text:
Craftsman 10'' Single Bevel Sliding Compound Miter Saw (21237)
Item# 00921237000 | Model# 21237Specifications & Dimensions
Dimensions: | |
Fence Size (HxL) (In): | 2-1/2" x 7 7/8 (Left & right) |
Height (in.): | 23.75 |
Length (in.): | 39.5 |
Table Dimensions (LxW): | 11 x 13-3/8" |
Table Dimensions with Extensions: | 38 1/4 in x 13 3/8 in |
Width (in.): | 38.5 |
Product Overview: | |
Crosscut Capacity - 0 Miter 0 Bevel: | 3 5/16 in x 12 in |
Crosscut Capacity - 0 Miter 45 Left Bevel: | 1 5/8 in x 12 in |
Crosscut Capacity - 0 Miter 45 Right Bevel: | NA |
Crosscut Capacity - 45 Miter 0 Bevel: | 3 5/8 in x 8 in |
Crosscut Capacity - 45 Miter 45 Left Bevel: | 1 5/8 in x 8 in |
Crosscut Capacity - 45 Miter 45 Right Bevel: | NA |
CSA Listed: | Yes |
ETL Listed: | No |
Fence Type: | Fixed |
General Warranty: | 1 Year |
Item Weight (lbs.): | 39.38 |
Package Contents: | Table Extension, Stop Block, Clamp(s), Dust Bag, blade wrench |
Preset Miter Angle Detents (Deg): | 0,15,22.5,31.6,45 L&R |
Quick Release Vise: | No |
Spindle Lock: | Yes |
Type: | Sliding compound miter |
UL Listed: | Yes |
Color: | |
Color/Finish: | Silver/black |
Cord: | |
Cord Length (ft.): | 6 |
Cord Management: | Manual Wrap |
Blade: | |
Blade Diameter (In): | 10 |
Motor-Engine: | |
Amps: | 15.0 |
Motor Brake: | Yes |
Motor Brushes: | Consumer replaceable |
Motor Voltage: | 120 |
Guides & Instructions: | |
Owner's Manual: | Yes |
General Features: | |
Arbor Size: | 5/8 in. |
Arbor Type: | Standard |
Compound Miter: | Yes |
Detent Base: | Yes |
Miter Index: | 0-50 deg. left/right |
Cutting Tool: | |
Align-a-Cut: | No |
Bevel Index: | 0, 33.9, and 45 deg. Left only |
Blade Bevel Range: | 0 to 45 deg. Left only |
Cut Depth At 45 Degrees: | 3-5/8 in. |
Cut Depth At 90 Degrees: | 3-5/8 x 12 in. |
Miter Detents: | 0, 15, 22-1/2, 31.6 and 45 deg. left/right |
Materials: | |
Table Material: | Die cast aluminum |
Installation: | |
Assembly Required: | Assembly Required |
Ratings & Reviews
Product Description
A Craftsman 10' Sliding Compound Miter Saw Gets the Job Done Precisely Right
Smooth cutting with laser guided precision, lightweight, portable and slicing seamlessly through thick materials, the Craftsman 10' single bevel sliding compound miter saw is the perfect addition to a job site and home shop alike. Spinning at 4,800 revolutions per minute, no matter which blade you slip onto the collar of this compound, you'll cut through wood both hard and soft, leaving sharp edges and tight corners with every cut.
The perfect way to save money on any job, the Craftsman 10' sliding compound miter saw uses smaller, easy-to-maintain blades than larger models, but this saw still delivers the reach to spin through boards up to 12 inches wide. Perfect for quick work, this saw features a Laser Trac that clearly lines up with your pencil marks for fast work and when you're looking to cut precision miters, the built-in clamping system gives you that exact angle every time. The Craftsman 10" compound miter saw delivers precision and versatility that you can count on.
- The Craftsman 10' sliding compound miter saw features a 15.0 Amp motor that delivers high torque and speed
- Include compound miter saw, blade, dust bag, blade wrench, clamp and extensions
- Studs, joists and posts cut easily with the dual slide bearing rail system
- Telescoping aluminum extensions with stop block provide additional support for longer work pieces
- Laser Trac not only gives you an accurate cut line, but doesn't ever run out of batteries
- The 0-50 degree miter adjustment includes common positive stops for accurate cuts on the fly
- 60 carbide teeth give the 10-inch saw blade more life and bite than others
- Aluminum construction is durable and easy to move from home to jobsite
- Some assembly required
- Comes with Owner's Manual (English)
Added on July 26, 2010
Overall, others give this:
Reviewers may have received a benefit, like a sweepstakes entry or rewards program points, in exchange for writing a review.
Those benefits were not conditioned on the positive or negative content of the review.
Most Helpful Reviews
Madison, OH
via sears.com
The motor carriage assembly which mounts to the slide assembly is not properly factory aligned. In other words, the motor attached to the slide rails was not properly attached at the factory so that the blade is cutting perpendicular to the stock all the way through the length of the cut. There is no way you cannot align the plane of blade so that the front of the blade travels in the same space as the back end of the blade as it passes through the cut. A miter saw on slides that is not properly aligned, cannot produce a square cut no matter how you adjust the fence and this is especially noticeable on larger stock width cuts. Now this problem may not be indicative of all the saws of this design that were manufactured but it is certainly true the saw I own. This flaw renders the saw useless for cabinet making or other high accuracy work. It is still usable for rough cut carpentry, however.
Niagara Falls, NY
via sears.com
Needed a new saw and after seeing the above average reviews opted on 21237. I got 4 cuts into a small project and the trigger system stopped responding - it was in constant on mode which isnt safe. I unplugged it and secured it in the down position and read up on the manual to make sure there wasn't an odd feature I was missing. After a cover to cover read through and not seeing anything I tried again. Upon plugging it in it was auto on and I tried for a solid 10 seconds of wiggling both the trigger and safety thumb mechanism and still it wouldn't turn off. Tried again for another 10 seconds and this time it turned off. I fiddled with the triggers and although turned off and then it responded as needed I didnt like the possibility of it happening again so I took it back for an exchange.Hopefully it was just that saw and the new one doesnt have this issue - plus side is 8 cuts into the project with the new saw and so far so good. On a more positive note the cuts that I have been able to make have been flawless. The 45s are spot on and the framing project is looking great! Oh, one more con - the dust bag/ system is useless. I think I have a spec or two of dust in the bag while the rest is all around my work bench.
Bainbridge Island, WA
via sears.com
I like the saw alot. Only two little things that bug me about it. When the stops are flipped up one is 90 degrees and the other is not. I must diddle with it to make a straight cut. Second there are 4 holes (two front and 2 in back) to put the clamp into. The two in front are not drilled and tapped to allow for a screw for securing the clamp. For some angles it would be nice to be able to use the clamp from the front side. Other than these small things I love it. And it worked very well and very precise clean cuts. Great price too.
Frederick, MD
via sears.com
I bought the saw primarily to be to cut and miter wide boards. I read the reviews and, overall, found good reviews. One review indicated that the saw dust catcher does not work very well. I thought I could live with that. But, when I used the saw and saw dust blew in all directions with almost nothing in the bag, I had to return the saw Unfortunately, I encountered issues when I returned the saw to my local Sears store. I am very disappointed in the product and with Sears.
Matawan, NJ
via sears.com
Have had one of these for hardwood flooring, framing walls, and molding jobs and works great. The sliding action lets you cut wider lengths of wood and come at molding straigh down vs. a top cut that would dull the blade. Works well compared to more expensive units and folds down fairly small. Suggest using it on a table or a rolling cart.
Las Vegas, NM
via mobile
I ordered this saw a few weeks ago and it has been amazing except it's a little large for my small shop so if you have a small shop I RECOMEND the compact sliding miter but other that that its a great saw I love it and I would RECOMEND it to anyone
Norcross, GA
via mobile
Love this sae works great for someone just getting started with DIY!!
via sears.com
This is a great saw for the price. Perfect for your average homeowner. The included blade cuts nice finished edges, the sliders are smooth, and the laser is dead-nuts accurate (some people have complained of it being off a bit, but I think that's just manufacturing issues). I only have one complaint. Miter saws are inherently messy tools. Dust collection has never really been 100%, but this one in particular is terrible in that respect. After multiple cuts, nearly none of the dust made it into the collection bag. If you actually look at the way the saw was designed, it's obvious why it doesn't collect dust as it should. The saw spits the dust straight back towards the rear of the saw, but the collection inlet is nearly halfway up the blade and not level with the cutting surface. While I understand for the purposes of being able to slide the saw like a radial arm would be inhibited by a lower hanging chute, some simple flexible material (like some other manufacturers use) to help send the dust upward would be a nice addition. Even with a vacuum hooked up to where the bag would go, I only saw ~50% reduction in dust. The dust issue isn't enough to lower a star on this, as it's a great saw, and it's just the nature of miter saws to be messy.
Weslaco, TX
via mobile
Knoxville, TN
via sears.com
I love this thing. I create reasons to use it. It makes all the basic cuts you need for baseboard, crown molding, hardwood laminate, whatever. This thing is a beast.
- Free shipping! Orders $59 or more Offer ends 31-Dec-2015 See details.
- Use your Sears Card and Save! Extra 5% off Tool items Sold By Sears when you use your Sears Card Offer ends 31-Dec-2015 See details.
- Get 15% off Craftsman or DieHard work boots with online tool purchase. Offer ends 07-Mar-2015 See details.


text:
quote:NEW BILL -- HOUSE BILL NO. 48: Would allow off-duty and retired police officers to carry weapons in bars and restaurants
quote:Burns said current law, which allows an officer to carry a weapon into an alcoholic beverage outlet only "in the performance of his official duties," is unnecessarily stringent.
quote:"I don't like your bill," Landry said last year. "Alcohol and guns do not mix. This is a bad, bad situation. ... I don't understand how this will enhance public safety."
quote:off-duty and retired police officers
quote:I don't hang out at cop bars so...
quote:They should just go ahead and make cops exempt from all laws.
quote:There is nothing special about being a cop that makes you immune to alcohol induced stupidity.
quote:Oh boy guns and drunks Great combo

subset: commoncrawl


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HISTORY Teachers: Check out this useful list of YouTube channels that are great educational resources--from Dizzo to World History to Cinema History.
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"Almost every article and column written about the nascent GOP presidential campaign mentions Tea Party opposition to immigration reform and the Common Core—and most candidates' efforts to align themselves with the Republican base on these two issues. (A Google News search turns up more than 11,000 hits for "Common Core" and "immigration" and "Republican.") When it comes to immigration reform, it's easy to understand what the hard-right candidates oppose: any form of amnesty for people who entered the country illegally. But what does it mean when Ted Cruz, or Rand Paul, or Bobby Jindal says he "opposes" the Common Core?" This article gives examples of nine questions reporters* might ask. Via Darren Burris
Cindy Riley Klages's insight:
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Thanks for Attending FinovateAsiaOur first ever FinovateAsia is now in the books! On November 6, over 300 attendees joined us in the MAX Atria @ Singapore Expo to watch as 35 companies unveiled their latest and greatest financial technology. Thanks to everyone who attended and made it a great inaugural event! FinovateAsia will be returning to Singapore in the fall of 2013. In the meantime, please come join us at FinovateSpring in San Francisco (May 14 & 15) or FinovateFall in New York (September 10 & 11). See you soon! |
FinovateAsia 2012 Presenting Companies |


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Posted: July 23, 2014
The futurist: Disrupting government
Why countries will soon sompete for citizens
Thomas Frey(Editor's note: This is the first of two parts.)
In 2002, Roger Ver was honing his entrepreneurial skills by selling products on eBay. It was in the aftermath of the Twin Towers disaster when one of his products called "Pest Control Report 2000" hit the radar of Homeland Security, and he was charged and convicted of selling 14 pounds of explosives without a license.
He dismisses the product as little more than a "firecracker to scare birds from cornfields," but ended up serving 10 months in federal prison.
While his computer-parts business made him a millionaire by age 25, Ver became truly wealthy after investing tens of thousands in Bitcoin in 2011, a crypto-currency that he bought for $1 each and trades in the neighborhood of $600 today.
Now, at age 35, Roger Ver has adopted the moniker "Bitcoin Jesus" and is one of the currency's most ardent supporters as well as a major investor in Bitcoin startups.
At the same time, he has another agenda. He is now traveling the world, explaining to wealthy people everywhere how they can invest as little as $400,000 in the Caribbean island nation of St. Kitt and become a citizen there.
After finishing his probation in 2006, Ver moved to Tokyo to stay off of the radar of U.S. officials. In February, he got his St. Kitt's passport and renounced his U.S. citizenship that same month.
"I didn't hurt anybody. I had nothing but happy customers, and the U.S. government locked me in a cage," he said. "So I want nothing to do with those people. I don't want to support them. I want them out of my life."
St. Kitt has become a magnet for wealthy people around the world because they require only an investment, not residency, to gain citizenship.
With transportation systems growing more efficient, and intrusive technologies leaving many feeling hyper-exposed and alienated by their government, conditions are now ripe for a massive wave of governmental disruption where wealthy individuals choose to "vote with their feet" and abandon their home country.
Here's why a massive shift is about to occur that will force countries to compete for their own citizens.
The Story of Iraq
In 2003, President George Bush let the world know that the U.S. military was planning to attack Iraq and capture Saddam Hussein.
During that ramping up period, it didn't take a genius to understand what was about to happen, and many wealthy and professional people proceeded to abandon their homeland of Iraq. The country suffered a massive brain drain as lawyers, dentists, engineers, architects, professors and business owners all gathered up their families and moved to other countries.
This exodus of talent has had a long-term residual effect, since most of these families have not returned over a decade after the official war ended, making the rebuilding of the country far more difficult.
Growing Migrant Populations
Migrant populations around the world continue to grow. In 2013, 232 million people, or 3.2 percent of the world's population, were international migrants, compared with 175 million in 2000 and 154 million in 1990.
Europe and Asia combined are the home for nearly two-thirds of all international migrants worldwide. Europe is the most popular destination, hosting roughly 72 million international migrants in 2013, followed closely by 71 million in Asia.
In 2013, half of all international migrants lived in 10 countries, with the US hosting the largest number (45.8 million), followed by the Russian Federation (11 million); Germany (9.8 million); Saudi Arabia (9.1 million); United Arab Emirates (7.8 million); United Kingdom (7.8 million); France (7.4 million); Canada (7.3 million); Australia (6.5 million); and Spain (6.5 million).
Abandoning Citizenship
The United States is one of only two countries that taxes citizens or permanent residents wherever they reside, including an estimated six million Americans living outside the country. (The other country, incidentally, is Eritrea, a single-party dictatorship.)
Citizens or permanent residents of every other country end their obligation to pay income tax after a sustained period of non-residence from that country, generally one year or longer.
Taxes are just one of many reasons people choose to abandon their citizenships, and the numbers tend to drop during Presidential election years. Here are the official numbers for people renouncing US citizenship over the past seven years:
- 2007 – 467
- 2008 – 231 (Presidential election year)
- 2009 – 742
- 2010 – 1,534
- 2011 – 1,781
- 2012 – 932 (Presidential election year)
- 2013 – 2,999
Even though the numbers are climbing, in a country of 320 million people, they are still too small for leaders to dedicate much attention to.
However, in addition to renouncing citizenship, people can simply relinquish it. Relinquishing citizenship is a process that no one seems to be tracking, and some are estimating the numbers to be as much as four times higher.
If the actual number in 2013 were four times higher – 12,000 – it would still be considered a tiny number. But if a high percentage of them were high-profile millionaires and billionaires, the whole world would begin to take notice.
Thomas Frey is the executive director and senior futurist at the DaVinci Institute and currently Google's top-rated futurist speaker. At the Institute, he has developed original research studies, enabling him to speak on unusual topics, translating trends into unique opportunities. Tom continually pushes the envelope of understanding, creating fascinating images of the world to come. His talks on futurist topics have captivated people ranging from high level of government officials to executives in Fortune 500 companies including NASA, IBM, AT&T, Hewlett-Packard, Unilever, GE, Blackmont Capital, Lucent Technologies, First Data, Boeing, Ford Motor Company, Qwest, Allied Signal, Hunter Douglas, Direct TV, Capital One, National Association of Federal Credit Unions, STAMATS, Bell Canada, American Chemical Society, Times of India, Leaders in Dubai, and many more. Before launching the DaVinci Institute, Tom spent 15 years at IBM as an engineer and designer where he received over 270 awards, more than any other IBM engineer.


text:
The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand. (February 2012) |
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | ||||||
Anthem: Afghan National Anthem |
Capital and largest city |
Kabul 34°32′N 69°08′E / 34.533°N 69.133°E |
Official languages[1] | Pashto Dari |
Demonym | Afghan | |||||
Government | Islamic republic | |||||
- | President | Ashraf Ghani | ||||
- | Vice Presidents | |||||
- | Chief Justice | Abdul Salam Azimi | ||||
Legislature | National Assembly | |||||
- | Upper house | House of Elders | ||||
- | Lower house | House of the People | ||||
Establishment | ||||||
- | First Afghan state[2][3] | October 1747 | ||||
- | Independence (from the United Kingdom) | August 19, 1919 | ||||
Area | ||||||
- | Total | 652,230 km2 (41st) 251,827 sq mi |
- | Water (%) | negligible | ||||
Population | ||||||
- | 2012 estimate | 30,419,928[2] (40th) | ||||
- | 1979 census | 15.5 million[4] | ||||
- | Density | 43.5/km2 (150th) 111.8/sq mi |
GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $45.3 billion[2] | ||||
- | Per capita | $1,100[2] | ||||
GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $18.181 billion | ||||
- | Per capita | $585 | ||||
Gini (2008) | 29[5] low |
HDI (2011) | 0.398[6] low · 172nd |
Currency | Afghani (AFN ) |
Time zone | D† (UTC+4:30) | |||||
Drives on the | right | |||||
Calling code | +93 | |||||
Internet TLD | .af |
Afghanistān (officially called Islamic Republic of Afghanistan; Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوريت, Persian: جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان) is a country in South Asia.[7][8] It has border with Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.[8]
In early times people passed through it with animals and other goods as it connected China and India with Central Asia and the Middle East. More recently, Afghanistan has been damaged by many years of war and no jobs.
The country is around 251,826 square miles (652,230 square kilometers) in size or area. There are 30 million people in Afghanistan. There are about 3 million Afghan refugees who are in Pakistan and Iran for some time. Kabul, the big city, had about 3,691,400 people living in it in 2011.[9]
Land and climate[change | change source]
Afghanistan has many mountains. The mountains are called Hindu Kush Range and Himalayas. The big mountain in Afghanistan is Mount Nowshak. There are plains (which have soil that is good for growing plants) and foothills. Part is also dry and called the Registan Desert.
Afghanistan has snow and glaciers in the mountains. Amu Darya is the big water stream, or river.
Afghanistan is dry and cold in winter and hot in summer. No water sometimes causes problems for farmers. Sandstorms happen a lot in the desert.[10]
The country has a lot of a valuable stone called lapis lazuli, which was used to decorate the tomb of the Egyptian king Tutankhamun.[11]
Plants and Animals[change | change source]
Southern Afghanistan has not many plants because it is dry. There are more plants where there is more water. Mountains have forests of pine and fir. cedar, oak, walnut, alder, and ash trees.
Afghanistan's animals are in the mountains. There are wolves, foxes, jackals, bears, and wild goats, gazelles, wild dogs, camels, and wild cats such as the snow leopard in the country. The birds are falcons, eagles and vultures. The Rhesus Macaque and the red flying squirrel are also in Afghanistan.
Many years of war, hunting, and years of no water have killed animals in Afghanistan. Tigers used to be in Afghanistan, but they are extinct, which means that there are no more tigers there. Bears and wolves are almost gone.[11]
People and culture[change | change source]
Many different cultures have moved through or invaded the land of Afghanistan. Today the people of Afghanistan, known as Afghans, have many traits passed down from these groups. The largest ethnic group is the Pashtuns (or ethnic Afghans), who make up about half the Afghan people.[12] Tajiks are the second-largest group, making up about one-fifth of the population.[13] Before the 20th century, Tajiks were called Sarts[14] and some come from the Iranian peoples.[15] Most Pashtuns are also related to the Iranian peoples, and some Pashtuns and Tajiks marry each other but at the same time they are rivals. The country's other ethnic groups include the Hazara, Uzbek, Aimak, Turkmen, Nuristani, Baloch, Pashai and a few others. The Hazaras live in the mountains of central Afghanistan, many people believe that they have connection to the 13th century Mongol invaders, because their language has many Mongol words.[11]
The language of the Pashtuns, called Pashto, is the first official language of Afghanistan.[1] The second official language is Dari[1] (Afghan dialect of Farsi (Persian). Most people who live in cities can speak more than one language. Dari is the native or mother language of the Tajik, Hazara, and some other groups. Both Pashto and Dari belong to the Indo-European languages, but they are usually written with the Arabic alphabet. Uzbek and Turkmen are widely spoken in the north and Nuristani and Pashai are spoken in the east.[1] Almost all Afghans follow the religion of Islam.
Afghanistan is a largely rural country, which means that there are only few major cities and much spaced-apart land. Only about one fifth of the population lives in cities. Kabul, the capital, is the largest city. It is along the Kabul River south of the Hindu Kush range. Other cities in Afghanistan include Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-e Sharif, and Jalalabad. The rural population is made up of farmers and nomads (people who move or travel from place to place). The farmers live mainly in small villages along the rivers. The nomads live in tents while moving from place to place with their animals and belongings. Some Afghan people live in the high central mountains or the deserts in the south and southwest. Millions of people escaped from Afghanistan in order to not get involved in the wars that happened in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Most of them lived in neighboring Pakistan and Iran.
History[change | change source]
Afghanistan is in the path of important trade routes that connect southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East. Because of this, many empire builders have decided to rule over the area. Signs that these emperors were near Afghanistan still exist in many parts of the country.[16] Afghanistan is near what used to be the Silk Road, so it has many cultures. From up to 8,000 years ago, the peoples of Afghanistan helped develop (create) major world religions, traded and exchanged much merchandise, and sometimes controlled politics and culture in Asia.[17]
Prehistory[change | change source]
Archaeologists digging a cave in what is now northeastern Afghanistan (in Badakhshan), discovered that people lived in the country as early as 100,000 years ago. They found the skull of a Neanderthal, or early human, as well as tools from about 30,000 years ago. In other parts of Afghanistan, archaeologists uncovered pottery and tools that are 4,000 to 11,000 years old—evidence that Afghans were among the first people in the world to grow crops and raise animals.[18]
Farmers and herders settled in the plains surrounding the Hindu Kush as early as 7000 B.C. These people may have grown rich off the lapis lazuli they found along riverbeds, which they traded to early city sites to the west, across the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia. As farms and villages grew and thrived in Afghanistan, these ancient people eventually invented irrigation (digging ditches for water so it flows to crops) that allowed them to grow crops on the northern Afghanistan desert plains. This civilization is today called BMAC (Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex), or the "Oxus civilization".[19]
The Oxus civilization expanded as far east as western edge of the Indus Valley during the period between 2200 and 1800 B.C.[20] These people, who were the ancestors of the Indo-Aryans, used the term "Aryan" to identify their ethnicity, culture, and religion. Scholars know this when they read the ancient texts of these people; the Avesta of Iranian people and the Vedas of Indo-Aryans.[21][22]
According to the Avesta, Aryans settled in sixteen districts in the area, beginning with Airiana vaejo (land of Aryans), and following with Bāxδī = Bactria or Balkh; Nisāya = a district between Margiana and Bactria; Harōiva = Areia or Herāt; Vaēkərəta = Gandhāra; Urvā = Ghazni region; Haraxᵛaitī = Arachosia or Kandahar; Haētumant = Helmand region; Raγa = a district north of Haraxᵛaitī and Haētumant; Čaxra = Čarx between Ghazni and Kabul, in the valley of Logar.[23] The old Greek writers knew them and called the land of these Aryan settlers Ariana.[24]
Zoroaster, the founder of the Zoroastrian religion, the world's earliest monotheistic religion, lived in the area (somewhere north of today's Afghanistan), around 1000 B.C.[25]
Ancient history[change | change source]
By the middle of the sixth century BC, the Achaemenids took over control of the land, which was previously held by the Medes, and made it part of the Persian empire. Alexander the great defeated and conquered the Persian Empire in 330 BC. He founded some cities in the area and Greek culture and language continued to influence the people for a long period, right up to the Islamic conquest in the 7th century A.D. After Alexander, Greco-Bactrians, Scythians, Kushans, Parthians and Sassanians ruled the area.[26]
Kushans spread Buddhism from India in the 1st century B.C., and Buddhism remained an important religion in the area until the 7th century.[27] The Buddhas of Bamiyan were the remainder of Buddhism in Afghanistan. Those giant statues were destroyed by the very religious Taliban in 2001, despite international protests in defence of the priceless art. The Taliban believed that those ancient statues were un-Islamic and a curse on Afghanistan.
Medieval history[change | change source]
Arabs introduced Islam in the 7th century and slowly began spreading the new religion. In the 9th and 10th centuries, many local Islamic dynasties rose to power inside Afghanistan. One of the earliest was the Tahirids, whose kingdom included Balkh and Herat; they established independence from the Abbasids in 820. The Ṭahirids were succeeded in about 867 by the Saffarids of Zaranj in western Afghanistan. Local princes in the north soon became feudatories of the powerful Samanids, who ruled from Bukhara. From 872 to 999, north of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan enjoyed a golden age under Samanid rule.[28]
In the 10th century, the local Ghaznavids turned Ghazni into their capital and firmly established Islam throughout all areas of Afghanistan, except the Kafiristan region in the northeast. Mahmud of Ghazni, a great Ghaznavid sultan, conquered the Multan and Punjab region, and carried raids into the heart of India. Mohammed bin Abdul Jabbar Utbi (Al-Utbi), a historian from the 10th century, wrote that thousands of "Afghans" were in the Ghaznavid army.[29][30] The Ghaznavid dynasty was replaced by the Ghorids of Ghor in the late 12th century, who reconquered Ghaznavid territory in the name of Islam and ruled it until 1206. The Ghorid army also included ethnic Afghans.[29]
Afghanistan was recognized as Khorasan, meaning "land of the rising sun," which was a prosperous and independent geographic region reaching as fast as the Indus River.[31][32]
All the major cities of modern Afghanistan were centers of science and culture in the past. The New Persian literature arose and flourished in the area. The early Persian poets such as Rudaki were from what is now Afghanistan. Moreover, Ferdowsi, the author of Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, and Rumi, the famous Sufi poet, were also from modern-day Afghanistan. It has produced scientists such as Avicenna, Al-Farabi, Al-Biruni, Omar Khayyám, Al-Khwarizmi, and many others who are widely known for their important contributions in different domains such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, physics, geography, and geology. It remained the cultural capital of Persia until the devastating Mongol invasion in the 13th century.[33]
Timur, the Turkic conqueror, took over in the end of the 14th century and began to rebuild cities in this region. Timur's successors, the Timurids (1405–1507), were great patrons of learning and the arts who enriched their capital city of Herat with fine buildings. Under their rule Afghanistan enjoyed peace and prosperity.
Between south of the Hindu Kush and the Indus River (today's Pakistan) was the native land of the Afghan tribes. They called this land "Afghanistan" (meaning "land of the Afghans"). The Afghans ruled the rich northern Indian subcontinent with their capital at Delhi. From the 16th to the early 18th century, Afghanistan was disputed between the Safavids of Isfahan and the Mughals of Agra who had replaced the Lodi and Suri Afghan rulers in India. The Safavids and Mughals occasionally oppressed the native Afghans but at the same time the Afghans used each empire to punish the other. In 1709, the Hotaki Afghans rose to power and completely defeated the Persian Empire. Then they marched towards the Mughals of India and nominally defeated them with the help of the Afsharid forces under Nader Shah Afshar.
In 1747, after Nader Shah of Persia was killed, a great leader named Ahmad Shah Durrani united all the different Muslim tribes and established the Afghan Empire (Durrani Empire). He is considered the founding father of the modern state of Afghanistan[18] while Mirwais Hotak is the grandfather of the nation.
Recent history[change | change source]
During the 1800s, Afghanistan became a buffer zone between two powerful empires, British India and Russia. As British India advanced into Afghanistan, Russia felt threatened and expanded southward across Central Asia. To stop the Russian advance, British tried to make Afghanistan part of its empire but the Afghans fought wars with British-led Indians from 1839 to 1842 and from 1878 to 1880. After the third war in 1919, Afghanistan under King Amanullah gained respect and recognition as a completely independent state.
The Kingdom of Afghanistan was a constitutional monarchy established in 1926. It was the successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan. On 27 September 1934, during the reign of Zahir Shah, the Kingdom of Afghanistan joined the League of Nations. During World War II, Afghanistan remained neutral. It pursued a diplomatic policy of non-alignment.
The creation of Pakistan in 1947 as its eastern neighbor created problems. In 1973, political crises led to the overthrow of the king. The country's new leader ended the monarchy and made Afghanistan a republic. In 1978, a Communist political party supported by the Soviet Union seized control of Afghanistan's government. This move sparked rebellions throughout the country. The government asked the Soviet Union for military assistance. The Soviets took advantage of the situation and invaded Afghanistan in December 1979.
Most people in Afghanistan opposed the sudden Soviet presence in their country. For nearly a decade, anti-Communist Islamic forces known as Mujahideen were trained inside neighboring Pakistan to fight the Soviets and the Afghan government. The United States and other anti-Soviet countries supported the Mujahideen. In the long war, over one million Afghan civilians were killed. The Soviet Army also lost more than 15,000 soldiers in that war. Millions of Afghans left their country to stay safe in neighboring Pakistan and Iran. In 1989 the Soviet Army withdrew the last of its troops.
After the Soviets left, different Afghan warlords began fighting for control of the country. The warlords received support from other countries, including neighboring Pakistan and Iran. A very conservative Islamic group known as the Taliban emerged in an attempt to end the civil war. By the late 1990s the Taliban had gained control over 95% of Afghanistan. A group known as the Northern Alliance, based in northern Afghanistan near the border with Tajikistan, continued to fight against the Taliban.
The Taliban ruled Afghanistan according to their strict version of Islamic law. People whom the Taliban believed violated these laws were given cruel punishments. In addition, the Taliban completely restricted the rights of women. Because of such policies, most countries refused to recognize the Taliban government. Only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirate (UAE) accepted them as the official government.
The Taliban also angered other countries by allowing suspected terrorists to live freely in Afghanistan. Among them were Osama bin Laden and members of al-Qaeda terrorist network. In September 2001, the United States blamed bin Laden for the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C. The Taliban refused to hand him over to the United States. In response, the United States and its allies launched a bombing campaign against al-Qaeda in October 2001. Within months the Taliban abandoned Kabul and a new government led by Hamid Karzai came to power, but fighting between the Taliban and US-led armies continued. The Taliban are coming into Afghanistan from neighboring Pakistan, Afghans accuse Pakistan's military for being behind the Taliban militants but Pakistan has been rejecting this and stating that a stable Afghanistan is in Pakistan's own interest.
In December 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan.[8] NATO began rebuilding Afghanistan, including its military and government institutions. Many schools and colleges were built in the last ten years. Freedom for women improved, they can study, work, drive and run for offices. Many Afghan women work as politicians, some are ministers while at least one is a mayor. Others have opened businesses, or joined the military or police. Afghanistan's over-all economy has also improved dramatically and NATO states had agreed in 2012 to help the country for at least another 10 years after 2014. In the meantime, Afghanistan improved diplomatic ties with many countries in the world and continues to establish new ties with other states.
Government[change | change source]
Afghanistan is a newly formed democracy.[34] Under the new constitution, the president and two vice presidents are elected every five years.[35] The International Security Force Assistance (ISAF) helps the government maintain peace and rebuild the country.
The government still faces problems with the Taliban, internal security, and public services.
Provinces[change | change source]
As of 2004, there are thirty-four provinces. Each province is divided into districts. (For cities see List of cities in Afghanistan.)
Province | Map # | ISO 3166-2:AF[37] | Capital | Population[38] | Area (km²) | Languages | Notes | U.N. Region |
Badakhshan | 30 | AF-BDS | Fayzabad | 889,700 | 44,059 | Dari (Persian), Pamiri, Pashto | 29 districts [39] | North East Afghanistan |
Badghis | 4 | AF-BDG | Qala i Naw | 464,100 | 20,591 | Dari, Pashto | 7 districts [40] | West Afghanistan |
Baghlan | 19 | AF-BGL | Puli Khumri | 848,500 | 21,118 | Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Pashto | 16 districts [41] | North East Afghanistan |
Balkh | 13 | AF-BAL | Mazari Sharif | 1,219,200 | 17,249 | Dari, Pashto | 15 districts [42] | North West Afghanistan |
Bamyan | 15 | AF-BAM | Bamiyan | 418,500 | 14,175 | Dari | 7 districts [43] | Central Afghanistan |
Daykundi | 10 | AF-DAY | Nili | 431,300 | 8,088 | Dari, Pashto | 8 districts Formed from Oruzgan in 2004 [44] |
South West Afghanistan |
Farah | 2 | AF-FRA | Farah | 474,300 | 48,471 | Pashto, Dari, Balochi | 11 districts [45] | West Afghanistan |
Faryab | 5 | AF-FYB | Maymana | 931,800 | 20,293 | Uzbek, Dari, Pashto, Turkmen | 14 districts [46] | North West Afghanistan |
Ghazni | 16 | AF-GHA | Ghazni | 1,149,400 | 22,915 | Pashto, Dari | 19 districts [47] | South East Afghanistan |
Ghor | 6 | AF-GHO | Chaghcharan | 646,300 | 36,479 | Dari, Pashto | 10 districts [48] | West Afghanistan |
Helmand | 7 | AF-HEL | Lashkar Gah | 1,441,769 | 58,584 | Pashto, Dari | 13 districts [49] | South West Afghanistan |
Herat | 1 | AF-HER | Herat | 1,744,700 | 54,778 | Dari, Pashto, Turkmeni | 15 districts [50] | West Afghanistan |
Jowzjan | 8 | AF-JOW | Sheberghan | 503,100 | 11,798 | Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Pashto, Dari | 9 districts [51] | North West Afghanistan |
Kabul | 22 | AF-KAB | Kabul | 3,691,400 | 4,462 | Dari, Turkmeni, Pashto, Uzbeki | 18 districts [9] | Central Afghanistan |
Kandahar | 12 | AF-KAN | Kandahar | 1,127,000 | 54,022 | Pashto, Dari | 16 districts [52] | South East Afghanistan |
Kapisa | 29 | AF-KAP | Mahmud-i-Raqi | 413,000 | 1,842 | Dari, Pashto, Pashai | 7 districts [53] | Central Afghanistan |
Khost | 26 | AF-KHO | Khost | 537,800 | 4,152 | Pashto | 13 districts [54] | South East Afghanistan |
Kunar | 34 | AF-KNR | Asadabad | 421,700 | 4,942 | Pashto | 15 districts [55] | North East Afghanistan |
Kunduz | 18 | AF-KDZ | Kunduz | 935,600 | 8,040 | Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmeni | 7 districts [56] | North East Afghanistan |
Laghman | 32 | AF-LAG | Mihtarlam | 417,200 | 3,843 | Pashto, Pashai, Nuristani, Dari | 5 districts [57] | East Afghanistan |
Logar | 23 | AF-LOW | Pul-i-Alam | 367,000 | 3,880 | Pashto, Dari | 7 districts [58] | Central Afghanistan |
Nangarhar | 33 | AF-NAN | Jalalabad | 1,409,600 | 7,727 | Pashto, Dari | 23 districts [59] | East Afghanistan |
Nimruz | 3 | AF-NIM | Zaranj | 153,900 | 41,005 | Balochi, Pashto, Dari | 5 districts [60] | South West Afghanistan |
Nuristan | 31 | AF-NUR | Parun | 138,600 | 9,225 | Nuristani, Pashto | 7 districts [61] | North East Afghanistan |
Oruzgan | 11 | AF-ORU | Tarin Kowt | 328,000 | 22,696 | Pashto, Dari | 6 districts [62] | Central Afghanistan |
Paktia | 24 | AF-PIA | Gardez | 516,300 | 6,432 | Pashto | 11 districts [63] | South East Afghanistan |
Paktika | 25 | AF-PKA | Sharan | 407,100 | 19,482 | Pashto | 15 districts [64] | South East Afghanistan |
Panjshir | 28 | AF-PAN | Bazarak | 143,700 | 3,610 | Dari, Pashto | 5 districts Created in 2004 from Parwan Province [65] |
North East Afghanistan |
Parwan | 20 | AF-PAR | Charikar | 620,900 | 5,974 | Dari, Pashto | 9 districts [66] | Central Afghanistan |
Samangan | 14 | AF-SAM | Aybak | 362,500 | 11,262 | Dari, Uzbeki | 5 districts [67] | North West Afghanistan |
Sar-e Pol | 9 | AF-SAR | Sar-e Pol | 522,900 | 16,360 | Dari, Pashto, Uzbeki | 7 districts [68] | North West Afghanistan |
Takhar | 27 | AF-TAK | Taloqan | 917,700 | 12,333 | Dari, Uzbeki, Pashto | 12 districts [69] | North East Afghanistan |
Wardak | 21 | AF-WAR | Meydan Shahr | 558,400 | 9,934 | Pashto, Dari | 9 districts [70] | Central Afghanistan |
Zabul | 17 | AF-ZAB | Qalat | 284,600 | 17,343 | Pashto | 9 districts [71] | South East Afghanistan |
Related pages[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Article Sixteen of the Constitution of Afghanistan". 2004. http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble. Retrieved June 13, 2012. "From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country, Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state."
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Afghanistan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
- ↑ "Last Afghan empire". Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree and others. Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/21392/Last-Afghan-empire. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ↑ "Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment" (PDF). Afghanistan Country Study. Illinois Institute of Technology. pp. 105–06. http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/Afghanistan-Chapter2.pdf. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
- ↑ "Human Development Index and its components" (PDF). http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ↑ "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". United Nations. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Afghanistan". CIA - The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/2-2.pdf
- ↑ "Afghanistan." Britannica Student Library. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Afghanistan Facts and Pictures". National Geographic Kids. http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/places/find/afghanistan/. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ↑ See:
- "The World Factbok – Afghanistan". The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agency. University of Missouri. October 15, 1991. http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt. Retrieved 2011-03-20. "_#_Ethnic divisions: Pashtun 50%..."
- "Ethnic groups". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/war_on_terror/key_maps/ethnic_pashtun.stm. Retrieved 7 June 2013. "Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan."
- "Afghan Population: 30,419,928 [Pashtun 42%"]. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook. 2012. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af®ionCode=sas&#af. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- Janda, Kenneth; Jeffrey M. Berry and Jerry Goldman (2008). The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America (9 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 46.
- "Afghanistan's complex ethnic patchwork". The Asian Wall Street Journal. Tehran Times. March 10, 2011. http://old.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=237210. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- "Pathans". Faqs.org. 2003. http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Pathans.html. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
- "About Afghanistan - Ethnic Divisions". http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/defaulf.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
- Christensen, Asger (1995). Aiding Afghanistan: the background and prospects for reconstruction in a fragmented society. NIAS Press. p. 46.
- Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. p. 10088. http://books.google.com/books?id=qImZpu07_UEC&lpg=PA9979&pg=PA10088#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
- Taylor, William J. Jr.; Abraham Kim (2000). Asian Security to the Year 2000. DIANE Publishing. p. 58.
- Brown, Keith; Sarah Ogilvie (2009). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. Elsevie. p. 845.
- Hawthorne, Susan; Bronwyn Winter (2002). 11 September 2001: feminist perspectives. Spinifex Press. p. 225.
- "The ethnic composition of afghanistan in different sources". http://www.hewad.com/ethnic.htm. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
- ↑ "Tajik". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581024/Tajik. Retrieved November 6, 2011. "There were about 5,000,000 in Afghanistan, where they constituted about one-fifth of the population."
- ↑ John Leyden, Esq., M.D. and William Erskine, Esq., ed. (1921). "Events Of The Year 910 (1525)". Memoirs of Babur. Packard Humanities Institute. p. 5. http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=92. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ "Tajik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
- ↑ [Encyclopedia Britannica, Afghanistan History. Retrieved on 26 January 2009 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/129450/History#ref=ref261360]
- ↑ Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 56, Washington, National Geographic, ISBN 978-1-4262-0295-7
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Afghanistan." Britannica Elementary Library. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ↑ Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 58, Washington, National Geographic, ISBN 978-1-4262-0295-7
- ↑ Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 73, Washington, National Geographic, ISBN 978-1-4262-0295-7
- ↑ [R. Ghirshman, L'Iran et la migration des Indo-aryens et des Iraniens, Leiden, 1977.]
- ↑ [Encyclopedia Iranica, IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD. Retrieved on 14 October 2010 http://www.iranica.com/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period]
- ↑ [Encyclopedia Iranica, AVESTAN GEOGRAPHY. Retrieved on 14 October 2010 http://www.iranica.com/articles/avestan-geography]
- ↑ [Encyclopedia Iranica, ARIA. Retrieved on 31 December 2008 http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.encyclopediairanica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v2f4/v2f4a051.html]
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Iranica: ZOROASTER ii. GENERAL SURVEY. By W. W. Malandra In the Avesta, the geography of the Vendīdād and of the Yashts make it clear that these texts locate themselves in eastern [ancient] Iran [today's Afghanistan]. Even though there are later traditions which place him in Azerbaijan and Media, it is more reasonable to locate Zoroaster somewhere in today's Afghanistan along with the rest of the Avesta. Further, the two Avestan dialects belong linguistically to eastern [ancient] Iran [today's Afghanistan]
- ↑ "ancient Iran". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/851961/ancient-Iran. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ↑ [Encyclopedia Iranica, BUDDHISM i. In Pre-Islamic Times. Retrieved on 12 September 2010 http://iranica.com/articles/buddhism-i]
- ↑ "Afghanistan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. 2. BRILL. p. 151. . http://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- ↑ "Afghan and Afghanistan". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. 1969. http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ↑ "Khurasan", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, page 55.. Brill. http://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-22. "In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the term "Khurassan" frequently had a much wider denotation, covering also parts of what are now Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan; early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of western Persia, sc. Djibal or what was subsequently termed 'Irak 'Adjami, as being included in a vast and ill-defined region of Khurasan, which might even extend to the Indus Valley and Sind."
- ↑ "Khorasan". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316850/Khorasan. Retrieved 2010-10-21. "historical region and realm comprising a vast territory now lying in northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. The historical region extended, along the north, from the Amu Darya (Oxus River) westward to the Caspian Sea and, along the south, from the fringes of the central Iranian deserts eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan. Arab geographers even spoke of its extending to the boundaries of India."
- ↑ Lorentz, J. Historical Dictionary of Iran. 1995 ISBN 0-8108-2994-0 AFGHANISTAN
- ↑ "Afghanistan anti-corruption pledge at Bonn summit". BBC Website. 5 December 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16040874. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
- ↑ "The Constitution of Afghanistan". Afghanistan Online. http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
- ↑ References and details on data provided in the table can be found within the individual provincial articles.
- ↑ ISO 3166-2:AF (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of Afghanistan)
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/en/page/6070
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Badakhshan.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Badghis.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Baghlan.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Balkh.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Bamyan.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Daykundi.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Farah.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Faryab.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Ghazni.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Ghor.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Helmand.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Herat.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Jawzjan.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Kandahar.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Kapisa.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Khost.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Kunarha.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Kunduz.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Laghman.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Logar.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Nangarhar.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Nimroz.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Nooristan.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Urozgan.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Paktia.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Paktika.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Panjsher.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/parwan.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Samangan.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Sar-e-pul.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Takhar.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Wardak.pdf
- ↑ http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Zabul.pdf
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| STREAM LIVELaCrosse TalkInformation about and from LaCrosse Talk WI's Do Not Call List or call (866) 966-2255 MN's Do Not Call List or call (800) 921-4110 Federal Do Not Call List or call (888) 382-1222 |
Walker Says He Will Win
(AP) Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker says he believes petition circulators have enough valid signatures to force a recall election against him, and he wants it to happen sooner rather than later. Walker told The Associated Press in an interview Wednesday that he has always assumed they would get the 540,000 signatures they need. Circulators turned in about 1 million signatures Tuesday, and Walker says he does not think enough will be invalidated to stop the election. Democrats say Walker is trying to delay any possible election for as long as possible. But Walker said Wednesday the sooner the election is over the better it is for the people of Wisconsin. Walker says he believes he will prevail in any election, no matter his Democratic opponent.
Obama To Buy Ads In Wisconsin(AP) President Barack Obama's campaign is buying advertising time in six states that will be critical to the president's re-election effort, a sign that the presidential campaign is entering a new phase. A campaign official says the Obama campaign has bought ad time in Michigan, Virginia, Ohio, North Carolina, Wisconsin and Iowa and on national cable television. The official spoke on condition of anonymity and was not authorized to speak publicly about internal campaign strategy. Obama's campaign has not yet launched its television advertising, but the decision to buy ad time shows the campaign is moving closer to directly rebutting Republican presidential front-runner Mitt Romney and other GOP opponents on television. Obama delivers his State of the Union address on Tuesday and then travels to five states to discuss his policies. Walker Turns Down Fed Money(AP) Gov. Scott Walker says he will turn down $37 million from the federal government that had been awarded to help implement health care exchanges under President Barack Obama's health care reform law. Walker announced in December that Wisconsin would not pursue implementing the exchange until the U.S. Supreme Court rules on the constitutionality of the law. But he did not say whether the state would take the money. On Wednesday Walker said he was notifying the federal government that it was turning down the Early Innovator Grant, saying it didn't make sense to commit to reforms that could have a devastating economic impact. Crashes With No Seat Belts Big In DecemberThe Minnesota State Department of Public Safety is reminding people about the importance of wearing your seat belt. Officials say eight of Minnesota's first ten traffic deaths of the year were not buckled up. They happened 6 different counties, with a wreck in Winona County, one of them. Reports from December indicate 23 people were killed in crashes and only five were wearing their seat belts. State law requires that all drivers and all passengers must buckle up. Recall Process Is A Right Says One LawyerSince last year, people of Wisconsin have gotten a great education on what a recall election is all about. Some like it...some don't. But Jeremy Levinson, a laywer for the recall committee, says like it or not...it's a right. He says it creates a very high threshold and it makes it hard so recalls don't happen without good cause. But that threshold was blown out of the water with the number of signatures collected against Governor Scott Walker and others. A path, Levinson says, we will have to get used to in the future. |


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We are especially proud to bring you government spec dress and drill sabers and swords. By The Sword knows our fighting men ask for and deserve the very best, that's why we have been chosen by the government to produce the NCO saber for the U.S. Marine Corps. Each fine saber and sword is manufactured according to exacting government specifications. All blades are high polished stainless steel, detailed and appropriately etched according to government specifications. We guarantee that your military personnel, drill teams, students, graduates and customers will be completely satisfied with these sabers and swords. Please specify blade length: 28", 30", 32" or 34". Exactly as supplied to the Citadel, this sword includes the scabbard. We can also provide Engraving Services. Click Here to see more details. The Engraving will delay this 3-4 days. Please note: We cannot accept returns on sharpened or personalized items (i.e. engraved) that are not defective. They may not be returned because of the customization that has been done to the product. Be sure when you order; all sales are final! This item can be personalized as follows: Sword: 2 lines, up to 25 characters per line, under ricasso from grip to tip. Scabbard: 2 lines up to 75 characters per line in middle from grip to tip.
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MagicJack Named Best VoIP Company By Consumers
For more information on magicJack's award, please refer to Frost & Sullivan's award announcement, or visit the website at http://www.frost.com.
About magicJack VocalTec Ltd.
magicJack VocalTec Ltd. (Nasdaq:CALL), the inventor of VoIP, including the softphone and magicJack, has the goal of becoming the leading international provider of global voice over many platforms. The Company has achieved sales of more than 10 million of the easy-to-use, award-winning magicJack since the device's launch in 2008, and has the use of more than 30 patents, some dating to when the Company invented VoIP. It is the largest-reaching CLEC (Competitive Local Exchange Carrier) in the United States in terms of area codes available and certification in number of states, and the network has historically had uptime of over 99.99 percent.
The VocalTec Communications Ltd. logo is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/prs/?pkgid=8568
The magicJack VocalTec Ltd. logo is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/prs/?pkgid=10116 About Frost & Sullivan Frost & Sullivan, the Growth Partnership Company, works in collaboration with clients to leverage visionary innovation that addresses the global challenges and related growth opportunities that will make or break today's market participants. Our "Growth Partnership" supports clients by addressing these opportunities and incorporating two key elements driving visionary innovation: The Integrated Value Proposition and The Partnership Infrastructure.- The Integrated Value Proposition provides support to our clients throughout all phases of their journey to visionary innovation including: research, analysis, strategy, vision, innovation and implementation.
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I know I can root it and there are ways to tether it for free, but I figure the droid already has the hardware to broadcast a wifi signal. What is preventing me from rooting my droid and doing this for free? Is it possible? Thanks!
Do yourself a favor and don't ask how to do something for free. It will start a heated discussion that will get way off topic before it gets closed. It's not supposed to be free. That's why big red did what they did. My DroidX Thrives on the DarkSlide!!


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Steven Stamkos
Panthers Open Season With Matchup Against Tampa Bay
Steven Stamkos was playing some of his best hockey for the first-place Tampa Bay Lightning when a broken leg in mid-November sidelined him for the next 45 games and the Olympics.
Bishop Stops 36 Shots As Lightning Beat Panthers
Ben Bishop made 36 saves and the Tampa Bay Lightning beat the Florida Panthers 4-1 Saturday night in the teams' preseason finale.
Stamkos, Callahan Help Lightning Beat Panthers 5-4
Steven Stamkos scored his first goal since returning from a major injury, Ryan Callahan had his first goal with Tampa Bay, and the Lightning beat the Florida Panthers 5-4 on Thursday night.
Lightning Rout Panthers 6-1; Win Streak Now At 5
Martin St. Louis and the Tampa Bay Lightning have remained on a roll even without star Steven Stamkos.
Panthers Burned By Lightning, 4-3
Steven Stamkos has been practicing his shootout moves, and it paid off on Sunday. Stamkos scored the deciding goal in the tiebreaker to give the Tampa Bay Lightning a 4-3 win over the Florida Panthers.
Boston Bruins Blank Tampa Bay Lightning
Tuukka Rask and the Boston Bruins put together an all-around strong performance. Rask stopped 23 shots and five Boston players scored to help the Bruins beat the Tampa Bay Lightning 5-0 on Saturday night.
Lightning Beat Panthers, 7-2
Steven Stamkos had three goals and an assist, Valtteri Filppula added two goals, and the Tampa Bay Lightning beat the Florida Panthers 7-2 on Thursday night.
Panthers Shock Lightning
Martin St. Louis made history. The 37-year old Lightning center became the oldest player to win the league scoring title, finishing with a goal and an assist in Tampa Bay's 5-3 loss to the Florida Panthers in the season finale for two non-playoff teams on Saturday night.
Panthers Hope To Zap Lightning
The Tampa Bay Lightning have long been out of the Eastern Conference playoff race, but Martin St. Louis and Steven Stamkos are still in a race of their own.
Lightning Zaps Panthers In OT Thriller
Benoit Pouliot scored two goals, including the game-winner in overtime, lifting the Tampa Bay Lightning to a 6-5 victory over the Florida Panthers on Saturday.


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"The lack of legal status does lead to these sorts of protection issues [and] puts them in very exploitative situations," says Imran Riza, who heads the mission in Jordan of the United Nations' High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the main international agency that assists Iraqis in Jordan. Women like Khalida, he says, "are certainly vulnerable, and much more vulnerable than others."
Rape is a common weapon of any war; no one knows how many Iraqi women have been raped since the war began in 2003. Most crimes against women "are not reported because of stigma, fear of retaliation, or lack of confidence in the police," MADRE, an international women's rights group, wrote in its 2007 report about violence against women in Iraq. Some women, like Khalida, are raped by Iraqi security forces. A 2005 report published by the Iraqi National Association for Human Rights found that women held in Interior Ministry detention centers endure "systematic rape by the investigators."
A handful of organizations are working to help rape victims in Iraq. MADRE, together with the Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq, operates several shelters and safe houses in Baghdad for Iraqi rape victims, where the women have access to healthcare and counseling.
But militias often target women's rights advocates in Iraq, so these facilities are "a clandestine network," operated by "mostly somebody who at a great risk to themselves has opened a room for these victims," says Yifat Susskind, MADRE's communications director. The shelters have helped several thousand Iraqi women since 2003. Most rape victims learn about the shelters from other women.


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Directed by Ev Salomon
Yo, this dude is kinda sick. I'm not gonna lie. I think I found my first new favorite artist of this year.
PREVIOUS: Tito Lopez – The Lost Files Of Tito Lopez: Reloaded (Mixtape)
Posted in Video | Tags: tito lopez
you werent lying Meka, dude is nice!
Been listening to tito for years. Since before he shitted on Saigon
"lets not and say we did like the chick on Easy A" lol
Damn I just heard the Saigon diss Tito did back in 08, he destroyed dude. Made me respect him more and Saigon less, since it all stemmed from Saigon dissing the South, saying that just by rapping the south is biting NY which is fuckin retarded as fuck but anyways Lopez goes in on the guy and rightfully so. (the link to the diss is in my name)
I highly HIGHLY recommend you check out the Lost Files Reloaded tape and if you want to get into one of his older tapes definitely check out impatiently waiting & the best of tito lopez 1 & 2
Cuz ripped this. Def gon be lookin out for him.


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Study on the 4*10 Gb/s, 400 km dispersion compensation by chirped optical fiber grating
Chinese Optics Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 9-11 (2003)
Acrobat PDF (423 KB)
In this paper, the dispersion compensation for 4*10 Gb/s, 400 km G.652 fiber by chirped optical fiberBragg grating (FBG) is introduced. For the first time, we have measured and compensated the polarizationmode dispersion (PMD) of FBG, which in each channel is less than 1.1 ps. When the bit error rate (BER)is 10^(-10) and the bit error is zero, the transmission power penalty of each channel is less than 2 dB, andthe best result is negative which means that the receiver sensitivity is increased after transmission.
© 2005 Chinese Optics Letters
OCIS Codes
(050.2770) Diffraction and gratings : Gratings
(060.5060) Fiber optics and optical communications : Phase modulation
(260.2030) Physical optics : Dispersion
Li Pei, Tigang Ning, Wei Jian, Tangjun Li, and Shuisheng Jian, "Study on the 4*10 Gb/s, 400 km dispersion compensation by chirped optical fiber grating," Chin. Opt. Lett. 1, 9-11 (2003)
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- J. Capmany, D. Pastor, S. Sales, B. Ortega, and P. Munoz, in ECOC'2000, p.59.
- K. J. Kasunic, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 425 (2000).
- S. Ramachandran, B. Mikkelsen, L. C. Cowsar, M. F. Yan, G. Raybon, L. Boivin, M. Fishteyn, W. A. Reed, P. Wisk, D. Brownlow, and L. Gruner-Nielsen, in ECOC'2000, postpaper.
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MJM has been great for me to deal with. Always helpful and excellent customer service!Read More ->
I have purchased quite a few things from MJM in the past 2 months and they have never let me down. The shipping is fast and the tricks are amazing. I...Read More ->


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14 Toilet Paper Roll Craft Ideas
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Bright and Shiny Gift Tag
By: Tiffany Windsor
A well-made gift tag is like a cherry on top of a delicious sundae. Don't simply give a gift to a friend or family member; instead, create a Bright and Shiny Gift Tag that will help your present stand out. Paper craft ideas have never looked so pretty and fun. Best of all, you can use glitter and foil to make your tag as eye-catching as possible. You won't believe how easy it is to create your own version of this adorable gift tag.
Kooltak Foil and Kooltak Sparkles are the secret weapon for this project. Each foil package contains five different colors, so you can mix and match shades. The Sparkles come in a variety of sizes as well, you you'll never get bored. Use double stick tape or sheets - you won't have to worry about a mess or sticky fingers. This project can be completed in just minutes, so make a bunch and save them for upcoming special events.
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The Absolutely True Tale of Disaster in Salem
From Library Staff
"Tells the story of the victims, the accused witches, and the scheming officials that turned a mysterious illness into a witch hunt."
This book tells the story of the victims, the accused witches, and the scheming officials who turned a mysterious illness into a witch hunt. gr. 7-9
From the critics
Community Activity
Add a CommentOn that freezing day in January, 1692, when Betty and Abigail began to twitch and choke and contort their bodies, the assumption was that they were bewitched. They accused Tituba, the family slave, and two other women, setting off an epidemic in which many others accused family, friends, and neighbors of being witches.
Nicely done non-fiction--reads more like a chapter book.
One much appreciated feature was that it clearly differentiated between people of similar names--sometimes a little repetitive, but useful.
The cover? Enticing. The subject? Not off-putting. The overall presentation? Enthralling.
Add Age SuitabilitySummary
Add a SummaryThe invisible world surrounds us. It's everywhere. Things happen that are unseen. We can feel their presence but we can't see that unknown entity that lurks in the shadows. Is it demons or witches that are causing the hot flashes or cold sweats that we occasionally feel? What about violent fits? Do you know anyone whose had any of those? If so, you can be sure that witches are nearby, casing spells upon you with a single touch.
In the mid 1600's Puritans were experiencing all sorts of pain, visions, fits and bizarre contortions, to name a few. The Puritans felt the natural world had been infiltrated by the Invisible world. These fears of the witch created new laws that made witchcraft punishable by death. Three women who were accused of casting spells were placed on trial. Hordes of crowds gathered to watch and witness the occasion. Midwives and homeless beggars were the first to be tried.
Schanzer takes readers on a trip back to early Salem where history set the stage for the infamous Salem Witch Trials. Bible thumpers wreaked havoc accusing everyone and anyone who was pointed out. So many were pointing a finger to save themselves from accusation. It was so out of control that the King of England sent Governor Phips, who then established a Court of Oyer and Terminer. The new trials had begun.
Black, white and red scratch board illustrations will have readers flipping and examining the pages and reading all of the researched facts that created such mass hysteria and death.
When 9-year-old Betty Parris and 11-year-old Abigail Williams began to twist and turn in the home of the Reverend Samuel Parris there was only one possible reason for it: witchcraft. And why not? This was Salem, Massachusetts where the Puritan populace knew anything was possible. What they didn't know was that the afflicted girls would be joined by fellow accusers and launch the town, and even parts of the state, into a series of witch trials the land of America had never seen before. Rosalyn Schanzer tells it like it is, recounting many of the details, giving information on what happened to all the players when the dust settled and things got back to normal. Notes, a Bibliography, an Index, and a Note From the Author explaining how she abridged, updated, and clarified some of the original texts follow at the end.


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Pikes Pub: Canines a common sight at Colorado craft breweries
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Freeport's Deals Fail the Smell Test: Jim Cramer
More important for Freeport shareholders, though, is the instant re-coloration of the stock they own. Freeport was supposed to be the premier copper company in the world. Now it is an oil and copper company, where I worry that maybe something's wrong with the copper side of the equation. Freeport's major overseas copper holdings are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Indonesia. Lately, the company's had dire problems with the government of Indonesia and with workers at its gigantic Grasberg mine. Plus, the ore's become harder to pull out lately, and it is of a lesser grade. And could the Congo be less stable than we thought?
This acquisition shows the fallacy of playing the mining stocks instead of the ore. Those who like copper have reached for FCX. Turns out that this hideous acquisition shows the way to play copper is through the iPath DJ-UBS Copper Total Return Sub-Index (JJC), the exchange-traded fund for copper.
You have to be upset if you own FCX, and the anger is justified. It's just a terrible deal for FCX shareholders, but a great deal for MMR and PXP holders.
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