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Universal Scientific Industrial USI Group | Open Energy Information
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Scientific Industrial USI Group Scientific Industrial USI Group Jump to: navigation, search Name Universal Scientific Industrial (USI Group) Place Taiwan Sector Services Product USI Group is a design and manufacturing services company that is venturing into polysilicon production. References Universal Scientific Industrial (USI Group)[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Universal Scientific Industrial (USI Group) is a company located in Taiwan . References ↑ "Universal Scientific Industrial (USI Group)" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Scientific_Industrial_USI_Group&oldid=352541" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations Companies
Methane production by attached film
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A method for purifying wastewater of biodegradable organics by converting the organics to methane and carbon dioxide gases is disclosed, characterized by the use of an anaerobic attached film expanded bed reactor for the reaction process. Dilute organic waste material is initially seeded with a heterogeneous anaerobic bacteria population including a methane-producing bacteria. The seeded organic waste material is introduced into the bottom of the expanded bed reactor which includes a particulate support media coated with a polysaccharide film. A low-velocity upward flow of the organic waste material is established through the bed during which the attached bacterial film reacts with the organic material to produce methane and carbon dioxide gases, purified water, and a small amount of residual effluent material. The residual effluent material is filtered by the film as it flows upwardly through the reactor bed. In a preferred embodiment, partially treated effluent material is recycled from the top of the bed to the bottom of the bed for further treatment. The methane and carbon dioxide gases are then separated from the residual effluent material and purified water.
Jewell, William J. (202 Eastwood Ave., Ithaca, NY 14850)
Production Functions of Film Drops by Bursting Bubbles
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Experimental results of Blanchard and Syzdek and of Resch and Afeti on the production of film drops by bubbles bursting at the surface of seawater were parameterized earlier by Wu. More recently, comprehensive observations have been carried out ...
Jin Wu
FREE FILM SCREENING AND DISCUSSION Abstract from Jezebel Productions
E-Print Network (OSTI)
FREE FILM SCREENING AND DISCUSSION Abstract from Jezebel Productions: "No Dinosaurs in Heaven charge: free and open to the public. THURSDAY OCTOBER 27, 2011 7:00 PM Mackey Auditorium Ruby Gerontology
de Lijser, Peter
Thin Film Packaging Solutions for High Efficiency OLED Lighting Products
The objective of the 'Thin Film Packaging Solutions for High Efficiency OLED Lighting Products' project is to demonstrate thin film packaging solutions based on SiC hermetic coatings that, when applied to glass and plastic substrates, support OLED lighting devices by providing longer life with greater efficiency at lower cost than is currently available. Phase I Objective: Demonstrate thin film encapsulated working phosphorescent OLED devices on optical glass with lifetime of 1,000 hour life, CRI greater than 75, and 15 lm/W. Phase II Objective: Demonstrate thin film encapsulated working phosphorescent OLED devices on plastic or glass composite with 25 lm/W, 5,000 hours life, and CRI greater than 80. Phase III Objective: Demonstrate 2 x 2 ft{sup 2} thin film encapsulated working phosphorescent OLED with 40 lm/W, 10,000 hour life, and CRI greater than 85. This report details the efforts of Phase III (Budget Period Three), a fourteen month collaborative effort that focused on optimization of high-efficiency phosphorescent OLED devices and thin-film encapsulation of said devices. The report further details the conclusions and recommendations of the project team that have foundation in all three budget periods for the program. During the conduct of the Thin Film Packaging Solutions for High Efficiency OLED Lighting Products program, including budget period three, the project team completed and delivered the following achievements: (1) a three-year marketing effort that characterized the near-term and longer-term OLED market, identified customer and consumer lighting needs, and suggested prototype product concepts and niche OLED applications lighting that will give rise to broader market acceptance as a source for wide area illumination and energy conservation; (2) a thin film encapsulation technology with a lifetime of nearly 15,000 hours, tested by calcium coupons, while stored at 16 C and 40% relative humidity ('RH'). This encapsulation technology was characterized as having less than 10% change in transmission during the 15,000 hour test period; (3) demonstrated thin film encapsulation of a phosphorescent OLED device with 1,500 hours of lifetime at 60 C and 80% RH; (4) demonstrated that a thin film laminate encapsulation, in addition to the direct thin film deposition process, of a polymer OLED device was another feasible packaging strategy for OLED lighting. The thin film laminate strategy was developed to mitigate defects, demonstrate roll-to-roll process capability for high volume throughput (reduce costs) and to support a potential commercial pathway that is less dependent upon integrated manufacturing since the laminate could be sold as a rolled good; (5) demonstrated that low cost 'blue' glass substrates could be coated with a siloxane barrier layer for planarization and ion-protection and used in the fabrication of a polymer OLED lighting device. This study further demonstrated that the substrate cost has potential for huge cost reductions from the white borosilicate glass substrate currently used by the OLED lighting industry; (6) delivered four-square feet of white phosphorescent OLED technology, including novel high efficiency devices with 82 CRI, greater than 50 lm/W efficiency, and more than 1,000 hours lifetime in a product concept model shelf; (7) presented and or published more than twenty internal studies (for private use), three external presentations (OLED workshop-for public use), and five technology-related external presentations (industry conferences-for public use); and (8) issued five patent applications, which are in various maturity stages at time of publication. Delivery of thin film encapsulated white phosphorescent OLED lighting technology remains a challenging technical achievement, and it seems that commercial availability of thin, bright, white OLED light that meets market requirements will continue to require research and development effort. However, there will be glass encapsulated white OLED lighting products commercialized in niche markets during the 2008 calendar year. This commercializ
An In Situ Al K-Edge XAS Investigation of the Local Environment of H+-and Cu+-Exchanged USY and ZSM-5 Zeolites
An In Situ Al K-Edge XAS Investigation of the Local Environment of H+- and Cu+-Exchanged USY charge-compensating cations (NH4 + , H+ , or Cu+ ) was investigated by Al K-edge EXAFS and XANES-ray absorption data. Both tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Al were observed for hydrated H-USY and H
Bell, Alexis T.
Production of films and powders for semiconductor device applications
A process is described for chemical bath deposition of selenide and sulfide salts as films and powders employable as precursors for the fabrication of solar cell devices. The films and powders include (1) Cu{sub x}Se{sub n}, wherein x=1--2 and n=1--3; (2) Cu{sub x}Ga{sub y}Se{sub n}, wherein x=1--2, y=0--1 and n=1--3; (3) Cu{sub x}In{sub y}Se{sub n}, wherein x=1--2.27, y=0.72--2 and n=1--3; (4) Cu{sub x}(InGa){sub y}Se{sub n}, wherein x=1--2.17, y=0.96--2 and n=1--3; (5) In{sub y}Se{sub n}, wherein y=1--2.3 and n=1--3; (6) Cu{sub x}S{sub n}, wherein x=1--2 and n=1--3; and (7) Cu{sub x}(InGa){sub y}(SeS){sub n}, wherein x=1--2, y=0.07--2 and n=0.663--3. A reaction vessel containing therein a substrate upon which will form one or more layers of semiconductor material is provided, and relevant solution mixtures are introduced in a sufficient quantity for a sufficient time and under favorable conditions into the vessel to react with each other to produce the resultant salt being prepared and deposited as one or more layers on the substrate and as a powder on the floor of the vessel. Hydrazine is present during all reaction processes producing non-gallium containing products and optionally present during reaction processes producing gallium-containing products to function as a strong reducing agent and thereby enhance reaction processes. 4 figs.
Bhattacharya, R.N.; Noufi, R.; Li Wang
Process for leveling film surfaces and products thereof
Semiconductor films and photovoltaic devices prepared therefrom are provided wherein the semiconductor films have a specular surface with a texture less than about 0.25 micron greater than the average planar film surface and wherein the semiconductor films are surface modified by exposing the surface to an aqueous solution of bromine containing an acid or salt and continuing such exposure for a time sufficient to etch the surface. 8 figs.
Birkmire, R.W.; McCandless, B.E.
Microporous polymer films and methods of their production
A process is described for producing thin microporous polymeric films for a variety of uses. The process utilizes a dense gas (liquefied gas or supercritical fluid) selected to combine with a solvent-containing polymeric film so that the solvent is dissolved in the dense gas, the polymer is substantially insoluble in the dense gas, and two phases are formed. A microporous film is obtained by removal of a dense gas-solvent phase. 9 figs.
Aubert, J.H.
A process for producing thin microporous polymeric films for a variety of uses. The process utilizes a dense gas (liquified gas or supercritical fluid) selected to combine with a solvent-containing polymeric film so that the solvent is dissolved in the dense gas, the polymer is substantially insoluble in the dense gas, and two phases are formed. A microporous film is obtained by removal of a dense gas-solvent phase.
Aubert, James H. (Albuquerque, NM)
Amorphous semiconducting and conducting transparent metal oxide thin films and production thereof
Metal oxide thin films and production thereof are disclosed. An exemplary method of producing a metal oxide thin film may comprise introducing at least two metallic elements and oxygen into a process chamber to form a metal oxide. The method may also comprise depositing the metal oxide on a substrate in the process chamber. The method may also comprise simultaneously controlling a ratio of the at least two metallic elements and a stoichiometry of the oxygen during deposition. Exemplary amorphous metal oxide thin films produced according to the methods herein may exhibit highly transparent properties, highly conductive properties, and/or other opto-electronic properties.
Perkins, John (Boulder, CO); Van Hest, Marinus Franciscus Antonius Maria (Lakewood, CO); Ginley, David (Evergreen, CO); Taylor, Matthew (Golden, CO); Neuman, George A. (Holland, MI); Luten, Henry A. (Holland, MI); Forgette, Jeffrey A. (Hudsonville, MI); Anderson, John S. (Holland, MI)
Overview of Tantalum Products and Recent Advances in Thin Film ...
Abstract Scope, Conventional uses of Tantalum products include capacitors, ... Microstructure Development of Ultra-high Temperature Mo-Nb-Si-B Alloys.
Electron-Stimulated Reactions and O-2 Production in Methanol-Covered Amorphous Solid Water Films
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
The low-energy, electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of molecular products from amorphous solid water (ASW) films capped with methanol is investigated versus methanol coverage (0 - 4 x 1015 cm-2) at 50 K using 100 eV incident electrons. The major ESD products from a monolayer of methanol on ASW are quite similar to the ESD products from bulk methanol film: H2, CH4, H2O, C2H6, CO, CH2O, and CH3OH. For 40 ML ASW films, the molecular oxygen, hydrogen, and water ESD yields from the ASW are suppressed with increasing methanol coverage, while the CH3OH ESD yield increases proportionally to the methanol coverage. The suppression of the water ESD products by methanol is consistent with the non-thermal reactions occurring preferentially at or near the ASW/vacuum interface and not in the interior of the film. The water and molecular hydrogen ESD yields from the water layer decrease exponentially with the methanol cap coverage with 1/e constants of ~ 0.6 x 1015 cm-2 and 1.6 x 1015 cm-2, respectively. In contrast, the O2 ESD from the water layer is very efficiently quenched by small amounts of methanol (1/e ~ 6.5 x 1013 cm-2). The rapid suppression of O2 production by small amounts of methanol is due to reactions between CH3OH and the precursors for the O2 - mainly OH radicals. A kinetic model for the O2 ESD which semi-quantitatively accounts for the observations is presented.
Akin, Minta C.; Petrik, Nikolay G.; Kimmel, Gregory A.
Commercial production of thin-film CdTe photovoltaic modules. 1995 annual report
This report presents a general overview of progress made in Golden Photon Inc.`s commercial production of thin-film CdTe photovoltaic modules. It describes the improvement in the number of batch runs processed through substrate deposition, all inter-connection, and encapsulation process steps; a progressive increase in the total number of panels processed each month; an improvement in cumulative process yields; and the continual attention given to modifying operating parameters of each major process step. The report also describes manpower status and staffing issues. The description of the status of subcontract progress includes engineering design; process improvement and development; cost improvement and raw materials; environment, safety, and health; and manufacturing cost and productivity optimization. Milestones and deliverables are also described.
Brog, T.K. [Golden Photon, Inc., CO (United States)
Process for depositing thin film layers onto surfaces modified with organic functional groups and products formed thereby
A method is provided for producing a thin film product, comprising a first step in which an underlying substrate of a first material is provided. The underlying substrate includes a plurality of unmodified sites. The underlying substrate is then chemically modified wherein a plurality of organic functional groups are attached to a plurality of the unmodified sites. The arrangement and type of the functional group used can be selected for the purpose of controlling particular properties of the second material deposited. A thin film layer of at least one second material is then deposited onto the chemically modified underlying substrate. This can be accomplished by connecting the thin film to the underlying substrate by binding the thin film to the functional groups.
Tarasevich, Barbara J. (Richland, WA); Rieke, Peter C. (Pasco, WA)
metallic indium to an indium oxide which is both transparentoxides of the indium and tin oxide types on polymeric films.
Levin, B. P.
Free-standing polycrystalline boron phosphide film and method for production thereof
A process for producing a free-standing polycrystalline boron phosphide film comprises growing a film of boron phosphide in a vertical growth apparatus on a metal substrate. The metal substrate has a coefficient of thermal expansion sufficiently different from that of boron phosphide that the film separates cleanly from the substrate upon cooling thereof, and the substrate is preferably titanium. The invention also comprises a free-standing polycrystalline boron phosphide film for use in electronic device fabrication.
Baughman, R.J.; Ginley, D.S.
Method for production of free-standing polycrystalline boron phosphide film
Baughman, Richard J. (Albuquerque, NM); Ginley, David S. (Albuquerque, NM)
Production of thin-film photovoltaic cells: health and environmental effects
SciTech Connect
Health and safety hazards in production of major thin-film photovoltaic cells are identified and characterized for their potential to cause health effects. These hazards are identified by examining process data, control technology availability, biomedical effects, and environmental standards. Quantitative estimates of material inputs and outputs and control costs were made on the basis of preliminary engineering designs of hypothetical facilities capable of manufacturing 10 MWp photovoltaic cells a year. The most significant potential hazards are associated with toxic and explosive gases. Emissions of toxic gases during normal operation can be controlled using available control technology. Accidental release of stored gases, however, will pose significant risks to both workers and the public, as atmospheric dispersion computer studies indicate. Possible release preventing options and release control options are examined. Explosive and flammable gases may present significant occupational safety hazards; gas handling systems will need to be carefully designed. High voltages and radio frequency equipment also require close attention for their potential to present occupational hazards. 10 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs.
Fthenakis, V.M.; Moskowitz, P.D.
Anodic films
Surface layers are formed on many metals by anodic reaction. Such layers include the products of charge and discharge in many storage batteries, dielectric films used in electronic and optical circuits and display devices, layers responsible for passivity and corrosion protection, and films generated in metal shaping and finishing operations such as anodization, coloring, electropolishing, electrochemical machining and deburring. Anodic films are formed by solid-solid transformations or by dissolution-precipitation processes. Film properties and mechanisms of formation can be determined in situ by a number of optical techniques which have recently become available.
Muller, R.H.
The production of carbon nanofibers and thin films on palladium catalysts from ethylene oxygen mixtures
The characteristics of carbonaceous materials deposited in fuel rich ethylene-oxygen mixtures on three types of palladium: foil, sputtered film, and nanopowder, are reported. It was found that the form of palladium has a dramatic influence on the morphology of the deposited carbon. In particular, on sputtered film and powder, tight 'weaves' of sub-micron filaments formed quickly. In contrast, on foils under identical conditions, the dominant morphology is carbon thin films with basal planes oriented parallel to the substrate surface. Temperature, gas flow rate, reactant flow ratio (C2H4:02), and residence time (position) were found to influence both growth rate and type for all three forms of Pd. X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, temperature-programmed oxidation, and Raman spectroscopy were used to assess the crystallinity of the as-deposited carbon, and it was determined that transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction were the most reliable methods for determining crystallinity. The dependence of growth on reactor position, and the fact that no growth was observed in the absence of oxygen support the postulate that the carbon deposition proceeds by combustion generated radical species.
Phillips, Jonathan [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Doorn, Stephen [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Atwater, Mark [UNM MECH.ENG.; Leseman, Zayd [UNM MECH.ENG.; Luhrs, Claudia C [UNM ENG.MECH; Diez, Yolanda F [SPAIN; Diaz, Angel M [SPAIN
Process for production of solution-derived (Pb,La)(Nb,Sn,Zr,Ti)O.sub.3 thin films and powders
A simple and rapid process for synthesizing (Pb,La)(Nb,Sn,Zr,Ti)O.sub.3 precursor solutions and subsequent ferroelectric thin films and powders of the perovskite phase of these materials has been developed. This process offers advantages over standard methods, including: rapid solution synthesis (<10 minutes), use of commercially available materials, film production under ambient conditions, ease of lanthanum dissolution at high concentrations, and no heating requirements during solution synthesis. For lanthanum-doped ferroelectric materials, the lanthanum source can be added with total synthesis time less than 10 minutes. Films and powders are crystallized at approximately 650.degree. C. and exhibit ferroelectric properties comparable to films and powders produced by other techniques which require higher crystallization temperatures.
Boyle, Timothy J. (Albuquerque, NM)
Process for production of solution-derived (Pb,La)(Nb,Sn,Zr,Ti)O{sub 3} thin films and powders
A simple and rapid process for synthesizing (Pb,La)(Nb,Sn,Zr,Ti)O{sub 3} precursor solutions and subsequent ferroelectric thin films and powders of the perovskite phase of these materials has been developed. This process offers advantages over standard methods, including: rapid solution synthesis (<10 minutes), use of commercially available materials, film production under ambient conditions, ease of lanthanum dissolution at high concentrations, and no heating requirements during solution synthesis. For lanthanum-doped ferroelectric materials, the lanthanum source can be added with total synthesis time less than 10 minutes. Films and powders are crystallized at approximately 650 C and exhibit ferroelectric properties comparable to films and powders produced by other techniques which require higher crystallization temperatures. 2 figs.
Boyle, T.J.
Review of Photovoltaic Energy Production Using CdTe Thin-Film Modules: Extended Abstract Preprint
CdTe has near-optimum bandgap, excellent deposition traits, and leads other technologies in commercial PV module production volume. Better understanding materials properties will accelerate deployment.
Gessert, T. A.
methods. The poly-Si solar cell structure and the performance have been examined. In principle, the new process is potentially applicable to produce large-area thin-film poly-Si solar cells at a high throughput and low cost. A critical issue in this process is to prevent the excessive dopant diffusion during crystallization. Process parameters and the cell structure have to be optimized to achieve the production goal.
Yue Kuo
Final LDRD report : metal oxide films, nanostructures, and heterostructures for solar hydrogen production.
The distinction between electricity and fuel use in analyses of global power consumption statistics highlights the critical importance of establishing efficient synthesis techniques for solar fuels-those chemicals whose bond energies are obtained through conversion processes driven by solar energy. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes show potential for the production of solar fuels because of their demonstrated versatility in facilitating optoelectronic and chemical conversion processes. Tandem PEC-photovoltaic modular configurations for the generation of hydrogen from water and sunlight (solar water splitting) provide an opportunity to develop a low-cost and efficient energy conversion scheme. The critical component in devices of this type is the PEC photoelectrode, which must be optically absorptive, chemically stable, and possess the required electronic band alignment with the electrochemical scale for its charge carriers to have sufficient potential to drive the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. After many decades of investigation, the primary technological obstacle remains the development of photoelectrode structures capable of efficient conversion of light with visible frequencies, which is abundant in the solar spectrum. Metal oxides represent one of the few material classes that can be made photoactive and remain stable to perform the required functions.
Kronawitter, Coleman X. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; Antoun, Bonnie R.; Mao, Samuel S. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
A novel thin-film poly-Si fabrication process has been demonstrated. This low thermal budget process transforms the single- and multi-layer amorphous silicon thin films into a poly-Si structure in one simple step over a pulsed rapid thermal annealing process with the enhancement of an ultrathin Ni layer. The complete poly-Si solar cell was fabricated in a short period of time without deteriorating the underneath glass substrate. The unique vertical crystallization process including the mechanism is discussed. Influences of the dopant type and process parameters on crystal structure will be revealed. The poly-Si film structure has been proved using TEM, XRD, Raman, and XPS methods. The poly-Si solar cell structure and the performance have been examined. In principle, the new process is potentially applicable to produce large-area thin-film poly-Si solar cells at a high throughput and low cost. A critical issue in this process is to prevent the excessive dopant diffusion during crystallization. Process parameters and the cell structure have to be optimized to achieve the production goal.
Block copolymer micellar thin films as templates for the production of tunable inorganic nanocluster arrays and their applications
In the past decade, the use of self-assembling systems for the fabrication of materials on the nanometer scale has been an active area of research. Block copolymer thin films are a subclass of' self-assembling systems that ...
Bennett, Ryan Derek
Institute of Photo Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology...
Place Tianjin Municipality, China Zip 300071 Sector Solar Product A thin-film solar cell research institute in China. References Institute of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Devices...
Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Ethanol Thin Stillage for Biogas Production in Batch and By Downflow Fixed Film Reactor .
??Anaerobic digestion (AD) of corn thin stillage (CTS) offers the potential to reduce corn grain ethanol production energy consumption. This thesis focuses on results collected� (more)
Wilkinson, Andrea
NFRC Procedures for Applied Films
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Applied Films Applied Films Last update: 12/10/2013 07:29 PM NFRC now has a procedure for adding applied films to substrates in Optics5 and importing those applied film constructions into WINDOW5 to be used in a whole product calculation. The information presented below is provided to help simulators with this process. Feel free to contact us at email@example.com with questions or comments. NFRC Applied Film Procedure Applied Film Procedures (approved by NFRC) (PDF file) Approved Applied Film List (IGDB 33.0) (PDF file) NFRC Laminate Procedure Training Powerpoint with Examples (This Powerpoint presentation was used in the NFRC web based training sessions in December 2006 and January 2007) PowerPoint Presentation (PPT file) PowerPoint Presentation (PDF file) Help and Troubleshooting
Nanocomposite films
A thin-film composition of nanocrystal molybdenum in an amorphous metallic matrix may be formed by co-sputtering Mo with aluminum or nickel. NEMS cantilevers may be formed from the film. The films exhibit high nanoindentation hardness and a reduction in roughness and intrinsic stress, while maintaining resistivity in the metallic range.
Mitlin, David (Edmonton, CA); , Ophus, Colin (Edmonton, CA); Evoy, Stephane (Edmonton, CA); Radmilovic, Velimir (Piedmont, CA); Mohammadi, Reza (Edmonton, CA); Westra, Ken (Edmonton, CA); Nelson-Fitzpatrick, Nathaniel (Edmonton, CA); Lee, Zonghoon (Albany, CA)
Applied Films Corporation | Open Energy Information
Corporation Place Longmont, Colorado Zip 80504 Sector Services, Solar Product Provider of thin film deposition equipment and services, particularly to the solar industry....
Infrared Analysis of Advanced Thin Film Materials
The goals of timely and cost effective integration of these new materials into ... most widely accepted method for production monitoring of transparent thin films.
STATE OF GREEN bUSINESS 2012
... Cool technologies are start- ing to make home energy efficiency more com ... years, hundreds of millions of households and businesses worldwide will ...
Ellipsometry of anodic film growth
An automated computer interpretation of ellisometer measurements of anodic film growth was developed. Continuous mass and charge balances were used to utilize more fully the time dependence of the ellipsometer data and the current and potential measurements. A multiple-film model was used to characterize the growth of films which proceeds via a dissolution--precipitation mechanism; the model also applies to film growth by adsorption and nucleation mechanisms. The characteristic parameters for film growth describe homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallization rates, film porosities and degree of hydration, and the supersaturation of ionic species in the electrolyte. Additional descriptions which may be chosen are patchwise film formation, nonstoichiometry of the anodic film, and statistical variations in the size and orientation of secondary crystals. Theories were developed to describe the optical effects of these processes. An automatic, self-compensating ellipsometer was used to study the growth in alkaline solution of anodic films on silver, cadmium, and zinc. Mass-transport conditions included stagnant electrolyte and forced convection in a flow channel. Multiple films were needed to characterize the optical properties of these films. Anodic films grew from an electrolyte supersatuated in the solution-phase dissolution product. The degree of supersaturation depended on transport conditions and had a major effect on the structure of the film. Anodic reaction rates were limited by the transport of charge carriers through a primary surface layer. The primary layers on silver, zinc, and cadmium all appeared to be nonstoichiometric, containing excess metal. Diffusion coefficients, transference numbers, and the free energy of adsorption of zinc oxide were derived from ellipsometer measurements. 97 figures, 13 tables, 198 references.
Smith, C.G.
There are serious concerns about the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy and nutrient and water use efficiency of large-scale, first generation bio-energy feedstocks currently in use. A major question is whether biofuels obtained from these feedstocks are effective in combating climate change and what impact they will have on soil and water resources. Another fundamental issue relates to the magnitude and nature of their impact on food prices and ultimately on the livelihoods of the poor. A possible solution to overcome the current potentially large negative effects of large-scale biofuel production is developing second and third generation conversion techniques from agricultural residues and wastes and step up the scientific research efforts to achieve sustainable biofuel production practices. Until such sustainable techniques are available governments should scale back their support for and promotion of biofuels. Multipurpose feedstocks should be investigated making use of the bio-refinery concept (bio-based economy). At the same time, the further development of non-commercial, small scale
Science Council Secretariat
Anode film formation and control
A protective film is created about the anode within a cryolite-based electrolyte during electrolytic production of aluminum from alumina. The film functions to minimize corrosion of the anode by the cryolitic electrolyte and thereby extend the life of the anode. Various operating parameters of the electrolytic process are controlled to maintain the protective film about the anode in a protective state throughout the electrolytic reduction of alumina. Such parameters include electrolyte temperature, electrolyte ratio, current density, and Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] concentration. An apparatus is also disclosed to enable identification of the onset of anode corrosion due to disruption of the film to provide real time information regarding the state of the film. 3 figs.
Koski, O.; Marschman, S.C.
Polymer films
A film contains a first polymer having a plurality of hydrogen bond donating moieties, and a second polymer having a plurality of hydrogen bond accepting moieties. The second polymer is hydrogen bonded to the first polymer.
Granick, Steve (Champaign, IL); Sukhishvili, Svetlana A. (Maplewood, NJ)
Photovoltaic Polycrystalline Thin-Film Cell Basics | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Polycrystalline Thin-Film Cell Basics Polycrystalline Thin-Film Cell Basics Photovoltaic Polycrystalline Thin-Film Cell Basics August 20, 2013 - 2:36pm Addthis Polycrystalline thin-film cells are made of many tiny crystalline grains of semiconductor materials. The materials used in these cells have properties that are different from those of silicon. Thin-film cells have many advantages over their thick-film counterparts. For example, they use much less material. The cell's active area is usually only 1 to 10 micrometers thick, whereas thick films typically are 100 to 300 micrometers thick. Also, thin-film cells can usually be manufactured in a large-area process, which can be an automated, continuous production process. Finally, they can be deposited on flexible substrate materials. The term thin film comes from the method used to deposit the film, not from
PowerFilm Solar Inc | Open Energy Information
Inc Place Boone, Iowa Zip 50036 7538 Product Developer of a method for manufacturing thin-film amorphous silicon modules, from silane gas and plastic substrate, using a...
Low Cost Fabrication of Thin-Film Ceramic Membranes for ...
For Industry; For Researchers; Success Stories; About Us; ... Inexpensive Production of High Density Thin Ceramic Films on Rigid or Porous Substrates, ...
Carbonaceous film coating
A method of making a carbonaceous film comprising heating tris(1,3,2-benzodiazaborolo)borazine or dodecahydro tris(1,3,2)diazaborine(1,2-a:1'2'-c:1''2''-e)borazine in an inert atmosphere in the presence of a substrate to a temperature at which the borazine compound decomposes, and the decomposition products deposit onto the substrate to form a thin, tenacious, highly reflective conductive coating having a narrow band gap which is susceptible of modification and a relatively low coefficient of friction.
Maya, L.
CARS of Thin Films
... as a thin film diagnostic. Surface enhanced Raman scattering, SERS, has been used to probe the interfacial region of thin polymer films on metal ...
Thin Films at Interfaces
... internal structure of these films was probed ... provided important information on film composition and ... The PEO polymers form thin adsorbed layers ...
Solar Control Thin Films Laboratory
Sputtering equipment Solar Control Thin Films Laboratory The Solar Control Thin Films lab develops novel thin film coatings, deposition technologies, and device systems for...
Overview and Challenges of Thin Film Solar Electric Technologies
In this paper, we report on the significant progress made worldwide by thin-film solar cells, namely, amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). Thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technology status is also discussed in detail. In addition, R&D and technology challenges in all three areas are elucidated. The worldwide estimated projection for thin-film PV technology production capacity announcements are estimated at more than 5000 MW by 2010.
Ullal, H. S.
Thin Film Materials and Processing Techniques for a Next Generation Photovoltaic Device: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-12-470
This research extends thin film materials and processes relevant to the development and production of a next generation photovoltaic device.
van Hest, M.
Innovative Thin Films LLC | Open Energy Information
Thin Films LLC Thin Films LLC Jump to: navigation, search Name Innovative Thin Films LLC Place Toledo, Ohio Zip 43607 Product Provider of altnernative energy thin film deposition technology. Coordinates 46.440613°, -122.847838° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":46.440613,"lon":-122.847838,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Magnetron sputtered boron films and Ti/B multilayer structures
A method is described for the production of thin boron and titanium/boron films by magnetron sputter deposition. The amorphous boron films contain no morphological growth features, unlike those found when thin films are prepared by various physical vapor 5 deposition processes. Magnetron sputter deposition method requires the use of a high density crystalline boron sputter target which is prepared by hot isostatic pressing. Thin boron films prepared by this method are useful for ultra-thin band pass filters as well as the low Z element in low Z/high Z mirrors which enhance reflectivity 10 from grazing to normal incidence.
Makowiecki, D.M.; Jankowski, A.F.
Are Films Ferroelectric?
as one unit cell. In these thin films, the ferroelectric phase forms in nanometerscale stripes of alternating polarity, which produce characteristic signals, satellite peaks, in...
Applications of Sputtered Films
...circuits Thin-film lasers Memory devices High-temperature superconductors A variety of sputtering techniques can be used in most applications,
Superhydrophobic Thin Film Coatings
Exploiting its expertise with thin films and superhydrophobic materials, ORNL has developed a simple, inexpensive way to apply and reliably bond ...
Thin Films Thin Films Manufacturing Technologies The Thin Film laboratory provides a variety of vapor deposition processes and facilities for cooperative research and development. Available capabilities include electron beam evaporation, sputter deposition, reactive deposi- tion processes, atomic layer deposition (ALD) and specialized techniques such as focused ion beam induced chemical vapor deposition. Equipment can be reconfigured for prototyping, or it can be dedicated to long-term research, development and manufacturing. Most sputter and evaporative deposition systems are capable of depositing multiple materials. Deposition capabilities and expertise * Deposition of a large variety of thin film mate- rials * Multiple sputter deposition systems - Capable of depositing four materials in a
Thick film hydrogen sensor
A thick film hydrogen sensor element includes an essentially inert, electrically-insulating substrate having deposited thereon a thick film metallization forming at least two resistors. The metallization is a sintered composition of Pd and a sinterable binder such as glass frit. An essentially inert, electrically insulating, hydrogen impermeable passivation layer covers at least one of the resistors.
Hoffheins, Barbara S. (Knoxville, TN); Lauf, Robert J. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Stabilized chromium oxide film
Stabilized air-oxidized chromium films deposited on high-power klystron ceramic windows and sleeves having a thickness between 20 and 150.ANG. are useful in lowering secondary electron emission yield and in avoiding multipactoring and window failure due to overheating. The ceramic substrate for the film is chosen from alumina, sapphire or beryllium oxide.
Garwin, Edward L. (Los Altos, CA); Nyaiesh, Ali R. (Palo Alto, CA)
Stabilized air-oxidized chromium films deposited on high-power klystron ceramic windows and sleeves having a thickness between 20 and 150A are useful in lowering secondary electron emission yield and in avoiding multipactoring and window failure due to overheating. The ceramic substrate for the film is chosen from alumina, sapphire or beryllium oxide.
Nyaiesh, A.R.; Garwin, E.L.
Thin-film forces in pseudoemulsion films
Use of foam for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has shown recent success in steam-flooding field applications. Foam can also provide an effective barrier against gas coning in thin oil zones. Both of these applications stem from the unique mobility-control properties a stable foam possesses when it exists in porous media. Unfortunately, oil has a major destabilizing effect on foam. Therefore, it is important for EOR applications to understand how oil destroys foam. Studies all indicate that stabilization of the pseudoemulsion film is critical to maintain foam stability in the presence of oil. Hence, to aid in design of surfactant formulations for foam insensitivity to oil the authors pursue direct measurement of the thin-film or disjoining forces that stabilize pseudoemulsion films. Experimental procedures and preliminary results are described.
Bergeron, V.; Radke, C.J. [California Univ., Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemical Engineering]|[Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)
NREL Core Program (NCPV), Session: Film Silicon (Presentation)
This project supports the Solar America Initiative by: R and D that contributes to goal of grid parity by 2015; research to fill the industry R and D pipeline for next-generation low-cost scalable products; development of industry collaborative research; and improvement of NREL tools and capabilities for film silicon research. The project addresses both parts of film silicon roadmap: (1) amorphous-silicon-based thin film PV--amorphous and nanocrystalline materials, present '2nd generation' technology, 4% of world PV sales in 2007; (2) advanced R and D toward film crystal silicon--definition, large-grained or single-crystal silicon < 100 {micro}m thick; 3-8 year horizon; and goal of reaching 15% cells at area costs approaching thin films.
Branz, H. M.
Thin film hydrogen sensor
A thin film hydrogen sensor, includes: a substantially flat ceramic substrate with first and second planar sides and a first substrate end opposite a second substrate end; a thin film temperature responsive resistor on the first planar side of the substrate proximate to the first substrate end; a thin film hydrogen responsive metal resistor on the first planar side of the substrate proximate to the fist substrate end and proximate to the temperature responsive resistor; and a heater on the second planar side of the substrate proximate to the first end.
Cheng, Yang-Tse (Rochester Hills, MI); Poli, Andrea A. (Livonia, MI); Meltser, Mark Alexander (Pittsford, NY)
Process for preparing group Ib-IIIa-VIa semiconducting films
Methods are provided for the production of supported monophasic group I-III-VI semiconductor films. In the subject methods, a substrate is coated with group I and III elements and then contacted with a reactive group VI element containing atmosphere under conditions sufficient to produce a substrate coated with a composite of at least two different group I-III-IV alloys. The resultant composite coated substrate is then annealed in an inert atmosphere under conditions sufficient to convert the composite coating to a monophasic group I-III-VI semiconductor film. The resultant supported semiconductor films find use in photovoltaic applications, particularly as absorber layers in solar cells. 4 figs.
Birkmire, R.W.; Schultz, J.M.; Marudachalam, M.; Hichri, H.
Methods are provided for the production of supported monophasic group I-III-VI semiconductor films. In the subject methods, a substrate is coated with group I and III elements and then contacted with a reactive group VI element containing atmosphere under conditions sufficient to produce a substrate coated with a composite of at least two different group I-III-IV alloys. The resultant composite coated substrate is then annealed in an inert atmosphere under conditions sufficient to convert the composite coating to a monophasic group I-III-VI semiconductor film. The resultant supported semiconductor films find use in photovoltaic applications, particularly as absorber layers in solar cells.
Birkmire, Robert W. (Churchville, MD); Schultz, Jerold M. (Newark, DE); Marudachalam, Matheswaran (Newark, DE); Hichri, Habib (Newark, DE)
Effects of humidity during photoprocessing on thin film metallization adhesion
Humidity effects during photoprocessing on tantalum/chromium/gold thin film networks (TFNs) were investigated. Humidity conditions at various process steps were controlled by placing either desiccant or water in handling containers for the TFNs. The TFNs photoprocessed in humid conditions had a much higher occurrence of metallization failures compared to TFNs processed in dry conditions. Ceramic surface defects were shown to cause pores in the thin films, and these pores enhanced corrosion susceptibility for the films. This study resulted in a desiccated storage process for production of TFNs.
Norwood, D.P.
A persornel dosimeter film badge made of plastic, with provision for a picture of the wearer and an internal slide containing photographic film that is sensitive to various radiations, is described. Four windows made of differing material selectively attenuate alpha, beta, gamma rays, and neutrons so as to distinguish the particular type of radiation the wearer was subjected to. In addition, a lead shield has the identification number of the wearer perforated thereon so as to identify the film after processing. An internal magnetically actuated latch securely locks the slide within the body, and may be withdrawn only upon the external application of two strong magnetic forces in order to insure that the wearer or other curious persons will not accidentally expose the film to visual light.
Kocher, L.F.
Thin film tritium dosimetry
The present invention provides a method for tritium dosimetry. A dosimeter comprising a thin film of a material having relatively sensitive RITAC-RITAP dosimetry properties is exposed to radiation from tritium, and after the dosimeter has been removed from the source of the radiation, the low energy electron dose deposited in the thin film is determined by radiation-induced, thermally-activated polarization dosimetry techniques.
Moran, Paul R. (Madison, WI)
Solar Thin Films Inc formerly American United Global Inc | Open Energy
Films Inc formerly American United Global Inc Films Inc formerly American United Global Inc Jump to: navigation, search Name Solar Thin Films Inc (formerly American United Global Inc) Place New York, New York Zip 10038 Sector Solar Product A US-based solar manufacturing equipment supplier. References Solar Thin Films Inc (formerly American United Global Inc)[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Solar Thin Films Inc (formerly American United Global Inc) is a company located in New York, New York . References ↑ "Solar Thin Films Inc (formerly American United Global Inc)" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_Thin_Films_Inc_formerly_American_United_Global_Inc&oldid=351338
Institute of Photo Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai
Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University Jump to: navigation, search Name Institute of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University Place Tianjin Municipality, China Zip 300071 Sector Solar Product A thin-film solar cell research institute in China. References Institute of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Institute of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University is a company located in Tianjin Municipality, China . References ↑ "Institute of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University"
Flexible Ultra Moisture Barrier Film for Thin-Film Photovoltaic Applications
Flexible Thin-film photovoltaic (TFPV) is a low cost alternative to incumbent c-Si PV products as it requires less volume of costly semiconductor materials and it can potentially reduce installation cost. Among the TFPV options, copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) has the highest efficiency and is believed to be one of the most attractive candidates to achieve PV cost reduction. However, CIGS cells are very moisture sensitive and require module water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of less than 1x10-4 gram of water per square meter per day (g-H2O/m2/day). Successful development and commercialization of flexible transparent ultra moisture barrier film is the key to enable flexible CIGS TFPV products, and thus enable ultimate PV cost reduction. At DuPont, we have demonstrated at lab scale that we can successfully make polymer-based flexible transparent ultra moisture barrier film by depositing alumina on polymer films using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology. The layer by layer ALD approach results in uniform and amorphous structure which effectively reduces pinhole density of the inorganic coating on the polymer, and thus allow the fabrication of flexible barrier film with WVTR of 10-5 g-H2O/m2/day. Currently ALD is a time-consuming process suitable only for high-value, relatively small substrates. To successfully commercialize the ALD-on-plastic technology for the PV industry, there is the need to scale up this technology and improve throughput. The goal of this contract work was to build a prototype demonstrating that the ALD technology could be scaled-up for commercial use. Unfortunately, the prototype failed to produce an ultra-barrier film by the close of the project.
David M. Dean
Thin Film Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Applications
Presentation Title, Thin Film Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Applications ... Abstract Scope, Thin film nanocomposites comprised of refractory metals and�...
Evaluation of Packaging Film Mechanical Integrity Using a Standardized Scratch Test
Polymeric packaging films see widespread use in the food packaging industry, and their mechanical integrity is paramount to maintaining product appearance, freshness, and overall food safety. Current testing methods, such as tensile or puncture tests, do not necessarily correlate well with field damages that are observed to be scratch-like. The standardized linearly increasing load scratch test is investigated as a new means of evaluating the mechanical integrity of packaging films. Mechanical clamp and vacuum fixtures were considered for securing the films to a set of backing materials and tested under various testing rates and film orientation conditions. Film performance was evaluated according to their puncture load. Based on the above study, the vacuum fixture offers the most consistent and meaningful results by providing a more intimate contact between film and backing and minimizing uncontrolled buckling of the film during testing. Additional testing was also carried out on a commercial film to confirm similarity between damage observed in the scratched films and that from the field. The scratch test gives good correlation between field performance and scratch test results on a set of commercial films. The usefulness of the scratch test methodology for packaging film mechanical integrity evaluation is discussed. Scratch-induced damages on multi-layer commercial packaging films are investigated using cross- and longitudinal-sectioning. Scratch test results show clear distinction between the two tested systems on both the inside and outside surfaces. Microscopy was performed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing this methodology as a tool for packaging film structure evaluation by determining the effect each layer has on the resistance of scratch damages. It is shown that the film showing superior scratch test results also shows significantly better stress distribution through its layers during the scratch test, as well as better layer adhesion during severe deformation. The scratch test shows good ability to provide more in-depth film mechanical integrity testing by allowing for layer-by-layer analysis of damages and layer adhesion after testing.
Hare, Brian
Ceramic Films Using Cathodic Electrodeposition
Electrodeposition is evolving as an important method in ceramic processing. Two processes for forming ceramic films by cathodic electrodeposition are�...
NMR characterization of thin films
A method, apparatus, and system for characterizing thin film materials. The method, apparatus, and system includes a container for receiving a starting material, applying a gravitational force, a magnetic force, and an electric force or combinations thereof to at least the starting material, forming a thin film material, sensing an NMR signal from the thin film material and analyzing the NMR signal to characterize the thin film of material.
Gerald, II, Rex E. (Brookfield, IL); Klingler, Robert J. (Glenview, IL); Rathke, Jerome W. (Homer Glen, IL); Diaz, Rocio (Chicago, IL); Vukovic, Lela (Westchester, IL)
Automated Electron Microscopy Film Scanner
Renewable Energy; Environmental Technologies. ... film meets high performance specifications at higher electron energies while digital cameras do not; ...
Preparation Of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide Films For Solar Cells
High quality thin films of copper-indium-gallium-diselenide useful in the production of solar cells are prepared by electrodepositing at least one of the constituent metals onto a glass/Mo substrate, followed by physical vapor deposition of copper and selenium or indium and selenium to adjust the final stoichiometry of the thin film to approximately Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2. Using an AC voltage of 1-100 KHz in combination with a DC voltage for electrodeposition improves the morphology and growth rate of the deposited thin film. An electrodeposition solution comprising at least in part an organic solvent may be used in conjunction with an increased cathodic potential to increase the gallium content of the electrodeposited thin film.
Bhattacharya, Raghu N. (Littleton, CO); Contreras, Miguel A. (Golden, CO); Keane, James (Lakewood, CO); Tennant, Andrew L. (Denver, CO), Tuttle, John R. (Denver, CO); Ramanathan, Kannan (Lakewood, CO); Noufi, Rommel (Golden, CO)
Thin film photovoltaic device
A thin film photovoltaic solar cell which utilizes a zinc phosphide semiconductor is of the homojunction type comprising an n-type conductivity region forming an electrical junction with a p-type region, both regions consisting essentially of the same semiconductor material. The n-type region is formed by treating zinc phosphide with an extrinsic dopant such as magnesium. The semiconductor is formed on a multilayer substrate which acts as an opaque contact. Various transparent contacts may be used, including a thin metal film of the same chemical composition as the n-type dopant or conductive oxides or metal grids.
Catalano, Anthony W. (Wilmington, DE); Bhushan, Manjul (Wilmington, DE)
A thin film photovoltaic solar cell which utilizes a zinc phosphide semiconductor is of the homojunction type comprising an n-type conductivity region forming an electrical junction with a p-type region, both regions consisting essentially of the same semiconductor material. The n-type region is formed by treating zinc phosphide with an extrinsic dopant such as magnesium. The semiconductor is formed on a multilayer substrate which acts as an opaque contact. Various transparent contacts may be used, including a thin metal film of the same chemical composition as the n-type dopant or conductive oxides or metal grids. 5 figs.
Catalano, A.W.; Bhushan, M.
Conflicting Views of Homosexuality Among the Mainstream Films and Gay "Pink" Films of Japan.
??This thesis will examine the representation of homosexuality in Japanese films through analyzing gay "pink" films, which are soft-core porn films exhibited in specialized theaters,� (more)
Ogawa, Sho
Method for forming metallic silicide films on silicon substrates by ion beam deposition
Metallic silicide films are formed on silicon substrates by contacting the substrates with a low-energy ion beam of metal ions while moderately heating the substrate. The heating of the substrate provides for the diffusion of silicon atoms through the film as it is being formed to the surface of the film for interaction with the metal ions as they contact the diffused silicon. The metallic silicide films provided by the present invention are contaminant free, of uniform stoichiometry, large grain size, and exhibit low resistivity values which are of particular usefulness for integrated circuit production.
Zuhr, R.A.; Holland, O.W.
Thin-film optical initiator
A thin-film optical initiator having an inert, transparent substrate, a reactive thin film, which can be either an explosive or a pyrotechnic, and a reflective thin film. The resultant thin-film optical initiator system also comprises a fiber-optic cable connected to a low-energy laser source, an output charge, and an initiator housing. The reactive thin film, which may contain very thin embedded layers or be a co-deposit of a light-absorbing material such as carbon, absorbs the incident laser light, is volumetrically heated, and explodes against the output charge, imparting about 5 to 20 times more energy than in the incident laser pulse.
Erickson, Kenneth L. (Albuquerque, NM)
Thin film photovoltaic cell
A thin film photovoltaic cell having a transparent electrical contact and an opaque electrical contact with a pair of semiconductors therebetween includes utilizing one of the electrical contacts as a substrate and wherein the inner surface thereof is modified by microroughening while being macro-planar.
Meakin, John D. (Newark, DE); Bragagnolo, Julio (Newark, DE)
China Lucky Film Co Ltd | Open Energy Information
Lucky Film Co Ltd Lucky Film Co Ltd Jump to: navigation, search Name China Lucky Film Co Ltd Place Baoding, Hebei Province, China Zip 71054 Sector Solar Product China's photosensitive materials and magnetic recording media manufacturer, diversifying into solar cell backboard production. Coordinates 38.855011°, 115.480217° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":38.855011,"lon":115.480217,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Method for making carbon films
A method for treating an organic polymer material, preferably a vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymer (Saran) to produce a flat sheet of carbon film material having a high surface area ([approx equal]1000 m[sup 2] /g) suitable as an electrode material for super capacitor applications. The method comprises heating a vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymer film disposed between two spaced apart graphite or ceramic plates to a first temperature of about 160 C for about 14 hours to form a stabilized vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride polymer film, thereafter heating the stabilized film to a second temperature of about 750 C in an inert atmosphere for about one hour to form a carbon film; and finally activating the carbon film to increase the surface area by heating the carbon film in an oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature of at least 750--850 C for between 1--6 hours. 2 figs.
Tan, M.X.
A method for treating an organic polymer material, preferably a vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymer (Saran) to produce a flat sheet of carbon film material having a high surface area (.apprxeq.1000 m.sup.2 /g) suitable as an electrode material for super capacitor applications. The method comprises heating a vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymer film disposed between two spaced apart graphite or ceramic plates to a first temperature of about 160.degree. C. for about 14 hours to form a stabilized vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride polymer film, thereafter heating the stabilized film to a second temperature of about 750.degree. C. in an inert atmosphere for about one hour to form a carbon film; and finally activating the carbon film to increase the surface area by heating the carbon film in an oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature of at least 750-850.degree. C. for between 1-6 hours.
Tan, Ming X. (Livermore, CA)
Thin film superconductor magnetic bearings
A superconductor magnetic bearing includes a shaft (10) that is subject to a load (L) and rotatable around an axis of rotation, a magnet (12) mounted to the shaft, and a stator (14) in proximity to the shaft. The stator (14) has a superconductor thin film assembly (16) positioned to interact with the magnet (12) to produce a levitation force on the shaft (10) that supports the load (L). The thin film assembly (16) includes at least two superconductor thin films (18) and at least one substrate (20). Each thin film (18) is positioned on a substrate (20) and all the thin films are positioned such that an applied magnetic field from the magnet (12) passes through all the thin films. A similar bearing in which the thin film assembly (16) is mounted on the shaft (10) and the magnet (12) is part of the stator (14) also can be constructed.
Weinberger, Bernard R. (Avon, CT)
Falling film evaporator
A falling film evaporator including a vertically oriented pipe heated exteriorly by a steam jacket and interiorly by a finned steam tube, all heating surfaces of the pipe and steam tube being formed of a material wet by water such as stainless steel, and packing within the pipe consisting of Raschig rings formed of a material that is not wet by water such as polyvinylidene fluoride.
Bruns, Lester E. (Kennewick, WA)
Vertically Aligned Nanocomposite Thin Films
Vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) thin films have recently stimulated significant research interest to achieve better material functionality or multifunctionalities. In VAN thin films, both phases grow epitaxially in parallel on given substrates and form a unique nano-checkerboard structure. Multiple strains, including the vertical strain which along the vertical interface and the substrate induced strain which along the film and substrate interface, exist in VAN thin films. The competition of these strains gives a promise to tune the material lattice structure and future more the nanocomposite film physical properties. Those two phases in the VAN thin films are selected based on their growth kinetics, thermodynamic stability and epitaxial growth ability on given substrates. In the present work, we investigated unique epitaxial two-phase VAN (BiFeO3)x:(Sm2O3)1-x and (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3)x:(Mn3O4)1-x thin film systems by pulsed laser deposition. These VAN thin films exhibit a highly ordered vertical columnar structure with good epitaxial quality. The strain of the two phases can be tuned by deposition parameters, e.g. deposition frequency and film composition. Their strain tunability is found to be related directly to the systematic variation of the column widths and domain structures. Their physical properties, such as dielectric loss and ferromagnetisms can be tuned systematically by this variation. The growth morphology, microstructure and material functionalities of VAN thin films can be varied by modifying the phase ratio, substrate orientation or deposition conditions. Systematic study has been done on growing (SrTiO3)0.5:(MgO)0.5 VAN thin films on SrTiO3 and MgO substrates, respectively. The variation of column width demonstrates the substrate induced strain plays another important role in the VAN thin film growth. The VAN thin films also hold promise in achieving porous thin films with ordered nanopores by thermal treatment. We selected (BiFeO3)0.5:(Sm2O3)0.5 VAN thin films as a template and get uniformly distributed bi-layered nanopores. Controllable porosity can be achieved by adjusting the microstructure of VAN (BiFeO3):(Sm2O3) thin films and the annealing parameters. In situ heating experiments within a transmission electron microscope column provide direct observations into the phases transformation, evaporation and structure reconstruction during the annealing. Systematic study in this dissertation demonstrate that the vertically aligned nanocomposite microstructure is a brand new architecture in thin films and an exciting approach that promises tunable material functionalities as well as novel nanostructures.
Bi, Zhenxing
Silicon Film[trademark] photovoltaic manufacturing technology
This report describes work on a project to develop an advanced low-cost manufacturing process for a new utility-scale flatplate module based on thin active layers of polycrystalline silicon on a low-cost substrate. This is called the Silicon-Film[trademark] process. This new power module is based on a new large solar cell that is 675 cm[sup 2] in area. Eighteen of these solar cells form a 170-W module. Twelve ofthese modules form a 2-kW array. The program has three components: (1) development of a Silicon-Film[trademark] wafer machine that can manufacture wafer 675 cm[sup 2] in size with a total product cost reductionof 70%; (2) development of an advanced solar cell manufacturing process that will turn the Silicon-Film[trademark] wafer into a 14%-efficient solar cell; and (3) development of an advanced module design based on these large-area, efficient silicon solar cells with an average power of 170 watts. The completion of these three tasks will lead to a new power module designed for utility and other power applications with asubstantially lower cost.
Bottenberg, W.R.; Hall, R.B.; Jackson, E.L.; Lampo, S.; Mulligan, W.E.; Barnett, A.M. (AstroPower, Inc., Newark, DE (United States))
Modeling and simulation of film blowing process
Film blowing process is a flexible mass production technology used for manufacturing thin polymeric films. Its flexibility in using an existing die to produce films of different width and thickness, just by controlling process conditions such as, extrudate velocity, excess pressure, and line speed, makes it an attractive process with less capital investment. Controlling the process conditions to obtain a stable bubble, however, is not a trivial task. It is a costly trial and error procedure, which could result is a large wastage of material and other resources. Hence, it is necessary to develop methods to simulate the process and design it using numerical experiments. This important need of the industry defines the objective of this work. In this dissertation, a transient, axisymmetric, nonisothermal, viscoelastic model is developed to simulate the process, and it is solved using finite element method. Material behavior of polymer melt is described using a modified Phan-Thien-Tanner model in the liquid??like region, and anisotropic Kelvin??Voight model in the solid zone, and the transition is modeled using a simple mixture theory. Crystallization kinetics is described using a modified Avrami model with factors to account for the influence of temperature and strain. Results obtained are compared with available experimental results and the model is used to explore stability issues and the role of different parameters. Software developed using this model comes with a GUI based pre- and post-processor, and it can be easily adapted to use other constitutive models.
Mayavaram, Ravisankar S.
Hall effect in superconducting films
Near the superconducting phase transition, fluctuations significantly modify the electronic transport properties. Here we study the fluctuation corrections to the Hall conductivity in disordered films, extending previous ...
Michaeli, Karen
Thin Films and Interfaces Committee
The Thin Films and Interfaces Committee is part of the Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division;. Our Mission: Promotes knowledge of the science�...
Simulated Space Environmental Testing on Thin Films
An exploratory program has been conducted, to irradiate some mature commercial and some experimental polymer films with radiation simulating certain Earth orbits, and to obtain data about the response of each test film''s reflective and tensile properties. ...
Russell Dennis A.; Fogdall Larry B.; Bohnhoff Gail
Video Production Tips R.A. Nocera
Video Production Tips Video Production Tips R.A. Nocera There are many elements that contribute to a good video. Much of the work is in pre- production: script, storyboard, props, location, rehearsal, editing. All of these should be refined and ready before production and not interfere with the shooting schedule. I suggest creating a shot schedule of which scenes you are going to film - if you're shooting some scenes indoors and some outdoors, arrange the script in terms of location. This will make production much more efficient. There are many books and online pages about video production for reference. This is the most important aspect of film: SOUND. If you have a brilliant script, good actors, and direction, it will not translate if the sound is inaudible. Here are some ways
Glass Production
40, pp. 162 - 186. Glass Production, Shortland, UEE 2009AINES Short Citation: Shortland 2009, Glass Production. UEE.Andrew, 2009, Glass Production. In Willeke Wendrich (ed. ),
Shortland, Andrew
Production Targets
Hall (2005), �Prices, Production, and Inventories over theProduction Targets ? Guillermo Caruana CEMFI caruana@cem?.esthe theory using monthly production targets of the Big Three
Caruana, Guillermo; Einav, Liran
Pottery Production
Paul T. Nicholson. ) Pottery Production, Nicholson, UEE 2009Short Citation: Nicholson 2009, Pottery Production. UEE.Paul T. , 2009, Pottery Production. In Willeke Wendrich (
Nicholson, Paul T.
Cordage Production
294: fig. 15-3). Cordage Production, Veldmeijer, UEE 2009Short Citation: Veldmeijer, 2009, Cordage Production. UEE.Andr� J. , 2009, Cordage Production. In Willeke Wendrich (
Veldmeijer, Andr� J.
Electrical initiation of an energetic nanolaminate film
A heating apparatus comprising an energetic nanolaminate film that produces heat when initiated, a power source that provides an electric current, and a control that initiates the energetic nanolaminate film by directing the electric current to the energetic nanolaminate film and joule heating the energetic nanolaminate film to an initiation temperature. Also a method of heating comprising providing an energetic nanolaminate film that produces heat when initiated, and initiating the energetic nanolaminate film by directing an electric current to the energetic nanolaminate film and joule heating the energetic nanolaminate film to an initiation temperature.
Tringe, Joseph W. (Walnut Creek, CA); Gash, Alexander E. (Brentwood, CA); Barbee, Jr., Troy W. (Palo Alto, CA)
Thin Film and Nanostructure Processing Group Homepage
... The Thin Film and Nanostructure Processing Group is one of seven ... Deposition of thin films Electrodeposition of metals and alloys Evaporation of ...
Metals Thin-Films Information at NIST
NIST Home > Metals Thin-Films Information at NIST. Metals Thin-Films Information at NIST. (the links below are a compilation ...
Optical Characterization of Advanced Thin Films
... Recently, thin films of spun-cast poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen ... been demonstrated to exhibit exceptional hole mobilities in thin film transistors (TFTs ...
Surface Sensitive Scattering from Thin Films
... Thin films of few tenths of angstroms are becoming the staple of the electronic ... a powerful tool for the basic understanding of the film microstructure. ...
Thin Film Solar Technologies | Open Energy Information
Login | Sign Up Search Page Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon Thin Film Solar Technologies Jump to: navigation, search Name Thin Film Solar Technologies...
Interfaces in Nanostructured Functional Oxide Thin Films
The thin film systems include high temperature superconductors (HTS), thin film solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and other functional oxide systems. Detailed�...
NIST Hydrogen Storage in Thin Films
Hydrogen Storage Optimization in Thin Film Combinatorial Alloys. ... Magnesium Thin Films," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, doi:10.1016/j ...
Fabricating Dielecric Ceramic Films on Copper Foils
Industries Electronics Fabricating Dielectric Ceramic Films on Copper Foils (IN-09-006) Ceramic film capacitors built on a copper foil being tested on ...
Strictly Bollywood? : story, camera and movement in Hindi film dance
Film dances, or filmed dance sequences accompanying film songs, are an important part of popular Indian cinema. Over the years, Hindi film dance has evolved from a cinematically simplistic, filmed documentation of performance ...
Shresthova, Sangita.
Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen Production DELIVERY FUEL CELLS STORAGE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY VALIDATION CODES & STANDARDS SYSTEMS INTEGRATION ANALYSES SAFETY EDUCATION RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Economy...
A hydrogen sensor element comprises an essentially inert, electrically-insulating substrate having a thin-film metallization deposited thereon which forms at least two resistors on the substrate. The metallization comprises a layer of Pd or a Pd alloy for sensing hydrogen and an underlying intermediate metal layer for providing enhanced adhesion of the metallization to the substrate. An essentially inert, electrically insulating, hydrogen impermeable passivation layer covers at least one of the resistors, and at least one of the resistors is left uncovered. The difference in electrical resistances of the covered resistor and the uncovered resistor is related to hydrogen concentration in a gas to which the sensor element is exposed.
Lauf, Robert J. (Oak Ridge, TN); Hoffheins, Barbara S. (Knoxville, TN); Fleming, Pamela H. (Oak Ridge, TN)
System for measuring film thickness
A system for determining the thicknesses of thin films of materials exhibiting fluorescence in response to exposure to excitation energy from a suitable source of such energy. A section of film is illuminated with a fixed level of excitation energy from a source such as an argon ion laser emitting blue-green light. The amount of fluorescent light produced by the film over a limited area within the section so illuminated is then measured using a detector such as a photomultiplier tube. Since the amount of fluorescent light produced is a function of the thicknesses of thin films, the thickness of a specific film can be determined by comparing the intensity of fluorescent light produced by this film with the intensity of light produced by similar films of known thicknesses in response to the same amount of excitation energy. The preferred embodiment of the invention uses fiber optic probes in measuring the thicknesses of oil films on the operational components of machinery which are ordinarily obscured from view.
Batishko, Charles R. (West Richland, WA); Kirihara, Leslie J. (Richland, WA); Peters, Timothy J. (Richland, WA); Rasmussen, Donald E. (Richland, WA)
Thin film ion conducting coating
Durable thin film ion conducting coatings are formed on a transparent glass substrate by the controlled deposition of the mixed oxides of lithium:tantalum or lithium:niobium. The coatings provide durable ion transport sources for thin film solid state storage batteries and electrochromic energy conservation devices.
Goldner, Ronald B. (Lexington, MA); Haas, Terry (Sudbury, MA); Wong, Kwok-Keung (Watertown, MA); Seward, George (Arlington, MA)
Thin films: Past, present, future
This report describes the characteristics of the thin film photovoltaic modules necessary for an acceptable rate of return for rural areas and underdeveloped countries. The topics of the paper include a development of goals of cost and performance for an acceptable PV system, a review of current technologies for meeting these goals, issues and opportunities in thin film technologies.
Zweibel, K.
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon films prepared by glow discharge of disilane
This report describes the results of an investigation of the properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films and the efficiency of amorphous silicon solar cells deposited from disilane at rates of 1.5 nanometers/second or greater. The study was divided into two parts, investigation of basic materials properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films and the fabrication of glass-P-I-N-metal solar cells. The thin film materials properties investigated included the dark conductivity, photoconductivity, dihydride/monohydride concentration ratio, activation energy, and mobility-lifetime product. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells were fabricated with an intrinsic layer which was deposited at 1.5 nanometers/second. The absolute and reverse bias quantum yields were measured and solar cell efficiencies of 5% were achieved. Attempts to increase the efficiency by reverse bias annealing are also reported. 7 refs., 27 figs.
Wiesmann, H.J. (UHT Corp., Dobbs Ferry, NY (USA))
Shin Etsu Film Co Ltd | Open Energy Information
Film Co Ltd Film Co Ltd Jump to: navigation, search Name Shin-Etsu Film Co Ltd Place Tokyo, Japan Zip 101-0047 Product Japan-based firm that manufactures semiconductor and multicrystalline wafers. Coordinates 35.670479°, 139.740921° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":35.670479,"lon":139.740921,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Evaporation system and method for gas jet deposition of thin film materials
A method and apparatus for depositing thin films of materials such as metals, oxides and nitrides at low temperature relies on a supersonic free jet of inert carrier gas to transport vapor species generated from an evaporation source to the surface of a substrate. Film deposition vapors are generated from solid film precursor materials, including those in the form of wires or powders. The vapor from these sources is carried downstream in a low pressure supersonic jet of inert gas to the surface of a substrate where the vapors deposit to form a thin film. A reactant gas can be introduced into the gas jet to form a reaction product with the evaporated material. The substrate can be moved from the gas jet past a gas jet containing a reactant gas in which a discharge has been generated, the speed of movement being sufficient to form a thin film which is chemically composed of the evaporated material and reactant gases.
Schmitt, Jerome J. (New Haven, CT); Halpern, Bret L. (Bethany, CT)
Flexible barrier film, method of forming same, and organic electronic device including same
A flexible barrier film has a thickness of from greater than zero to less than 5,000 nanometers and a water vapor transmission rate of no more than 1.times.10.sup.-2 g/m.sup.2/day at 22.degree. C. and 47% relative humidity. The flexible barrier film is formed from a composition, which comprises a multi-functional acrylate. The composition further comprises the reaction product of an alkoxy-functional organometallic compound and an alkoxy-functional organosilicon compound. A method of forming the flexible barrier film includes the steps of disposing the composition on a substrate and curing the composition to form the flexible barrier film. The flexible barrier film may be utilized in organic electronic devices.
Blizzard, John; Tonge, James Steven; Weidner, William Kenneth
SFC Ltd formerly SamWoo Film | Open Energy Information
SFC Ltd formerly SamWoo Film SFC Ltd formerly SamWoo Film Jump to: navigation, search Name SFC Ltd (formerly SamWoo Film) Place Boryeong, Korea (Republic) Zip 355-110 Sector Solar Product Korean manufacturer of various types of film, including light diffusion, printing, OHP, inkjet films and TPT-type backsheets for solar modules. Coordinates 36.343021°, 126.609177° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":36.343021,"lon":126.609177,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Film growths on aluminum and two aluminum-1 wt.% nickel alloys in water at 250 and 350 deg C were studied. It was found that oxide growth does not advance on a uniform front but, to the contrary, the advancing surface contains many outcrops in the form of thin platelets, chunky outcrops, and whiskers. With both the pure metal and the alloys considerable intergranular attack was observed. The general corrosion product was usually more uniform in crystal size when formed on the pure metal, but variations in crystal size were observed on both aluminum and alloys with varying features of the metal surface. The roughness of the general oxide surface (includlng outcrops) was found to increase rapidly to about 0.2 micron and then remain relatively constant with increasing film thickness. The composition of films formed under all investigated conditions, except one, was found to be boehmite ( alpha -Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/- H/sub 2/O). This exception was films carried by the alloy specimens after testing for 32 days at 350 deg C. In this case the main corrosion film was still boehmite, but in addition the outer surface supported long needles of diaspore ( beta -Al/sub 2/ O/sub 3/- H/sub 2/O). (auth)
Hart, R.K.; Ruther, W.E.
Characterization of DuPont 9015, aqueous processable dry film photoresist for printed wiring boards. Topical report
This report describes the evaluation of DuPont`s Riston 9015, fully aqueous processable dry film photoresist as a mask for gold plating, tin/lead plating, and print and etch patterning for printed circuit board products.
Goldammer, S.
Elimination of PZT thin film breakage caused by electric current arcing and intrinsic differential strains during poling
Historically, substrate breakage during the poling process has been responsible for a 2% yield loss for a contract manufacturer specializing in volume production of lead zirconate titatate (PZT) thin film devices. In this ...
AlSaeed, Abdulelah (Abdulelah Ibrahim)
Thin Film and nanostructure Processing Staff
Thin Film Nanostructure Staff Directory. John Bonevich, Group Leader. Shari Beauchamp, Office Assistant. STAFF & NRC POSTDOCS. ...
CFN | Thin Films Group
Materials Synthesis and Characterization Facility Materials Synthesis and Characterization Facility Thin-Film Processing Facility Online Manager (FOM) website FOM manual ESR for lab 1L32 (High-Resolution SEM and x-ray microanalysis) CFN Operations Safety Awareness (COSA) form for 1L32 (ESR #1) Technical article on LABE detector (Analytical SEM) Request form for off-hours access (.doc, First time only, renewals done via email) Lab Tool capabilities Primary contact Training schedule Backup contact Booking calendar Booking rules SOP 1L32 Analytical SEM Camino Thurs 10-12 PM Stein FOM yes yes Hitachi S-4800 SEM Stein Tues 1-3 PM Black FOM no yes booking calendar: yes = need to reserve tool time in calendar before using tool booking rules: yes = specific rules exist for reserving tool time SOP = standard operating procedure (basic instructions)
Liquid-film electron stripper
A thin freestanding oil film is produced in vacuum by directing an oil stream radially inward to the hollow-ground sharp outer edge of a rotating disc. The sides of the edge are roughened somewhat to aid in dispersing oil from the disc. Oil is removed from the surface of disc to prevent formation of oil droplets which might spin off the disc and disrupt the oil film. An ion beam is directed through the thin oil film so that electrons are stripped from the ions to increase their charge.
Leemann, B.T.; Yourd, R.B.
Leemann, Beat T. (Walnut Creek, CA); Yourd, Roland B. (Kensington, CA)
Polycrystalline Thin Film Photovoltaics: From the Laboratory to Solar Fields (Presentation)
The conclusions of this report are that: (1) many issues how thin-film solar cells work remain unresolved, requiring further fundamental R and D effort; (2) commercial thin-film PV module production reached 29% in 2005 in the US, indicating much more rapid growth than crystalline Si PV; (3) commercial module performance is increasing based on current knowledge, more R and D will lead to further improvement; and (4) stability of thin-film modules is acceptable ({le} 1% per year power loss) if the right manufacturing processes are used for manufacturing.
von Roedern, B.; Ullal, H.; Zweibel, K.
Interfacial studies of a thin-film Li2Mn4O9 electrode
Interfacial studies of a thin-film Li2Mn4O9 electrode Interfacial studies of a thin-film Li2Mn4O9 electrode Title Interfacial studies of a thin-film Li2Mn4O9 electrode Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 1999 Authors Kostecki, Robert, Fanping Kong, Yoshiaki Matsuo, and Frank R. McLarnon Journal Electrochimica Acta Volume 45 Pagination 225-233 Keywords interfacial films, manganese oxide electrode Abstract A thin-film spinel Li2Mn4O9 electrode was prepared by spin coating onto a Pt substrate. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction and current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CSAFM) were used to characterize interfacial processes and film formation at this electrode in the presence of 1.0 M LiPF6, EC:DMC (1:1 by volume) electrolyte. Prolonged exposure of the film to the electrolyte at ambient temperature resulted in spontaneous decomposition of the spinel to λ-MnO2 without disruption of the original structure. The surface of the resulting λ-MnO2 film exhibited no significant change in morphology, however a thin passive electrode surface layer was detected by the CSAFM probe. This electrode surface layer exhibited insulating properties and most likely contained Li2O, a by-product of Li2Mn4O9 decomposition.
Thin Film CIGS and CdTe Photovoltaic Technologies: Commercialization, Critical Issues, and Applications; Preprint
We report here on the major commercialization aspects of thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technologies based on CIGS and CdTe (a-Si and thin-Si are also reported for completeness on the status of thin-film PV). Worldwide silicon (Si) based PV technologies continues to dominate at more than 94% of the market share, with the share of thin-film PV at less than 6%. However, the market share for thin-film PV in the United States continues to grow rapidly over the past several years and in CY 2006, they had a substantial contribution of about 44%, compared to less than 10% in CY 2003. In CY 2007, thin-film PV market share is expected to surpass that of Si technology in the United States. Worldwide estimated projections for CY 2010 are that thin-film PV production capacity will be more than 3700 MW. A 40-MW thin-film CdTe solar field is currently being installed in Saxony, Germany, and will be completed in early CY 2009. The total project cost is Euro 130 million, which equates to an installed PV system price of Euro 3.25/-watt averaged over the entire solar project. This is the lowest price for any installed PV system in the world today. Critical research, development, and technology issues for thin-film CIGS and CdTe are also elucidated in this paper.
Ullal, H. S.; von Roedern, B.
Process for forming planarized films
A planarization process and apparatus which employs plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to form plarnarization films of dielectric or conductive carbonaceous material on step-like substrates.
Pang, Stella W. (Arlington, MA); Horn, Mark W. (North Chelmsford, MA)
Film holder for radiographing tubing
A film cassette is provided which may be easily placed about tubing or piping and readily held in place while radiographic inspection is performed. A pair of precurved light-impervious semi-rigid plastic sheets, hinged at one edge, enclose sheet film together with any metallic foils or screens. Other edges are made light-tight with removable caps, and the entire unit is held securely about the object to be radiographed with a releasable fastener such as a strip of Velcro.
Davis, Earl V. (Oak Ridge, TN); Foster, Billy E. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Variable temperature semiconductor film deposition
A method of depositing a semiconductor material on a substrate is disclosed. The method sequentially comprises (a) providing the semiconductor material in a depositable state such as a vapor for deposition on the substrate; (b) depositing the semiconductor material on the substrate while heating the substrate to a first temperature sufficient to cause the semiconductor material to form a first film layer having a first grain size; (c) continually depositing the semiconductor material on the substrate while cooling the substrate to a second temperature sufficient to cause the semiconductor material to form a second film layer deposited on the first film layer and having a second grain size smaller than the first grain size; and (d) raising the substrate temperature, while either continuing or not continuing to deposit semiconductor material to form a third film layer, to thereby anneal the film layers into a single layer having favorable efficiency characteristics in photovoltaic applications. A preferred semiconductor material is cadmium telluride deposited on a glass/tin oxide substrate already having thereon a film layer of cadmium sulfide.
Li, X.; Sheldon, P.
SunShot Initiative: Development and Productization of High-Efficiency,
Development and Productization of Development and Productization of High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Building-Integrated PV Shingles Using Monocrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: Development and Productization of High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Building-Integrated PV Shingles Using Monocrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells on Facebook Tweet about SunShot Initiative: Development and Productization of High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Building-Integrated PV Shingles Using Monocrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells on Twitter Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Development and Productization of High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Building-Integrated PV Shingles Using Monocrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells on Google Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Development and Productization of
Fullerene Film as a Coating Material for Silicon Thick Film Anodes ...
Presentation Title, Fullerene Film as a Coating Material for Silicon Thick Film Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries. Author(s), Arenst Andreas Arie. On-Site Speaker
�How Could She?�: The �Inappropriate� Woman in Contemporary Appropriation Films
Parrell took a number of porn films that she realized wereintended purposes. Within a porn film, people having sex into most people watching a porn film. Parrell�s film situates
Baron, Jaimie
Inexpensive Production of High Density Thin Ceramic Films on ...
Steven Visco, Lutgard DeJonghe, and Craig Jacobson have developed a simple, inexpensive method for producing high density, crack-free, thin ceramic ...
(Al,N) Films for Solar Driven Hydrogen Production
... of LiMnxFe1-xPO4 Glass and Glass-Ceramics for Lithium Ion Battery .... and Comparing the Inhibition Effect of Chromate, Bromate and Molybdate on the�...
Inexpensive Production of High Density Thin Ceramic Films ...
For Industry; For Researchers; Success Stories; About Us; Available Technologies. Browse By Category Advanced Materials; ... density of the ceramic ...
Applications of Passive Thin Films
The physical properties of thin films affect the performance and durability of nearly every solar energy conversion device. Familiar examples of thin films for solar applications are optical materials and protective coatings. Optimized optical properties are key to cost-effective photothermal conversion where individual components must have high absorptance, reflectance, or transmittance. The protection of sensitive substrates from corrosion and/or erosion is essential to ensure adequate component and system lifetime. Such substrates range from photovoltaic materials operating near room temperature to turbine blade structural alloys in hostile environments at very high temperatures (>1,000 degrees C). Although much has been written on particular categories of thin-film materials for solar energy (for example, absorbers for receiver surfaces), to date no one has provided an overview of the spectrum of applications for passive thin films in solar energy. This work is such an overview and also reviews the material state of the art as described in the current literature. Active thin film devices such as photovoltaics and thermoeleetrics are not discussed.
Call, P. J.
Properties of double-layered Ga-doped Al-zinc-oxide/titanium-doped indium-tin-oxide thin films prepared by dc magnetron sputtering applied for Si-based thin film solar cells
In this article, Ga-doped Al-zinc-oxide (GAZO)/titanium-doped indium-tin-oxide (ITIO) bi-layer films were deposited onto glass substrates by direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering. The bottom ITIO film, with a thickness of 200 nm, was sputtered onto the glass substrate. The ITIO film was post-annealed at 350 deg. C for 10-120 min as a seed layer. The effect of post-annealing conditions on the morphologies, electrical, and optical properties of ITIO films was investigated. A GAZO layer with a thickness of 1200 nm was continuously sputtered onto the ITIO bottom layer. The results show that the properties of the GAZO/ITIO films were strongly dependent on the post-annealed conditions. The spectral haze (T{sub diffuse}/T{sub total}) of the GAZO/ITIO bi-layer films increases upon increasing the post-annealing time. The haze and resistivity of the GAZO/ITIO bi-layer films were improved with the post-annealed process. After optimizing the deposition and annealing parameters, the GAZO/ITIO bi-layer film has an average transmittance of 83.20% at the 400-800 nm wavelengths, a maximum haze of 16%, and the lowest resistivity of 1.04 x 10{sup -3}{Omega} cm. Finally, the GAZO/ITIO bi-layer films, as a front electrode for silicon-based thin film solar cells, obtained a maximum efficiency of 7.10%. These encouraging experimental results have potential applications in GAZO/ITIO bi-layer film deposition by in-line sputtering without the wet-etching process and enable the production of highly efficient, low-cost thin film solar cells.
Wang, Chao-Chun; Wuu, Dong-Sing; Lin, Yang-Shih; Lien, Shui-Yang; Huang, Yung-Chuan; Liu, Chueh-Yang; Chen, Chia-Fu; Nautiyal, Asheesh; Lee, Shuo-Jen [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (China); Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MingDao University, Changhua 52345, Taiwan (China); Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan (China)
Synthesis, properties and applications of pure and covalently doped DLC films prepared by energetic condensation
Hyper-thermal species have been used to produce carbon-based films with mechanical and tribological properties that have greatly expanded the applications of amorphous carbon coatings. Tetragonally bonded amorphous carbon films have properties that approach that of diamond in several ways. The major drawback, namely intrinsic stresses, preventing the production of thick ta-C films has been overcome by heat treating these films, and presently several micrometer-thick films of ta-C are regularly produced. Yet another area where superhard coatings are of great interest is for wear applications at elevated temperatures, namely around 500 degrees C and above. Such temperatures may be environment temperatures, or localized (flash) temperatures resulting for instance from wear. For this applications, doping the ta-C with elements that are covalently bonded to C (such as Si and B) offers a promising alternative. In this article, I will discuss some treatments that have allowed expanding the applications of pure ta-C, and the incorporation of Si and B on ta-C films. Film properties are presented and discussed.
Monteiro, Othon R.
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon films produced by chemical vapor deposition: Final report
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) is a technologically important semiconductor, well-suited for solar photovoltaic energy conversion and thin film device applications. While the glow discharge technique is widely used for the deposition of a-Si:H films, this work is focused on the use of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique, i.e., the thermal decomposition of disilane and higher silanes, for the deposition of a-Si:H films. A simple technique for the preparation of disilane and higher silanes by using an electric discharge in monosilane under atmospheric pressure has been developed, and the discharge product can be used directly for the deposition process. The important parameters of the CVD process including the substrate temperature, the composition and flow rate of the reaction mixture, and the nature of the diluent gas for disilane, have also been investigated. The deposition rate of a-Si:H films in a helium atmosphere is considerably higher than that in a hydrogen atmosphere, and the CVD process in a helium atmosphere is well-suited for the deposition of thick a-Si:H films. The a-Si:H films deposited under various conditions have been characterized by the photoconductivity, dissolution rate, optical absorption, mechanical stress, gap state density, minority carrier diffusion length, and stability measurements. On the basis of these measurements, a-Si:H films deposited by the thermal decomposition of disilane in a helium atmosphere exhibit better structural and electronic properties than those deposited in a hydrogen atmosphere.
Not Available
Processing and modeling issues for thin-film solar cell devices. Final report
During the third phase of the subcontract, IEC researchers have continued to provide the thin film PV community with greater depth of understanding and insight into a wide variety of issues including: the deposition and characterization of CuIn{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x}Se{sub 2}, a-Si, CdTe, CdS, and TCO thin films; the relationships between film and device properties; and the processing and analysis of thin film PV devices. This has been achieved through the systematic investigation of all aspects of film and device production and through the analysis and quantification of the reaction chemistries involved in thin film deposition. This methodology has led to controlled fabrications of 15% efficient CuIn{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x}Se{sub 2} solar cells over a wide range of Ga compositions, improved process control of the fabrication of 10% efficient a-Si solar cells, and reliable and generally applicable procedures for both contacting and doping films. Additional accomplishments are listed below.
Birkmire, R.W.; Phillips, J.E. [Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE (United States). Institute of Energy Conversion
Thin Film Photovoltaics - Programmaster.org
Thin Film Structures for Energy Efficient Systems: Thin Film Photovoltaics ... Full- inorganic Heterojunction Ink-printed Solar Cells: Seigo Ito1; 1University of Hyogo ... electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were used for�...
Electrostatic thin film chemical and biological sensor
A chemical and biological agent sensor includes an electrostatic thin film supported by a substrate. The film includes an electrostatic charged surface to attract predetermined biological and chemical agents of interest. A charge collector associated with said electrostatic thin film collects charge associated with surface defects in the electrostatic film induced by the predetermined biological and chemical agents of interest. A preferred sensing system includes a charge based deep level transient spectroscopy system to read out charges from the film and match responses to data sets regarding the agents of interest. A method for sensing biological and chemical agents includes providing a thin sensing film having a predetermined electrostatic charge. The film is exposed to an environment suspected of containing the biological and chemical agents. Quantum surface effects on the film are measured. Biological and/or chemical agents can be detected, identified and quantified based on the measured quantum surface effects.
Prelas, Mark A. (Columbia, MO); Ghosh, Tushar K. (Columbia, MO); Tompson, Jr., Robert V. (Columbia, MO); Viswanath, Dabir (Columbia, MO); Loyalka, Sudarshan K. (Columbia, MO)
Corner Flows in Free Liquid Films
A lubrication-flow model for a free film in a corner is presented. The model, written in the hyperbolic coordinate system ? = x� � y�, η = 2xy, applies to films that are thin in the η direction. The lubrication approximation ...
Stocker, Roman
Addressing PQ Issues at a Film Manufacturer
This case study contains the details of an on-site power quality audit of a film manufacturer which was experiencing voltage sags that led to the shutdown of film processing.
Laser tracks in rainbow films on water
It is found that narrow non-diverging laser tracks, earlier studied in free soap films, can also arise in thin rainbow films, e.g., of petrol, on water. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)
Startsev, Aleksandr V; Stoilov, Yurii Yu [P N Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Russian Federation)
Thin Film Deposition Method for Sensor Manufacturing
Scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) have developed an innovative method for gas sensor manufacturing using a thin film deposition. The thin film requires very little material and can be applied in high throughput applications.
Semiconductor-nanocrystal/conjugated polymer thin films
The invention described herein provides for thin films and methods of making comprising inorganic semiconductor-nanocrystals dispersed in semiconducting-polymers in high loading amounts. The invention also describes photovoltaic devices incorporating the thin films.
Alivisatos, A. Paul (Oakland, CA); Dittmer, Janke J. (Munich, DE); Huynh, Wendy U. (Munich, DE); Milliron, Delia (Berkeley, CA)
Biaxially Oriented Film on Flexible Polymeric Substrate
LANL�s Aligned-Crystalline Silicon (ACSi) technology provides highly crystalline silicon films on inexpensive substrates, such as metal sheets and glass plates.� ACSi films exhibit good electrical and optical properties and have the potential to make ...
Thin film-coated polymer webs
The present invention relates to thin film-coated polymer webs, and more particularly to thin film electronic devices supported upon a polymer web, wherein the polymer web is treated with a purifying amount of electron beam radiation.
Wenz, Robert P. (Cottage Grove, MN); Weber, Michael F. (Shoreview, MN); Arudi, Ravindra L. (Woodbury, MN)
Antihydrogen production
Antihydrogen production in ATHENA is analyzed more carefully. The most important peculiarities of the different experimental situations are discussed. The protonium production via the first matter-antimatter chemical reaction is commented too.
Rizzini, Evandro Lodi; Venturelli, Luca; Zurlo, Nicola [Dipartimento di Chimica e Fisica per l'Ingegneria e per i Materiali, Universita di Brescia, 25133 Brescia (Italy); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Brescia, 25133 Brescia (Italy)
RMOTC - Production
Production Production RMOTC Pumpjack in action During the process of the sale of NPR-3, RMOTC will focus on maximizing the value of the NPR-3 site and will continue with its Production Optimization Projects. NPR-3 includes 9,481 acres with more than 400 oil-producing wells. Current oil production is at approximately 240 barrels of oil per day. In July 2013, RMOTC began working on a number of Production Optimization Projects within the NPR-3 field, with the goal to optimize and improve flow and efficiency. Production Optimization Projects include repairing and replacing existing infrastructure with new infrastructure in order to optimize current wells and bring additional wells online. These Production Optimization Projects will continue throughout 2013 and are focused on improving current production and creating revenue for the America tax payer.
Thin-film Lithium Batteries
Thin-Film Battery with Lithium Anode Courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division Thin-Film Lithium Batteries Resources with Additional Information The Department of Energy's 'Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed high-performance thin-film lithium batteries for a variety of technological applications. These batteries have high energy densities, can be recharged thousands of times, and are only 10 microns thick. They can be made in essentially any size and shape. Recently, Teledyne licensed this technology from ORNL to make batteries for medical devices including electrocardiographs. In addition, new "textured" cathodes have been developed which have greatly increased the peak current capability of the batteries. This greatly expands the potential medical uses of the batteries, including transdermal applications for heart regulation.'
Tin Production
...descending order, Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Bolivia, and Australia. These countries supply more than 85% of total world production....
Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Films and Multilayers
Scope, The symposium will cover thin films, single crystals, normal/relaxor ferroelectrics, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetoelectric composites, multiferroic�...
Magnetic behaviour of europium epitaxial thin films
... Magnetic behaviour of europium epitaxial thin films. Philippe Mangin, University of Nancy and NCNR. We present the magnetic ...
MST: Organizations: Thin Film, Vacuum, and Packaging
Processes & Services Electronic Fabrication Manufacturing Process Science & Technology Thin Film, Vacuum, & Packaging Organic Materials Ceramic & Glass Meso Manufacturing &...
Thin film buried anode battery
A reverse configuration, lithium thin film battery (300) having a buried lithium anode layer (305) and process for making the same. The present invention is formed from a precursor composite structure (200) made by depositing electrolyte layer (204) onto substrate (201), followed by sequential depositions of cathode layer (203) and current collector (202) on the electrolyte layer. The precursor is subjected to an activation step, wherein a buried lithium anode layer (305) is formed via electroplating a lithium anode layer at the interface of substrate (201) and electrolyte film (204). The electroplating is accomplished by applying a current between anode current collector (201) and cathode current collector (202).
Lee, Se-Hee (Lakewood, CO); Tracy, C. Edwin (Golden, CO); Liu, Ping (Denver, CO)
Method of producing thin cellulose nitrate film
An improved method for forming a thin nitrocellulose film of reproducible thickness is described. The film is a cellulose nitrate film, 10 to 20 microns in thickness, cast from a solution of cellulose nitrate in tetrahydrofuran, said solution containing from 7 to 15 percent, by weight, of dioctyl phthalate, said cellulose nitrate having a nitrogen content of from 10 to 13 percent.
Lupica, S.B.
Film informing design for contemplative gameplay
Borrowing from film and filmmaking styles, techniques and devices that manipulate spectators' attention and experience, this paper proposes an approach to inform design of games and gameplay to manipulate player's focus of attention and encourage contemplation ... Keywords: Asian film, French New Wave, continuity style, engagement, experience, film theory, filmmaking, game design, interruption, machinima, mixed reality, reflection, serious games
Tim Marsh; Michael Nitsche; Wei Liu; Peichi Chung; Jay D. Bolter; Adrian D. Cheok
Carbon film electrodes for super capacitor applications
A microporous carbon film for use as electrodes in energy strorage devices is disclosed, which is made by the process comprising the steps of: (1) heating a polymer film material consisting essentially of a copolymer of polyvinylidene chloride and polyvinyl chloride in an inert atmosphere to form a carbon film; and (2) activating said carbon film to form said microporous carbon film having a density between about 0.7 g/cm.sup.2 and 1 g/cm.sup.2 and a gravimetric capacitance of about between 120 F/g and 315 F/g.
Causes of Paint Film Defects
Table 9 Common causes of paint film defects...Dip, flow, roller, spray Improper applicator/metering roll speeds Roller Undesirable pattern Swelling of roll Roller Roll improperly ground Roller Foreign material on roll Roller Poor spray gun technique Spray Runs (curtains, sags) Too much solvent Dip, flow, spray Paint surface or drying atmosphere...
Thermoplastic film prevents proppant flowback
Thermoplastic film added to proppants is effective and economical for preventing proppant flowback after an hydraulic fracturing treatment. Most other methods, such as resin-coated proppant and fiber, for controlling proppant flowback have drawbacks that added to treatment costs by requiring long downtime, costly additives, or frequent equipment replacement. Thermoplastic film does not react chemically with fracturing fluids. After the proppant is placed in the fracture, the film strips intertwine with the proppant grains or at higher temperatures, the strips become adhesive and shrink forming consolidated clusters that hold open the newly created fractures and prevent proppant from flowing back. The low cost of the film means that the strips can be used throughout the fracturing job or in selected stages. The strips are compatible with fracturing fluid chemistry, including breakers and crosslinkers, and can be used in wells with a wide range of bottom hole temperatures. The end result is a well that can be brought back on-line in a short time with little proppant flowback. This paper reviews the cost benefits and performance of these proppants.
Nguyen, P.D.; Weaver, J.D.; Parker, M.A.; King, D.G. [Halliburton Energy Services, Duncan, OK (United States)
Carbon Film Electrodes For Super Capacitor Applications
Silicon Production
Mar 12, 2012 ... An Investigation into the Electrochemical Production of Si by the FFC Cambridge Process: Emre Erg�l1; ?shak Karakaya2; Metehan Erdo?an2;�...
Topic: Productivity
... General Information: 301-975-5020 mfg@nist ... competitive in the global market, companies need to ... become more efficient in energy, production and ...
OIL PRODUCTION Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a term applied to methods used for recovering oil from a petroleum reservoir beyond that recoverable by primary and secondary methods....
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Research in DOE Databases Energy Citations Database Information Bridge Science.gov WorldWideScience.org Increase your H2IQ More information Making...
Large-area silicon-film{sup {trademark}} panels and solar cells. Phase I annual technical report, July 1, 1995--December 31, 1995
AstroPower is establishing a low cost manufacturing process for Silicon-Film{trademark} solar cells and panels by taking advantage of the continuous nature of the Silicon-Film{trademark} technology. Under this effort, each step used in Silicon-Film{trademark} panel fabrication is being developed into a continuous/in-line manufacturing process. The following benefits are expected: an accelerated reduction of PV manufacturing cost for installed systems; a foundation for significantly increased production capacity; and a reduction in handling and waste streams. The process development will be based on a new 31-cm wide continuous Silicon-Film{trademark} sheet. Long-term goals include the development of a 24W, 30 cm x 60 cm Silicon-Film{trademark} solar cell and a manufacturing capability for a 384W, 4 inches x 8 inches Silicon-Film{trademark} panel for deployment in utility-scale applications.
Rand, J.A.; Barnett, A.M.; Checchi, J.C.; Culik, J.S. [AstroPower, Inc., Solar Park, Newark, DE (United States)] [and others
Processing approach towards the formation of thin-film Cu(In,Ga)Se2
A two-stage method of producing thin-films of group IB-IIIA-VIA on a substrate for semiconductor device applications includes a first stage of depositing an amorphous group IB-IIIA-VIA precursor onto an unheated substrate, wherein the precursor contains all of the group IB and group IIIA constituents of the semiconductor thin-film to be produced in the stoichiometric amounts desired for the final product, and a second stage which involves subjecting the precursor to a short thermal treatment at 420.degree. C.-550.degree. C. in a vacuum or under an inert atmosphere to produce a single-phase, group IB-III-VIA film. Preferably the precursor also comprises the group VIA element in the stoichiometric amount desired for the final semiconductor thin-film. The group IB-IIIA-VIA semiconductor films may be, for example, Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S).sub.2 mixed-metal chalcogenides. The resultant supported group IB-IIIA-VIA semiconductor film is suitable for use in photovoltaic applications.
Beck, Markus E. (Falkensee, DE); Noufi, Rommel (Golden, CO)
Drying radioactive wastewater salts using a thin film dryer
This paper describes the operational experience in drying brines generated at a radioactive wastewater treatment facility. The brines are composed of aqueous ammonium sulfate/sodium sulfate and aqueous sodium nitrate/sodium sulfate, The brine feeds receive pretreatment to preclude dryer bridging and fouling. The dryer products are a distillate and a powder. The dryer is a vertical thin film type consisting of a steam heated cylinder with rotor. Maintenance on the dryer has been minimal. Although many operability problems have had to be overcome, dryer performance can now be said to be highly reliable.
Scully, D.E.
Using Thin Films to Screen Possible Scintillator Materials
The discovery and optimization of new scintillators has traditionally been a rather slow process due to the difficulties of single crystal growth. This paper discusses the production of polycrystalline scintillator thin films (a few microns thick) which were tested in order to determine what characterizations could be made concerning a material�s ultimate potential as a scintillator prior to pursuing crystal growth. Thin films of CaF2(Eu), CeF3, and CeCl3, all known scintillators, were produced by vapor deposition. The hygroscopic CeCl3 was coated with multiple polymer-aluminum oxide bi-layers. Emission spectra peak wavelengths and decay times agreed with single crystal values. The films were too thin to measure gamma photopeaks, but using alpha energy deposition peaks, one could compare the relative photon yield/MeV between materials. The values obtained appear to give a relevant indication of a material�s light yield potential. The technique also appears useful for quickly determining the proper dopant amount for a given material.
Milbrath, Brian D.; Caggiano, Joseph A.; Engelhard, Mark H.; Joly, Alan G.; Matson, Dean W.; Nachimuthu, Ponnusamy; Olsen, Larry C.
Dry lubricant films for aluminum forming.
During metal forming process, lubricants are crucial to prevent direct contact, adhesion, transfer and scuffing of workpiece materials and tools. Boric acid films can be firmly adhered to the clean aluminum surfaces by spraying their methanol solutions and provide extremely low friction coefficient (about 0.04). The cohesion strengths of the bonded films vary with the types of aluminum alloys (6061, 6111 and 5754). The sheet metal forming tests indicate that boric acid films and the combined films of boric acid and mineral oil can create larger strains than the commercial liquid and solid lubricants, showing that they possess excellent lubricities for aluminum forming. SEM analyses indicate that boric acid dry films separate the workpiece and die materials, and prevent their direct contact and preserve their surface qualities. Since boric acid is non-toxic and easily removed by water, it can be expected that boric acid films are environmentally friendly, cost effective and very efficient lubricants for sheet aluminum cold forming.
Wei, J.; Erdemir, A.; Fenske, G. R.
Thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries
Small thin-film rechargeable cells have been fabricated with a lithium phosphorus oxyniuide electrolyte, Li metal anode, and Li{sub 1-x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} as the cathode film. The cathode films were fabricated by several different techniques resulting in both crystalline and amorphous films. These were compared by observing the cell discharge behavior. Estimates have been made for the scale-up of such a thin-film battery to meet the specifications for the electric vehicle application. The specific energy, energy density, and cycle life are expected to meet the USABC mid-term criteria. However, the areas of the thin-films needed to fabricate such a cell are very large. The required areas could be greatly reduced by operating the battery at temperatures near 100{degrees}C or by enhancing the lithium ion transport rate in the cathode material.
Dudney, N.J.; Bates, J.B.; Lubben, D.
Ambient-pressure silica aerogel films
Very highly porous (aerogel) silica films with refractive index in the range 1.006--1.05 (equivalent porosity 98.5--88%) were prepared by an ambient-pressure process. It was shown earlier using in situ ellipsometric imaging that the high porosity of these films was mainly attributable to the dilation or `springback` of the film during the final stage of drying. This finding was irrefutably reconfirmed by visually observing a `springback` of >500% using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Ellipsometry and ESEM also established the near cent per cent reversibility of aerogel film deformation during solvent intake and drying. Film thickness profile measurements (near the drying line) for the aerogel, xerogel and pure solvent cases are presented from imaging ellipsometry. The thickness of these films (crack-free) were controlled in the range 0.1-3.5 {mu}m independent of refractive index.
Prakash, S.S. [New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Brinker, C.J. [New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM (United States)]|[Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Hurd, A.J. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Biaxially Oriented Film on Flexible Polymeric Substrate Biaxially Oriented Film on Flexible Polymeric Substrate Biaxially Oriented Film on Flexible Polymeric Substrate A semiconducting structure having a glass substrate. Available for thumbnail of Feynman Center (505) 665-9090 Email Biaxially Oriented Film on Flexible Polymeric Substrate LANL's Aligned-Crystalline Silicon (ACSi) technology provides highly crystalline silicon films on inexpensive substrates, such as metal sheets and glass plates. ACSi films exhibit good electrical and optical properties and have the potential to make an impact on the solar cell industry. The current ACSi prototype, designed under subpar tooling conditions in a non-optimal environment, already demonstrates 2% conversion efficiency. U.S. Patent No.: 7,601.430 (DOE S-104,959) Patent Application Filing Date: January 31, 2006
Fuel Cell Technologies Publication and Product Library (EERE)
This 2-page fact sheet provides a brief introduction to hydrogen production technologies. Intended for a non-technical audience, it explains how different resources and processes can be used to produ
Electrochemical photovoltaic cell having ternary alloy film
A thin film compound semiconductor electrode comprising CdSe.sub.1-x Te.sub.x (0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1) is deposited on a transparent conductive substrate. An electrolyte contacts the film to form a photoactive site. The semiconductor material has a narrow energy bandgap permitting high efficiency for light conversion. The film may be fabricated by: (1) co-evaporation of two II-VI group compounds with a common cation, or (2) evaporation of three elements, concurrenty.
Russak, Michael A. (Farmingdale, NY)
Method of producing amorphous thin films
Disclosed is a method of producing thin films by sintering which comprises: a. coating a substrate with a thin film of an inorganic glass forming parulate material possessing the capability of being sintered, and b. irridiating said thin film of said particulate material with a laser beam of sufficient power to cause sintering of said material below the temperature of liquidus thereof. Also disclosed is the article produced by the method claimed.
Brusasco, Raymond M. (Livermore, CA)
Exploding conducting film laser pumping apparatus
The 342-nm molecular iodine and the 1.315-..mu..m atomic iodine lasers have been optically pumped by intense light from exploding-metal-film discharges. Brightness temperatures for the exploding-film discharges were approximately 25,000 K. Although lower output energies were achieved for such discharges when compared to exploding-wire techniques, the larger surface area and smaller inductance inherent in the exploding-film should lead to improved efficiency for optically-pumped gas lasers.
Ware, K.D.; Jones, C.R.
Process for fabrication of metal oxide films
This invention is comprised of a method of fabricating metal oxide films from a plurality of reactants by inducing a reaction by plasma deposition among the reactants. The plasma reaction is effective for consolidating the reactants and producing thin films of metal oxides, e.g. electro-optically active transition metal oxides, at a high deposition rate. The presence of hydrogen during the plasma reaction enhances the deposition rate of the metal oxide. Various types of metal oxide films can be produced.
Tracy, C.E.; Benson, D.; Svensson, S.
Enhanced Thin Film Organic Photovoltaic Devices
A novel structure design for thin film organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices provides a system for increasing the optical absorption in the active layer. ...
SPUTTERED THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS - Home - Energy ...
for photovoltaic (PV) applications .These processes result in films with better unif ormity over ... ultimately resulting in a more efficient solar ce ...
Conductive layer for biaxially oriented semiconductor film ...
... a photovoltaic cell, or a light emitting diode (LED) that includes a crystallographically oriented semiconducting film disposed on the conductive layer.
Metal Current Collector Protected by Oxide Film
For Industry; For Researchers; Success Stories; About Us; ... metal felt made substantially of inexpensive ferritic steel coated with a thin oxide film, ...
NIST Scientists Address 'Wrinkles' in Transparent Film ...
NIST Scientists Address 'Wrinkles' in Transparent Film Development. ... High on the wish list of the solar power industry is a cheap, flexible ...
Mechanical Properties of Thin Film Metallic Glass
Because of these and other properties, thin film metallic-glasses (TFMGs) are a promising structural material for fabricating the next generation of micro- and�...
Textured Ultrafine Grained Al Thin Films
Symposium, Fatigue and Fracture of Thin Films and Nanomaterials. Presentation Title, In-Situ ACOM-TEM Nanomechanical Testing of Textured Ultrafine�...
Available Technologies: Thinner Film Silicon Solar Cells
Berkeley Lab scientists have designed a new approach to create highly efficient thin film silicon solar cells. This technology promises to lower solar cell material ...
and electrical properties of zinc oxide films
Undoped and indium-doped ZnO films have been deposited onto glass substrates by the spray pyrolysis method. The effect of indium incorporation on structural and electrical properties of ZnO films has been investigated. Zinc acetate dihydrate, indium chloride were used as a starting material and a dopant source, respectively. X-ray diffraction pattern of the films showed hexagonal wurtzite type polycrystalline structure. The results show that indium incorporation leads to substantial changes in the structural characteristics of ZnO films. The grain size was found to be in the range 15-50 nm, depending on indium content. In addition, the surface morphology features of the films, as a function of the indium content, are shown. For all the films, a linear dependence typical of ohmic behavior was observed. The electrical conductivity of ZnO films was improved by indium incorporation. The most important changes were observed for 1 at. % In-doped ZnO film which exhibit a resistivity of 3.2x10-1 ?cm. At certain constant voltage, from Arrhenius plots of In-doped ZnO films, activation energy values have been calculated from 17 meV to 89 meV.
unknown authors
Polycrystalline Thin Film Solar Cell Technologies: Preprint
Rapid progress is being made by CdTe and CIGS-based thin-film PV technologies in entering commercial markets.
Magnetoresistance of alloy films and multilayers
The anisotropic magnetoresistance effect of alloy films and so-called giant magnetoresistance of superlattice multilayer films are reviewed. The usefulness for phenomenological explanation of both the anisotropic magnetoresistance and giant magnetoresistance of the two-current model, suggested first by Motto and subsequently extended by several researchers, is stressed. The relationship between the magnetoresistance and the magnetic anisotropy field is demonstrated for films exhibiting either anisotropic magnetoresistance or giant magnetoresistance. The magnetoresistances of multilayer films both with and without magnetic interaction between adjacent layers are compared. The dependence of the magnetoresistance on temperature is briefly discussed.
Miyazaki, T. (Tohoku Univ., Sendai (Japan))
Understanding Protective Film Formation by Magnesium Alloys
Abstract Scope, Magnesium-based alloys are the lightest structural metals, and thus ... The present work aims to understand the mechanism(s) of protective film�...
Available Technologies: Indium Phosphide Polycrystalline Films on ...
Hot Electron Photovoltaics Using Low Cost Materials and Simple Design, IB-2195. Thinner Film Silicon Solar Cells, IB-2564. REFERENCE NUMBER: IB-3173, IB-3238.
Quick, Efficient Film Deposition for Nanomaterials - Energy ...
Electricity Transmission; Energy Analysis; ... � Films can be deposited uniformly in a one-step deposition of nanoparticles with optimized drop distri ...
Hierarchically Ordered Porous Carbon Films for Commercial ...
for kinetic adsorption. The ORNL invention offers both a method for making new, hierarchically ordered porous carbon films and describes a capacitive deionization
Characterization of Micro-, Nano-, and Thin Films
Feb 18, 2010... CdS:In Thin Films Prepared by the Spray-Pyrolysis Technique: Shadia Ikhmayies1; Riyad Ahmad-Bitar1; 1University of Jordan
Technology Marketing Summary Porous carbon films that can be optimized and assembled as electrodes in a device to desalinate water have been ...
This invention dicloses a method for sintering particulate material (such as silica) with a laser beam to produce amorphous optical thin films on substrates.
Brusasco, R.M.
Thin Film Structures for Energy Efficient Systems
Thin film based energy generation and storage devices - Small scale ... Dye- sensitized Solar Cells with Anodized Aluminum Alloy-based Counter-electrodes.
Thin-film optical initiator - Energy Innovation Portal
A thin-film optical initiator having an inert, transparent substrate, a reactive thin film, which can be either an explosive or a pyrotechnic, and a reflective thin film.
21L.011 The Film Experience, Fall 2006
An introduction to narrative film, emphasizing the unique properties of the movie house and the motion-picture camera, the historical evolution of the film medium, and the intrinsic artistic qualities of individual films. ...
Thorburn, David
Semipermeable thin-film membranes comprising siloxane, alkoxysilyl and aryloxysilyl oligomers and copolymers
Novel semipermeable membranes and thin film composite (TFC) gas separation membranes useful in the separation of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, lower hydrocarbons, and other gases are disclosed. The novel semipermeable membranes comprise the polycondensation reaction product of two complementary polyfunctional compounds, each having at least two functional groups that are mutually reactive in a condensation polymerization reaction, and at least one of which is selected from siloxanes, alkoxsilyls and aryloxysilyls. The TFC membrane comprises a microporous polymeric support, the surface of which has the novel semipermeable film formed thereon, preferably by interfacial polymerization.
Babcock, W.C.; Friesen, D.T.
Development and Testing of Abrasion Resistant Hard Coats For Polymer Film Reflectors: Preprint
Reflective polymer film technology can significantly reduce the cost of solar reflectors and installed Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants by both reduced material cost and lower weight. One challenge of polymer reflectors in the CSP environment pertains to contact cleaning methods typically used with glass mirrors. Such contact cleaning methods can scratch the surface of polymer reflectors and thereby reduce specular reflectance. ReflecTech, Inc. (a subsidiary of SkyFuel, Inc.) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) initiated a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) to devise and develop an abrasion resistant coating (ARC) suitable for deposition onto polymer based mirror film. A number of candidate ARC products were identified as candidate formulations. Industrial collaborators prepared samples having their ARCs deposited onto ReflecTech Mirror Film pre-laminated to aluminum sheet substrates. Samples were provided for evaluation and subjected to baseline (unweathered) and accelerated exposure conditions and subsequently characterized for abrasion resistance and adhesion. An advanced ARC product has been identified that exhibits outstanding initial abrasion resistance and adhesion to ReflecTech Mirror Film. These properties were also retained after exposure to the various accelerated stress conditions. This material has been successfully manufactured as a 1.5 m wide roll-to-roll construction in a production environment.
Jorgensen, G.; Gee, R.; DiGrazia, M.
Daylighting control performance of a thin-film ceramic electrochromic...
Daylighting control performance of a thin-film ceramic electrochromic window: Field study results Title Daylighting control performance of a thin-film ceramic electrochromic...
Breakthroughs in Thin-Film Magnetic Devices Earn NIST ...
... thin films to control magnetism as a foundation for developing better sensors and memory devices. Computer hard drives that use magnetic thin-film ...
Amorphous and nanocrystalline Mg2Si thin-film electrodes
Contact Us Department Contacts Media Contacts Amorphous and nanocrystalline Mg2Si thin-film electrodes Title Amorphous and nanocrystalline Mg2Si thin-film electrodes...
Chemistry Chemical Analysis Thin-Films Information at NIST
... Method Can Affect the Use of Block Copolymer Thin Films (10/18 ... NIST Scientists Address 'Wrinkles' in Transparent Film Development (10/02/2012). ...
Thin-Film/Low-K Dielectric Constant Measurement
... to pursue a very different approach to dielectric thin-film characterization at ... at NIST; DOW will simply deposit and pattern the thin films on pretested ...
NIST Testing Method Quickly Tells Whether Thin Films Are ...
... and emerging technology areas that rely on thin-film advances for ... For films less than 1 micrometer thick, mechanical-property measurements made ...
Thermoelectric effect in very thin film Pt/Au thermocouples
thin films, the electrical resistivity ratio ? F /? B is BStudies of the electrical resistivity of metallic films [23,calculate the electrical resistivity and the thermoelectric
Salvadori, M.C.; Vaz, A.R.; Teixeira, F.S.; Cattani, M.; Brown, I.G.
Improvement of Electrical Resistivity by Inserting the Graphene Film ...
Presentation Title, Improvement of Electrical Resistivity by Inserting the Graphene Film between Al doped ZnO Thin Films. Author(s), Jeong Do Yang, Dong-Hee�...
Tungsten-doped thin film materials - Energy Innovation Portal
A dielectric thin film material for high frequency use, including use as a capacitor, and having a low dielectric loss factor is provided, the film comprising a ...
Free film screening at Bradbury Science Museum September 7
Free Film Screening At Bradbury Science Museum Community Connections: Our link to Northern New Mexico Communities Latest Issue:Dec. 2013 - Jan. 2014 All Issues submit Free film...
NREL: Photovoltaics Research - Polycrystalline Thin-Film Materials...
in the area of polycrystalline thin-film materials and devices. Printable Version Photovoltaics Research Home Silicon Polycrystalline Thin Films Multijunctions New Materials,...
Carbon Films Produced from Ionic Liquid Carbon Precursors ...
The invention is directed to a method for producing a film of porous carbon, the method comprising carbonizing a film of an ionic liquid, wherein the ...
Filming the crew at a meal in Japan
At the end of the filming in Japan, the team of film-makers and others have a celebration meal in a Japanese restaurant....
Macfarlane, Alan
Thin film solar energy collector
A multi-layer solar energy collector of improved stability comprising: (1) a substrate of quartz, silicate glass, stainless steel or aluminum-containing ferritic alloy; (2) a solar absorptive layer comprising silver, copper oxide, rhodium/rhodium oxide and 0-15% by weight of platinum; (3) an interlayer comprising silver or silver/platinum; and (4) an optional external anti-reflective coating, plus a method for preparing a thermally stable multi-layered solar collector, in which the absorptive layer is undercoated with a thin film of silver or silver/platinum to obtain an improved conductor-dielectric tandem.
Aykan, Kamran (Monmouth Beach, NJ); Farrauto, Robert J. (Westfield, NJ); Jefferson, Clinton F. (Millburn, NJ); Lanam, Richard D. (Westfield, NJ)
Thin-Film Photovoltaic Industry
This report presents an overview of the thin-film (TF) photovoltaic (PV) industry as of the third quarter of 2012, a time in the midst of very rapid changes.� The TFPV industry has seen significantly greater investment in the past 5 to 10 years than in any previous time and up until recently it seemed that this investment was on track to make TFPV a much larger player in the overall PV market.� However, market dynamics have conspired to dim TFPV�s near-term prospects and ...
Meteorological Twin�Hot-Film Anemometry
A dual-sensor, twin�hot-film anemometer is applied to meteorological measurement of wind velocity in fair and rainy weather. Two sensors, each with a pair of hot-films mounted side by side, were operated in constant-temperature mode and ...
Brian E. Thompson; Robert C. Hassman Jr.
Thin films of mixed metal compounds
A compositionally uniform thin film of a mixed metal compound is formed by simultaneously evaporating a first metal compound and a second metal compound from independent sources. The mean free path between the vapor particles is reduced by a gas and the mixed vapors are deposited uniformly. The invention finds particular utility in forming thin film heterojunction solar cells.
Mickelsen, Reid A. (Bellevue, WA); Chen, Wen S. (Seattle, WA)
Organic conductive films for semiconductor electrodes
According to the present invention, improved electrodes overcoated with conductive polymer films and preselected catalysts are provided. The electrodes typically comprise an inorganic semiconductor overcoated with a charge conductive polymer film comprising a charge conductive polymer in or on which is a catalyst or charge-relaying agent.
Frank, Arthur J. (Lakewood, CO)
Measuring droplet impact with piezoelectric film
The objective of this research was to develop a measurement system for determining droplet impact in the field with piezoelectric film. The piezoelectric film generates an output signal when it is deformed. The signals are analyzed with a data acquisition system (a computer with two high speed boards). Eight piezoelectric films were calibrated in the laboratory. Each film was calibrated by releasing various water droplet sizes from different heights. The signal output of film was then related to the kinetic energy of the droplet. The maximum droplet diameter generated was 5.6 mm, and the maximum height used was 4.59 m. To simulate a kinetic energy for larger droplets and higher elevations, a solid particle with 9.9 mm diameter and 0.5 gram mass was used. The results show that, in general, the output of piezoelectfic film responds linearly to kinetic energy. However, due to the size of the film used and deformation of large droplets upon impact, the output become non-linear and may be represented by Y=ax1 +bx2 +cx1cx2+dx12x2+ex13x2 + where, y = sensor output a, b, c, d, e = constants which depend on the characteristics of the film X1 = the kinetic energy X2 = I for the solid particle X2= 0 for water drops The measurement system was tested in the field. The results showed that this system could be used to measure droplet impact force at different places on plants.
Basahi, Jalal M. Al-Badry M.
A replaceable reflective film for solar concentrators
The 3M Company manufactures a silvered acrylic film called ECP-305 that is regarded as the preferred reflective film for use on stretched-membrane heliostats. However, ECP-305 will degrade in time, due to both corrosion of the silver layer and delamination at the film's silver-to-acrylic interface, and will eventually need to be replaced. 3M uses a very aggressive adhesive on this film, and once it is laminated, replacement is very difficult. The purpose of this investigation was the development of a replaceable reflector, a reflective film that can be easily removed and replaced. A replaceable reflector was successfully configured by laminating ECP-305 to the top surface of a smooth, dimensionally stable polymer film, with a removable adhesive applied to the underside of the polymer film. Several stages of screening and testing led to the selection of a 0.010-inch thick polycarbonate (GE 8030) as the best polymer film and a medium tack tape (3M Y-9425) was selected as the best removable adhesive. To demonstrate the feasibility of the replaceable reflector concept and to provide a real-time field test, the chosen construction was successfully applied to the 50-m{sup 2} SKI heliostat at the Central Receiver Test Facility at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque. 4 refs., 13 figs., 7 tabs.
Preparation of a semiconductor thin film
A process for the preparation of a semiconductor film. The process comprises depositing nanoparticles of a semiconductor material onto a substrate whose surface temperature during nanoparticle deposition thereon is sufficient to cause substantially simultaneous fusion of the nanoparticles to thereby coalesce with each other and effectuate film growth.
Pehnt, Martin (TuBingen, DE); Schulz, Douglas L. (Denver, CO); Curtis, Calvin J. (Lakewood, CO); Ginley, David S. (Evergreen, CO)
Method for producing textured substrates for thin-film photovoltaic cells
The invention pertains to the production of ceramic substrates used in the manufacture of thin-film photovoltaic cells used for directly converting solar energy to electrical energy. Elongated ribbon-like sheets of substrate precursor containing a mixture of ceramic particulates, a binder, and a plasticizer are formed and then while green provided with a mechanically textured surface region used for supporting the thin film semiconductor of the photovoltaic cell when the sheets of the substrate precursor are subsequently cut into substrate-sized shapes and then sintered. The textured surface pattern on the substrate provides enhanced light trapping and collection for substantially increasing the, solar energy conversion efficiency of thin-film photovoltaic cells.
Lauf, Robert J. (Oak Ridge, TN)
The invention pertains to the production of ceramic substrates used in the manufacture of thin-film photovoltaic cells used for directly converting solar energy to electrical energy. Elongated ribbon-like sheets of substrate precursor containing a mixture of ceramic particulates, a binder, and a plasticizer are formed and then while green provided with a mechanically textured surface region used for supporting the thin film semiconductor of the photovoltaic cell when the sheets of the substrate precursor are subsequently cut into substrate-sized shapes and then sintered. The textured surface pattern on the substrate provides enhanced light trapping and collection for substantially increasing the, solar energy conversion efficiency of thin-film photovoltaic cells. 4 figs.
Lauf, R.J.
The invention pertains to the production of ceramic substrates used in the manufacture of thin-film photovoltaic cells used for directly converting solar energy to electrical energy. Elongated ribbon-like sheets of substrate precursor containing a mixture of ceramic particulates, a binder, and a plasticizer are formed and then while green provided with a mechanically textured surface region used for supporting the thin film semiconductor of the photovoltaic cell when the sheets of the substrate precursor are subsequently cut into substrate-sized shapes and then sintered. The textured surface pattern on the substrate provides enhanced light trapping and collection for substantially increasing the solar energy conversion efficiency of thin-film photovoltaic cells.
The invention pertains to the production of ceramic substrates used in the manufacture of thin-film photovoltaic cells used for directly converting solar energy to electrical energy. Elongated ribbon-like sheets of substrate precursor containing a mixture of ceramic particulates, a binder, and a plasticizer are formed and then while green provided with a mechanically textured surface region used for supporting the thin film semiconductor of the photovoltaic cell when the sheets of the substrate precursor are subsequently cut into substrate-sized shapes and then sintered. The textured surface pattern on the substrate provides enhanced light trapping and collection for substantially increasing the solar energy conversion efficiency of thin-film photovoltaic cells. 4 figures.
Flat-plate solar collectors utilizing polymeric film for high performance and very low cost
Polymeric films are used in the construction of the absorber and window portions of a flat plate solar collector. The absorber heat exchanger consists of a channeled liquid envelope constructed using a polymeric film and metal foil laminate. In addition, the composite films and light frame monocoque construction contribute to very light weight and low cost. The use of high-performance polymers permits low-loss designs with high thermal performance. The construction concepts are consistent with high speed mass production and installation with manufacturing cost projections of $15/m/sup 2/. Tests performed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and elsewhere indicate performance potential consistent with applications incorporating solar absorption air conditioning.
Wilhelm, W.G.
Ultrathin Co/Pt and Co/Pd superlattice films for MgO-based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions
Ultrathin [Co/Pt]{sub n} and [Co/Pd]{sub n} superlattice films consisting of 0.14-0.20-nm-thick Co and Pt(Pd) layers were deposited by sputtering. A large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy [(3-9)x10{sup 6} ergs/cm{sup 3}] and an ideal square out-of-plane hysteresis loop were attained even for ultrathin superlattice films with a total thickness of 1.2-2.4 nm. The films were stable against annealing up to 370 deg. C. MgO-based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with this superlattice layer as the free layer showed a relatively high magnetoresistance ratio (62%) and an ultralow resistance-area product (3.9 {Omega} {mu}m{sup 2}) at room temperature. The use of these films will enable the development of gigabit-scale nonvolatile memory.
Yakushiji, K.; Saruya, T.; Kubota, H.; Fukushima, A.; Nagahama, T.; Yuasa, S.; Ando, K. [Spintronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568 (Japan)
Hydrogen production
The production of hydrogen by reacting an ash containing material with water and at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine to form reaction products including carbon dioxide and a corresponding hydrogen halide is claimed. The hydrogen halide is decomposed to separately release the hydrogen and the halogen. The halogen is recovered for reaction with additional carbonaceous materials and water, and the hydrogen is recovered as a salable product. In a preferred embodiment the carbonaceous material, water and halogen are reacted at an elevated temperature. In accordance with another embodiment, a continuous method for the production of hydrogen is provided wherein the carbonaceous material, water and at least one selected halogen are reacted in one zone, and the hydrogen halide produced from the reaction is decomposed in a second zone, preferably by electrolytic decomposition, to release the hydrogen for recovery and the halogen for recycle to the first zone. There also is provided a method for recovering any halogen which reacts with or is retained in the ash constituents of the carbonaceous material.
Darnell, A.J.; Parkins, W.E.
Product Forms
Table 1 Wrought alloy products and tempers...or cold-finished Rivets Forgings and forging stock Foil Fin stock Drawn Extruded Rod Bar Wire 1050 . . . . . . . . . H112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060 O, H12, H14, H16, H18 O, H12, H14, H112 O, H12, H14, H18, H113 O, H112 . . . .
Human Radiation Experiments: Multimedia: Film Clips
Film Clips Multimedia Film Clips Multimedia Home Roadmap What's New Multimedia Related Sites Feedback Sound Bytes Film Clips Historical Photographs Films require: Get Real Player 5.0 to view the films on this page. The Atom and You Second in the series The Atom and You, Paramount News, March 25, 1953, shows tests conducted at Hanford, Washington, on effects of exposure of sheep and salmon to radiation; testing of radioactive dust at UCLA laboratory; the use of radioisotopes and tracer materials for detecting cancer in patients at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; the use of rays from the cobalt source at N.Y. citys Moncure Hospital, to treat cancer of the brain. (Time: 5 min 9 secs) Real Media Download Versions 28.8 kbps version (782k) 56.0 kbps version (1.3mb) T1 version (7.5mb) Iodine 131
Concentrations of Sea-Spray Droplets at Various Wind Velocities: Separating Productions through Bubble Bursting and Wind Tearing
There are two sets of comprehensive measurements of sea spray: de Leeuw and Smith et al. Their data are interpreted to describe similar productions of film and jet drops by bursting bubbles. For measurements of Smith et al., those droplets ...
Composite polymeric film and method for its use in installing a very thin polymeric film in a device
A composite polymeric film and a method for its use in forming and installing a very thin (<10 .mu.m) polymeric film are disclosed. The composite film consists of a thin film layer and a backing layer. The backing layer is soluble in a solvent in which the thin film layer is not soluble. In accordance with the method, the composite film is installed in a device in the same position in which it is sought to finally emplace the thin film. The backing layer is then selectively dissolved in the solvent to leave the insoluble thin film layer as an unbacked film. The method permits a very thin film to be successfully installed in devices where the fragility of the film would preclude handling and installation by conventional methods.
Duchane, David V. (Los Alamos, NM); Barthell, Barry L. (Tesuque, NM)
Composite polymeric film and method for its use in installing a very-thin polymeric film in a device
A composite polymeric film and a method for its use in forming and installing a very thin (< 10 ..mu..m) polymeric film are disclosed. The composite film consists of a thin film layer and a backing layer. The backing layer is soluble in a solvent in which the thin film layer is not soluble. In accordance with the method, the composite film is installed in a device in the same position in which it is sought to finally emplace the thin film. The backing layer is then selectiely dissolved in the solvent to leave the insoluble thin film layer as an unbacked film. The method permits a very thin film to e successfully installed in devices where the fragility of the film would preclude handling and installation by conventional methods.
Duchane, D.V.; Barthell, B.L.
Investigation of the kinetics of surface-limited thin film growth of SiGe alloys
The kinetics of surface-limited thin film growth of SiGe alloys was investigated by time-resolved surface differential reflectometry. The source gas, mixtures of disilane and digermane in ratios from 1:1 to 6:1 in helium carrier gas, was delivered to a heated substrate by a fast-acting pulsed molecular jet valve. The adsorption and desorption kinetics were determined from the surface differential reflectance signal obtained using a polarized, high-stability HeNe probe laser. Thin film growth was studied in the temperature range of 400--600{degrees}C on Si(001) substrates. Preferential incorporation of digermane into the film produces an alloy composition that depends upon but does not mirror the gas composition. For all gas mixtures, there is a strong temperature dependence of the rate at which the adsorption layer decomposes into film plus by-product. The kinetic data and the alloy compositions provide a basis for deducing some of the characteristics of the reaction sequence that leads to SiGe alloy thin film growth.
Sharp, J.W. [Tennessee Univ., Knoxville, TN (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy; Eres, G. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)
The kinetics of surface-limited thin film growth of SiGe alloys was investigated by time-resolved surface differential reflectometry. The source gas, mixtures of disilane and digermane in ratios from 1:1 to 6:1 in helium carrier gas, was delivered to a heated substrate by a fast-acting pulsed molecular jet valve. The adsorption and desorption kinetics were determined from the surface differential reflectance signal obtained using a polarized, high-stability HeNe probe laser. Thin film growth was studied in the temperature range of 400--600[degrees]C on Si(001) substrates. Preferential incorporation of digermane into the film produces an alloy composition that depends upon but does not mirror the gas composition. For all gas mixtures, there is a strong temperature dependence of the rate at which the adsorption layer decomposes into film plus by-product. The kinetic data and the alloy compositions provide a basis for deducing some of the characteristics of the reaction sequence that leads to SiGe alloy thin film growth.
Sharp, J.W. (Tennessee Univ., Knoxville, TN (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy); Eres, G. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States))
Production Practice
...Figure 1 shows the sequence of shapes in the production of a hollow handle for a table knife formed and coined in a 410 kg (900 lb) pneumatic drop hammer. The work metal was 0.81 mm (0.032 in.) thick copper alloy C75700 (nickel silver, 65�??12) annealed to a hardness of 35 to 45 HRB; blank size was 25 by...
Biofuel Production
Copyright � 2011 Hiroshi Sakuragi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Large amounts of fossil fuels are consumed every day in spite of increasing environmental problems. To preserve the environment and construct a sustainable society, the use of biofuels derived from different kinds of biomass is being practiced worldwide. Although bioethanol has been largely produced, it commonly requires food crops such as corn and sugar cane as substrates. To develop a sustainable energy supply, cellulosic biomass should be used for bioethanol production instead of grain biomass. For this purpose, cell surface engineering technology is a very promising method. In biobutanol and biodiesel production, engineered host fermentation has attracted much attention; however, this method has many limitations such as low productivity and low solvent tolerance of microorganisms. Despite these problems, biofuels such as bioethanol, biobutanol, and biodiesel are potential energy sources that can help establish a sustainable society. 1.
Hiroshi Sakuragi; Kouichi Kuroda; Mitsuyoshi Ueda
NANO-INDENTATION OF COPPER THIN FILMS ON SILICON SUBSTRATES S. Suresh1 , T.-G. Nieh2 and B.W. Choi2: Mechanical properties; Nano-indentation; Thin films; Copper; Dislocations Introduction Indentation methods films on substrates (e.g., [2,3]) using instrumented indentation. Nano-indentation studies of thin films
Suresh, Subra
SunShot Initiative: Thin Film Photovoltaics Research
Thin Film Photovoltaics Research Thin Film Photovoltaics Research to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: Thin Film Photovoltaics Research on Facebook Tweet about SunShot Initiative: Thin Film Photovoltaics Research on Twitter Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Thin Film Photovoltaics Research on Google Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Thin Film Photovoltaics Research on Delicious Rank SunShot Initiative: Thin Film Photovoltaics Research on Digg Find More places to share SunShot Initiative: Thin Film Photovoltaics Research on AddThis.com... Concentrating Solar Power Photovoltaics Research & Development Crystalline Silicon Thin Films Multijunctions Organic Photovoltaics Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Competitive Awards Systems Integration Balance of Systems Thin Film Photovoltaics Research The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) supports research and development of
Thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries using ceramic electrolyte and cathode materials have been fabricated by physical deposition techniques. The lithium phosphorous oxynitride electrolyte has exceptional electrochemical stability and a good lithium conductivity. The lithium insertion reaction of several different intercalation materials, amorphous V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, amorphous LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, and crystalline LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} films, have been investigated using the completed cathode/electrolyte/lithium thin-film battery.
Dudney, N.J.; Bates, J.B.; Lubben, D. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States). Solid State Div.
Thin-film Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
DOE R&D Accomplishments (OSTI)
Thin film rechargeable lithium batteries using ceramic electrolyte and cathode materials have been fabricated by physical deposition techniques. The lithium phosphorous oxynitride electrolyte has exceptional electrochemical stability and a good lithium conductivity. The lithium insertion reaction of several different intercalation materials, amorphous V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, amorphous LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, and crystalline LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} films, have been investigated using the completed cathode/electrolyte/lithium thin film battery.
Dudney, N. J.; Bates, J. B.; Lubben, D.
Aging phenomena in polystyrene thin films
The aging behavior is investigated for thin films of atactic polystyrene through measurements of complex electric capacitance. During isothermal aging process the real part of the electric capacitance increases with aging time, while the imaginary part decreases with aging time. This result suggests that the aging time dependence of the real and imaginary parts are mainly associated with change in thickness and dielectric permittivity, respectively. In thin films, the thickness depends on thermal history of aging even above the glass transition. Memory and `rejuvenation' effects are also observed in the thin films.
Koji Fukao; Hiroki Koizumi
Nanomechanics of hard films on compliant substrates.
Development of flexible thin film systems for biomedical, homeland security and environmental sensing applications has increased dramatically in recent years [1,2,3,4]. These systems typically combine traditional semiconductor technology with new flexible substrates, allowing for both the high electron mobility of semiconductors and the flexibility of polymers. The devices have the ability to be easily integrated into components and show promise for advanced design concepts, ranging from innovative microelectronics to MEMS and NEMS devices. These devices often contain layers of thin polymer, ceramic and metallic films where differing properties can lead to large residual stresses [5]. As long as the films remain substrate-bonded, they may deform far beyond their freestanding counterpart. Once debonded, substrate constraint disappears leading to film failure where compressive stresses can lead to wrinkling, delamination, and buckling [6,7,8] while tensile stresses can lead to film fracture and decohesion [9,10,11]. In all cases, performance depends on film adhesion. Experimentally it is difficult to measure adhesion. It is often studied using tape [12], pull off [13,14,15], and peel tests [16,17]. More recent techniques for measuring adhesion include scratch testing [18,19,20,21], four point bending [22,23,24], indentation [25,26,27], spontaneous blisters [28,29] and stressed overlayers [7,26,30,31,32,33]. Nevertheless, sample design and test techniques must be tailored for each system. There is a large body of elastic thin film fracture and elastic contact mechanics solutions for elastic films on rigid substrates in the published literature [5,7,34,35,36]. More recent work has extended these solutions to films on compliant substrates and show that increasing compliance markedly changes fracture energies compared with rigid elastic solution results [37,38]. However, the introduction of inelastic substrate response significantly complicates the problem [10,39,40]. As a result, our understanding of the critical relationship between adhesion, properties, and fracture for hard films on compliant substrates is limited. To address this issue, we integrated nanomechanical testing and mechanics-based modeling in a program to define the critical relationship between deformation and fracture of nanoscale films on compliant substrates. The approach involved designing model film systems and employing nano-scale experimental characterization techniques to isolate effects of compliance, viscoelasticity, and plasticity on deformation and fracture of thin hard films on substrates that spanned more than two orders of compliance magnitude exhibit different interface structures, have different adhesion strengths, and function differently under stress. The results of this work are described in six chapters. Chapter 1 provides the motivation for this work. Chapter 2 presents experimental results covering film system design, sample preparation, indentation response, and fracture including discussion on the effects of substrate compliance on fracture energies and buckle formation from existing models. Chapter 3 describes the use of analytical and finite element simulations to define the role of substrate compliance and film geometry on the indentation response of thin hard films on compliant substrates. Chapter 4 describes the development and application of cohesive zone model based finite element simulations to determine how substrate compliance affects debond growth. Chapter 5 describes the use of molecular dynamics simulations to define the effects of substrate compliance on interfacial fracture of thin hard tungsten films on silicon substrates. Chapter 6 describes the Workshops sponsored through this program to advance understanding of material and system behavior.
Reedy, Earl David, Jr. (Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM); Emerson, John Allen (Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM); Bahr, David F. (Washington State University, Pullman, WA); Moody, Neville Reid; Zhou, Xiao Wang; Hales, Lucas (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN); Adams, David Price (Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM); Yeager,John (Washington State University, Pullman, WA); Nyugen, Thao D. (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD); Corona, Edmundo (Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM); Kennedy, Marian S. (Clemson University, Clemson, SC); Cordill, Megan J. (Erich Schmid Institute, Leoben, Austria)
Synthetic fuels: production and products
A brief primer on synthetic fuels is given. The paper includes brief descriptions of generic conversion technologies that can be used to convert various raw materials such as coal, oil shale, tar sands, peat, and biomass into synthetic fuels similar in character to petroleum-derived fuels currently in commerce. References for additional information on synthetic fuel processes and products are also given in the paper.
Singh, S.P.N.
A brief review on synthetic fuels is given. The paper includes brief descriptions of generic conversion technologies that can be used to convert various raw materials such as coal, oil shale, tar sands, peat and biomass into synthetic fuels similar in character to petroleum-derived fuels currently in commerce. Because the subject is vast and the space is limited, references for additional information on synthetic fuel processes and products are also given in the paper. 24 references.
Singh, S.P.
Proton-deuteron exchange is rapid in boehmite corrosion product formed on pure aluminum in boiling water. In addition, deuterated boehmite films undergo rapid exchange with the humidity of the atmosphere. This explains the previously reported anomaly in the H-D exchange rate for the growing corrosion product on 1100 aluminum. (auh)
Mori, S.; Draley, J.E.; Bernstein, R.B.
Low temperature process for obtaining thin glass films
A method for coating a substrate with a glass-like film comprises, applying to the substrate an aqueous alcoholic solution containing a polymeric network of partially hydrolyzed metal alkoxide into which network there is incorporated finely powdered glass, whereby there is achieved on the substrate a coherent and adherent initial film; and heating said film to a temperature sufficient to melt said powdered glass component, thereby converting said initial film to a final densified film.
Brinker, C. Jeffrey (Albuquerque, NM); Reed, Scott T. (Albuquerque, NM)
Evaluation of Cadmium-Free Thick Film Materials on Alumina Substrates
A new cadmium-free material system was successfully evaluated for the fabrication of thick film hybrid microcircuits at Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technologies (FM&T). The characterization involved screen printing, drying and firing two groups of resistor networks which were made using the current material system and the cadmium-free material system. Electrical, environmental and adhesion tests were performed on both groups to determine the more suitable material system. Additionally, untrimmed test coupons were evaluated to further characterize the new materials. The cadmiumfree material system did as well or better than the current material system. Therefore, the new cadmium-free material system was approved for use on production thick film product.
L. H. Perdieu
Sugar Production
Sugar Production Sugar Production Name: Lauren Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: This is the experiment I did: our class took 6 sugars, placed them in test tubes and put three drops of yeast in each test tube. we then placed them in the incubator for one day and the next day looked at our results. the purpose was to find out with sugar would produce the most carbon dioxide. two of the sugars that we tested were LACTOSE and STARCH. my question is, why are lactose and starch the only sugars who didn't produce any, or very very little, carbon dioxide? and how is this process related to glycolysis? Replies: Bacteria and yeast are very efficient with their enzyme systems. They don't make enzymes they can't use. Yeast don't have the enzymes necessary to metabolize lactose. Starch is a complex sugar and yeast needs certain enzymes to break starch down into sugar. Every chemical reaction needs its own enzyme.
Solid State Thin Film Lithium Microbatteries
Solid state thin film lithium microbatteries fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) are suggested. During deposition the following process parameters must be considered, which are laser energy and fluence, laser pulse ...
Shi, Z.
Calibrating Cylindrical Hot-Film Anemometer Sensors
We report the results of 82 separate calibrations of cylindrical, platinum hot-film anemometer sensors in air. The calibrations for each sensor involved a determination of its temperature-resistance characteristics, a study of its heat transfer ...
Edgar L. Andreas; Brett Murphy
Superhydrophobic Thin Film Symposium | ornl.gov
Connect with ORNL | For Industry | Partnerships | Events and Conferences Superhydrophobic Thin Film Symposium Sep 05 2012 12:00 AM - 05:00 PM Hosted by Oak Ridge Laboratory's...
Method for making thin polypropylene film
An economical method is provided for making uniform thickness polypropylene film as thin as 100 Angstroms. A solution of polypropylene dissolved in xylene is formed by mixing granular polypropylene and xylene together in a flask at an elevated temperature. A substrate, such as a glass plate or microscope slide is immersed in the solution. When the glass plate is withdrawn from the solution at a uniform rate, a thin polypropylene film forms on a flat surface area of the glass plate as the result of xylene evaporation. The actual thickness of the polypropylene film is functional of the polypropylene in xylene solution concentration, and the particular withdrawal rate of the glass plate from the solution. After formation, the thin polypropylene film is floated from the glass plate onto the surface of water, from which it is picked up with a wire hoop.
Behymer, R.D.; Scholten, J.A.
Ultrashort pulse laser deposition of thin films
Short pulse PLD is a viable technique of producing high quality films with properties very close to that of crystalline diamond. The plasma generated using femtosecond lasers is composed of single atom ions with no clusters producing films with high Sp.sup.3 /Sp.sup.2 ratios. Using a high average power femtosecond laser system, the present invention dramatically increases deposition rates to up to 25 .mu.m/hr (which exceeds many CVD processes) while growing particulate-free films. In the present invention, deposition rates is a function of laser wavelength, laser fluence, laser spot size, and target/substrate separation. The relevant laser parameters are shown to ensure particulate-free growth, and characterizations of the films grown are made using several diagnostic techniques including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Raman spectroscopy.
Perry, Michael D. (Livermore, CA); Banks, Paul S. (Livermore, CA); Stuart, Brent C. (Fremont, CA)
Physicochemically functional ultrathin films by interfacial polymerization
Interfacially-polymerized ultrathin films containing physicochemically functional groups are disclosed, both with and without supports. Various applications are disclosed, including membrane electrodes, selective membranes and sorbents, biocompatible materials, targeted drug delivery, and narrow band optical absorbers. 3 figs.
Lonsdale, H.K.; Babcock, W.C.; Friensen, D.T.; Smith, K.L.; Johnson, B.M.; Wamser, C.C.
Polycrystalline Thin Film Used in Photovoltaics
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Polycrystalline thin-film cells are made of many tiny crystalline grains of semiconductor materials. The materials used in these cells have properties that are different from those of silicon.
Polycrystalline Thin-Film Multijunction Solar Cells
We present a digest of our research on the thin-film material components that comprise the top and bottom cells of three different material systems and the tandem devices constructed from them.
Noufi, R.; Wu, X.; Abu-Shama, J.; Ramanathan, K; Dhere, R.; Zhou, J.; Coutts, T.; Contreras, M.; Gessert, T.; Ward, J. S.
Thin films for geothermal sensing: Final report
The report discusses progress in three components of the geothermal measurement problem: (1) developing appropriate chemically sensitive thin films; (2) discovering suitably rugged and effective encapsulation schemes; and (3) conducting high temperature, in-situ electrochemical measurements. (ACR)
Real time intelligent process control system for thin film solar cell manufacturing
This project addresses the problem of lower solar conversion efficiency and waste in the typical solar cell manufacturing process. The work from the proposed development will lead toward developing a system which should be able to increase solar panel conversion efficiency by an additional 12-15% resulting in lower cost panels, increased solar technology adoption, reduced carbon emissions and reduced dependency on foreign oil. All solar cell manufacturing processes today suffer from manufacturing inefficiencies that currently lead to lower product quality and lower conversion efficiency, increased product cost and greater material and energy consumption. This results in slower solar energy adoption and extends the time solar cells will reach grid parity with traditional energy sources. The thin film solar panel manufacturers struggle on a daily basis with the problem of thin film thickness non-uniformity and other parameters variances over the deposited substrates, which significantly degrade their manufacturing yield and quality. Optical monitoring of the thin films during the process of the film deposition is widely perceived as a necessary step towards resolving the non-uniformity and non-homogeneity problem. In order to enable the development of an optical control system for solar cell manufacturing, a new type of low cost optical sensor is needed, able to acquire local information about the panel under deposition and measure its local characteristics, including the light scattering in very close proximity to the surface of the film. This information cannot be obtained by monitoring from outside the deposition chamber (as traditional monitoring systems do) due to the significant signal attenuation and loss of its scattering component before the reflected beam reaches the detector. In addition, it would be too costly to install traditional external in-situ monitoring systems to perform any real-time monitoring over large solar panels, since it would require significant equipment refurbishing needed for installation of multiple separate ellipsometric systems, and development of customized software to control all of them simultaneously. The proposed optical monitoring system comprises AccuStrata�s fiber optics sensors installed inside the thin film deposition equipment, a hardware module of different components (beyond the scope of this project) and our software program with iterative predicting capability able to control material bandgap and surface roughness as films are deposited. Our miniature fiber optics monitoring sensors are installed inside the vacuum chamber compartments in very close proximity where the independent layers are deposited (an option patented by us in 2003). The optical monitoring system measures two of the most important parameters of the photovoltaic thin films during deposition on a moving solar panel - material bandgap and surface roughness. In this program each sensor array consists of two fiber optics sensors monitoring two independent areas of the panel under deposition. Based on the monitored parameters and their change in time and from position to position on the panel, the system is able to provide to the equipment operator immediate information about the thin films as they are deposited. This DoE Supply Chain program is considered the first step towards the development of intelligent optical control system capable of dynamically adjusting the manufacturing process �on-the-fly� in order to achieve better performance. The proposed system will improve the thin film solar cell manufacturing by improving the quality of the individual solar cells and will allow for the manufacturing of more consistent and uniform products resulting in higher solar conversion efficiency and manufacturing yield. It will have a significant impact on the multibillion-dollar thin film solar market. We estimate that the financial impact of these improvements if adopted by only 10% of the industry ($7.7 Billion) would result in about $1.5 Billion in savings by 2015 (at the assumed 20% improvement). This can b
George Atanasoff
All solar cell manufacturing processes today suffer from manufacturing inefficiencies that currently lead to lower product quality and lower conversion efficiency, increased product cost and greater material and energy consumption. This results in slower solar energy adoption and extends the time solar cells will reach grid parity with traditional energy sources. The thin film solar panel manufacturers struggle on a daily basis with the problem of thin film thickness non-uniformity and other parameters variances over the deposited substrates, which significantly degrade their manufacturing yield and quality. Optical monitoring of the thin films during the process of the film deposition is widely perceived as a necessary step towards resolving the non-uniformity and non-homogeneity problem. In order to enable the development of an optical control system for solar cell manufacturing, a new type of low cost optical sensor is needed, able to acquire local information about the panel under deposition and measure its local characteristics, including the light scattering in very close proximity to the surface of the film. This information cannot be obtained by monitoring from outside the deposition chamber (as traditional monitoring systems do) due to the significant signal attenuation and loss of its scattering component before the reflected beam reaches the detector. In addition, it would be too costly to install traditional external in-situ monitoring systems to perform any real-time monitoring over large solar panels, since it would require significant equipment refurbishing needed for installation of multiple separate ellipsometric systems, and development of customized software to control all of them simultaneously. The proposed optical monitoring system comprises AccuStrata�s fiber optics sensors installed inside the thin film deposition equipment, a hardware module of different components (beyond the scope of this project) and our software program with iterative predicting capability able to control material bandgap and surface roughness as films are deposited. Our miniature fiber optics monitoring sensors are installed inside the vacuum chamber compartments in very close proximity where the independent layers are deposited (an option patented by us in 2003). The optical monitoring system measures two of the most important parameters of the photovoltaic thin films during deposition on a moving solar panel - material bandgap and surface roughness. In this program each sensor array consists of two fiber optics sensors monitoring two independent areas of the panel under deposition. Based on the monitored parameters and their change in time and from position to position on the panel, the system is able to provide to the equipment operator immediate information about the thin films as they are deposited. This DoE Supply Chain program is considered the first step towards the development of intelligent optical control system capable of dynamically adjusting the manufacturing process �on-the-fly� in order to achieve better performance. The proposed system will improve the thin film solar cell manufacturing by improving the quality of the individual solar cells and will allow for the manufacturing of more consistent and uniform products resulting in higher solar conversion efficiency and manufacturing yield. It will have a significant impact on the multibillion-dollar thin film solar market. We estimate that the financial impact of these improvements if adopted by only 10% of the industry ($7.7 Billion) would result in about $1.5 Billion in savings by 2015 (at the assumed 20% improvement). This can b
Gamma irradiation effects in W films
Using the van Der Pauw methodology, the surface resistivity of irradiated tungsten films deposited on Silicon substrate was measured. The films were exposed to {gamma} radiation using a isotopic {sup 60}Co source in three irradiation stages attaining 40.35 kGy in total dose. The obtained results for superficial resistivity display a time annealing features and their values are proportional to the total dose.
Claro, Luiz H. [Instituto de Estudos Avancados - IEAv, Rod. dos Tamoios, km 5,5, CEP: 12228-840, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP (Brazil) and Faculdade de Tecnologia Sao Francisco - FATESF, Av. Siqueira Campos, 1174, CEP: 12207-000, Jacarei (Brazil); Santos, Ingrid A. [Instituto de Estudos Avancados - IEAv, Rod. dos Tamoios, km 5,5, CEP: 12228-840, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP (Brazil); Silva, Cassia F. [Faculdade de Tecnologia Sao Francisco - FATESF, Av. Siqueira Campos, 1174, CEP: 12207-000, Jacarei, SP (Brazil)
Annealed CVD molybdenum thin film surface
Molybdenum thin films deposited by pyrolytic decomposition of Mo(CO).sub.6 attain, after anneal in a reducing atmosphere at temperatures greater than 700.degree. C., infrared reflectance values greater than reflectance of supersmooth bulk molybdenum. Black molybdenum films deposited under oxidizing conditions and annealed, when covered with an anti-reflecting coating, approach the ideal solar collector characteristic of visible light absorber and infrared energy reflector.
Carver, Gary E. (Tucson, AZ); Seraphin, Bernhard O. (Tucson, AZ)
Superconducting thin films on potassium tantalate substrates
A superconductive system for the lossless transmission of electrical current comprising a thin film of superconducting material Y.sub.1 Ba.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.7-x epitaxially deposited upon a KTaO.sub.3 substrate. The KTaO.sub.3 is an improved substrate over those of the prior art since the it exhibits small lattice constant mismatch and does not chemically react with the superconducting film.
Feenstra, Roeland (Oak Ridge, TN); Boatner, Lynn A. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Designing Piezoelectric Films for Micro Electromechanical Systems
Piezoelectric thin films are of increasing interest in low-voltage micro electromechanical systems for sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting. They also serve as model systems to study fundamental behavior in piezoelectrics. Next-generation technologies such as ultrasound pill cameras, flexible ultrasound arrays, and energy harvesting systems for unattended wireless sensors will all benefit from improvements in the piezoelectric properties of the films. This paper describes tailoring the composition, microstructure, orientation of thin films, and substrate choice to optimize the response. It is shown that increases in the grain size of lead-based perovskite films from 75 to 300 nm results in 40 and 20% increases in the permittivity and piezoelectric coefficients, respectively. This is accompanied by an increase in the nonlinearity in the response. Band excitation piezoresponse force microscopy was used to interrogate the nonlinearity locally. It was found that chemical solution-derived PbZr(0.52)Ti(0.48)O(3) thin films show clusters of larger nonlinear response embedded in a more weakly nonlinear matrix. The scale of the clusters significantly exceeds that of the grain size, suggesting that collective motion of many domain walls contributes to the observed Rayleigh behavior in these films. Finally, it is shown that it is possible to increase the energy-harvesting figure of merit through appropriate materials choice, strong imprint, and composite connectivity patterns.
Trolier-McKinstry, Susan [Pennsylvania State University; Griggio, Flavio [Pennsylvania State University; Yaeger, Charles [Pennsylvania State University; Jousse, Pierre [Pennsylvania State University; Zhao, Dalong [Pennsylvania State University; Bharadwaja, Srowthi [Pennsylvania State University; Jackson, Thomas N [Pennsylvania State University; Jesse, Stephen [ORNL; Kalinin, Sergei V [ORNL; Wasa, Kiyotaka [Kyoto University, Japan
Thin film absorber for a solar collector
This invention pertains to energy absorbers for solar collectors, and more particularly to high performance thin film absorbers. The solar collectors comprising the absorber of this invention overcome several problems seen in current systems, such as excessive hardware, high cost and unreliability. In the preferred form, the apparatus features a substantially rigid planar frame with a thin film window bonded to one planar side of the frame. An absorber in accordance with the present invention is comprised of two thin film layers that are sealed perimetrically. In a preferred embodiment, thin film layers are formed from a metal/plastic laminate. The layers define a fluid-tight planar envelope of large surface area to volume through which a heat transfer fluid flows. The absorber is bonded to the other planar side of the frame. The thin film construction of the absorber assures substantially full envelope wetting and thus good efficiency. The window and absorber films stress the frame adding to the overall strength of the collector.
Wilhelm, William G. (Cutchogue, NY)
Mixed Metal Films with Switchable Optical Properties
Mixed Metal Films with Switchable Optical Properties Mixed Metal Films with Switchable Optical Properties Title Mixed Metal Films with Switchable Optical Properties Publication Type Journal Article LBNL Report Number LBNL-49043 Year of Publication 2001 Authors Richardson, Thomas J., Jonathan L. Slack, Baker Farangis, and Michael D. Rubin Journal Applied Physics Letters Volume 80 Pagination 1349-1351 Call Number LBNL-49043 Abstract Thin, Pd-capped metallic films containing magnesium and first row transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co) switch reversibly from their initial reflecting state to visually transparent states when exposed to gaseous hydrogen or following reduction cathodic polarization in an alkaline electrolyte. Reversion to the reflecting state is achieved by exposure to air or by anodic polarization. The films were prepared by co-sputtering from one magnesium target and one manganese, iron, or cobalt target. Both the dynamic optical switching range and the speed of the transition depend on the magnesium-transition metal ratio. Infrared spectra of films in the transparent, hydrided (deuterided) states support the presence of the intermetallic hydride phases Mg3MnH7, Mg2FeH6, and Mg2CoH5.
Production Services
Welcome Welcome The Production Services site contains links to each of the division's groups with descriptions of their services. Our goal is to update this website frequently to reflect ongoing service upgrades which, by planning and design, are added so that we can continue to meet your needs in a constantly changing work environment. Note: The Graphic Design Studio has been relocated to the second floor in the north wing of the Research Support Building 400. The telephone number remains the same, X7288. If you have any questions, please call supervisor, Rick Backofen, X6183. Photography Photography services are available at no charge to BNL and Guest users. See a list of the complete range of photography services available. Video Video services are available at no charge to BNL and Guest users. See a list of the complete range of video services available.
NSLS SAD Appendices
Issues USI 1: See Appendix 13 below USI 2: Laser Gamma Electron Source (LEGS) Decommissioning and Equipment Removal USI 3: X-Ray Ring Access Control Interlock Temporary...
Evaluation of crystallinity and film stress in yttria-stabilized zirconia thin films
Yttria (3 mol %)-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films were deposited using radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering. The YSZ thin films were deposited over a range of temperatures (22-300 deg. C), pressures (5-25 mTorr), and gas compositions (Ar/O ratio). Initial studies characterized a select set of properties in relation to deposition parameters including: refractive index, structure, and film stress. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the films are comprised of mainly monoclinic and tetragonal crystal phases. The film refractive index determined by prism coupling, depends strongly on deposition conditions and ranged from 1.959 to 2.223. Wafer bow measurements indicate that the sputtered YSZ films can have initial stress ranging from 86 MPa tensile to 192 MPa compressive, depending on the deposition parameters. Exposure to ambient conditions (25 deg. C, 75% relative humidity) led to large increase ({approx}100 MPa) in the compressive stress of the films. Environmental aging suggests the change in compressive stress was related to water vapor absorption. These effects were then evaluated for films formed under different deposition parameters with varying density (calculated packing density) and crystal structure (XRD)
Piascik, Jeffrey R.; Thompson, Jeffrey Y.; Bower, Christopher A.; Stoner, Brian R. [Curriculum of Applied and Material Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and RTI International, Center for Materials and Electronic Technologies, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (United States); Curriculum of Applied and Material Science, and School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (United States); RTI International, Center for Materials and Electronic Technologies, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (United States); RTI International, Center for Materials and Electronic Technologies, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709 and Curriculum of Applied and Material Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (United States)
Ambient pressure process for preparing aerogel thin films reliquified sols useful in preparing aerogel thin films
A method for preparing aerogel thin films by an ambient-pressure, continuous process. The method of this invention obviates the use of an autoclave and is amenable to the formation of thin films by operations such as dip coating. The method is less energy intensive and less dangerous than conventional supercritical aerogel processing techniques.
Brinker, Charles Jeffrey (Albuquerque, NM); Prakash, Sai Sivasankaran (Minneapolis, MN)
Stone Tool Production
by the author. ) Stone Tool Production, Hikade, UEE 2010Short Citation: Hikade 2010, Stone Tool Production. UEE.Thomas, 2010, Stone Tool Production. In Willeke Wendrich (
Hikade, Thomas
FCT Hydrogen Production: Contacts
Contacts to someone by E-mail Share FCT Hydrogen Production: Contacts on Facebook Tweet about FCT Hydrogen Production: Contacts on Twitter Bookmark FCT Hydrogen Production:...
Method of improving field emission characteristics of diamond thin films
A method of preparing diamond thin films with improved field emission properties. The method includes preparing a diamond thin film on a substrate, such as Mo, W, Si and Ni. An atmosphere of hydrogen (molecular or atomic) can be provided above the already deposited film to form absorbed hydrogen to reduce the work function and enhance field emission properties of the diamond film. In addition, hydrogen can be absorbed on intergranular surfaces to enhance electrical conductivity of the diamond film. The treated diamond film can be part of a microtip array in a flat panel display.
Krauss, Alan R. (Naperville, IL); Gruen, Dieter M. (Downer Grove, IL)
Mesoporous-silica films, fibers, and powders by evaporation
This invention pertains to surfactant-templated nanometer-scale porosity of a silica precursor solution and forming a mesoporous material by first forming the silica precursor solution into a preform having a high surface area to volume ratio, then rapid drying or evaporating a solvent from the silica precursor solution. The mesoporous material may be in any geometric form, but is preferably in the form of a film, fiber, powder or combinations thereof. The rapid drying or evaporation of solvent from the solution is accomplished by layer thinning, for example spin casting, liquid drawing, and liquid spraying respectively. Production of a film is by layer thinning, wherein a layer of the silica precursor solution is formed on a surface followed by removal of an amount of the silica precursor solution and leaving a geometrically thinner layer of the silica precursor solution from which the solvent quickly escapes via evaporation. Layer thinning may be by any method including but not limited to squeegeeing and/or spin casting. In powder formation by spray drying, the same conditions of fast drying exists as in spin-casting (as well as in fiber spinning) because of the high surface-area to volume ratio of the product. When a powder is produced by liquid spraying, the particles or micro-bubbles within the powder are hollow spheres with walls composed of mesoporous silica. Mesoporous fiber formation starts with a similar silica precursor solution but with an added pre-polymer making a pituitous mixture that is drawn into a thin strand from which solvent is evaporated leaving the mesoporous fiber(s).
Bruinsma, Paul J. (Kennewick, WA); Baskaran, Suresh (Kennewick, WA); Bontha, Jagannadha R. (Richland, WA); Liu, Jun (West Richland, WA)
Solution of thin film magnetization problems in type-II superconductivity
Keywords: critical current, numerical solution, superconductivity, thin film, variational inequality
Leonid Prigozhin
A Social Semiotic Discourse Analysis of Film and Television Portrayals of Agriculture: Implications for American Cultural Memory
The U.S. farm populace is declining rapidly, and the majority of Americans are generations removed from food and fiber production. Society now receives the majority of its information about agriculture-related topics from sources removed from the industry itself, including entertainment media such as films and television programs. To better understand how these entertainment media influence societal perceptions of the food and fiber industry, the researcher sought to explicate the content of entertainment media texts related to agricultural production and to compare that content to previously recorded public perceptions of the industry. Using themes outlined by the Kellogg Foundation�s 2002 survey of perceptions of rural life�the pastoral fantasy, the traditional family farm, and the decline of the agrarian tradition�a social semiotic content analysis of 23 films and television programs released between 1950 and 2012 was conducted to identify parallels between the content of those media texts and the findings of the Kellogg study. Films and television programs released between 1950 and 1990 contained narrative and visual elements that closely linked those texts to the three themes identified by the Kellogg researchers, indicating that those perceptual elements could have been influenced by pervasive images of traditional agricultural production practices. Films and programs released after 1990 also contained components strongly tying them to the Kellogg study themes with added emphasis on the decline of the agrarian tradition theme.
Specht, Annie
Development of Nb and Alternative Material Thin Films Tailored for SRF Applications
Over the years, Nb/Cu technology, despite its shortcomings due to the commonly used magnetron sputtering, has positioned itself as an alternative route for the future of superconducting structures used in accelerators. Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of energetic vacuum deposition techniques, showing promise for the production of thin films tailored for SRF applications. JLab is pursuing energetic condensation deposition via techniques such as Electron Cyclotron Resonance and High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering. As part of this project, the influence of the deposition energy on the material and RF properties of the Nb thin film is investigated with the characterization of their surface, structure, superconducting properties and RF response. It has been shown that the film RRR can be tuned from single digits to values greater than 400. This paper presents results on surface impedance measurements correlated with surface and material characterization for Nb films produced on various substrates, monocrystalline and polycrystalline as well as amorphous. A progress report on work on NbTiN and AlN based multilayer structures will also be presented.
Valente-Feliciano, A -M; Reece, C E; Spradlin, J K; Xiao, B; Zhao, X; Gu, Diefeng; Baumgart, Helmut; Beringer, Douglas; Lukaszew, Rosa
Development of Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films and Membranes for Low-Energy Gas Separation
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid organic-inorganic micro- or mesoporous materials that exhibit regular crystalline lattices with rigid pore structures. Chemical functionalization of the organic linkers in the structures of MOFs affords facile control over pore size and physical properties, making MOFs attractive materials for application in gas-separating membranes. A wealth of reports exist discussing the synthesis of MOF structures, however relatively few reports exist discussing MOF membranes. This disparity owes to challenges associated with fabricating films of hybrid materials, including poor substrate-film interactions, moisture sensitivity, and thermal instability. Since even nanometer scale cracks and defects can affect the performance of a membrane for gas separation, these challenges are particularly acute for MOF membranes. The focus of this work is the development of novel methods for MOF film and membrane fabrication with a view to overcoming these challenges. The MOF film production methods discussed herein include in situ synthesis using ligand-modified or metal-modified supports and rapid thermal deposition (RTD).
McCarthy, Michael
Ultrathin Silver Films on Ni(111)
The growth and atomic structure of ultrathin silver films on Ni(111) was investigated by low-energy electron microscopy and diffraction (LEEM/LEED) as well as intensity-voltage [I(V)]-LEEM in the growth temperature range between 470 and 850 K. We find that silver grows in a Stranski-Krastanov mode with a two monolayer thin wetting layer which takes on a p(7 x 7) reconstruction at temperatures lower than 700 K and a ({radical}52 x {radical}52)R13.9{sup o} reconstruction at higher temperatures. The occurrence of the two distinct reconstructions is shown to have profound implications for the growth characteristics of films exhibiting thicknesses of one and two monolayers. The nanoscale I(V) characteristics of the films were analyzed by means of multiple-scattering calculations based on dynamical LEED theory. Furthermore, the vertical interatomic spacing at the interface between the Ag film and the Ni substrate was determined to (2.8 {+-} 0.1) {angstrom} for all film thicknesses (<13 ML) while the uppermost silver layer relaxes by about (4 {+-} 1)% toward the crystal.
Meyer, A.; Flege, J; Rettew, R; Senanayake, S; Schmidt, T; Alamgir, F; Falta, J
Flege, J.I.; Senanayake, S.; Meyer, A.; Rettew, R.E.; Schmidt, T.; Alamgir, F.M.; Falta, J.
Petroleum - Exploration & Production - EIA
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. Electricity. ... Oil Production Capacity Expansion Costs for the Persian Gulf.
New and Underutilized Technology: Window Films | Department of Energy
Window Films Window Films New and Underutilized Technology: Window Films October 8, 2013 - 2:50pm Addthis The following information outlines key deployment considerations for window films within the Federal sector. Benefits Window films are a spectrally-selective film used to decrease heat gain through a window. Application Window films are appropriate for deployment within most building categories and should be considered in building design, renovation, or during window replacement projects. Key Factors for Deployment Window orientation is a factor that must be considered prior to window film implementation. Ranking Criteria Federal energy savings, cost-effectiveness, and probability of success are ranked 0-5 with 0 representing the lowest ranking and 5 representing the highest ranking. The weighted score is ranked 0-100 with 0 representing the
Fluorination of amorphous thin-film materials with xenon fluoride
A method is disclosed for producing fluorine-containing amorphous semiconductor material, preferably comprising amorphous silicon. The method includes depositing amorphous thin-film material onto a substrate while introducing xenon fluoride during the film deposition process.
Weil, Raoul B. (Haifa, IL)
Method and apparatus for measuring film spectral properties
Film spectral properties are measured by projecting chopped monochromatic light onto a luminescent film sample deposited on a substrate, and coupling through use of immersion oil the reflection of light therefrom to a light detector.
Forrest, Stephen R. (Princeton, NJ); Burrows, Paul E. (Princeton, NJ); Garbuzov, Dmitri Z. (Princeton, NJ); Bulovic, Vladimir (Metuchen, NJ)
Engineering electroresponsive layer-by-layer thin films
Electroresponsive layer-by-layer (LbL) polymer films and polymer nanocomposite films were investigated as model systems for electrically triggered drug delivery applications and "mechanomutable" surface coating applications. ...
Schmidt, Daniel J., Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Architecture as film : animation and the phenomenological experience
In his film L'Awentura, Michelangelo Antonioni develops startling relationships between his characters and their surroundings. This thesis proposes to use a portion of his film as a precedent for both the architecture's ...
Duck, Stephen R. (Stephen Randall), 1968-
Chemical vapor deposition of organosilicon and sacrificial polymer thin films
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) produced films for a wide array of applications from a variety of organosilicon and organic precursors. The structure and properties of thin films were controlled by varying processing ...
Casserly, Thomas Bryan
Nanostructured Inorganic Thin Film Enabled Fiber Optic Sensors for ...
... Thin Film Enabled Fiber Optic Sensors for Gas Sensing in Energy and Environmental Systems ... Co-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles and Thin Films for Enhanced Solar Energy Utilization ... Synthesis of Magnetic Core-TS-1 Zeolite Shell Catalyst.
Growth and characterization of ultrathin nitrided silicon oxide films
This paper reviews recent progress in understanding microstructural and growth-mechanistic aspects of ultrathin (<4 nm) oxynitride films for gate dielectric applications. Different techniques for characterizing these films are summarized. We discuss ...
E. P. Gusev; H.-C. Lu; E. L. Garfunkel; T. Gustafsson; M. L. Green
Research on Polycrystalline Films for Micro- and Nano-Systems
Polycrystalline films are used in a wide array of micro- and nano-scale devices, for electronic, mechanical, magnetic, photonic and chemical functions. Increasingly, the properties, performance, and reliability of films ...
Thompson, Carl V.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of nanocrystalline film deposition
A full diffusion kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm is used to model nanocrystalline film deposition, and study the mechanisms of grain nucleation and microstructure formation in such films. The major finding of this work is ...
Ruan, Shiyun
21L.011 The Film Experience, Fall 2007
This course is an introduction to narrative film, emphasizing the unique properties of the movie house and the motion picture camera, the historical evolution of the film medium, and the intrinsic artistic qualities of ...
SAW determination of surface area of thin films
N.sub.2 adsorption isotherms are measured from thin films on SAW devices. The isotherms may be used to determine the surface area and pore size distribution of thin films.
Frye, Gregory C. (Albuquerque, NM); Martin, Stephen J. (Albuquerque, NM); Ricco, Antonio J. (Albuquerque, NM)
Spray forming polymer membranes, coatings and films
A method of forming a polymer film having controlled physical and chemical characteristics, wherein a plume of nebulized droplets of a polymer or polymer precursor is directed toward a substrate from a converging/diverging nozzle having a throat at which the polymer or a precursor thereof is introduced and an exit from which the nebulized droplets of the polymer or precursor thereof leave entrained in a carrier gas. Relative movement between the nozzle and the substrate is provided to form a polymer film. Physical and chemical characteristics can be controlled by varying the deposition parameters and the gas and liquid chemistries. Semipermeable membranes of polyphosphazene films are disclosed, as are a variety of other polymer systems, both porous and non-porous.
McHugh, Kevin M. (Idaho Falls, ID); Watson, Lloyd D. (Rigby, ID); McAtee, Richard E. (Idaho Falls, ID); Ploger, Scott A. (Rigby, ID)
Synthesis and evaluation of thermoelectric multilayer films
The deposition of compositionally modulated (Bi{sub 1-x}Sb{sub x}){sub 2}(Te{sub 1-y}Se{sub y}){sub 3} thermoelectric multilayer films by magnetron sputtering has been demonstrated. Structures with a period of 140{Angstrom} are shown to be stable to interdiffusion at the high deposition temperatures necessary for growth of single layer crystalline films with ZT {gt} 0.5. These multilayers are of the correct dimension to exhibit the electronic properties of quantum well structures. Furthermore it is shown that the Seebeck coefficient of the films is not degraded by the presence of this multilayer structure. It may be possible to synthesize a multilayer thermoelectric material with enhanced ZT by maximizing the barrier height through optimization of the composition of the barrier.
Wagner, A.V.; Foreman, R.J.; Summers, L.J.; Barbee, T.W. Jr.; Farmer, J.C.
Mesoscale morphologies in polymer thin films.
In the midst of an exciting era of polymer nanoscience, where the development of materials and understanding of properties at the nanoscale remain a major R&D endeavor, there are several exciting phenomena that have been reported at the mesoscale (approximately an order of magnitude larger than the nanoscale). In this review article, we focus on mesoscale morphologies in polymer thin films from the viewpoint of origination of structure formation, structure development and the interaction forces that govern these morphologies. Mesoscale morphologies, including dendrites, holes, spherulites, fractals and honeycomb structures have been observed in thin films of homopolymer, copolymer, blends and composites. Following a largely phenomenological level of description, we review the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of mesostructure formation outlining some of the key mechanisms at play. We also discuss various strategies to direct, limit, or inhibit the appearance of mesostructures in polymer thin films as well as an outlook toward potential areas of growth in this field of research.
Ramanathan, M.; Darling, S. B. (Center for Nanoscale Materials)
Method for synthesizing thin film electrodes
A method for making a thin-film electrode, either an anode or a cathode, by preparing a precursor solution using an alkoxide reactant, depositing multiple thin film layers with each layer approximately 500 1000 .ANG. in thickness, and heating the layers to above 600.degree. C. to achieve a material with electrochemical properties suitable for use in a thin film battery. The preparation of the anode precursor solution uses Sn(OCH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.3).sub.2 dissolved in a solvent in the presence of HO.sub.2CCH.sub.3 and the cathode precursor solution is formed by dissolving a mixture of (Li(OCH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.3)).sub.8 and Co(O.sub.2CCH.sub.3).H.sub.2O in at least one polar solvent.
Mixed metal films with switchable optical properties
Thin, Pd-capped metallic films containing magnesium and first row transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co) switch reversibly from their initial reflecting state to visually transparent states when exposed to gaseous hydrogen or following cathodic polarization in an alkaline electrolyte. Reversion to the reflecting state is achieved by exposure to air or by anodic polarization. The films were prepared by co-sputtering from one magnesium target and one manganese, iron, or cobalt target. Both the dynamic optical switching range and the speed of the transition depend on the magnesium-transition metal ratio. Infrared spectra of films in the transparent, hydrided (deuterided) states support the presence of the intermetallic hydride phases Mg3MnH7, Mg2FeH6, and Mg2CoH5.
Richardson, Thomas J.; Slack, Jonathan L.; Farangis, Baker; Rubin, Michael D.
Superhydrophobic Thin Film Symposium Superhydrophobic Thin Film Symposium Sep 05 2012 12:00 AM - 05:00 PM Hosted by Oak Ridge Laboratory's Partnerships Directorate and focusing on the recent LDRD Launch project work completed by Dr. Tolga Aytug and Dr. John T. Simpson (ORNL research PI's). Oak Ridge, TN Oak Ridge National Laboratory CONTACT : Email: Cassie Lopez Phone:(865) 576-9294 Add to Calendar SHARE Hosted by Oak Ridge Laboratory's Partnerships Directorate and focusing on the recent LDRD Launch project work completed by Dr. Tolga Aytug and Dr. John T. Simpson (ORNL research PI's). Purpose To share the ORNL Superhydrophonbic Thin Film technology to prospective commercial partners. Date and Time The conference will be held on the morning of Wednesday September 5th at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) by Partnerships and Technology
Using in Situ Thin Film Stress Measurements to Understand ...
Symposium, Nanostructured Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries and for Supercapacitors. Presentation Title, Using in Situ Thin Film Stress Measurements to�...
Carbon Films Produced from Ionic Liquid Precursors - Energy ...
Energy Storage Carbon Films Produced from Ionic Liquid Precursors Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Contact ORNL About This Technology Technology Marketing ...
Profile Optimization for Wet-Printed Polymer Films
of a spin-coated film. In the next chapter, a dry printing method will be introduced, which has superior
Fracture and Delamination in Thin Film Si Electrodes
Symposium, Nanostructured Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries and for Supercapacitors. Presentation Title, Fracture and Delamination in Thin Film Si Electrodes.
Magnetic properties of TM/RE bilayer thin films
... Magnetic properties of TM/RE bilayer thin films. I. Zoto University of Alabama. The magnetic recording technology badly ...
Piezoelectric Thick-Film Structures for High-Frequency Transducer ...
The dielectric, mechanical and piezoelectric parameters of selected thick films will be ... and Their Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage Applications
Synthesis and Characterization of Plasma Polymerized Thin Films ...
Presentation Title, Synthesis and Characterization of Plasma Polymerized Thin Films Deposited from Benzene and Hexamethyldisiloxane Using (PECVD)�...
Optical and Thermal Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Film for ...
Symposium, Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry. Presentation Title, Optical and Thermal Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Film for Energy�...
Oriented niobate ferroelectric thin films for electrical and optical devices and method of making such films
Sr{sub x}Ba{sub 1{minus}x}Nb{sub 2}O{sub 6}, where x is greater than 0.25 and less than 0.75, and KNbO{sub 3} ferroelectric thin films metalorganic chemical vapor deposited on amorphous or crystalline substrate surfaces to provide a crystal axis of the film exhibiting a high dielectric susceptibility, electro-optic coefficient, and/or nonlinear optic coefficient oriented preferentially in a direction relative to a crystalline or amorphous substrate surface are disclosed. Such films can be used in electronic, electro-optic, and frequency doubling components. 8 figs.
Wessels, B.W.; Nystrom, M.J.
Morphology in electrochemically grown conducting polymer films
A conducting polymer film with an improved space filling is formed on a metal electrode surface. A self-assembling monolayer is formed directly on the metal surface where the monolayer has a first functional group that binds to the metal surface and a second chemical group that forms a chemical bonding site for molecules forming the conducting polymer. The conducting polymer is then conventionally deposited by electrochemical deposition. In one example, a conducting film of polyaniline is formed on a gold electrode surface with an intermediate monolayer of p-aminothiophenol. 2 figs.
Rubinstein, I.; Gottesfeld, S.; Sabatani, E.
p-type conduction in sputtered indium oxide films
We report p-type conductivity in intrinsic indium oxide (IO) films deposited by magnetron sputtering on fused quartz substrates under oxygen-rich ambient. Highly oriented (111) films were studied by x-ray diffraction, optical absorption, and Hall effect measurements. We fabricated p-n homojunctions on these films.
Stankiewicz, Jolanta; Alcala, Rafael [Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon and Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain); Villuendas, Francisco [Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain)
ITO Thin Films by RF Sputtering for Ethanol Sensing
The sensor for detection of ethanol vapours using RF sputter deposited ITO thin film on glass and Si substrates is reported. The principle of operation is the change of resistance of ITO film on exposure to ethanol vapours. The films were annealed at ... Keywords: Indium Tin Oxide, RF sputtering, ethanol sensor
Sudhir Chandra; H. J. Pandya; A. L. Vyas
Epitaxial growth of Dy2O3 thin films on epitaxial Dy-germanide films on Ge(001) substrates
Ultra-thin films of Dy are grown on Ge(001) substrates by molecular beam deposition near room temperature and immediately annealed for solid phase epitaxy at higher temperatures, leading to the formation of DyGe"x films. Thin films of Dy"2O"3 are grown ... Keywords: Dy2O3 film, Ge(001) substrate, High-? oxide, Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), Structural characterization, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Md. Nurul Kabir Bhuiyan; Mariela Menghini; Jin Won Seo; Jean-Pierre Locquet
Light-trapped interconnected, Silicon-Film{trademark} modules. Annual technical status report, 18 November 1995--18 November 1996
AstroPower is developing a module-manufacturing technology based on a film-silicon technology. AstroPower, as a Technology Partner in the Thin-Film PV Partnership, is employing its Silicon-Film{trademark} technology to develop an advanced thin-silicon-based product. This module will combine the design and process features of the most advanced thin-silicon solar cells with light-trapping. These cells will be integrated into a low-cost interconnected array. During the second year of the 3-year project, AstroPower`s emphasis was on developing key submodule fabrication processes. Key results of the work include developing a new thin-film growth concept process based on attaching the low-cost substrate to the thin silicon layer after film growth; developing a new technique to achieve light-trapping in thin layers of silicon based on pigmented high-temperature glass materials; and developing key submodule fabrication processes, including contact grid design, subelement isolation, and screen-printed interconnection.
Hall, R.B.; Rand, J.A.; Cotter, J.E.; Ford, D.H. [AstroPower, Inc., Newark, DE (United States)
Monolithically interconnected Silicon-Film{trademark} module technology: Annual technical report, 25 November 1997--24 November 1998
AstroPower continued its development of an advanced thin-silicon-based photovoltaic module product. This module combines the performance advantages of thin, light-trapped silicon layers with the capability of integration into a low-cost, monolithically interconnected array. This report summarizes the work carried out over the first year of a three-year, cost-shared contract, which has yielded the following results: Development of a low-cost, insulating, ceramic substrate that provides mechanical support at silicon growth temperatures, is matched to the thermal expansion of silicon, provides the optical properties required for light trapping through random texturing, and can be formed in large areas on a continuous basis. Different deposition techniques have been investigated, and AstroPower has developed deposition processes for the back conductive layer, the p-type silicon layer, and the mechanical/chemical barrier layer. Polycrystalline films of silicon have been grown on ceramics using AstroPower's Silicon-Film{trademark} process. These films are from 50 to 75 {micro}m thick, with columnar grains extending through the thickness of the film. Aspect ratios from 5:1 to 20:1 have been observed in these films.
Hall, R.B.; Ford, D.H.; Rand, J.A.; Ingram, A.E.
Development of large-area monolithically integrated silicon-film photovoltaic modules
This report describes work to develop Silicon-Film Product III into a low-cost, stable device for large-scale terrestrial power applications. The Product III structure is a thin (< 100 {mu}m) polycrystalline silicon layer on a non-conductive supporting ceramic substrate. The presence of the substrate allows cells to be isolated and in interconnected monolithically in various series/parallel configurations. The long-term goal for the product is efficiencies over 18% on areas greater than 1200 cm{sup 2}. The high efficiency is made possible through the benefits of using polycrystalline thin silicon incorporated into a light-trapping structure with a passivated back surface. Short-term goals focused on the development of large-area ceramics, a monolithic interconnection process, and 100 cm{sup 2} solar cells. Critical elements of the monolithically integrated device were developed, and an insulating ceramic substrate was developed and tested. A monolithic interconnection process was developed that will isolate and interconnect individual cells on the ceramic surface. Production-based, low-cost process steps were used, and the process was verified using free-standing silicon wafers to achieve an open-circuit voltage (V{sub oc}) of 8.25 V over a 17-element string. The overall efficiency of the silicon-film materials was limited to 6% by impurities. Improved processing and feedstock materials are under investigation.
Rand, J.A.; Bacon, C.; Cotter, J.E.; Lampros, T.H.; Ingram, A.E.; Ruffins, T.R.; Hall, R.B.; Barnett, A.M. (AstroPower, Inc., Newark, DE (United States))
Overview of thick-film technology as applied to solar cells
Thick-film technology was developed by the electronics industry as a means of fabricating components and miniature circuitry. Today, the solar cell industry is looking at screen printing as an alternate to more expensive, high-vacuum techniques in several of the production steps during the manufacture of silicon solar cells. Screen printing is already fairly well established as a means of providing electrical contact to a cell and for the formation of a back surface field. Now under investigation are the possibilities of non-noble metal contacts and protective and antireflective coatings applied to solar cells by the use of screen printing. Most exciting is the work being done in the non-silicon area on the fabrication of the active layers of a solar cell, using thick-film inks made up of II-VI semiconductors.
Firor, K.; Hogan, S.
Large-area Silicon-Film{trademark} panels and solar cells
This report describes AstroPower`s success in improving its material and processing capabilities during the first phase of this 3-year contract through the Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology (PVMaT) program. Key results include the demonstration of a 14.6%-efficient Silicon-Film{trademark} solar cell. This laboratory result (1.0 cm{sup 2}) provides the direction needed to develop and optimize continuous, in-line production processes. The continuous nature of the Silicon-Film{trademark} sheet fabrication process is being extended into the solar-cell processing sequence. Plans are in place to make the wafer cleaning, gettering, and diffusion steps all continuous during the scope of this program.
Rand, J.A.; Barnett, A.M.; Checchi, J.C. [AstroPower, Inc., Newark, DE (United States)] [and others
Biological production of products from waste gases
A method and apparatus are designed for converting waste gases from industrial processes such as oil refining, and carbon black, coke, ammonia, and methanol production, into useful products. The method includes introducing the waste gases into a bioreactor where they are fermented to various products, such as organic acids, alcohols, hydrogen, single cell protein, and salts of organic acids by anaerobic bacteria within the bioreactor. These valuable end products are then recovered, separated and purified.
Gaddy, James L. (Fayetteville, AR)
Polycrystalline thin film materials and devices
Results of Phase II of a research program on polycrystalline thin film heterojunction solar cells are presented. Relations between processing, materials properties and device performance were studied. The analysis of these solar cells explains how minority carrier recombination at the interface and at grain boundaries can be reduced by doping of windows and absorber layers, such as in high efficiency CdTe and CuInSe{sub 2} based solar cells. The additional geometric dimension introduced by the polycrystallinity must be taken into consideration. The solar cells are limited by the diode current, caused by recombination in the space charge region. J-V characteristics of CuInSe{sub 2}/(CdZn)S cells were analyzed. Current-voltage and spectral response measurements were also made on high efficiency CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells prepared by vacuum evaporation. Cu-In bilayers were reacted with Se and H{sub 2}Se gas to form CuInSe{sub 2} films; the reaction pathways and the precursor were studied. Several approaches to fabrication of these thin film solar cells in a superstrate configuration were explored. A self-consistent picture of the effects of processing on the evolution of CdTe cells was developed.
Baron, B.N.; Birkmire, R.W.; Phillips, J.E.; Shafarman, W.N.; Hegedus, S.S.; McCandless, B.E. (Delaware Univ., Newark, DE (United States). Inst. of Energy Conversion)
Solar photovoltaic technology: The thin film option
Photovoltaics (PV) the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity was first discovered by scientists at the Bell Labs in 1954. In the late 1960's and 1970's most of the solar cell technology has been used for space applications to power satellites. The main work horse for the PV technology has been crystalline silicon (Si) solar cells. Over the past 15 years this has led to cost reduction from $35/kWh to about $0.30/kWh at the present time. Demonstrated reliability of 20 years or more has resulted in acceptance by several utilities. However, cost reductions in crystalline Si solar cells have been limited by the cost of wafering of ingots and the attendant loss of material. A number of Si sheet solar cells are also being investigated. In the past decade the emphasis of the research and development effort has been focused on thin film solar cells, which have the potential for generating power at much lower cost of $1-2/Wp. Thin film solar cells that are presently being investigated and are generating global attention are: amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium diselenide (CuInSe/sub 2,/ or CIS). In the past few years, considerable progress has been; made by all three of these thin film solar cells. This paper reviews the current status and future potential of these exiting thin film solar cell technologies.
Ullal, H.S.; Zweibel, K.; Sabisky, E.S.; Surek, T.
Sound Art (?) on/in Film
The use of sound for representation and narrative may go beyond what we might conventionally term musical. Film has gradually brought into focus the practice of sound art as something distinct from music yet existing at the end of a unified continuum ...
Julio D�escriv�n
Active superconducting devices formed of thin films
Active superconducting devices are formed of thin films of superconductor which include a main conduction channel which has an active weak link region. The weak link region is composed of an array of links of thin film superconductor spaced from one another by voids and selected in size and thickness such that magnetic flux can propagate across the weak link region when it is superconducting. Magnetic flux applied to the weak link region will propagate across the array of links causing localized loss of superconductivity in the links and changing the effective resistance across the links. The magnetic flux can be applied from a control line formed of a superconducting film deposited coplanar with the main conduction channel and weak link region on a substrate. The devices can be formed of any type to superconductor but are particularly well suited to the high temperature superconductors since the devices can be entirely formed from coplanar films with no overlying regions. The devices can be utilized for a variety of electrical components, including switching circuits, amplifiers, oscillators and modulators, and are well suited to microwave frequency applications.
Martens, Jon S. (Madison, WI); Beyer, James B. (Madison, WI); Nordman, James E. (Madison, WI); Hohenwarter, Gert K. G. (Madison, WI)
Thin film cadmium telluride photovoltaic cells
This report describes research to develop to vacuum-based growth techniques for CdTe thin-film solar cells: (1) laser-driven physical vapor deposition (LDPVD) and (2) radio-frequency (rf) sputtering. The LDPVD process was successfully used to deposit thin films of CdS, CdTe, and CdCl{sub 2}, as well as related alloys and doped semiconductor materials. The laser-driven deposition process readily permits the use of several target materials in the same vacuum chamber and, thus, complete solar cell structures were fabricated on SnO{sub 2}-coated glass using LDPVD. The rf sputtering process for film growth became operational, and progress was made in implementing it. Time was also devoted to enhancing or implementing a variety of film characterization systems and device testing facilities. A new system for transient spectroscopy on the ablation plume provided important new information on the physical mechanisms of LDPVD. The measurements show that, e.g., Cd is predominantly in the neutral atomic state in the plume but with a fraction that is highly excited internally ({ge} 6 eV), and that the typical neutral Cd translational kinetic energies perpendicular to the target are 20 eV and greater. 19 refs.
Compaan, A.; Bohn, R. (Toledo Univ., OH (United States))
Platinated ultrathin films made of carbon nanotubes
In this study a promising approach for a novel fuel cell catalyst layer is shown using films of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) formed by the layer-by-layer (LbL) method. A special focus is on the dispensing procedure of CNTs in water what is one of the most ...
Timo Bohnenberger; Frank Steinh�u�er; Jovan Matovic; Ulrich Schmid
Symposium G: Thin Films and Surface Engineering
Aug 3, 2010 ... The incidence of infections caused by the use of bacterial colonized stainless steel has led ... Excellent antibacterial activities (>99%) against both Gram- negative ... that the films could be used as a active layer for switchable mirror. .... beam vapor deposition system (HCEBVD) under various Ar/N2 flow ratio.
Blowing Ratio Effects on Film Cooling Effectiveness
The research focuses on testing the film cooling effectiveness on a gas turbine blade suction side surface. The test is performed on a five bladed cascade with a blow down facility. Four different blowing ratios are used in this study, which are 0.5, 1.0, 1.6, and 2.0; mainstream flow conditions are maintained at exit Mach number of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.3. Nitrogen is injected as the coolant so that the oxygen concentration levels can be obtained for the test surface. Based on mass transfer analogy, film cooling effectiveness can be computed with pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. The effect of blowing ratio on film cooling effectiveness is presented for each testing condition. The spanwise averaged effectiveness for each case is also presented to compare the blowing ratio and mainstream effect on film cooling effectiveness. Results show that due to effects of shock, the optimum blowing ratio is 1.6 for exit Mach number of 1.1 and 1.3; however; without the effects of shock, the optimum blowing ratio is 1.0 for exit Mach number of 0.7.
Liu, Kuo-Chun
Metal current collect protected by oxide film
Provided are low-cost, mechanically strong, highly electronically conductive current collects and associated structures for solid-state electrochemical devices, techniques for forming these structures, and devices incorporating the structures. The invention provides solid state electrochemical devices having as current interconnects a ferritic steel felt or screen coated with a protective oxide film.
Jacobson, Craig P. (Lafayette, CA); Visco, Steven J. (Berkeley, CA); DeJonghe, Lutgard C. (Lafayette, CA)
2010 Thin Film & Small Scale Mechanical Behavior Gordon Research Conference
Over the past decades, it has been well established that the mechanical behavior of materials changes when they are confined geometrically at least in one dimension to small scale. It is the aim of the 2010 Gordon Conference on 'Thin Film and Small Scale Mechanical Behavior' to discuss cutting-edge research on elastic, plastic and time-dependent deformation as well as degradation mechanisms like fracture, fatigue and wear at small scales. As in the past, the conference will benefit from contributions from fundamental studies of physical mechanisms linked to material science and engineering reaching towards application in modern applications ranging from optical and microelectronic devices and nano- or micro-electrical mechanical systems to devices for energy production and storage. The conference will feature entirely new testing methodologies and in situ measurements as well as recent progress in atomistic and micromechanical modeling. Particularly, emerging topics in the area of energy conversion and storage, such as material for batteries will be highlighted. The study of small-scale mechanical phenomena in systems related to energy production, conversion or storage offer an enticing opportunity to materials scientists, who can provide new insight and investigate these phenomena with methods that have not previously been exploited.
Dr. Thomas Balk
Covered Product Category: Cool Roof Products
FEMP provides acquisition guidance across a variety of product categories, including cool roof products, which are an ENERGY STAR�-qualified product category. Federal laws and executive orders mandate that agencies meet these efficiency requirements in all procurement and acquisition actions that are not specifically exempted by law.
Amorphous silicon-carbon thin films
This study has shown that it is possible to produce nearly stoichiometric films of a-SiC:H with high hydrogen content by rf sputtering in an atmosphere of argon, propane, and hydrogen. The a-SiC films adhere to a variety of substrates and exhibit better thermal stability than a-Si:H films. The index of refraction is 2.8. The optical gap energy of these films is between 2.0 and 2.2 eV. A series of isochronal annealing steps show that optical gap energies decrease, optical absorption edge widths increase, and that the minimum optical density in the low absorption region increases with annealing above 450/sup 0/C. Infrared measurements show large absorptions at 2100, 1000, 750, and 650 cm/sup -1/ corresponding to SiH stretch, CH wagging, SiC stretch, and SiH wagging vibrational modes. The CH/sub n/ stretch mode near 2900 cm/sup -1/ is very small. Isochronal annealing causes a nearly continuous decrease in the integrated intensity of the SiH stretch mode at 2100 cm/sup -1/. The 2100 absorption peak shape may indicate the presence of SiH/sub 2/ in the film. Comparison of the 2100 and 750 absorption peaks show that the Si-C bonds are more heat resistant than the Si-H bonds. Annealing experiments reveal that the decrease in optical gap energy with increasing annealing temperature is probably not due to change in the Si-H bonds. Rather, the decrease is most likely due to changes or breaks in the C-H bonds and possibly the Si-C bonds. NMR results show that the films have high hydrogen concentrations. Also, NMR results and the integrated intensity for the SiH stretch mode give correct order of magnitude determination of the number and concentration of Si-H bonds in the a-SiC:H films.
Ward, J.F.
Silicon-Film{trademark} photovoltaic manufacturing technology. Semiannual subcontract report, 15 October 1993--15 April 1994
This report describes work to develop an advanced, low-cost manufacturing process for a now utility-scale, flat-plate module. This process starts with the production of continuous sheets of thin-film, polycrystalline silicon using the Silicon-Film{trademark} process. Sheets are cut into wafers that are nominally 15 cm on a side. Fifty-six of these wafers are then fabricated into solar cells that are strung together into a 170-W module. Twelve of these modules form a 2-kW array. The program has three main components: (1) development of a Silicon-Film{trademark} wafer machine that is capable of manufacturing waters that are 225 cm{sup 2} in size at a rate of 3.0 MW/yr, with a total product cost reduction of 70%; (2) development of an advanced solar cell manufacturing process that is capable of turning the Silicon-Film{trademark} wafer into a 3.25-W solar cell; and (3) development of an advanced module design based on these large-area silicon solar cells with an average power of 170 W for 56 solar cells and 113 W for 36 solar cells.
Collins, S.R.; Hall, R.B. [AstroPower, Inc., Newark, DE (United States)
Hydraulic properties of adsorbed water films in unsaturated porous media
Adsorbed water films strongly influence residual water saturations and hydraulic conductivities in porous media at low saturations. Hydraulic properties of adsorbed water films in unsaturated porous media were investigated through combining Langmuir's film model with scaling analysis, without use of any adjustable parameters. Diffuse double layer influences are predicted to be important through the strong dependence of adsorbed water film thickness (f) on matric potential ({Psi}) and ion charge (z). Film thickness, film velocity, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are predicted to vary with z{sup -1}, z{sup -2}, and z{sup -3}, respectively. In monodisperse granular media, the characteristic grain size ({lambda}) controls film hydraulics through {lambda}{sup -1} scaling of (1) the perimeter length per unit cross sectional area over which films occur, (2) the critical matric potential ({Psi}{sub c}) below which films control flow, and (3) the magnitude of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity when {Psi} < {Psi}{sub c}. While it is recognized that finer textured sediments have higher unsaturated hydraulic conductivities than coarser sands at intermediate {Psi}, the {lambda}{sup -1} scaling of hydraulic conductivity predicted here extends this understanding to very low saturations where all pores are drained. Extremely low unsaturated hydraulic conductivities are predicted under adsorbed film-controlled conditions (generally < 0.1 mm y{sup -1}). On flat surfaces, the film hydraulic diffusivity is shown to be constant (invariant with respect to {Psi}).
Tokunaga, Tetsu K.
Thin film photovoltaic device and process of manufacture
Provided is a thin film photovoltaic device and a method of manufacturing the device. The thin film photovoltaic device comprises a film layer having particles which are smaller than about 30 microns in size held in an electrically insulating matrix material to reduce the potential for electrical shorting through the film layer. The film layer may be provided by depositing preformed particles onto a surrogate substrate and binding the particles in a film-forming matrix material to form a flexible sheet with the film layer. The flexible sheet may be separated from the surrogate substrate and cut into flexible strips. A plurality of the flexible strips may be located adjacent to and supported by a common supporting substrate to form a photovoltaic module having a plurality of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells. 13 figs.
Albright, S.P.; Chamberlin, R.
Provided is a thin film photovoltaic device and a method of manufacturing the device. The thin film photovoltaic device comprises a film layer having particles which are smaller than about 30 microns in size held in an electrically insulating matrix material to reduce the potential for electrical shorting through the film layer. The film layer may be provided by depositing preformed particles onto a surrogate substrate and binding the particles in a film-forming matrix material to form a flexible sheet with the film layer. The flexible sheet may be separated from the surrogate substrate and cut into flexible strips. A plurality of the flexible strips may be located adjacent to and supported by a common supporting substrate to form a photovoltaic module having a plurality of electrically interconnected photovoltaic cells.
Albright, Scot P. (Lakewood, CO); Chamberlin, Rhodes (El Paso, TX)
WEB RESOURCES: Magnesium Production
Feb 12, 2007 ... Mg Production(Australia).pdf 49.21 KB MgProduction_Australia.mht 81.47 KB Mg Production(Brazil Israel Congo Malaysia).pdf 50.48 KB
Production Project Accounts
Production Project Accounts Production Project Accounts Overview Most NERSC login accounts are associated with specific individuals and must not be shared. Sometimes it is...
from Isotope Production Facility
Cancer-fighting treatment gets boost from Isotope Production Facility April 13, 2012 Isotope Production Facility produces cancer-fighting actinium - 2 - 2:32 Isotope cancer...
Century Model Product Available
Century Model Available The ORNL DAAC announces the availability of a new model product. The model product "CENTURY: Modeling Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change, Version 4...
Domestic Uranium Production Report
Home > Nuclear > Domestic Uranium Production Report Domestic Uranium Production Report Data for: 2005 Release Date: May 15, 2006 Next Release: May 15, 2007
MODIS Land Products Subsets
ORNL DAAC MODIS Land Product Subsets MODIS Collection 5 Global Subsetting and Visualization Tool Create subset for user selected site, area, product, and time period. Data for...
Comparison of Productive Capacity
Appendix B Comparison of Productive Capacity Comparisons of base case productive capacities for this and all previous studies were made (Figure B1).
2. Gas Productive Capacity
2. Gas Productive Capacity Gas Capacity to Meet Lower 48 States Requirements The United States has sufficient dry gas productive capacity at the wellhead to meet ...
Digital production pipelines: examining structures and methods in the computer effects industry
Computer animated films require collaboration: blending artistic concept with technical skill, meeting budget constraints and adhering to deadlines. The path which production follows from initial idea to finished product is known as the pipeline. The purpose of this thesis is to collect, study and share information regarding production pipeline practices and to derive a conceptual definition. Research focused on selected companies in the United States which have produced at least one feature-length computer generated film and continue to produce them. The key finding of this thesis is a conceptual definition of digital production pipelines: A digital production pipeline must, by definition, utilize digital computing hardware and software to facilitate human work and collaboration for the overarching purpose of producing content for film. The digital production pipeline is not a structure, but rather a malleable set of components which can be arranged, configured, and adapted into new structures as needed. These malleable components are human groups with assigned task domains, and digital hardware and software systems. The human groups are normally referred to as departments or teams. The digital hardware and software systems are operating systems, software tools and applications, networks, processors, and storage. The digital production pipeline is the synergy of these two types of components into adaptable systems and structures.
Bettis, Dane Edward
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 517 (2004) 180188 Spectral identification of thin-film-coated and solid-form
in Physics Research A 517 (2004) 180188 185 #12;of both neutron beam attenuation and reaction product selfNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 517 (2004) 180188 Spectral identification of thin-film-coated and solid-form semiconductor neutron detectors Douglas S. McGregor*, J. Kenneth
Shultis, J. Kenneth
Silicon-film {trademark} photovoltaic manufacturing technology. Annual subcontract report, 1 January 1994--31 December 1994
The goal of AstroPower`s PVMaT-2A project is to develop an advanced, low-cost manufacturing process for a new utility-scale, flat-plate module. This process starts with the production of continuous sheets of thin-film polycrystalline silicon using the Silicon-Film {trademark} process. Our main product focus in PVMaT-2A has been a 240 cm{sup 2} solar cell. Continuous sheets of silicon are produced and cut into wafers that are 15.5 cm on a side. Both standard modules (36 solar cells) and a new 56 solar cell module were produced. The targeted high power module design is a 170 watt module, used in a twelve module array to generate 2 kW. The solar cells, modules, and array developed here are described.
Collins, S.R.; Hall, R.B.; Rand, J.A. [AstroPower, Inc., Newark, DE (United States)
Geometric shape control of thin film ferroelectrics and resulting structures
A monolithic crystalline structure and a method of making involves a semiconductor substrate, such as silicon, and a ferroelectric film, such as BaTiO.sub.3, overlying the surface of the substrate wherein the atomic layers of the ferroelectric film directly overlie the surface of the substrate. By controlling the geometry of the ferroelectric thin film, either during build-up of the thin film or through appropriate treatment of the thin film adjacent the boundary thereof, the in-plane tensile strain within the ferroelectric film is relieved to the extent necessary to permit the ferroelectric film to be poled out-of-plane, thereby effecting in-plane switching of the polarization of the underlying substrate material. The method of the invention includes the steps involved in effecting a discontinuity of the mechanical restraint at the boundary of the ferroelectric film atop the semiconductor substrate by, for example, either removing material from a ferroelectric film which has already been built upon the substrate, building up a ferroelectric film upon the substrate in a mesa-shaped geometry or inducing the discontinuity at the boundary by ion beam deposition techniques.
McKee, Rodney A. (Kingston, TN); Walker, Frederick J. (Oak Ridge, TN)
NANO TOOLS & PRODUCTS IN MICRO & NANOTECHNOLOGY Engineered Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and
MICRO NANO TOOLS & PRODUCTS IN MICRO & NANOTECHNOLOGY Engineered Carbon Nanotube (CNT aligned nanorods, helices, and chevrons. Hybrid Nano-CMOS Chips--Hewlett-Packard Laboratories www coating. The result is a uni- form, durable nano-thin film treatment that delivers quantum physical
Scalable Thick-Film Magnetics: Nano Structured Scalable Thick-Film Magnetics
ADEPT Project: Magnetic components are typically the largest components in a power converter. To date, however, researchers haven't found an effective way to reduce their size without negatively impacting their performance. And, reducing the size of the converter's other components isn't usually an option because shrinking them can also diminish the effectiveness of the magnetic components. GE is developing smaller magnetic components for power converters that maintain high performance levels. The company is building smaller components with magnetic films. These films are created using the condensation of a vaporized form of the magnetic material. It's a purely physical process that involves no chemical reactions, so the film composition is uniform. This process makes it possible to create a millimeter-thick film deposition over a wide surface area fairly quickly, which would save on manufacturing costs. In fact, GE can produce 1-10 millimeter-thick films in hours. The magnetic components that GE is developing for this project could be used in a variety of applications, including solar inverters, electric vehicles, and lighting.
Highly Conductive and Porous Activated Reduced Graphene Oxide Films for High-Power Supercapacitors
Highly Conductive and Porous Activated Reduced Graphene Oxide Films for High-Power Supercapacitors for a free-standing carbon film reported to date. A two-electrode supercapacitor using these carbon films. KEYWORDS: Graphene, flexible film, chemical activation, supercapacitors Free-standing thin film materials
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Large-Area Graphene Films Xuesong Lia
films with high purity water directly (the adhesion between the graphene film and the substrate.8 cm graphene film stuck on a PDMS film. Rolled up graphene "rope" in low (d) and high (e that the conductivity of our graphene film is comparable to that of "high temperature" pyrolytic carbon, but lower than
Piezoelectric film load cell robot collision detector
A piezoelectric load cell which can be utilized for detecting collisions and obstruction of a robot arm end effector includes a force sensing element of metallized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film. The piezoelectric film sensing element and a resilient support pad are clamped in compression between upper and lower plates. The lower plate has a central recess in its upper face for supporting the support pad and sensing element, while the upper plate has a corresponding central projection formed on its lower face for bearing on the sensing element and support pad. The upper and lower plates are doweled together for concentric alignment and screwed together. The upper and lower plates are also adapted for mounting between the robot arm wrist and end effector. 3 figs.
Lembke, J.R.
A piezoelectric load cell which can be utilized for detecting collisions and obstruction of a robot arm end effector includes a force sensing element of metallized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film. The piezoelectric film sensing element and a resilient support pad are clamped in compression between upper and lower plates. The lower plate has a central recess in its upper face for supporting the support pad and sensing element, while the upper plate has a corresponding central projection formed on its lower face for bearing on the sensing element and support pad. The upper and lower plates are dowelled together for concentric alignment and screwed together. The upper and lower plates are also adapted for mounting between the robot arm wrist and end effector. 3 figs.
Thin film photovoltaic panel and method
A thin film photovoltaic panel includes a backcap for protecting the active components of the photovoltaic cells from adverse environmental elements. A spacing between the backcap and a top electrode layer is preferably filled with a desiccant to further reduce water vapor contamination of the environment surrounding the photovoltaic cells. The contamination of the spacing between the backcap and the cells may be further reduced by passing a selected gas through the spacing subsequent to sealing the backcap to the base of the photovoltaic panels, and once purged this spacing may be filled with an inert gas. The techniques of the present invention are preferably applied to thin film photovoltaic panels each formed from a plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged on a vitreous substrate. The stability of photovoltaic conversion efficiency remains relatively high during the life of the photovoltaic panel, and the cost of manufacturing highly efficient panels with such improved stability is significantly reduced.
Ackerman, Bruce (El Paso, TX); Albright, Scot P. (El Paso, TX); Jordan, John F. (El Paso, TX)
Polycrystalline thin films FY 1992 project report
This report summarizes the activities and results of the Polycrystalline Thin Film Project during FY 1992. The purpose of the DOE/NREL PV (photovoltaic) Program is to facilitate the development of PV that can be used on a large enough scale to produce a significant amount of energy in the US and worldwide. The PV technologies under the Polycrystalline Thin Film project are among the most exciting next-generation'' options for achieving this goal. Over the last 15 years, cell-level progress has been steady, with laboratory cell efficiencies reaching levels of 15 to 16%. This progress, combined with potentially inexpensive manufacturing methods, has attracted significant commercial interest from US and international companies. The NREL/DOE program is designed to support the efforts of US companies through cost-shared subcontracts (called government/industry partnerships'') that we manage and fund and through collaborative technology development work among industry, universities, and our laboratory.
Zweibel, K. (ed.)
This report summarizes the activities and results of the Polycrystalline Thin Film Project during FY 1992. The purpose of the DOE/NREL PV (photovoltaic) Program is to facilitate the development of PV that can be used on a large enough scale to produce a significant amount of energy in the US and worldwide. The PV technologies under the Polycrystalline Thin Film project are among the most exciting ``next-generation`` options for achieving this goal. Over the last 15 years, cell-level progress has been steady, with laboratory cell efficiencies reaching levels of 15 to 16%. This progress, combined with potentially inexpensive manufacturing methods, has attracted significant commercial interest from US and international companies. The NREL/DOE program is designed to support the efforts of US companies through cost-shared subcontracts (called ``government/industry partnerships``) that we manage and fund and through collaborative technology development work among industry, universities, and our laboratory.
Zweibel, K. [ed.
LBNL's 75th Anniversary Film Montage
LBNL's 75th Anniversary Film Montage LBNL's 75th Anniversary Film Montage Speaker(s): Donald Grether Date: December 7, 2006 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Donald Grether The Laboratory's 75th Anniversary Symposium and Gala Dinner were held on November 14, 2006. For the occasion the Lab's photographer, Roy Kaltschmidt, prepared a 15-minute long movie that is a first-rate "Ken Burns style" linear montage of photos from the Lab's founding in 1931 to the present day. The movie is not narrated but rather has background music. It was shown with music at the Symposium to much applause, and silently on a flat panel display at the dinner. It was made available on a DVD to those who attended the dinner. The movie will be screened twice during this Dec. 7th seminar: once with the background music on and, for those interested, a
Illinois coal production pushes Illinois Basin production ...
Coal production in the Illinois Basin during the first half of 2012 (64.4 million short tons) was 13% higher than the same period in 2011. This ...
By-Products Utilization
such as sodium bicarbonate, soda ash, trona, or nahcalite (ICF Northwest, 1988). By-products generated
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, University of
High quality oxide films on substrates
A method for providing an oxide film of a material on the surface of a substrate using a reactive deposition of the material onto the substrate surface in the presence of a solid or liquid layer of an oxidizing gas. The oxidizing gas is provided on the substrate surface in an amount sufficient to dissipate the latent heat of condensation occurring during deposition as well as creating a favorable oxidizing environment for the material.
Ruckman, Mark W. (Middle Island, NY); Strongin, Myron (Center Moriches, NY); Gao, Yong L. (Henrietta, NY)
A method is described for providing an oxide film of a material on the surface of a substrate using a reactive deposition of the material onto the substrate surface in the presence of a solid or liquid layer of an oxidizing gas. The oxidizing gas is provided on the substrate surface in an amount sufficient to dissipate the latent heat of condensation occurring during deposition as well as creating a favorable oxidizing environment for the material. 4 figures.
Ruckman, M.W.; Strongin, M.; Gao, Y.L.
Thin Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
A novel solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) design that can be fabricated entirely using low-temperature, thin-film processing is described. Potential advantages of the cell are reduced materials costs and improved fuel-cell characteristics. The critical design feature is the use of thin (approximately equal to 50 nanometers), catalytically-active oxide layers on a < 10 micrometer thick yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) supported electrolyte to minimize reaction overpotentials and ohmic losses. Doped ceria at th...
High quality transparent conducting oxide thin films
A transparent conducting oxide (TCO) film comprising: a TCO layer, and dopants selected from the elements consisting of Vanadium, Molybdenum, Tantalum, Niobium, Antimony, Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium, wherein the elements are n-type dopants; and wherein the transparent conducting oxide is characterized by an improved electron mobility of about 42 cm.sup.2/V-sec while simultaneously maintaining a high carrier density of .about.4.4e.times.10.sup.20 cm.sup.-3.
Gessert, Timothy A. (Conifer, CO); Duenow, Joel N. (Golden, CO); Barnes, Teresa (Evergreen, CO); Coutts, Timothy J. (Golden, CO)
Packaging material for thin film lithium batteries
A thin film battery including components which are capable of reacting upon exposure to air and water vapor incorporates a packaging system which provides a barrier against the penetration of air and water vapor. The packaging system includes a protective sheath overlying and coating the battery components and can be comprised of an overlayer including metal, ceramic, a ceramic-metal combination, a parylene-metal combination, a parylene-ceramic combination or a parylene-metal-ceramic combination.
Bates, John B. (116 Baltimore Dr., Oak Ridge, TN 37830); Dudney, Nancy J. (11634 S. Monticello Rd., Knoxville, TN 37922); Weatherspoon, Kim A. (223 Wadsworth Pl., Oak Ridge, TN 37830)
Germanium films by polymer-assisted deposition
Highly ordered Ge films are prepared directly on single crystal Si substrates by applying an aqueous coating solution having Ge-bound polymer onto the substrate and then heating in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere. A coating solution was prepared by mixing water, a germanium compound, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and polyethyleneimine to form a first aqueous solution and then subjecting the first aqueous solution to ultrafiltration.
Jia, Quanxi; Burrell, Anthony K.; Bauer, Eve; Ronning, Filip; McCleskey, Thomas Mark; Zou, Guifu
Symmetry Breaking in Few Layer Graphene Films
Recently, it was demonstrated that the quasiparticledynamics, the layer-dependent charge and potential, and the c-axisscreening coefficient could be extracted from measurements of thespectral function of few layer graphene films grown epitaxially on SiCusing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). In this articlewe review these findings, and present detailed methodology for extractingsuch parameters from ARPES. We also present detailed arguments againstthe possibility of an energy gap at the Dirac crossing ED.
Bostwick, A.; Ohta, T.; McChesney, J.L.; Emtsev, K.; Seyller,Th.; Horn, K.; Rotenberg, E.
Structures for dense, crack free thin films
The process described herein provides a simple and cost effective method for making crack free, high density thin ceramic film. The steps involve depositing a layer of a ceramic material on a porous or dense substrate. The deposited layer is compacted and then the resultant laminate is sintered to achieve a higher density than would have been possible without the pre-firing compaction step.
Jacobson, Craig P. (Lafayette, CA); Visco, Steven J. (Berkeley, CA); De Jonghe, Lutgard C. (Lafayette, CA)
Rechargeable thin-film lithium batteries
Rechargeable thin-film batteries consisting of lithium metal anodes, an amorphous inorganic electrolyte, and cathodes of lithium intercalation compounds have recently been developed. The batteries, which are typically less than 6-{mu}m thick, can be fabricated to any specified size, large or small, onto a variety of substrates including ceramics, semiconductors, and plastics. The cells that have been investigated include Li-TiS{sub 2}, Li-V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, and Li-Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, with open circuit voltages at full charge of about 2.5, 3.6, and 4.2, respectively. The development of these batteries would not have been possible without the discovery of a new thin-film lithium electrolyte, lithium phosphorus oxynitride, that is stable in contact with metallic lithium at these potentials. Deposited by rf magnetron sputtering of Li{sub 3}PO{sub 4} in N{sub 2}, this material has a typical composition of Li{sub 2.9}PO{sub 3.3}N{sub 0.46} and a conductivity at 25{degrees}C of 2 {mu}S/cm. The maximum practical current density obtained from the thin-film cells is limited to about 100 {mu}A/cm{sup 2} due to a low diffusivity of Li{sup +} ions in the cathodes. In this work, the authors present a short review of their work on rechargeable thin-film lithium batteries.
Bates, J.B.; Gruzalski, G.R.; Dudney, N.J.; Luck, C.F.; Yu, Xiaohua
Experimental investigation of film cooling effectiveness on gas turbine blades
The hot gas temperature in gas turbine engines is far above the permissible metal temperatures. Advanced cooling technologies must be applied to cool the blades, so they can withstand the extreme conditions. Film cooling is widely used in modern high temperature and high pressure blades as an active cooling scheme. In this study, the film cooling effectiveness in different regions of gas turbine blades was investigated with various film hole/slot configurations and mainstream flow conditions. The study consisted of four parts: 1) effect of upstream wake on blade surface film cooling, 2) effect of upstream vortex on platform purge flow cooling, 3) influence of hole shape and angle on leading edge film cooling and 4) slot film cooling on trailing edge. Pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique was used to get the conduction-free film cooling effectiveness distribution. For the blade surface film cooling, the effectiveness from axial shaped holes and compound angle shaped holes were examined. Results showed that the compound angle shaped holes offer better film effectiveness than the axial shaped holes. The upstream stationary wakes have detrimental effect on film effectiveness in certain wake rod phase positions. For platform purge flow cooling, the stator-rotor gap was simulated by a typical labyrinth-like seal. Delta wings were used to generate vortex and modeled the passage vortex generated by the upstream vanes. Results showed that the upstream vortex reduces the film cooling effectiveness on the platform. For the leading edge film cooling, two film cooling designs, each with four film cooling hole configurations, were investigated. Results showed that the shaped holes provide higher film cooling effectiveness than the cylindrical holes at higher average blowing ratios. In the same range of average blowing ratio, the radial angle holes produce better effectiveness than the compound angle holes. The seven-row design results in much higher effectiveness than the three-row design. For the trailing edge slot cooling, the effect of slot lip thickness on film effectiveness under the two mainstream conditions was investigated. Results showed thinner lips offer higher effectiveness. The film effectiveness on the slots reduces when the incoming mainstream boundary layer thickness decreases.
Gao, Zhihong
Reentrant Insulating State in Ultrathin Manganite Films
The transport and magnetic properties of La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} thin-films grown by pulsed laser deposition on (LaAlO{sub 3}){sub 0.3}(SrAl{sub 0.5}Ta{sub 0.5}O{sub 3}){sub 0.7} single crystal substrates have been investigated. A systematic series with various thicknesses of La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} was used to establish a phase diagram - which showed a clear difference compared to films grown on SrTiO{sub 3} substrates, highlighting the importance of film thickness and substrate strain. At 8 unit cells, the boundary between the metallic and insulating ground states, a second abrupt metal-insulator transition was observed at low temperatures, which could be tuned with by magnetic field, and is interpreted as a signature of electronic phase separation.
Bell, Christopher
Oxynitride Thin Film Barriers for PV Packaging
Dielectric thin-film barrier and adhesion-promoting layers consisting of silicon oxynitride materials (SiOxNy, with various stoichiometry) were investigated. For process development, films were applied to glass (TCO, conductive SnO2:F; or soda-lime), polymer (PET, polyethylene terephthalate), aluminized soda-lime glass, or PV cell (a-Si, CIGS) substrates. Design strategy employed de-minimus hazard criteria to facilitate industrial adoption and reduce implementation costs for PV manufacturers or suppliers. A restricted process window was explored using dilute compressed gases (3% silane, 14% nitrous oxide, 23% oxygen) in nitrogen (or former mixtures, and 11.45% oxygen mix in helium and/or 99.999% helium dilution) with a worst-case flammable and non-corrosive hazard classification. Method employed low radio frequency (RF) power, less than or equal to 3 milliwatts per cm2, and low substrate temperatures, less than or equal to 100 deg C, over deposition areas less than or equal to 1000 cm2. Select material properties for barrier film thickness (profilometer), composition (XPS/FTIR), optical (refractive index, %T and %R), mechanical peel strength and WVTR barrier performance are presented.
Glick, S. H.; delCueto, J. A.; Terwilliger, K. M.; Jorgensen, G. J.; Pankow, J. W.; Keyes, B. M.; Gedvilas, L. M.; Pern, F. J.
Chapter 1.19: Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaic Thin Film: CdTe
The chapter reviews the history, development, and present processes used to fabricate thin-film, CdTe-based photovoltaic (PV) devices. It is intended for readers who are generally familiar with the operation and material aspects of PV devices but desire a deeper understanding of the process sequences used in CdTe PV technology. The discussion identifies why certain processes may have commercial production advantages and how the various process steps can interact with each other to affect device performance and reliability. The chapter concludes with a discussion of considerations of large-area CdTe PV deployment including issues related to material availability and energy-payback time.
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Transformation Reaction Compared with its Transalkylation Reaction with Toluene over USY Zeolite Catalyst
for transformation of TMB. Cejka et al.3 studied the effect of the structure of large-pore zeolites of beta, Y, L yield of xylenes compared to that under large- pore and high acidity zeolites.5-8 Roger et al.7 studied
Al-Khattaf, Sulaiman
Thin-film cadmium telluride photovoltaics: ES and H issues, solutions, and perspectives
Photovoltaics (PV) is a growing business worldwide, with new technologies evolving towards potentially large-volume production. PV use produces no emissions, thus offsetting many potential environmental problems. However, the new PV technologies also bring unfamiliar environment, safety, and health (ES and H) challenges that require innovative solutions. This is a summary of the issues, solutions, and perspectives associated with the use of cadmium in one of the new and important PV technologies: thin-film, cadmium telluride (CdTe) PV, which is being developed and commercialized by several companies including Solar Cells Inc. (Toledo, Ohio), BP Solar (Fairfield, California), and Matsushita (Japan). The principal ES and H issue for thin-film cadmium telluride PV is the potential introduction of cadmium--a toxic heavy metal--into the air or water. The amount of cadmium in thin-film PV, however, is quite small--one nickel cadmium flashlight battery has about as much cadmium (7 g) as a square meter of PV module using current technology--and a typical cordless power tool will have 5--10 batteries. CdTe modules are also very well sealed, limiting the chance of release. Nonetheless, minimizing the amount of cadmium in cadmium telluride modules and preventing the introduction of that cadmium into the environment is a top priority for National Renewable Energy Laboratory researchers and cadmium telluride PV manufacturers.
Zweibel, K. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (US); Moskowitz, P.; Fthenakis, V. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (US)
Novel thin-film CuInSe sub 2 fabrication
This report describes research in Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP), a process that allows the formation of CuInSe{sub 2} without the use of H{sub 2}Se. RTP is a well-established method of rapidly achieving temperatures necessary to melt and recrystallize materials such as Si and and silicides. RTP processes can rapidly and uniformly heat large surface areas to hundreds of degrees Celsius. RTP is the most promising method of rapid recrystallization studied to date, being readily scalable from the research to the production level. The approach to the experiment was divided into two sections: (1) fabricating the precursor film and (2) processing the precursor film. The objective of the first phase of the work was to fabricate the thin films by RTP, then fully characterize them, to demonstrate the viability of the process as a method by which to make device-quality CuInSe{sub 2}. The second phase was to demonstrate that material made by this method could be used to make an active photovoltaic device. 24 refs.
Mooney, G.D.; Hermann, A.M. (Colorado Univ., Boulder, CO (United States))
Growth study of ion assisted evaporated molybdenum thin films
We reported optimization of ion-to-atom ratios and ion energy for growth of molybdenum thin film on oxidized silicon substrate using ion assisted electron beam evaporation system. The ion-to-atom ratio is varied by independently adjusting the ion current density and deposition rate. The structural characterization of the films is carried out by hard X-ray reflectivity. We observed improvement in film density from 85.5% to 98.2% and film roughness from {approx}2 nm to 0.84nm on {approx}26 nm thick Mo film by optimizing ion parameters. The observed results are discussed considering the effect of kinetic of adatoms during growth of film.
Yadav, P. K.; Nayak, M.; Lodha, G. S.; Rai, S. [X-ray Optics Section, Indus Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre For Advanced Technology, Indore-452013 (India)
Physical Properties of HWCVD Microcrystalline Silicon Thin Films: Preprint
This conference paper describes Microcrystalline silicon films were grown with different thicknesses and different hydrogen dilution ratios on glass and Si substrates. Some films were deposited with a seed layer, whereas others were deposited directly on the substrate. We used atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction to study the morphology and crystalline structure of the samples. We did not find a significant influence of the different substrates on the morphology or crystalline structure. The presence of the seed layer enhanced the crystallization process, decreasing the amount of amorphous layer present in the films. The microstructure of most films was formed by grains, with a subgrain structure. Films grown with low values of dilution ratio had (220) texture and elongated grains, whereas films deposited with high values of dilution ratio were randomly oriented and had an irregular shape.
Moutinho, H. R.; Romero, M. J.; Jiang, C. S.; Xu, Y.; Nelson, B. P.; Jones, K. M.; Mahan, A. H.; Al-Jassim, M. M.
Highly Conductive Textured Molybdenum Doped Indium Oxide Thin Films
We report on the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of Mo-doped indium oxide (IMO) films with mobilities of up to 125 cm2/Vsec. Films have been grown from targets with 1-4 wt.% molybdenum. The optimum electrical and optical properties were obtained with the 2% target and yielded a maximum conductivity of 3717 S/cm with mobilities of 99 cm2/V-sec on (100) yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) single crystal substrates. Films also exhibit greater than 90% transparency in the visible range. Compared to commercial indium tin oxide (ITO) films, these PLD-grown IMO films have similar conductivity but since they have substantially higher mobility they have a correspondingly lower carrier concentration. The lower carrier concentration should extend the infrared window of the transparency for films of the same conductivity. This may lead to improved performance in a number of applications requiring improved performance TCOs.
Warmsingh, C.; Yoshida, Y.; Readey, D.; Perkins, J.; Parilla, P.; Teplin, C.; Kaydanova, T.; Alleman, J.; Gedvilas, L.; Keyes, B.; Gessert, T.; Coutts, T.; Ginley, D.
Fabrication Of Multilayered Thin Films Via Spin-Assembly
Fabrication Of Multilayered Thin Films Via Spin-Assembly Fabrication Of Multilayered Thin Films Via Spin-Assembly Fabrication Of Multilayered Thin Films Via Spin-Assembly A process of forming multilayer thin film heterostructures. Available for thumbnail of Feynman Center (505) 665-9090 Email Fabrication Of Multilayered Thin Films Via Spin-Assembly A process of forming multilayer thin film heterostructures is disclosed and includes applying a solution including a first water-soluble polymer from the group of polyanionic species, polycationic species and uncharged polymer species onto a substrate to form a first coating layer on the substrate, drying the first coating layer on the substrate, applying a solution including a second water-soluble polymer from the group of polyanionic species, polycationic species and uncharged polymer species
NREL: Photovoltaics Research - Thin Film Photovoltaic Partnership Project
Thin Film Photovoltaic Partnership Project Thin Film Photovoltaic Partnership Project NREL's Thin Film Photovoltaic (PV) Partnership Project led R&D on emerging thin-film solar technologies in the United States from 1994 to 2009. The project made many advances in thin-film PV technologies that allowed the United States to attain world leadership in this area of solar technology. Three national R&D teams focused on thin-film semiconductor materials: amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) and its alloys. The Module Reliability Team and Environmental Health and Safety Team were crosscutting. The teams comprised researchers from the solar industry, academia, and NREL who focused their efforts on improving materials, devices, and manufacturing processes-all
Self-assembled molecular films incorporating a ligand
Functionalized monomers are presented which can be used in the fabrication of molecular films for controlling adhesion, detection of receptor-ligand binding and enzymatic reactions; new coatings for lithography; and for semiconductor materials. The monomers are a combination of a ligand, a linker, optionally including a polymerizable group, and a surface attachment group. The processes and an apparatus for making films from these monomers, as well as methods of using the films are also provided.
Bednarski, Mark D. (Berkeley, CA); Wilson, Troy E. (Berkeley, CA); Mastandra, Mark S. (Brookline, MA)
Water Resistant Soy Protein Films and Composites
Lignocellulosic-Based Carbon Fibers from Biofuel Production Wastes � Magnesium Sheets Produced by Extrusion � Magnetite Formation Observed with TEM on�...
Argonne CNM Highlight: Reverse Chemical Switching of a Ferroelectric Film
Reverse Chemical Switching of a Ferroelectric Film Reverse Chemical Switching of a Ferroelectric Film Reverse Chemmical Switching of a Ferroelectric Film Ferroelectric materials display a spontaneous electric polarization below the Curie temperature that can be reoriented, typically by applying an electric field. In this study, researchers from Argonne, Northern Illinois University, and The University of Pennsylvania have demonstrated that the chemical environment can control the polarization orientation in an ultrathin ferroelectric film. This is complementary to recent predictions that polarization can affect surface chemistry and illuminates potential applications in sublithographic patterning and electrically tunable catalysts. In situ synchrotron X-ray scattering measurements showed that high or low
Evaluation of Thin-film Interfacial Properties Using Indentation Test
A thin film's reliable question is depend on interfacial characterization, so evaluating interfacial characterization is the most important things in this test. So far�...
Ferroelectric Thin Film Capacitors to Enable a Miniaturized Smart L ...
The effects ultra-violet (UV)-assisted processing and compositional grading of BST capacitor thin films will be presented and the material property trade-offs for �...
Thin film techniques for solid oxide fuel cells
The same parabolic rate law of film growth was found [8], indicating that EVD of lanthanum chromite can also be controlled by solid state dif- fusion. ...
... over large surfaces. Such films are used in making solar energy panels and large flat-panel displays. The efficiency of the ...
Electron Beam Evaporator Systems for Thin Film Deposition
The Thin Film and Nanostructure Processing Group has two high-vacuum, electron beam evaporator systems for fabrication of single and multilayer ...
Stress Management: Revealing Defects in Thin Silicon Films
caused by the manufacturing process for strained-silicon films. Strained silicon is a new, rapidly developing material for building enhanced-performance silicon-based...
Daylighting Window Film Shows Potential to Significantly Reduce...
Daylighting Window Film Shows Potential to Significantly Reduce Lighting Energy Use in Buildings Outdoor view of the windows testbed facility. Indoor view showing how sunlight is...
Strain Relaxation and Vacancy Creation in Thin Platinum Films
Synchrotron based combined in situ x-ray diffractometry and reflectometry is used to investigate the role of vacancies for the relaxation of residual stress in thin metallic Pt films. From the experimentally determined relative changes of the lattice parameter a and of the film thickness L the modification of vacancy concentration and residual strain was derived as a function of annealing time at 130 deg. C. The results indicate that relaxation of strain resulting from compressive stress is accompanied by the creation of vacancies at the free film surface. This proves experimentally the postulated dominant role of vacancies for stress relaxation in thin metal films close to room temperature.
Gruber, W.; Chakravarty, S.; Schmidt, H. [Technische Universitaet Clausthal, Institut fuer Metallurgie, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (Germany); Baehtz, C. [Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Dresden (Germany); Leitenberger, W. [Universitaet Potsdam, Institut fuer Physik und Astronomie, Potsdam (Germany); Bruns, M. [Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie, Institute for Applied Materials, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany); Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie, Karlsruher Micro Nano Facility, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany); Kobler, A.; Kuebel, C. [Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie, Institute of Nanotechnology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany); Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie, Karlsruher Micro Nano Facility, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany)
Thin-Film Ferroelectric Materials for Decoupling and Tunable ...
Symposium, ACerS Richard M. Fulrath Award Symposium. Presentation Title, Thin-Film Ferroelectric Materials for Decoupling and Tunable Capacitors. Author( s)�...
Development of Polyimide/SMA Thin-Film Actuator
Symposium, Symposium I: Biomaterials, Smart Materials and Structures. Presentation Title, Development of Polyimide/SMA Thin-Film Actuator. Author(s), Akira�...
Integrated Technology of Decoupling BST Thin Film Capacitors
Jun 16, 2007 ... The integration technology of decoupling capacitors, which contain multi-layered Cu wiring and Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) thin film�...
How Thin Film Processing Can Contribute to Understanding the ...
Presentation Title, How Thin Film Processing Can Contribute to Understanding the Materials Science of the MAX Phases. Author(s), Per Eklund, Ulf Jansson,�...
Fabrication of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells via Thin Film Techniques
We decided to use thin film techniques to solve this problem. Among various methods of lowering the operation temperature for SOFCs, adopting bi-layer�...
Lessons Learned in Sputtering TiNi Thin Film
Experimental results have been published in journals and conference proceedings, but as yet TiNi thin film is not commercially available. The author and�...
AMORPHOUS THIN FILMS CONSISTING OF TERNARY MgZnCa ...
Jul 20, 2012 ... AMORPHOUS THIN FILMS CONSISTING OF TERNARY MgZnCa-ALLOYS by K. Schl�ter, C. Zamponi, U. Sch�rmann, N. Hort, L. Kienle, K.U.�...
Interface Adhesion and Coating Integrity of the Thin Film Au ...
Current scientific emphasis is on process development and optimization of thin film Au-interconnect metallization for the Bi2Te3-based TE module used for the�...
Development of Thin-Film Materials Technology for Energy Applications...
Development of Thin-Film Materials Technology for Energy Applications: High Temperature Superconductors, etc. Speaker(s): Ronald Reade Date: January 15, 2002 - 12:00pm Location:...
Textured and Epitaxial KNN Based Pb-Free Piezoelectric Films ...
To develop high-performance KNN-based piezoelectric films by clarifying the ... and Their Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage Applications.
Bi-based Piezoelectric Thin Films via Chemical Solution Deposition
BNT-BKT-BMgT thin films showed very promising piezoelectric response with ... Chemical Quantification of Oxide Interfaces Using Energy-dispersive X-ray�...
Flexible Dielectric Films that Incorporate Multi Walled Carbon ...
The composite materials were spin coated onto one side of flexible stainless steel substrates, and graphene and graphene with PMMA films were subsequently�...
Pulsed laser deposition of ITO thin films and their characteristics
The indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films are grown on quartz glass substrates by the pulsed laser deposition method. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of ITO films are studied as a function of the substrate temperature, the oxygen pressure in the vacuum chamber, and the Sn concentration in the target. The transmittance of grown ITO films in the visible spectral region exceeds 85%. The minimum value of resistivity 1.79 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4} {Omega} cm has been achieved in the ITO films with content of Sn 5 at %.
Zuev, D. A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Lotin, A. A.; Novodvorsky, O. A.; Lebedev, F. V.; Khramova, O. D. [Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute on Laser and Information Technologies (Russian Federation); Petuhov, I. A.; Putilin, Ph. N.; Shatohin, A. N.; Rumyanzeva, M. N.; Gaskov, A. M. [Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry (Russian Federation)
Layer-by-Layer Assembled Thin Films for Battery Electrolytes
Presentation Title, Layer-by-Layer Assembled Thin Films for Battery Electrolytes ... Abstract Scope, Exponential layer-by-layer (eLBL) assembled battery�...
Utilizing Nanoscale Interfacial Films to Tailor Battery and Other Ionic ...
Such nanoscale intergranular and surficial films can be utilized to engineer lithium-ion battery cathode and anode materials, as well as solid-state ionic�...
Nanoscale Interfacial Films in Battery and Ionic Materials
Presentation Title, Nanoscale Interfacial Films in Battery and Ionic Materials. Author(s), Jian Luo, Jiajia Huang, Mojtaba Samiee. On-Site Speaker (Planned)�...
Electro-synthesis of novel nanostructured PEDOT films and their ...
Apr 27, 2011 ... first report concerning the deposition of such nanos- tructured PEDOT films on Pt and its application as cat- alyst support for methanol oxidation.
Chemical vapor deposition of amorphous semiconductor films. Final subcontract report
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from higher order silanes has been studied for fabricating amorphous hydrogenated silicon thin-film solar cells. Intrinsic and doped a-Si:H films were deposited in a reduced-pressure, tubular-flow reactor, using disilane feed-gas. Conditions for depositing intrinsic films at growth rates up to 10 A/s were identified. Electrical and optical properties, including dark conductivity, photoconductivity, activation energy, optical absorption, band-gap and sub-band-gap absorption properties of CVD intrinsic material were characterized. Parameter space for depositing intrinsic and doped films, suitable for device analysis, was identified.
Rocheleau, R.E.
Electrocaloric devices based on thini-film heat switches
We describe a new approach to refrigeration and electrical generation that exploits the attractive properties of thin films of electrocaloric materials. Layers of electrocaloric material coupled with thin-film heat switches can work as either refrigerators or electrical generators, depending on the phasing of the applied voltages and heat switching. With heat switches based on thin layers of liquid crystals, the efficiency of these thin-film heat engines can be at least as high as that of current thermoelectric devices. Advanced heat switches would enable thin-film heat engines to outperform conventional vaporcompression devices.
Epstein, Richard I [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Malloy, Kevin J [UNM
Characteristics of Polymer Films Deposited via Microwave Plasma ...
Abstract Scope, Thin films were deposited on both Al and glass substrates at RT by MPECVD using benzene as precursor. Surface and physical properties of�...
Rapid, controllable growth of epitaxial silicon films - Energy ...
Many of the current industry cells in ... A method of producing epitaxial silicon films on a c-Si wafer substrate using hot wire chemical vapor ...
Thin film techniques for solid oxide fuel cells V.E.J. van Dieten and J. Schoonman Laboratory ... ticles stay in the hot temperature region can be ...
Heteroepitaxial Si Thin Films Deposited on Flexible Copper ...
Presentation Title, Heteroepitaxial Si Thin Films Deposited on Flexible Copper Substrates for Solar Photovoltaics. Author(s), Daniela Florentina Bogorin, Lee�...
Ferroelectricity in Fused Potassium Nitrate-Polymer Composite Films
The composite films of KNO3-PVA have been prepared by solvant cast technique and then fused over the brass substrate. The ferroelectric hysteresis loops�...
Thinner Film Silicon Solar Cells - Energy Innovation Portal
Technology Marketing Summary Berkeley Lab scientists have designed a new approach to create thin film silicon solar cells with a potential increase in ...
Single-Crystalline Thin Film Used in Photovoltaics
Single-crystalline thin films are made from gallium arsenide (GaAs), a compound semiconductor that is a mixture of gallium and arsenic.
Dimethyl methylphosphonate Decomposition on fully Oxidized and Partially Reduced ceria Thin Films
The thermal decomposition of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) on crystalline ceria thin films grown on Ru(0 0 0 1) was studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared absorption reflection spectroscopy (IRAS). TPD experiments show that methanol and formaldehyde desorb as the two main products at 575 K, while water, formaldehyde and CO are produced above 800 K. IRAS studies demonstrate that DMMP adsorbs via the phosphoryl oxygen at 200 K, but the P{double_bond}O bond converts to a bridging O{single_bond}P{single_bond}O species at 300 K. DMMP decomposition initially occurs via P{_}OCH{sub 3} bond scission to form methyl methylphosphonate (MMP) and methyl phosphonate (MP) between 300 and 500 K; XPS and IRAS data are consistent with a methoxy intermediate on the surface at these temperatures. The more stable P{_}CH{sub 3} bonds remain intact up to 700 K, and the only surface intermediate at higher temperatures is believed to be PO{sub x}. Although the presence of PO{sub x} decreases activity for DMMP decomposition, some activity on the ceria surface remains even after 7 cycles of adsorption and reaction. The ceria films become reduced by multiple DMMP adsorption-reaction cycles, with the Ce{sup +4} content dropping to 30% after seven cycles. Investigations of DMMP reaction on reduced ceria surfaces show that CO and H{sub 2} are produced in addition to methanol and formaldehyde. Furthermore, DMMP decomposition activity on the reduced ceria films is almost completely inhibited after only 3 adsorption-reaction cycles. Similarities between DMMP and methanol chemistry on the ceria films suggest that methoxy is a key surface intermediate in both reactions.
Chen, D.; Ratliff, J; Hu, X; Gordon, W; Senanayake, S; Mullins, D
Preparation of thin films by ablation with ANACONDA ion beam generator
Thin films of silicon carbide are produced by using the technology of ion beam evaporation. Various analytical methods are used to analyze film thickness, film composition and crystallization for samples obtained with different target-substrate distances.
Yatsui, K.; Jiang, W. [Nagaoka Univ. of Technology (Japan). Lab. of Beam Technology; Davis, H.A.; Olson, J.C.; Waganaar, W.J.; Rej, D. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States)
On the manufacture of very thin elastomeric films by spin-coating
I present a process for manufacturing poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films of thicknesses down to 50 microns. PDMS films are currently fabricated by spin-coating the polymer on a wafer and then manually peeling the film after ...
Krishnan, Sriram, 1978 May-
The Role of the Tear-Film Lipid Layer in Tear Dynamics and in Dry Eye
after application of a 2.5-�m MOx/BSM duplex-oil film in anand after application of MOx/BSM films of varying thicknessin-vitro duplex films of MOx/BSM in the miniature Langmuir
Cerretani, Colin
Stress and resistivity analysis of electrodeposited gold films for MEMS application
Electroplated gold films have attracted much attention in recent years because of its desirable properties for microsystems applications such as resistance to oxidation, low electrical resistance, overall chemical inertness and low processing temperature. ... Keywords: Gold films, Grain growth, Thin films
Subhadeep Kal; A. Bagolini; B. Margesin; M. Zen
Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production
#12;Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward
Narasayya, Vivek
Final Technical Progress Report: High-Efficiency Low-Cost Thin-Film GaAs Photovoltaic Module Development Program; July 14, 2010 - January 13, 2012
This is the final technical progress report of the High-Efficiency Low-Cost Thin-Film GaAs Photovoltaic Module Development Program. Alta Devices has successfully completed all milestones and deliverables established as part of the NREL PV incubator program. During the 18 months of this program, Alta has proven all key processes required to commercialize its solar module product. The incubator focus was on back end process steps directed at conversion of Alta's high quality solar film into high efficiency 1-sun PV modules. This report describes all program deliverables and the work behind each accomplishment.
Mattos, L.
Hot-Wire Deposition of Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline SiGe Films for Thin-Film Si Based Solar Cells
Hot-Wire Deposition of Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline SiGe Films for Thin-Film Si Based Solar Cells bandgap absorber in an a-Si/a-SiGe/nc-SiGe(nc- Si) triple-junction solar cell due to its higher optical investigations of nc-SiGe:H thin films made by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) with a coil
Deng, Xunming
Process R&D for CIS-Based Thin-Film PV: Annual Technical Report, January 2003--January 2004
This subcontract report describes Shell Solar Industries' outstanding progress in the initial commercialization of high-performance thin-film CIS technology. Cumulative production for 2002 exceeded 1 MW-about twice the production rate for 2001. SSI 2003 capacity was about 3 MW per year, whereas production for 2003 was just over 1.2 MW per year. Introducing the new product accounts for the main difference between production and capacity. Average laminate efficiency for 2003 was 11.0% with a full width of only 11% of the average. This distribution is nominally the same as the distribution for 2002, but with an about 33% increase in production volume. Line yield increased from about 60% in 2000 to about 85% in 2002. Maintenance of this high line yield was demonstrated during 2003. Process R&D during this and previous subcontract periods, both at SSI and in collaboration with NREL teams, has demonstrated the potential for further cost performance improvements: minimization of transients, increased efficiency, and improved packaging. Long-term outdoor stability has been demonstrated at NREL where {approx}30 x 30 cm and {approx} 30 x 120 cm modules with multiple prototype package designs have undergone testing for over 14 years. Field failure mechanisms related to particular package designs and errors during production have been clearly identified. Additional circuit plate or packaging process variables may have affected durability during particular production timeframes; when losses have been observed, the losses correlated with date of deployment or prototype module configuration. Prototype glass/glass packages for individual 40-W circuit plates have passed accelerated tests, including the damp-heat test. This package incorporates an edge seal developed in collaboration with the National Thin-Film PV Module Reliability Team. Developing and testing of 40-W glass/glass packages is being extended to a new 80-W product made using two nominally 40-W circuit plates laminated to a common front sheet.
Tarrant, D. E.; Gay R. R.
Influence of the film properties on the plasma etching dynamics of rf-sputtered indium zinc oxide layers
The etching characteristics of indium zinc oxide (IZO) films were investigated using a high-density plasma in Ar, Ar/Cl{sub 2}, and Ar/CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2} chemistries. The IZO layers were deposited by means of rf magnetron sputtering, in which the target composition and growth temperature were varied to selectively tune the film properties. X-ray diffraction, elastic recoil detection, and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy were used to determine the crystallization quality, atomic density, and composition of the as-deposited IZO films. As the In/(In+Zn) composition ratio in the IZO layer increases, the etch yield in Ar and Ar/Cl{sub 2} plasmas remains fairly constant, indicating that the etching dynamic is essentially independent of the film properties. In sharp contrast, a strong increase of the IZO etch yield with the In/(In+Zn) fraction is observed in Ar/CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2} plasma due to the preferential desorption of the group-III etch products. By comparing these experimental data to the predictions of a simple rate model accounting for preferential desorption effects, it is concluded that the balance between etching and polymer deposition in the Ar/CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2} plasma plays an important role in the evolution of the IZO etch rate with the In concentration fraction.
Stafford, L.; Lim, W. T.; Pearton, S. J.; Chicoine, M.; Gujrathi, S.; Schiettekatte, F.; Park, Jae-Soung; Song, Ju-Il; Heo, Young-Woo; Lee, Joon-Hyung; Kim, Jeong-Joo; Kravchenko, I. I. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States); Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 (Canada); Department of Inorganic Materials Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701 (Korea, Republic of); Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States)
Low Cost Production of InGaN for Next-Generation Photovoltaic Devices
The goal of this project is to develop a low-cost and low-energy technology for production of photovoltaic devices based on InGaN materials. This project builds on the ongoing development by Structured Materials Industries (SMI), of novel thin film deposition technology for Group III-Nitride materials, which is capable of depositing Group-III nitride materials at significantly lower costs and significantly lower energy usage compared to conventional deposition techniques. During this project, SMI demonstrated deposition of GaN and InGaN films using metalorganic sources, and demonstrated compatibility of the process with standard substrate materials and hardware components.
Nick M. Sbrockey, Shangzhu Sun, Gary S. Tompa,
A Hyper-Elastic Thin Film Nitinol Flow Diverter for Brain Aneurysms
The thin film Nitinol is sputter deposited with transformation temperatures at or near body temperature (37C). The thin film Nitinol is micromachined using a lift off�...
Flow fields and heat transfer of liquid falling film on horizontal cylinders.
??A liquid film flowing over horizontal cylinders is of great importance as a high rate of heat transfer exists between the falling liquid film and� (more)
Jafar, Farial A
Cinema and Architecture: Designing for the Puerto Rico International Film Festival.
??Reality and Fiction collide, opposites interact and the local film culture is enhanced with the design of a home for the Puerto Rico International Film� (more)
Fuentes-Figueroa, Merian Lorie
Ultrafast thin-film laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of doped...
Ultrafast thin-film laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of doped oxides Title Ultrafast thin-film laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of doped oxides Publication Type Journal...
and Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries, B. B. Owens and1 Soci ety FILM FORMATION ON LITHIUM IN PROPYLENE CARBONATECalifornia. Film Formation on Lithium 1n Propylene Carbonate
Geronov, Y.
Casthouse Productivity and Safety
Feb 28, 2011 ... Cast Shop for Aluminum Production: Casthouse Productivity and ... performance indicator called Specific Energy Consumption [SEC] ... Improved Monolithic Materials for Lining Aluminum Holding and Melting Furnaces: Andy�...
Bio-Based Products
Almost all of the products we currently make from fossil fuels can also be made from biomass. These bioproducts, or bio-based products, are not only made from renewable sources, but they also often...
The Product Creation Process
The Product Creation Process is described in its context. A phased model is shown, as many organisations use such a model as blueprint. The operational organisation of the product creation process is discussed, especially the role of the operational leader.
Gerrit Muller
Industrial Oil Products Division
A forum for professionals involved in research, development, engineering, marketing, and testing of industrial products and co-products from fats and oils, including fuels, lubricants, coatings, polymers, paints, inks, cosmetics, dielectric fluids, and ad
MODIS Land Product Subsets
Validation > MODIS Land Subsets Validation > MODIS Land Subsets MODIS Land Product Subsets Overview Earth, Western Hemisphere The goal of the MODIS Land Product Subsets project is to provide summaries of selected MODIS Land Products for the community to use for validation of models and remote-sensing products and to characterize field sites. Output files contain pixel values of MODIS land products in text format and in GeoTIFF format. In addition, data visualizations (time series plots and grids showing single composite periods) are available. MODIS Land Product Subsets Resources The following MODIS Land Product Subsets resources are maintained by the ORNL DAAC: MODIS Land Products Offered Background Citation Policy Methods and formats MODIS Sinusoidal Grid - Google Earth KMZ Classroom Exercises
FCT Hydrogen Production: Basics
Basics to someone by E-mail Basics to someone by E-mail Share FCT Hydrogen Production: Basics on Facebook Tweet about FCT Hydrogen Production: Basics on Twitter Bookmark FCT Hydrogen Production: Basics on Google Bookmark FCT Hydrogen Production: Basics on Delicious Rank FCT Hydrogen Production: Basics on Digg Find More places to share FCT Hydrogen Production: Basics on AddThis.com... Home Basics Central Versus Distributed Production Current Technology R&D Activities Quick Links Hydrogen Delivery Hydrogen Storage Fuel Cells Technology Validation Manufacturing Codes & Standards Education Systems Analysis Contacts Basics Photo of hydrogen production in photobioreactor Hydrogen, chemical symbol "H", is the simplest element on earth. An atom of hydrogen has only one proton and one electron. Hydrogen gas is a diatomic
MODIS ASCII Subset Products - FTP Access MODIS ASCII Subset Products - FTP Access All of the MODIS ASCII Subsets are available from the ORNL DAAC's ftp site. The directory structure of the ftp site is based on the abbreviated names for the MODIS Products. Terra MODIS products are abbreviated "MOD", Aqua MODIS products are abbreviated "MYD" and combined Terra and Aqua MODIS products are abbreviated "MCD". The abbreviated names also include the version number (also known as collection). For specific products, please refer to the following table: Product Acronym Spatial Resolution Temporal Frequency Terra V005 SIN Aqua V005 SIN Terra/Aqua Combined V005 SIN Surface Reflectance SREF 500 m 8 day composites MOD09A1 MYD09A1 ---------- Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity TEMP 1 km 8 day composites MOD11A2 MYD11A2 ----------
Functional requirements for component films in a solar thin-film photovoltaic/thermal panel
The functional requirements of the component films of a solar thin-film photovoltaic/thermal panel were considered. Particular emphasis was placed on the new functions, that each layer is required to perform, in addition to their pre-existing functions. The cut-off wavelength of the window layer, required for solar selectivity, can be achieved with charge carrier concentrations typical of photovoltaic devices, and thus does not compromise electrical efficiency. The upper (semiconductor) absorber layer has a sufficiently high thermal conductivity that there is negligible temperature difference across the film, and thus negligible loss in thermal performance. The lower (cermet) absorber layer can be fabricated with a high ceramic content, to maintain high solar selectivity, without significant increase in electrical resistance. A thin layer of molybdenum-based cermet at the top of this layer can provide an Ohmic contact to the upper absorber layer. A layer of aluminium nitride between the metal substrate and the back metal contact can provide electrical isolation to avoid short-circuiting of series-connected cells, while maintaining a thermal path to the metal substrate and heat extraction systems. Potential problems of differential contraction of heated films and substrates were identified, with a recommendation that fabrication processes, which avoid heating, are preferable. (author)
Johnston, David [Power and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST (United Kingdom)
Topic: Product Data
Topic: Product Data. Event. Model-Based Enterprise Summit. TDP Standards Development Summit. Group. Life Cycle Engineering Group. ...
% Sawnwood 13% Panels 9% RW & primary 5% Windows & doors 5% Pulp & paper 5% DIY products 6% Trade & retailers
Seamless Steel Tubular Products
...). The tank also contained the search units.Fig. 6 Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubular products were
MSID Products, Tools, & Services
SID Products, Tools, & Services. XML Testbed - collection of XML-Related Tools; Express Engine - STEP (ISO 10303) development ...
IEEE 1588 Products & Implementations
... Facsimile. 100 Bureau Drive, M/S 8220 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8220. IEEE 1588 Products & Implementations. This page ...
Table 3. Product Applications
of all hazardous metals, low -level radioactive waste, fission products and transuranics � Macroencapsulation of contaminated debris, metal and ...
Soy Protein Products
This book will provide an overview of the key benefits of soy protein products in an easily understood format. ...
Strangeness Production at COSY
The paper gives an overview of strangeness-production experiments at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY. Results on kaon-pair and phi meson production in pp, pd and dd collisions, hyperon-production experiments and Lambda p final-state interaction studies are presented.
Frank Hinterberger; Hartmut Machner; Regina Siudak
Coal production 1989
Coal Production 1989 provides comprehensive information about US coal production, the number of mines, prices, productivity, employment, reserves, and stocks to a wide audience including Congress, federal and state agencies, the coal industry, and the general public. 7 figs., 43 tabs.
Gas permeability measurements for film envelope materials
Method and apparatus for measuring the permeability of polymer film materials such as used in super-insulation powder-filled evacuated panels (PEPs) reduce the time required for testing from several years to weeks or months. The method involves substitution of a solid non-outgassing body having a free volume of between 0% and 25% of its total volume for the usual powder in the PEP to control the free volume of the "body-filled panel". Pressure versus time data for the test piece permit extrapolation to obtain long term performance of the candidate materials.
Ludtka, Gerard M. (Oak Ridge, TN); Kollie, Thomas G. (Oak Ridge, TN); Watkin, David C. (Clinton, TN); Walton, David G. (Knoxville, TN)
Thin film photovoltaic device with multilayer substrate
A thin film photovoltaic device which utilizes at least one compound semiconductor layer chosen from Groups IIB and VA of the Periodic Table is formed on a multilayer substrate The substrate includes a lowermost support layer on which all of the other layers of the device are formed. Additionally, an uppermost carbide or silicon layer is adjacent to the semiconductor layer. Below the carbide or silicon layer is a metal layer of high conductivity and expansion coefficient equal to or slightly greater than that of the semiconductor layer.
Catalano, Anthony W. (Rushland, PA); Bhushan, Manjul (Wilmington, DE)
Radiation Damage in Nanostructured Metallic Films
High energy neutron and charged particle radiation cause microstructural and mechanical degradation in structural metals and alloys, such as phase segregation, void swelling, embrittlement and creep. Radiation induced damages typically limit nuclear materials to a lifetime of about 40 years. Next generation nuclear reactors require materials that can sustain over 60 - 80 years. Therefore it is of great significance to explore new materials with better radiation resistance, to design metals with favorable microstructures and to investigate their response to radiation. The goals of this thesis are to study the radiation responses of several nanostructured metallic thin film systems, including Ag/Ni multilayers, nanotwinned Ag and nanocrystalline Fe. Such systems obtain high volume fraction of boundaries, which are considered sinks to radiation induced defects. From the viewpoint of nanomechanics, it is of interest to investigate the plastic deformation mechanisms of nanostructured films, which typically show strong size dependence. By controlling the feature size (layer thickness, twin spacing and grain size), it is applicable to picture a deformation mechanism map which also provides prerequisite information for subsequent radiation hardening study. And from the viewpoint of radiation effects, it is of interest to explore the fundamentals of radiation response, to examine the microstructural and mechanical variations of irradiated nanometals and to enrich the design database. More importantly, with the assistance of in situ techniques, it is appealing to examine the defect generation, evolution, annihilation, absorption and interaction with internal interfaces (layer interfaces, twin boundaries and grain boundaries). Moreover, well-designed nanostructures can also verify the speculation that radiation induced defect density and hardening show clear size dependence. The focus of this thesis lies in the radiation response of Ag/Ni multilayers and nanotwinned Ag subjected to charged particles. The radiation effects in irradiated nanograined Fe are also investigated for comparison. Radiation responses in these nanostructured metallic films suggest that immiscible incoherent Ag/Ni multilayers are more resistant to radiation in comparison to their monolithic counterparts. Their mechanical properties and radiation response show strong layer thickness dependence in terms of radiation hardening and defect density. Coherent twin boundaries can interact with stacking fault tetrahedral and remove them effectively. Twin boundaries can actively absorb radiation induced defects and defect clusters resulting in boundary migration. Size dependence is also found in nanograins where fewer defects exhibit in films with smaller grains.
Yu, Kaiyuan
Articles including thin film monolayers and multilayers
This invention pertains to thin film assemblies or devices useful as sensors, nonlinear optical materials, and trace material scavengers. It claims a base substrate having an oxide surface layer, and a multidentate ligand, capable of binding a metal ion, attached to the oxide surface layer of the base substrate. A metal species may be provided attached to the ligand, and a multifunctional organic ligand may be provided attached to the metal species. A second metal species may be provided attached to the multifunctional ligand.
Li, DeQuan; Swanson, B.I.
Sol-gel derived ceramic electrolyte films on porous substrates
A process for the deposition of sol-gel derived thin films on porous substrates has been developed; such films should be useful for solid oxide fuel cells and related applications. Yttria-stabilized zirconia films have been formed from metal alkoxide starting solutions. Dense films have been deposited on metal substrates and ceramic substrates, both dense and porous, through dip-coating and spin-coating techniques, followed by a heat treatment in air. X-ray diffraction has been used to determine the crystalline phases formed and the extent of reactions with various substrates which may be encountered in gas/gas devices. Surface coatings have been successfully applied to porous substrates through the control of substrate pore size and deposition parameters. Wetting of the substrate pores by the coating solution is discussed, and conditions are defined for which films can be deposited over the pores without filling the interiors of the pores. Shrinkage cracking was encountered in films thicker than a critical value, which depended on the sol-gel process parameters and on the substrate characteristics. Local discontinuities were also observed in films which were thinner than a critical value which depended on the substrate pore size. A theoretical discussion of cracking mechanisms is presented for both types of cracking, and the conditions necessary for successful thin formation are defined. The applicability of these film gas/gas devices is discussed.
Kueper, T.W.
Long-laser-pulse method of producing thin films
The invention described herein arose in the course of, or under, Contract No. DE-C03-76SF0098 between the United States Department of Energy and the University of California. This invention relates in general to techniques for producing thin films, and in particular to a method of using pulsed laser to deposit high temperature supercoducting thin films. 5 figs.
Balooch, M.; Olander, D.R.; Russo, R.E.
Organic thin film transistors with double insulator layers
We have investigated a double-layer structured gate dielectric for the organic thin films transistor (OTFT) with the purpose of improving the performance of the SiO"2 gate insulator. A 50nm PMMA layer was coated on top of the SiO"2 gate insulator as ... Keywords: Mobility, On/off ratio, Organic thin film transistor, PMMA
X. Liu; Y. Bai; L. Chen; F. X. Wei; X. B. Zhang; X. Y. Jiang; Zh. L. Zhang
Method to synthesize and produce thin films by spray pyrolysis
Forming a film by spraying onto a heated substrate an atomized solution containing the appropriate salt of a constituent element of the film and a highly soluble (i.e., greater than 1 M) organic acid in sufficient amount to reduce the oxidation state of at least one solute element of the spray solution after contacting the heated substrate.
Squillante, Michael R. (Waltham, MA)
Amorphous hafnium-indium-zinc oxide semiconductor thin film transistors
We reported on the performance and electrical properties of co-sputtering-processed amorphous hafnium-indium-zinc oxide (?-HfIZO) thin film transistors (TFTs). Co-sputtering-processed ?-HfIZO thin films have shown an amorphous phase in nature. ...
Sheng-Po Chang; San-Syong Shih
Characterization of polysilicon thin films for MEMS applications
The microstructure of thin polycrystalline films formed by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Beneficial compressive residual stress was introduced by cavitation impacts. Surface morphology was characterized ... Keywords: defects, gavitation, molecular beam epitaxy, polysilicon film, transmission electron microscopy
Dan O. Macodiyo; Hitoshi Soyama; Kazuo Hayashi
A rotating suspended liquid film as an electric generator
We have observed that a rotating liquid film generates electricity when a large external electric field is applied in the plane of the film. In our experiment suspended liquid film (soap film) is formed on a circular frame positioned horizontally on a rotating motor. This devise is located at the center of two capacitor-like vertical plates to apply external electric field in X-direction.The produced electric energy is piked up by two brushes in Y-direction of the suspended liquid film. We previously reported that a liquid film in an external electric field rotates when an electric current passes through it, naming it the liquid film motor (LFM). In this letter we report that the same system can be used as an electric generator, converting the rotating mechanical energy to an electric energy. The liquid film electric generator (LFEG) is in stark contrast to the LFM, both of which could be designed in very small scales like micro scales applicable in lab on a chip. The device is comparable to commercial DC ele...
Amjadi, Ahmad; Namin, Reza Montazeri
Thermal Sensor Arrays for The Combinatorial Analysis of Thin Films
Thermal Sensor Arrays for The Combinatorial Analysis of Thin Films A dissertation presented Advisor Author Joost J. Vlassak Patrick J. McCluskey Thermal Sensor Arrays for The Combinatorial Analysis analysis of the thermophysical properties of thin films. The continuous growth of integrated circuits
Aerodynamic performance measurements of a film-cooled turbine stage
The goal of this research is to measure the aerodynamic performance of a film-cooled turbine stage and to quantify the loss caused by film-cooling. A secondary goal of the research is to provide a detailed breakdown of the ...
Keogh, Rory (Rory Colm), 1968-
Cognitive science in popular film: the Cognitive Science Movie Index
Cognitive science in popular film: the Cognitive Science Movie Index Benjamin Motz Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington of films depict- ing themes in cognitive science and the potential power of popular cinema for outreach
Indiana University
A survey of thin-film solar photovoltaic industry & technologies
A new type of solar cell technology using so-called thin-film solar photovoltaic material has the potential to make a great impact on our lives. Because it uses very little or no silicon at all, thin- film (TF) solar ...
Grama, Sorin
Forming a film by spraying onto a heated substrate an atomized solution containing the appropriate salt of a constituent element of the film and a reducing agent at a concentration greater than 1 M and greater than 10 times the stoichiometric amount of reducing agent.
Turcotte, Richard L. (Malden, MA)
Environmental and health aspects of copper-indium-diselenide thin-film photovoltaic modules
Copper-indium-diselenide (CIS) is a semiconductor compound that can be used to produce thin-film photovoltaic modules. There is on-going research being conducted by various federal agencies and private industries to demonstrate the commercial viability of this material. Because this is a new technology, and because scant information about the health and environmental hazards associated with the use of this material is available, studies have been initiated to characterize the environmental mobility and environmental toxicology of this compound. The objective of these studies is to identify the environmental and health hazards associated with the production, use, and disposal of CIS thin-film photovoltaic modules. The program includes both experimental and theoretical components. Theoretical studies are being undertaken to estimate material flows through the environment for a range of production options as well as use and disposal scenarios. The experimental programs characterize the physical, chemical e.g. leachability and biological parameters e.g. EC{sub 50} in daphnia and algae, and feeding studies in rats.
Steinberger, H. [Fraunhofer Inst. for Solid State Technology, Munich (Germany); Thumm, W.; Freitag, R. [GSF-Inst. of Ecological Chemistry, Oberschleissheim (Germany); Moskowitz, P.D. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States); Chapin, R. [National Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States)
Development of Commercial Technology for Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells on Glass: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-07-209
NREL has conducted basic research relating to high efficiency, low cost, thin film silicon solar cell design and the method of making solar cells. Two patents have been issued to NREL in the above field. In addition, specific process and metrology tools have been developed by NREL. Applied Optical Sciences Corp. (AOS) has expertise in the manufacture of solar cells and has developed its own unique concentrator technology. AOS wants to complement its solar cell expertise and its concentrator technology by manufacturing flat panel thin film silicon solar cell panels. AOS wants to take NREL's research to the next level, using it to develop commercially viable flat pane, thin film silicon solar cell panels. Such a development in equipment, process, and metrology will likely produce the lowest cost solar cell technology for both commercial and residential use. NREL's fundamental research capability and AOS's technology and industrial background are complementary to achieve this product development.
Sopori, B.
Preparation of cuxinygazsen (X=0-2, Y=0-2, Z=0-2, N=0-3) precursor films by electrodeposition for fabricating high efficiency solar cells
Bhattacharya, Raghu N. (Littleton, CO); Contreras, Miguel A. (Golden, CO); Keane, James (Lakewood, CO); Tennant, Andrew L. (Denver, CO); Tuttle, John R. (Denver, CO); Ramanathan, Kannan (Lakewood, CO); Noufi, Rommel (Golden, CO)
Mirror Film Company Has 'Concentrated' Plans for Expansion | Department of
Mirror Film Company Has 'Concentrated' Plans for Expansion Mirror Film Company Has 'Concentrated' Plans for Expansion Mirror Film Company Has 'Concentrated' Plans for Expansion September 10, 2010 - 1:19pm Addthis Lorelei Laird Writer, Energy Empowers In concentrating solar power, glass is king-but it's fighting to hold on to its crown. The reflectivity of glass mirrors makes them a great choice for focusing sunlight onto a heat generator. However, the glass mirrors can be expensive and heavy -- reducing their ability to compete with conventional energy sources. ReflecTech Inc. has an option: a silvered polymer-based film that does the same job, but with half the weight and cost. Using that film, the company can make 100,000 square feet of mirror panels per year at its factory in Arvada, Colo. Through an Advanced Manufacturing 48C tax credit through the Recovery Act,
Parabolic-Dish Solar Concentrators of Film on Foam
Parabolic and spherical mirrors are constructed of aluminized PET polyester film on urethane foam. During construction, the chosen shape of the mirror is created by manipulating the elastic/plastic behavior of the film with air pressure. Foam is then applied to the film and, once hardened, air pressure is removed. At an f-number of 0.68, preliminary models have an optical angular spread of less than 0.25 degrees, a factor of 3.3 smaller than that for a perfectly spherical mirror. The possibility exists for creating large-lightweight mirrors with excellent shape and stiffness. These "film-on-foam" construction techniques may also be applicable to parabolic-trough solar concentrators but do not appear to be suitable for optical imaging applications because of irregularities in the film.
Barton, Sean A
Conductive layer for biaxially oriented semiconductor film growth
A conductive layer for biaxially oriented semiconductor film growth and a thin film semiconductor structure such as, for example, a photodetector, a photovoltaic cell, or a light emitting diode (LED) that includes a crystallographically oriented semiconducting film disposed on the conductive layer. The thin film semiconductor structure includes: a substrate; a first electrode deposited on the substrate; and a semiconducting layer epitaxially deposited on the first electrode. The first electrode includes a template layer deposited on the substrate and a buffer layer epitaxially deposited on the template layer. The template layer includes a first metal nitride that is electrically conductive and has a rock salt crystal structure, and the buffer layer includes a second metal nitride that is electrically conductive. The semiconducting layer is epitaxially deposited on the buffer layer. A method of making such a thin film semiconductor structure is also described.
Findikoglu, Alp T. (Los Alamos, NM); Matias, Vladimir (Santa Fe, NM)
Pulsed laser processing of high temperature superconducting thin films
Systematic studies of the effects of pulsed laser deposition processing parameters on plume dynamics and resultant film properties have been performed. Plume angular distributions, cos{sup m}({theta}), were observed to be variable between 1 > m > 10 depending on laser energy density and spot size. Under optimized conditions, epitaxial, superconducting thin films could be grown in-situ on a variety of single-crystal substrates. High quality, 200 nm thick films were obtained at deposition rates approaching 15 nm/sec. Additionally, the patterning of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-x} thin films has been achieved by a process which combines thermal oxygen diffusion and laser annealing. This process is performed under relatively mild conditions which allows the structural integrity of the films to be preserved. 9 refs., 6 figs.
Muenchausen, R.E.; Dye, R.C.; Estler, R.C.; Foltyn, S.; Garcia, A.R.; Hubbard, K.M.; Nogar, N.S.; Wu, X.D. (Los Alamos National Lab., NM (USA)); Carim, A.; Mukherjee, A.; Brueck, S.R.J. (New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM (USA))
Radiation tolerance of ultra-thin Formvar films
Mechanical behavior of free-standing polymer films with submicron thicknesses exposed to a radiation environment is poorly understood. Here, we study 110-nm-thin free-standing polyvinyl formal (Formvar) films irradiated at room temperature with 1-5 keV electrons or 3 MeV alpha particles. We measure mechanical properties and the elemental composition by spherical indentation and high-energy ion scattering, respectively. Results show that, with increasing radiation dose, the effective failure strain and film thickness decrease monotonically, while the dose dependence of the Young's modulus is non-monotonic. The failure strain and modulus scale with the average energy deposited in the film, while the film thickness exhibits a more complex behavior.
Stadermann, M.; Kucheyev, S. O.; Lewicki, J.; Letts, S. A. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551 (United States)
Properties of vacuum arc deposited amorphous hard carbon films
Amorphous hard carbon films formed by vacuum arc deposition are hydrogen-free, dense, and very hard. The properties of amorphous hard carbon films depend strongly on the energy of the incident ions. A technique which is called Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation can be applied to vacuum arc deposition of amorphous hard carbon films to influence the ion energy. The authors have studied the influence of the ion energy on the elastic modulus determined by an ultrasonic method, and have measured the optical gap for films with the highest sp{sup 3} content they have obtained so far with this deposition technique. The results show an elastic modulus close to that of diamond, and an optical gap of 2.1 eV which is much greater than for amorphous hard carbon films deposited by other techniques.
Anders, S.; Anders, A.; Raoux, S. [Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)] [and others
Heat treatment of cathodic arc deposited amorphous hard carbon films
Amorphous hard carbon films of varying sp{sup 2}/sp{sup 3} fractions have been deposited on Si using filtered cathodic are deposition with pulsed biasing. The films were heat treated in air up to 550 C. Raman investigation and nanoindentation were performed to study the modification of the films caused by the heat treatment. It was found that films containing a high sp{sup 3} fraction sustain their hardness for temperatures at least up to 400 C, their structure for temperatures up to 500 C, and show a low thickness loss during heat treatment. Films containing at low sp{sup 3} fraction graphitize during the heat treatment, show changes in structure and hardness, and a considerable thickness loss.
Anders, S.; Ager, J.W. III; Brown, I.G. [and others
Processing and characterization of high porosity aerogel films
Aerogels are highly porous solids having unique morphology among materials because both the pores and particles making up the material have sizes less than wavelengths of visible light. Such a unique morphology modifies the normal molecular transport mechanisms within the material, resulting in exceptional thermal, acoustical, mechanical, and electrical properties. For example, aerogels have the lowest measured thermal conductivity and dielectric constant for any solid material. Special methods are required to make aerogel films with high porosity. In this paper, we discuss the special conditions needed to fabricate aerogel films having porosities greater than 75% and we describe methods of processing inorganic aerogel films having controllable thicknesses in the range 0.5 to 200 micrometers. We report methods and results of characterizing the films including thickness, refractive index, density (porosity), and dielectric constant. We also discuss results of metallization and patterning on the aerogel films for applications involving microminiature electronics and thermal detectors.
Hrubesh, L.W.; Poco, J.F.
Method for making surfactant-templated thin films
An evaporation-induced self-assembly method to prepare a porous, surfactant-templated, thin film by mixing a silica sol, a solvent, a surfactant, and an interstitial compound, evaporating a portion of the solvent to form a liquid, crystalline thin film mesophase material, and then removal of the surfactant template. Coating onto a substrate produces a thin film with the interstitial compound either covalently bonded to the internal surfaces of the ordered or disordered mesostructure framework or physically entrapped within the ordered or disordered mesostructured framework. Particles can be formed by aerosol processing or spray drying rather than coating onto a substrate. The selection of the interstitial compound provides a means for developing thin films for applications including membranes, sensors, low dielectric constant films, photonic materials and optical hosts.
Brinker, C. Jeffrey (Albuquerque, NM); Lu, Yunfeng (New Orleans, LA); Fan, Hong You (Albuquerque, NM)
Brinker, C. Jeffrey (Albuquerque, NM); Lu, Yunfeng (San Jose, CA); Fan, Hongyou (Albuquerque, NM)
Companding technique for high dynamic range measurements using Gafchromic films
Purpose: To introduce a methodology to perform dose measurements using Gafchromic films which can span several decades of dose levels. Methods: The technique is based on a rescaling approach using different films irradiated at different dose levels. This is combined with a registration protocol correcting positioning and scaling factors for each film. The methodology is validated using TLD's for out-of-field doses. Furthermore, two examples are provided using the technique to characterize small sized radiosurgery cones and compared with measurements made with a pinpoint chamber. Results: Excellent agreement with TLD, planning systems and measurement was found. The superior resolution of the film technique was apparent. Conclusions: The authors have introduced a new technique allowing users to quantify very low doses in conjunction with commissioning measurements. The use of film also provides 2D information on beam characteristics in high resolution measurements.
Van den Heuvel, Frank; Crijns, Wouter; Defraene, Gilles [Department of Experimental Radiotherapy, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium B-3000 (Belgium)
Spectroscopic Analysis of Impurity Precipitates in CdS Films
Impurities in cadmium sulfide (CdS) films are a concern in the fabrication of copper (indium, gallium) diselenide (CIGS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic devices. Devices incorporating chemical-bath-deposited (CBD) CdS are comparable in quality to devices incorporating purer CdS films grown using vacuum deposition techniques, despite the higher impurity concentrations typically observed in the CBD CdS films. In this paper, we summarize and review the results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Auger, electron microprobe, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analyses of the impurities in CBD CdS films. We show that these impurities differ as a function of substrate type and film deposition conditions. We also show that some of these impurities exist as 10{sup 2} micron-scale precipitates.
Webb, J. D.; Keane, J.; Ribelin, R.; Gedvilas, L.; Swartzlander, A.; Ramanathan, K.; Albin, D. S.; Noufi, R.
Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells and modules
This paper describes the recent technological advances in polycrystalline thin-film solar cells and modules. Three thin film materials, namely, cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium diselenide (CuInSe{sub 2}, CIS) and silicon films (Si-films) have made substantial technical progress, both in device and module performance. Early stability results for modules tested outdoors by various groups worldwide are also encouraging. The major global players actively involved in the development of the these technologies are discussed. Technical issues related to these materials are elucidated. Three 20-kW polycrystalline thin-film demonstration photovoltaic (PV) systems are expected to be installed in Davis, CA in 1992 as part of the Photovoltaics for Utility-Scale Applications (PVUSA) project. This is a joint project between the US Department of Energy (DOE), Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), California Energy Commission (CEC), and a utility consortium.
Ullal, H.S.; Stone, J.L.; Zweibel, K.; Surek, T.; Mitchell, R.L.
This paper describes the recent technological advances in polycrystalline thin-film solar cells and modules. Three thin film materials, namely, cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium diselenide (CuInSe{sub 2}, CIS) and silicon films (Si-films) have made substantial technical progress, both in device and module performance. Early stability results for modules tested outdoors by various groups worldwide are also encouraging. The major global players actively involved in the development of the these technologies are discussed. Technical issues related to these materials are elucidated. Three 20-kW polycrystalline thin-film demonstration photovoltaic (PV) systems are expected to be installed in Davis, CA in 1992 as part of the Photovoltaics for Utility-Scale Applications (PVUSA) project. This is a joint project between the US Department of Energy (DOE), Pacific Gas and Electric (PG E), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), California Energy Commission (CEC), and a utility consortium.
Luminescent and structural properties of ZnO-Ag films
ZnO-Ag thin films were prepared by a two-stage method on glass and sapphire substrates. Ag doping was carried out by a method of close space sublimation at atmospheric pressure. The film thickness is varied from 0.6 to 7 {mu}m. The structural and radiative properties were explored by X-ray diffraction technique, atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. The influence of the fabricating conditions on the properties of ZnO-Ag films is studied. It is found that the Ag doping modifies the crystalline structure of the films and promotes the oriented growth of monocrystalline blocks with the size of 500-2000 nm in the [0002] direction. Improvement of the crystalline quality correlates with the change of the radiative characteristics of the films. The origin of emission centers is discussed.
Khomchenko, V. S., E-mail: email@example.com; Kushnirenko, V. I., E-mail: email@example.com; Papusha, V. P.; Savin, A. K.; Lytvyn, O. S. [National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics (Ukraine)
Corrosion-product release in light water reactors
This research project is aimed at studying corrosion-product release from a range of reactor alloys under both PWR and BWR coolant chemistry conditions. The results of such a study will be ued to recommend ways by which corrosion-product release, and subsequent radiation fields, can be minimized in reactors. The investigation of corrosion-product release has so far employed three main techniques: in-reactor loop experiments to provide data on the effects of coolant chemistry and reactor irradiation; out-reactor loop experiments to provide kinetics data on release; and a combined radiotracer-surface analytical study of oxide films to provide mechanistic information on release. The results of the first year of the program are presented and discussed.
Lister, D.H.
Superlubricity and wearless sliding in diamondlike carbon films.
Diamondlike carbon (DLC) films have attracted great interest in recent years mainly because of their unusual optical, electrical, mechanical, and tribological properties. Such properties are currently being exploited for a wide range of engineering applications including magnetic hard disks, gears, sliding and roller bearings, scratch resistant glasses, biomedical implants, etc. Systematic studies on carbon-based materials in our laboratory have led to the development of a new class of amorphous DLC films that provide extremely low friction and wear coefficients of 0.001 to 0.005 and 10{sup -11} to 10{sup -10} mm{sup 3} /N.m, respectively, when tested in inert-gas or high-vacuum environments. These films were produced in highly hydrogenated gas discharge plasmas by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process at room temperature. The carbon source gases used in the deposition of these films included methane, acetylene, and ethylene. Tribological studies in our laboratory have established a very close correlation between the composition of the plasmas and the friction and wear coefficients of the resultant DLC films. Specifically, the friction and wear coefficients of DLC films grown in plasmas with higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratios were much lower than films derived from source gases with lower hydrogen-to-carbon ratios. Fundamental tribological and surface analytical studies have led us to conclude that hydrogen (within the film, as well as on the sliding surfaces) is extremely important for the superlubricity and wearless sliding behavior of these films. Based on these studies, a mechanistic model is proposed to explain the superlow friction and wear properties of the new DLC films.
Erdemir, A.
Apparatus for laser assisted thin film deposition
A pulsed laser deposition apparatus uses fiber optics to deliver visible output beams. One or more optical fibers are coupled to one or more laser sources, and delivers visible output beams to a single chamber, to multiple targets in the chamber or to multiple chambers. The laser can run uninterrupted if one of the deposition chambers ceases to operate because other chambers can continue their laser deposition processes. The laser source can be positioned at a remote location relative to the deposition chamber. The use of fiber optics permits multi-plexing. A pulsed visible laser beam is directed at a generally non-perpendicular angle upon the target in the chamber, generating a plume of ions and energetic neutral species. A portion of the plume is deposited on a substrate as a thin film. A pulsed visible output beam with a high pulse repetition frequency is used. The high pulse repetition frequency is greater than 500 Hz, and more preferably, greater than about 1000 Hz. Diamond-like-carbon (DLC) is one of the thin films produced using the apparatus.
Warner, Bruce E. (Pleasanton, CA); McLean, II, William (Oakland, CA)
Spin hall effect in paramagnetic thin films
Spintronics, an abbreviation of spin based electronics and also known as magneto electronics, has attracted a lot of interest in recent years. It aims to explore the role of electrons� spins in building next generation electric devices. Using electrons� spins rather than electrons� charges may allow faster, lower energy cost devices. Spin Hall Effect is an important subfield of spintronics. It studies spin current, spin transport, and spin accumulation in paramagnetic systems. It can further understanding of quantum physics, device physics, and may also provide insights for spin injection, spin detection and spin manipulation in the design of the next generation spintronics devices. In this experimental work, two sets of experiments were prepared to detect the Spin Hall Effect in metallic systems. The first set of experiments aims to extract Spin Hall Effect from Double Hall Effect in micrometer size metal thin film patterns. Our experiments proved that the Spin Hall Effect signal was much smaller than the theoretically calculated value due to higher electrical resistivity in evaporated thin films. The second set of experiments employs a multi-step process. It combines micro fabrication and electrochemical method to fabricate a perpendicular ferromagnet rod as a spin injector. Process description and various techniques to improve the measurement sensitivity are presented. Measurement results in aluminum, gold and copper are presented in Chapters III, IV and V. Some new experiments are suggested in Chapters V and VI.
Xu, Huachun
Rechargeable thin films batteries with lithium metal anodes, an amorphous inorganic electrolyte, and cathodes of lithium intercalation compounds have been fabricated and characterized. The cathodes include TiS{sub 2}, the {omega} phase of V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, and the cubic spinel Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} with open circuit voltages at full charge of about 2.5 V, 3.7 V, and 4.2 V, respectively. The development of these robust cells, which can be cycled thousands of times, was possible because of the stability of the amorphous lithium electrolyte, lithium phosphorus oxynitride. This material has a typical composition of Li{sub 2.9}PO{sub 3.3}N{sub 0.46} and a conductivity at 25 C of 2 {mu}S/cm. Thin film cells have been cycled at 100% depth of discharge using current densities of 2 to 100 {mu}A/cm{sup 2}. The polarization resistance of the cells is due to the slow insertion rate of Li{sup +} ions into the cathode. Chemical diffusion coefficients for Li{sup +} ions in the three types of cathodes have been estimated from the analysis of ac impedance measurements.
Bates, J. B.; Gruzalski, G. R.; Dudney, N. J.; Luck, C. F.; Yu, X.
Rechargeable thin-films batteries with lithium metal anodes, an amorphous inorganic electrolyte, and cathodes of lithium intercalation compounds have been fabricated and characterized. The cathodes include TiS{sub 2}, the {omega} phase of V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, and the cubic spinel Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} with open circuit voltages at full charge of about 2.5 V, 3.7 V, and 4.2 V, respectively. The development of these robust cells, which can be cycled thousands of times, was possible because of the stability of the amorphous lithium electrolyte, lithium phosphorus oxynitride. This material has a typical composition of Li{sub 2.9}PO{sub 3.3}N{sub 0.46} and a conductivity at 25 C of 2 {mu}S/cm. Thin-film cells have been cycled at 100% depth of discharge using current densities of 2 to 100 {mu}A/cm{sup 2}. The polarization resistance of the cells is due to the slow insertion rate of Li{sup +} ions into the cathode. Chemical diffusion coefficients for Li{sup +} ions in the three types of cathodes have been estimated from the analysis of ac impedance measurements.
Bates, J.B.; Gruzalski, G.R.; Dudney, N.J.; Luck, C.F.; Yu, X.
Rechargeable thin-film batteries consisting of lithium metal anodes, an amorphous inorganic electrolyte, and cathodes of lithium intercalation compounds have been fabricated and characterized. These include Li-TiS{sub 2}, Li-V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, and Li-Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} cells with open circuit voltages at full charge of about 2.5 V, 3.7 V, and 4.2 V, respectively. The realization of these robust cells, which can be cycled thousands of times, was possible because of the stability of the amorphous lithium electrolyte, lithium phosphorus oxynitride. This material has a typical composition of Li{sub 2.9}PO{sub 3.3}N{sub 0.46}and a conductivity at 25 C of 2 {mu}S/cm. The thin-film cells have been cycled at 100% depth of discharge using current densities of 5 to 100 {mu}A/cm{sup 2}. Over most of the charge-discharge range, the internal resistance appears to be dominated by the cathode, and the major source of the resistance is the diffusion of Li{sup +} ions from the electrolyte into the cathode. Chemical diffusion coefficients were determined from ac impedance measurements.
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Parametric Study of Gas Turbine Film-Cooling
In this study, the film-cooling effectiveness in different regions of gas turbine blades was investigated with various film hole/slot configurations and mainstream flow conditions. The study consisted of three parts: 1) turbine blade span film-cooling, 2) turbine platform film-cooling, and 3) blade tip film-cooling. Pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique was used to get the conduction-free film-cooling effectiveness distribution. Film-cooling effectiveness is assessed in terms of cooling hole geometry, blowing ratio, freestream turbulence, and coolant-to-mainstream density ratio. Blade span film-cooling test shows that the compound angle shaped holes offer better film effectiveness than the axial shaped holes. Greater coolant-to-mainstream density ratio prevents coolant to lift-off. Higher freestream turbulence causes effectiveness to drop everywhere except in the region downstream of suction side. Results are also correlated with momentum flux, compound shaped hole has the greatest optimum momentum flux ratio, and then followed by axial shaped hole, compound cylindrical hole, and axial cylindrical hole. For platform purge flow cooling, the stator-rotor gap was simulated by a typical labyrinth-like seal. Two different film-cooling hole geometries, three blowing ratios and density ratios, and two freestream turbulence are examined. Results showed that the shaped holes present higher film-cooling effectiveness and wider film coverage than the cylindrical holes, particularly at higher blowing ratios. Moreover, the platform film-cooling effectiveness increases with density ratio but decreases with turbulence intensity. The blade tip study was performed in a blow-down flow loop. Results show that a blowing ratio of 2.0 is found to give best results on the tip floor. Lift-off of the coolant jet can be observed for the holes closer to the leading edge as blowing ratio increases from 1.5 to 2.0. A stator vane suction side heat transfer study was conducted in a partial annular cascade. The heat transfer coefficients were measured by using the transient liquid crystal technique. At X/L=0.15, a low heat transfer region where transition occurs. The heat transfer coefficients increase toward the trailing edge as flow accelerates; a spanwise variation can be found at neat tip and hub portions due to passage and horseshoe vortices.
Liu, Kevin
Tight Product Balance Pushes Up Product Spread (Spot Product - Crude
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
5 5 Notes: Gasoline inventories indicate how tight the gasoline product market is in any one region. When the gasoline market is tight, it affects the portion of gasoline price is the spread between spot product price and crude oil price. Note that in late 1998-and early 1999 spreads were very small when inventories were quite high. Contrast summers of 1998 or 1999 with summer 2000. Last summer's tight markets, resulting low stocks and transition to Phase 2 RFG added price pressure over and above the already high crude price pressure on gasoline -- particularly in the Midwest. As we ended last winter, gasoline inventories were low, and the spread between spot prices and crude oil were higher than typical as a result. Inventories stayed well below average and the spread during the
An improved process is described for the magnesium reduction of UF/sub 4/ to produce uranium metal. In the past, there have been undesirable premature reactions between the Mg and the bomb liner or the UF/sub 4/ before the actual ignition of the bomb reaction. Since these premature reactions impair the yield of uranium metal, they have been inhibited by forming a protective film upon the particles of Mg by reacting it with hydrated uranium tetrafluoride, sodium bifluoride, uranyl fluoride, or uranium trioxide. This may be accomplished by adding about 0.5 to 2% of the additive to the bomb charge.
Ruehle, A.E.; Stevenson, J.W.
Coal Production 1992
Coal Production 1992 provides comprehensive information about US coal production, the number of mines, prices, productivity, employment, productive capacity, and recoverable reserves to a wide audience including Congress, Federal and State agencies, the coal industry, and the general public. In 1992, there were 3,439 active coal mining operations made up of all mines, preparation plants, and refuse operations. The data in Table 1 cover the 2,746 mines that produced coal, regardless of the amount of production, except for bituminous refuse mines. Tables 2 through 33 include data from the 2,852 mining operations that produced, processed, or prepared 10 thousand or more short tons of coal during the period, except for bituminous refuse, and includes preparation plants with 5 thousand or more employee hours. These mining operations accounted for over 99 percent of total US coal production and represented 83 percent of all US coal mining operations in 1992.