329. Under this project, a highly efficient CNT based thermionic cathode was demonstrated. This cathode is capable of emitting electron at a current density two order of magnitude stronger then a typical fluorescent cathode at same temperatures, or capable of emitting at same current density but at temperature about 300 C lower than that of a fluorescent cathode. Detailed fabrication techniques were developed including CVD growth of CNTs and sputter deposition of oxide thin films on CNTs. These are mature technologies that have been widely used in industry for large scale materials processing and device fabrications, thus, with further development work, the techniques developed in this project can be scaled-up in manufacturing environment. The prototype cathodes developed in this project were tested in lighting plasma discharge environment. In many cases, they not only lit and sustain the plasma, but also out perform the fluorescent cathodes in key parameters such like cathode fall voltages. More work will be needed to further evaluate more detailed and longer term performance of the prototype cathode in lighting plasma.
Feng Jin
Energy-Efficient, High-Color-Rendering LED Lamps Using Oxyfluoride and Fluoride Phosphors
LED lamps using phosphor downconversion can be designed to replace incandescent or halogen sources with a 'warm-white' correlated color temperature (CCT) of 2700-3200 K and a color rendering index (CRI) greater than 90. However, these lamps have efficacies of {approx}70% of standard 'cool-white' LED packages (CCT = 4500-6000 K; CRI = 75-80). In this report, we describe structural and luminescence properties of fluoride and oxyfluoride phosphors, specifically a (Sr,Ca){sub 3}(Al,Si)O{sub 4}(F,O):Ce{sup 3+} yellow-green phosphor and a K{sub 2}TiF{sub 6}:Mn{sup 4+} red phosphor, that can reduce this gap and therefore meet the spectral and efficiency requirements for high-efficacy LED lighting. LED lamps with a warm-white color temperature (3088 K), high CRI (90), and an efficacy of {approx}82 lm/W are demonstrated using these phosphors. This efficacy is {approx}85% of comparable cool-white lamps using typical Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}:Ce{sup 3+}-based phosphors, significantly reducing the efficacy gap between warm-white and cool-white LED lamps that use phosphor downconversion.
Setlur, A.; Radkov, E; Henderson, C; Her, J; Srivastava, A; Karkada, N; Kishore, M; Kumar, N; Aesram, D; et al.
Measurement and model assessment of fluorescence lifetime sensing in multiply scattering media
The generation and propagation of fluorescence light within biological tissue offers the potential for biomedical diagnostics and analyte sensing. Arising from an exogenous fluorescent dye injected as a contrast agent or immobilized in a polymer implant, the fluorescent decay kinetics can be sensitive to the tissue??s biochemical environment, providing quantitative in vivo information of the confined tissue site. The impact of light propagation and decay kinetics upon the measured signals is important for consideration, simply because tissue scatters light, giving rise to nanosecond photon time-of-flights that are comparable to fluorescence relaxation kinetics. The goal of this study is to develop a time-dependent model describing (i) the generation of fluorescence from dyes exhibiting multi-exponential or more complex kinetics and (ii) its propagation in scattering media. In the preliminary study, fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy is investigated in tissue-like scattering solution. Two fluorescent dyes, 3,3-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTCI) and Indocynanine Green (ICG), which exhibit distinctly different lifetimes and each exhibits single-exponential decay kinetics, were employed. Measurements of phase-modulation as a function of modulation frequency were made at varying concentration ratios of the two dyes to experimentally simulate fluorescence multi-exponential decay kinetics in non-scattering and scattering solutions. The results suggest that frequency-domain measurements of fluorescent decay kinetics along with models of light propagation may be enhanced by scatter in order to probe kinetics more sensitively than in non-scattering solutions. The next study involved fluorescence lifetime sensing in scattering and non-scattering solutions with a pH sensitive dye, Carboxy Seminaphthofluorescein-1 (C-SNAFL-1), which is known to exhibit multi-exponential decay kinetics. The results demonstrate accurate pH sensing in scattering solution via fluorescence kinetics using a simplified propagation model incorporating an average lifetime. Finally, fluorescence lifetime sensing in immobilized systems were investigated. C-SNAFL-1 was immobilized in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microparticles that were immersed in buffered polystyrene solutions. The results demonstrate the ability to perform pH sensing with fluorescence lifetime without the confounding effect of fluorophore loading or the use of 'reference' measurement within multiply scattering systems. In addition, the stability of the immobilized fluorescence sensor and the reliability of fluorescence lifetime measurement verify the prospect of this technology for implantable purposes.
Kuwana, Eddy
Lighting Basics | Department of Energy
Lighting Basics Lighting Basics Lighting Basics August 15, 2013 - 5:12pm Addthis Text Version There are many different types of artificial lights, all of which have different applications and uses. Types of lighting include: Fluorescent Lighting High-intensity Discharge Lighting Incandescent Lighting LED Lighting Low-pressure Sodium Lighting. Which type is best depends on the application. See the chart below for a comparison of lighting types. Lighting Comparison Chart Lighting Type Efficacy (lumens/watt) Lifetime (hours) Color Rendition Index (CRI) Color Temperature (K) Indoors/Outdoors Fluorescent Straight Tube 30-110 7000-24,000 50-90 (fair to good) 2700-6500 (warm to cold) Indoors/outdoors Compact Fluorescent 50-70 10,000 65-88 (good) 2700-6500 (warm to cold) Indoors/outdoors
Directed evolution methods for improving polypeptide folding and solubility and superfolder fluorescent proteins generated thereby
The current invention provides methods of improving folding of polypeptides using a poorly folding domain as a component of a fusion protein comprising the poorly folding domain and a polypeptide of interest to be improved. The invention also provides novel green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) and red fluorescent proteins that have enhanced folding properties.
Waldo, Geoffrey S. (Santa Fe, NM)
Nucleic acid encoding a self-assembling split-fluorescent protein system
The invention provides a protein labeling and detection system based on self-complementing fragments of fluorescent and chromophoric proteins. The system of the invention is exemplified with various combinations of self-complementing fragments derived from Aequorea victoria Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), which are used to detect and quantify protein solubility in multiple assay formats, both in vitro and in vivo.
Waldo, Geoffrey S. (Santa Fe, NM); Cabantous, Stephanie (Los Alamos, NM)
Studies of the laser-induced fluorescence of explosives and explosive compositions.
Continuing use of explosives by terrorists throughout the world has led to great interest in explosives detection technology, especially in technologies that have potential for standoff detection. This LDRD was undertaken in order to investigate the possible detection of explosive particulates at safe standoff distances in an attempt to identify vehicles that might contain large vehicle bombs (LVBs). The explosives investigated have included the common homogeneous or molecular explosives, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), cyclonite or hexogen (RDX), octogen (HMX), and the heterogeneous explosive, ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO), and its components. We have investigated standard excited/dispersed fluorescence, laser-excited prompt and delayed dispersed fluorescence using excitation wavelengths of 266 and 355 nm, the effects of polarization of the laser excitation light, and fluorescence imaging microscopy using 365- and 470-nm excitation. The four nitro-based, homogeneous explosives (TNT, PETN, RDX, and HMX) exhibit virtually no native fluorescence, but do exhibit quenching effects of varying magnitude when adsorbed on fluorescing surfaces. Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixtures fluoresce primarily due to the fuel oil, and, in some cases, due to the presence of hydrophobic coatings on ammonium nitrate prill or impurities in the ammonium nitrate itself. Pure ammonium nitrate shows no detectable fluorescence. These results are of scientific interest, but they provide little hope for the use of UV-excited fluorescence as a technique to perform safe standoff detection of adsorbed explosive particulates under real-world conditions with a useful degree of reliability.
Hargis, Philip Joseph, Jr. (,; .); Thorne, Lawrence R.; Phifer, Carol Celeste; Parmeter, John Ethan; Schmitt, Randal L.
Fluorescence and Hybrid Detection Aperture of the Pierre Auger Observatory
The aperture of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory is evaluated from simulated events using different detector configurations: mono, stereo, 3-FD and 4-FD. The trigger efficiency has been modeled using shower profiles with ground impacts in the field of view of a single telescope and studying the trigger response (at the different levels) by that telescope and by its neighbours. In addition, analysis cuts imposed by event reconstruction have been applied. The hybrid aperture is then derived for the Auger final extension. Taking into account the actual Surface Detector (SD) array configuration and its trigger response, the aperture is also calculated for a typical configuration of the present phase.
J. A. Bellido; D. D'Urso; H. Geenen; F. Guarino; L. Perrone; S. Petrera; L. Prado Jr.; F. Salamida
Fluorescent Functionalized Mesoporous Silica for Radioactive Material Extraction
Mesoporous silica with covalently bound salicylic acid molecules incorporated in the structure was synthesized with a one-pot, co-condensation reaction at room temperature. The as-synthesized material has a large surface area, uniform particle size, and an ordered pore structure as determined by characterization with transmission electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and infrared spectra, etc. Using the strong fluorescence and metal coordination capability of salicylic acid, functionalized mesoporous silica (FMS) was developed to track and extract radionuclide contaminants, such as uranyl [U(VI)] ions encountered in subsurface environments. Adsorption measurements showed a strong affinity of the FMS toward U(VI) with a Kd value of 105 mL/g, which is four orders of magnitude higher than the adsorption of U(VI) onto most of the sediments in natural environments. The new materials have a potential for synergistic environmental monitoring and remediation of the radionuclide U(VI) from contaminated subsurface environments.
Li, Juan; Zhu, Kake; Shang, Jianying; Wang, Donghai; Nie, Zimin; Guo, Ruisong; Liu, Chongxuan; Wang, Zheming; Li, Xiaolin; Liu, Jun
DOE Withdraws the Energy Star Label from 34 Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs
the Energy Star Label from 34 Compact Fluorescent the Energy Star Label from 34 Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs DOE Withdraws the Energy Star Label from 34 Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs January 26, 2010 - 11:41am Addthis Washington, DC - On January 25th, the General Counsel notified 25 manufacturers that the Department of Energy has withdrawn their right to use the Energy Star label on 34 different models of compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs). The Department took this action after its off-the-shelf testing revealed that the affected models do not last as long in regular use as Energy Star certification would require. As a result, these manufacturers have been informed that they can no longer ship or sell any of the 34 models of CFLs bearing the Energy Star label on the bulb or its packaging. All compact fluorescent light bulbs use about 75 percent less energy and
Hand-held X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) | Open Energy Information
Hand-held X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Hand-held X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Technique: Hand-held X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) NEPA(0) Exploration Technique Information Exploration Group: Field Techniques Exploration Sub Group: Data Collection and Mapping Parent Exploration Technique: Data Collection and Mapping Information Provided by Technique Lithology: Bulk and trace element analysis of rocks, minerals, and sediments. Stratigraphic/Structural: Hydrological: Thermal: Dictionary.png Hand-held X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF): Hand-held X-Ray Fluorescence is a portable analytical technique derived from the instrumentation used in traditional lab-based XRF analysis. The technique is used for bulk chemical analysis of rock, mineral, and sediment
In Situ Measurement of Tropospheric OH Radicals by Laser-Induced Fluorescence�A Description of the KFA Instrument
An instrument for the measurement of tropospheric OH radical concentrations by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy has been developed. Ambient air is expanded through a nozzle into a low-pressure fluorescence cell and is irradiated by a ...
F. Holland; M. Hessling; A. Hofzumahaus
Cyanine-based probe\\tag-peptide pair for fluorescence protein imaging and fluorescence protein imaging methods
Mayer-Cumblidge, M. Uljana (Richland, WA); Cao, Haishi (Richland, WA)
A high-resolution large-acceptance analyzer for X-ray fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy
E. Berman and Z. Yin, at the NSLS as well as Dr. H. Tompkinswhich was taken at the NSLS beamline X-25 shows a cleanwith soft X-rays. At the NSLS wiggler beamline X-25, we
Bergmann, Uwe; Cramer, Stephen P.
Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Protein Biomarker Using a Portable Fluorescence Biosensor based on Quantum Dots and a Lateral Flow Test Strip
A portable fluorescence biosensor with rapid and ultrasensitive response for trace protein has been built up with quantum dots and lateral flow test strip. The superior signal brightness and high photostability of quantum dots are combined with the promising advantages of lateral flow test strip and resulted in high sensitivity, selectivity and speedy for protein detection. Nitrated ceruloplasmin, a significant biomarker for cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and stress response to smoking, was used as model protein to demonstrate the good performances of this proposed Qdot-based lateral flow test strip. Quantitative detection of nitrated ceruloplasmin was realized by recording the fluorescence intensity of quantum dots captured on the test line. Under optimal conditions, this portable fluorescence biosensor displays rapid responses for nitrated ceruloplasmin in wide dynamic range with a detection limit of 0.1ng/mL (S/N=3). Furthermore, the biosensor was successfully utilized for spiked human plasma sample detection with the concentration as low as 1ng/mL. The results demonstrate that the quantum dot-based lateral flow test strip is capable for rapid, sensitive, and quantitative detection of nitrated ceruloplasmin and hold a great promise for point-of-care and in field analysis of other protein biomarkers.
Li, Zhaohui; Wang, Ying; Wang, Jun; Tang, Zhiwen; Pounds, Joel G.; Lin, Yuehe
Use of Modern Chemical Protein Synthesis and Advanced Fluorescent Assay Techniques to Experimentally Validate the Functional Annotation of Microbial Genomes
The objective of this research program was to prototype methods for the chemical synthesis of predicted protein molecules in annotated microbial genomes. High throughput chemical methods were to be used to make large numbers of predicted proteins and protein domains, based on microbial genome sequences. Microscale chemical synthesis methods for the parallel preparation of peptide-thioester building blocks were developed; these peptide segments are used for the parallel chemical synthesis of proteins and protein domains. Ultimately, it is envisaged that these synthetic molecules would be �printed� in spatially addressable arrays. The unique ability of total synthesis to precision label protein molecules with dyes and with chemical or biochemical �tags� can be used to facilitate novel assay technologies adapted from state-of-the art single molecule fluorescence detection techniques. In the future, in conjunction with modern laboratory automation this integrated set of techniques will enable high throughput experimental validation of the functional annotation of microbial genomes.
Kent, Stephen [University of Chicago
High energy resolution five-crystal spectrometer for high quality fluorescence and absorption measurements on an X-ray Absorption
at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). It will be unique among nuclear fuel irradiation at Idaho National Laboratory for fabrication of metallic nuclear fuels rods. A small bench scale caster and emission applications, and study their optical properties. Colloidal nanomaterials for light harvesting
On-site demonstration procedure for solid-state fluorescent ballast
The report was presented to plant engineers and managers who were involved in an on-site demonstration of EETech solid-state ballasts for two 40-watt T12 fluorescent lamps. The report includes a brief review of the operating principles of solid-state fluorescent ballasts and the status of development achieved during the LBL program. The remainder of the test describes the techniques of managing and instrumenting a test area for assessing the performance of solid-state fluorescent ballasts at an occupied site.
Verderber, R.; Morse, O.
Scanning Lidar Based Atmospheric Monitoring for Fluorescent Detectors of Cosmic Showers
Measurements of the cosmic-ray air-shower fluorescence at extreme energies require precise knowledge of atmospheric conditions. The absolute calibration of the cosmic-ray energy depends on the absorption of fluorescence light between its origin and point of its detection. To reconstruct basic atmospheric parameters we review a novel analysis method based on two- and multi-angle measurements performed by the scanning backscatter lidar system. Applied inversion methods, optical depth, absorption and backscatter coefficient, as well as other parameters that enter the lidar equation are discussed in connection to the attenuation of the light traveling from shower to fluorescence detector.
A. Filipcic; M. Horvat; D. Veberic; D. Zavrtanik; M. Zavrtanik
Diagnostic Implications of the Reactivity of Fluorescence Tracers
Measurements of fuel concentration distributions with planar laser induced fluorescence of tracer molecules that are added to a base fuel are commonly used in combustion research and development. It usually is assumed that the tracer concentration follows the parent fuel concentration if physical properties such as those determining evaporation are matched. As an example to address this general issue a computational study of combustion of biacetyl/iso-octane mixtures was performed to investigate how well the concentration of biacetyl represents the concentration of iso-octane. For premixed mixture conditions with flame propagation the spatial concentration profiles of the two species in the flame front are separated by 110 {micro}m at 1 bar and by 11 {micro}m at 10 bar. For practical applications this spatial separation is insignificantly small. However, for conditions that mimic ignition and combustion in diesel and HCCI-like operation the differences in tracer and fuel concentration can be significant, exceeding hundreds of percent. At low initial temperature biacetyl was found to be more stable whereas at higher temperature (>1000K) iso-octane is more stable. Similar findings were obtained for a multi-component fuel comprised of iso-octane, n-heptane, methylcyclohexane, and toluene. It may be assumed that similar differences can exist for other tracer/fuel combinations. Caution has therefore to be applied when interpreting PLIF measurements in homogeneous reaction conditions such as in HCCI engine studies.
Sick, V; Westbrook, C
Magnetic fluorescent ballasts: Market data, market imperfections, and policy success
Many economists have strongly questioned engineering-economic studies aimed at demonstrating anomalously slow diffusion of energy-efficient technology and the benefits of regulations to promote such technology. One argument against such studies is that standard techniques of engineering-economics are either inappropriate for or are routinely misapplied in assessing the performance of the market for energy efficiency. This paper presents engineering-economic evidence on the diffusion of energy efficiency improvements that takes account of such critiques. The authors examine the engineering and economic characteristics of standard and energy-efficient magnetic ballasts for fluorescent lighting. Efficient magnetic ballasts represented an excellent investment for 99% of the commercial building floor stock, and a moderately good investment for 0.7% of the commercial floor stock. Still, these ballasts were only being adopted in the 1980s at a rate commensurate with the enactment of appliance efficiency standards in various states. In this case, there is solid empirical evidence for skepticism about the effectiveness of the market mechanism in promoting cost-effective energy efficiency improvements as well as evidence of the benefits of regulation to counteract this shortcoming.
Koomey, J.G.; Sanstad, A.H.; Shown, L.J.
Strategy Guideline: High Performance Residential Lighting
The Strategy Guideline: High Performance Residential Lighting has been developed to provide a tool for the understanding and application of high performance lighting in the home. The high performance lighting strategies featured in this guide are drawn from recent advances in commercial lighting for application to typical spaces found in residential buildings. This guide offers strategies to greatly reduce lighting energy use through the application of high quality fluorescent and light emitting diode (LED) technologies. It is important to note that these strategies not only save energy in the home but also serve to satisfy the homeowner's expectations for high quality lighting.
Holton, J.
Forster Resonance Energy Transfer and Laser Fluorescent Analysis of Defects in DNA Double Helix
Real time laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy usage for microanalysis of DNA double helix defects is shown. The method is based on Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in intercalator-donor pair (acridine orange as a donor and ethidium bromide as an acceptor). Transition metal ions such as Cu(II), Cu(I), Ag(I), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), photo- and thermo effects were used to cause double helix defects in DNA. FRET radii were experimentally estimated in background electrolyte solution (0.01 M NaNO3) and proved to be 3.9 +- 0.3 nm and the data are in satisfactory agreement with the theoretically calculated value Ro = 3.5 +- 0.3 nm. Concentration of DNA sites, exposed to Cu(II), Cu(I), Ag(I) ions, AgNPs impact as well as laser irradiation ({\\lambda} = 457 nm) and temperature, which are applicable for intercalation, were estimated in relative units. FRET method allows to estimate the concentration of double helix areas with high quality stability applicable for intercalation in DNA after it was subjec...
Bregadze, Vasil G; Giorgadze, Tamar G; Jaliashvili, Zaza V; Chkhaberidze, Jemal G; Monaselidze, Jamlet R; Khuskivadze, Temur B
Inhibitory study of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 using a fluorescent approach
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) play important roles in both normal physiology and human diseases. Deregulation of PRMT activity has been linked to several pathological states such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Herein, we report our work of designing and using new fluorescent reporters to perform single-step analysis of substrate binding and methylation by PRMT1. Both fluorescence intensity and anisotropy of the two reporters, R4-FL and H4-FL, were shown to effectively manifest enzyme-substrate interactions, highlighting their application in investigating PRMT inhibitors. In particular, the methylation process of R4-FL can be directly studied using fluorescence intensity readout. By combining the fluorescent measurement with radioactive analysis, we determined that AMI-1 inhibits PRMT1 activity through the mechanism of blocking peptide substrate binding.
Feng You; Xie Nan; Wu Jiang; Yang Chao [Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302 (United States); Zheng, Yujun George [Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302 (United States)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Mechanism of the efficient quenching of tryptophan fluorescence in human gamma crystallin
Quenching of the fluorescence of buried tryptophans (Trps) is an important reporter of protein conformation. Human [gamma]D-crystallin (H[gamma]D-Crys) and human [gamma]S-crystallin (H[gamma]S-Crys) are both very stable ...
Chen, Jiejin, Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Time resolved fluorescence of CdSe nanocrystals using single molecule spectroscopy
A wide variety of spectroscopic studies of CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) are presented in this thesis, all studying some aspect of the temporal evolution of NC fluorescence tinder different conditions. In particular the methods ...
Fisher, Brent R
Non-invasive detection of oral cancer using reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy
In vivo reflectance and fluorescence spectra were collected from patients with oral lesions, as well as healthy volunteers, in order to evaluate the potential of spectroscopy to serve as a non-invasive tool for the detection ...
McGee, Sasha Alanda
LED-Induced Fluorescence System for Tea Classification and Quality Assessment
A fluorescence system is developed by using several light emitting diodes (LEDs) with different wavelengths as excitation light sources. The fluorescence detection head consists of multi LED light sources and a multimode fiber for fluorescence collection, where the LEDs and the corresponding filters can be easily chosen to get appropriate excitation wavelengths for different applications. By analyzing fluorescence spectra with the principal component analysis method, the system is utilized in the classification of four types of green tea beverages and two types of black tea beverages. Qualities of the Xihu Longjing tea leaves of different grades, as well as the corresponding liquid tea samples, are studied to further investigate the ability and application of the system in the evaluation of classification/quality of tea and other foods.
Dong, Yongjiang; Mei, Liang; Feng, Chao; Yan, Chunsheng; He, Sailing
Fluorescence for Spent Nuclear Fuel Assay,� Inst. of Nucl.239 Pu content in spent nuclear fuel [4, 5]. Development ofin the context of spent nuclear fuel, summarizes the results
Turn-on fluorescent probes for detecting nitric oxide in biology
Chapter 1. Investigating the Biological Roles of Nitric Oxide and Other Reactive Nitrogen Species Using Fluorescent Probes: This chapter presents an overview of recent progress in the field of reactive nitrogen species ...
McQuade, Lindsey Elizabeth, 1981-
Metal-based turn-on fluorescent probes for nitric oxide sensing
Chapter 1. Metal-Based Turn-On Fluorescent Probes for Sensing Nitric Oxide. Nitric oxide, a reactive free radical, regulates a variety of biological processes. The absence of tools to detect NO directly, rapidly, specifically ...
Lim, Mi Hee
Antibody-Antigen assay design for combined optical tweezers and fluorescence
The recent development in combined optical trapping and fluorescence technology promises to enable unbindinig force studies of receptor-ligand interactions, whose specificity play a crucial role in the function of many ...
Ta, Jenny, 1982-
and S.J. Thompson,�Determining Plutonium in Spent Fuel withTobin, �Determination of Plutonium Content in Spent FuelFluorescence to Measure Plutonium Mass in Spent Nuclear Fuel
Computational image analysis of subcellular dynamics in time-lapse fluorescence microscopy
The use of image segmentation and motion tracking algorithms was adapted for analyzing time-lapse data of cells with fluorescently labeled protein. Performance metrics were devised and algorithm parameters were matched to ...
Huang, Austin V., 1980-
An improved understanding of fluorescent Zn(II) sensors and their uses in biological settings
Chapter 1. An Introduction to Fluorescent Zn(II) Sensors and Their Applications in Biological Systems This chapter opens with an overview of the numerous roles of zinc in biology, with an emphasis on labile Zn(II), that ...
Wong, Brian Alexander
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence at MIT | U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC)
Resonance Fluorescence at MIT Resonance Fluorescence at MIT Nuclear Physics (NP) NP Home About Research Facilities Science Highlights Benefits of NP Spinoff Applications Spinoff Archives SBIR/STTR Applications of Nuclear Science and Technology Funding Opportunities Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) News & Resources Contact Information Nuclear Physics U.S. Department of Energy SC-26/Germantown Building 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585 P: (301) 903-3613 F: (301) 903-3833 E: email@example.com More Information » Spinoff Archives Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence at MIT Print Text Size: A A A RSS Feeds FeedbackShare Page Application/instrumentation: Material Identification and Object Imaging Using Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence Developed at: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Flow method and apparatus for screening chemicals using micro x-ray fluorescence
Method and apparatus for screening chemicals using micro x-ray fluorescence. A method for screening a mixture of potential pharmaceutical chemicals for binding to at least one target binder involves flow separating a solution of chemicals and target binders into separated components, exposing them to an x-ray excitation beam, detecting x-ray fluorescence signals from the components, and determining from the signals whether or not a binding event between a chemical and target binder has occurred.
Warner, Benjamin P. (Los Alamos, NM); Havrilla, George J. (Los Alamos, NM); Miller, Thomasin C. (Bartlesville, OK); Lewis, Cris (Los Alamos, NM); Mahan, Cynthia A. (Los Alamos, NM); Wells, Cyndi A. (Los Alamos, NM)
On-line measurement of lignin in wood pulp by color shift of fluorescence
Lignin concentrations from wood pulp samples are measured by applying an excitation light at a selected wavelength to the samples in order to cause the lignin to emit fluorescence. A spectral distribution of the fluorescence emission is then determined. The lignin concentration is then calculated based on the spectral distribution signal. The spectral distribution is quantified by either a wavelength centroid method or a band ratio method. 6 figs.
Jeffers, L.A.; Malito, M.L.
Lignin concentrations from wood pulp samples are measured by applying an excitation light at a selected wavelength to the samples in order to cause the lignin to emit fluorescence. A spectral distribution of the fluorescence emission is then determined. The lignin concentration is then calculated based on the spectral distribution signal. The spectral distribution is quantified by either a wavelength centroid method or a band ratio method.
Jeffers, Larry A. (Washington Township, Stark County, OH); Malito, Michael L. (Liberty Township, Trumbull County, OH)
Quenching-independent measurement of species concentrations in flames by laser-induced fluorescence
This report describes work accomplished in the last two years on measurement of species concentrations in flames via laser-induced fluorescence. During this period, we have published absolute number densities of atomic hydrogen in subatmospheric, premixed C{sub 2}H{sub 4}/O{sub 2}/Ar flames at equivalence ratios of 1.0 and 1.7 via two-photon excited fluorescence. This work has led to the development of a new single-laser, two-step fluorescence method for the detection of atomic hydrogen in flames. Using photoionization controlled-loss spectroscopy (PICLS), we have verified the T{sup {minus}1/2} dependence of quenching on temperature for atomic hydrogen, in agreement with kinetic theory. Previous work on pyrometry using laser-saturated fluorescence (LSF) and the anomalous fluorescence from pyrene has evolved into publication of a major review paper on temperature measurements by light-scattering methods. Finally, we have demonstrated the feasibility of quantitative LSF measurements of NO concentration by obtaining relative saturation curves and NO fluorescence profiles. 25 refs.
Salmon, J.T.; Carter, C.D.; Laurendeau, N.M.
Duke Energy - Small Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Rebate
Duke Energy - Small Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Duke Energy - Small Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Rebate Program Duke Energy - Small Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Rebate Program < Back Eligibility Commercial Industrial Institutional Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Cooling Heat Pumps Appliances & Electronics Commercial Lighting Lighting Manufacturing Maximum Rebate Combined maximum of $50,000/facility/year Program Info State Indiana Program Type Utility Rebate Program Rebate Amount CFL Screw-In: $2 Hardwired, Pin Based CFL Fixtures (Replacing Incandescent): $22 T8 Fluorescent Fixtures (Replacing T8/T12): $3-$30 T5 Fluorescent Fixtures (Replacing T12): $5-$13 T8 High Bay Fixtures (Replacing HID): $30-$60 T5 High Bay Fixtures (Replacing HID): $30-$75
Conservation potential of compact fluorescent lamps in India and Brazil
We evaluate the conservation potential of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) for managing the rapidly increasing electrical energy and peak demand in India and Brazil. Using very conservative assumptions, we find that the cost of conserved energy using 16 W CFLs is 4 and 6 times less than the long range marginal cost of electricity for the two countries. The cost of avoided peak installed capacity is 6 and 9.5 times less than the cost of new installed capacity for India and Brazil. The analysis is undertaken from the three separate perspectives of the national economies, the consumers, and the utilities. We find that because residential electricity is subsidized, the consumers have little or no incentive to purchase and install the CFLs, unless they too are subsidized. However, the benefits of CFL installation to the utility are so large that subsidizing them is a paying proposition for the utility are so large that subsidizing them is a paying proposition for the utility in almost all cases. As an illustration of a gradual introduction strategy for CFLs, we calculate a scenario where national savings of the order of US $1.2 million per day for India and US $2.5 million per day for Brazil are reached in 10 years by a small and gradual transfer of subsidy from residential electricity to CFLs. We then explore the barriers to immediate large scale introduction of these lamps in the two countries. Specific technical and marketing problems are identified and discussed, which would require solution before such an introduction can be attempted. Lastly, we discuss the range of policy instruments, in addition to a subsidy scheme, that can be used for promoting the diffusion of these lamps in the domestic and commercial sector. 47 refs., 15 figs., 2 tabs.
Gadgil, A.; Martino Jannuzzi, G. de (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (USA); Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP (Brazil). Faculdade de Engenharia)
Feasibility of x ray fluorescence for spent fuel safeguards
Quantifying the Pu content in spent nuclear fuel is necessary for many reasons, in particular to verify that diversion or other illicit activities have not occurred. Therefore, safeguarding the world's nuclear fuel is paramount to responsible nuclear regulation and public acceptance, but achieving this goal presents many difficulties from both a technical and economic perspective. The Next Generation Safeguards Initiative (NGSI) of NA-24 is funding a large collaborative effort between multiple laboratories and universities to improve spent nuclear fuel safeguards methods and equipment. This effort involves the current work of modeling several different nondestructive assay (NDA) techniques. Several are being researched, because no single NDA technique, in isolation, has the potential to properly characterize fuel assemblies and offer a robust safeguards measure. The insights gained from this research, will be used to down-select from the original set a few of the most promising techniques that complement each other. The goal is to integrate the selected instruments to create an accurate measurement system for fuel verification that is also robust enough to detect diversions. These instruments will be fabricated and tested under realistic conditions. This work examines one of the NDA techniques; the feasibility of using x ray emission peaks from Pu and U to gather information about their relative quantities in the spent fuel. X Ray Fluorescence (XRF), is unique compared to the investigated techniques in that it is the only one able to give the elemental ratio of Pu to U, allowing the possibility of a Pu gram quantity for the assembly to be calculated. XRF also presents many challenges, mainly its low penetration, since the low energy x rays of interest are effectively shielded by the first few millimeters of a fuel pin. This paper will explore the results of Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) transport code calculations of spent fuel x ray peaks. The MCNPX simulations will be benchmarked against measurements taken at Oak Ridge. Analysis of the feasibility of XRFs role in spent nuclear fuel safeguards efforts, particularly in the context of the overall NGSI effort will be discussed.
Freeman, Corey Ross [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mozin, Vladimir [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Tobin, Stephen J [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Fensin, Michael L [Los Alamos National Laboratory; White, Julia M [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Croft, Stephen [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Stafford, Alissa [TAMU; Charlton, William [TAMU
Issues, Models and Solutions for Triac Modulated Phase Dimming of LED Lamps
/a 30 lumens 0.1 Incandescent Bulb 15 W 225 lumens 15 Fluorescent Tube Lamp 10 W 500 lumens 50 White LED bulbs, and fluorescent lights, produce light that is radiated in all directions, LEDs produce a focused especially on the potential of white LED lights, which are an important and newly emerging lighting
Lehman, Brad
Colour displays in wireless phones DAVID FELDTHUSEN
compact fluorescent bulbs, CO2 emissions would be reduced by approximately 20 million metric tons and save that indirect persuasion led to an increase in environmental attitudes, while direct persuasion led to more, for the action "replace one incandescent bulb with a compact fluorescent bulb" we assume the individual
Assarsson, Ulf
Visual sensors and physical effects An excerpt from a thesis
sunlight, (b) flash, (c) incandescent, and (d) fluorescent lighting. #12;4 Chapter 2 IMAGE CAPTURE in the design of complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor (CMOS) technologies have led to its adoption in many to around 3,200 K, and fluorescent lamps typically operate between 2,500 6,500 K. Sunlight at midday light
Collomosse, John
High throughput protein production screening
Methods, compositions, and kits for the cell-free production and analysis of proteins are provided. The invention allows for the production of proteins from prokaryotic sequences or eukaryotic sequences, including human cDNAs using PCR and IVT methods and detecting the proteins through fluorescence or immunoblot techniques. This invention can be used to identify optimized PCR and WT conditions, codon usages and mutations. The methods are readily automated and can be used for high throughput analysis of protein expression levels, interactions, and functional states.
Beernink, Peter T. (Walnut Creek, CA); Coleman, Matthew A. (Oakland, CA); Segelke, Brent W. (San Ramon, CA)
A light diet for a giant appetite: An assessment of China's proposed fluorescent lamp standard
Lighting has been one of the fastest growing electric end-uses in China over the last twenty years, with an average annual growth rate of 14%. Fluorescent lighting provides a significant portion of China's lighting need. In 1998, China produced 680 million fluorescent lamps, of which 420 million were linear fluorescent lamps of various diameters (T8 to T12). There are substantial variations both in energy efficiency and lighting performance among locally produced fluorescent lamps. Such variations present a perfect opportunity for policy intervention through efficiency standards to promote the adoption of more efficient fluorescent lamps in China. This paper analyzes China's proposed minimum efficiency standard for fluorescent lamps and presents an assessment of its likely impacts on China's lighting energy consumption and GHG emissions.
Lin, Jiang
New Homogeneous Standards by Atomic Layer Deposition for Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence and Absorption Spectroscopies.
Quantification of synchrotron XRF analyses is typically done through comparisons with measurements on the NIST SRM 1832/1833 thin film standards. Unfortunately, these standards are inhomogeneous on small scales at the tens of percent level. We are synthesizing new homogeneous multilayer standards using the Atomic Layer Deposition technique and characterizing them using multiple analytical methods, including ellipsometry, Rutherford Back Scattering at Evans Analytical, Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (SXRF) at Advanced Photon Source (APS) Beamline 13-ID, Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) at Advanced Light Source (ALS) Beamlines 11.0.2 and 126.96.36.199 and by electron microscopy techniques. Our motivation for developing much-needed cross-calibration of synchrotron techniques is borne from coordinated analyses of particles captured in the aerogel of the NASA Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector (SIDC). The Stardust Interstellar Dust Preliminary Examination (ISPE) team have characterized three sub-nanogram, {approx}1{micro}m-sized fragments considered as candidates to be the first contemporary interstellar dust ever collected, based on their chemistries and trajectories. The candidates were analyzed in small wedges of aerogel in which they were extracted from the larger collector, using high sensitivity, high spatial resolution >3 keV synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SXRF) and <2 keV synchrotron x-ray transmission microscopy (STXM) during Stardust ISPE. The ISPE synchrotron techniques have complementary capabilities. Hard X-ray SXRF is sensitive to sub-fg mass of elements Z {ge} 20 (calcium) and has a spatial resolution as low as 90nm. X-ray Diffraction data were collected simultaneously with SXRF data. Soft X-ray STXM at ALS beamline 11.0.2 can detect fg-mass of most elements, including cosmochemically important oxygen, magnesium, aluminum and silicon, which are invisible to SXRF in this application. ALS beamline 11.0.2 has spatial resolution better than 25 nm. Limiting factors for Stardust STXM analyses were self-imposed limits of photon dose due to radiation damage concerns, and significant attenuation of <1500 eV X-rays by {approx}80{micro}m thick, {approx}25 mg/cm{sup 3} density silica aerogel capture medium. In practice, the ISPE team characterized the major, light elements using STXM (O, Mg, Al, Si) and the heavier minor and trace elements using SXRF. The two data sets overlapped only with minor Fe and Ni ({approx}1% mass abundance), providing few quantitative cross-checks. New improved standards for cross calibration are essential for consortium-based analyses of Stardust interstellar and cometary particles, IDPs. Indeed, they have far reaching application across the whole synchrotron-based analytical community. We have synthesized three ALD multilayers simultaneously on silicon nitride membranes and silicon and characterized them using RBS (on Si), XRF (on Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}) and STXM/XAS (holey Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}). The systems we have started to work with are Al-Zn-Fe and Y-Mg-Er. We have found these ALD multi-layers to be uniform at {micro}m- to nm scales, and have found excellent consistency between four analytical techniques so far. The ALD films can also be used as a standard for e-beam instruments, eg., TEM EELS or EDX. After some early issues with the consistency of coatings to the back-side of the membrane windows, we are confident to be able to show multi-analytical agreement to within 10%. As the precision improves, we can use the new standards to verify or improve the tabulated cross-sections.
Butterworth, A.L.; Becker, N.; Gainsforth, Z.; Lanzirotti, A.; Newville, M.; Proslier, T.; Stodolna, J.; Sutton, S.; Tyliszczak, T.; Westphal, A.J.; Zasadzinski, J. (UCB)
BRILLIANT Researchers from the University of Illinois, Northwestern University, the Institute of High
, that applied Pico-Jobs for developing new applications of LED light bulbs together with OSRAM were conducted-Jobs for developing new applications for Light Emitting Diode (LED) based light bulbs at OSRAM, a leading manufacturer of light system solutions. In contrast to traditional incandescent light bulbs, LED bulbs do not create
Rogers, John A.
Ultrahigh resolution multicolor colocalization of single fluorescent nanocrystals
of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals withSpectroscopy of Single CdSe Nanocrystallite Quantum Dots,�intermittency in single CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals,�
Michalet, X.; Lacoste, T.D.; Pinaud, F.; Chemla, D.S.; Alivisatos, A.P.; Weiss, S.
Hard X-ray Fluorescence Measurements of Heteroepitaxial Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode Materials
Commonly, SOFCs are operated at high temperatures (above 800�C). At these temperatures expensive housing is needed to contain an operating stack as well as coatings to contain the oxidation of the metallic interconnects. Lowering the temperature of an operating device would allow for more conventional materials to be used, thus lowering overall cost. Understanding the surface chemical states of cations in the surface of the SOFC cathode is vital to designing a system that will perform well at lower temperatures. The samples studied were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). 20% strontium doped lanthanum manganite (LSM-20) was grown on YSZ and NGO (neodymium gallate). The films on YSZ have a fiber texture. LSM-20 on NGO is heteroepitaxial. Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF-6428) films were grown on LAO and YSZ with a GDC barrier layer. Total X-ray Reflection Fluorescence (TXRF) was used to depth profile the samples. In a typical experiment, the angle of the incident beam is varied though the critical angle. Below the critical angle, the x-ray decays as an evanescent wave and will only penetrate the top few nanometers. TXRF experiments done on LSM films have suggested strontium segregates to the surface and form strontium enriched nanoparticles (1). It should be pointed out that past studies have focused on 30% strontium A-site doping, but this project uses 20% strontium doped lanthanum manganite. XANES and EXAFS data were taken as a function of incoming angle to probe composition as a function of depth. XANES spectra can be difficult to analyze fully. For other materials density functional theory calculations compared to near edge measurements have been a good way to understand the 3d valence electrons (2).
Davis, Jacob N.; Miara, Lincoln J.; Saraf, Laxmikant V.; Kaspar, Tiffany C.; Gopalan, Srikanth; Pal, Uday B.; Woicik, Joseph C.; Basu, Soumendra N.; Ludwig, Karl F.
DOE Requires Manufacturer and Labeler to Cease Sale of Incandescent Reflector Lamps
DOE has issued Notices of Non-Compliance Determination to Westinghouse Lighting Corporation and Fuzhou Sunlight Lighting Electrical Appliance Company requiring that they halt the sale of 8 basic...
Incandescent bulbs still play a role in the future of lighting ...
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) mandates longer lasting, more efficient light bulbs for general service. Detailed results from ...
Intense Internal and External Fluorescence as Solar Cells Approach the Shockley-Queisser Efficiency Limit
Absorbed sunlight in a solar cell produces electrons and holes. But, at the open circuit condition, the carriers have no place to go. They build up in density and, ideally, they emit external fluorescence that exactly balances the incoming sunlight. Any additional non-radiative recombination impairs the carrier density buildup, limiting the open-circuit voltage. At open-circuit, efficient external fluorescence is an indicator of low internal optical losses. Thus efficient external fluorescence is, counter-intuitively, a necessity for approaching the Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit. A great Solar Cell also needs to be a great Light Emitting Diode. Owing to the narrow escape cone for light, efficient external emission requires repeated attempts, and demands an internal luminescence efficiency >>90%.
Miller, Owen D; Kurtz, Sarah R
High-resolution flurescence spectroscopy in immunoanalysis
The work presented in this dissertation combines highly sensitive and selective fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy (FLNS) detection with various modes of immunoanalytical techniques. It has been shown that FLNS is capable of directly probing molecules immunocomplexed with antibodies, eliminating analytical ambiguities that may arise from interferences that accompany traditional immunochemical techniques. Moreover, the utilization of highly cross-reactive antibodies for highly specific analyte determination has been demonstrated. Finally, they demonstrate the first example of the spectral resolution of diastereomeric analytes based on their interaction with a cross-reactive antibody.
Grubor, Nenad M.
Residential Lighting Profile Residential Lighting Profile This section contains a basic profile of lighting use in residential households. It includes brief discussions about the characteristics and location of lights used in residential households, as well as descriptions of the amount of electricity used for lighting and variations in households' consumption of electricity for lighting. Types of Lights Dominance of Incandescent Lights The majority of light bulbs in residential households are incandescent. According to the RECS Survey, 453 million lights out of a total of 523 million used one or more hours per day are incandescent (87 percent).[8] The Lighting Supplement also estimates that 87 percent of residential lights used 15 minutes or more per day are incandescent. Fluorescent Lights of All Types
Measurement of Pressure Dependent Fluorescence Yield of Air: Calibration Factor for UHECR Detectors
In a test experiment at the Final Focus Test Beam of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, the fluorescence yield of 28.5 GeV electrons in air and nitrogen was measured. The measured photon yields between 300 and 400 nm at 1 atm and 29 C are Y(760 Torr){sup air} = 4.42 {+-} 0.73 and Y(760 Torr){sup N{sub 2}} = 29.2 {+-} 4.8 photons per electron per meter. Assuming that the fluorescence yield is proportional to the energy deposition of a charged particle traveling through air, good agreement with measurements at lower particle energies is observed.
Belz, J.W.; Burt, G.W.; Cao, Z.; Chang, F.Y.; Chen, C.C.; Chen, C.W.; Chen, P.; Field, C.; Findlay, J.; Huntemeyer, Petra; Huang, M.A.; Hwang, W.-Y.P.; Iverson, R.; Jones, B.F.; Jui, C.C.H.; Kirn, M.; Lin, G.-L.; Loh, E.C.; Maestas, M.M.; Manago, N.; Martens, K.; /Montana U. /Utah U. /Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U. /SLAC /Rutgers U., Piscataway
FAQ of Overview of Solid-State Lighting
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 3 Leds FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 3 Leds 1. What is solid-state lighting? 2. What is a semiconductor? 3. What is a semiconductor LED (light emitting diode)? 4. What is an organic LED (OLED)? 5. Where can I see LED lighting today? 6. How do you produce white light using LEDs? 7. How does solid-state lighting differ from conventional lighting? 8. What is the energy efficiency of solid-state lighting today? How does the energy efficiency compare with incandescent and fluorescent lamps? 9. What is the cost of solid-state lighting today? How does the cost compare with incandescent and fluorescent lamps? 10. What is the quality of the white light using solid-state lighting today? How does it compare with incandescent and fluorescent lamps?
Zero energy-storage ballast for compact fluorescent lamps
A CFL ballast includes complementary-type switching devices connected in series with their gates connected together at a control node. The switching devices supply a resonant tank circuit which is tuned to a frequency near, but slightly lower than, the resonant frequency of a resonant control circuit. As a result, the tank circuit restarts oscillations immediately following each zero crossing of the bus voltage. Such rapid restarts avoid undesirable flickering while maintaining the operational advantages and high efficacy of the CFL ballast.
Schultz, William Newell (Niskayuna, NY); Thomas, Robert James (Rexford, NY)
Intercellular trafficking of a KNOTTED1 green fluorescent protein fusion in the leaf and
Intercellular trafficking of a KNOTTED1 green fluorescent protein fusion in the leaf and shoot Jackson¶ Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Watson School of Biological Sciences, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring between epidermal cells of Arabidopsis and onion. When expressed in vivo, the GFP KN1 fusion trafficked
Jackson, David
Activity-dependent fluorescent labeling of bacterial cells expressing the TOL pathway
3-Ethynylbenzoate functions as an activity-dependent, fluorogenic and chromogenic probe for Pseudomonas putida mt-2, which is known to degrade toluene via conversion to benzoate, followed by meta ring fission of the intermediate, catechol. This direct physiological analysis allows the fluorescent labeling of cells whose toluene-degrading enzymes have been induced by an aromatic substrate.
William K. Keener; Mary E. Watwood
Scanning delay generator for measurement of kinetic decays using laser-induced fluorescence techniques
An electronic device is described which generates a delayed pulse, where the delay is increased in a step-like manner. This device finds application in the measurement of kinetic decays, particularly when laser-induced fluorescent (LIF) detection of the decaying species is used. The circuit uses 15 low-power Schottky TTL chips and is contained within a dual width NIM module.
Halpern, J.B.; Towns, T.G.
Fluorescence technique for on-line monitoring of state of hydrogen-producing microorganisms
In situ fluorescence method to monitor state of sulfur-deprived algal culture's ability to produce H.sub.2 under sulfur depletion, comprising: a) providing sulfur-deprived algal culture; b) illuminating culture; c) measuring onset of H.sub.2 percentage in produced gas phase at multiple times to ascertain point immediately after anerobiosis to obtain H.sub.2 data as function of time; and d) determining any abrupt change in three in situ fluorescence parameters; i) increase in F.sub.t (steady-state level of chlorophyll fluorescence in light adapted cells); ii) decrease in F.sub.m', (maximal saturating light induced fluorescence level in light adapted cells); and iii) decrease in .DELTA.F/F.sub.m'=(F.sub.m'-F.sub.t)/F.sub.m' (calculated photochemical activity of photosystem II (PSII) signaling full reduction of plastoquinone pool between PSII and PSI, which indicates start of anaerobic conditions that induces synthesis of hydrogenase enzyme for subsequent H.sub.2 production that signal oxidation of plastoquinone pool asmain factor to regulate H.sub.2 under sulfur depletion.
Seibert, Michael (Lakewood, CO); Makarova, Valeriya (Golden, CO); Tsygankov, Anatoly A. (Pushchino, RU); Rubin, Andrew B. (Moscow, RU)
Filter-fluorescer measurement of low-voltage simulator x-ray energy spectra
X-ray energy spectra of the Maxwell Laboratories MBS and Physics International Pulserad 737 were measured using an eight-channel filter-fluorescer array. The PHOSCAT computer code was used to calculate channel response functions, and the UFO code to unfold spectrum.
Baldwin, G.T.; Craven, R.E.
Structural Evidence for a Dehydrated Intermediate in Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Biosynthesis*
-OvchinnikovInstituteofBioorganicChemistry,RussianAcademyofSciences,117997GSP,MoscowV-437,Russia, the ¶ Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular undergoes irreversible photoconversion to a green fluorescent state under UV light exposure. Here we present in the chemical structure of the internal chromophore group and in the stereochemistry of its adjacent environment.
Wlodawer, Alexander
Time Series Measurements from a Moored Fluorescence-Based Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
We present an analysis of time-series measurements from a prototype fluorescence-quenching dissolved oxygen sensor moored for a six-day period in late March 1987 at 100 m depth in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. Temporal variations in dissolved ...
Richard E. Thomson; Terrence A. Curran; M. Coreen Hamilton; Ronald McFarlane
Measurement of Fuel Dilution of Oil in a Diesel Engine using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy
A technique for measuring the fuel dilution of oil in a diesel engine is presented. Fuel dilution can occur when advanced in-cylinder fuel injection techniques are employed for the purpose of producing rich exhaust for lean NOx trap catalyst regeneration. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is used to monitor the oil in a Mercedes 1.7-liter engine operated on a dynamometer platform. A fluorescent dye suitable for use in diesel fuel and oil systems is added to the engine fuel. The LIF spectra are monitored to detect the growth of the dye signal relative to the background fluorescence of the oil; fuel mass concentration is quantified based on a known sample set. The technique was implemented with fiber optic probes which can be inserted at various points in the oil system of the engine. A low cost 532-nm laser diode was used for excitation of the fluorescence. Measurements of fuel dilution of oil are presented for various in-cylinder injection strategies for rich operation of the diesel engine. Rates of fuel dilution increase for all strategies relative to normal lean operation, and higher fuel dilution rates are observed when extra fuel injection occurs later in the combustion cycle when fuel penetration into the cylinder wall oil film is more likely.
Parks, II, James E [ORNL; Partridge Jr, William P [ORNL
Performance evaluation of fiber optic probes for tissue lifetime fluorescence spectroscopy
reflected light. Our findings can be applied towards optimization of fiber-optic probe designs Angeles, CA 90028. ABSTRACT The design of fiber-optic probes plays an important role in optical spectroscopic studies, including fluorescence spectroscopy of biological tissues. It can affect the light
Jones, Linda R.
Mathematical modeling of fluorescence diffuse optical imaging of cell membrane potential changes
The aim of this paper is to provide a mathematical model for spatial distribution of membrane electrical potential changes by fluorescence diffuse optical tomography. We derive the resolving power of the imaging method in the presence of measurement noise. The proposed mathematical model can be used for cell membrane tracking with the resolution of the optical microscope.
Habib Ammari; Josselin Garnier; Laure Giovangigli
A fluorescence quenching assay to discriminate between specific and nonspecific inhibitors of dengue virus protease
positives is a major hurdle in the search for lead compounds that can be developed into drugs. A small electrophoresis; Nle, norleucine; RFU, relative fluorescence units; AMC, 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin; SE, standard9, Bz-nKRR-H) were chemically synthesized in-house. Fluorogenic peptide substrate Bz-Nle
Caflisch, Amedeo
Compact fluorescent lamp using horizontal and vertical insulating septums and convective venting geometry
A novel design is described for a compact fluorescent lamp, including a lamp geometry which will increase light output and efficacy of the lamp in a base down operating position by providing horizontal and vertical insulating septums positioned in the ballast compartment of the lamp to provide a cooler coldspot. Selective convective venting provides additional cooling of the ballast compartment. 9 figs.
Siminovitch, M.
Energy Performance and Emissions of Electronic Ballasts Powering 4-Foot Fluorescent Lamps
This power quality (PQ) case study presents tests performed at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, in contract with the EPRI Power Electronics Applications Center (PEAC) to determine the average efficacy (lumens per watt), displacement power factor, total power factor, and current harmonic distortion of modern electronic ballasts powering fluorescent lamps.
A novel design for a compact fluorescent lamp, including a lamp geometry which will increase light output and efficacy of the lamp in a base down operating position by providing horizontal and vertical insulating septums positioned in the ballast compartment of the lamp to provide a cooler coldspot. Selective convective venting provides additional cooling of the ballast compartment.
Siminovitch, Michael (El Sobrante, CA)
Three-Dimensional Mapping of Fluorescent Dye Using a Scanning, Depth-Resolving Airborne Lidar
Results are presented from a pilot study using a fluorescent dye tracer imaged by airborne lidar in the ocean surface layer on spatial scales of meters to kilometers and temporal scales of minutes to hours. The lidar used here employs a scanning, ...
M. A. Sundermeyer; E. A. Terray; J. R. Ledwell; A. G. Cunningham; P. E. LaRocque; J. Banic; W. J. Lillycrop
High Efficiency, Illumination Quality OLEDs for Lighting
The goal of the program was to demonstrate a 45 lumen per watt white light device based upon the use of multiple emission colors through the use of solution processing. This performance level is a dramatic extension of the team's previous 15 LPW large area illumination device. The fundamental material system was based upon commercial polymer materials. The team was largely able to achieve these goals, and was able to deliver to DOE a 90 lumen illumination source that had an average performance of 34 LPW a 1000 cd/m{sup 2} with peak performances near 40LPW. The average color temperature is 3200K and the calculated CRI 85. The device operated at a brightness of approximately 1000cd/m{sup 2}. The use of multiple emission colors particularly red and blue, provided additional degrees of design flexibility in achieving white light, but also required the use of a multilayered structure to separate the different recombination zones and prevent interconversion of blue emission to red emission. The use of commercial materials had the advantage that improvements by the chemical manufacturers in charge transport efficiency, operating life and material purity could be rapidly incorporated without the expenditure of additional effort. The program was designed to take maximum advantage of the known characteristics of these material and proceeded in seven steps. (1) Identify the most promising materials, (2) assemble them into multi-layer structures to control excitation and transport within the OLED, (3) identify materials development needs that would optimize performance within multilayer structures, (4) build a prototype that demonstrates the potential entitlement of the novel multilayer OLED architecture (5) integrate all of the developments to find the single best materials set to implement the novel multilayer architecture, (6) further optimize the best materials set, (7) make a large area high illumination quality white OLED. A photo of the final deliverable is shown. In 2003, a large area, OLED based illumination source was demonstrated that could provide light with a quality, quantity, and efficiency on par with what can be achieved with traditional light sources. The demonstration source was made by tiling together 16 separate 6-inch x 6-inch blue-emitting OLEDs. The efficiency, total lumen output, and lifetime of the OLED based illumination source were the same as what would be achieved with an 80 watt incandescent bulb. The devices had an average efficacy of 15 LPW and used solution-processed OLEDs. The individual 6-inch x 6-inch devices incorporated three technology strategies developed specifically for OLED lighting -- downconversion for white light generation, scattering for outcoupling efficiency enhancement, and a scalable monolithic series architecture to enable large area devices. The downconversion approach consists of optically coupling a blue-emitting OLED to a set of luminescent layers. The layers are chosen to absorb the blue OLED emission and then luminescence with high efficiency at longer wavelengths. The composition and number of layers are chosen so that the unabsorbed blue emission and the longer wavelength re-emission combine to make white light. A downconversion approach has the advantage of allowing a wide variety of colors to be made from a limited set of blue emitters. In addition, one does not have to carefully tune the emission wavelength of the individual electro-luminescent species within the OLED device in order to achieve white light. The downconversion architecture used to develop the 15LPW large area light source consisted of a polymer-based blue-emitting OLED and three downconversion layers. Two of the layers utilized perylene based dyes from BASF AG of Germany with high quantum efficiency (>98%) and one of the layers consisted of inorganic phosphor particles (Y(Gd)AG:Ce) with a quantum efficiency of {approx}85%. By independently varying the optical density of the downconversion layers, the overall emission spectrum could be adjusted to maximize performance for lighting (e.g. blackbody temp
Joseph Shiang; James Cella; Kelly Chichak; Anil Duggal; Kevin Janora; Chris Heller; Gautam Parthasarathy; Jeffery Youmans; Joseph Shiang
A CFL ballast includes complementary-type switching devices connected in series with their gates connected together at a control node. The switching devices supply a resonant tank circuit which is tuned to a frequency near, but slightly lower than, the resonant frequency of a resonant control circuit. As a result, the tank circuit restarts oscillations immediately following each zero crossing of the bus voltage. Such rapid restarts avoid undesirable flickering while maintaining the operational advantages and high efficacy of the CFL ballast. 4 figs.
Schultz, W.N.; Thomas, R.J.
High throughput optical scanner
A scanning apparatus is provided to obtain automated, rapid and sensitive scanning of substrate fluorescence, optical density or phosphorescence. The scanner uses a constant path length optical train, which enables the combination of a moving beam for high speed scanning with phase-sensitive detection for noise reduction, comprising a light source, a scanning mirror to receive light from the light source and sweep it across a steering mirror, a steering mirror to receive light from the scanning mirror and reflect it to the substrate, whereby it is swept across the substrate along a scan arc, and a photodetector to receive emitted or scattered light from the substrate, wherein the optical path length from the light source to the photodetector is substantially constant throughout the sweep across the substrate. The optical train can further include a waveguide or mirror to collect emitted or scattered light from the substrate and direct it to the photodetector. For phase-sensitive detection the light source is intensity modulated and the detector is connected to phase-sensitive detection electronics. A scanner using a substrate translator is also provided. For two dimensional imaging the substrate is translated in one dimension while the scanning mirror scans the beam in a second dimension. For a high throughput scanner, stacks of substrates are loaded onto a conveyor belt from a tray feeder.
Basiji, David A. (Seattle, WA); van den Engh, Gerrit J. (Seattle, WA)
High temperature thermometric phosphors
A high temperature phosphor consists essentially of a material having the general formula LuPO.sub.4 :Dy.sub.(x),Eu.sub.y) wherein: 0.1 wt %.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.20 wt % and 0.1 wt %.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.20 wt %. The high temperature phosphor is in contact with an article whose temperature is to be determined. The article having the phosphor in contact with it is placed in the environment for which the temperature of the article is to be determined. The phosphor is excited by a laser causing the phosphor to fluoresce. The emission from the phosphor is optically focused into a beam-splitting mirror which separates the emission into two separate emissions, the emission caused by the dysprosium dopant and the emission caused by the europium dopent. The separated emissions are optically filtered and the intensities of the emission are detected and measured. The ratio of the intensity of each emission is determined and the temperature of the article is calculated from the ratio of the intensities of the separate emissions.
Allison, Stephen W. (Knoxville, TN); Cates, Michael R. (Oak Ridge, TN); Boatner, Lynn A. (Oak Ridge, TN); Gillies, George T. (Earlysville, VA)
The He II Fowler lines and the O III and N III Bowen fluorescence lines in the symbiotic nova RR Tel
A new measure of reddening (E$_{(B-V)}$$\\sim$0.00) has been obtained from the comparison between the observed and the theoretical intensity decrement for 20 emission lines of the $\\ion{He}{ii}$ Fowler (n$\\to$3) series. This value has been confirmed by the STIS and IUE continuum distribution, and by the value of n$_H$ from the damped profile of the IS H Ly-$\\alpha$ line. We have obtained very accurate measurements for about thirty Bowen lines of $\\ion{O}{iii}$ and a precise determination of the efficiency in the O1 and O3 excitation channels (18 % and 0.7 %, respectively). The relative $\\ion{O}{iii}$ intensities are in good agreement with the predictions by Froese Fischer (1994). A detailed study of the decays from all levels involved in the Bowen mechanism has lead to the detection of two new $\\ion{O}{iii}$ Bowen lines near $\\lambda$ 2190. High resolution IUE data have shown a nearly linear decline with time, from 1978 to 1995, in the efficiency of the O1 and O3 processes, with a steeper slope for the O3 channel. A detailed study of the $\\ion{N}{iii}$ $\\lambda$ 4640 lines and of their excitation mechanism has shown that, recombination and continuum fluorescence being ruled out, line fluorescence remains the only viable mechanism to pump the 3d $^2D_{5/2}$ and 3d $^2D_{3/2}$ levels of $\\ion{N}{iii}$. We point out the important role of multiple scattering in the resonance lines of $\\ion{O}{iii}$ and $\\ion{N}{iii}$ near $\\lambda$ 374 and show that the observed $\\ion{N}{iii}$ line ratios and intensities can be explained in terms of line fluorescence by the three resonance lines of $\\ion{O}{iii}$ at $\\lambda$$\\lambda$ 374.432, 374.162 and 374.073 under optically thick conditions.
P. Selvelli; J. Danziger; P. Bonifacio
LED exit signs: Improved technology leads the way to energy savings
Recent innovations in light-emitting diode (LED) exit signs may make LED signs the best choice among the energy efficient options available. In the past, LED signs have offered low power consumption, projected long lamp life, and low maintenance requirements. Now, the best of the LED signs also offer improved optical designs that reduce their already low power consumption while improving visibility and appearance, and even reduce their cost. LED exit signs are gaining market share, and E Source expects this technology to eventually dominate over incandescent, compact fluorescent, and electroluminescent signs. More research is needed, however, to confirm manufacturers` claims of 20-year operating lives for LED signs. Conservative estimates place the number of exit signs in US buildings at about 40 million. Although each sign represents a very small part of a building`s load, exit signs are ready targets for energy efficiency upgrades -- they operate continuously and most use inefficient incandescent sources. With an LED sign, annual energy and maintenance costs can be reduced by more than 90 percent compared to a typical incandescent sign. Low annual costs help to offset the LED sign`s relatively high first cost. More than 25 utilities offer DSM incentives for energy efficient exit signs, and efficient alternatives are becoming more readily available. Recent improvements in optical designs enable many LED signs to visually out perform other sources. In addition to these benefits, LED exit signs have lower life cycle cost than most other options. The biggest barrier to their success, however, is that their first cost has been considerably higher than competing technologies. LED sign prices are falling rapidly, though, because manufacturers are continually improving optical designs of the fixtures to use fewer LEDs and thus even less energy while providing better performance.
Sardinsky, R.; Hawthorne, S.
High School
High School Please click on the title for more information about each program. Nano*High Nano High Saturday presentations for Bay Area high school students Science Bowl Science...
Objective assessment of image quality (OAIQ) in fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging
The statistical evaluation of molecular imaging approaches for detecting, diagnosing, and monitoring molecular response to treatment are required prior to their adoption. The assessment of fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging is particularly challenging since neither instrument nor agent has been established. Small animal imaging does not address the depth of penetration issues adequately and the risk of administering molecular optical imaging agents into patients remains unknown. Herein, we focus upon the development of a framework for OAIQ which includes a lumpy-object model to simulate natural anatomical tissue structure as well as the non-specific distribution of fluorescent contrast agents. This work is required for adoption of fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging in the clinic. Herein, the imaging system is simulated by the diffusion approximation of the time-dependent radiative transfer equation, which describes near infra-red light propagation through clinically relevant volumes. We predict the time-dependent light propagation within a 200 cc breast interrogated with 25 points of excitation illumination and 128 points of fluorescent light collection. We simulate the fluorescence generation from Cardio-Green at tissue target concentrations of 1, 0.5, and 0.25 �M with backgrounds containing 0.01 �M. The fluorescence boundary measurements for 1 cc spherical targets simulated within lumpy backgrounds of (i) endogenous optical properties (absorption and scattering), as well as (ii) exogenous fluorophore crosssection are generated with lump strength varying up to 100% of the average background. The imaging data are then used to validate a PMBF/CONTN tomographic reconstruction algorithm. Our results show that the image recovery is sensitive to the heterogeneous background structures. Further analysis on the imaging data by a Hotelling observer affirms that the detection capability of the imaging system is adversely affected by the presence of heterogeneous background structures. The above issue is also addressed using the human-observer studies wherein multiple cases of randomly located targets superimposed on random heterogeneous backgrounds are used in a �double-blind� situation. The results of this study show consistency with the outcome of above mentioned analyses. Finally, the Hotelling observer�s analysis is used to demonstrate (i) the inverse correlation between detectability and target depth, and (ii) the plateauing of detectability with improved excitation light rejection.
Sahu, Amit K.
Bone lead content assessed by L-line x-ray fluorescence in lead-exposed and non-lead-exposed suburban populations in the United States
Measurements of lead (Pb) in bone reflect cumulative Pb exposure, whereas blood Pb levels are indices of absorption during the previous 21-30 days. This study was undertaken to estimate bone Pb concentrations by L-line x-ray fluorescence (LXRF) in a United States suburban population which was exposed to unusually high levels of Pb in emissions from an adjacent factory during 1963-1981, compared with concentrations similarly estimated in a matched suburban community without unusual Pb exposure. The mean bone Pb value in 269 residents of the highly exposed suburb (15 ppm) was 3-fold greater than that of the reference suburb (5 ppm). LXRF estimates of bone Pb identified those individuals at risk for adverse effects of Pb, whereas blood Pb levels were uninformative. Average LXRF-estimated bone Pb concentrations in residents of the unusually exposed suburb approximated estimated values in workers at Pb-processing factories. 44 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Rosen, J.F.; Balbi, K.; Balbi, J.; Bailey, C.; Clemente, I.; Redkey, N.; Grainger, S. (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (United States)); Crocetti, A.F. (New York Medical College, Valhalla (United States))
New and Underutilized Technology: Interior LED/Solid State Lighting |
Interior LED/Solid State Lighting Interior LED/Solid State Lighting New and Underutilized Technology: Interior LED/Solid State Lighting October 4, 2013 - 4:53pm Addthis The following information outlines key deployment considerations for interior LED/solid state lighting within the Federal sector. Benefits Interior LED retrofits are currently viable for down lights, track lighting, sconces, and both line and low voltage task lighting. Replacements for incandescent A-lamps have also been improving rapidly. Replacements for fluorescent tube lighting may be viable for high-cost maintenance areas. Application Interior LED/solid state lighting is a rapidly improving technology currently most applicable for down lights, track lights, task lighting, accenting, high ceiling, and high cost maintenance areas.
Buildings Energy Data Book: 5.6 Lighting
Buildings Energy Data Book (EERE)
9 9 Typical Efficacies and Lifetimes of Lamps (1) Current Technology CRI (2) Incandescent 10 - 19 97 Halogen 14 - 20 99 Fluorescent - T5 25 - 55 52 - 75 Fluorescent - T8 35 - 87 7,500 - 20,000 52 - 90 Fluorescent - T12 35 - 92 7,500 - 20,000 50 - 92 Compact Fluorescent 40 - 70 82 Mercury Vapor 25 - 50 15 - 50 Metal Halide 65 - 70 High-Pressure Sodium 22 Low-Pressure Sodium 0 Solid State Lighting 33-97 Note(s): Source(s): 18 - 180 18,000 20 - 100 15,000 - 50,000 1) Theoretical maximum luminous efficacy of white light is 220 lumens/Watt. 2) CRI = Color Rendering Index, which indicates a lamp's ability to show natural colors. 3) The DOE Solid State Lighting program has set an efficacy goal twice that of fluorescent lights (160 lumen per Watt). DOE, EERE, Building Technology Program/Navigant Consulting, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and Energy
Detection of ultratrace levels of uranium in aqueous samples by laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry
A new method of analysis for ultratrace quantities of ururanium in aqueous samples has been developed with a detection limit of 4 x 10/sup -14/M(10/sup -5/ ppb, 0.01 pg/mL). This detection level is considerably less than the average concentration of 0.1 ppb uranium found in natural groundwaters. The procedure consists of an initial coprecipitation of the solution uranium with calcium fluoride, calcination at 800/sup 0/C, and monitoring the uranium content by laser-induced fluorescence excitation (LIFE). Analytical data using this technique are presented for previously analyzed groundwater samples containing 10/sup -6/-10/sup -7/M uranium. The fluorescence yield dependence on calcination time and temperature and on cation and anion interferences is discussed.
Perry, D.L. (Univ. of California, Berkeley); Klainer, S.M.; Bowman, H.R.; Milanovich, F.P.; Hirschfeld, T.; Miller, S.
A spreadsheet for analyzing the in situ performance of fluorescent luminaires
A spreadsheet program for determining system efficacy, power input and light output of common 4 ft fluorescent lighting systems under realistic operating conditions is described. The program uses accepted IES engineering principles to precisely account for ballast factor, existing thermal conditions and maintenance practices. The spreadsheet, which includes a data base of lamp and ballast performance data, can be used to calculate the cost-effectiveness of many common lighting retrofits.
Rubinstein, F.; Zhang, Chin
Life cycle cost analysis for replacement of fluorescent light fixtures containing polychlorinated biphenyls
Assessing photosynthetic light-use efficiency using a solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical reflectance index
Photosynthetic light-use efficiency LUE is an important indicator of plant photosynthesis, but assessment by remote sensing needs to be further explored. In this study, two protective mechanisms for photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence ChlF and heat ...
Liangyun Liu; Yongjiang Zhang; Quanjun Jiao; Dailiang Peng
Ur:.V(. ,(lh. Fluorescent Lighting Review of Recent Resultsfrom 30 0 C to 50�C. The lighting system.with core ballastswas conducted to measure the lighting system performance for
Fluorescent CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal-peptide conjugates for long-term, nontoxic imaging and
Fluorescent CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystal-Peptide Conjugates forfluorescent labels, silanized CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal-peptidenuclei of living cells. CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals, or so called
Chen, Fanqing; Gerion, Daniele
Time Series Measurements of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in the Oceanic Bottom Boundary Layer with a Multisensor Fiber-Optic Fluorometer
An in situ multisensor fiber-optic fluorometer (MFF) has been developed to acquire long-term chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in the oceanic bottom boundary layer to characterize the finescale pigment structure at vertical spatial scales ...
Eurico J. D�Sa; Steven E. Lohrenz; Vernon L. Asper; Roy A. Walters
Quantitative Analysis of Mt. St. Helens Ash by X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
A quantitative study by x-ray diffraction, optical polarizing microscopy, and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry of fallout and ambient ash from three Mt. St. Helens eruptions has revealed a consistent picture of the mineralogical and elemental ...
Briant L. Davis; L. Ronald Johnson; Dana T. Griffen; William Revell Phillips; Robert K. Stevens; David Maughan
Microstructure Profiles of Laser-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Spectra: Evaluation of Backscatter and Forward-Scatter Fiber-Optic Sensors
The implementation and characterization of backscatter and forward-scatter fiber-optic fluorescence sensors attached to a microstructure profiling instrument are described. By using an optical multichannel array detector to record emission ...
Russell A. Desiderio; Timothy J. Cowles; James N. Moum; Michael Myrick
Characterization of the lateral distribution of fluorescent lipid in binary-constituent lipid monolayers by principal component analysis
Lipid lateral organization in binary-constituent monolayers consisting of fluorescent and nonfluorescent lipids has been investigated by acquiring multiple emission spectra during measurement of each force-area isotherm. The emission spectra reflect ...
Istv�n P. Sug�r; Xiuhong Zhai; Ivan A. Boldyrev; Julian G. Molotkovsky; Howard L. Brockman; Rhoderick E. Brown
Lighting in Residential and Commercial Buildings (1993 and 1995 Data) --
Commercial Buildings Home > Special Topics and Data Reports > Types of Lights Commercial Buildings Home > Special Topics and Data Reports > Types of Lights Picture of a light bulb At Home and At Work: What Types of Lights Are We Using? Two national EIA surveys report that . . . Of residential households, 98 percent use incandescent, 42 percent use fluorescent. Of commercial buildings, 59 percent use incandescent, 92 percent use fluorescent. At a glance, we might conclude that substantial energy savings could occur in both the residential and commercial sectors if they replaced their incandescent lights with fluorescent lights, given that fluorescent lights consume approximately 75-85 percent less electricity than incandescent lights. In the residential sector, this is true. However, in the commercial sector, where approximately 92 percent of the buildings already use fluorescent lights, increasing energy savings will require upgrading existing lights and lighting systems. To maximize energy savings, analysis must also consider the hours the lights are used and the amount of floorspace lit by that lighting type. Figures 1 and 2 show the types of lights used by the percent of households and by the percent of floorspace lit for the residential and the commercial sectors, respectively.
Daylighting Application and Effectiveness in Industrial Facilities
Before the advent of practical mercury vapor and fluorescent lighting, the only available artificial lighting for industrial buildings was incandescent. The illumination of active industrial workspaces with incandescent lighting is difficult, so during the industrial revolution, architects utilized various daylighting strategies such as window walls, skylighting, monitors, etc. However, glazing technologies were primitive compared with our modern choices, When more efficient and effective artificial lighting became available, most older industrial buildings had their daylighting features boarded over. With modern glazing systems and sophisticated designs that minimize glare issues, daylighting for industrial buildings is making a strong comeback. Additionally, new controllable ballasts and automatic lighting controls make possible hybrid lighting systems that are able to provide optimal lighting under all environmental conditions. This paper will discuss how daylighting systems developed decades ago are being modernized to provide high quality, low-glare, uniform lighting. Premium glazing systems that limit heat losses and gain will be discussed. The importance of glare control in day-lit spaces, for worker safety and productivity, will be stressed, and a variety of passive and active strategies will be presented including: redirected beam daylighting; reflective light shelves; and movable baffles and louvers.
McCowan, B.; Birleanu, D.
Plasma Diagnostic Calibration and Characterizations with High Energy X-rays
National Security Technologies� High Energy X-ray (HEX) Facility is unique in the U.S. Department of Energy complex. The HEX provides fluorescent X-rays of 5 keV to 100 keV with fluence of 10^5�10^6 photons/cm^2/second at the desired line energy. Low energy lines can be filtered, and both filters and fluorescers can be changed rapidly. We present results of calibrating image plates (sensitivity and modulation transfer function), a Bremsstrahlung spectrometer (stacked filters and image plates), and the National Ignition Facility�s Filter- Fluorescer Experiment (FFLEX) high energy X-ray spectrometer. We also show results of a scintillator light yield and alignment study for a neutron imaging system.
Zaheer Ali
Improved fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging and tomography by enhanced excitation light rejection
Fluorescence enhanced optical imaging and tomography studies involve the detection of weak fluorescent signals emanating from nano- to picomolar concentrations of exogenous or endogenously produced fluorophore concurrent with the rejection of an overwhelmingly large component of backscattered excitation light. The elimination of the back-reflected excitation light of the collected signal remains a major and often unrecognized challenge for further reducing the noise floor and increasing sensitivity of small animal fluorescence imaging. In this dissertation, we adapted collimating and gradient index (GRIN) lenses in an existing frequency-domain system to improve excitation light rejection and enhance planar and tomographic imaging. To achieve this goal, we developed planar and tomographic imaging systems based upon ray tracing calculations for improved rejection of excitation light. The �out-of-band (S (?x))� to �in-band (S (?m) - S (?x))� signal ratio assessing excitation leakage was acquired with and without collimating optics. The addition of collimating optics resulted in a 51 to 75% reduction in the transmission ratio of (S (?x))/ (S (?m) - S (?x)) for the phantom studies and an increase of target to background ratio (TBR) from 11% to 31% in animal studies. Additionally, we presented results demonstrating the improvement of model match between experiments and forward simulation models by adaptation of GRIN lens optics to a breast phantom study. In particular, 128 GRIN lenses on the fiber bundle face were employed to align the collected excitation and emission light normal to the filter surface in an existing frequency-domain system. As a result of GRIN lens collimation, we reduced the transmission ratio between 10 and 86 % and improved the model match for tomographic reconstruction of one (1 cm3) and two (0.1 cm3) targets in a 1087 cm3 of breast phantom. Ultimately, this work improves the sensitivity of NIR fluorescence imaging by enhancing the rejection of excitation light and shows that the current sensitivity challenges for translating fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging into the clinic can be overcome.
Hwang, Kil Dong
Properties of low cost, high volume glasses
The properties of new and weathered samples of low cost, high volume glasses have been studied to determine their usefulness for solar energy applications. Glasses of varying compositions produced by float, drawn, rolled fusion, and twin ground techniques were examined. Spectral transmittance and reflectance were measured and solar weighted values calculated. Laser raytrace techniques were used to evaluate surface parallelism and bulk homogeneity. Compositional changes were examined with scanning electron microscopy, x-ray fluorescence, and Auger electron spectroscopy. These techniques were used in conjunction with ellipsometry to study the surface effects associated with weathering.
Lind, M. A.; Hartman, J. S.; Buckwalter, C. Q.
Performance of electronic ballasts and other new lighting equipment: (Phase 2, The 34-watt F40 rapid start T-12 fluorescent lamp): Final report
This study has measured the performance of energy-saving 34-watt F40, T-12, rapid-start, lite white fluorescent lamps being operated by solid-state ballasts and lighting control equipment. The performances of these lamp systems are compared with those of 40-watt F40, T-12 rapid-start cool white fluorescent lamp systems studied in the prior phase of this project. With the 34-watt F40 lamps and various solid-state ballasts, system efficacy ranged from 67 to 84 lumens per watt and ballast factor from 0.756 to 0.908. Average system efficacy using the 34-watt lamps exceeded that of systems using 40-watt lamps and the same solid-state ballasts by only 1 percent even though the 34-watt lamps is about 6 percent more efficacious than the 40-watt lamp. This apparent discrepancy is due to increased ballast losses when operating the 34-watt lamps. However, the systems efficacy of the 34-watt lamps used with a solid-state ballast exceeded that of a 34-watt, two-lamp system using the standard core-coil ballast by as much as 29 percent. A T-8 fluorescent lamp system with a smaller lamp diameter was also included in the study. Operating this lamp with a solid-state ballast produced a high system efficacy of 90 lumens per watt, a 39 percent improvement over the efficacy of a 40-watt F40 system using the standard core-coil ballast. The use of static controllers with 34-watt F40 lamps can result in excessive flickering (46 percent) and the generation of a second harmonic as high as 96 percent of the fundamental frequency. The dynamic controllers, when used to dim the 34-watt lamps generally cannot be dimmed as low as the 40-watt lamp system without flickering. In general, the 34-watt energy-saving lamps are appropriate as a retrofit to reduce illumination levels. However, for new construction, the 40-watt F40 argon filled lamps cost less, perform better, and provide a more reliable system. 5 refs., 27 figs., 9 tabs.
Verderber, R.R.; Morse, O.
Table Set-up with equipment Target Audience: Parents of elementary school students (grades 3-6), Middle and High School Students
engineering measurement tool 2. Introduce the range of light bulb options available for home use. 3. Describe-on experience with the measurement of the time-dependence of light output from three or more light bulbs based on significantly different technology (e.g. incandescent, CFL, LED) as an example of information on light bulbs
Linhardt, Robert J.
How do high tides and low tides occur? Is it possible to have an Earth-like planet orbiting a multiple-star system?
LED lights that make them more efficient and longer lasting than incandescent bulbs? Why is it that some people see rays of light emanate outward from certain light sources, such as streetlights or headlights on cars? Is it possible to use light/x rays to see through walls and other solid objects? (like x
Redner, Sidney
Determination of mercury distribution inside spent compact fluorescent lamps by atomic absorption spectrometry
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer New treatments for CFL are required considering the aim of Directive 202/96/CE. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer It is shown that most of the mercury introduced into a CFL is in the phosphor powder. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Experimental conditions for microwave-assisted sample digestion followed by AAS measurements are described. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer By washing the glass it is possible to reduce the concentration below legal limits. - Abstract: In this study, spent compact fluorescent lamps were characterized to determine the distribution of mercury. The procedure used in this research allowed mercury to be extracted in the vapor phase, from the phosphor powder, and the glass matrix. Mercury concentration in the three phases was determined by the method known as cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Median values obtained in the study showed that a compact fluorescent lamp contained 24.52 {+-} 0.4 ppb of mercury in the vapor phase, 204.16 {+-} 8.9 ppb of mercury in the phosphor powder, and 18.74 {+-} 0.5 ppb of mercury in the glass matrix. There are differences in mercury concentration between the lamps since the year of manufacture or the hours of operation affect both mercury content and its distribution. The 85.76% of the mercury introduced into a compact fluorescent lamp becomes a component of the phosphor powder, while more than 13.66% is diffused through the glass matrix. By washing and eliminating all phosphor powder attached to the glass surface it is possible to classified the glass as a non-hazardous waste.
Rey-Raap, Natalia [Departamento de Ingenieria Mecanica y Construccion, Universitat Jaume I de Castellon, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Espana (Spain); Gallardo, Antonio, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Departamento de Ingenieria Mecanica y Construccion, Universitat Jaume I de Castellon, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Espana (Spain)
Extraction-x-ray fluorescent determination of the rare earthelements in calcium fluoride
Fluorides of the alkaline earth metals, activated by rare earth ions, are used as active elements in lasers and scintillation detectors. In this work, the conditions of production of thin-layer emitters for the extraction x-ray fluorescent determination of 2.10/sup -4/-3.10/sup -3/% REE in calcium fluoride with preliminary concentration of the elements to be determined in the form of complexes with morin were studied. The possibility of a simultaneous determination of several REE present together was demonstrated. A mixture (4:1) of isopentanol and tributyl phosphate (TBP), analytical grade, which were additionally redistilled, was used.
Blank, A.B.; Belenko, L.E.; Shevtsov, N.I.
Compact Fluorescent Lighting in America: Lessons Learned on the Way to Market
This report describes the history of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in America. CFLs were introduced in the 1970s; however, it has taken more than 20 years for them to gain widespread recognition in the U.S. residential lighting market. This report reviews the development of CFLs, efforts to increase market acceptance of them, and barriers to that acceptance. Lessons to be learned from this study of CFLs are identified in hopes of assisting future market introduction efforts for other promising energy-efficient technologies. This report was prepared by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy�s Office of Building Technologies, Emerging Technologies Program.
Sandahl, Linda J.; Gilbride, Theresa L.; Ledbetter, Marc R.; Steward, Heidi E.; Calwell, Chris
Xenon ion laser-induced fluorescence using a visible tunable diode laser near 680 nm
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements have been performed for the first time in a low temperature (T{sub e}{approx_equal}0.6 eV) Xe plasma using a tunable diode laser in the visible range of wavelengths. The transition in Xe II involved the ({sup 3}P{sub 1})5d[3]{sub 7/2} metastable state and the excitation wavelength was found to be 680.570{+-}0.001 nm (air). LIF measurements of I{sub 2} in a room temperature iodine gas cell were used to monitor the wavelength of the laser during the measurements.
Severn, Greg; Lee, Dongsoo; Hershkowitz, Noah [Department of Physics, University of San Diego, San Diego, California 92110 (United States); Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (United States)
A Fluorescent Aerogel for Capture and Identification of Interplanetary and Interstellar Dust
Contemporary interstellar dust has never been analyzed in the laboratory, despite its obvious astronomical importance and its potential as a probe of stellar nucleosynthesis and galactic chemical evolution. Here we report the discovery of a novel fluorescent aerogel which is capable of capturing hypervelocity dust grains and passively recording their kinetic energies. An array of these �calorimetric� aerogel collectors in low earth orbit would lead to the capture and identification of large numbers of interstellar dust grains. Subject headings: astrochemistry � instrumentation: detectors � interplanetary medium � dust, extinction � meteors, meteoroids � techniques: image processing 1.
Gerardo Dom�nguez; Andrew J. Westphal; Mark L. F. Phillips; Steven M. Jones
Waste reduction and process improvements in the analysis of plutonium by x-ray fluorescence
Significant modifications were made to a sample preparation process for quantifying gallium in plutonium metal by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence. These changes were made to minimize waste and improve process safety and efficiency. Sample sizes were reduced, cheaper sample preparation acids were used, and safety improvements were implemented. Using this modified process, results from analyzing a batch oftest samples indicated that relative precision and accuracy were {approx}0.2% and {approx}0.1% respectively, which is comparable to that obtained using the older, established sample preparation method.
Worley, Christopher G [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Sodweberg, Constance B [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Townsend, Lisa E [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Techniques for measuring atmospheric aerosols at the High Resolution Fly's Eye experiment
We describe several techniques developed by the High Resolution Fly's Eye experiment for measuring aerosol vertical optical depth, aerosol horizontal attenuation length, and aerosol phase function. The techniques are based on measurements of side-scattered light generated by a steerable ultraviolet laser and collected by an optical detector designed to measure fluorescence light from cosmic-ray air showers. We also present a technique to cross-check the aerosol optical depth measurement using air showers observed in stereo. These methods can be used by future air fluorescence experiments.
The HiRes Collaboration
Energy Efficiency ISSN 1570-646X
ConEd Consolidated Edison CRT Cathode ray tube LCD Liquid crystal display LED Light emitting diode included combustion, incandescent and compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs, and now light emitting diode (LED emitting diodes (LED), has been sug- gested as a way of reducing energy used for lighting. Such predictions
Illinois at Chicago, University of
Today LED Holiday Lights, Tomorrow the World?
This article for The APEM Advantage, the quarterly newsletter of the Association of Professional Energy Managers (APEM) describes the recent increase in the popularity of light emitting diode (LED) lighting and compares LED light output with that of incandescent and compact fluorescent lighting.
Gordon, Kelly L.
white Incandescent bulb Cool White Fluorescent tube Natural White Daylight LED bulb 16 #12;Warm white kilolumen in 2015 LED Bulb US $100 per kilolumen in 2010 46 #12;Reducing Cost per Lumen Lower shock resistant · Compact (Light bulb ~ 1,000 hrs) Additional LED Properties ULTIMO SCIENCE FESTIVAL
Choueiri, Edgar
Look inside for tips on how to:Save money on utility bills by reducing your
incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs. While we're on the subject, replace any light bulbs you can with CFLs can hold 4 bulbs, consider whether you can light the room effectively with fewer bulbs. Many, and the Not-So-Obvious Turn off the lights when you leave the room, unless you will be back in less than two
Pritchard, Jonathan
Energy Savings and Green Initiatives Project Grant
This project entails retrofitting all four foot, 2, 3 and 4 bulb 40 watt T12 fixtures to T8 28 watt and 150 watt incandescent to 26 watt compact fluorescent bulbs. In total, 2,086 fixtures will be retrofitted
Kathy MacLennan
Confocal microphotoluminescence of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes Koichi Okamoto,a
for conventional incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs.5 However, luminous efficacies of commercial white LEDsConfocal microphotoluminescence of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes Koichi Okamoto,a Akio Kaneta-well-structured light-emitting diodes LEDs with a yellow-green light 530 nm and an amber light 600 nm was measured
Okamoto, Koichi
The Power to Change: Sustainable Electricity Usage in
) Light Bulb Exchange program: replaces inefficient incandescent bulbs with integrated compact fluorescent Lighting Project - The UHC (University Housing Council) and the CCSC (Columbia College Student Council bulbs Watt and Woodbridge residence halls Bulbs - 15X longer, save $38,000 in energy cost and 446
Colorado at Boulder, University of
New LED light sources and lamps for general illumination
of light source compared to traditional light sources like incandescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes bulb. LEDs emit colored light with a narrow spectral band of 20-30 nm, colors covering the spectralNew LED light sources and lamps for general illumination Carsten Dam-Hansen, Birgitte Thestrup
Woojin Lee We seek to offer an affordable and easy method of
Statement To replace inefficient fluorescent and incandescent light bulbs in the commons of the residential was identified to be the most "in- need" with over 150 light bulbs · David Brown, the senior operati (building ex.) #12;Switching to Light Emitting Diodes Alex Nunez-Thompson and Shantan Cheemerla #12;Problem
1 1 Selected Fluorescent and Incandescent Lamp Sales (thousands) Commercial Trends 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 T12 Rapid-Start Fluorescent (Mainly 4') 213 206 182 176 163 T8 Medium Bi-Pin Fluorescent (Mainly 4') 164 164 172 196 216 Total (mainly) 4' 377 370 354 372 378 2' U-Shaped T12 10 9 9 7 9 2' U-Shaped T8 8 7 7 9 9 Total 2' U lamp 18 16 16 16 17 8' Slimline T12 (Mainly 8') 43 41 37 36 34 8' Slimline T8 (Mainly 8') 4 5 5 6 5 Total Slimline (Mainly 8') 48 47 42 42 39 8' HO T12 (Mainly 8') 24 24 24 25 25 8' HO T8 (Mainly 8') 1 1 0 1 0 Total HO (Mainly 8') 25 25 25 25 26 Residential Trends Incandescent A-line 1,568 1,526 1,542 1,470 1,410 Screw-Based Compact Fluorescent- Census 69 52 66 93 102 Total Medium Screw-Based Market 1,637 1,577 1,608 1,563 1,512 Commerical and Residential Trends PAR Incandescent 9 7 5 5 15 R Incandescent 89 96 103 112 125 PAR 38 Halogen
Solid-state lighting technology perspective.
Solid-State Lighting (SSL) uses inorganic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to convert electricity into light for illumination. SSL has the potential for enormous energy savings and accompanying environmental benefits if its promise of 50% (or greater) energy efficiencies can be achieved. This report provides a broad summary of the technologies that underlie SSL. The applications for SSL and potential impact on U.S. and world-wide energy consumption, and impact on the human visual experience are discussed. The properties of visible light and different technical metrics to characterize its properties are summarized. The many factors contributing to the capital and operating costs for SSL and traditional lighting sources (incandescent, fluorescent, and high-intensity discharge lamps) are discussed, with extrapolations for future SSL goals. The technologies underlying LEDs and OLEDs are also described, including current and possible alternative future technologies and some of the present limitations.
Tsao, Jeffrey Yeenien; Coltrin, Michael Elliott
Semiconductor Nanocrystals-Based White Light Emitting Diodes
In response to the demands for energy and the concerns of global warming and climate change, energy efficient and environmentally friendly solid state lighting, such as white light emitting diodes (WLEDs), is considered to be the most promising and suitable light source. Because of their small size, high efficiency, and long lifetime, WLEDs based on colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (or quantum dots) are emerging as a completely new technology platform for the development of flat-panel displays and solid state lighting, exhibiting the potential to replace the conventionally used incandescent and fluorescent lamps. This replacement could cut the ever-increasing energy consumption, solve the problem of rapidly depleting fossil fuel reserves, and improve the quality of the global environment. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in semiconductor nanocrystals-based WLEDs, compare different approaches for generating white light, and discuss the benefits and challenges of the solid state lighting technology.
Dai, Quanqin [ORNL; Hu, Michael Z. [ORNL; Duty, Chad E [ORNL
Semiconductor-Nanocrystals-Based White Light-Emitting Diodes
In response to the demands for energy and the concerns of global warming and climate change, energy efficient and environmentally friendly solid-state lighting, such as white lightemitting diodes (WLEDs), is considered to be the most promising and suitable light source. Because of their small size, high efficiency, and long lifetime, WLEDs based on colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (or quantum dots) are emerging as a completely new technology platform for the development of flat-panel displays and solid-state lighting, exhibiting the potential to replace the conventionally used incandescent and fluorescent lamps. This replacement can cut the ever-increasing level of energy consumption, solve the problem of rapidly depleting fossil fuel reserves, and improve the quality of the global environment. In this review, the recent progress in semiconductor-nanocrystals-based WLEDs is highlighted, the different approaches for generating white light are compared, and the benefits and challenges of the solid-state lighting technology are discussed.
Dai, Quanqin [ORNL; Duty, Chad E [ORNL; Hu, Michael Z. [ORNL
Pacific Northwest Laboratory's Lighting Technology Screening Matrix: Let there be energy-efficient light
Pacific Northwest Laboratory has developed the Lighting Technology Screen Matrix (LTSM), a software tool to evaluate alternative lighting retrofit technologies according to life-cycle cost. The LTSM can be used to evaluate retrofits for most configurations of fluorescent, incandescent, high-intensity discharge, and exit lighting systems for any level of operation, electricity price, discount rate, and utility rebate. The tool was developed in support of the Federal Relighting Initiative as part of the US Department of Energy's Office of Federal Energy Management Program (DOE/FEMP) to assist federal government facilities in their efforts to comply with federal energy regulations. This article describes the LTSM and demonstrates its application in case studies at federal installations.
Stucky, D.; Shankle, S.; Schultz, R.; Richman, E.; Dirks, J. (Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States))
Omaha Public Power District - Commercial Energy Efficiency Rebate Programs
Omaha Public Power District - Commercial Energy Efficiency Rebate Omaha Public Power District - Commercial Energy Efficiency Rebate Programs Omaha Public Power District - Commercial Energy Efficiency Rebate Programs < Back Eligibility Commercial Industrial Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Heat Pumps Appliances & Electronics Commercial Lighting Lighting Maximum Rebate Lighting: $20,000 or up to 20% of cost Program Info State Nebraska Program Type Utility Rebate Program Rebate Amount Fluorescent Lighting: $5 - $32/fixture High Intensity Discharge Lighting: $5 - $75/unit Exit Sign: $5/unit LED Lighting: $6 - $55/unit Incandescent: $4 - $8 Lamp Upgrade: $1 - $1.50/unit Custom Lighting Measures: Contact Utility Heat Pump: $50/nominal ton Innovative Energy Efficiency Project: 50% of study cost and $400/kW of peak
Greatly Enhanced Detectability of Geothermal Tracers Through Laser-Induced Fluorescence
WE have successfully completed a four-year R and D project to greatly reduce the detection limit of fluorescent tracers through the use of emerging laser-excitation, optical fiber, and CCD-spectroscopy technologies. Whereas the efforts over the first two years were directed at demonstrating a reduction in the detection limit of fluorescent compounds by a factor of 100 and at identifying several new fluorescein-derived tracer candidates, our recent efforts were focused primarily on the field demonstration of new tracers having detection limits in the low parts-per-quadrillion range. During the summer of 2001, we initiated field tests at the Dixie Valley, Nevada and at the Beowawe, Nevada geothermal fields using very small quantities of the fluorescein-derivative 6-carboxyfluorescein. Subsequently, we succeeded in measuring sub-part-per-trillion quantities of that candidate tracer at both the Beowawe and Dixie Valley geothermal reservoirs-using approximately 530 g of tracer at each setting. Our studies indicate that we could have observed a breakthrough using only 0.53 g of 6-carboxyfluorescein. This represents a reduction by a factor of 170,000 below the mass of tracer used in a previous tracer test at Beowawe.
Peter Rose; Joel Harris; Phaedra Kilbourn; James Kleimeyer; Troy Carter
A new optimized fluorescent lamp and ballast for low-energy general lighting applications
A new fluorescent lamp and ballast system has been developed which minimizes system input power while maintaining light output close to values provided by conventional lamps and ballasts. The 28-WT-12 lamp designed for the new system utilizes a redesigned electrode structure which allows the lamp to be started in the rapid start manner but operated in an instant start mode to maximize the discharge efficacy (lumens/watt) while reducing lamp cathode power requirements. A matching two-lamp ballast incorporates a solid-state switching device to turn off the cathode heating circuit automatically once the lamps have started. Both lamps and ballasts are physically interchangeable with conventional equipment so that existing luminaires can be converted without luminaire, lampholder, and wiring modifications. This new lamp/ballast system can achieve efficacy values exceeding 80 lm/W--more than 25 percent better than the performance of conventional fluorescent systems of the early 1970's-along with the excellent life and reliability characteristics typical of electromagnetically ballasted systems. Economic analyses indicate that the new system is appropriate for many new commercial general lighting installations, although it is particularly suitable as a retrofit system for installations where power reductions are essential but where conversion costs must be minimized and illumination levels preserved.
Hammer, E.E.; McGowan, T.K.
OH-Planar Fluorescence Measurements of Pressurized, Hydrogen Premixed Flames in the SimVal Combustor
Planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the hydroxyl radical in lean, premixed natural gas flames augmented with hydrogen are presented. The experiments were conducted in the Simulation Validation combustor at the National Energy Technology Laboratory at operating pressures from 1 to 8 atmospheres. The data, which were collected in a combustor with well-controlled boundary conditions, are intended to be used for validating computational fluid dynamics models under conditions directly relevant to land-based gas turbine engines. The images, which show significant effects of hydrogen on local flame quenching, are discussed in terms of a turbulent premixed combustion regime and nondimensional parameters such as Karlovitz number. Pressure was found to thin the OH region, but only had a secondary effect on overall flame shape compared with the effects of hydrogen addition, which was found to decrease local quenching and shorten the turbulent flame brush. A method to process the individual images based on local gradients of fluorescence intensity is proposed, and results are presented. Finally, the results of several large eddy simulations are presented and compared with the experimental data in an effort to understand the issues related to model validation, especially for simulations that do not include OH as an intermediate species.
Strakey, P.A.; Woodruff, S.D.; Williams, T.C. (Sandia); Schefer, R.W. (Sandia)
High PRF high current switch
A triggerable, high voltage, high current, spark gap switch for use in pu power systems. The device comprises a pair of electrodes in a high pressure hydrogen environment that is triggered by introducing an arc between one electrode and a trigger pin. Unusually high repetition rates may be obtained by undervolting the switch, i.e., operating the trigger at voltages much below the self-breakdown voltage of the device.
Moran, Stuart L. (Fredericksburg, VA); Hutcherson, R. Kenneth (College Park, MD)
The He ii Fowler lines and the O iii and N iii Bowen fluorescence lines in the symbiotic nova RR Tel
Received.....; accepted Aims. A detailed study of the Oiii and Niii Bowen lines in the spectrum of RR Tel Methods. Absolute intensities for the Heii, Oiii, and Niii emission lines have been obtained from STIS, UVES, FEROS and IUE data, after re-calibration of UVES and FEROS on the STIS scale. Results. A new measure of reddening (E(B?V)?0.00) has been obtained from the comparison between the observed and the theoretical intensity decrement for 20 emission lines of the Heii Fowler (n?3) series. This value has been confirmed by the STIS and IUE continuum distribution, and by the value of nH from the damped profile of the IS H Ly-? line. We have obtained very accurate measurements for about thirty Bowen lines of Oiii and a precise determination of the efficiency in the O1 and O3 excitation channels (18 % and 0.7 %, respectively). The relative Oiii intensities are in good agreement with the predictions by Froese Fischer (1994). A detailed study of the decays from all levels involved in the Bowen mechanism has lead to the detection of two new Oiii Bowen lines near?2190. High resolution IUE data have shown a nearly linear decline with time, from 1978 to 1995, in the efficiency of the O1 and O3 processes, with a steeper slope for the O3 channel. A detailed study of the Niii? 4640 lines and of their excitation mechanism has shown that, recombination and continuum fluorescence being ruled out, line fluorescence remains the only viable mechanism to pump the 3d 2 D5/2 and 3d 2 D3/2 levels of Niii. We point out the important role of multiple scattering in the resonance lines of Oiii
P. Selvelli; J. Danziger; P. Bonifacio; Cifist Marie; Curie Excellence Team
High-energy x-ray production with pyroelectric crystals
The invention of pyroelectric x-ray generator technology has enabled researchers to develop ultraportable, low-power x-ray sources for use in imaging, materials analysis, and other applications. For many applications, the usefulness of an x-ray source is determined by its yield and endpoint energy. In x-ray fluorescence, for example, high-energy sources enable the excitation of the K-shell x-ray peaks for high-Z materials as well as the lower-energy L-shell peaks, allowing more positive sample identification. This report shows how a paired-crystal pyroelectric source can be used to approximately double the endpoint x-ray energy, in addition to doubling the x-ray yield, versus a single-crystal source. As an example of the advantage of a paired-crystal system, we present a spectrum showing the fluorescence of the K shell of thorium using a pyroelectric source, as well as a spectrum showing the fluorescence of the K shell of lead. Also shown is an x-ray spectrum with an endpoint energy of 215 keV.
Geuther, Jeffrey A.; Danon, Yaron [Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 (United States)
Analysis of nuclear materials by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence and spectral effects of alpha decay
Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectra collected from alpha emitters are complicated by artifacts inherent to the alpha decay process, particularly when using portable instruments. For example, {sup 239}Pu EDXRF spectra exhibit a prominent uranium L X-ray emission peak series due to sample alpha decay rather than source-induced X-ray fluorescence. A portable EDXRF instrument was used to collect spectra from plutonium, americium, and a Pu-contaminated steel sample. The plutonium sample was also analyzed by wavelength dispersive XRF to demonstrate spectral differences observed when using these very different instruments.
Worley, Christopher G [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Alignment-dependent fluorescence emission induced by tunnel ionization of carbon dioxide from lower-lying orbitals
We show that fluorescence emission induced by strong field tunnel ionization of carbon dioxide from its lower-lying orbitals exhibits a peculiar molecular alignment dependence. The experimentally measured alignment-dependence of the fluorescence agrees with the alignment-dependence of the ionization probability calculated in the framework of the strong field approximation. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of an all-optical approach for shedding more light on the ionization mechanisms of molecules from their lower-lying orbitals in tunnel ionization regime.
Yao, Jinping; Jia, Xinyan; Hao, Xiaolei; Zeng, Bin; Jing, Chenrui; Chu, Wei; Ni, Jielei; Zhang, Haisu; Xie, Hongqiang; Zhang, Chaojin; Zhao, Zengxiu; Chen, Jing; Liu, Xiaojun; Cheng, Ya; Xu, Zhizhan
Fluorescence enhanced optical tomography on breast phantoms with measurements using a gain modulated intensified CCD imaging system
Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging using near-infrared (NIR) light developed for in-vivo molecular targeting and reporting of cancer provides promising opportunities for diagnostic imaging. However, prior to the administration of unproven contrast agents, the benefits of fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging must be assessed in feasibility phantom studies. A novel intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) imaging system has been developed to perform 3-D fluorescence tomographic imaging in the frequency-domain using near-infrared contrast agents. This study is unique since it (i) employs a large tissue-mimicking phantom (~1087 cc), which is shaped and sized to resemble a female breast and part of the extended chest wall region, and (ii) enables rapid data acquisition in the frequency-domain by using a gain-modulated ICCD camera. Diagnostic 3-D fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography is demonstrated using 0.5-1 cc single and multiple targets contrasted from their surrounding by ??M concentrations of Indocyanine green (ICG) in the breast-shaped phantom (10 cm diameter), under varying conditions of target-to-background absorption contrast ratios (1:0 and 100:1) and target depths (up to 3 cm deep). Boundary surface fluorescence measurements of referenced amplitude and phase shift were used along with the coupled diffusion equation of light propagation in order to perform 3-D image reconstructions using the approximate extended Kalman filter (AEKF) algorithm, and hence differentiate the target from the background based on fluorescent optical contrast. Detection of single and multiple targets is demonstrated under various conditions of target depths (up to 2 cm deep), absorption optical contrast ratio (1:0 and 100:1), target volumes (0.5-1 cc), and multiple targets (up to three 0.5 cc targets). The feasibility of 3-D image reconstructions from simultaneous multiple point excitation sources are presented. Preliminary lifetime imaging studies with 1:2 and 2:1 optical contrast in fluorescence lifetime of the contrast agents is also demonstrated. The specificity of the optical imager is further assessed from homogeneous phantom studies containing no fluorescently contrasted targets. While nuclear imaging currently provides clinical diagnostic opportunities using radioactive tracers, molecular targeting of tumors using non-ionizing NIR contrast agents tomographically imaged using the frequency-domain ICCD imaging system could possibly become a new method of diagnostic imaging.
Godavarty, Anuradha
Optimization of Two-photon Excited Fluorescence Enhancement between Tunable and Broadband Femtosecond Laser Pulse Excitations
This project explores optimization of two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) enhancement between tunable narrowband and un-tuned broadband femtosecond (fs) laser pulse excitations for two-photon microscopy (TPM). The research is conducted preliminarily in time domain and comprehensively in frequency domain to understand the physics behind TPEF enhancement by un-tuned sub-10 fs nearly transform-limited pulse (TLP) versus tunable 140 fs pulse. The preliminary study on inverse proportionality of TPEF yield to fs-pulse duration delimits a general lower-bound to narrowband fs-pulse regime (pulse duration > 40 fs) with assumption of dye-molecule frequency invariant response. Deviations from this inverse proportionality in broadband fs-pulse regime (pulse duration < 40 fs) highlights dye-molecule frequency variant response, necessity of group delay dispersion (GDD) compensation, and broadband TLP for TPEF enhancement. The follow-up comparative study is made on un-tuned sub-10 fs TLP versus tunable 140 fs pulse excitations using three dye-phantoms (Indo-1, FITC, and TRITC) representative of fluorescent probes with similar TPEF characteristics. The integrated experimental system, with custom-designed GDD compensation, dispersion-less laser-beam expanding and focusing, and compound-lens for efficient fluorescence collection with good spectral resolution, ensures accurate TPEF measurements. Differentiated TPEF enhancements of Indo-1 (1.6), FITC (6.7), and TRITC (5.2) proportionally agree with calculated ones due to the overlap of fs-pulse second harmonic (SH) power spectrum with dye-molecule two-photon excitation (TPE) spectrum. Physically speaking, with broadband sub-10 fs TLP readily involved in both degenerate (v1 = v2) and non-degenerate (v1 ? v2) two-photon absorption (TPA), this un-tuned ultrashort fs-pulse excitation simultaneously allows for more accessibility to TPA-associated final states and diversely promotes population of thus excited dye-molecules with the three dye-phantoms. Under environmental influences (mutual quenching through one-photon absorption(s) and solvent effect), multicolor TPEF enhancement observed from a mixture of the three dyes shows promise of sub-10 fs TLP as simultaneous excitation for multiple-dye labeled samples in contrast to compromised excitation with narrowband fs-pulse tuning. Both single- and multicolor TPEF enhancements clarify tradeoff between tunability of narrowband fs-pulse and un-tuned broadband fs-pulse excitations, being instructive to further considerations on optimization of TPEF enhancement by strategic utilization of broadband fs-pulse for better performance of TPM.
Wang, Chao
(Funding source: NASA Grant NNC04GB52G, 2004-2009 and NSF Grant CTS-0086988, 2001-2005) Invention Summary For: "Fluorescence and Fiber-Optics
Summary For: "Fluorescence and Fiber-Optics Based Real-Time Thickness Sensor for Dynamic Liquid Films OF THE SENSOR'S FEATURES The name of the invention Fluorescence and Fiber-Optics Based Real-Time Thickness: a vendor that makes fiber-optic cables fitted to specified machined parts (distal tips, etc.), a vendor
Narain, Amitabh
Raman Spectroscopy of Lithium Hydride Corrosion: Selection of an Appropriate Excitation Wavelength to Minimize Fluorescence
The recent interest in a hydrogen-based fuel economy has renewed research into metal hydride chemistry. Many of these compounds react readily with water to release hydrogen gas and form a caustic. Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFT) has been used to study the hydrolysis reaction. The LiOH stretch appears at 3670 cm{sup -1}. Raman spectroscopy is a complementary technique that employs monochromatic excitation (laser) allowing access to the low energy region of the vibrational spectrum (<600 cm{sup -1}). Weak scattering and fluorescence typically prevent Raman from being used for many compounds. The role of Li{sub 2}O in the moisture reaction has not been fully studied for LiH. Li{sub 2}O can be observed by Raman while being hidden in the Infrared spectrum.
Stowe, A. C.; Smyrl, N. R.
Transmission nuclear resonance fluorescence measurements were made on targets consisting of Pb and depleted U with total areal densities near 86 g/cm2. The 238U content n the targets varied from 0 to 8.5percent (atom fraction). The experiment demonstrates the capability of using transmission measurements as a non-destructive technique to identify and quantify the presence of an isotope in samples with thicknesses comparable to he average thickness of a nuclear fuel assembly. The experimental data also appear to demonstrate the process of notch refilling with a predictable intensity. Comparison of measured spectra to previous backscatter 238U measurements indicates general agreement in observed excited states. Two new 238U excited states and possibly a third state have also been observed.
Quiter, Brian J.; Ludewigt, Bernhard A.; Mozin, Vladimir V.; Wilson, Cody; Korbly, Steve
Identification Of Natural Dyes On Archaeological Textile Objects Using Laser Induced Fluorescent Technique
This study aims to evaluate the use of Laser Fluorescent as a non-destructive technique for identification of natural dyes on archaeological textile objects. In this study wool textile samples were dyed with 10 natural dyes such as cochineal, cutch, henna, indigo, Lac, madder, safflower, saffron, sumac and turmeric. These dyes common present on archaeological textile objects to be used as standard dyed textile samples. These selected natural dyes will be used as known references that can be used a guide to identify unknown archaeological dyes. The dyed textile samples were investigated with laser radiation in different wavelengths to detect the best wavelengths for identification each dye. This study confirms that Laser Florescent is very useful and a rapid technique can be used as a non-destructive technique for identification of natural dyes on archaeological textile objects. The results obtained with this study can be a guide for all conservators in identification of natural organic dyes on archaeological textile objects.
Abdel-Kareem, O. [Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University (Egypt); Eltokhy, A.; Harith, M. A. [National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University (Egypt)
Laser-fluorescence measurements of hydrogen and metal densities in the Doublet III tokamak
A general overview of the Doublet III laser-spectroscopy program is presented. This program includes tokamak diagnostic experiments and laboratory development work. Measurements of titanium and deuterium in Doublet III are presented along with recent laboratory results. Sputtering of the vacuum walls by energetic charge-exchange neutrals from the plasma center appears to be responsible for the observed Ti impurities in Doublet III. Resonance-fluorescence scattering from deuterium atoms near the plasma center has been observed using a broadband dye laser and a narrow-band detector. The feasibility of determining ion temperatures using this technique is discussed. Using the measured deuterium densities we have calculated a local-electron particle-confinement time. Laboratory measurements of carbon and oxygen densities using two-photon laser excitation and of FeI speed distributions (temperatures) using a laser double-pulse excitation technique are shown to be applicable to the tokamak conditions of Doublet III.
Muller, C.H. III; Eames, D.R.; Burrell, K.H.
Reverse engineering the ancient ceramic technology based on X-ray fluorescence spectromicroscopy
We present results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microprobe analyses of ancient ceramic cross-sections aiming at deciphering the different firing protocols used for their production. Micro-focused XRF elemental mapping, Fe chemical mapping and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy were performed on pre-sigillata ceramics from southern Gaul, and terra Sigillata vessels from Italy and southern Gaul. Pieces from the different workshops and regions showed significant difference in the starting clay material, clay conditioning and kiln firing condition. By contrast, sherds from the same workshop exhibited more subtle differences and possible misfirings. Understanding the precise firing conditions and protocols would allow recreation of kilns for various productions. Furthermore, evolution and modification of kiln design would shed some light on how ancient potters devised solutions to diverse technological problems they encountered.
Sciau, Philippe; Leon, Yoanna; Goudeau, Philippe; Fakra, Sirine C.; Webb, Sam; Mehta, Apurva
Portable high precision pressure transducer system
A high precision pressure transducer system is described for checking the reliability of a second pressure transducer system used to monitor the level of a fluid confined in a holding tank. Since the response of the pressure transducer is temperature sensitive, it is continually housed in an battery powered oven which is configured to provide a temperature stable environment at specified temperature for an extended period of time. Further, a high precision temperature stabilized oscillator and counter are coupled to a single board computer to accurately determine the pressure transducer oscillation frequency and convert it to an applied pressure. All of the components are powered by the batteries which during periods of availability of line power are charged by an on board battery charger. The pressure readings outputs are transmitted to a line printer and a vacuum fluorescent display. 2 figures.
Piper, T.C.; Morgan, J.P.; Marchant, N.J.; Bolton, S.M.
Prospects of High Energy Laboratory Astrophysics
Ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) have been observed but their sources and production mechanisms are yet to be understood. We envision a laboratory astrophysics program that will contribute to the understanding of cosmic accelerators with efforts to: (1) test and calibrate UHECR observational techniques, and (2) elucidate the underlying physics of cosmic acceleration through laboratory experiments and computer simulations. Innovative experiments belonging to the first category have already been done at the SLAC FFTB. Results on air fluorescence yields from the FLASH experiment are reviewed. Proposed future accelerator facilities can provided unprecedented high-energy-densities in a regime relevant to cosmic acceleration studies and accessible in a terrestrial environment for the first time. We review recent simulation studies of nonlinear plasma dynamics that could give rise to cosmic acceleration, and discuss prospects for experimental investigation of the underlying mechanisms.
Ng, J.S.T.; Chen, P.; /SLAC
Intramolecular excimer emission as a blue light source in fluorescent organic light emitting diodes: a promising molecular design
Intramolecular excimer emission as a blue light source in fluorescent organic light emitting diodes Light Emitting Diode (OLED), intermolecular pp interactions should be usually suppressed to avoid any Emitting Diodes (SMOLEDs) is almost absent from the literature. In this work, three aryl-substituted Di
Red-shifted fluorescent proteins mPlum and mRaspberry and polynucleotides encoding the same
Methods using somatic hypermutation (SHM) for producing polypeptide and nucleic acid variants, and nucleic acids encoding such polypeptide variants are disclosed. Such variants may have desired properties. Also disclosed are novel polypeptides, such as improved fluorescent proteins, produced by the novel methods, and nucleic acids, vectors, and host cells comprising such vectors.
Tsien, Roger Y. (La Jolla, CA); Wang, Lei (San Diego, CA)
New and Underutilized Technology: High Bay LED Lighting | Department of
High Bay LED Lighting High Bay LED Lighting New and Underutilized Technology: High Bay LED Lighting October 7, 2013 - 8:55am Addthis The following information outlines key deployment considerations for high bay LED lighting within the Federal sector. Benefits LED light sources offer several potential benefits compared to metal halide or fluorescent lighting, including reduced energy consumption due to the ability to provide a more precise light distribution; longer operating life and lower maintenance requirements; less heat introduced into the space; and greater controllability for dimming and on/off control. Relevant to the cold storage application, LED performance improves in colder temperatures. Application High bay LED lighting is applicable for facilities containing high bay
Parents and Kids: Energize Your Summer | Department of Energy
Parents and Kids: Energize Your Summer Parents and Kids: Energize Your Summer Parents and Kids: Energize Your Summer June 21, 2013 - 11:33am Addthis Did you know: Incandescent light bulbs only convert about 10 percent of the energy they consume into light and the rest is released as heat. The Energy Department's Energy Bike demonstrates the physical effort it takes to power incandescent, compact fluorescent and LED light bulbs. Students from Churchill Road Elementary School in Virginia recently pedaled for power at their Earth Day assembly, learning firsthand about energy efficiency. | Photo courtesy of the Energy Department. Did you know: Incandescent light bulbs only convert about 10 percent of the energy they consume into light and the rest is released as heat. The Energy Department's Energy Bike demonstrates the physical effort it takes to power
A genetically encoded, high-signal-to-noise maltose sensor
We describe the generation of a family of high-signal-to-noise single-wavelength genetically encoded indicators for maltose. This was achieved by insertion of circularly permuted fluorescent proteins into a bacterial periplasmic binding protein (PBP), Escherichia coli maltodextrin-binding protein, resulting in a four-color family of maltose indicators. The sensors were iteratively optimized to have sufficient brightness and maltose-dependent fluorescence increases for imaging, under both one- and two-photon illumination. We demonstrate that maltose affinity of the sensors can be tuned in a fashion largely independent of the fluorescent readout mechanism. Using literature mutations, the binding specificity could be altered to moderate sucrose preference, but with a significant loss of affinity. We use the soluble sensors in individual E. coli bacteria to observe rapid maltose transport across the plasma membrane, and membrane fusion versions of the sensors on mammalian cells to visualize the addition of maltose to extracellular media. The PBP superfamily includes scaffolds specific for a number of analytes whose visualization would be critical to the reverse engineering of complex systems such as neural networks, biosynthetic pathways, and signal transduction cascades. We expect the methodology outlined here to be useful in the development of indicators for many such analytes.
Marvin, Jonathan S.; Schreiter, Eric R.; Echevarr�a, Ileabett M.; Looger, Loren L. (Puerto Rico); (HHMI)
PQ Hotline Call of the Month - September 2005: Life-Extension and Energy-Saving Devices for Incandescent Light Bulbs
The EPRI Power Quality Hotline is provided as a service to all Power Quality Knowledge funders. EPRI's Power Quality Knowledge program provides best-in-class information and resource tools needed to manage power quality in a competitive environment, and to understand and solve vexing power quality problems. The program offers a comprehensive collection of unbiased and actionable technical and informational publications and products, educational forums, technical support, and Web-based services to enable ...
FLIGHT: Clock Calibration Using Fluorescent Lighting Zhenjiang Li1,4, Wenwei Chen1, Cheng Li1, Mo Li1, Xiang-yang Li2, Yunhao Liu3,4
FLIGHT: Clock Calibration Using Fluorescent Lighting Zhenjiang Li1,4, Wenwei Chen1, Cheng Li1, Mo propose a novel clock calibration approach called FLIGHT, which leverages the fact that the fluorescent, Performance Keywords Clock calibration, Fluorescent lighting, Energy efficiency 1. INTRODUCTION Maintaining
Liu, Yunhao
Generation of an integrated karyotype of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) by banding pattern and fluorescent in situ hybridization
To enhance the scientific utility and practical application of the honey bee genome and assign the linkage groups to specific chromosomes, I identified chromosomes and characterized the karyotype of the sequenced strain DH4 of the honey bee. The primary analysis of the karyotype and ideogram construction was based on banding and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) for rDNA detection. FISH confirmed two locations for the NOR on telomeric regions of chromosomes 6 and 12 plus an additional less frequent signal on chromosome 1, all three of which were confirmed with silver staining (AgNO3). 4�6-diamidino-2phenylindole (DAPI), and CBanding methods were used to construct the primary ideograms that served as a basis to further identify the chromosomes and locate important structures. The primary map was compared with Giemsa banding, AgNO3-banding, Trypsin banding, and R-banding. The karyotype of the honey bee was established as two metacentric chromosomes (1 and 10), two submetacentric with ribosomal organizer (6 and 12), four submetacentric heterochromatic chromosomes (16, 15, 4 and 13), four euchromatic subtelocentric chromosomes (2, 8, 11 and 14) and four acrocentric chromosomes (3, 5, 7 and 9). In situ nick-translation banding methods were used to verify the heterochromatin distribution. The cytogenetic maps of the honey bee karyotype represented in the ideograms were subsequently used to place 35 mapped BACs (Solignac et. al. 2004) of Solignac�s BAC library. As the BACs hybridized to multiple sites, the mapping was based on strength and frequency of the signals. Location and position of the BACs was compared with those published in the different version of Map Viewer of the NCBI and BeeBase web sites. 10 BACs were confirmed with the last version of Map Viewer V4, 12 BACs were mapped based on high frequency and agreement with the earlier version of Map Viewer. 14 BACs were mapped as confirmed based on moderate frequency of the signal and agreement with the last version of MVV, most of these BACs hits as a secondary signal.
Aquino Perez, Gildardo
Performance of T12 and T8 Fluorescent Lamps and Troffers and LED Linear Replacement Lamps CALiPER Benchmark Report
The Department of Energy (DOE) Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting (CALiPER) Program was established in 2006 to investigate the performance of light-emitting diode (LED) based luminaires and replacement lamps. To help users better compare LED products with conventional lighting technologies, CALiPER has also performed benchmark research and testing of traditional (i.e., non-LED) lamps and fixtures. This benchmark report addresses standard 4-foot fluorescent lamps (i.e., T12 and T8) and the 2-foot by 4-foot recessed troffers in which they are commonly used. This report also examines available LED replacements for T12 and T8 fluorescent lamps, and their application in fluorescent troffers. The construction and operation of linear fluorescent lamps and troffers are discussed, as well as fluorescent lamp and fixture performance, based on manufacturer data and CALiPER benchmark testing. In addition, the report describes LED replacements for linear fluorescent lamps, and compares their bare lamp and in situ performance with fluorescent benchmarks on a range of standard lighting measures, including power usage, light output and distribution, efficacy, correlated color temperature, and the color rendering index. Potential performance and application issues indicated by CALiPER testing results are also examined.
Myer, Michael; Paget, Maria L.; Lingard, Robert D.
The Next Generation Safeguard Initiative (NGSI) of the U.S Department of Energy is supporting a multi-lab/university collaboration to quantify the plutonium (Pu) mass in spent nuclear fuel (SNF) assemblies and to detect the diversion of pins with non-destructive assay (NDA) methods. The following 14 NDA techniques are being studied: Delayed Neutrons, Differential Die-Away, Differential Die-Away Self-Interrogation, Lead Slowing Down Spectrometer, Neutron Multiplicity, Passive Neutron Albedo Reactivity, Total Neutron (Gross Neutron), X-Ray Fluorescence, {sup 252}Cf Interrogation with Prompt Neutron Detection, Delayed Gamma, Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence, Passive Prompt Gamma, Self-integration Neutron Resonance Densitometry, and Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis. Understanding and maturity of the techniques vary greatly, ranging from decades old, well-understood methods to new approaches. Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) is a technique that had not previously been studied for SNF assay or similar applications. Since NRF generates isotope-specific signals, the promise and appeal of the technique lies in its potential to directly measure the amount of a specific isotope in an SNF assay target. The objectives of this study were to design and model suitable NRF measurement methods, to quantify capabilities and corresponding instrumentation requirements, and to evaluate prospects and the potential of NRF for SNF assay. The main challenge of the technique is to achieve the sensitivity and precision, i.e., to accumulate sufficient counting statistics, required for quantifying the mass of Pu isotopes in SNF assemblies. Systematic errors, considered a lesser problem for a direct measurement and only briefly discussed in this report, need to be evaluated for specific instrument designs in the future. Also, since the technical capability of using NRF to measure Pu in SNF has not been established, this report does not directly address issues such as cost, size, development time, nor concerns related to the use of Pu in measurement systems. This report discusses basic NRF measurement concepts, i.e., backscatter and transmission methods, and photon source and {gamma}-ray detector options in Section 2. An analytical model for calculating NRF signal strengths is presented in Section 3 together with enhancements to the MCNPX code and descriptions of modeling techniques that were drawn upon in the following sections. Making extensive use of the model and MCNPX simulations, the capabilities of the backscatter and transmission methods based on bremsstrahlung or quasi-monoenergetic photon sources were analyzed as described in Sections 4 and 5. A recent transmission experiment is reported on in Appendix A. While this experiment was not directly part of this project, its results provide an important reference point for our analytical estimates and MCNPX simulations. Used fuel radioactivity calculations, the enhancements to the MCNPX code, and details of the MCNPX simulations are documented in the other appendices.
Ludewigt, Bernhard A; Quiter, Brian J.; Ambers, Scott D.
Photophysical characterization of fluorescent metal nanoclusters sythesized using oligonucleotides, proteins and small reagent moleucles
The size transition from bulk metals to insulating nanoparticles and eventually to single atoms passes through the relatively unexplored few-atom nanocluster region. With climensions close to the Fermi wavelength, these nanoclusters demonstrate molecule-like properties distinct from bulk metals or atoms, such as discrete and size-tunable electronic transitions which lead to photoluminescence. Current research aims to elucidate the fundamental photophysical properties of the existing metal nanoclusters made by different means and based on different encapsulation agents. Here, we report the study of the photophysical properties, including quantum yields, lifetimes, extinction coefficients, blinking dynamics and sizes, of silver and gold nanoclusters synthesized using oligonucleotides, a protein (bovine serum albumin) and a Good's buffer molecule (MES, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) as encapsulation agents. We also investigate the change of photoluminescence under varying conditions (time, temperature and salt). Furthermore, it is demonstrated here that fluorescent metal clusters can be used as a donor in forming resonance energy transfer pairs with a commercial organic quenching dye.
Yeh, Hsin-chih [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Jaswinder, Sharma K [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Martinez, Jennifer S [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Werner, James H [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Yoo, Hyojong [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Side-by-Side Testing of Commercial Office Lighting Systems: Two-lamp Fluorescent Fixtures
Lighting systems in commercial office buildings are primary determinants of building energy use. In warmer climates, lighting energy use has important implications for building cooling loads as well as those directly associated with illumination tasks. To research the comparative performance of conventional and advanced office lighting systems, Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) set up the Lighting Flexible Test Facility (LFTF) which allows side-by-side comparison of lighting options in two otherwise identical 2.7 m x 3.7 m (9' x 12') south facing offices. The ceiling of the LFTF contains 0.61 m x 1.2 m (2' x 4') recessed fluorescent fixtures designed to be easily changed. Differing lighting systems were comparatively tested against each other over weeklong periods. Data on power consumption (watts), power quality (power factor), work-plane interior lighting levels (lux), bulb-wall, fixture and plenum temperatures were recorded every 15 minutes on a multi-channel data logger. This data allows realistic analysis of comparative lighting system performance including interactions with daylighting.
Parker, D. S.; Schrum, L.; Sonne, J. K.; Stedman, T. C.
Development of Ta-based Superconducting Tunnel Junction X-ray Detectors for Fluorescence XAS
We are developing superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) soft X-ray detectors for chemical analysis of dilute samples by fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Our 36-pixel Nb-based STJ spectrometer covers a solid angle {Omega}/4{pi} {approx} 10{sup -3}, offers an energy resolution of {approx}10-20 eV FWHM for energies up to {approx}1 keV, and can be operated at total count rates of {approx}10{sup 6} counts/s. For increased quantum efficiency and cleaner response function, we have now started the development of Ta-based STJ detector arrays. Initial devices modeled after our Nb-based STJs have an energy resolution below 10 eV FWHM for X-ray energies below 1 keV, and pulse rise time discrimination can be used to improve their response function for energies up to several keV. We discuss the performance of the Ta-STJs and outline steps towards the next-generation of large STJ detector arrays with higher sensitivity.
Friedrich, S; Drury, O; Hall, J; Cantor, R
Development and Testing of an Air Fluorescence Imaging System for the Detection of Radiological Contamination
Detection of radionuclides emitting short-range radiation, such as {alpha} and low-energy {beta} particles, has always presented a challenge, particularly when such radionuclides are dispersed over a wide area. In this situation, conventional detection methods require the area of interest to be surveyed using a fragile probe at very close range--a slow, error-prone, and potentially dangerous process that may take many hours for a single room. The instrument under development uses a novel approach by imaging radiation-induced fluorescence in the air surrounding a contaminated area, rather than detecting the radiation directly. A robust and portable system has been designed and built that will allow contaminated areas to be rapidly detected and delineated. The detector incorporates position-sensitive photo-multiplier tubes, UV filters, a fast electronic shutter and an aspherical phase mask that significantly increases the depth-of-field. Preliminary tests have been conducted using sealed {sup 241}Am sources of varying activities and surface areas. The details of the instrument design will be described and the results of recent testing will be presented.
Inrig, Elizabeth [Defence R and D Canada - Ottawa, 3701 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario (Canada); Koslowsky, Vern; Andrews, Bob; Dick, Michael; Forget, Patrick; Ing, Harry [Bubble Technology Industries, Box 100, Chalk River, Ontario (Canada); Hugron, Roger [Director General Nuclear Safety, 101 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario (Canada); Wong, Larry [Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, 3484 Limebank Road, Ottawa, Ontario (Canada)
Quality studies of the data taking conditions for the Auger Fluorescence Detector
As more than half of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Auger Observatory is completed, data taking is becoming a routine job. It is then necessary to follow strict procedures to assure the quality of the data. An overview of the data taking methods is given. The nature of the FD background signal is due to the night sky brightness (stars and planet faint light, moonlight, twilight, airglow, zodiacal and artificial light) and to the electronic background (photomultiplier and electronic noise). The analysis of the fluctuations in the FADC signal (variance analysis), directly proportional to the background mean light level, performed for each night of data taking is used to monitor the FD background signal. The data quality is analysed using different techniques, described in detail. Examples of trigger rates, number of stereo events, dead time due to moonlight, weather or hardware problems are given. The analysis comprises several months of data taking, giving an overview of the FD capabilities, performance and allowing a systematic study of data and their correlation with the environment.
R. Caruso; R. Fonte; A. Insolia; S. Petrera; J. Rodriguez Martino; Pierre Auger Collaboration
Executive Summary Executive Summary Potential Savings The overwhelming majority of lights in residential households are incandescent--the least energy efficient of all light types (Figure ES1.). If households replaced the most intensively used bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs, they would see a sizable savings in their electric bills. The total U.S. household energy that would be saved by replacing all incandescent bulbs used 4 or more hours per day would be 31.7 billion kilowatthours (kWh) annually, or 35 percent of all electricity used for residential lighting. The amount of time it takes for households to see a simple payback from compact fluorescent bulbs depends on the price of electricity. Assuming a 26-watt compact fluorescent bulb that costs 22 dollars, an average sized
Pumpkin Patterns
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) like this are simply a Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) like this are simply a curly version of the long tube fluorescent lights you might see in your school, office or garage, and use less electricity than traditional incandescents. An ENERGY STAR-qualified CFL uses about 1/4th the energy and lasts 10 times longer than an incandescent bulb that puts out the same amount of light. Biomass is material made from plants and animals, and contains stored energy from the sun. This renewable energy source can be made from wood, crops, manure and even garbage. Using biomass for energy can cut back on waste and greenhouse gas emissions. Just like a windmill, wind turbines like this one use blades to collect the wind's kinetic energy. The wind flows over the blades, which causes them to turn. The blades are
Method of using a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy standard. [SO/sub 2/ in gases by fluorescence
(CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/SiNSO is produced by the reaction of ((CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/SI)/sub 2/NH with SO/sub 2/. Also produced in the reaction are ((CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/Si)/sub 2/O and a new solid compound (NH/sub 4/)((CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/SiOSO/sub 2/). Both (CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/SiNSO and (NH/sub 4/)((CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/SiOSO/sub 2/) have fluorescent properties. The reaction of the subject invention is used in a method of measuring the concentration of SO/sub 2/ pollutants in gases. By the method, a sample of gas is bubbled through a solution of ((CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/Si)/sub 2/NH, whereby any SO/sub 2/ present in the gas will react to produce the two fluorescent products. The measured fluorescence of these products can then be used to calculate the concentration of SO/sub 2/ in the original gas sample. The solid product (NH/sub 4/)((CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/SiOSO/sub 2/) may be used as a standard in solid state NMR spectroscopy, wherein the resonance peaks of either /sup 1/H, /sup 13/C, /sup 15/N, or /sup 29/Si may be used as a reference.
Spicer, L.D.; Bennett, D.W.; Davis, J.F.
An improved pyrolysis route to synthesize carbon-coated CdS quantum dots with fluorescence enhancement effect
Well-dispersed carbon-coated CdS (CdS-C) quantum dots were successfully prepared via the improved pyrolysis of bis(1-dodecanethiol)-cadmium(II) under nitrogen atmosphere. This simple method effectively solved the sintered problem resulted from conventional pyrolysis process. The experimental results indicated that most of the as-prepared nanoparticles displayed well-defined core-shell structures. The CdS cores with diameter of {approx}5 nm exhibited hexagonal crystal phase, the carbon shells with thickness of {approx}2 nm acted as a good dispersion medium to prevent CdS particles from aggregation, and together with CdS effectively formed a monodisperse CdS-Carbon nanocomposite. This composite presented a remarkable fluorescence enhancement effect, which indicated that the prepared nanoparticles might be a promising photoresponsive material or biosensor. This improved pyrolysis method might also offer a facile way to prepare other carbon-coated semiconductor nanostructures. - Graphical abstract: We demonstrated a facile approach to synthesize well-dispersed carbon-coated CdS quantum dots. The as-prepared nanoparticles presented remarkable fluorescence enhancement effect. Highlights: > Carbon-coated CdS quantum dots were synthesized by an one-step pyrolysis method. > Well-dispersed CdS-carbon nanoparticles were obtained by an acid treatment process. > As-prepared nanoparticles presented remarkable fluorescence enhancement effect.
Zhang Kejie [Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (China); Liu Xiaoheng, E-mail: email@example.com [Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (China)
Proton induced quasi-monochromatic x-ray beams for soft x-ray spectroscopy studies and selective x-ray fluorescence analysis
We present the analytical features and performance of an x-ray spectroscopy end station of moderate energy resolution operating with proton-induced quasi-monochromatic x-ray beams. The apparatus was designed, installed and operated at the 5.5 MV Tandem VdG Accelerator Laboratory of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, N.C.S.R. 'Demokritos,' Athens. The setup includes a two-level ultrahigh vacuum chamber that hosts in the lower level up to six primary targets in a rotatable holder; there, the irradiation of pure element materials-used as primary targets-with few-MeV high current ({approx}{mu}A) proton beams produces intense quasi-monochromatic x-ray beams of selectable energy. In the chamber's upper level, a six-position rotatable sample holder hosts the targets considered for x-ray spectroscopy studies. The proton-induced x-ray beam, after proper collimation, is guided to the sample position whereas various filters can be also inserted along the beam's path to eliminate the backscattered protons or/and to absorb selectively components of the x-ray beam. The apparatus incorporates an ultrathin window Si(Li) spectrometer (FWHM 136 eV at 5.89 keV) coupled with low-noise electronics capable of efficiently detecting photons down to carbon K{alpha}. Exemplary soft x-ray spectroscopy studies and results of selective x-ray fluorescence analysis are presented.
Sokaras, D. [Institute of Nuclear Physics, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens (Greece); Zarkadas, Ch. [PANalytical B.V., 7600 AA Almelo (Netherlands); Fliegauf, R.; Beckhoff, B. [Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin (Germany); Karydas, A. G. [Institute of Nuclear Physics, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens (Greece); Nuclear Spectrometry and Applications Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf (Austria)
A New In Situ Method of Determining Relative Abundances and Charge States of Implanted Transition Metals in Individual Grains Using Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence
We report on a new in situ method of determining relative abundances and charge states of implanted transition metals in individual grains using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence. In order to determine in situ the relative abundances and charge states of the transition metals in implanted solar wind in individual lunar plagioclase grains, we have developed a new microbeam x-ray fluorescence method using the synchrotron x-ray microprobe at the Advanced Photon Source (GSECARS sector 13) at Argonne National Laboratory.
Kitts, K.; Sutton, S.; Newville, M. (NIU); (UofC)
Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) was requested to develop an x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry method for elemental characterization of the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) pretreated low activity waste (LAW) stream to the LAW Vitrification Plant. The WTP is evaluating the potential for using XRF as a rapid turnaround technique to support LAW product compliance and glass former batching. The overall objective of this task was to develop XRF analytical methods that provide the rapid turnaround time (with the objective of optimizing the XRF methodology. Three XRF sample methods used for preparing the LAW sub-sample for XRF analysis were studied: direct liquid analysis, dried spot, and fused glass. The direct liquid method was selected because its major advantage is that the LAW can be analyzed directly without any sample alteration that could bias the method accuracy. It also is the fastest preparation technique--a typical XRF measurement could be completed in with percent relative standard deviations (%RSDs) % for most elements in filtered solution. There were some issues with a few elements precipitating out of solution over time affecting the long term precision of the method. Additional research will need to be performed to resolve this sample stability problem. Activities related to methodology optimization in the Phase 1b portion of the study were eliminated as a result of WTP request to discontinue remaining activities due to funding reduction. These preliminary studies demonstrate that developing an XRF method to support the LAW vitrification plant is feasible. When funding is restored for the WTP, it is recommended that optimization of this technology should be pursued.
Jurgensen, A; David Missimer, D; Ronny Rutherford, R
Dyes designed for high sensitivity detection of double-stranded DNA
Novel fluorescent dyes are provided, characterized by having a fluorophore joined to a cationic chain. The dyes are found to provide for high enhancement upon binding to nucleic acid and have strong binding affinities to the nucleic acid, as compared to the fluorophore without the polycationic chain. The dyes find use in detection of dsDNA in gel electrophoresis and solution at substantially higher sensitivities using substantially less dye. 10 figs.
Cyanine dyes with high-absorbance cross section as donor chromophores in energy transfer labels
Cyanine dyes are used as the donor fluorophore in energy transfer labels in which light energy is absorbed by a donor fluorophore and transferred to an acceptor fluorophore which responds to the transfer by emitting fluorescent light for detection. The cyanine dyes impart an unusual