text:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Reclamations Mead Substation
SciTech Connect
This 35 million dollar facility will be a vital part of the Pacific Northwest-Southwest Intertie. It will be one of the four terminals in the project, involving ehv direct current transmission of power. After site preparation, construction began July 25 on the Bureau of Reclamations Mead Substation. This is a key dc, ac terminal of the Pacific Northwest-Southwest Intertie. The entire Mead Substation, fully equipped with both ac and dc facilities, is scheduled for completion by September 1971.
Bennet, N.B.
Substation EMC Standards: Volume 2
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The substation presents a unique combination of critical and sensitive equipment embedded in a very harsh electromagnetic interference (EMI) environment. Electromagnetic (EM) noise is naturally generated by the normal operation of relays, disconnect switches, and circuit breakers in high voltage (HV) substations. Substations that incorporate flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and high voltage DC (HVDC) converters can create additional high frequency (HF) EM noise that may interfere with the operati...
Substation EMC Standards
The electromagnetic (EM) environment in an electric power substation presents a challenging electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problem. High voltages and currents, combined with devices such as flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and high voltage DC (HVDC) converters, have the potential to create EM environments that can interfere with the operation of control systems and nearby electronic devices. There have been a number of unexplained outages at FACTS facilities that are suspected of being EMI-r...
Substation voltage upgrading
Substation voltage uprating, i.e., conversion of a substation from a lower rated voltage to a higher rated voltage without a complete substation rebuild, can lead to excellent economic benefits. Utilization of the old substation layout and/or the existing equipment, to some extent, is the practical objective of such an uprating. The objective of this project was to assess the opportunities for substation uprating in the industry, to establish feasibility for such uprating and to study methods for accomplishing it. The final aim of the project was to provide guidance to utilities interested in uprating. 56 refs., 41 figs., 18 tabs.
Panek, J.; Elahi, H.; Sublich, M. (General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY (USA). Systems Development and Engineering Dept.)
Substation Data Integration
The purpose of the project was to implement a field demonstration of automated substation data integration. To achieve the goal of the smart grid, it will be necessary to integrate substation intelligent electronic device (IED) data into a data warehouse or data mart. Converting data to information to allow improved decision making requires automation, which is referred to as an information smart approach. The report discusses automated integration of data from substation IEDs and automated analysis of r...
EA-1671: Big River Substation to Poston Substation 69-Kilovolt...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Transmission Line Project, Arizona and California EA-1671: Big River Substation to Poston Substation 69-Kilovolt Transmission Line Project, Arizona and California Summary The...
Substation Stormwater Management
Electric substations have unique considerations in stormwater management due to the presence of high voltage lines and fluids that create contaminant concerns. In response to the changing regulatory climate, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) members identified a need to assess and develop stormwater management strategies to control discharges from electric substation construction sites.BackgroundStormwater regulation is becoming more stringent across ...
This report addresses specific issues to support sound yet not unduly conservative uprating practices for substations. The main parts of the report cover the insulation withstand and overvoltage protection aspects, environmental measurements, reliability criteria, and industry experience. First the insulation design concerns are addressed. Substation stress by a backflashover of the line insulation due to lightning in the vicinity of the substation is recognized as a critical stress. A representative part of a 550 kV BIL substation was erected at the EPRI High Voltage Transmission Research Center, where also a special test circuit was assembled to produce a fast front, slow tail (0.2/200 {mu}s) wave. The substation as well as some special configurations were tested for line-to-ground and line-to-line withstand. Computer studies were performed to complement the test results. A number of important conclusions was reached. The most prominent result in that the high frequency oscillations, as caused by reflections within the substation, do not effect the Critical Flashover Voltage (CFO). The present practice, based on the highest peak is therefore very conservative. The slow tail of the wave appears to dictate the CFO. An arrester model for computer studies to represent very fast as well as slow phenomena was derived. It is based on full scale arrester test data, made available in this project. The computer program to calculate arrester model parameters is also a part of the report. The electric environmental measurements are reported for the tested substation at the HVTRC and for the uprated substation of Public Service Company of Colorado, both before and after the uprating. The performance is satisfactory when corona free hardware is used. Insulation design criteria are analyzed based on substation reliability, the system viewpoint and consequences of the failure. Utility experience with uprated substations is reviewed.
Panek, J.; Elahi, H.; Lux, A.; Imece, A.F. (General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY (United States). Power Systems Engineering Dept.); LaPanse, R.A.; Stewart, J.R. (Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, CO (United States))
Substation Configuration Reliability 1 Reliability of Substation Configurations
E-Print Network (OSTI)
-Repairable Components," Power Learn Electric Power Engineering Education, Module PE.PAS.U15.5, 2005. #12;SubstationSubstation Configuration Reliability 1 Reliability of Substation Configurations Daniel Nack, Iowa substation, it still contains what could be described as weak points or points of failure that would lead
McCalley, James D.
Substation Site Assessment
Companies assess environmental conditions at their facilities as part of routine operations and in preparation of property transfers. This report and template provide a simple, efficient guide for assessing substation facilities.
Substation equipment diagnostics
Recent advances in signal processing techniques have paved the way for utilities to effectively meet the challenge of using existing assets more fully while maintaining traditional service reliability. Over the last 10 years, the author's institute has been applying these technological advances in the area of transmission substations to develop substation diagnostic devices and systems. Their involvement with transformer diagnostic is discussed in this paper.
Nilsson, S. (Electrical Equipment Div., Electric Power Research Inst. (US))
EPRI Substation Grounding Project
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has been conducting research in the area of substation grounding and fault current management for several decades. This research has resulted in a large number of reports and other products. To help users locate the results of EPRI�s research in substation grounding and fault current management, an annual update is prepared containing brief descriptions of the products.ObjectiveThe objective of this report is ...
Substation grounding programs
This document is a users manual and applications guide for the software package SGA. This package comprises four computer programs, namely SOMIP, SMECC, SGSYS, and TGRND. The first three programs are analysis models which are to be used in the design process of substation grounding systems. The fourth program, TGRND, is an analysis program for determining the transient response of a grounding system. This report, Volume 5, is an applications guide of the three computer programs. SOMIP, SMECC, and SGSYS, for the purpose of designing a safe substation grounding system. The applications guide utilizes four example substation grounding systems for the purpose of illustrating the application of the programs, SOMIP, SMECC, and SGSYS. The examples are based on data provided by four contributing utilities, namely, Houston Lighting and Power Company, Southern Company Services, Puget Sound Power and Light Company, and Arizona Public Service Company. For the purpose of illustrating specific capabilities of the computer programs, the data have been modified. As a result, the final designs of the four systems do not necessarily represent actual grounding system designs by these utilities. The example system 1 is a 138 kV/35 kV distribution substation. The example system 2 is a medium size 230 kV/115 kV transmission substation. The third example system is a generation substation while the last is a large 525 kV/345 kV/230 kV transmission substation. The four examples cover most of the practical problems that a user may encounter in the design of substation grounding systems.
Meliopoulos, A.P.S. (Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA (United States). Electric Power Lab.)
Substation Grounding Grids
This report is an account of research performed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in 2011 on the subject of degradation of buried grounding grids in electric power substations. Substation ground grids are usually made of copper conductors, which are placed below grade and are joined together and to the above-grade structures with various types of connectors. While above-grade connections are visible and may be inspected, below-grade connections are not visible or readily accessible for insp...
Substation distribution transformers failures and spares
Electric utilities should have a sufficient number of spare transformers to backup substation distribution transformers to replace transformers that fail and require factory rebuild or replacement. To identify such a number, the statistical methodology was developed to analyze available failure data for different groups of transformer. That methodology enables the estimation of future numbers of failures with associated probabilities, recommends the proper number of spares, identifies the necessity and shows the means to shorten the transformer`s replacement time.
Kogan, V.I. Roeger, C.J.; Tipton, D.E. [American Electric Power Service Corp., Columbus, OH (United States)
Substation Equipment Life Extension Guidelines
Utilities are under increasing pressure to maintain service reliability while operating aging transmission substations with leaner maintenance budgets and fewer experienced personnel. A structured life extension program can help utilities make equipment maintenance, replacement, and refurbishment decisions that ensure safe, reliable, cost-effective operation of transmission substation equipment. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) report Life Extension Guidelines for Substation Equipment-Fi...
Substation automation problems and possibilities
The evolutionary growth in the use and application of microprocessors in substations has brought the industry to the point of considering integrated substation protection, control, and monitoring systems. An integrated system holds the promise of greatly reducing the design, documentation, and implementation cost for the substation control, protection, and monitoring systems. This article examines the technical development path and the present implementation problems.
Smith, H.L.
This document is a users manual and applications guide for the software package SGA. This package comprises four computer programs, namely SOMIP, SMECC, SGSYS, and TGRND. The first three programs are analysis models which are to be used in the design process of substation grounding systems. The fourth program, TGRND, is an analysis program for determining the transient response of a grounding system. This report, Volume 2, is a users manual and an installation and validation manual for the computer program SMECC (Substation Maximum Earth Current Computation Program). This program analyzes the electric current distribution among grounded structures inside and outside a substation for different fault conditions. The fault conditions are automatically selected by the program, or they may be specified by the user, or both. The fault condition resulting in maximum substation earth current is identified and reported. Data requirements for this program are: ground impedance, transformer data, transmission line data, transmission line grounding impedances, etc. The program provides four types of standard outputs: (1) a report of voltages and current flow in the unfaulted system, (2) a brief report of the maximum ground potential rise (worst fault condition), (3) a summary report of all fault conditions which have been analyzed by the program, and (4) a detailed report of voltages and current flow for a selected set of fault conditions.
PUREX new substation ATR
This document is the acceptance test report (ATR) for the New PUREX Main and Minisubstations. It covers the factory and vendor acceptance and commissioning test reports. Reports are presented for the Main 5 kV substation building, the building fire system, switchgear, and vacuum breaker; the minisubstation control building and switch gear; commissioning test; electrical system and loads inspection; electrical utilities transformer and cable; and relay setting changes based on operational experience.
Nelson, D.E.
This document is a users manual and applications guide for the software package SGA. This package comprises four computer programs, namely SOMIP, SMECC, SGSYS, and TGRND. The first three programs are analysis models which are to be used in the design process of substation grounding systems. The fourth program, TGRND, is an analysis program for determining the transient response of a grounding system. This report, Volume 3, is a users manual and an installation and validation manual for the computer program SGSYS (Substation Grounding SYStem Analysis Program). This program analyzes the substation ground field given the total electric current injected into the ground field and the design of the grounding system. Standard outputs of the program are (1) total ground resistance, (2) step voltage, (3) touch voltage, (4) voltages on a grid of points, (5) voltage profile along straight lines, (6) transfer voltages, (7) ground potential rise, (8) body currents, (9) step voltage profile along straight lines, and (10) touch voltage profile along straight lines. This program can be utilized in an interactive or batch mode. In the interactive mode, the user defines the grounding system geometry, soil parameters, and output requests interactively, with the use of a user friendly conversational program. The users manual describes data requirements and data preparation procedures. An appendix provides forms which facilitate data collection procedures. The installation and validation manual describes the computer files which make up the program SGSYS and provides a test case for validation purposes.
The Design and Implementation of a High-power Mobile Substation
This paper presents a scheme design and implementation of a high-power mobile substation, which used to convert local standard AC to the requirement of electrical equipment. In this system, a three-phase AC generator is driven by a DC motor, the motor ... Keywords: AC, frequency, motor, generator, feedback, efficiency, PID
Yongtai Chen; Tuyaun Qin; Jing Tang; Li Cai
Cutting costs through substation ownership
The term applied to service through a customer-owned main substation is primary service, and such customers are billed at primary metering rates. These terms denote that the customer accepts service (and billing metering is located) on the primary, rather than secondary, side of the main transformer. Some electric utilities are prepared to offer extremely attractive billing reductions to those customers willing to invest in their own main substations instead of renting a substation purchased with utility company capital. Depending on the utility and the particular circumstances, some plants can recover their investment in primary substation equipment in as little as 1 or 2 years.
Keithly, D. (ABB Electric, Waukesba, WI (US))
Substation Reliability Centered Maintenance
Substation Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a technique that is used to develop maintenance plans and criteria so the operational capability of substation equipment is achieved, restored, or maintained. The objective of the RCM process is to focus attention on system equipment in a manner that leads to the formulation of an optimal maintenance plan. The RCM concept originated in the airline industry in the 1970s and has been used since 1985 to establish maintenance requirements for nuclear power plants. The RCM process is initially applied during the design and development phase of equipment or systems on the premise that reliability is a design characteristic. It is then reapplied, as necessary, during the operational phase to sustain a more optimal maintenance program based on actual field experiences. The purpose of the RCM process is to develop a maintenance program that provides desired or specified levels of operational safety and reliability at the lowest possible overall cost. The objectives are to predict or detect and correct incipient failures before they occur or before they develop into major defects, reduce the probability of failure, detect hidden problems, and improve the cost-effectiveness of the maintenance program. RCM accomplishes two basic purposes: (1) It identifies in real-time incipient equipment problems, averting potentially expensive catastrophic failures by communicating potential problems to appropriate system operators and maintenance personnel. (2) It provides decision support by recommending, identifying, and scheduling preventive maintenance. Recommendations are based on maintenance criteria, maintenance history, experience with similar equipment, real-time field data, and resource constraints. Hardware and software are used to accomplish these two purposes. The RCM system includes instrumentation that monitors critical substation equipment as well as computer software that helps analyze equipment data.
Purucker, S.L.
The five volume report comprises the user manual, installation, and validation manual and an applications guide for the SGA (Substation Grounding Analysis) software package. SGA consists of four computer programs: (1) SOMIP, (2) SMECC, (3) SGSYS, and (4) TGRND. The first three programs provide a comprehensive analysis tool for the design of substation grounding systems to meet safety standards. The fourth program, TGRND, provides a state of the art analysis tool for computing transient ground potential rise and ground system impedance. This part of the report, Volume 1, is a users manual and an installation and validation manual for the computer program SOMIP (SOil Measurement Interpretation Program). This program computes the best estimate of the parameters of a two layer soil model from usual soil resistivity measurements. Four pin or three pin soil measurements can be accommodated. In addition, it provides error bounds on the soil parameters for a given confidence level. The users manual describes data requirements and data preparation procedures. The installation and validation manual describes the computer files which make up the program SOMIP and provides two test cases for validation purposes. 4 refs.
Meliopoulos, A.P.S. (Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA (United States). School of Electrical Engineering)
Substation battery-maintenance procedures
The frequency of substation battery failures is gratifyingly low. One trouble spot appears to be extraneous short circuits that drain an otherwise healthy battery. Use of the lead--calcium battery promises to reduce substantially the amount of maintenance that substation batteries need.
Timmerman, M.H.
Substation automation gains momentum with modern options
This paper discusses issues associated with utility substation automation. Monitoring equipment for monitoring power flow, quality, and harmonics for three substations simultaneously is described.
Beaty, W.
New controllers aid substation automation
Descriptions of and experience with Siemens voltage regulators, voltage regulator control panels, and digital meters used by two electric cooperatives are described. Magic Valley Electric Cooperative in Texas retrofitted substations to improve substation regulation control. 54 Siemens MJ-XTM voltage regulator control panels were installed, replacing load tap changer control units and single-stage voltage regulator control units. The Smoky Hill Electric Cooperative in Kansas installed Siemens 4700 digital meters and upgraded substation voltage regulators with Siemens JFR single-phase, step voltage regulators to address nightly overvoltage and summer peak demand problems.
Kezunovic, Mladen
The All Superconducting Substation: A Comparison with a Conventional Substation
Conventional substations today are quite similar in appearance to those of 50 years ago. However, substation components, efficiency, and safety have improved considerably in that time. If the improvements are to continue, different technologies will be required in the future. Superconducting devices such as transformers and cables are under development at present and may provide more efficient and more reliable service than conventional components. This report describes the effects of substituting superc...
Substation control and protection project
This report describes the results of EPRI-sponsored Project RP1359-7, dealing with digital protection and control of transmission class substations. Earlier work involved a study of the feasibility of an integrated protection and control system, specification of functional requirements and selection of the optimum architecture for the system. An integrated system including line, bus and transformer protection was designed, built and laboratory tested. It was subsequently installed at the Deans substation of Public Service Electric and Gas (New Jersey). A standalone, digital transmission line system was built and installed at the Branchburg substation of PSE G, for coordinated line protection with the integrated system. The system is called WESPAC, an acronym for Westinghouse Substation Protection and Control. 52 refs., 174 figs.
Cassel, R.L.; Deliyannides, J.S.; Dzieduszko, J.W.; Harvey, J.H.; Hertz, L.H.; Klancher, F.; Mays, L.M.; McGarry, M.J.; Pettis, L.G.; Pistolese, L.F.; Reuther, J.F.; Sackin, M.; Szarmach, D.J.; Udren, E.A. (Westinghouse ABB Power T and D Co., Coral Springs, FL (USA). Relay and Telecommunications Div.)
Fault diagnosis using substation computer
A number of substation integrated control and protection systems (ICPS) are being developed around the world, where the protective relaying, control, and monitoring functions of a substation are implemented using microprocessors. In this design, conventional relays and control devices are replaced by clusters of microprocessors, interconnected by multiplexed digital communication channels using fibre optic, twisted wire pairs or coaxial cables. The ICPS incorporates enhanced functions of value to the utility and leads to further advancement of the automation of transmission substations. This paper presents an automated method of fault diagnosis which can be incorporated in the station computer of an integrated control and protection system. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated using a transmission-level substation as an example.
Jeyasurya, B. (Indian Inst. of Tech., Bombay (India)); Venkata, S.S. (Washington Univ., Seattle, WA (USA). Dept. of Electrical Engineering); Vadari, S.V. (ESCA Corp., Bellevue, WA (USA)); Postforoosh, J. (T and D. Protection Group, Puget Sound Power and Light, Bellevue, WA (US))
Blending a Substation into its Environment
As the demand for substations in residential and urban areas increasesand the public's tolerance of substations in their backyard decreaseselectric companies are faced with the growing challenge to reduce substation impact in terms of footprint, aesthetics, noise, interference, environmental impact, and safety. In parallel, there is an increasing demand to make substations more physically secure. This EPRI project is built on the premise that reducing a substation's impact on its surroundingsand making i...
Substation Energy Storage Product Specification
This substation energy storage specification is intended to facilitate utility procurement of large grid-connected electrical energy storage systems that would typically be connected at medium voltage at distribution substations. Few utilities have experience with devices of this type, and industry practices are not extensively developed. Therefore, this update report may be used as a guide to suppliers of these devices (who may be unfamiliar with utility practices) as well as distribution utilities ...
Live Work Guide for Substations
Live work (work on energized circuits) is the preferred method of maintenance where system integrity, system reliability, and operating revenues are at a premium and removal of a circuit or a substation from service is not acceptable. Live work (LW) may also be beneficial in construction and storm damage repair. Furthermore, live work may be unavoidable in the case of substations that serve essential facilities such as hospitals, law enforcement, fire departments, and intrusion alarms if standby local ge...
Electric power substation capital costs
The displacement or deferral of substation equipment is a key benefit associated with several technologies that are being developed with the support of the US Department of Energy`s Office of Utility Technologies. This could occur, for example, as a result of installing a distributed generating resource within an electricity distribution system. The objective of this study was to develop a model for preparing preliminary estimates of substation capital costs based on rudimentary conceptual design information. The model is intended to be used by energy systems analysts who need ``ballpark`` substation cost estimates to help establish the value of advanced utility technologies that result in the deferral or displacement of substation equipment. This cost-estimating model requires only minimal inputs. More detailed cost-estimating approaches are recommended when more detailed design information is available. The model was developed by collecting and evaluating approximately 20 sets of substation design and cost data from about 10 US sources, including federal power marketing agencies and private and public electric utilities. The model is principally based on data provided by one of these sources. Estimates prepared with the model were compared with estimated and actual costs for the data sets received from the other utilities. In general, good agreement (for conceptual level estimating) was found between estimates prepared with the cost-estimating model and those prepared by the individual utilities. Thus, the model was judged to be adequate for making preliminary estimates of typical substation costs for US utilities.
Dagle, J.E.; Brown, D.R.
Scoping study: Substation design workstation
This project conducted a survey, consisting of a written questionaire, a workshop, and site visits to determine what facets of substation engineering would benefit from incorporation into a workstation environment. Based on the needs expressed by the respondents, a program for the staged development of a Substation Workstation is recommended. Six analytical function modules for assisting in substation engineering were identified for potential inclusion in the workstation: Initial Planning Activities; Physical Plant Design; Analytical Functions; Civil/Structural Design; Environmental Design; and Project Management. The initial release of the Substation Workstation is recommended to include the workstation environment (including MENTOR -- a concept for on-line help, tutorials, notepad, a minor spreadsheet, and interfaces to other regular desktop functions) and portions of the first three functional modules listed above. Recommendations for progress beyond this first release of the workstation included the development of additional capabilities within the initial functional modules, as well as the development of the remaining modules. An overlap exists between the analytical requirements for this workstation and those already included in the EPRI TLWorkstation and the ICWorkstation. In some cases, elements of these other workstations are also suggested for incorporation into the Substation Workstation (such as the foundation analyses from the TLWorkstation), and in others, an assimilation of the other workstation into the Substation Workstation is recommended (as with the ICWorkstation). Estimated resources for implementing the recommended program, including both costs and development time, are also provided.
Mauser, S.F. (Power Technologies, Inc., Wilmerding, PA (United States)); Conroy, M.W. (Sargent and Lundy, Chicago, IL (United States)); Singh, N.M. (Power Computing, Dallas, TX (United States))
Modeling of nonstationary phenomena in the MHD-channel-inverter-substation system
A method for constructing a mathematical model of nonstationary phenomena in a system consisting of an MHD channel and an inverter substation, operating on a powerful ac grid, is examined. The variants of the realization of the model on a computer are discussed. Results of the solution of model problems with a diagonal MHD channel are presented. It is found that there is a significant coupling between the MHD channel and the inverter substation in transient processes.
Gusev, Y.P.; Zatelepin, V.N.; Kuznetsova, T.N.; Medin, S.A.; Pishchikov, V.I.
Definition: Dispersed Load By Substations | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
By Substations Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Dispersed Load By Substations Substation load information configured to represent a system for power flow or system...
Ashland Area Support Substation Project
The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) provides wholesale electric service to the City of Ashland (the City) by transferring power over Pacific Power Light Company's (PP L) 115-kilovolt (kV) transmission lines and through PP L's Ashland and Oak Knoll Substations. The City distributes power over a 12.5-kV system which is heavily loaded during winter peak periods and which has reached the limit of its ability to serve peak loads in a reliable manner. Peak loads under normal winter conditions have exceeded the ratings of the transformers at both the Ashland and Oak Knoll Substations. In 1989, the City modified its distribution system at the request of PP L to allow transfer of three megawatts (MW's) of electric power from the overloaded Ashland Substation to the Oak Knoll Substation. In cooperation with PP L, BPA installed a temporary 6-8 megavolt-amp (MVA) 115-12.5-kV transformer for this purpose. This additional transformer, however, is only a temporary remedy. BPA needs to provide additional, reliable long-term service to the Ashland area through additional transformation in order to keep similar power failures from occurring during upcoming winters in the Ashland area. The temporary installation of another 20-MVA mobile transformer at the Ashland Substation and additional load curtailment are currently being studied to provide for sustained electrical service by the peak winter period 1992. Two overall electrical plans-of-service are described and evaluated in this report. One of them is proposed for action. Within that proposed plan-of-service are location options for the substation. Note that descriptions of actions that may be taken by the City of Ashland are based on information provided by them.
Not Available
Blending a Substation into Its Environment
This report provides case studies and analyses of technologies to demonstrate that the use of gas-insulated stations (GIS) technology helps utilities to site substations in locations that would pose significant challenges to conventional outdoor substations.
Application Filling Requirements for Transmission Line and Substation...
Application Filling Requirements for Transmission Line and Substation Construction Projects (Wisconsin) Application Filling Requirements for Transmission Line and Substation...
Substation Sensor Database Version 1.0
The Substation Sensor database provides utilities with a searchable list of sensors available to be applied in substation applications. The Substation Sensor Database provides a searchable database of sensors available to substation engineers, categorized by Area, Component, Sub-Component, Parameter, and Technology. By specifying each category, the list can be filtered to a sub-set of sensors. By clicking on a sensorname, details can be viewed including a description, sensor maturity, and a link to the m...
Proceedings: Tenth EPRI Substation Equipment Diagnostics Conference
Advanced monitoring and diagnostic sensors and systems are needed to provide reliable and accurate information for determining the condition of major transmission substation equipment. The tenth EPRI Substation Equipment Diagnostics Conference highlighted the work of researchers, universities, manufacturers, and utilities in producing advanced monitoring and diagnostic equipment for substations.
Proceedings: Substation Equipment Diagnostics Conference IX
Advanced monitoring and diagnostic sensors and systems are needed to provide reliable and accurate information for determining the condition of major transmission substation equipment. The ninth EPRI Substation Equipment Diagnostics Conference highlighted the work of researchers, universities, manufacturers, and utilities in producing advanced monitoring and diagnostic equipment for substations.
Proceedings: Substation Equipment Diagnostics Conference VIII
Advanced monitoring and diagnostic sensors and systems are needed to provide reliable and accurate information for determining the condition of major transmission substation equipment. The eighth EPRI Substation Equipment Diagnostics Conference highlighted the work of researchers, universities, manufacturers, and utilities in producing advanced monitoring and diagnostic equipment for substations.
Substation Ground Grid Impedance Measurement
Because safety impacts all segments of the electric power industry, the integrity and conformance to standards of substation grounding systems is of paramount importance. This report summarizes field demonstrations of commercially available meters for performance evaluation of large grounding systems, including the EPRI Ground Grid Evaluator (commercially known as the Smart Ground Multimeter or SGM).
East Grangeville Substation : Environmental Assessment.
BPA proposes to build a 6/8 MVA, 115/13.8-kV substation about 0.7 mile (1.2 km) east of Grangeville, Idaho. BPA's substation yard would comprise an area of 70 by 72 feet (21 by 22 m) containing a 115/13.8-kV transformer. Energization for the substation is scheduled for September 1983. In connected actions the Co-op would build a 13.8-kV switching station and a 13.8/34.5-kV step-up station. The Co-op would require an area of 100 by 55 feet (31 by 17 m) in addition to the BPA yard. The total area needed for the combined BPA/Co-op substation would be approximately 170 by 127 feet (52 by 40 m) or one-half of an acre (0.20 ha). The Co-op would also build two 13.8-kV feeders and one 34.5-kV feeder underground south of the substation to overhead distribution lines along State Highway 13 with space for one future feeder. Another 13.8-kV feeder would exit the substation underground and loop around to the north to reconnect to the existing 13.8-kV overhead line. TWWP would build a tapline from their Grangeville-Kamiah-Nez Perce (Grangeville-Nez Perce No. 2) 115-kV transmission line to the substation. This line would be approximately 0.75 mile (1.2 km) long and would consist of single wood pole structures built on the route of an existing Co-op distribution line. The new and existing lines would use the same poles. A temporary access road would be built for 0.25 mile (0.4 km). The remaining 0.5 mile (0.8 km) section would be adjacent to a county road and would not require an access road. Two sites were identified as meeting the technical requirements. Site 2 is recommended.
United States. Bonneville Power Administration.
MOV surge arresters: improved substation equipment protection
The introduction of metal-oxide-varistor (MOV) surge arresters has added a new dimension to substation equipment protection. Through the optimal use of these arresters, it is possible to lower surge arrester ratings and thereby improve protective margins, resulting in a possible reduction of the insulation levels (BIL) of substation equipment. This reduction in BIL can lead to a significant reduction in the cost of substation equipment. General methods are delineated for selecting MOV surge arresters for substation protection and the resulting effect on substation equipment insulation levels.
Niebuhr, W.D.
MFTF 230 kV pulsed power substation
The Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF) currently under construction at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory includes a Sustaining Neutral Beam Power Supply System (SNBPSS) consisting of 24 power-supply sets. The System will operate in long pulses (initially .5 seconds and eventually 30 seconds) at high power (200 MW), which will necessitate a large source of ac power. To meet this requirement, a new 230-kV substation is also being built at LLL. The constraints of cost, equipment protection, short operating lifetime (10 years), and reliability dictated a unique substation design. Its unusual features include provisions for fast fault detection and tripping, a capability for limiting ground fault current, low impedance, and economical design.
Wilson, J.H.
Minimize substation outage time by maximizing in-service testing
Most substation maintenance work is based on fixed schedules rather than on known need. Scheduled maintenance is essential and cannot be eliminated entirely, but priority should be given to equipment known to be deteriorated or defective. It makes no sense to perform costly, scheduled outage maintenance work when other equipment is failing because of undetected defects. The following should be included as major elements in an energized testing program: visual inspections; infrared inspection; corona inspection; percent oxygen in gas samples drawn from nitrogen-blanketed transformers; percent total combustible gas in gas samples drawn from nitrogen-blanketed transformers; dissolved gas analysis; oil quality tests; free water in the sample; dissolved water in oil; dissolved metals-in-oil analysis; furfural concentration analysis; SF[sub 6] analysis; battery testing; the substation grounding grid; and protective relays. 4 figs.
Lautenschlager, M. (High Voltage Maintenance Corp., Indianapolis, IN (United States))
Multiple Uses of Substation Data
This report describes a suite of modules developed under the Multiple Uses of Substation Data project. The modules are aimed at the integration and automated analysis of data coming from several Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) such as Digital Protective Relays, Digital Fault Recorders and Circuit Breaker Monitors. Once data are collected, automated analysis processes the files to extract relevant information. The modules convert non-operational data to information that may be used by variety of app...
Wolf Point Substation, Roosevelt County, Montana
The Western Area Power Administration (Western), an agency of the United States Department of Energy, is proposing to construct the 115-kV Wolf Point Substation near Wolf Point in Roosevelt County, Montana (Figure 1). As part of the construction project, Western's existing Wolf Point Substation would be taken out of service. The existing 115-kV Wolf Point Substation is located approximately 3 miles west of Wolf Point, Montana (Figure 2). The substation was constructed in 1949. The existing Wolf Point Substation serves as a Switching Station'' for the 115-kV transmission in the region. The need for substation improvements is based on operational and reliability issues. For this environmental assessment (EA), the environmental review of the proposed project took into account the removal of the old Wolf Point Substation, rerouting of the five Western lines and four lines from the Cooperatives and Montana-Dakota Utilities Company, and the new road into the proposed substation. Reference to the new proposed Wolf Point Substation in the EA includes these facilities as well as the old substation site. The environmental review looked at the impacts to all resource areas in the Wolf Point area. 7 refs., 6 figs.
Probabilistic economic evaluation of substation seismic upgrade
This paper presents a methodology for deciding whether or not to implement seismic design modifications at Southern California Edison's (SCE) Substation facilities. The method considers the potential for substation capability loss resulting from earthquake damage, cost of seismic modification made today, the cost of damage restoration after that modification is made, the cost of doing nothing now, and the site specific earthquake probability. Based on these findings, recommendations for seismic modifications of substation facilities could be made.
Ong, T.L.; Ensign, R.L.; Martin, D.F.; Richter, H.L. (Southern California Edison Co., Rosemead, CA (USA))
International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 61850 Substation Development
The International Electrotechnical Commission Standard IEC 61580 is an emerging standard for advanced utility automation that provides a rich, hierarchical data and behavior model for use in sophisticated substation control and protection equipment. One of the important features introduced by IEC 61850 is the replacement of the wires used to exchange binary and analog information between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) with communication messages. In a conventional substation, the substation engine...
This report provides information about public acceptance issues as well as technical approaches available to make substations acceptable within their environments. Case studies were used to examine substation acceptance experience from utilities in different countries and areas. This is the second report in a multi-year effort to build a multi-volume library on Blending a Substation into its Environment. Volume 1 examined available literature, standards, guides, and regulations that affect the blending o...
Guidelines for Implementing Substation Automation Using UCA-SA (Utility Communications Architecture-Substation Automation)
This report provides guidelines for substation engineers, information technologists, and utility managers on the information issues related to substation automation, in particular when UCA-SA (Utility Communications Architecture � Substation Automation IEC61850) standards are used. Substation automation is a new challenge for the utility industry, and these guidelines provide the overall vision as well as the specific steps that should be taken for successful implementation of this new enabling cap...
Substation evaluation using Diagnostic Logic System (DIALOG)
This project investigated the feasibility of applying a Diagnostic Logic System (DIAGLOG) to evaluate substation operation. The purpose was to see if a determination can be made as to whether the equipment in a substation operated correctly or not when an operating event occurred. The work was directed toward modifying an already proven diagnostic system to create a simplified procedure for describing the operation of substation equipment. Special operating tables or modules of logic were identified for describing relay and breaker operations. The resulting model composed of all the modules connected together is used to evaluate the actual observations available at the substation, and to compare them with what the substation should have produced. The report covers the diagnostic approach used, information on how to construct the modules and examples of diagnosis. Also covered are discussions on the special features of substations that offer a challenge to performing diagnostics. Included in the report are the results of modeling a typical substation and several notes are provided along with an initial library of typical modules which were developed in modeling one of the substations belonging to the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. This substation served as a feasibility demonstrator. 15 figs.
Andre, W.L.
Grounding Analysis in Heterogeneous Soil Models: Application to Underground Substations
Grounding Analysis in Heterogeneous Soil Models: Application to Underground Substations Ignasi in forthcoming publications. Keywords-grounding analysis; earthing analysis, underground substations; I to a river (at substations next to hydroelectric dams), or the grounding system of a buried electrical
Colominas, Ignasi
Seismic Studies of Substation Equipment: Progress Report
IEEE Standard 693, Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations, is used by electric power utilities to qualify substation equipment for seismic movements. Deficiencies exist in the present standard, and information is unavailable for dynamic response that may be used to better analyze equipment and permit equipment evaluation in case of limited configuration changes, such as insulator substitution.
Life Extension Guidelines for Other Substation Equipment
Utilities are under increasing pressure to maintain service reliability while operating aging transmission substations with tighter, leaner maintenance budgets and fewer experienced personnel. A structured life extension program can help utilities make equipment maintenance, replacement, and refurbishment decisions that ensure safe, reliable, cost-effective operation of transmission substation equipment.BackgroundEPRI�s Life Extension Guidelines for ...
Life Extension Guidelines for Substation Equipment
Utilities are under increasing pressure to maintain service reliability while operating aging transmission substations with leaner maintenance budgets and fewer experienced personnel. A structured life extension program can help utilities make equipment maintenance, replacement, and refurbishment decisions that ensure safe, reliable, cost-effective operation of transmission substation equipment. EPRI's life extension guidelines for substationsfirst published in 1995 and periodically revisedsupport curre...
Utilities are under increasing pressure to maintain service reliability while operating aging transmission substations with tighter, leaner maintenance budgets and fewer experienced personnel. A structured life extension program can help utilities make equipment maintenance, replacement, and refurbishment decisions that ensure safe, reliable, cost-effective operation of transmission substation equipment.BackgroundThe ...
Substation Integrated Automation System Based on DSP
This Paper introduces the application of digital signal processor (DSP) at Substation Integrated Automation System. Using the powerful digital signal processing capability of DSP, high-speed multi-channel data acquisition function, and excellent data ... Keywords: Substation, Digital Signal Processor, Integrated Automation System
Yanzhe Li; Duowang Fan; Xuwei Dong
Cyber Security in Smart Grid Substations
Cyber Security in Smart Grid Substations Thijs Baars Lucas van den Bemd Michail Theuns Robin van.089 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands #12;CYBER SECURITY IN SMART GRID SUBSTATIONS Thijs Baars firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract. This report describes the state of smart grid security in Europe, specifically the Netherlands
Utrecht, Universiteit
Investigation of electric fields of EHV substations
60-Hz and 24-kHz capacitive and monopole probes and testing techniques were developed for full-scale and model ground level electric field strength measurements for EHV substations. A model of an existing 345-kV substation was designed and built. The model was energized using a three phase 24-kHz regulated source. Comparison of corresponding test points shows that the agreement between substation and model measurements is good. Large amounts of model test data can be taken in a short time. Energized scale models can be used in a substation design tool so that the electric field may be mapped and, if necessary, modified. A successful and useful predictive tool has been developed that can handle the three-dimensional complex substation electric fields. Further development will result in a widely available and flexible analog design tool.
Sebo, S.A.; Caldecott, R.
Substation reliability -- Practical application and system approach
Practical application of reliability analysis was made for the comparison of alternate line and bus arrangements of a future transmission substation with potential savings of up to $3.6 M. The paper describes how both the substation and the power system were simulated by using computer programs STAREL and COMREL. It presents the method used to obtain the most accurate estimates for the outage data of the system components. Finally, it expresses the results with simple reliability indices which can be meaningful for management. The results of the study show the need to include the reliability of the transmission system in a substation reliability evaluation.
Save, P. [Southern California Edison Co., Rosemead, CA (United States)
Ground grid design changes due to potential rise limits outside substations
To ensure safe grounding for personnel and to provide for correct operation of relays, several design factors are critical to assessing the adequacy of a station ground grid design. These difficult to alter parameters are soil resistivity, clearing times for single line to ground station faults, size and location of the substation, and the magnitude of the single line to ground fault current. These are the critical parameters for the grounding system, leaving the designer with the grid area, grid geometry, wire size, surface material, number of ground rods, and burial depth as the tools for reducing step and touch potentials to adequate levels. Grounding practices for substations are based on maintaining step and touch potentials below the limits described in IEEE-80. Guide for AC Substation Grounding. Recently, requirements to limit step and touch potentials outside the substation perimeter were proposed by particular government agencies in Commonwealth Edison's service territory. This limit imposes design changes that would increase construction costs and prevent locating substation at existing sites. This paper compares the design changes needed to meet lower limits with a standard installation designed according to the IEEE-80 guide.
Lodwig, S.G. (Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, IL (United States))
Network Security for Substation Automation Systems
The protection of critical infrastructure against electronic and communication network based attacks becomes more and more important. This work investigates the threat of network-based attacks on substations, the nodes of the electric power grid. Three ...
Martin Naedele; Dacfey Dzung; Michael Stanimirov
STLOAD 1.0, Substation Equipment Thermal Loading Program
The Substation Equipment Thermal Loading Program, STLOAD Version 1.0 software is intended for use by substation engineers for the purpose of establishing thermal ratings for and making diagnostic evaluations of substation equipment. STLOAD 1.0 software calculates substation equipment operating temperatures and thermal ratings based on user-specified physical parameters for the equipment and user-specified load and air temperature data. Substation equipment that can be modeled using STLOAD includes strain...
Survey of Substation Equipment Access Control Policies
Utility management and control of access to substations and equipment can help prevent not only unauthorized access by outside agents with ill intent, but also erroneous access to, or erroneous operation of, utility equipment by utility personnel.� This report provides the results of an EPRI�sponsored research project to identify how utilities manage access to transmission and distribution substations and equipment.�BackgroundThe enhanced ...
Assessment of Wireless Technologies in Substation Functions
New wireless technologies are becoming available that may be applied to electric substations to meet the growing needs for physical security and increased communications. These new technologies must be carefully evaluated to ensure that they meet the purposes for which they are intended. In particular, the technologies must function at remote locations and within the electrically noisy environments of substations. This report surveys and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of wireless technologies used...
Substation Equipment Asset Management: Utility Experience Sharing
Utilities have been maintaining substation equipment reliably since the industry�s inception, but now many are facing increased challenges to reduce operating and maintenance costs without adversely affecting service levels. In this setting, utilities may benefit from knowing which programs and techniques their peers have implemented. To that end, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) conducted a series of industry surveys assessing key substation equipment maintenance practices. As ...
Gas insulated substation equipment for industrial applications
Until recently the only available method for construction of high voltage systems was to use exposed air insulated equipment supported on porcelain columns. The past decade has witnessed the introduction and wide acceptance of compressed gas insulated equipment as a viable alternative to the conventional substation system. The characteristics of gas insulated substations (GIS) and their application for industrial use at service voltages at 69 kV and above are discussed.
Kenedy, J.J.
Proceedings from EPRI's XV Substation Diagnostic Conference
The EPRI Substation Equipment Diagnostics Conference XV convened in Orlando, Florida, from March 2 5, 2008, to assemble, assess, and communicate information on the latest diagnostic techniques, monitoring devices, and systems for substation equipment. This conference was the fifteenth in a series that began in 1992. It focused on the latest monitoring and diagnostic techniques being developed by EPRI and others in research programs, as well as equipment and programs now available and in service by electr...
Advanced Power Electronics Controllers for Substations
Substations located at various points in the power delivery system serve several purposes. In a broad sense, power substations are installations capable of interrupting or establishing electric circuits and changing the voltage level, frequency, or other characteristic of the electric energy flow. Solid-state power electronic switching devices are continuing to evolve and multi-megawatt solid-state power control systems are becoming increasingly applied in industrial electrical installations. Both have a...
Guidelines for Implementing Substation Automation Using IEC61850, the International Power System Information Modeling Standard
This report provides guidelines for substation planners, project managers, substation engineers, information technologists, and substation integrators on informational issues related to substation automation (SA) when IEC61850 standards are used.
Ashland Area Support Substation Project : Environmental Assessment.
The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) provides wholesale electric service to the City of Ashland (the City) by transferring power over Pacific Power & Light Company`s (PP&L) 115-kilovolt (kV) transmission lines and through PP&L`s Ashland and Oak Knoll Substations. The City distributes power over a 12.5-kV system which is heavily loaded during winter peak periods and which has reached the limit of its ability to serve peak loads in a reliable manner. Peak loads under normal winter conditions have exceeded the ratings of the transformers at both the Ashland and Oak Knoll Substations. In 1989, the City modified its distribution system at the request of PP&L to allow transfer of three megawatts (MW`s) of electric power from the overloaded Ashland Substation to the Oak Knoll Substation. In cooperation with PP&L, BPA installed a temporary 6-8 megavolt-amp (MVA) 115-12.5-kV transformer for this purpose. This additional transformer, however, is only a temporary remedy. BPA needs to provide additional, reliable long-term service to the Ashland area through additional transformation in order to keep similar power failures from occurring during upcoming winters in the Ashland area. The temporary installation of another 20-MVA mobile transformer at the Ashland Substation and additional load curtailment are currently being studied to provide for sustained electrical service by the peak winter period 1992. Two overall electrical plans-of-service are described and evaluated in this report. One of them is proposed for action. Within that proposed plan-of-service are location options for the substation. Note that descriptions of actions that may be taken by the City of Ashland are based on information provided by them.
UPS-Substation (TM): Evaluation, Conceptual Design and Generic Specification
In general terms, the UPS-Substation(TM) is an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) at the substation level. This report summarizes determining application requirements, developing conceptual designs and cost estimates, and assessing potential market size based on application.
Planning substation capacity under the single-contingency scenario
Florida Power and Light (FPL) adopts the single contingency emergency policy for its planning of substation capacity. This paper provides an approach to determine the maximum load which a substation can take on under such a policy. The approach consists of two LP models which determine: (1) the maximum substation load capacity, and (2) the reallocation of load when a substation`s demand cannot be met. Both models are formulated under the single-contingency scenario, an issue which had received little attention in the literature. Not only does the explicit treatment of the scenario provide an exact measure of a substation`s load limit, it also raises several important issues which previous works omit. These two models have been applied to the substation network of the Fort Myers District of the State of Florida.
Leung, L.C. [Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Shatin (Hong Kong). Decision Sciences and Managerial Economics; Khator, S.K. [Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL (United States). Industrial and Management Systems Engineering; Schnepp, J.C. [Crest Ultrasonics, Trenton, NJ (United States)
here Home Savings Application Filling Requirements for Transmission Line and Substation Construction Projects (Wisconsin) Application Filling Requirements for Transmission...
STLOAD 1.1 (Substation Terminal Equipment Loading Software)
EPRI�s Substation Terminal Equipment Loading software (STLOAD 1.1) calculates temperatures and thermal ratings for substation equipment based on physical parameters of the equipment, electrical load, air temperature, and, where appropriate, solar heating and wind. This provides a convenient way for substation engineers to maximize the usage of existing substation terminal equipment under a wide variety of operating conditions. STLOAD can perform temperature and rating calculations for a daily load and am...
Reducing Substation Auxiliary Power in the Consolidated Edison System
This demonstration/study project carried out by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), who partnered with Consolidated Edison (Con Edison), has identified and documented energy-efficiency measures applicable within a substation. The study was conducted on four substations identified by Con Edison as candidates for potential energy-efficiency improvementW 49th St, W 50th St, Millwood, and E 179th St. The substation locations selected are representative of the many substations that are in Con Edison...
Environment and protection of a gas-insulated substation
Unlike a conventional open-air designed substation, the environment of a gas-insulated substation (GIS) is under the control of the designer and operator. This is a feature that can be utilized by the protection engineer to develop a protective scheme for the substation. A discussion is provided to develop a fault anticipation protection scheme.
Koepfinger, J.L.; Lauth, W.C.
DESIGN OF INTEGRATED ANALYSIS REPORTS USING DATA FROM SUBSTATION IEDs
in electricity transmission substations has been proposed [8]. One of the project objectives requires integrated substation control system (WISCS)," in Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management voltage electricity supply substations. The character of partial discharge and WLAN technology are briefly
VULNERABILITY OF BLUETOOTH TO IMPULSIVE NOISE IN ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION SUBSTATIONS S A Bhattil environment of an Electricity transmission substation environment is modelled as a Symmetric Alpha Stable of an electricity transmission substation. I. INTRODUCTION In industrial environments, Supervisor Control and Data
Atkinson, Robert C
The Dynamic Utilization of Substation Measurements to Maintain Power System
engineering), except for the mineral extraction criteria, they contribute to more than 50% to the substation to Aluminium Electrolysis Conversion Substations François Cluzel1* , Dominique Millet2 , Yann Leroy1 or energy mix). Two cases studies concerning AREVA T&D's aluminium electrolysis conversion substations
The Substation of the Future: A Feasibility Study
The Substation of the Future: A Feasibility Study Final Project Report Power Systems Engineering Research Center Empowering Minds to Engineer the Future Electric Energy System #12;Substation of the Future Engineering Research Center (PSERC) research project T-38 titled "Substation of the Future: A Feasibility
Assessing Power Substation Network Security and Survivability
This paper reports our experiences with identifying cyber-based threats to the survivability of power substation control networks. Observations from the initial application of vulnerability and hardening assessment techniques have been presented. The paper also discusses the state of the power industry cyber security, which appears to lag behind the state-ofthe-practice in both network security and ultrareliable systems design.
Carol Taylor; Paul Oman; Axel Krings
Concrete Foundations in Substations and Transmission Lines
This report presents the results of surveys conducted to obtain information on the degradation of concrete foundations that support transmission towers and high-voltage substation equipment. Although concrete foundations are simple and inexpensive, their degradation or failure may have costly consequences, including potential equipment damage and the need for outages to allow movement of critical equipment so the ...
Reliability mathematics analysis on traction substation operation
In electrified railway traction power supply systems, the operational qualities and reliabilities of the main traction transformer loop is higher, but ones of bus output units is comparatively low. The traction transformer loop still works when output ... Keywords: Erlang distribution, Markov theory, life, reliability, traction substation, transformer
Hongsheng Su
A knowledge-based approach to optimize switching in substations
Automatic sequence switching has been an important pursuit in the field of substation automation. This paper presents an intelligent approach to optimize switching sequences in electric substations. This paper starts with a presentation of the optimal sequence switching problem. It then suggests a knowledge-based model of a substation switch network organized in a tri-level hierarchical structure, and a set of basic techniques suitable for the general task of network re-organization. An intelligent optimal sequence switching strategy for substations based on modelling techniques is presented. An expert system in PROLOG used to formalize the sequence of switching operations and an application in substations is described.
Zhang, Z.Z.; Hope, G.S.; Malik, O.P. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Calgary (CA))
Marion Industrial Substation Project : Environmental Assessment.
Consumers Power, Inc. (CPI), proposes to construct a new distribution substation under the existing Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Albay-Lebanon transmission line near the city of Albany in Linn County, Oregon. BPA is proposing to grant a new Point of Delivery to CPI at this substation. The purpose of the project is to serve the developing industrial needs in the Marion Industrial Park and on the 550 acres of nearby land within CPI`s service area that are zoned for residential use. CPI prepared, and the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) has approved a Borrower`s Environmental Report (BER) which addresses this action along with several other proposed projects in the CPI service area. Portions of this BER are summarized in this brief EA. BPA is preparing its own EA since Department of Energy National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) guidelines require additional environmental concerns to be addressed than are required by REA`s NEPA guidelines.
Consumers Power, Inc. (CPI), proposes to construct a new distribution substation under the existing Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Albay-Lebanon transmission line near the city of Albany in Linn County, Oregon. BPA is proposing to grant a new Point of Delivery to CPI at this substation. The purpose of the project is to serve the developing industrial needs in the Marion Industrial Park and on the 550 acres of nearby land within CPI's service area that are zoned for residential use. CPI prepared, and the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) has approved a Borrower's Environmental Report (BER) which addresses this action along with several other proposed projects in the CPI service area. Portions of this BER are summarized in this brief EA. BPA is preparing its own EA since Department of Energy National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) guidelines require additional environmental concerns to be addressed than are required by REA's NEPA guidelines.
Briefings on Physical Security of Electricity Substations
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
The Department of Energy (DOE) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in coordination with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's Office of Energy Infrastructure Security, the Electricity Sector Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ES-ISAC), North American Electricity Reliability Corporation (NERC), and industry experts, will conduct a series of briefings across the country with electricity sector owners and operators, and local law enforcement on the physical security of electricity substations.
Condition Assessment of Substation Ground Grids
This report describes the second stage of a research project to develop a simple and inexpensive method and device to assess the integrity of substation grounding grids. The problem has been studied before but a reliable and inexpensive method or device to make a reliable diagnosis of grid condition is still lacking. While the EPRI-developed Ground Grid Evaluator (commercially known as the Smart Ground Multimeter) can be used to provide valuable information, the equipment is expensive and requires extens...
Surge propagation in gas insulated substation
Surge propagation performance in a 550 kV gas insulated substation is studied experimentally and by computer simulation using the Electro-Magnetic Transients Program. Extra capacitance added to the system by the components of GIS such as potential devices, branch buses, circuit breakers deform the wave shape of the travelling surges. A simple modeling technique to represent GIS in surge analysis is proposed and its applicability is proved. Paper No. 80 SM 658-5.
Matsumura, S.; Nitta, T.
RI critical in surburban hvdc substation design
Access to existing rights of way, site availability and ample short circuit capabilities led to the location of Sylmar hvdc substation within the city limits of Los Angeles. The Department of Water and Power, in choosing this site as the southern terminus of the 851 mile, 400 kV, hvdc transmission line from The Dalles, Oregon, was faced with unusual problems in the suppression of radio and telephone interference.
York, E.
Substation Bus Ampacity Uprating: Feasibility Study
The continuous increase in demand for electric power has pushed some of the components in the Con Edison system to their design limits. These limits, established in the past, were often selected with general and conservative assumptions. Consequently, Con Edison requested the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to investigate the possibility of raising the rating of their 3,000A substation bus to a higher value.The first step in the investigation was to conduct a feasibility study ...
Novel Sensor Technologies for Substation Applications
Increasingly, todays electricity companies need to employ their assets to the fullest while continuing to maintain system reliability. In this environment, management of aging assets has become one of the most critical issues facing substation managers and engineers. Central to asset management are effective diagnostics and condition assessment. Reliable condition monitoring, proper diagnostics, and accurate interpretation could help reduce the rate of aging, enable an accurate assessment of the overall ...
Improved Thermal Modeling Tools for Substation Equipment
The ratings of substation terminal equipment often limit power flow through transmission circuits. Capital investment in terminal equipment is generally modest in comparison to lines, transformers, and underground cables. Replacement difficulties are centered more on service availability than on cost. Detailed manufacturer test data is often unavailable for older equipment but ratings are simpler to calculate than for lines. Certain types of terminal equipment are tolerant of over-loading and problems in...
This report describes the first stage of research to develop a simple and inexpensive method and device to assess the integrity of substation grounding grids. The problem has been studied before but there is not, to our knowledge, a reliable and inexpensive method or device to make a reliable diagnosis. While the EPRI-developed Ground Grid Evaluator (commercially knows as the Smart Ground Multimeter or SGM) can be used to provide valuable information, the equipment is considered to be expensive and requi...
Quality Assurance Plan for site electrical replacements at substation line item subproject: 69 KV Substation
The 69 KV Substation Project is based on the recognized need to provide a continuous, reliable source of power and to improve the firm capacity of the electrical service to all production facilities at Mound. The project consists of the following major element: 69 KV Substation: (1) Install a 69 KV Substation and associated equipment with two parallel 18 MVA transformers. (2) Install duct bank as required and provide 15 KV feeder cable from new substation to existing Substation 95 for connection to Mound`s existing primary distribution system. (3) Install duct bank for underground routing of the 15 KV feeder cable from Manhole 5C to the existing power house cable pit. (4) Reconfigure existing Dayton Power and Light Co. 15 KV switchgear in P Building. The purpose of this Quality Assurance Plan (QA Plan) is to assure that the objectives of the United States Department of Energy (D.O.E.) and EG&G Mound Applied Technologies, Miamisburg, Ohio (Mound) are met for this non-weapons project relative to health and safety, protection of the environment, reliability and continuity of operations, and documentation of quality efforts. This QA Plan identifies the activities and responsibilities which are necessary in the design, procurement, fabrication, installation, and start up of this project in order to meet these objectives.
Ohler, C.K.
Advanced Substation Data Collecting and Processing for State Estimation Enhancement
functions within a substation can be performed more efficiently if all the substation data is collected from and shared among Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). Gathered measurements and apparatus statuses can be processed by (local) substation computer(s). Processing includes data consistency checking, switching sequence monitoring, predicting switching outcomes, etc. Processed data may be used locally and/or communicated to remote sites (neighboring substations and/or control centers). Substation data integration is facilitated by existence and appropriate connection of IEDs. The paper presents an approach to implementation of substation data integration and information exchange. The emphasis is on the utilization of local data redundancy to enhance power system state estimation, especially topology error detection.
Sasa Jakovljevic; Student Member; Mladen Kezunovic
Modeling and Simulating Blast Effects on Electric Substations
A software simulation tool was developed at the Idaho National Laboratory to estimate the fragility of electric substation components subject to an explosive blast. Damage caused by explosively driven fragments on a generic electric substation was estimated by using a ray-tracing technique to track and tabulate fragment impacts and penetrations of substation components. This technique is based on methods used for assessing vulnerability of military aircraft and ground vehicles to explosive blasts. An open-source rendering and ray-trace engine was used for geometric modeling and interactions between fragments and substation components. Semi-empirical material interactions models were used to calculate blast parameters and simulate high-velocity material interactions between explosively driven fragments and substation components. Finally, a Monte Carlo simulation was added to model the random nature of fragment generation allowing a skilled analyst to predict failure probabilities of substation components.
Lyle G. Roybal; Robert F. Jeffers; Kent E. McGillivary; Tony D. Paul; Ryan Jacobson
Categorical Exclusion (CX) Determination Proposed Action: Havre Substation, Stage 03.
Havre Substation, Stage 03. Havre Substation, Stage 03. Description of Proposed Action: The Western Area Power Administration (Western) is proposing to expand the Havre Substation approximately 150 ft to the north to accommodate a new delivery service from the newly built Herron Substation by Hill County. The expansion also converts the existing 115-kV single bus into a ring bus which will improve reliability. Western is also expanding the yard to the east to accommodate the replacement of the existing control building and control boards. Number and Title of Categorical Exclusions Being Applied: 10 CFR 1021.410 Subpart D, Appendix B, B4.11: Construction of electric power substations .. . or modification of existing substations and support facilities . Regulatory Requirements for CX Determination: The DOE Guidelines for Compliance with
Substation Condition Monitoring and Implementation Database Version 1.0
The Substation Sensor Database provides a searchable database of sensors available to substation engineers, categorized by Area, Component, Sub-Component, Parameter, and Technology.� By specifying each category, the list can be filtered to a sub-set of sensors.� By clicking on a sensor�s name, details can be viewed including a description, sensor maturity, and a link to the manufacturer. Through data-mining of this database substation engineers could work on the development of ...
Handbook of Alternative Technologies for Substation Emergency Power
Emergency power systems in electric substations play a critical role in substation reliability. This handbook characterizes backup power systems that offer high reliability, measurable capacity, and low maintenance for substation backup power applications. The handbook discusses better application of existing energy storage technologies as well as new technologies not yet commonly used in these applications. Reliability is the most important success criterion, while better condition monitoring and simpli...
Application of programmable logic controllers to substation control and protection
This paper describes the application of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to control and protection of bulk power and regional supply substations. PLC requirements are discussed and the concept of zones of control is explained as applied to standard PP L substation arrangements. The use of a peer-to-peer communication network between logic controllers and other substation equipment is also discussed. Details of an installation completed in spring, 1992, are presented, including experience acquired from power system faults.
Gilbert, J.G.; Diehl, G.R. (Pennsylvania Power Light Co., Allentown, PA (United States))
Knowledge engineering tool for training power-substation operators
Artificial intelligence techniques have been applied to create systems that can give answers for different situations and assistance during the substation switching operation. These techniques have also been used for training purposes. This paper presents a computational package for training power substation operators in the control and corrective actions using expert system techniques. Illustrative examples are presented using a 138-kV CEMIG substation.
Lambert-Torres, G. [Escola Federal de Engenharia de Itajuba (Brazil)]|[Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario (Canada); Costa, C.I.A.; Alves da Silva, A.P. [Escola Federal de Engeharia de Itajuba (Brazil); Ribeiro, G.M. [Companhia Energetica de Minas Gerais (Brazil); Quintana, V.H. [Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario (Canada)
Environmental Assessment of Proposed Filbert Substation and Tap Project.
The proposal is a cooperative (jointly funded and owned) action between Bonneville Power Administration (BPS) and FGLandP involving construction of the 115/12.5-kV Filbert Substation. BPA would also build a 0.8-mile overhead 115-kV tapline from BPA's Forest Grove-McMinnville 115-kV line to the proposed substation. The Forest Grove-McMinnville transmission line has available capacity to support the proposed substation. The FGLandP would build four underground distribution circuits to connect the substation to its existing distribution system. It is normally BPA's practice to consider several substation location alternatives as a part of its facility siting process. The proposed substation site was recommended after a preliminary field evaluation by BPA determined that building on the proposed site was preferable because available sites south of the Tualatin Valley Highway and Southern Pacific Railroad were either on presently cultivated farmland, were in a floodplain, or were inaccessible without extensive access road construction. The proposed substation site is owned by FGLandP, is designated for use as a utility substation in the Forest Grove Comprehensive Plan, and was purchased by FGLandP in anticipation of a need for its use as a substation site because of its central location in relation to existing and forecasted loads. The site is accessible from Filbert Street (city road), and is gently sloping. This report describes potential environmental impacts of the proposed actions.
icon Twitter icon Application Filling Requirements for Transmission Line and Substation Construction Projects (Wisconsin) This is the approved revision of this page, as...
Data collecting and processing for substation integration enhancement
The issue of substation integration is recognized as a very important one ever since the process of technological development brought a multitude of new computer-based devices and functions into substation operation. During the relatively short time period after the first microprocessors were invented, a myriad of computer-based devices found their application in power engineering. Those devices had a variety of input and output data formats, which hampered exchange of data among different devices. Recent initiatives for standardization of substation data formats and communication protocols have progressed to facilitate production of devices with standardized data formats and data exchange capabilities. Central substation computers now have an opportunity to collect and process data from such computer-based devices. An advanced data collecting and processing solution is developed and implemented as Integrated Substation Software in an effort to enhance substation integration. This report describes a solution that comprises data generation using a substation model, data collecting from modeled apparatus and instruments and finally application of data processing and consistency checking algorithms for creating outputs. The process of data collecting and processing is automated and repeated in equidistant time intervals. Results of processing and related reports are concisely displayed on the user interface screen and exported through data files. The Substation Integration Software was tested through the set of scenarios where each scenario is used to test one of the processing and consistency checking algorithms. The results show that measurements are improved and applicable for usage by other substation and system-wide applications.
Jakovljevic, Sasa
Microsoft Word - CX-Coos-CurryNorwaySubstation_WEB.doc
Line and load interconnection of Coos-Curry Electric Cooperative's (Coos-Curry) new substation to Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA) Fairview-Bandon 115-kV transmission...
Screening level characterization of electrical Substation 411
Substation 411 transformer dielectric fluids were sampled for uranium and PCBs. The exterior surfaces of the metal transformers were measured for radioactivity. Results of the sampling revealed that some transformer fluid contained PCBs, but no uranium in excess of naturally occurring amounts was detected. In addition, the exterior surface of the transformers were uncontaminated. Subject to measurement of the base of the transformers (which were inaccessible during the surface scans for radioactivity), the transformers and dielectric fluids may be removed from the site for disposal. Two appendices are included: (a) a sampling plan, and (b) soil lab reports.
A cathodically protected electrical substation ground grid
This paper presents a discussion on the design of a cathodically protected electrical substation grounding system in which a steel ground grid and steel ground rods were used in place of the commonly used copper ground grid and copperweld ground rods. Several electrical constraints are presented which discuss common electrical utility requirements, safety considerations and economic factors. The grounding system materials which were chosen are discussed along with the means of cathodic protection. Finally, the design, construction and testing considerations are presented as an aid to others who wish to design a similar system.
Nelson, J.P.; Holm, W.K.
Grizzly Substation Fiber Optics : Environmental Assessment.
This notice announces BPA`s decision to construct, operate, and maintain the Grizzly Substation Fiber Optic Project (Project). This Project is part of a continuing effort by BPA to complete a regionwide upgrade of its existing telecommunications system. The US Forest Service and BPA jointly prepared the Grizzly Substation Fiber Optic Project Environmental Assessment (EA) (DOE/EA-1241) evaluating the potential environmental impacts of the Proposed Action, the Underground Installation Alternative, and the No Action Alternative. Based on the analysis in the EA, the US Forest Service and BPA have determined that the Proposed Action is not a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, within the meaning of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. Therefore, the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is not required and BPA is issuing this FONSI. The US Forest Service has separately issued a FONSI and Decision Notice authorizing BPA to construct, operate, and maintain the Project within the Crooked River National Grassland (Grassland).
In Situ Environmental Remediation of an Energized Substation
The remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater at energized substations presents special technical, safety, and cost challenges to affected utilities. This study, conducted at an energized substation contaminated with arsenic, evaluated remedial technologies for groundwater and soil treatment and analyzed their cost effectiveness.
STUDY and analysis of systems for monitoring in power substations
The intensive development of science and technology in all areas of our daily live reflects and in the systems for monitoring and recording processes of abnormal modes in the power equipment of substations. Monitoring systems report their apogee in the ... Keywords: application, development, monitoring system, power substation
Nikolina Petkova; Valeri Mladenov; Angel Tsolov; Petar Nakov; Georgi Bozukov
Simplified two layer model substation ground grid design methodology
This paper presents a simplified approach to the design of substation ground grids in non-uniform soil conditions. The procedure is based on the interpretation of principles enunciated in the IEEE Standard 80-1986, with the supporting data having been obtained from actual field tests on substation ground grids.
Lazzara, J.; Barbeito, N. (Florida Power Corp., St. Petersburg, FL (USA))
BRIEFINGS ON PHYSICAL SECURITY OF ELECTRICITY SUBSTATIONS - SAN BRIEFINGS ON PHYSICAL SECURITY OF ELECTRICITY SUBSTATIONS - SAN JOSE, CA BRIEFINGS ON PHYSICAL SECURITY OF ELECTRICITY SUBSTATIONS - SAN JOSE, CA Briefings on Physical Security of Electricity Substations The Department of Energy (DOE) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in coordination with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's Office of Energy Infrastructure Security, the Electricity Sector Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ES-ISAC), North American Electricity Reliability Corporation (NERC), and industry experts, will conduct a series of briefings across the country with electricity sector owners and operators, and local law enforcement on the physical security of electricity substations. The session for FEMA Region IX will be held in San Jose, CA and hosted by
RECORD OF CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION DETERMINATION Hygiene Substation Access Road Repairs
Hygiene Substation Access Road Repairs Hygiene Substation Access Road Repairs A. Brief Description of Proposal: Western Area Power Administration proposes to repair the access road/driveway into the Hygiene Substation. There is a low spot in the middle of the driveway that impedes maneuvering oflarge maintenance equipment in and out of the yard. Western plans to fill the low spot with road base and crumbled concrete fill. The Hygiene Substation is located in Boulder County, approximately 2 miles northwest of Longmont, CO (T3N, R69W, Sec 18). All proposed construction will occur within the existing, disturbed substation access road/driveway. B. Number and Title of tile Categorical Exclusion Being Applied: (See text in 10 CFR 1021, Subpart D.) BI.3 Routine maintenance activities and custodial services for buildings, structures,
Abstract--The latest technology development makes many intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) available in substations
) available in substations today. This brings an opportunity for adding new functionalities that go well beyond what the traditional substation automation solutions have provided. The substation automation role and asset management. Index Terms--substation automation, expert system, genetic algorithm, intelligent
Abstract--Substation data integration is facilitated by existence and appropriate connection of Intelligent Electronic
1 Abstract--Substation data integration is facilitated by existence and appropriate connection and substation topology transitions etc. Processed data may be used locally and/or communicated to remote sites (neighboring substations and/or control centers). The paper presents software that implements substation data
Microsoft Word - CX_DeMoss_Substation_Expansion_130531
Alaric Hsu Alaric Hsu Project Manager - TEP-CSB-2 Proposed Action: De Moss Substation Expansion Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B4.6 Additions and modifications to transmission facilities Location: Sherman County, Oregon Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA proposes to expand its De Moss Substation yard located in Sherman County, Oregon. The expansion is necessary to install additional reactors that would provide the necessary reactive support to address the extreme high voltage at De Moss Substation resulting from the loss of the Big Eddy - DeMoss transmission line during winter peak conditions. The equipment at De Moss Substation is currently sustaining voltage
Microsoft Word - CX_Memo_FranklinSubstation.docx
Amy Freel Amy Freel Project Manager - TEP-TPP-1 Proposed Action: Franklin Substation Upgrades Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B4.11 Electrical power substations and interconnection facilities Location: Pasco, Washington Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: The BPA proposes to make improvements to the BPA fee-owned Franklin Substation located in southeastern Washington in order to bring the substation into compliance with BPA's minimum voltage guidelines. A shunt capacitor bank would be installed to provide voltage support. Project activities would include moving a temporary mobile capacitor bank, removing transformers, extending a 115-kilovolt (kV) bus, installing a new 115-kV
Transmission and Substations Research and Development News, May 2013
This is the May 2013 issue of Transmission and Substations Research and Development News, a newsletter that provides an update on some of the latest research results, emerging industry issues, field deployments, and member-specific experiences.
APS team works smarter, cuts substation construction costs by 36%
An aggressive, cost-cutting, team of T D employees at Arizona Public Service Co (APS) is building a new distribution substation in Phoenix for less than half the original cost that APS planners had calculated for the project's land, labor and materials. Scheduled for service in June of this year, APS analysts had originally projected land, labor and materials costs for the 20-MVA Bell substation at nearly $1.7-million-not including major equipment such as transformers, circuit breakers, and switches. However, after studying the project, an empowered APS crew was able to slash 36% off the original estimate-more than $610,000. What's more, APS spokesmen say that its new approach to substation construction and design has given its engineers and construction crews a laundry list of additional ideas to try out on future substation ventures. 4 figs., 1 tab.
Electromagnetic Transients in Substations, Volumes 5: Test Data Tapes
EPRI has investigated high-frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) resulting from high-voltage switching, lightning, and faults in substations. This report provides information about EMI levels to which equipment is exposed.
Microsoft Word - CX -Ostrander Substation Expansion.doc
6, 2011 6, 2011 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEC-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Amit Sinha Project Manager - TEP-CSB-2 Proposed Action: Ostrander Substation Addition Budget Information: Work order 00262568 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B4.11 Construction of electric power substations (including switching stations and support facilities)....or modification (other than voltage increases) of existing substations and support facilities... Location: Clackamas County, Oregon (T2S, R3E, Sections 26 and 35) Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA is proposing to expand its existing Ostrander Substation near Barton, Oregon by approximately 4 acres. The expansion would accommodate three new 230/500-kV transformers,
Substation in Clark County, Nevada RECORD OF CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION DETERMINATION
Substation for soil remediation. Substation for soil remediation. The attached map shows the borrow area which is situated in Sections 18, 19,20 Township 18 South Range 64 East, Mount Diablo Meridian, Clark County, Nevada. The corresponding U.S.G.S. 7.S-minute topographic maps are Apex, Dry Lake, Dry Lake NW, and Dry Lake SE, Nevada. B. Categorical Exclusion Applied: 10 CFR, Part 1021, Subpart D, Appendix B, B4.11: "Construction of electric power substations with power delivery at 230kV or below or modification of existing sUbstations." C. Regulatory Requirements in 10 CFR 1021.410 Ib): 1. The proposed action fits within a class of actions that is listed in Appendix B to Subpart D. a. The proposed action was reviewed for the requirements of the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the National
SUbstation for soil remediation. SUbstation for soil remediation. The attached map shows the borrow area which is situated in Sections 18, 19,20 Township 18 South Range 64 East, Mount Diablo Meridian, Clark County, Nevada. The corresponding U.S.G.S. 7.5-minute topographic maps are Apex, Dry Lake, Dry Lake NW, and Dry Lake SE, Nevada. B. Categorical Exclusion Applied: 10 CFR, Part 1021, Subpart D, Appendix B, B4.11: "Construction of electric power substations with power delivery at 230kV or below or modification of existing SUbstations." C. Regulatory Requirements in 10 CFR 1021.410 (b): 1. The proposed action fits within a class of actions that is listed in Appendix B to Subpart D. a. The proposed action was reviewed for the requirements of the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the National
Best Practices Guide to Securing Wireless Substation Applications
The use of wireless communications in substations raises a number of security concerns. This report, an updated version of EPRI report 1013810) identifies wireless security best practices for electric substation applications, giving special consideration to a defense-in-depth approach to wireless security. The emphasis is on technical, administrative, and operational security controls. In addition to discussing the defense-in-depth concept, the report also examines training activities and rogue device de...
Technologies for Remote Monitoring of Substation Assets: Physical Security
This report assesses the benefits of including remote monitoring with the various security technologies used for providing physical security to substation facilities and equipment. This remote monitoring provides near-real-time security information on the access points to substation facilities as well as the status and health of equipment to determine if the equipment has been tampered with or is otherwise not functioning correctly. The types of security technologies include locks at gates and doors, vid...
UCA Substation Communication Initiative Workshop: Meeting/Presentation, August 1999
This report presents a summary of the presentation material from the Utility Communication Architecture (UCA) Communication Initiative Workshop held August 1999. Included are diagrams of models for UCA applications that can be integrated into substation communications systems. The Power System Object Model (PSOM) is described, as well as a communication service model (CASM). A brief discussion on the interface, Generic Object Models for Substation and Feeder Equipment (GOMSFE), is also included in this r...
Substation Equipment Maintenance Experience Sharing Database Version 1.0
EPRI has been engaged in research on maintenance, forensics, and decommissioning of substation equipment. There is a need to make this information available to EPRI members in an easily accessible format. The Substation Equipment Maintenance Experience Sharing Database provides an application to house all the information, learnings, and experiences gathered from the research studies in an easily accessible format.Benefits & ValueAccess to EPRI�s worldwide ...
Guidelines for the Life Extension of Substation Equipment
This report presents the results of an effort to establish the evolving industry needs for an updated chapter on high-voltage circuit breakers for the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Report Guidelines for the Life Extension of Substations: 2002 Update (1001779), also knows as the Substation Equipment Life Extension Guidelines (LEG). The efforts included an assessment undertaken to document current power circuit breaker asset management and maintenance practices in order to identify utility needs...
Assessing Flicker Contribution of Individual Feeders to the Substation
Complaints of high flicker levels in a distribution system led to an investigation whose primary suspect was a customer with multiple resistive spot welders. A study was commissioned to identify and quantify the flicker contributions from various feeders at the upstream substation bus. The utility installed a digital power quality meter at the substation bus and at the primary metering point of the customer under suspicion and then compared the two trends. A series of time-domain measurements were also c...
Measurement and characterization of substation electromagnetic transients. Final report
Little quantitative data exists on radiated electromagnetic interference in substations arising from substation transients. The electromagnetic transient noise produced by normal substation activity such as opening switches and breakers can be significant. Additionally, abnormal events such as faults cause similar electromagnetic noise. The lack of data is in part because suitable measurement equipment techniques have not been generally available to utilities. A new approach to the measurement and characterization of electromagnetic interference caused by substation transients has been developed. A data acquisition system for measurements has been designed and constructed for field use with a bandwidth capability exceeding 100 MHz. Measurements have been taken from staged operations in substations and the resulting data analyzed using specialized computer programs developed for this project. The measurement techniques are presented and the analysis procedures explained in detail. The transients caused by equipment operations in several substations have been studied resulting in an understanding of the expected or typical amplitudes and frequencies of the resulting noise. Suggestions as to equipment tests and withstand levels have been made. An appendix includes raw and analyzed data for research use.
Russell, B.D.
National SCADA Test Bed Substation Automation Evaluation Report
Increased awareness of the potential for cyber attack has recently resulted in improved cyber security practices associated with the electrical power grid. However, the level of practical understanding and deployment of cyber security practices has not been evenly applied across all business sectors. Much of the focus has been centered on information technology business centers and control rooms. This report explores the current level of substation automation, communication, and cyber security protection deployed in electrical substations throughout existing utilities in the United States. This report documents the evaluation of substation automation implementation and associated vulnerabilities. This evaluation used research conducted by Newton-Evans Research Company for some of its observations and results. The Newton Evans Report aided in the determination of what is the state of substation automation in North American electric utilities. Idaho National Laboratory cyber security experts aided in the determination of what cyber vulnerabilities may pose a threat to electrical substations. This report includes cyber vulnerabilities as well as recommended mitigations. It also describes specific cyber issues found in typical substation automation configurations within the electric utility industry. The evaluation report was performed over a 5-month period starting in October 2008
Kenneth Barnes; Briam Johnson
Abstract. This report describes the state of smart grid security in Europe, specifically the Netherlands, and the cyber security of substations in particular. The focus of this study is the perception of risks and threats in smart grid cyber security and the international standards implemented in smart grids. The created overview is based on semi-structured interviews with 13 experts originating from eight different European countries. These participants are employed at electricity producers, grid operators, technology consultants and technology providers in the utilities sector. Their expertise ranges from information security to electricity grids, specifically smart grid security. Some of them are members of smart grid security related standard committees. The key results of the state of practice are the following: 1. The interconnectivity of the smart grid with multiple stakeholders and European colleagues is indicated as the biggest threat to the security of the smart grid. 2. Another often mentioned threat is awareness. The experts generally indicate that awareness within top management is high. However, personnel on lower levels are reluctant to incorporate security in their processes. 3. All organizations are in a certain stage of implementing standards, the ISO27000 series
Thijs Baars; Lucas Van Den Bemd; Michail Theuns; Robin Van Den Akker; Machiel Sch�nbeck; Sjaak Brinkkemper; Thijs Baars; Lucas Van Den Bemd; Michail Theuns; Robin Van Den Akker; Machiel Sch�nbeck; Sjaak Brinkkemper
Type B investigation of electrical fault in 351 Substation, December 4, 1994
On December 4, 1994, at 2132:10 hours, an electrical failure of a cable-tapping splice resulted in a fire in the 300 Area of the DOE Hanford Site. The fire occurred in the yard of Substation 351 in electrical Vault R122V, where the cable-tapping splice was located. The fire incinerated all cables passing to and through the vault causing them to fail. The failure of the cables resulted in a power outage to twenty customers in the 300 Area. The vault was electrically isolated, and power was restored to the electrical distribution system at 2311 hours. This report contains the accident scenario, accident analysis, direct cause and root and contributing causes.
Debban, H.L.; Shearer, C.A.; Boger, R.M.; McDonald, G.P. [ICF Kaiser Hanford Co., Richland, WA (United States); Eyre, L.E.; Dell, L.D.; Kelly, D.S. [Westinghouse Hanford Co., Richland, WA (United States)
Feasibility of thyristor controlled series capacitor for distribution substation enhancements
While Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSCs) are already being used for control of transmission system power flows, the dynamic adjustment of transmission infeed impedances presents other system enhancement opportunities. In the case of the Con Edison system, distribution substation upgrades are severely constrained by limits to existing circuit breaker interrupting capabilities. Because additional transmission line infeeds cannot be provided without increasing fault current levels, a TCSC was investigated for use as a fault current limiter. In order to demonstrate proper operation in the current limiting mode, Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) simulations were conducted. Three TCSC configurations are presented to illustrate that additional power can be provided during normal operation without increasing fault currents at the substation: (1) series compensation of existing 138 kV infeeds (to allow higher substation MVA uprates), (2) series compensation of new 138 kV infeeds (without fault current increases), and (3) a 13.8 kV TCSC compensated link between two substations (to allow regulated power transfer between substation buses).
Godart, T.F.; Imece, A.F.; McIver, J.C. [GE Industrial and Power Systems, Schenectady, NY (United States). Power Systems Engineering Dept.; Chebli, E.A. [Consolidated Edison Co. of New York Inc., New York, NY (United States)
Transient performance of substation structures and associated grounding systems
When lightning strikes an electric substation, large currents generated by the stroke flow in the above ground structures and grounding system and dissipate in the soil. The electromagnetic fields generated by such high currents may cause damage to equipment and may be dangerous to personnel working nearby. In this paper, the frequency and time domain performance of a substation subjected to a lightning strike is described and discussed. The computed scalar potentials, electric fields, and magnetic fields are presented graphically as a function of spatial coordinates, as a function of time and as a function of both. Two cases are considered. The first case examines the substation grounding system only, while the second case includes an above-ground structure as well. It is believed that the results of the second case have not been published before. A double exponential lightning surge current is injected at one corner of the substation. The response of the grounding system to the frequency domain electromagnetic spectrum of this signal is computed by a frequency domain electromagnetic field analysis software package. The temporal and spatial distributions of the electromagnetic fields inside and near the substation are obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation of all these responses. The presence of a soil with an arbitrary resistivity and permittivity is accurately taken into account. The analysis sheds some new light on the understanding of the effects which take place at the higher frequencies.
Dawalibi, F.P.; Xiong, W.; Ma, J. [Safe Engineering Services and Technologies Ltd., Montreal, Quebec (Canada)
Integrated substation looks like one RTU to dispatchers
Traditionally, supervisory control and data acquisition systems (Scada) use a master/slave arrangement. The master Scada computer polls individual circuit devices for information, or the devices may report (by exception) to the computer. The substation engineering department of Portland General Electric Co (PCE) is now pioneering a new arrangement in which all devices in a substation communicate with each other and a local computer over a data bus. A single communications line connects the Scada master to the same bus for control and/or monitoring. The new approach is known as a substation integration system (SIS). Thus, for a lower initial cost, substation integration: eliminates the need for redundant equipment - such as panel meters, annunciators, transducers, sequence-of-event recorders, auxiliary tripping relays. Scada RTU, control, and transfer switches; reduces control house size by 25% by reducing wiring and using panel space more efficiently; provides a standardized user interface for easy data access, both locally and remotely; is flexible and expandable because of its modularity and use of non-proprietary hardware and software; improves operability, maintainability and reliability through immediate access to key data; and, reduces overall life-cycle costs by reducing travel and outage time through remote access to substation information. 5 figs.
Koch, W.
Microsoft Word - CX- Eugene Substation Fiber_130520.docx
3 3 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEC-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Jonathan Toobian Project Manager - TPC-TPP-4 Proposed Action: Eugene Substation Fiber Interconnection Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B 4.7 Fiber Optic Cable Location: Eugene, Lane County, Oregon Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA proposes allowing Light Speed Networks (LSN) to interconnect with its existing fiber optic network at BPA's Eugene substation in Lane County, Oregon. To interconnect to BPA's fiber network, LSN would install two new below ground fiber optic vaults within BPA's existing right-of-way. The first vault would be installed on BPA fee-owned land immediately south of the existing substation entrance, while the second vault
PROBE: a feasibility demonstration of substation and distribution automation
Substation and distribution automation has existed for a number of years with varying degrees of sophistication. Recently trial installations have been initiated utilizing digital computer technology and advanced electronics to accomplish automation of certain substation functions. Investigations are also under way of remote meter reading and customer load management. The PROBE project is a research investigation to determine the feasibility of sampling data and creation of a data base to achieve these functions using digital techniques. A key objective of PROBE is to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing data base information to make sophisticated decisions automatically and achieve a degree of coordination between functions not hitherto attainable. The equipment used, test procedures and results are described. Experience from the PROBE feasibility demonstration and Phase 1 tests show that the described substation and distribution automation implementation techniques are viable.
Croghan, J.F. (Commonwealth Edison Co., Maywood, IL); Jenkins, D.R.; Rushden, F.A.; Bunch, J.B.; Gurr, G.P.
Pepco's standard 80 MVa substation
As a result of studies made prior to 1960, the Potomac Electric Power Company changes its distribution system from a 4.16 kV primary network to a 13.8 kV radial system, utilizing the 69 kV subtransmission system as the primary supply voltage. The 80 Mva substation design and arrangement were developed as an integral component of this system. Following the philosphy established in the 1930s, the electrical equipment would be completely enclosed within a building. This approach provided a functional as well as attractive substation which could be located in an existing community or in a developing area. The 80 Mva substation building was developed to provide maximum flexibility in appearance and electrical equipment arrangement as well as in engineering, drafting, and construction. Design details and future aspects are discussed.
Thaden, M.V.
Switching surge test results ehv substation bus configurations
The industry has been actively engaged in, and has presented many results of, ehv switching surge test programs associated with transmission line designs. It would seem equally important that similar efforts be staged relative to ehv switching surge capabilities of the terminal equipment as it would normally be found in its variety of configurations. Toward this end, a series of switching surge test programs on a number of substation bus configurations was conducted. Particular emphasis was placed on the determination of switching surge characteristics of the air gaps found in ehv substation bus designs. The test data are presented with pertinent data evaluations in an attempt to provide a more refined basis for the application of final judgments to bus designs for 345, 500, and 750 kV substations.
Hertig, G.E.; Kelly, W.B.
A complete and normalized 61850 substation (Smart Grid Project) | Open
complete and normalized 61850 substation (Smart Grid Project) complete and normalized 61850 substation (Smart Grid Project) Jump to: navigation, search Project Name A complete and normalized 61850 substation Country Spain Headquarters Location Madrid, Spain Coordinates 40.488735°, -3.284912° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":40.488735,"lon":-3.284912,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
EIS-0483: Estes to Flatiron Substation Transmission Lines Rebuild Project,
3: Estes to Flatiron Substation Transmission Lines Rebuild 3: Estes to Flatiron Substation Transmission Lines Rebuild Project, Larimer County, CO EIS-0483: Estes to Flatiron Substation Transmission Lines Rebuild Project, Larimer County, CO SUMMARY DOE's Western Area Power Administration (Western) owns and operates two 16-mile, 115-kilovolt transmission lines on separate rights-of-way between Flatiron Reservoir (near Loveland, Colorado) and the town of Estes Park, Colorado. Western is preparing this EIS to evaluate the environmental impacts of a proposal to upgrade and co-locate these transmission lines, by removing one and abandoning its right-of-way, and rebuilding the other along the existing right-of-way as a double-circuit line (i.e., six conductors per pole). The USDA Forest Service, Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forest, is a cooperating agency in preparing the EIS to support
Evaluating the availability of electrical substations: A dynamic methodology
This paper proposes a technique for evaluating the availability of substations and switching stations including the average cost of repairs of damaged equipment (corrective maintenance), the impact of disturbances on equipment availability, and the impact of disturbances on the continuity of the service provided by the substation. The approach is based on the concept of disruptive events, sequence-based processes, state graphs and Markov techniques. The paper illustrates the technique by comparing the availability of two possible station layouts. The results clearly show the benefit that can be obtained using this objective method of comparison.
Jourda, P.; Bourgade, E. [Electricite de France, Clamart (France); Allan, R.N. [UMIST, Manchester (United Kingdom). Manchester Centre for Electrical Energy
Ground resistance of concrete foundations in substation yards
The reinforced concrete foundations in a substation yard have extensive reinforcing steel which is in metallic connection with the laid ground conductor. The foundations may contribute significantly to the dissipation of the fault and leakage currents. Simple to use equations and graphs are presented in this paper to determine the ground resistance of various types of foundations encountered in substation yards. The validity of the analytical approach has been verified with scale model tests. The ground resistance of the foundations estimated as suggested in the paper can be used to evaluate the role of the foundations as grounding element.
Thapar, B.; Ferrer, O. (Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (USA)); Blank, D.A. (Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR (USA))
Turnkey substations can make sense. even for large utilities
Large utilities with well-trained engineering staffs seldom consider buying a substation on a turnkey basis, but there are good and justifiable reasons for them to do so. A turnkey substation can reduce manpower requirements and eliminate cash-flow problems, especially when a new technology is involved. The utility also gains the benefit of its supplier's expertise. A turnkey supplier can perform all the planning, design, engineering, and financing functions besides assuming the responsibility to correct any errors made by subcontractors. The turnkey supplier becomes the project manager during construction, installation, testing, and start-up.
King, E.; Filippino, R.J.
Ehv substation equipment challenges both designer and manufacturer
Huge equipment and structures necessary to operate substations at extra-high voltage (ehv) require special design innovations. Because of the phase spacing required more real estate and larger, stronger takeoff structures are necessary. Also, economics (and optimization) becomes a more-important factor in design because of the large investment involved. Because generating plants are increasing steadily in size and are being located more remote from load centers, ehv transmission is becoming more common. Some of the design criteria and costs for ehv-substation equipment that is necessary to terminate the transmission lines at 345 kV and higher voltages are discussed.
Carey, H.D.
Operation of an on-line substation diagnosis system
On-line monitoring systems for substation equipment are expected to give an impact on the improvement of the reliability of the power system. A monitoring system was applied to one of the newly built substations. It monitors the 204 kV and 72 kV GIS's and the transformer in their normal operation condition. The basic philosophy of the monitoring system and the principle of the detection of the abnormality is introduced together with the record of its operation in the first year.
Fujimoto, Y.; Ono, T. (Shikoku Electric Power Co., Inc., Takamatsu (JP)); Ibuki, K.; Taka, S. (Itami Works, Mitsubishi Electric Corp., Amagasaki (JP))
Substation automation feasibility study. Final report. Export trade information
This study, conducted by Macro Corporation, was funded by the U.S. Trade and Development Agency, on behalf of the Polish Power Grid Company. The report shows the results of a feasibility study for the implementation of substation automation on the company`s high-voltage transmission network. The report is aimed at providing a technical-economic assessment of modernizing the monitoring, protection, and control systems in the major transmission substations. The report is divided into the following sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Existing Situation And Assessment Of Operational Needs; (3) Functional Requirements; (4) Implementation Options and Costs; (5) Guidelines for Staged Implementation; (6) Conclusions and Recommendations.
Application Filling Requirements for Transmission Line and Substation
Application Filling Requirements for Transmission Line and Application Filling Requirements for Transmission Line and Substation Construction Projects (Wisconsin) Application Filling Requirements for Transmission Line and Substation Construction Projects (Wisconsin) < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Construction Developer Fed. Government Fuel Distributor General Public/Consumer Industrial Installer/Contractor Institutional Investor-Owned Utility Local Government Low-Income Residential Multi-Family Residential Municipal/Public Utility Nonprofit Residential Retail Supplier Rural Electric Cooperative Schools State/Provincial Govt Systems Integrator Transportation Tribal Government Utility Savings Category Alternative Fuel Vehicles Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Buying & Making Electricity Water Home Weatherization Wind Solar Program Info
Improvements in dependability and usability for a substation automation system with redundancy
Substation Automation Systems (SAS) are widely used for the purpose of control, protection, monitoring, communication etc. in substations to improve the reliability of the power supply. SASs adopting IT based solutions such as Ethernet LAN have recently ... Keywords: IEC 61850, SAS, availability, dependability, redundant system, reliability, substation automation system, system architecture
Hachidai Ito; Keiichi Kaneda; Koichi Hamamatsu; Tatsuji Tanaka; Koichi Nara
A multi-functional platform for implementing intelligent and ubiquitous functions of smart substations under SCADA
For more efficient and economical management of substations under SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, the concept of a smart substation has been introduced using intelligent and ubiquitous IT (Information Technology) techniques. ... Keywords: Embedded platform, Intelligent system, SCADA system, Smart substations, Ubiquitous
Hak-Man Kim; Jong-Joo Lee; Myong-Chul Shin; Seok-Soo Kim
Preprint of the paper "A Boundary Element Formulation for the Substation Grounding Design"
Preprint of the paper "A Boundary Element Formulation for the Substation Grounding Design" I://caminos.udc.es/gmni #12;A BOUNDARY ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR THE SUBSTATION GROUNDING DESIGN I. Colominas, F. Navarrina A Boundary Element approach for the numerical computation of substation grounding systems is pre- sented
Preprint of the paper "A Boundary Element Numerical Approach for Substation Grounding in a Two
Preprint of the paper "A Boundary Element Numerical Approach for Substation Grounding in a Two://caminos.udc.es/gmni #12;A BOUNDARY ELEMENT NUMERICAL APPROACH FOR SUBSTATION GROUNDING IN A TWO LAYER EARTH STRUCTURE3~na, SPAIN SUMMARY Analysis and design of substation grounding requires computing the distribution
Abstract -The paper discusses automated substation data integration and analysis. Recorded data collected
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Energy Management System (EMS) applications of substation environment of substation automation project. It provides data to a number of application including automated1 Abstract--With the deregulation and restructuring of utility industry, many substation automation
Abstract--With the deregulation and restructuring of utility industry, many substation automation applications are being
Abstract--Nowadays, most substations are equipped with Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) performing data collection.
Automated Integration of Substation IED Data to Generate Event Reports for Protection Engineers
by EPRI through project titled "Multiple Uses of Substation Data", Paul Myrda - project manager. #12;TABLEAutomated Integration of Substation IED Data to Generate Event Reports for Protection Engineers for automated integration of substation Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) data to generate a customized event
Sub-state Tying in Tied Mixture Hidden Markov Models Liang Gu and Kenneth Rose
engineering: substation automation, analysis of fault records, transient testing of protective relaysAbstract--Substation Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) generate huge amount of data that may in substation or another database at different enterprise location. The collected data may be merged in real
California at Santa Barbara, University of
Powerline Communication System for Monitoring and Supervision of Feeder Equipments for MV Substation Automation
-2003, Substation Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society [3] C.R.Ozansoy, A.Zayegh, A.Kalam, "Communications for Substation Automation and Integration", In Australasian Universities Power Engineering Substation Automation LiPing LU1,2 , GangYan LI1 , YeQiong SONG2 1 School of Mechanical and Electronical
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF SUBSTATION DATA Presented to: North American Transmission & Distribution Conference & Expo
of substations. Large scale deployment of IEDs creates huge amount of data either recorder continuously monitoring and signal processing in substation has become a powerful feature necessary to assure the system is reliable and secure. In this paper, the new monitoring and signal processing solution in substation based
Requirements Specification for and Evaluation of an Automated Substation Monitoring System
- substation design engineers, protective relay engineers, dispatchers in the control centers etc. AnotherRequirements Specification for and Evaluation of an Automated Substation Monitoring System Mladen for the Automated Analysis Substation System (AASS) implemented at Texas A&M University, aimed at monitoring
Lessons Learned from Substation Predictive Maintenance Project TC Project #7014
A tailored collaboration conducted between 1993 and 1998 by EPRI and ten participating utilities aimed at optimizing substation performance through predictive maintenance. This report summarizes the lessons learned from the project; a more comprehensive report will be published after further research.
Most of the research and development work done until now in earthing analysis is devoted to cases where the soil can be modelled in terms of an homogeneous and isotropic semi-infinite continuous medium, being the soil resistivity an order of magnitude ... Keywords: grounding analysis, earthing analysis, underground substations
Ignasi Colominas; Jose Paris; Xesus Nogueira; Fermin Navarrina; Manuel Casteleiro
Substation siting and capacity selection based on diversity maximization
A new substation siting and sizing method is described in which load diversity among different areas of the system is used as a factor in the analysis. An optimization procedure based on this concept is described. Tests show that the method can often provide improved results.
Willis, H.L.; Tram, H.N.; Powell, R.W.
Simulation of an Electrical Substation Using the Bond Graph Technique
Simulation and especially computer simulation, is a basic tool since it enables engineers to understand how systems work without actually needing to see them. They can learn how they work in different circumstances and optimize their design with considerably ... Keywords: simulation, electrical substations, elements, electricity, bond graph
Gregorio Romero; Jesus Felez; Joaquin Maroto; Jose Manuel Mera
Future Trends in Protective Relaying, Substation Automation, Testing and Related
by Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSerc). Project No: T-39. Y. Dong and M. Kezunovic are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843- 3128, USA affect system reliability; and 3) monitoring technologies presently exist within substations. Three steps
Surge Suppression of Protection Equipment in UHV Substation
This paper analyses the producing mechanism of surge at protection equipment's ports, surge test of high level is done for signal ports, communication ports and power ports of specific protection equipment sample. Evaluation is accomplished for the methods ... Keywords: protection equipment, substation, surge suppression
Ma Haijie
Abstract --The paper discusses issues related to integration of substation IED data. The approach to discussion is based on the
) is a Senior Consulting Engineer in the Substation Projects Division of the Substation Operations DepartmentAbstract -- The paper discusses issues related to integration of substation IED data. The approach to discussion is based on the purpose of integrating substation data and how the integrated data can be used
Microsoft Word - CX-Santiam_Substation_Renovation_WEB.doc
KEPR-4 KEPR-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Noah Carlson Project Manager - NWM-4 Proposed Action: Removal of asbestos and renovation of Santiam Substation PP&A Project No.: PP&A-1566 Budget Information: Work Order # 244751 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B1.16 Removal of asbestos from buildings Location: Santiam substation in Linn County, Oregon Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: This project entails the removal of all paint from all interior wall surfaces down to bare concrete as well as the removal of the suspended ceiling (painted with the same asbestos containing paint) and lighting systems. The asbestos containing floor tile will be removed as will the asbestos
Ground resistance of the foot in substation yards
The ground resistance of the foot is affected by the limited depth of the gravel layer usually spread over the surface of the soil in substation yards.Equations and graphs given in IEEE Standard 80 to determine this ground resistance are not accurate and give conservative results. This paper presents more accurate equations and graphs for determining the ground resistance of the foot in a substation having a thin surface layer of gravel. Analysis has been made with two models of the foot. In one model the foot is represented by an equivalent circular plate and in the other by an equivalent rectangular plate. Results obtained with these two models and with the IEEE Standard 80 method have been compared.
Thapar, B.; Gerez, V.; Emmanuel, P. (Montana State Univ., Bozeman (United States))
Categorical Exclusion for Pinnacle Peak Substation PCB contaminated Electrical
Categorical Exclusion for Pinnacle Peak Substation PCB contaminated Electrical Equipment Removal Project located north of Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona RECORD OF CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION DETERMINATION A. Proposed Action: Western proposes drain and dispose of PCB contaminated oil from two bushings, and decontaminate one· bushing and rack, break apart PCB contaminated concrete and excavate PCB contaminated soil at Pinnacle Peak Substation. Western will be use existing access roads and vehicles such as cranes, backhoes, dozers, bucket trucks, crew trucks and pickup trucks to bring personnel and equipment to the work area. This work is necessary to maintain the safety and reliability of the bulk electrical system. The project is located in Maricopa County, Arizona. The attached map shows the
Microsoft Word - CX_Memo_MonroeSubstation.docx
8, 2013 8, 2013 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEC-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Amy Freel Project Manager - TEP-TPP-1 Proposed Action: Monroe Substation Integrated Project Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B4.11 Electrical power substations and interconnection facilities Location: Snohomish County, Washington; Township 28 North, Range 7 East, Section 22 Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: The purpose of the project is to provide upgrades required as part of BPA's ongoing sustaining programs by providing voltage support and preventing power outages. The project would consist of the following activities: Installation of two new 500-kilovolt (kV) shunt capacitor groups with current limiting
Electric Field Modeling of Polymer Insulators in Substations
The use of transmission line suspension class polymer insulators is increasing for a wide range of reasons including lower cost, availability, their lightweight nature, and contamination performance. The expected use of these polymer insulators is on transmission lines; thus this is the application for which manufacturers design and test the recommended corona rings. Numerous suspension polymer insulators are being applied in substations in configurations which have different geometries to the transmissi...
Distribution substation load impacts of residential air conditioner load control
An ongoing experiment to monitor the substation level load impacts of end-use load control is described. An overview of the data acquisition system, experimental procedures and analysis techniques are provided. Results of the 1983 and 1984 experiments demonstrate the value of aggregate load impact monitoring as a means of verifying load research results, calculating the diversity of end-use loads, and predicting the impacts of load management on the transmission and distribution systems.
Heffner, G.C.; Kaufman, D.A.
Substation based data interpretation techniques for improved power system management
There is now considerable pressure on electric utilities to operate their systems in the most efficient manner possible and to provide increased quality of service to customers. This pressure, coupled with the decreasing availability of reserve margins dictates that there is a requirement for comprehensive system operation support through, among other things, the provision of quality information relating to the behavior of the primary and secondary systems. This paper will show how the data available within modern substation control and management systems can be exploited in a cost-effective manner, through the implementation of advanced substation functions in an open systems environment. Certain functions which are presently carried out at the control center could be distributed (or partially distributed) to the substation. These functions may provide the utility staff with quality information, which can in turn be used to satisfy the objectives of increasing quality and security of supply, in addition to optimizing the utility`s information, maintenance and asset management functions.
Booth, C.; McDonald, J.R. [Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow (United Kingdom). Centre for Electrical Power Engineering; Laycock, W.J.
PRE-SW: Substation Condition Monitoring and Implementation Database Version 2.0
Assessment of Alternatives to Substation Batteries: Characterization of Energy Storage Technologies: Interim Report: Task 3
Backup power systems in electric company substations play a critical role in substation reliability. This product is intended to characterize energy storage technologies that can offer high reliability, measurable capacity, and low maintenance for substation backup power applications. Both new technologies, and better application of existing, energy storage technologies are covered. Reliability is the number one success criterion, while better condition monitoring and simplified maintenance requirements ...
An Integrative Approach to Reliability Analysis of an IEC 61850 Digital Substation
In recent years, reliability evaluation of substation automation systems has received a significant attention from the research community. With the advent of the concept of smart grid, there is a growing trend to integrate more computation and communication technology into power systems. This thesis focuses on the reliability evaluation of modern substation automation systems. Such systems include both physical devices (current carrying) such as lines, circuit breakers, and transformers, as well as cyber devices (Ethernet switches, intelligent electronic devices, and cables) and belong to a broader class of cyber-physical systems. We assume that the substation utilizes IEC 61850 standard, which is a dominant standard for substation automation. Focusing on IEC 61850 standard, we discuss the failure modes and analyze their effects on the system. We utilize reliability block diagrams for analyzing the reliability of substation components (bay units) and then use the state space approach to study the effects at the substation level. Case study is based on an actual IEC 61850 substation automation system, with different network topologies consideration concluded. Our analysis provides a starting point for evaluating the reliability of the substation and the effects of substation failures to the rest of the power system. By using the state space methods, the steady state probability of each failure effects were calculated in different bay units. These probabilities can be further used in the modeling of the composite power system to analyze the loss of load probabilities.
Zhang, Yan 1988-
Insulation and radio influence dictate design of 650 kV substation
The 650 kV North Substation of Project EHV is marked by three unusual features which differentiate it from the more familiar 230 and 345 kV substations. First, the sheer size of the apparatus, structures, and busses is striking. Second, is the amount of insulation. As represented by insulators and bushings it is proportionally much larger in lower voltage substations. Third, is the absence of sharp protrusions or angles anywhere in the substation, even on the roof of the house where corona loss is measured. Shielding is evident everywhere in the circles or ovals of smooth aluminum tubing.
Abetti, P.A.
Single-transformer substation for 500 kV and over
At extra high voltage substations which must meet high reliability requirements, in particular, two autotransformer groups are often installed almost simultaneously independent of the load. As a result, significant capital investment is frozen for long periods, and scarce electrical equipment is utilized inefficiently. Thus, in a number of cases the construction of substations with a single group of single-phase autotransformers is desirable. In this case, on failure of one autotransformer phase the time of subnormal energy output due to disconnection of the substation may reach several hours. The efficiency of extra high voltage substations may be improved significantly by using a proposed circuit for connection of a group of single-phase transformers with a single reserve phase, permitting installation of one group of single-phase transformers at a substation without impairment of reliability. The installation, performance and cost of this transformer arrangement are discussed. It is concluded that the use of single-transformer 500 kV substations with the proposed circuit as distribution substations would, on the one hand, provide sufficient reliability for users and, on the other hand, would make them competitive with 220 to 330 kV substations. In this case the network reliability can be provided by sectionalizing the lines at the site of transformer connection. This circuit can be used with two-sided substation supply. (LCL)
Gryuntal, Yu.L.; Mikhailov, A.K.; Slavin, G.A.
Why Cogeneration Development Projects Fail
Cogeneration projects that are organized by developers fail to reach fruition for reasons other than the basic economical or technical soundness of the opportunity. Cogeneration development projects fail because of misunderstanding by the host or other participants of their obligations, inadequate management support by the host organization, regulatory changes, environmental difficulties, overly high expectations of profit, changes in fuel economics, utility policy changes, changing financial markets, and a variety of other issues. Each of these potential problem areas will be discussed briefly, examples will be given, and remedies will be suggested. Most of these potential problems then can be either avoided or attenuated by advanced provisions so that they will not become fatal flaws to project completion.
Greenwood, R. W.
230 kV operation of a substation designed for 115 kV by controlling voltage transients
Arresters applied at the terminals of gas insulated substations have been used successfully for protection from switching and lightning surges. This arrester application for gas insulated substations permits the use of lower insulation levels and therefore more economical substations. In principle, the same technique can be applied to air insulated substations. This paper describes the analysis of transient voltages in a substation designed for 115 kV which is scheduled for operation at 230 kV. Both arrester rating and location are considered in this analysis. It is shown that complete substation protection is possible by addition of both arresters and capacitors.
Lannes, W.J.; Cheramie, W.J.; Priest, K.W.; Wilhelm, M.R.
Power-installed streetlight foundations lower substation construction costs
The Alabama Power Company's power-installed streetlight foundation (SLF) saves 85% of labor costs and is practical as well as economical. After several foundation designs were tried, the multi-helix proved best for swampy terrain. A test of substation structure support began with soil testing to locate any rock on the site. Standard tubular-steel structures with modified baseplates were used. A truck-mounted derrick proved better for installation than a drill rig. Slight corrosive currents are not expected to cause appreciable deterioration to the foundation. (DCK)
Beason, D.
A simplified method for calculating the substation grounding grid resistance
A simple and accurate formula for calculating the grounding grid resistance is proposed in this paper. This method is based on a theoretical manipulation of the numerical moment method and of the current image. The formula is dependent on the substation grounding grid design, such as grid depth, grid size, number of meshes, grid-conductor diameter, etc. A comparison study is performed to check the accuracy of the proposed formula with respect to six different formulas and methods in the literature. An excellent agreement was found between the results of this formula and the results of a sophisticated computerized method.
Chow, Y.L.; Salama, M.M.A. (Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario (Canada). Computer Engineering)
Design, Simulation, and Analysis of Substation Automation Networks
Society depends on computer networks for communication. The networks were built to support and facilitate several important applications such as email, web browsing and instant messaging. Recently, there is a significant interest in leveraging modern local and wide area communication networks for improving reliability and performance in critical infrastructures. Emerging critical infrastructure applications, such as smart grid, require a certain degree of reliability and Quality of Service (QoS). Supporting these applications requires network protocols that enable delay sensitive packet delivery and packet prioritization. However, most of the traditional networks are designed to provide best effort service without any support for QoS. The protocols used in these networks do not support packet prioritization, delay requirements and reliability. In this thesis, we focus on the design and analysis of communication protocols for supporting smart grid applications. In particular, we focus on the Substation Automation Systems (SAS). Substations are nodes in the smart grid infrastructure that help the in transportation of power by connecting the transmission and distribution lines. The SAS applications are con figured to operate with minimal human intervention. The SAS monitors the line loads continuously. If the load values are too high and can lead to damage, the SAS declares those conditions as faults. On fault detection, the SAS must take care of the communication with the relay to open the circuit to prevent any damage. These messages are of high priority and require reliable, delay sensitive delivery. There is a threshold for the delay of these messages, and a slight increase in the delay above the threshold might cause severe damages. Along with such high priority messages, the SAS has a lot of background traffic as well. In spite of the background traffic, the substation network must take care of delivering the priority messages on time. Hence, the network plays a vital role in the operation of the substation. Networks designed for such applications should be analyzed carefully to make sure that the requirements are met properly. We analyzed and compared the performance of the SAS under di erent network topologies. By observing the characteristics of the existing architectures, we came up with new architectures that perform better. We have suggested several modi cations to existing solutions that allow significant improvement in the performance of the existing solutions.
Kembanur Natarajan, Elangovan
Microsoft Word - CX-Covington_Substation_WEB.doc
8, 2010 8, 2010 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEPR-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Kerry Cook Project Manager - TELF-TPP-3 Proposed Action: Perform research of groundwater drainage and flooding issues at Covington Complex through the installation of four groundwater monitoring wells PP&A Project No.: PP&A-1772 Budget Information: Work Order #00246440 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B3.6 Siting/ construction/operation/decommissioning of facilities for bench-scale research, conventional laboratory operations, small-scale research and development and pilot projects. Location: Covington Substation in King County, Washington Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA)
and design of grounding systems of electrical substations have been proposed, most of them based on practicePARALLEL COMPUTING AIDED DESIGN OF EARTHING SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS IN NON HOMOGENEOUS Abstract. An accurate design of grounding systems is essential to assure the safety of the persons
Proposed 230-kV Crossover Substation, Big Horn County, Montana: Environmental assessment
Western proposes to construct, operate, and maintain a 230-kV substation northwest of Hardin, Big Horn County, Montana. The proposed Crossover Substation would form an interconnection between Western's Yellowtail-Custer and MPC's Colstrip-Billings 230-kV transmission lines. Impacts and mitigation strategies are discussed.
Special design and testing aspects of the 345 kV East Fishkill substation
The installation of two 135 MVAR capacitor banks in the 345 kV East Fishkill substation required special design of the grounding system, installation of reactors in series with the capacitor banks, closing resistors in the circuit breakers and special shielding of control cables. This paper describes the design of the substation and the tests performed before commissioning the capacitor banks.
Fogarty, R.P.; Halleran, T.M.; Laskowski, L.M.; Mark, D.A. (Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc., New York, NY (United States))
Design Considerations for a Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Network for Substation Monitoring
's substation managers and engineers due to the aging nature of substation equipment and infrastructure of low-power wireless sensor networks, utility companies have also begun to investigate the potential was a contractor for the EPRI project. There were multiple utility members in the EPRI project. This paper focusses
Nasipuri, Asis
Paraconsistent Case-Based Reasoning Applied to a Restoration of Electrical Power Substations
This paper presents a connection of two techniques applied in Artificial Intelligence to solve problems of restoration of electrical power substations. The techniques are: Case-based Reasoning --- CBR and the Four-Valued Annotated Paraconsistent Logic ... Keywords: CBR, Case-based Reasoning, Decision Support System, Intelligent System, Paraconsistent Logic, Restoration of Electrical Power Substations
Helga Gonzaga Martins; Germano Lambert-Torres; Luiz Eduardo Borges Da Silva; Claudio In�cio Almeida Costa; Maurilio Pereira Coutinho
Abstract--Development of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) brings a leap in the development of substations. Large
Abstract --The paper introduces a concept for integration of substation IED data, primarily coming from digital protective
Abstract -- The paper introduces a concept for integration of substation IED data, primarily coming from digital protective relays (DPRs) and digital fault recorders (DFRs) . Modern substations similar to that of DFRs. In some recent substation designs there are cases where DFR function is replaced
Microsoft Word - CX-ColumbiaREADaytonSubstationTap_WEB.doc
7, 2011 7, 2011 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEPR-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Mike Normandeau Customer Account Executive - PSE-SPOKANE Proposed Action: Columbia Rural Electric Association (Columbia REA) Dayton Substation Tap Line Project Budget Information: Work Order 00118303, Task 17 PP&A Project No.: PP&A 2089 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B4.12: Construction of electric power lines approximately 10 miles in length or less that are not for the integration of major new generation resources into a main transmission system. Location: Dayton, Columbia County, Washington Township 10 North, Range 39 East, Sections 14-17, 20 & 24 Township 10 North, Range 40 East, Sections 19 & 30
Microsoft Word - Cascade Networks Allston Substation LURR CX.doc
15, 2011 15, 2011 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEC-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearence Memorandum Harold Grappe - TELP-TPP-3 Proposed Action: Cascade Networks, Inc. LURR at Allston Substation Budget Information: Work Order # 00275035 Task 03 Categorical Exclusions Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021: B1.7 "Acquisition, installation, operation, and removal of communication systems, data processing equipment, and similar electronic equipment." B4.7 "Adding fiber optic cable to transmission structures..." Location: Section 10, Township 7 North, Range 3 West of the Delena Quadrangle located in Columbia County, Oregon Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA proposes to grant Cascade Networks, Inc. permission to
Microsoft Word - Ringold Substation Upgrade CX.doc
1, 2011 1, 2011 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEC-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearence Memorandum Myra Lovell - TELP-TPP-3 Proposed Action: Ringold Substation Structure Replacement Project Budget Information: Work Order # 00272078 Task 03 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021: B4.6 "Additions or modifications to electric power transmission facilities..." Location: Franklin County, Washington - Township 12 North, Range 29 East, Section 26 of the Basin City Quadrangle Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA is proposing to replace the single pole structure 8/9 of the Benton-Scooteney No. 1 115-kV transmission line, the attached vertically mounted disconnect switch,
Harvey Schowe Harvey Schowe Project Manager - TESF-CSB-2 Proposed Action: Installation of new water system (potable and fire suppression) to entire Covington Complex PP&A Project No.: PP&A-1601 Budget Information: Work Order # 00257082 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B4.6 Additions/modifications to electric power transmission facilities within previously developed area. Location: Covington Substation in King County, Washington Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: In order to provide adequate potable and fire-suppression water to buildings within the Covington Complex, BPA proposes to install approximately 1,500 feet of new potable water line and fire main line. One trench will be dug at a depth of 4-5 feet to carry both new pipes for the
HEMP-induced transients in electric power substations. Final report
A nuclear detonation in or above the earth`s atmosphere produces an intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP). A large portion of the EMP electromagnetic energy is within the RF spectrum. A detonation at high altitudes above 40 km produces an EMP called high-altitude EMP (HEMP). HEMP is a steep-front short duration transient with a rise time on the order of a few nanoseconds which decays to near zero in less than a microsecond. A single high-altitude burst can subject much of the continental United States to intense HEMP electric fields on the order of tens of kilovolts per meter. The intense transient HEMP will induce fast transients in high-voltage transmission lines and bus structures, instrumentation cables, and control wires in power transmission and distribution (T & D) substations. A system of traveling wave coupling models for a 500 kV substation, including models for the high voltage primary bus, components (circuit breakers, disconnect switches, power transformers, and current and voltage instrument transformers), low voltage control wiring circuits, and a number of conducted and radiated interference coupling modes, had been developed earlier by EPRI. These EPRI served as the baseline for the present HEMP coupling investigations. The HEMP effects on protective relays were assessed for a nominal HEMP environment using several new field coupling models merged with the switching transient data. It is found that a representative solid state relay is unlikely to be damaged or to misoperate by the nominal HEMP threat with a peak field strength of 50 kV/m. However, it is possible for both DC control wires to flash over to ground simultaneously, causing fuses to blow and placing the relay in an inoperative state.
Wiggins, C.M.; Thomas, D.E.; Salas, T.M. [BDM International, Inc., Albuquerque, NM (United States)
HEMP-induced transients in electric power substations
A nuclear detonation in or above the earth's atmosphere produces an intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP). A large portion of the EMP electromagnetic energy is within the RF spectrum. A detonation at high altitudes above 40 km produces an EMP called high-altitude EMP (HEMP). HEMP is a steep-front short duration transient with a rise time on the order of a few nanoseconds which decays to near zero in less than a microsecond. A single high-altitude burst can subject much of the continental United States to intense HEMP electric fields on the order of tens of kilovolts per meter. The intense transient HEMP will induce fast transients in high-voltage transmission lines and bus structures, instrumentation cables, and control wires in power transmission and distribution (T D) substations. A system of traveling wave coupling models for a 500 kV substation, including models for the high voltage primary bus, components (circuit breakers, disconnect switches, power transformers, and current and voltage instrument transformers), low voltage control wiring circuits, and a number of conducted and radiated interference coupling modes, had been developed earlier by EPRI. These EPRI served as the baseline for the present HEMP coupling investigations. The HEMP effects on protective relays were assessed for a nominal HEMP environment using several new field coupling models merged with the switching transient data. It is found that a representative solid state relay is unlikely to be damaged or to misoperate by the nominal HEMP threat with a peak field strength of 50 kV/m. However, it is possible for both DC control wires to flash over to ground simultaneously, causing fuses to blow and placing the relay in an inoperative state.
Wiggins, C.M.; Thomas, D.E.; Salas, T.M. (BDM International, Inc., Albuquerque, NM (United States))
Canby Area Service Project substation and associated transmission line. Environmental Assessment
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) provides power to Surprise Valley Electrification Corporation (SVEC) in Modoc County, California. BPA uses PacificCorp`s substation and transmission facilities between Alturas and Canby, California to transfer power to SVEC`s Canby Substation. In the next year, SVEC expects increased industrial, agricultural, and residential electric loads on their 69-kV transmission system south of Canby. SVEC`s substation can accommodate only about 10 percent of the expected additional electric load. BPA`s proposed action is intended to meet SVEC`s increasing electric load. BPA proposes to meet SVEC`s increasing energy load by tapping into BPA`s existing BPA Malin-Warner 230-kV transmission line, and building an 7.9-mile transmission line to a new BPA substation. BPA proposes to build the new substation next to the west side of SVEC`s Canby Substation (Figure 1). This new substation will allow SVEC to move the additional power over their existing transmission or distribution lines. This report is the environmental assessment of the potential impact of the proposed project. The assessment determined that no ``environmental impact statement`` is not required.
Canby Area Service Project : Substation and Associated Transmission Line : Environmental Assessment.
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) provides power to Surprise Valley Electrification Corporation (SVEC) in Modoc County, California. BPA uses PacificCorp's substation and transmission facilities between Alturas and Canby, California to transfer power to SVEC's Canby Substation. In the next year, SVEC expects increased industrial, agricultural, and residential electric loads on their 69-kV transmission system south of Canby. SVEC's substation can accommodate only about 10 percent of the expected additional electric load. BPA's proposed action is intended to meet SVEC's increasing electric load. BPA proposes to meet SVEC's increasing energy load by tapping into BPA's existing BPA Malin-Warner 230-kV transmission line, and building an 7.9-mile transmission line to a new BPA substation. BPA proposes to build the new substation next to the west side of SVEC's Canby Substation (Figure 1). This new substation will allow SVEC to move the additional power over their existing transmission or distribution lines. This report is the environmental assessment of the potential impact of the proposed project. The assessment determined that no environmental impact statement'' is not required.
Seismic fragility analysis of equipment and structures in a Memphis Electric substation. Technical report
This report presents a seismic fragility analysis of equipment and structures in an electric substation in Memphis, Tennessee. These include the pothead structure, 115 kv switch structure, 97 kv lightning arresters, control house, capacitor banks, 115/12 kv transformers, 12 kv regulators, 115 kv oil circuit breakers, and 12 kv oil circuit breakers. The results from this fragility analysis provide the expected performance of equipment and structures in a substation. They can also be used to evaluate the seismic performance of the entire electric substation and to perform a system reliability analysis of the electric transmission system.
Huo, J.R.; Hwang, H.H.M.
Assessment of the risk of fatal electric shocks inside a substation and in nearby exposed areas
A simulation approach is elaborated for the risk assessment of fatal electric shocks due to touch and step voltages that are caused inside and around substations by ground faults. The approach suggested takes into account specific effects of ground faults, depending on their location, and various exposures encountered in practice. The fibrillation thresholds and human body impedance values are modelled as random functions to match well with the available experimental data. Several typical cases are analyzed for a substation, as an illustration. The approach developed is intended to serve for a realistic analysis of risks implied by grounding system design of a substation surrounded by exposed areas.
Nahman, J.M. (Belgrade Univ. (Yugoslavia))
Scale model simulates full-size substation electric fields. [For 345-kV system
An innovative scale model of a 345-kV substation that can be energized to produce representative electric fields has been developed. The purpose of the model is to determine how changes in substation design and operation affect ground-level voltage gradients. Recent tests of the field strengths predicted by the model and actual voltage gradients at the full-size substation at 150 different pairs of points showed excellent agreement. For 94 percent of the pairs the model error was less than 10 percent. The statistical mean of the absolute values of the discrepancies for all 150 points was only 4.6 percent.
Reevaluation of IEEE and IEC Substation Design, Operations, and Maintenance Standards Considering Increased Fault Currents
The ever-increasing demand for utility substations to pass higher and higher levels of throughput power has the consequence of driving up levels of short circuit (SC) currents from 63 kA to as high as 100 kA. Knowing whether substation bus structures and electrical equipment are capable of safely passing these higher levels of currents is a pressing need of substation personnel responsible for design, operation, and maintenance of station assets. This report presents results of a preliminary study ...
Video surveillance-based insulator condition monitoring analysis for substation monitoring system (SMS)
Video surveillance (VS) of electric power lines along with its accessories such as insulators has emerged as a potential alternative for the traditional practice of on-site physical detection. There has been a paradigm shift in electric substation ...
Velaga Sreerama Murthy; D. K. Mohanta; Sumit Gupta
Plans for 735 kV substation. Towers revealed: Manicouagan-Outardes system
A review of papers presented at the Toronto IEEE meeting is presented. Details of the substation design for the Manicouagan-Outardes 735 kV system are given.
Archambeau, J.; Cardella, O.; D' Auteuil, L.; Fournier, R.P.; McGillis, D.T.; Monty, G.
Proceedings from EPRI's Improve Overall Substations Maintenance (37B) & HVCB Life Management (37F) Task Force
EPRI's Improve Overall Substations Maintenance (37B) and High Voltage Circuit Breaker (HVCB) Life Management (37F) Task Force met December 5, 2007, in San Antonio, Texas. This technical update contains the proceedings of the meeting.
A simple approach to improve lightning performance of an uprated substation
This paper presents a simple method to minimize lightning surges entering an uprated or compact substation. A severe lightning stress is caused by a backflashover in close proximity to the substation. Feasibility of uprating is based on the surge arrester technology available at present. However, some aspects of line design offer opportunities in reducing frequency and severity of lightning surges imposed on the substation. The tower surge response adds an inductive overshoot only during the front of the stroke which reduces considerably during the tail. If backflashover does not occur before reflections from adjacent towers arrive, it is unlikely to occur at all. Use of guys and underbuilt ground wires in the limiting distance will produce reflections with larger magnitude and reduce the effective surge impedance of the tower. This would not only reduce backflashover frequency but will also minimize crest and duration of surges entering the substation.
Harrington, R.J.; Mueen, M. [George Washington Univ., Washington, DC (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Categorical Exclusion (CX) Determination Proposed Action: Expansion of O'Fallon Creek Substation Yard
Expansion of O'Fallon Creek Substation Yard Expansion of O'Fallon Creek Substation Yard Description of Proposed Action: The Western Area Power Administration (Western) is proposing to expand the current yard to accommodate an additional bay for a dedicated electrical feed to a future oil pumping station that will be part of the Keystone XL project. Number and Title of Categorical Exclusions Being Applied: 10 CFR 10210410 Subpmi D, Appendix B, B4.11: Construction of electric power substations ... or modification of existing substations and support facilities. Regulatory Requirements for CX Determination: The DOE Guidelines for Compliance with the Regulatory Requirements for the National Environmental Policy Act at 10 CFR 1021AI0(b), require the following determinations be made in order for a proposed action to be categorically
RECORD OF CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION DETERMINATION Ault Substation Expansion and Equipment Additions, Weld County, CO
Ault Substation Expansion and Equipment Additions, Weld County, CO Ault Substation Expansion and Equipment Additions, Weld County, CO A. Proposed Action: Western proposes to expand the existing Ault SUbstation and add electrical equipment. The expansion would be within the existing fee-owned land. B. Number and Title of Categorical Excluison Being Applied . B4.11: Construction of electric power substations (including switching stations and support facilities) with power deliver at 230-kV or below, or modification (other than voltage increases) of existing sutstations and support facilities .. .. C. Regulatory Requirements in 10 CFR 1021.410(b): (Refer to full text in regulation ). (1) The proposed action fits within a class of actions that is listed in Appendix A or B to Subpart D. For classes of actions, listed in Appendix B, the following conditions are
Microsoft Word - CX-SnoKingSubstationExpansionFY12_WEB.doc
Michael Marleau Michael Marleau Project Manager - TEP-TPP-1 Proposed Action: Sno-King Substation Expansion Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): Appendix B4.11 Electric power substations and interconnection facilities Location: Bothell, Snohomish County, WA Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA is proposing to expand its Sno-King Substation's fenced electrical yard by approximately 0.2 acres to accommodate new equipment. The substation expansion is necessary to make room for the addition of a back-up 500/230-kV power transformer, which BPA can energize in the event of a primary transformer failure. The additional transformer will increase the safety and reliability of the system.
Catalogue and Assessment of Industry Maintenance Best Practices for Substation Equipment
Utilities have been maintaining substation equipment reliably since the industry's inception, but now many are facing increased challenges to reduce operating and maintenance costs without adversely affecting service levels. In this setting, utilities may benefit from knowing what programs and techniques their peers have implemented. To that end, EPRI conducted a series of industry surveys assessing key substation equipment maintenance practices. As utilities consider modifying their maintenance programs...
Substation-Wide Monitoring Through Applications of Networked Wireless Sensor Devices
This report presents the work performed by researchers at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte on an EPRI-sponsored project involving the development of a wireless sensor network for substation monitoring. Wireless sensor networking is an emerging technology, and its application to substation monitoring has substantial economic as well as functional benefits. This report describes the challenges faced, technologies used, design strategies developed, and lessons learned from the various experimen...
A Dynamic Thermal Circuit Rating (DTCR) Thermal Parameter Database for Substation Terminal Equipment
EPRI's DTCR (Dynamic Thermal Circuit Rating) software uses real-time or historical weather and electrical load data to calculate power equipment ratings for overhead lines, underground cables, power transformers, and substation terminal equipment. This technical update concerns the organization of a thermal parameter database for substation terminal equipment intended to simplify the documentation and access to the data required for rating calculations. This update contains an organized and partly popula...
Wood substation design beats out steel. [Conversion of 115-kV to 230 kV substations at Carolina Power and Light Co
Construction plans for voltage conversion of substations can lead to new designs that are economical, reduce outage times, and result in minimum impacts on the environment. In fact, these factors prompted Carolina Power and Light Co. to make one such design its construction standard. Cost of converting a 115-kV distribution source substation to 230 kV is 20 percent less than that of replacing it with one of steel design. And because the conversion creates negligible environmental impact, getting government approval for the project is not a major problem. Steel is relegated to special situations.
Thompson, C.M.
Functional design criteria exploratory shaft power line and substation Project B-417
This project will provide a 13.8-KV, 3-phase electrical power line from substation B-251 to the ES site. The power line will be sized to carry the 6000 KVA power required to meet the construction and operations power requirements of the facility. The line will originate at an existing circuit breaker at the 13.8 KV switch gear at substation B-251 and will terminate at fused cutouts at the ES site. Wood poles will be used for the aerial support of the {approximately}4.7 mile transmission line. Joint use of the line by project B-316 is being considered. The substation will provide transformation from 13.8 KV to 2.4 KV, transformer mounting, grounding grid for the entire substation, the substation fence, and connection between the primary side of the transformer and the 13.8 KV electrical line (last pole) provided by Part 1. Switching stations, protective devices, and metering, which are normally part of a substation, will be provided by the ES Project, B-314. 10 refs.
Schroeder, B.K.
Electrical substation service-area estimation using Cellular Automata: An initial report
The service areas for electric power substations can be estimated using a Cellular Automata (CA) model. The CA model is a discrete, iterative process whereby substations acquire service area by claiming neighboring cells. The service area expands from a substation until a neighboring substation service area is met or the substation`s total capacity or other constraints are reached. The CA-model output is dependent on the rule set that defines cell interactions. The rule set is based on a hierarchy of quantitative metrics that represent real-world factors such as land use and population density. Together, the metrics determine the rate of cell acquisition and the upper bound for service area size. Assessing the CA-model accuracy requires comparisons to actual service areas. These actual service areas can be extracted from distribution maps. Quantitative assessment of the CA-model accuracy can be accomplished by a number of methods. Some are as simple as finding the percentage of cells predicted correctly, while others assess a penalty based on the distance from an incorrectly predicted cell to its correct service area. This is an initial report of a work in progress.
Fenwick, J.W.; Dowell, L.J.
Ground potential rise characteristics of urban step-down substations fed by power cables - A practical example
This paper shows some special ground potential rise characteristics of substations fed by power cables. These characteristics were detected during the study of the interconnected ground system of 14 step-down urban substations fed by the 138 kV underground cable network serving the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro city in Brazil. As this type of system is very common in large cities, the subject can be of general interest for the industry. It was verified that when a fault occurs at a ''cable substation'' (a substation fed exclusively by power cables), almost no ground potential effects were detected at the faulted substation or at the other ''cable substations'' of the 138 kV network. However, high values of ground potential occurred at the ''transition substations'' (substations in which the power cables are connected to overhead 138 kV transmission lines, with steel groundwires). That ground potential was enough to produce shocks and equipment damage in certain ''transition substations''. It was verified that this problem has no relation with potential transfer. The paper shows also that the utilization of overhead lines with ACSR groundwires on the initial spans closer to the ''transition substation'' would be enough to avoid the problem. Even if the ACSR conductor is used only at the initial section of one of the lines, a reduction of the problem would be obtained. The paper shows also that the utilization of ACSR ground-wires near the ''transition substations'' contributes to reduce the amount of the copper necessary to control step, touch and mess potentials in these substations. Additional mitigation procedures are also examined in the paper.
Sobral, S.T. (IESA - Internacional de Engenharia S.A. (BR)); Barbosa, J.O.; Numes, J.V.C.; Chinelli, E.; Netto, A.F. (Light - Servicos de Eletricidade S.A. (BR)); Costa, V.S.; Campos, J.H. (Eletrobras - Centrais Eletricas, Brasileiras (BR))
Technical Requirements and Vision for Development of an Integrated Framework for Substation Equipment Performance and Risk Assessment
The principal motivation for building an integrated assessment framework is to provide support for decisions that influence substation equipment performance. However, because equipment performance can in turn affect substation and system performance, the framework scope should reach beyond the traditional equipment boundaries. The decisions that revolve around maintenance and replacement most directly affect installed substation equipment performance and are therefore the primary focus of this work. Comp...
AC Capabilities
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Standards Laboratory Metrology Program AC Electrical Fact Sheet SAND2008-5221P Unlimited Release. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed...
Conceptual Design Report, Exploratory Shaft Power Line and Substation, Project B-417
This project will provide a 13.8-KV, 3-phase electrical power line from substation B-251 to the ES site. The power line will be sized to carry the 6000 KVA power required to meet the construction and operations power requirements of the facility. The line will originate at an existing circuit breaker at the 13.8 KV switch gear at substation B-251 and will terminate at fused cutouts at the ES site. Wood poles will be used for the aerial support of the {approximately}4.7 mi. transmission line. Joint use of the line by project B-316 is being considered. This part will provide transformation from 13.8 KV to 2.4 KV, transformer mounting, grounding grid for the entire substation, the substation fence, and connection between the primary side of the transformer and the 13.8 KV electrical line (last pole) provided by Part I. Switching stations, protective devices, and metering, which are normally part of a substation, will be provided by the ES project, B-314. This report includes drawings, cost estimates and schedules.
Schroeder, B.K. (Kaiser Engineers Hanford Co., Richland, WA (USA))
BWR Failed Fuel Degradation: An EPRI Perspective
In response to severe fuel degradation concerns within the nuclear fuel community, EPRI initiated a comprehensive program to investigate the phenomenon, propose operational guidelines for mitigating the effects of failed fuel rods during a reactor cycle, and develop a model to help predict the behavior of failed fuel rods. The understanding provided by EPRI's program, and others, has resulted in new fuel products expected to be more resistant to degradation. This report provides a convenient reference fo...
EIS-0400: Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard-Windy Gap Substation Transmission
00: Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard-Windy Gap Substation 00: Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard-Windy Gap Substation Transmission Line Rebuild Project, Grand County, CO EIS-0400: Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard-Windy Gap Substation Transmission Line Rebuild Project, Grand County, CO Summary Western Area Power Administration prepared an EIS, with the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and Grand County (Colorado) as cooperating agencies, to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of rebuilding a 12-mile, 69-kV electric transmission line in Grand County. The proposed project would rebuild the single-circuit line as a double-circuit transmission line and add a second power transformer. Western identified potentially significant impacts while preparing an EA for this proposal (DOE/EA-1520) and prepared an EIS instead of completing
Microsoft Word - CX-Marion and Sand Springs Substation Towers Revised.doc
KEC-4 KEC-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Dave Tripp Project Manager - TEP-CSB-1 Proposed Action: Marion and Sand Springs Substations Radio Tower Projects Budget Information: Work Orders 00243411 and 00243190; Task 3 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B1.19 Siting, construction, and operation of microwave and radio communication towers and associated facilities... Location: Marion and Deschutes counties, Oregon Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA proposes to install new radio towers at the Marion Substation and Sand Springs Substation communication sites in Oregon. BPA must vacate radio frequencies in the 1710-1755MHz band to comply with a Federal law mandating reallocation of
Microsoft Word - Chenoweth-Substation-3G-RS-CX.doc
4, 2010 4, 2010 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEC-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Creig Millen Project Manager - TEC-CSB-1 Proposed Action: Chenoweth Substation 3G Radio Station Project Budget Information: Work Order 00197213, Task 03 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B1.19 Siting, construction, and operation of microwave and radio communication towers and associated facilities... Location: Wasco County, Oregon (T2N, R13E, Sections 21and 28) Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA proposes to construct a 120-foot radio tower and antenna system at BPA's Chenoweth Substation in Wasco County, Oregon. The new tower will require a 20 x 20 foot expansion of the existing substation yard and will replace an existing 50-foot monopole
Conformational Diversity and Sub-states in Enzyme Catalysis | ornl.gov
Conformational Diversity and Sub-states in Enzyme Catalysis Conformational Diversity and Sub-states in Enzyme Catalysis November 01, 2013 Enzymes are great biocatalysts, and have attracted significant interest for industrial applications (including cellulosic ethanol) due to their remarkable catalytic efficiencies. The understanding of factors that enable enzymes to achieve the high catalytic efficiency will have large impact through design of new and powerful biocatalysts. Unfortunately, the understanding of these factors have largely remain a mystery so far. Using joint computational-experimental methodology we have developed a unique technique named quasi-anharmonic analysis (QAA) for identification of conformational diversity and conformational sub-states associated with enzyme function. As a result of this approach we have been able to develop
EIS-0400: Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard-Windy Gap Substation EIS-0400: Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard-Windy Gap Substation Transmission Line Rebuild Project, Grand County, CO EIS-0400: Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard-Windy Gap Substation Transmission Line Rebuild Project, Grand County, CO Summary Western Area Power Administration prepared an EIS, with the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and Grand County (Colorado) as cooperating agencies, to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of rebuilding a 12-mile, 69-kV electric transmission line in Grand County. The proposed project would rebuild the single-circuit line as a double-circuit transmission line and add a second power transformer. Western identified potentially significant impacts while preparing an EA for this proposal (DOE/EA-1520) and prepared an EIS instead of completing
Use of standard distribution substation transformers can lead to early failures
Unnecessary outages and transformer failures may result from the use of traditional substation transformers as an economy measure because design variations do not always specify the through-fault and overload characteristics of equipment. Efforts to keep costs down can overlook variations in the strengths and weaknesses of units. Research results at RTE-ASEA here and in Sweden show that previous faults determine a unit's ability to tolerate new failures and that periodic overloading of substation transformers hastens aging and failure. 1 figure, 2 tables. (DCK)
A BOUNDARY ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR THE COMPUTER DESIGN OF SUBSTATION I. Colominas, F. Navarrina, and M. Casteleiro
A BOUNDARY ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR THE COMPUTER DESIGN OF SUBSTATION GROUNDING I. Colominas, F approach for the numerical com- putation of substation grounding systems is presented. In this general formulation has been implemented in a speci#12;c Computer Aided Design system for ground- ing analysis
Study on Tubular Busbar Corona Design Optimization of �660kV HVDC Converter Substation in Qingdao
The HVDC busbar corona characteristic is the main factor taken into account for choosing busbar of HVDC converter substation. By establishing the calculation models of electric field strength along the busbar surface, ground total electric field strength ... Keywords: �660 kV HVDC, converter substation, corona characteristics, electromagnetic, tubular busbar optimization
Xu Mingming; Li Kejun; Tan Zhenyu; Niu Lin
Conformational substates in different crystal forms of the photoactive yellow protein--Correlation
Conformational substates in different crystal forms of the photoactive yellow protein a description of large concerted motions in the ground state of the yellow protein from NMR data and theoretical transient intermediates. The ground state ~pG! has a UV0VIS absorbance maximum at 446 nm. After absorption
Joshua-Tor, Leemor
New Solutions for Substation Sensing, Signal Processing and Decision Making M. Kezunovic, Fellow IEEE
into one system [1]. Once the concept is implemented, a variety of new applications that utilize overall of IEDs from different vendors can be interconnected to form a substation automation system. The problem in the power system area regarding application of sensors, signal processing and decision-making. To illustrate
BLID sensor evaluation at a 500-kV substation: an interim report
A joint Sandia Laboratories-Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) evaluation of a buried-line intrusion detection (BLID) sensor is being performed at a 500-kV switching substation. Measurements of the electrical environment and the effects of the environment on the sensor are described.
Research of Operation Reliability and Power Quality for Four Sets of Main Transformer Substations
The problems of the operation performance, reliability and power quality for four main transformer substations are discussed in this paper. Because of the increasing of power load and the short supply of land resources, the method provided has the necessity ... Keywords: Local grid, transformer, economy, reliability, power quality
Xilin Zhang, Bin Zhang, Guannan Wang, Chengmin Wang
Perimeter sensor evaluation at a 500-kV substation. Interim report
A joint Sandia Laboratories-Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) evaluation of exterior perimeter intrusion sensors is being performed at a 500-kV switching substation. Measurements of the electrical environment and the effects of the environment on the sensors are described.
Griffith, R.D.
Data Integration and Information Exchange: Impacts on Future Substation and EMS Applications
This project is concerned with data integration and information exchange to facilitate power system operation, monitoring, control, and protection in substations. The report investigates nontraditional uses of data with a purpose of developing new functions that will affect the way power systems are run by all involved groups, including dispatchers, operations, maintenance, protection, asset management, and planning.
Abstract -The paper discusses substation IED data integration and its importance for implementation of
://www.hnei.hawaii.edu Related Projects: Grid Management Using Hydrogen Batteries for Grid Management Hawai`i Energy of Distribution Management System Status and Accomplishments Phase 1 of this project is in progress were provided by MECO. MECO's Wailea substation was selected for use in this project and preliminary
New Solutions for Substation Sensing, Signal Processing and Decision Making M. Kezunovic, Fellow IEEE Texas A&M University Department of Electrical Engineering firstname.lastname@example.com Henry Taylor, Fellow IEEE Texas A&M University Department of Electrical Engineering firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract This paper
Puget Sound Area Electric Reliability Plan : Supplemental Environmental Analysis, Schultz Substation.
This document describes the purpose, function, and the environmental consequences of the proposed Schultz substation near Ellensburg, Washington. The affected environment is described in detail, including aerial survey photographs. The impacts on vegetation, fish and wildlife, soils, and water resources are described. (GHH)
The 4 times 6 network; Upgrade of a major 500kV substation
This paper describes a study to enhance the reliability of BC Hydro's Ingledow 500 kV substation. It employs truth tables and frequency and duration analysis. The study included double-breaker double-bus and 4 {times} 6 arrangements, and 4 {times} 6 was recommended for its cost and reliability advantages.
Page, R.; Nishikawara, K.; Stromotich, F. (Substation Planning Associates, Inc., West Vancouver (CA))
A hybrid intelligent system for alarm processing in power distribution substations
This application paper presents an intelligent system for alarm processing and fault location in power substations. A hybrid model is constructed using rule-based systems and an artificial neural network. Incoming alarms are initially handled by an input ... Keywords: Expert systems, fault location, neural networks
J. C. Stacchini de Souza; M. B. Do Coutto Filho; R. S. Freund
Rule Issued to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail To...
Issued to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail To Comply with Federal Energy Conservation Standards Rule Issued to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail To Comply with...
Rule Proposed to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail to...
Proposed to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail to Comply with DOE Energy Conservation Standards Rule Proposed to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail to Comply...
Categorical Exclusion (CX) Determination Proposed Action: Elliot 115kV/43.8kV Transmission Substation Construction and Elliot
Elliot 115kV/43.8kV Transmission Substation Construction and Elliot Elliot 115kV/43.8kV Transmission Substation Construction and Elliot 43.8kV Transmission Line. Description of Proposed Action: The Central Power Electric Cooperative (Central Power) is proposing a new substation near Elliot, ND to be owned and operated by Western under Western's Valley City to Forman 115kV transmission line in addition to 8 miles of new 43.8kV transmission line to connect the new substation to Dakota Valley Electric's (a Central Power member) North Milnor substation. Number and Title of Categorical Exclusions Being Applied: 10 CFR 1021.410 Subpart D, Appendix B, B4.l1: Construction of electric power substations ... or modification of existing substations and support facilities. Regulatory Requirements for CX Determination: The DOE Guidelines for Compliance with
Coordination of a distribution level continuously controlled compensation device with existing substation equipment for long term VAR management
The implementation of a continuously controlled reactive compensation device, such as an SVC or a static condenser'' (STATCON), in a distribution-level substation provides opportunities to improve power quality and reliability due to the speed of response of such a device. Further benefits can be gained by coordinating the reactive compensation device and its related controls with other substation voltage control equipment, such as load tap changing (LTC) transformers and mechanically-switched capacitors. The results presented in this paper illustrate the impact that a [+-] 12 Mvar STATCON can have on a 150 MW, 12.5 kV load bus, in the Commonwealth Edison power system. Three control concepts for various levels of integration of the substation STATCON, LTCs, and mechanically-switched capacitors are presented. With broader application of SVCs and STATCONs at distribution substations, various other control strategies may also evolve.
Paserba, J.J.; Leonard, D.J.; Miller, N.W. (GE Industrial and Power Systems, Schenectady, NY (United States). Power Systems Engineering Dept.); Lauby, M.G. (Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA (United States)); Naumann, S.T. (Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, IL (United States)); Sener, F.P. (PHE Consulting, Brecksville, OH (United States))
Lightning overvoltage protection of the paddock 362-145 kV Gas-Insulated Substation
Backflashovers close to the Paddiock 362-145 kV Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS) have been analyzed with the Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP) using a frequency dependent multi-conductor system. The severity of the lightning stroke currents were derived based on recent recordings in the eastern United States. Impacts of corona attenuation and distortion were accounted for using a shunt linear model approach. Turn-up effects of both line insulator flashover voltages and surge arrester protective characteristics were represented based on manufacturer's volt-time curves. Wave shaping effects of substation capacitances (ie., PT's transformers, CCPD's) were also modeled. Results show the importance of various modeling details in determining the overvoltages inside the GIS due to close backflashovers, which are caused by lightning strokes with varying intensity. These results are aimed at better evaluation of lightning protection requirements for GIS protected by metal-oxide surge arresters.
Elahi, H.; Sublich, M. (GE Industry and Utility Sales, Schenectady, NY (US)); Anderson, M.E.; Nelson, B.D. (Wisconsin Power and Light Co., Madison, WI (USA))
A procedure for derating a substation transformer in the presence of widespread electric vehicle battery charging
This paper studies the effect of electric vehicle (EV) battery charging on a substation transformer that supplies commercial, residential, industrial, and EV load on a peak summer day. The analysis begins on modeling non-EV load with typical utility load shapes. EV load is modeled using the results from an analytical solution technique that predicts the net power and harmonic currents generated by a group of EV battery chargers. The authors evaluate the amount of transformer derating by maintaining constant daily transformer loss-of-life, with and without EV charging. This analysis shows that the time of day and the length of time during which the EVs begin charging are critical in determining the amount of transformer derating required. The results show that with proper control, EV charging may have very little effect on power system components at the substation level.
Staats, P.T.; Grady, W.M.; Arapostathis, A. [Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States); Thallam, R.S. [Salt River Project, Phoenix, AZ (United States)
Microsoft Word - CX-TaylorFlatsSubstationMeterFY13_WEB.docx
25, 2013 25, 2013 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEPR-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Cleareance Memorandum Bob Trisman Electrical Engineer - TEP-CSB-1 Proposed Action: Revenue meter replacement at Franklin County Public Utility District's (PUD) Taylor Flats Substation PP&A Project No: 2608 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B1.7 Electronic Equipment Location: Franklin County, Washington. Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA proposes to remove the existing equipment and replace it with a new JEMSTAR revenue meter within BPA's existing meter rack inside Franklin County PUD's Taylor Flats Substation. No ground disturbance or alteration to the control house would occur.
Microsoft Word - CX-BentonCoPUD-FinleySubstationMeterProject_FY13_WEB.doc
John Roeder John Roeder Contractor - TEP-CSB-1 Proposed Action: Revenue Meter Replacement at Benton County Public Utility District's (PUD) Finley Substation PP&A Project No: 2594 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B1.7 Electronic Equipment Location: Benton County, Washington Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA proposes to replace an existing JEM1 revenue meter with a new JEMStar revenue meter within an existing meter rack at Benton County PUD's Finley Substation. BPA would own the rack and meter. No ground disturbance or alteration to the meter house would occur. Findings: BPA has determined that the proposed action complies with Section 1021.410 and
Microsoft Word - CX-DixieSubstationUpgradesFY11_WEB.doc
KEP-4 KEP-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Brett Sherer Project Manager - KEP-4 Proposed Action: Upgrade of secondary containment facilities at Dixie Substation Budget Information: Work Order: 00004952 Categorical Exclusion Applied (Appendix B to Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B4.6: Additions or modifications to electric power transmission facilities that would not affect the environment beyond the previously developed facility area including, but not limited to, switchyard rock grounding upgrades, secondary containment projects, paving projects, seismic upgrading, tower modifications, changing insulators, and replacement of poles, circuit breakers, conductors, transformers, and crossarms. Location: PLS T1S R8E S1 Dixie Substation in Elmore County, Idaho.
Marys Lake 69/115-kV transmission line upgrade and substation expansion projects
Western Area Power Administration (Western) and the Platte River Power Authority (Platte River) propose to upgrade portions of the existing electric transmission and substation system that serves the Town of Estes Park, Colorado. The existing transmission lines between the Estes Power Plant Switchyard and the Marys Lake Substation include a 115,000 volt (115-kV) line and 69,000 volt (69-kV) line. Approximately one mile is a double-circuit 115/69-kV line on steel lattice structures, and approximately two miles consists of separate single-circuit 115-kV and a 69-kV lines, constructed on wood H-Frame structures. Both lines were constructed in 1951 by the US Bureau of Reclamation. The existing transmission lines are on rights-of-way (ROW) that vary from 75 feet to 120 feet and are owned by Western. There are 48 landowners adjacent to the existing ROW. All of the houses were built adjacent to the existing ROW after the transmission lines were constructed. Upgrading the existing 69-kV transmission line between the Marys Lake Substation and the Estes Power Plant Switchyard to 115-kV and expanding the Marys Lake Substation was identified as the most effective way in which to improve electric service to Estes Park. The primary purpose and need of the proposed project is to improve the reliability of electric service to the Town of Estes Park. Lack of reliability has been a historical concern, and reliability will always be less than desired until physical improvements are made to the electrical facilities serving Estes Park.
Balance of Substation Equipment Condition Assessment and Life-Extension Techniques
The work reported in this technical update is part of an ongoing Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) effort to improve the balance of station equipment life management; this report presents results of investigations of issues, typical problems, and utility maintenance needs concerning substation high-voltage disconnect and grounding switches. This project phase included a needs assessment and research roadmap development to identify and address maintenance and other life cycle issues for manual and ...
Calculation of pressure waves in substation buildings due to arcing faults
Pressure stress from internal arcing includes static and dynamic phenomena. These phenomena can be distinguished with the help of the pulsation factor. The ray tracing technique presented allows the three-dimensional calculation of pressure stresses including transient effects. Two examples demonstrating the importance of pressure waves on the stress of rooms are presented. A calculation procedure is given which enables an improvement of the design of substation buildings.
Dasbach, A.; Pietsch, G.J. (Grundegebiete der Elektrotechnik und Gasentladungstechnik, Aachen Univ. of Technology, Aachen (DE))
Management Practices for Prevention and Retention of Oil Spills from Substation Equipment
Releases of mineral oil from insulated substation equipment present potential environmental and economic burden. The purpose of this report is to discuss practices utilized to prevent releases of mineral oil, to the extent practical, and then to contain spills/leaks that do occur. Discussion is provided to aid a company's decision in identifying those management practices that are best for their conditions, with "best" being defined as those that provide the optimal balance of cost, performance, and envi...
Lightning protection requirements of SF/sub 6/ substation determined by hybrid simulator. [115/345 kv station
The development of a hybrid computer simulation which can provide the type and quantity of data necessary for determining the behavior of lightning-caused surges traveling through substations is discussed. Results from a specific application on a 115-kV/345-kV station are presented. The results show that the simulation of SF/sub 6/ substations during lightning-caused surges is ideally accomplished by hybrid computer. The quantity of data for complete substation analysis may be gathered efficiently. In addition, digital graphical summaries provide quick insight into substation behavior. The application of this method to simple configurations has shown the previous assumptions must be carefully reviewed. For example, it is shown by computer simulation and analytical hand calculation that the surges with the steepest wave fronts may not produce the highest substation voltages. It is concluded that this hybrid simulation is an excellent tool in the determination of SF/sub 6/ substation response to lightning-caused surges. (LCL)
Tranen, J.D. (New England Electric System, Westborough, MA); Hedin, R.A.; Minnick, J.J.; Priest, K.W.
Substate Tying With Combined Parameter Training and Reduction in Tied-Mixture HMM Design
Two approaches are proposed for the design of tied-mixture hidden Markov models (TMHMM). One approach improves parameter sharing via partial tying of TMHMM states. To facilitate tying at the substate level, the state emission probabilities are constructed in two stages or, equivalently, are viewed as a "mixture of mixtures of Gaussians." This paradigm allows, and is complemented with, an optimization technique to seek the best complexity-accuracy tradeoff solution, which jointly exploits Gaussian density sharing and substate tying. Another approach to enhance model training is combined training and reduction of model parameters. The procedure starts by training a system with a large universal codebook of Gaussian densities. It then iteratively reduces the size of both the codebook and the mixing coefficient matrix, followed by parameter re-training. The additional cost in design complexity is modest. Experimental results on the ISOLET database and its E-set subset show that substate tying reduces the classification error rate by over 15%, compared to standard Gaussian sharing and whole-state tying. TMHMM design with combined training and reduction of parameters reduces the classification error rate by over 20% compared to conventional TMHMM design. When the two proposed approaches were integrated, 25% error rate reduction over TMHMM with whole-state tying was achieved.
Liang Gu; Kenneth Rose; Senior Member
Environmental Assessment of Proposed Lynch Creek Substation Project : Service to Eatonville and the Ohop Valley.
Bonneville Power Administation (BPA) proposes to construct 3.2 miles of 115-kV transmission line from a tap point on Tacoma City Light's Cowlitz-LaGrande 115-kV line to a new 115/12.5-kV, 15/20/25 MVA substation to be located about 1 mile northwest of Eatonville, adjacent to the Eatonville cutoff road. This plan was selected following initial consideration of five alternative plans for satisfying electrical needs in the project area and following agreement with BPA's customers on a vicinity for the substation site. The vicinity selected is midway between the two load centers and would require the least construction of distribution line. Subsequently, four alternative line routes and two substation sites have been evaluated. These alternatives provide a range of costs, engineering solutions, and potential environmental impacts. This evaluation led to the selection of one line route. This document describes possible environmental impacts of the proposed actions. 7 refs, 9 figs., 5 tabs.
Analysis techniques for power substation grounding systems. Volume 2. User's manual
This User's Manual is provided as an adjunct to the final report on EPRI Research Project 1494-2. The manual is a self-contained document intended to provide detailed and complete instruction on the use of the computer programs developed by the research project. The manual includes user documentation on the two computer programs, entitled SGSYS and SMECC, developed on the contract. Brief program descriptions are followed by operational instructions, data formats, and output specifications. Preceding the program documentation is an introductory section which defines terms and outlines basic elements of grounding system analysis. Following this, a simple but detailed example is given which may be used as a guide in program utilization and also as a test case for individual program users. Following the user documentation is a completed practical example which shows data preparation for a specific substation and computer results obtained for that substation. The example also provides suggested procedures in approaching the problem of substation design using the methodologies developed by this project.
Joy, E.B.; Meliopoulos, A.P.; Webb, R.P.
The effect of magnetic field on optimal design of a rigid-bus substation
Substation rigid-bus design involves electrical, mechanical, and structural considerations. In order to integrate these considerations into one document, IEEE in cooperation with ANSI has issued a comprehensive guide for design of substation rigid-bus systems. The design process based on this guide involves substantial manual effort to integrate all types of calculations. This is particularly evident when the computations have to be repeated several times in order to arrive at a more economic design. In an earlier paper the authors presented a mathematical model and computer program which automates the design process. Recently there has been concern expressed about the possible biological effects of low level magnetic fields. In view of this, a new design constraint taking into account the limits imposed on the magnitude of the magnetic field can be added to the design guidelines. In this paper the authors introduce such a constraint and they show how the magnitude of allowable magnetic field at a specified distance from the station buses affects the optimal design of a rigid bus substation.
Anders, G.J.; Ford, G.L.; Horrocks, D.J. (Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario (Canada))
Price hikes fail to ease Russian woes
Sharply higher prices decreed for early January by Moscow for crude, refined products, and natural gas have failed to ease the Russian republic's fuel shortages. In many parts of Russia and other areas of the new Commonwealth of Independent States, the fuel crunch appears to have intensified. Even the military, which formerly could count on plentiful fuel supplies while the civilian economy was strapped for energy, is being forced to curtail training because of reduced product deliveries. This paper reports that unconfirmed reports in Moscow say Russia may lift price controls on oil and coal no later than Apr. 1. Some Moscow economists believe freeing prices could provide a beneficial shock to depressed economies of C.I.S. members.
AC-DC Difference
... The NIST ac-dc Difference Project provides US industry with the essential link between ac ... Facilities/Tools Used: ... NIST CNST Nanofabrication facility. ...
firstname.lastname@example.com. Abstract. Results are ...... http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/ neum/glopt/coconut/tests/figures/ ... [11] GAMS World, WWW-document, 2002.
Solar Oven, Take One: FAIL | Department of Energy
Oven, Take One: FAIL Solar Oven, Take One: FAIL June 22, 2011 - 11:45am Addthis Our homemade solar oven. | Courtesy of: Moon Choe Our homemade solar oven. | Courtesy of: Moon Choe...
Investigation of Auxiliary Power Substation 95A4 fault and fire, Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, March 24, 1982
On March 24, 1982, an electrical fault and resultant fire in the 480 volt Auxiliary Power Substation 95A4 at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant destroyed that substation. There were no personal injuries, the overall loss was limited to the Substation, and the cost of replacing the Substation with repaired and new components has been estimated at $184,000. At the time of the incident, Goodyear was involved in a project to replace the obsolete 480 volt circuit breaker of the Auxiliary Power System. This project involved the disassembly, refurishing, and reassembly of 480 volt circuit breaker carriages by Goodyear personnel. The fault occurred in a circuit breaker upgraded under this project. The investigation of this accident is reported. The evidence suggests the fault resulted from the improper assembly of an upgraded 480 volt circuit breaker. Compounding the problem and leading to the extensive damage was the failure of the transformer secondary breaker to trip open as designed and interrupt the flow of power to the substation. It is surmised that inadequate testing during preventive maintenance contributed to this condition. Additional factors which may have contributed to the accident included: no requirements for assuring the competence of the electricians who installed the circuit breakers, no specific assembly instructions to the electricians, inadequate procedure instructions, and an inadequate procedure governing operational or load testing of the breaker. (LCL)
A formula for resistance of substation grounding grid in two-layer soil
A simple and accurate formula for calculating the resistance of a grounding grid buried in two-layer soil, is proposed in this paper. The formula is derived from the image theory and a novel synthetic asymptote technique. The resulted formula is dependent on both the substation grounding grid design parameters (such as grid size, number of meshes, grid-conductor diameter, grid depth, etc.) and the soil parameters (such as the resistivities of the upper and lower soils). The resistances calculated using the proposed formula are compared to the resistances obtained from a detailed numerical method and the agreement between the results is very good.
Salama, M.M.A.; El Sherbiny, M.M.; Chow, Y.L. [Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario (Canada). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering] [Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario (Canada). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
New fault locating system for air-insulated substations using optical current detector
This paper deals with a newly developed fault locating system. This fault locating system helps to shorten the time required for restoration of service after the occurrence of a busbar fault in an air-insulated distribution substation. Recent optical and electronic technologies allow highly accurate and compact fault locating system, which consists of optical current detectors using Faraday effect and a fault locating processor employing digital data processing technique. The fault location is made by discriminating the direction of zero-sequence currents. Through various tests and field operations it has been confirmed that the system has sufficient performance for practical application.
Yoshida, Y.; Kawazoe, S. (Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc., Osaka (Japan)); Ibuki, K.; Yamada, K.; Ochi, N. (Mitsubishi Electric Corp., Amagasaki, Hyogo (Japan). Itami Works)
Reduction factor for the ground resistance of the foot in substation yards
Limited thickness of the surface layer of gravel in a substation yard decreases the ground resistance of the foot from its value for the infinite thickness of the surface layer, by reduction factor C. The foot is usually represented by an equivalent circular plate of radius 8 cm. This paper presents method and equations to accurately determine the reduction factor for the circular plate. The equations are valid for any depth of the upper layer. The data are presented in the form of graphs. A simple empirical equation for determining the value of C is also presented.
Thapar, B.; Gerez, V.; Kejriwal, H. (Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States))
Analysis of a 1200 kV circuit breaker for a gas insulated substation. Final report
This report describes the work carried out to analyze and design a circuit for use in 1200 kV gas insulated substations. The first part of the project was devoted to a thorough analysis of the requirements for the circuit breaker from the standpoint of the electrical system in which it would operate. A conceptual design was selected and all of the components of the circuit breaker were designed, modeled and verified. Finally a plan was prepared for the construction of a complete circuit breaker.
Microsoft Word - CX-HatwaiSubstationUpgradesFY11_WEB.doc
18, 2011 18, 2011 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEP-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Brett Sherer Project Manager - KEP-4 Proposed Action: Upgrade of secondary containment facilities at Hatwai Substation Budget Information: Work Order: 00004952 Categorical Exclusion Applied (Appendix B to Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B4.6: Additions or modifications to electric power transmission facilities that would not affect the environment beyond the previously developed facility area including, but not limited to: switchyard rock grounding upgrades, secondary containment projects, paving projects, seismic upgrading, tower modifications, changing insulators, and replacement of poles, circuit breakers, conductors, transformers, and crossarms.
State Laboratory Contacts AC
State Laboratory Contact Information AC. Alabama. Mailing Address, ... PDF. Alaska. Mailing Address, Contact Information. Alaska ...
Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard - Windy Gap Substation Transmission Line Rebuild, Grand County, Colorado: Final Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary
PUMPING PLANT SWITCHYARD - WINDY GAP PUMPING PLANT SWITCHYARD - WINDY GAP SUBSTATION TRANSMISSION LINE REBUILD, GRAND COUNTY, COLORADO DOE/EIS-0400 Final Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary Grand County, Colorado June 2013 Granby Pumping Plant-Windy Gap Substation Transmission Line Rebuild Project FEIS Executive Summary ES-1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Western Area Power Administration (Western), a power marketing administration within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is proposing to rebuild and upgrade the Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard-Windy Gap Substation transmission line in Grand County, Colorado (Grand County). This Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) analyzes the impacts associated with the proposal to remove approximately 13.6 miles of 69-kilovolt (kV) transmission line, construct approximately
Microsoft Word - NEPA_CX_Acquisition_of_OTEC_Disconnect_Switch_LaGrand_Substation_05-08-2012.docx
Kelly Miller Kelly Miller Project Manager - TG-DITT-2 Proposed Action: BPA Acquisition of OTEC Disconnect Switch at the BPA LaGrande Substation Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): Appendix B 1.24 Property Transfer Location: BPA LaGrande Substation, in the City of LaGrande, Union County, Oregon Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Description of the Proposed Action: BPA proposes to purchase the 230-kilovolt (kV) main bus disconnect switch (MB A-270) that is currently installed and operating within the BPA LaGrande Substation. The disconnect switch is owned by the Oregon Trail Electric Cooperative (OTEC). On October 7, 2011, the manager of engineering for OTEC requested that BPA purchase the disconnect switch. The disconnect switch is the only piece of equipment within
Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-96) Snohomish District Substations
6) 6) - Snohomish District Substations Dennis Sjoquist - TFN/Snohomish Snohomish Regional Manager Proposed Action: Vegetation Management for the following facilities located in the Snohomish District: Bellingham Custer Fidalgo Intalco Lopez Island Monroe Murray, V.M. Snohomish Snoking Whatcom Whatcom Skagit Whatcom San Juan Snohomish Snohomish Snohomish Snohomish Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). Description of the Proposal: BPA proposes total vegetation management (bareground) in the electrical substations, and, noxious weed management and maintenance of landscaping within the property boundaries of the listed facilities. These facilities are all located within the Snohomish District of the Snohomish Region. Description of the Proposal: BPA proposes to manage vegetation inside and around electrical substations and associated facilities.
Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-0285/SA-94) Covington District Substations
4) 4) - Covington District Substations Dennis Sjoquist - TFN/Snohomish Snohomish Regional Manager Proposed Action: Vegetation Management for the following facilities located in the Covington District: Covington Echo Lake Lynch Creek Maple Valley Narrows Raver, P.J. South Tacoma Steilacoom Surprise Lake Tacoma King King Pierce King Pierce King Pierce Pierce Pierce Pierce Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). Description of the Proposal: BPA proposes total vegetation management (bareground) in the electrical substations, and, noxious weed management and maintenance of landscaping within the property boundaries of the listed facilities. These facilities are all located within the Covington District of the Snohomish Region. Description of the Proposal: BPA proposes to manage vegetation inside and around electrical substations and associated facilities.
Screw Type Ac Air Compressor Manufacturers, Screw Type Ac Air ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Screw Type Ac Air Compressor, Screw Type Ac Air Compressor Manufacturers & Suppliers Directory - Find here Screw Type Ac Air Compressor Traders, ...
Intelligent Substation
Deregulation has led to a search for methods to reduce maintenance costs while maintaining or improving the reliability of service. Both the cost of labor and the loss of experienced personnel suggest that successful strategies should be based on computer based methods.
Transient performance of substation grounding systems subjected to lightning and similar surge currents
The frequency and time domain performance of a typical substation grounding system subjected to a lightning strike is described and discussed. The computed scalar potentials, electric fields and magnetic fields are presented graphically as a function of spatial coordinate, as a function of time and as a function of both. It is believed that these detailed results have not been published before. First, a double exponential lightning surge current is injected into the center of a square ground grid. This same surge current is then injected at one corner of the grid. The response of the grounding system to the frequency domain electromagnetic spectrum of this signal is computed by a frequency domain electromagnetic field analysis software package. Once all the frequency responses have been computed, the temporal and spatial distributions of the electromagnetic fields inside and near the substation are obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation of all these responses. The results are compared with some well known low frequency results and to recent published work in this area. These results indicate that the performance of the grounding system is significantly dependent on frequency and on the point of impact of the lightning strike.
Xiong, W.; Dawalibi, F.P. (Safe Engineering Services Technologies Ltd., Montreal, Quebec (Canada))
Assessment of Alternatives to Substation Batteries: Current Utility Practices, Interim Report: Tasks 1 and 2: Interim Report: Tasks 1 and 2
Back-up power systems in electric company substations, primarily stationary lead-acid and nickel cadmium battery systems serving dc loads, play a critical role in substation reliability. This product is intended to help mitigate system reliability concerns and operating and maintenance budget constraints associated with uncertain performance and high maintenance of emergency power systems using traditional lead-acid battery technology.
Optimal Planning of a Load Transfer Substation Pair between Two Normally Closed-Loop Feeders Considering Minimization of System Power Losses Using a Genetic Algorithm
This paper proposes an effective approach for planning a load transfer substation pair(LTSP) between two normally closed-loop feeders considering minimization of system power losses. Firstly, the annual equivalent load of each load point is calculated. ... Keywords: distribution feeder, normally closed-loop feeder, distribution substation, genetic algorithm, power losses
Wei-Tzer Huang; Kai-chao Yao; Shiuan-Tai Chen; Hsiau-Hsian Nien; Deng-Chung Lin; Po-Tung Huang
Failed Components in the Ringhals 1 (BWR) Steam Separator - TMS
Aug 1, 1999 ... The failed components were eight tie rods for the steam separators and one condensate collector including respective nuts and sleeves.
Security of industrial sensor network-based remote substations in the context of the Internet of Things
The main objective of remote substations is to provide the central system with sensitive information from critical infrastructures, such as generation, distribution or transmission power systems. Wireless sensor networks have been recently applied in ... Keywords: Industrial Control Networks, Internet of Things, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems, The Internet, Wireless Sensor Networks
Cristina Alcaraz; Rodrigo Roman; Pablo Najera; Javier Lopez
VOLUME 67, NUMBER 1 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1 JULY 1991 Optically Induced Coherence Transfer Echoes between Zeeman Substates
between Zeeman Substates Dieter Suter and Martin Rosatzin Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal-echo phenomena associated with Zeeman coherences in a sublevel manifold. The experiments on the ground state on the Zeeman sublevels of the 3s `S'r,z ground state of atomic sodium. The beam of a single-mode cw ring dye
Suter, Dieter
Proposed Norton-Tesuque 115 kV overhead transmission line and substation in Sante Fe, New Mexico
Construction is proposed of a 115/12.5-kilovolt (kV), 10/12.5-megavolt-ampere (MVA) substation in the Tesuque area and of 9.02 miles of 115-kV overhead transmission line from the Norton Station to the new substation in an area approximately three miles north of Sante Fe, New Mexico. The project would involve the granting of a 100-foot width right-of-way by the Tesuque Pueblo, the construction of the substation on the Tesuque Pueblo Indian Reservation between the Rio Tesuque and New Mexico 85, the addition of a 115-kV breaker bay at Norton Station, and the installation of two underground 12.47-kV distribution feeders to connect to existing ones in the Tesuque area. In addition, the station would be designed to accommodate one future underground 12.47-kV feeder that would terminate at a future distribution line in the Tesuque area. The preferred transmission line route would originate at the Norton Station and proceed east-northeast up Calabasa Arroyo to a point approximately 1.1 miles north of the southwest corner of the Tesuque Pueblo boundary. From this point the route would proceed east to the proposed substation site.
Granby Pumping Plant Switchyard - Windy Gap Substation Transmission Line Rebuild, Grand County, Colorado: Final Environmental Impact Statement Appendices
PUMPING PLANT SWITCHYARD - WINDY GAP PUMPING PLANT SWITCHYARD - WINDY GAP SUBSTATION TRANSMISSION LINE REBUILD, GRAND COUNTY, COLORADO DOE/EIS-0400 Final Environmental Impact Statement Appendices Grand County, Colorado June 2013 Appendix A EIS Scoping Report GRANBY PUMPING PLANT - WINDY GAP TRANSMISSION LINE REBUILD PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SCOPING SUMMARY REPORT December 4, 2007
Microsoft Word - CX-SouthTacomaSubstationOlympicPipelineFenceUpgrade_WEB.doc
7, 2011 7, 2011 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEP-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Timothy Wicks Realty Specialist - TERR-Covington Proposed Action: Grant the Olympic Pipeline Company permission to upgrade an existing fence along the northern property line of Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA) South Tacoma Substation to enhance security. PP&A Project No.: PP&A-2054 Budget Information: N/A Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B1.11 Fencing, no adverse effect on wildlife movement/surface water flow. Installation of fencing, including that for border marking that will not adversely affect wildlife movements or surface water flow. Location: S36 T9N R3E WM, in Pierce County, Washington. BPA Parcel #STAC-SS-SY
Seminoe-Kortes transmission line/substation consolidation project, Carbon County, Wyoming
The existing switchyards at Western Area Power Administration's (WESTERN) Seminoe and Kortes facilities, located approximately 40 miles northeast of Rawlines, Carbon County, Wyoming, were constructed in 1939 and 1951, respectively. The circuit breakers at these facilities are beyond or approaching their service life and need to be replaced. In addition, the switchyards have poor access for maintenance and replacement of equipment, and their locations create potential for oil spills into the North Platte River. WESTERN is proposing to consolidate the switchyard facilities into one new substation to provide easier access, restore proper levels of system reliability, and decrease the potential for oil contamination of the river. This environmental assessment (EA) was prepared to evaluate the impacts of the proposed Seminoe-Kortes Consolidation Project. 57 refs., 12 figs., 8 tabs.
Final environmental assessment for vegetation control at VHF stations, microwave stations, electrical substations, and pole yards
Southwestern Power Adm. operates very high frequency (VHF) and microwave radio stations, electrical substations, and pole yards for electric power transmission throughout AR, MO, and OK. Vegetation growth at the stations must be suppressed for safety of operation and personnel. Southwestern has been using a combination of mechanical/manual and herbicide control for this purpose; Federally- mandated reductions in staff and budgetary resources require Southwestern to evaluate all potentially efficient methods for vegetation control. Three alternatives were examined: no action, mechanical/manual control, and (proposed) a combination of mechanical/manual and herbicide control. Environmental impacts on air and water quality, wetlands, wildlife, endangered species, archaeological and other resources, farmland, human health, transportation, etc. were evaluated.
Feasibility study: Application of RCM techniques for substation maintenance at the Bonneville Power Administration
This feasibility study examines reliability centered maintenance (RCM) as it applies to Bonneville Power Administrations (BPA) substation maintenance program. Reliability techniques are examined in evaluated. Existing BPA equipment maintenance procedures are documented. Equipment failure history is considered. Economic impacts are estimated. Various equipment instrumentation methods are reviewed. Based on this analysis a prototype system is proposed. The prototype will be implemented in two phases. Phase 1 is to be completed in 1992, it includes instrumenting one power transformer and one oil circuit breaker. Software development will focus on displaying data. Phase 2 is to be completed the following year. The remaining transformers and breakers will be instrumented during the second phase. Software development will focus on predictive maintenance techniques and maintenance decision support.
Purucker, S.L.; Tonn, B.E.; Goeltz, R.T.; James, R.D.; Kercel, S.; Rizy, D.T.; Simpson, M.L.; Van Dyke, J.W.
Experience in the installation of a microprocessor system for controlling converter units of the Vyborg substation
The experience in the installation of modern digital systems for controlling converter units at the Vyborg converter substation on the basis of advanced microprocessor devices is considered. It is shown that debugging of a control and protection system on mathematical and physical models does not guarantee optimum control of actual converter devices. Examples of advancing the control and protection system are described, the necessity for which has become obvious in tests of actual equipment. Comparison of oscillograms of processes before optimization of the control system and after its optimization and adjustment shows that the digital control system makes it possible to improve substantially the algorithms of control and protection in the short term and without changing the hardware component.
Gusakovskii, K. B.; Zmaznov, E. Yu.; Katantsev, S. V.; Mazurenko, A. K.; Mestergazi, V. A.; Prochan, G. G.; Funtikova, S. F. [High Voltage Direct Current Power Transmission Research Institute (NIIPT) (Russian Federation)
Effects of deteriorated and contaminated substation surface covering layers on foot resistance calculations
ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 is widely used to determine electrical currents flowing through the human body as the result of touch and step voltages near transmission and distribution facilities. This paper shows, however, that significant inaccuracies can occur when the ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 proposed method to calculate foot resistances is applied in substations covered by a thin layer of crushed rock or similar covering layers. In particular, it is shown that the errors obtained by using the infinite series expression of the foot resistance are consistently larger than those produced by the simplified expression for clean and contaminated surface layers. This paper also compares its results with those proposed recently in the literature. It is shown that these recent proposed equations may be subject to major errors under certain conditions. Equivalent Thevenin foot resistances are plotted for various scenarios of clean and contaminated surface covering layers.
Dawalibi, F.P.; Xiong, W.; Ma, J. (Safe Engineering Services and Technologies Ltd., Montreal, Quebec (Canada))
Microsoft Word - CX-GarrisonSubstationAccessRoadImprovementFY13_WEB.doc
8, 2013 8, 2013 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEPR-Bell-1 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Jonathan Malmberg Project Manager - TETQ-TPP-3 Proposed Action: Maintenance along sections of the access road leading to Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA) Garrison Substation PP&A Project No.: 2609 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B1.3 Routine Maintenance. B1.13 Pathways, short access roads, and rail lines. Location: As identified in table below: Township Range Section County 9N 11W 14, 13, 24 Powell 9N 10W 19, 30, 20 Powell Proposed by: BPA Description of the Proposed Action: BPA proposes repairing a corrugated metal pipe end; making minor asphalt repairs; and grading, shaping, compacting, and placing road aggregate on 20,005 linear feet
The Borneo Project : Indonesia Fails to Stop Illegal Logging, Report Says Indonesia Fails to Stop Illegal Logging, Report Says
The Borneo Project : Indonesia Fails to Stop Illegal Logging, Report Says Indonesia Fails to Stop Illegal Logging, Report Says by Irwan Firdaus, The Associated Press January 15th, 2003 JAKARTA, Indonesia -- Corruption in Indonesia's police and military has contributed to a surge in illegal logging that has
Eight percent cost penalty for world's first 765-kV SF/sub 6/ substation may be bargain
A Lynchburg, Virginia 765 kV sulfur hexafluoride substation cost a premium of 8% over conventional substations in order to meet environmental requirements, but the first 18 months of operation required no maintenance costs and a design flexibility that meant less land and no landscaping was required. Some of the added front-end cost should be assigned to research and development for this prototype installation. A review of the siting and design specifications cites a number of environmental as well as economic advantages of low-profile, gas-insulated substations. 7 figures, 1 table. (DCK)
Laskowski, L.M.
Holbrook Substation Superconductor Cable System, Long Island, New York Final Report
The LIPA Superconductor project broke ground on July 4, 2006, was first energized on April 22, 2008 (Earth Day) and was commissioned on June 25, 2008. Since commissioning, up until early March, 2009, there were numerous refrigeration events that impacted steady state operations. This led to the review of the alarms that were being generated and a rewrite of the program logic in order to decrease the hypersensitivity surrounding these alarms. The high temperature superconductor (HTS) cable was energized on March 5, 2009 and ran uninterrupted until a human error during a refrigeration system switchover knocked the cable out of the grid in early February 2010. The HTS cable was in the grid uninterrupted from March 5, 2009 to February 4, 2010. Although there have been refrigeration events (propagated mainly by voltage sags/surges) during this period, the system was able to automatically switch over from the primary to the backup refrigeration system without issue as required during this period. On February 4, 2010, when switching from the backup over to the primary refrigeration system, two rather than one liquid nitrogen pumps were started inadvertently by a human error (communication) causing an overpressure in the cable cooling line. This in turn activated the pressure relief valve located in the grounding substation. The cable was automatically taken out of the grid without any damage to the components or system as a result of signals sent from the AMSC control cabinet to the LIPA substation. The cable was switched back into the grid again on March 16, 2010 without incident and has been operational since that time. Since switching from the backup to the primary is not an automatic process, a recent improvement was added to the refrigeration operating system to allow remote commands to return the system from backup to primary cooling. This improvement makes the switching procedure quicker since travel to the site to perform this operation is no longer necessary and safer since it is now a programmed procedure versus the former written procedure that was still subject to human variation in the process.
Maguire, James; McNamara, Joseph
Program on Technology Innovation: Application of a High Temperature Superconducting Fault Current Limiter at AEP's Sporn Substation
This report describes the application of a Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) to address fault current over-duty problems in American Electric Power's 138kV Sporn Substation. EPRI is current developing SFCL technology targeted to address fault current over-duty problems at the transmission voltage level of 138kV and higher. The technology under development is termed the Matrix Fault Current Limiter (MFCL) due to the modular nature arrangements of its High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) eleme...
Operation of a long-term transient monitoring system in a 138-KV and a 500-KV substation
This paper describes the operating performance of automatic transient monitoring laboratories designed to capture fault and transient data on power systems. Laboratories were installed in a 138-kV and a 500-kV substation and operated for more than 25,000 hours over a three-year period. Recorded during this period were 341 events consisting of lightning, switching, and fault transients. These results provide invaluable data on actual transients in power systems to aid power system equipment designers.
Perkins, M.D.; Mauser, S.F.; Mikell, D.C.; Nilsson, S.L.
Algorithms and Methodologies for Integrated Substation Equipment Risk and Performance Assessment Tools for Asset Management and Smar t Grid
EPRI has developed a suite of algorithms and methodologies designed to assess substation equipment performance and risk. These tools and the supporting databases have been enhanced to provide projections of future performance and risk. Utilizing these algorithms and tools, asset and maintenance managers can make better-informed decisions about current and future investments. This report lays out the rationale underlying the development of these tools and sets the foundation for their effective use by uti...
Algorithms, Key Performance Indicators and Models for Implementing Performance Focused Maintenance for Distribution Substation Equip ment: Transformers
Lincoln Electric System (LES) is an electric utility with a transformer fleet of approximately eighty transformers including intertie, substation, and generator transformers. The utility needs a quantitative condition-driven scanning methodology to manage and maintain their fleet's system reliability. Using this methodology, they will make better informed decisions regarding the maintenance and replacement strategies for their units. With this in mind, LES served as a pilot for developing a system that c...
Development of 1200-kV compressed-gas-insulated transmission and substation equipment in the United States
Major research and development (R and D) programs for the development of sulfur hexafluoride (SF/sub 6/) compressed-gas-insulated (CGI) equipment for ultrahighvoltage (uhv) application at 100-1200 kV have been under way independently in both the United States and Japan. The CGI transmission and substation equipment under study and development in these countries has included the surge arrester, circuit breaker, CGI transmission bus, disconnect and ground switches, and an air-SF/sub 6/ termination. The US CGI program has also included development of a power transformer, shunt reactor, voltage- and current-sensing instrumentation, and a line trap, all for 1200-kV application. This paper presents the overall status of development of CGI substation equipment for uhv application in the United States. It describes the major CGI components developed, highlights their key design aspects, indicates the present status of development and testing, and addresses the work remaining to establish final design consepts. The paper also includes 23 references, a number of which have not been widely distributed or included in any of the recently published bibliographies of uhv substation equipment.
Walldorf, S.P.; Gnadt, P.A.
ACS Symposium Program
the Divisions of Biological Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Education, Geochemistry, and Inorganic Chemistry as part of the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry...
Page 1. T-ACS/RoboCrane ... T-ACS (Tactical Auxiliary Crane Ships) T-ACS photo's and drawing courtesy US Navy and/or August Design, Inc. ...
Solar Oven, Take One: FAIL Solar Oven, Take One: FAIL Solar Oven, Take One: FAIL June 15, 2011 - 11:56am Addthis Our homemade solar oven. | Courtesy of Moon Choe Our homemade solar oven. | Courtesy of Moon Choe Moon Choe EERE Summer Intern The first time I ever saw solar cookers was on the news in the summer of 2009 (though that would make it their winter, as I was living in Chile at the time), as part of a development project in the north, which is mostly desert. I had no idea solar cookers were so markedly simple in all various facets, such as appearance, use, and construction, and ever since then, it always remained on my to-do list to make one of my own. Another added benefit that I was unaware of is that a solar cooker works at any time of year, so long as it's receiving direct sunlight (i.e. not
Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail DOE
Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail DOE Energy Star Testing Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail DOE Energy Star Testing October 6, 2010 - 10:08am Addthis DOE testing in support of the ENERGY STAR program has revealed that an Electrolux Gibson air conditioner (model GAH105Q2T1) and an Equator clothes washer (model EZ 3720 CEE), both of which claimed ENERGY STAR ratings, do not meet the ENERGY STAR requirements. Specifically, the test results for the Electrolux Gibson model show that, when tested in accordance with DOE's test procedures, it consumed 6.1 percent more energy than the Energy Star requirement. Test results for the Equator model show that it exceeds Energy Star's water factor requirements by 12.3 percent.
Two ENERGY STAR Products Fail Testing | Department of Energy
Two ENERGY STAR Products Fail Testing Two ENERGY STAR Products Fail Testing Two ENERGY STAR Products Fail Testing August 9, 2011 - 4:42pm Addthis DOE testing has identified two additional models of home appliances that do not meet the ENERGY STAR Program's energy efficiency requirements. A refrigerator manufactured by the Perlick Corporation and a room air conditioner manufactured by Electrolux Home Products, Inc. were selected for testing as part of the DOE's ENERGY STAR Verification Testing Pilot Program. DOE testing revealed that Electrolux air conditioner (model FRA256ST2) and Perlick refrigerator (model HP48RO-S), both of which claimed ENERGY STAR ratings, do not meet the ENERGY STAR requirements. Multiple test results for the Electrolux model show that, when tested in accordance with DOE's
A methodology for performance and compatibility evaluation of an all-digital substation protection system
A power system protection system consists, at least, of an instrument trans- former, a protective device (relay), and a circuit breaker. Conventional instrument transformers bring currents and voltages from power network levels to much lower scaled-down replicas that serve as input signals to protective relays. The relay's function is to measure input signals (or a relationship among them in some cases) and compare them to defined operating characteristic thresholds (relay settings) to quickly decide whether to operate associated circuit breaker(s). Existing protection systems within a substation are based on a hardwired interface between instrument transformers and protective relays. Recent development of electronic instrument transformers and the spread of digital relays allow the development of an all-digital protection system, in which the traditional analog interface has been replaced with a digital signal connected to digital relays through a digital communication link (process bus). Due to their design, conventional instrument transformers introduce distortions to the current and voltage signal replicas. These distortions may cause protective relays to misoperate. On the other hand, non-conventional instrument transformers promise distortion-free replicas, which, in turn, should translate into better relay performance. Replacing hardwired signals with a communication bus also reduces the significant cost associated with copper wiring. An all-digital system should provide compatibility and interoperability so that different electronic instrument transformers can be connected to different digital relays (under a multi-vendor connection) Since the novel all-digital system has never been implemented and/or tested in practice so far, its superior performance needs to be evaluated. This thesis proposes a methodology for performance and compatibility evaluation of an all-digital protection system through application testing. The approach defines the performance indices and compatibility indices as well as the evaluation methodology.
Portillo Urdaneta, Levi
Results of the Bonneville Power Administration weatherization and tightening projects at the Midway substation residential community
As part of a regional conservation program, the Bonneville Power Administration retrofitted 18 houses at its Midway substation in central Washington and monitored the results for a three year period. The 18 houses were divided into three groups, or cells. During the first year of the project, energy consumption was monitored but no changes were made to the houses. Prior to the second year of the project, Cell 2 received attic and crawlspace insulation, foundation sill caulking, and increased attic ventilation. Cell 3 received these retrofits plus storm windows and doors, and Cell 1 served as the control group. Before the beginning of the project's third year, each house in Cell 1 received 22 hours of infiltration reduction weatherization or house tightening. Each house in Cell 3 received 10 hours of this same type of weatherization. Cell 2 served as the control group for the house doctoring phase of the project. Energy consumption and weather data were monitored for the entire three year period. Before and after each set of retrofits, leakage area measurements were made using blower door fan pressurization, thereby allowing calculation of heating season infiltration rates. An energy use model correlating energy consumption with outside temperature was developed in order to determine improvements to the thermal conductance of the building envelope as a result of the retrofits. Energy savings were calculated based on the results of the energy use model and, as a check on these findings, the Computerized Instrumented Residential Analysis (CIRA) load calculation program developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory provided a theoretical estimate of the savings resulting from the retrofits.
Dickinson, J.B.; Grimsrud, D.T.; Krinkel, D.L.; Lipschutz, R.D.
Dealing with failed deregulation: what would price c. Watts do?
There has been much thought given to ways that might fix deregulated markets, and there is still no agreement on the correct fix. The once-pseudonymous Price C. Watts thinks it is time to think seriously about ways to reregulate where deregulation has failed. Here are some steps to get us there. (author)
Rothkopf, Michael H.
Volume II solicitation package for solicitation no. 522887-5422 {open_quotes}site electrical replacements & substation{close_quotes} subproject: 69 KV substation
This solicitation is for the U.S. Department of Energy under Prime Contract No. DE-AC04-88-DP43495 with EG&G Mound Applied Technologies. Ohio Sales or Use taxes are not to be included in the proposal price. Applicable taxes due or owing to the State of Ohio will be paid by the buyer under Direct Payment Permit No. 98-002230. Refer to Form ML-2487, General Provisions, Article 24, {open_quotes}Federal, State & Local Taxes{close_quotes}. Sellers are advised that purchases of building and construction materials for incorporation into a structure or improvement to a real property which is accepted for ownership by the United States or one of its agencies are exempt from Ohio Sales and Use taxes. Unnecessarily elaborate brochures or other presentations beyond those sufficient to present a complete and effective response to this solicitation are not desired and may be construed as an indication of the seller`s lack of cost consciousness. Elaborate art work, expensive paper and binding, and expensive visual and other presentation aids are neither necessary nor wanted.
Data:93248299-1678-4cce-ac76-62cafc6dfb3b | Open Energy Information
48299-1678-4cce-ac76-62cafc6dfb3b 48299-1678-4cce-ac76-62cafc6dfb3b No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Loading... 1. Basic Information 2. Demand 3. Energy << Previous 1 2 3 Next >> Basic Information Utility name: Moon Lake Electric Assn Inc Effective date: 2000/07/01 End date if known: Rate name: SCHEDULE IS-2 - INDUSTRIAL SERVICE Sector: Industrial Description: AVAILABILITY: Available for Consumers who take service directly from the Association's 4,160 volt, 12,500 volt or 24,900 volt substation bus. Subject to the established rules and regulations of the Association. CONDITIONS FOR SERVICE: All conductors, pole lines, and other electrical equipment beyond the substation bus on Consumer side of meter shall be considered the distribution system of the Consumer, and shall be furnished and maintained by the Consumer. MINIMUM MONTHLY CHARGE: $2,198.00 plus any increase required under the Line Extension Policy. POWER FACTOR ADJUSTMENT: Demand charges will be adjusted for Consumers with an average monthly power factor less than 90% lagging. Such adjustments will be made by increasing the billing demand 1% for each 1% by which the average power factor is less than 90% lagging.
Alert State Detection and Switching Order Generation at a 400/120 kV Substation using Knowledge Server
At the operator level a new, PC-based SCADA system was introduced at the electrical substation of the Paks Nuclear Power Plant. An AI-based, intelligent advisory system was developed and connected to the SCADA system as knowledge server. The paper describes some of the advisory functions and their realizations in rules and procedures. Besides increasing reliability and safety of energy supply the basic goal of the system is to assist the operator in faster and more effective reactions, and to assist the plant engineer to better understand and evaluate any possible events.
Nacsa Kovcs Nacsa
The results of systems tests of the 500 kV busbar controllable shunting reactor in the Tavricheskaya substation
The results of systems tests of the 500 kV busbar magnetization-controllable shunting reactor (CSR), set up in the Tavricheskaya substation, including measurements of the quality of the electric power, the harmonic composition of the network currents of the reactor for different values of the reactive power consumed, the determination of the regulating characteristics of the reactor, the speed of response of the shunting reactor in the current and voltage stabilization modes, and also the operation of the reactor under dynamic conditions for different perturbations, are presented. The results obtained are analyzed.
Gusev, S. I. [JSC 'FSK EES' (Russian Federation); Karpov, V. N.; Kiselev, A. N.; Kochkin, V. I. [Scientific-Research Institute of Electric Power Engineering (VNIIE) - Branch of the JSC 'NTTs Elektroenergetiki', (Russian Federation)
Synchrophasor Measurement Using Substation Intelligent Electronic Devices: Algorithms and Test Methodology
This dissertation studies the performance of synchrophasor measurement obtained using substation Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and proposes new algorithms and test methodology to improve and verify their performance when used in power system applications. To improve the dynamic performance when exposed to sinusoidal waveform distortions, such as modulation, frequency drift, abrupt change in magnitude, etc, an adaptive approach for accurately estimating phasors while eliminating the effect of various transient disturbances on voltages and currents is proposed. The algorithm pre-analyzes the waveform spanning the window of observation to identify and localize the discontinuities which affect the accuracy of phasor computation. A quadratic polynomial signal model is used to improve the accuracy of phasor estimates during power oscillations. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the advantages. This algorithm can also be used as reference algorithm for testing the performance of the devices extracting synchronized phasor measurements. A novel approach for estimating the phasor parameters, namely frequency, magnitude and angle in real time based on a newly constructed recursive wavelet transform is developed. This algorithm is capable of estimating the phasor parameters in a quarter cycle of an input signal. It features fast response and achieves high accuracy over a wide range of frequency deviations. The signal sampling rate and data window size can be selected to meet desirable application requirements, such as fast response, high accuracy and low computational burden. In addition, an approach for eliminating a decaying DC component, which has significant impact on estimating phasors, is proposed using recursive wavelet transform. This dissertation develops test methodology and tools for evaluating the conformance to standard-define performance for synchrophasor measurements. An interleaving technique applied on output phasors can equivalently increase the reporting rate and can precisely depict the transient behavior of a synchrophasor unit under the step input. A reference phasor estimator is developed and implemented. Various types of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and PMU-enabled IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices) and time synchronization options have been tested against the standards using the proposed algorithm. Test results demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages.
Ren, Jinfeng
Software | M2ACS
Software Algorithm design, high-performance computing and advanced numerical simulations are at the core M2ACS mission. Below is a list of software packages developed or supported...
Center RESIDUAL INVENTORY OF MATERIAL OR EQUIPMENT FURNISHED BY OR ACQUIRED FOR SANDIA Contractor: SF 6110-AC (10-96) Supersedes (6-87) issue Contractor No.: Item Description...
Draft Supplement to the Environmental Statement Fiscal year 1976 Proposed Program : Facility Location Evaluation for Lake Isabella Service (Kamilche Substation) Study Area 75-12.
The statement describes the environmental impacts resulting from the construction of a new substation near Shelton, Washington. Land requirements for the new substation would be approximately 1.5 acres and, depending on the final site location chosen, an access road ranging from 200 to 3000 feet would also be required. Alternative sites 1 and 3 would be located on existing right-of-way and would remove 1.5 acres from other potential uses; alternate sites 2 and 4 would remove 1/4 acre of private timberland from production and 1 acre of existing right-of-way from other potential uses. Disturbance to wildlife during construction and loss of habitat associated with the above land requirements will occur. Grading for the substation site and access road will result in increased erosion and potential sedimentation in local streams may occur. Noise impacts will occur during construction.
Draft Supplement to the Environmental Statement Fiscal Year 1976 Proposed Program : Facility Location Evaluation for Pleasant Prairie Service (Bigelow Substation) Study Area 75-8.
The proposed plan of service consists of the construction of a new substation near Millwood, Washington. Land requirements for the new substation would be approximately 3 to 5 acres of land depending on the final site location chosen, and approximately 100 to 500 feet of access road would also be needed. The above requirements would remove 3 to 5 acres of land from agricultural production. Disturbance to wildlife during construction would occur and habitat associated with the above agricultural land would be eliminated. Grading requirements for the substation site and access road would result in slight erosion and sedimentation for alternate site 1 and high levels of erosion for alternate site 2. The proposed facility would be visible from a local road and several residences. Noise and other disturbances to residents will occur during construction.
Fail-safe storage rack for irradiated fuel rod assemblies
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A fail-safe storage rack is provided for interim storage of spent but radioactive nuclear fuel rod assemblies. The rack consists of a checkerboard array of substantially square, elongate receiving tubes fully enclosed by a double walled container, the outer wall of which is imperforate for liquid containment and the inner wall of which is provided with perforations for admitting moderator liquid flow to the elongate receiving tubes, the liquid serving to take up waste heat from the stored nuclear assemblies and dissipate same to the ambient liquid reservoir. A perforated cover sealing the rack facilitates cooling liquid entry and dissipation.
Lewis, D.R.
Fail-safe storage rack for fuel rod assemblies
This report discusses a fail-safe storage rack which is provided for interim storage of spent but radioactive nuclear fuel rod assemblies. The rack consists of a checkerboard array of substantially square, elongate receiving tubes fully enclosed by a double walled container, the outer wall of which is imperforate for liquid containment and the inner wall of which is provided with perforations for admitting moderator liquid flow to the elongate receiving tubes, the liquid serving to take up waste heat from the stored nuclear assemblies and dissipate same to the ambient liquid reservoir. A perforated cover sealing the rack facilitates cooling liquid entry and dissipation.
ACS | Open Energy Information
ACS ACS Jump to: navigation, search Name ACS Place Madrid, Spain Zip 28036 Sector Solar Product Madrid based construction company involved in the development of solar thermal projects. Coordinates 40.4203°, -3.705774° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":40.4203,"lon":-3.705774,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
AC | OpenEI
AC AC Dataset Summary Description The following data-set is for a benchmark residential home for all TMY3 locations across all utilities in the US. The data is indexed by utility service provider which is described by its "unique" EIA ID ( Source National Renewable Energy Laboratory Date Released April 05th, 2012 (2 years ago) Date Updated April 06th, 2012 (2 years ago) Keywords AC apartment CFL coffeemaker Computer cooling cost demand Dishwasher Dryer Furnace gas HVAC Incandescent Laptop load Microwave model NREL Residential television tmy3 URDB Data text/csv icon Residential Cost Data for Common Household Items (csv, 14.5 MiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Annually Time Period License License Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and Licence (PDDL)
2 2 Revision 2 Effective March 1, 1997 "Control of Test Conduct" Prepared by Electric Transportation Applications Prepared by: _______________________________ Date:__________ Jude M. Clark Approved by: _________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Donald B. Karner Procedure ETA-AC002 Revision 2 2 ©1997 Electric Transportation Applications All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Objectives 3 2.0 Purpose 3 3.0 Documentation 3 4.0 Initial Conditions and Prerequisites 4 5.0 Personnel Qualifications 5 6.0 Activity Requirements 6 7.0 Supplemental Activity Requirements 8 8.0 Glossary 9 9.0 References 10 Procedure ETA-AC002 Revision 2 3 ©1997
6 6 Revision 2 Effective: March 1, 1997 Vehicle Verification Prepared by Electric Transportation Applications Prepared by: _______________________________ Date:__________ Jude M. Clark Approved by: _________________________________________________ Date: ______________ Donald B. Karner ETA-AC006 Revision 2 2 ©1997 Electric Transportation Applications All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Objectives 3 2.0 Purpose 3 3.0 Documentation 3 4.0 Initial Conditions and Prerequisites 4 5.0 Verification Requirements 5 6.0 Glossary 11 7.0 References 12 Appendices Appendix A - Manufacturer's Proposal Review Check List 13 Appendix B - Vehicle Receipt Check List 18 ETA-AC006 Revision 2 3
Analysis of failed Stratapax-steel stud cutter elements
Stratapax-steel stud bond strengths were evaluated in a quality control test fixture at loads up to 410 MPa. No failures occurred for cutter elements bonded in the first six diffusion bond runs. In the next two bond runs, Stratapax-steel stud cutter elements failed at test loads significantly less than 410 MPa. A failure analysis was performed on several of the failed cutter elements to isolate the material weakness responsible for the low load failures. Three groups of failures were identified: a cobalt depletion region on and immediately beneath the cemented carbide surface of the as-received Stratapax blanks, surface contamination at the carbide-steel bond joint and a weakness within the seel stud near the bond joint. Two additional defects were observed which were of some concern, namely, lamination line defects within the carbide portion of Stratapax blanks and severe grind damage on carbide surfaces of as-received Stratapax blanks. It was recommended that a grind schedule be included as part of the specimen preparation prior to bonding to alleviate the observed failures.
Pope, L.E.
Feasibility study: Application of RCM techniques for substation maintenance at the Bonneville Power Administration. [Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)
Modulation and SSR tests performed on the BPA 500 kV thyristor controlled series capacitor unit at Slatt substation
Field experience is reported for a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) recently commissioned at BPA`s Slatt substation. Subsynchronous resonance tests show that TCSC interactions with shaft dynamics of PGE`s Boardman steam generator are well understood and are effectively avoided by normal TCSC valve firing logic. Modulation tests, performed with the Boardman plant off line, show that the TCSC can be a powerful and responsive actuator for swing damping. Security considerations did not permit lightly damped operation of the controlled plant. Close analysis indicates that the TCSC damping contribution, though small, was measurable. The best estimate is that damping for the McNary mode is 7.33% and 8.55%, for the TCSC damper loop open and closed respectively. TCSC testing and monitoring is facilitated by an advanced interactive measurement network representing BPA`s approach to the information requirements of major control systems.
Hauer, J.F. [Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States); Mittelstadt, W.A. [Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR (United States); Piwko, R.J. [General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY (United States); Damsky, B.L. [Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA (United States); Eden, J.D. [Portland General Electric, OR (United States)
{open_quotes}Secure Bus{close_quotes} disturbance-free power at the utility substation level
Over the last 18 months Public Service Company of New Mexico (PNM), El Camino Real Engineering, Inc. (CRE), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) have worked on the development of disturbance-free power at the medium voltage substation level. The work resulted in the Secure Bus concept, a system in which a medium voltage bus in a substation is immune to power outages and voltage sags on the utility source. The Secure Bus voltage is also immune to voltage sags resulting from faults on any distribution feeder connected to the bus. The Secure Bus concept originated from work conducted to improve power quality for large high-tech manufacturing facilities, in particular for large semiconductor manufacturing plants. For the demands on quality power of a modern facility conventional equipment is not adequate for protecting the end user. For example, the operation of conventional vacuum breakers during short circuit conditions on a feeder circuit, requiring 3 to 5 cycles for breaker opening, does not allow for fast enough current interruption to avoid a voltage dip on the main bus. A sever voltage sag could result in a shut down of sensitive equipment being supplied by the other feeder circuits, which are connected to the main bus. The circumvent the problem, a fast breaker was introduced which interrupts the short circuit before the current causes a significant voltage disturbance. To make the bus immune also to power disturbances caused by power outages, energy storage is introduced to provide the necessary energy back-up in case the primary source is not available.
Boenig, H.J. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Jones, W.H. [El Camino Real Engineering, Inc., Corrales, NM (United States)
The value of distributed generation: The PVUSA grid-support project serving Kerman Substation. Interim report, April 1994
A common practice of electric utilities experiencing transmission and distribution (T and D) system overloads is to expand the substation, add lines, or upgrade equipment, all of which are capital intensive options. In 1988, it was hypothesized that strategically sited photovoltaics (PV) could benefit parts of T and D systems near or at overloaded conditions. An evaluation methodology was developed and applied to a test case (Kerman Substation near Fresno, California). Analytical results suggested that the value of PV to the T and D system could substantially exceed its energy and generation capacity value. The importance of this finding indicated the need for empirical validation. This led to the construction of a 0.5 MW PV demonstration plant by Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG and E) at Kerman, California as part of the PVUSA (PV for Utility Scale Applications) project. PVUSA is a national public-private partnership that is assessing and demonstrating the viability of utility-scale photovoltaic electric generation systems. The Kerman PV plant, commissioned for commercial operation in June, 1993, is reported to be the first grid-support PV demonstration plant in the world. This Interim Report focuses on validating the technical aspects of grid-support PV. It provides interim validation results for four of the eight identified value components that stack up to make the ``value bar``, and compares them to 1992 Case Study estimates. Results are based on improved technical evaluation methodologies, measured plant performance under a variety of conditions, and long-term plant performance estimated using a validated computer simulation program. This report is not intended to be exhaustive in scope. It does, however, provide a thorough progress update of the validation project. Complete documentation of test procedures, data, and evaluation methods will be presented in the Final Report.
Hoff, T.; Wenger, H. [Pacific Energy Group (United States)
Data:Fb354812-1c9c-4ac1-9b59-f904acbea6b3 | Open Energy Information
4812-1c9c-4ac1-9b59-f904acbea6b3 4812-1c9c-4ac1-9b59-f904acbea6b3 No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Loading... 1. Basic Information 2. Demand 3. Energy << Previous 1 2 3 Next >> Basic Information Utility name: Idaho Power Co Effective date: 2012/07/01 End date if known: Rate name: Schedule 7 - Small General Service Sector: Commercial Description: AVAILABILITY Service under this schedule is available at points on the Company's interconnected system within the State of Idaho where existing facilities of adequate capacity and desired phase and voltage are adjacent to the Premises to be served, and additional investment by the Company for transmission, substation, or terminal facilities is not necessary to supply the desired service.
Detonating Failed Deflagration Model of Thermonuclear Supernovae I. Explosion Dynamics
We present a detonating failed deflagration model of Type Ia supernovae. In this model, the thermonuclear explosion of a massive white dwarf follows an off-center deflagration. We conduct a survey of asymmetric ignition configurations initiated at various distances from the stellar center. In all cases studied, we find that only a small amount of stellar fuel is consumed during deflagration phase, no explosion is obtained, and the released energy is mostly wasted on expanding the progenitor. Products of the failed deflagration quickly reach the stellar surface, polluting and strongly disturbing it. These disturbances eventually evolve into small and isolated shock-dominated regions which are rich in fuel. We consider these regions as seeds capable of forming self-sustained detonations that, ultimately, result in the thermonuclear supernova explosion. Preliminary nucleosynthesis results indicate the model supernova ejecta are typically composed of about 0.1-0.25 Msun of silicon group elements, 0.9-1.2 Msun of iron group elements, and are essentially carbon-free. The ejecta have a composite morphology, are chemically stratified, and display a modest amount of intrinsic asymmetry. The innermost layers are slightly egg-shaped with the axis ratio ~1.2-1.3 and dominated by the products of silicon burning. This central region is surrounded by a shell of silicon-group elements. The outermost layers of ejecta are highly inhomogeneous and contain products of incomplete oxygen burning with only small admixture of unburned stellar material. The explosion energies are ~1.3-1.5 10^51 erg.
Tomasz Plewa
SNL software manual for the ACS Data Analytics Project.
In the ACS Data Analytics Project (also known as 'YumYum'), a supercomputer is modeled as a graph of components and dependencies, jobs and faults are simulated, and component fault rates are estimated using the graph structure and job pass/fail outcomes. This report documents the successful completion of all SNL deliverables and tasks, describes the software written by SNL for the project, and presents the data it generates. Readers should understand what the software tools are, how they fit together, and how to use them to reproduce the presented data and additional experiments as desired. The SNL YumYum tools provide the novel simulation and inference capabilities desired by ACS. SNL also developed and implemented a new algorithm, which provides faster estimates, at finer component granularity, on arbitrary directed acyclic graphs.
Stearley, Jon R.; McLendon, William Clarence, III; Rodrigues, Arun F.; Williams, Aaron S.; Hooper, Russell Warren; Robinson, David Gerald; Stickland, Michael G.
Blur Filtration Fails to Preserve Privacy for Home-Based Video Conferencing
Blur Filtration Fails to Preserve Privacy for Home-Based Video Conferencing CARMAN NEUSTAEDTER, S. and Boyle, M. (2006). Blur Filtration Fails to Preserve Privacy for Home-Based Video Conferencing
Greenberg, Saul
Lugano, 12th November 2012 A supercomputer to understand the failing heart
the failing heart Biventricular pacemakers fail to improve the faulty contraction of the diseased heart in thirty per cent of patients with heart failure. Together conduction system in the heart, which keeps the blood circulation going
Benefits of Using Mobile Transformers and Mobile Substations for Rapidly Restoring Electrical Service: a Report to the United States Congress Pursuant to Section 1816 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (August 2006)
Section 1816 of EPACT calls for a report on the benefits of using mobile transformers and mobile substations (MTS) to rapidly restore electrical service to areas subjected to blackouts as a result...
Proposed amendment to presidential permit PP-63 and associated modifications to 500 kV international transmission line, Forbes, Minnesota to Manitoba, Canada. [Forbes Substation
This Addendum to the Final Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Amendment to Presidential Permit PP-63 and Associated Modifications to 500 kV International Transmission Line: Forbes, Minnesota to Manitoba, Canada (DOE/EA-587) addresses Northern States Power Company's (NSP) proposed expansion of the Forbes Substation. The applicant has requested that the expansion take place on the west side of the substation, within the existing property line, instead of on the north side as originally proposed. All of the proposed construction would take place on property already owned by NSP. DOE has reviewed the environmental impacts associated with this minor modification and has determined that the conclusions reached in the environmental assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact prepared in connection with NSP's original amendment request remain valid.
AC Propulsion | Open Energy Information
founded in 1992 to develop, manufacture, and license system and component technology for electric vehicle drive systems. References AC Propulsion1 LinkedIn Connections...
A Case Study on the Effects of Distribution Line Capacitors on Substation Bus Voltage Regulated with a Load Tap Changing (LTC) Power Transformer: Southern Company Smart Grid Demonstration
This case study describes research to address the adverse effects of distribution capacitors on substation bus voltage with a load-tap-changing (LTC) power transformer. By adding fixed and switched capacitors to the distribution system, Southern Company is able to maintain an efficient distribution grid by providing the reactive power near the end-use devices consuming this power. However, pressure to improve the efficiency of the distribution system has resulted in Southern Company adding a large ...
Review and evaluation of the Department of Energy's Research and Development Program for 1200-kV transmission and substation equipment
In 1975 the US Department of Energy (DOE), Division of Electric Energy Systems (EES), initiated a program for the research and development (R and D) of 1200-kV transmission and substation equipment with a goal of developing the technology capable of three-phase power transfer of 10 GW. The program was oriented toward compact, compressed-gas-insulated (CGI) component design. The DOE/EES R and D program has encompassed all the major and essential transmission cable, substation apparatus, and specialized instrumentation for a 1200-kV system. It has included more than ten major multiyear research projects and has involved numerous research, development, manufacturing, and testing organizations. This report provides a review and evaluation of the overall DOE/EES 1200-kV R and D program. It includes detailed descriptions of the major projects, their objectives, component and system design direction, and current research status. Future R and D requirements are noted, and commercialization issues are briefly discussed. Research to date has not presented any insurmountable technical obstacles to 1200-kV CGI component design. Thus, although all of the component pieces are not yet available and all of the testing is not yet complete, 1200-kV CGI-based transmission and substation equipment appears to be technically feasible. Although the substation and transmission components under development in this program will not likely reach 1200-kV system commercialization for a number of years, many of the materials and design concepts that have been identified for 1200-kV service are readily applicable to devices rated at lower voltages.
Gnadt, P.A.; Walldorf, S.P.
May, Locascio Honored as ACS Fellows
May, Locascio Honored as ACS Fellows. ... May and Locascio will be inducted as fellows during the ACS National Meeting in Denver, Colo., on Aug. ...
Alternative Fuels at AC Transit
Alternative Fuels at AC Transit Alternative Fuels at AC Transit Speaker(s): Jaimie Levin Date: November 1, 2011 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Eve Edelson Mr. Levin will discuss AC Transit's range of environmental technology initiatives, including: zero emission fuel cell transit buses; state-of-the-art, high-capacity, hydrogen fueling stations; solar energy systems; and stationary solid oxide fuel cell power generators. AC Transit has the largest fleet of fuel cell buses in the United States, featuring fuel cell systems with more than 10,000 hours of continuous operation without any failures or power degradation. Their fuel cell fleet has logged more than 400,000 miles of service and carried in excess of one million passengers. Come hear what AC Transit has learned, where they're headed,
AC resistance measuring instrument
An auto-ranging AC resistance measuring instrument for remote measurement of the resistance of an electrical device or circuit connected to the instrument includes a signal generator which generates an AC excitation signal for application to a load, including the device and the transmission line, a monitoring circuit which provides a digitally encoded signal representing the voltage across the load, and a microprocessor which operates under program control to provide an auto-ranging function by which range resistance is connected in circuit with the load to limit the load voltage to an acceptable range for the instrument, and an auto-compensating function by which compensating capacitance is connected in shunt with the range resistance to compensate for the effects of line capacitance. After the auto-ranging and auto-compensation functions are complete, the microprocessor calculates the resistance of the load from the selected range resistance, the excitation signal, and the load voltage signal, and displays of the measured resistance on a digital display of the instrument. 8 figs.
Hof, P.J.
Weights and Measures State Directors AC
State Directors AC. Alaska. Mailing Address, Contact Information. Alaska Division of Measurement Standards/CVE 11900 ...
Rule Issued to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail To Comply with
Rule Issued to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail To Comply Rule Issued to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail To Comply with Federal Energy Conservation Standards Rule Issued to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail To Comply with Federal Energy Conservation Standards July 12, 2013 - 4:08pm Addthis After collaborating with the Department of Energy and considering comments from stakeholders, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection ("CBP") and the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a final rule last week that allows CBP to refuse admission into the customs territory of the United States for sale within the United States of covered products that fail to meet an applicable DOE energy conservation standard. The notice also allows CBP to refuse admission of covered products that fail to comply with the
Fail Save Shut Off Valve for Filtering Systems Employing Candle Filters
Fail Save Shut Off Fail Save Shut Off Valve for Filtering Systems Employing Candle Filters Opportunity The Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is seeking licensing partners interested in implementing United States Patent Number 6,981,516 entitled "Fail save shut off valve for filtering systems employing candle filters." Disclosed in this patent is a novel fail save shut off valve system that allows fluid flow during normal operational conditions, but prevents the flow of fluids in the event of system failure upstream that causes over- pressurization. It is particularly well suited for use in conjunction with hot gas filtering systems, which utilize ceramic candle filters. Used in such a hot gas system, the fail save valve stops the flow
Ac traction gets on track
This article describes inverter-based ac traction systems which give freight locomotives greater adhesion, pulling power, and braking capacity. In the 1940s, dc traction replaced the steam engine as a source of train propulsion, and it has ruled the freight transportation industry ever since. But now, high-performance ac-traction systems, with their unprecedented levels of pulling power and adhesion, are becoming increasingly common on America`s freight railroads. In thousands of miles of demonstration tests, today`s ac-traction systems have outperformed traditional dc-motor driven systems. Major railroad companies are convinced enough of the benefits of ac traction to have integrated it into their freight locomotives.
O`Connor, L.
Retrofit of an existing 160 MVA 69KV major Chicago downtown substation to 200 MVA 138KV while maintaining continuity of service
In 1957 Transmission Substation 68, LaSalle, (TSS 68) was placed in service. This paper reports that the station consists of four 40 MVA 69 kV/12 kV transformers which feed two 12 kV ring buses. The 12 kV switchgear is housed on the first and second floors of a 62 year old structurally sound building. Located on the south and west sides of this building are the four transformers. The entire station is located on a parcel of land approximately 14,000 square feet.
Czernenko, G.P. (Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, IL (United States))
Development of a low cost integrated 15 kW A.C. solar tracking sub-array for grid connected PV power system applications
Utility Power Group has achieved a significant reduction in the installed cost of grid-connected PV systems. The two part technical approach focused on (1) The utilization of a large area factory assembled PV panel, and (2) The integration and packaging of all sub-array power conversion and control functions within a single factory produced enclosure. Eight engineering prototype 15kW ac single axis solar tracking sub-arrays were designed, fabricated, and installed at the Sacramento Municipal Utility District{close_quote}s Hedge Substation site in 1996 and are being evaluated for performance and reliability. A number of design enhancements will be implemented in 1997 and demonstrated by the field deployment and operation of over twenty advanced sub-array PV power systems. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}
Stern, M.; West, R.; Fourer, G.; Whalen, W.; Van Loo, M.; Duran, G. [Utility Power Group, 9410 G De Soto Avenue, Chatsworth, California 91311 (United States)
Rule Proposed to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail to Comply with
Rule Proposed to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail to Rule Proposed to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail to Comply with DOE Energy Conservation Standards Rule Proposed to Prohibit Importation of Products that Fail to Comply with DOE Energy Conservation Standards March 30, 2012 - 10:45am Addthis This week, after extensive collaboration with the Department of Energy, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a notice of proposed rulemaking proposing a mechanism to refuse admission into the customs territory of the United States to covered products that fail to meet an applicable DOE energy conservation standard. This rule, if adopted, would promote a level playing field for U.S. manufacturers and drive additional compliance with DOE energy conservation standards. The notice also provides for refusal of admission for failure
U-027: RSA Key Manager Appliance Session Logout Bug Fails to Terminate
7: RSA Key Manager Appliance Session Logout Bug Fails to 7: RSA Key Manager Appliance Session Logout Bug Fails to Terminate Sessions U-027: RSA Key Manager Appliance Session Logout Bug Fails to Terminate Sessions November 4, 2011 - 8:00am Addthis PROBLEM: RSA Key Manager Appliance Session Logout Bug Fails to Terminate Sessions. PLATFORM: RSA Key Manager Appliance 2.7 Service Pack 1 ABSTRACT: A remote authenticated user session may not terminate properly. reference LINKS: SecurityTracker Alert ID: 1026276 SecurityFocus Bug Traq Seclists: ESA-2011-035 CVE-2011-2740 IMPACT ASSESSMENT: Medium Discussion: A vulnerability was reported in RSA Key Manager Appliance. A remote authenticated user session may not terminate properly. When using Firefox 4 and 5, an authenticated user session is not terminated properly when logging out.
Microsoft Word - HgAcBr
(AC-Br) (DARCO Hg- LH, Norit Americas Inc.) and brominated activated carbon fibers (ACF-Br) (Illinois State Geological Survey and University of Illinois). The AC-Br sorbents...
Qualitative and Semi-quantitative Qualitative and Semi-quantitative Analysis Of Semi-volatile Organics from Ambient Air Fine-particulate Matter, PM 2.5 Richard Anderson, Don Martello, Brian R. Strazisar and Curt M. White email@example.com ACS-222 / RRA' / ST-10 / 8-28-2001 Different Missions * EPA - Protect the public health * DOE - Assist the private sector in supplying clean, abundant, and affordable energy ACS-222 / RRA' / ST-10 / 8-28-2001 PM 2.5 Regulatory Process * 1997 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM 2.5 based on "health effects" - Mean annual concentration < 15 µg/m 3 - Maximum concentration < 65µg/ m 3 ACS-222 / RRA' / ST-10 / 8-28-2001 Why Is DOE Concerned About PM 2.5 ? * Coal-based power systems contribute to PM 2.5 - Primary particles * Ultra-fine fly-ash (Spherical Alumino-silicates,SAS), carbon soot
Study of power transfer capability of dc systems incorporating ac loads and a parallel ac line
Concepts of maximum power transfer of dc systems and associated ac voltage variations, particularly at inverter stations having low short-circuit ratios, have been extended to include various ac load models and an ac line in parallel with the dc line. The operating capabilities are shown to vary from those predicted from either a Thevenin ac source model or the corresponding short-circuit ratio. The study used an ac/dc load flow program.
Reeve, J.; Uzunovic, E. [Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario (Canada)
Data:D16cc4bb-b673-49ed-9bef-9921b7e503ac | Open Energy Information
cc4bb-b673-49ed-9bef-9921b7e503ac cc4bb-b673-49ed-9bef-9921b7e503ac No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Loading... 1. Basic Information 2. Demand 3. Energy << Previous 1 2 3 Next >> Basic Information Utility name: City of Barron, Wisconsin (Utility Company) Effective date: 2009/07/15 End date if known: Rate name: Cp-1 Small Power Service Primary Metering Discount& Transformer Ownership Discount Sector: Commercial Description: Application: This rate will be applied to customers for all types of service if their monthly Maximum Measured Demand is in excess of 40 kilowatts (kW) per month for three or more months in a consecutive 12-month period, unless the customer exceeds the application conditions of the Cp-2 schedule. Customers billed on this rate shall continue to be billed on this rate until their monthly Maximum Measured Demand is less than 40 kW per month for 12 consecutive months. The utility shall offer customers billed on this rate a one time option to continue to be billed on this rate for another 12 months if their monthly Maximum Measured Demand is less than 40 kW per month. However, this option shall be offered with the provision that the customer waives all rights to billing adjustments arising from a claim that the bill for service would be less on another rate schedule than under this rate schedule Fixed Monthly Charge includes Commitment to Community Rider: $7.00 per customer per month Primary Metering Discount: Customers metered on the primary side of the transformer shall be given a 2.00 percent discount on the monthly energy charge, distribution demand charge, and demand charge. The PCAC and the monthly customer charge will not be eligible for the primary metering discount. Transformer Ownership Discount: Customers who own and maintain their own transformers or substations shall be given a credit of $0.25 per kW of distribution demand. Customer-owned substation equipment shall be operated and maintained by the customer. Support and substation equipment is subject to utility inspection and approval.
Biotransformation of PCBs in Substation Soils: A Review of Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Testing for the Development of an In Situ Proc ess for PCB Biotransformation in Soils
In situ methods are desirable for remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), to prevent disruption of activities at industrial sites such as substations. This study follows the development, from laboratory testing through pilot-scale demonstration, of an in situ soil irrigation process for biotransformation of PCBs in soils.
M2ACS | M2ACS Web Space
Welcome to the Multifaceted Mathematics for Complex Energy Systems (M2ACS) Welcome to the Multifaceted Mathematics for Complex Energy Systems (M2ACS) project webspace We are a multi-institution project whose aim is to fully explore the opportunities in applied mathematics brought about by multi-disciplinary focus - involving optimization, dynamical systems, stochastic analysis, discrete mathematics, scalable algorithms - on the DOE Grand Challenge of energy systems. The central research concept is the one of multi-faceted mathematics - whereby new mathematics is discovered by sustained investigation of the multiple facets presented by the grand challenge subproblems, such as nonconvexity, stochasticity, integrality, spatio-temporal variability - from the perspective of all the mathematics discipline area involved. Our project involves 22 principal investigators from 3 national
The invention relates to an apparatus that acts as a fail save shut off valve. More specifically, the invention relates to a fail save shut off valve that allows fluid flow during normal operational conditions, but prevents the flow of fluids in the event of system failure upstream that causes over-pressurization. The present invention is particularly well suited for use in conjunction with hot gas filtering systems, which utilize ceramic candle filters. Used in such a hot gas system the present invention stops the flow of hot gas and prevents any particulate laden gas from entering the clean side of the system.
VanOsdol, John
How Quantum Computers Fail: Quantum Codes, Correlations in Physical Systems, and Noise Accumulation
How Quantum Computers Fail: Quantum Codes, Correlations in Physical Systems, and Noise Accumulation Dedicated to the memory of Itamar Pitowsky Abstract The feasibility of computationally superior quantum computers is one of the most exciting and clear-cut sci- entific questions of our time. The question touches
Kalai, Gil
AOCS Official Method Ac 1-45
Sampling AOCS Official Method Ac 1-45 Methods Methods and Analyses Analytical Chemistry Methods Downloads DEFINITION � SCOPE Applicable to soybeans. 7BEE304BFEC99451
Data:9f02f66b-dfe6-4139-9e8c-56f2ac2602e1 | Open Energy Information
f66b-dfe6-4139-9e8c-56f2ac2602e1 f66b-dfe6-4139-9e8c-56f2ac2602e1 No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Loading... 1. Basic Information 2. Demand 3. Energy << Previous 1 2 3 Next >> Basic Information Utility name: Corn Belt Energy Corporation Effective date: 2010/01/01 End date if known: Rate name: SMALL INDUSTRIAL SUBSTATION RATE ("SISR") Sector: Industrial Description: FACILITY CHARGE A monthly Facility Charge shall be assessed to assure adequate revenue for amortization of Corn Belt's investment in distribution facilities reasonably necessary to serve the Member and as specified in the Electric Service Agreement. Notwithstanding any provisions of this rate schedule with respect to Facility Charges, Corn Belt may adjust the monthly Facility Charge from time to time to assure adequate revenue for amortization and maintenance of its investment in the distribution facilities reason ably necessary for service to the Member.
Data:A2ff941d-4678-4908-992b-bbf59574ac4b | Open Energy Information
ff941d-4678-4908-992b-bbf59574ac4b ff941d-4678-4908-992b-bbf59574ac4b No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Loading... 1. Basic Information 2. Demand 3. Energy << Previous 1 2 3 Next >> Basic Information Utility name: Idaho Power Co Effective date: 2012/07/01 End date if known: Rate name: Schedule 45 - Standby Service (Transmission) Sector: Industrial Description: Standby Service under this schedule is available at points on the Company's interconnected system within the State of Idaho where existing facilities of adequate capacity and desired phase and voltage are available. If additional distribution facilities are required to supply the desired service, those facilities provided for under Rule H will be provided under the terms and conditions of that rule. To the extent that additional facilities not provided for under Rule H, including transmission and/or substation facilities, are required to provide the requested service, special arrangements will be made in a separate agreement between the Customer and the Company.
Failed Fuel Analyses on Fuel Rods from Exelon BWRs, Volume 1: Poolside Inspection
Six Exelon plants currently using Framatome ANP (FANP) boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel with an iron-enriched liner in the cladding have experienced fuel failures at five of the six plants in the past 33 months. Current information about the failed fuel has been assembled into this technical report. The report includes manufacturing, operating, coolant activity, poolside examination, and water chemistry data as well as fuel design details, mechanical analyses, and a failure modes and effects analysis cha...
Assessment of Snared-Loop Technique When Standard Retrieval of Inferior Vena Cava Filters Fails
Purpose To identify the success and complications related to a variant technique used to retrieve inferior vena cava filters when simple snare approach has failed. Methods A retrospective review of all Cook Guenther Tulip filters and Cook Celect filters retrieved between July 2006 and February 2008 was performed. During this period, 130 filter retrievals were attempted. In 33 cases, the standard retrieval technique failed. Retrieval was subsequently attempted with our modified retrieval technique. Results The retrieval was successful in 23 cases (mean dwell time, 171.84 days; range, 5-505 days) and unsuccessful in 10 cases (mean dwell time, 162.2 days; range, 94-360 days). Our filter retrievability rates increased from 74.6% with the standard retrieval method to 92.3% when the snared-loop technique was used. Unsuccessful retrieval was due to significant endothelialization (n = 9) and caval penetration by the filter (n = 1). A single complication occurred in the group, in a patient developing pulmonary emboli after attempted retrieval. Conclusion The technique we describe increased the retrievability of the two filters studied. Hook endothelialization is the main factor resulting in failed retrieval and continues to be a limitation with these filters.
Doody, Orla, E-mail: email@example.com; Noe, Geertje; Given, Mark F.; Foley, Peter T.; Lyon, Stuart M. [Alfred Hospital, Department of Radiology (Australia)
Draft Supplement to the Environmental Statement Fiscal Year 1976 Proposed Program : Facilty Location Evaluation for Franklin-Badger Canyon 230-kV Line and Badger Canyon Substation Study Area 74-6B.
Proposed is the construction of a 15-mile, 230-kV double-circuit transmission line from Franklin Substation near Pasco, Washington, to a proposed new Badger Canyon Substation to be constructed 5 miles west of Kennewick, Washington. Depending on the final route location chosen, approximately 15 miles of 230-kV double circuit transmission line requiring 5.6 miles of new and 9.4 miles of existing right-of-way would be needed as well as approximately 2500 feet of new access road. Land use affected includes crossing Sacajawea State Park and passig through irrigated cropland and grassland on existing right-of-way, and depending on the alternative route chosen, could cross land proposed for residential development and a proposed interstate highway. An additional 10 to 11 acres of potential cropland would be required for the proposed substation. Disturbance to wildlife during construction would occur and habitat associated with the above land uses would be eliminated. Some erosion and sedimentation would occur. Visual impacts would affect Sacajawea State Park, a proposed highway, and potential residential development land. Noise and other disturbances to residents will occur, primarily during construction.
Design and analysis of modern three-phase AC/AC power converters for AC drives and utility interface
Significant advances in modern ac/ac power converter technologies and demands of industries have reached beyond standard ac/ac power converters with voltage-source inverters fed from diode rectifiers. Power electronics converters have been matured to stages toward compact realization, increased high-power handling capability, and improving utility interface. Modern ac/ac power converter topologies with various control strategies have been introduced for the further improvements, such as matrix converters, current-fed converters, PWM rectifiers, and active power filters. In this dissertation, several new converter topologies are proposed in conjunction with developed control schemes based on the modern ac/ac converters which enhance performance and solve the drawbacks of conventional converters. In this study, a new fault-tolerant PWM strategy is first proposed for matrix converters. The added fault-tolerant scheme would strengthen the matrix converter technology for aerospace and military applications. A modulation strategy is developed to reshape output currents for continuous operation, against fault occurrence in matrix converter drives. This study designs a hybrid, high-performance ac/ac power converter for high power applications, based on a high-power load commutated inverter and a mediumpower voltage source inverter. Natural commutation of the load commutated inverter is actively controlled by the voltage source inverter. In addition, the developed hybrid system ensures sinusoidal output current/voltage waveforms and fast dynamic response in high power areas. A new topology and control scheme for a six-step current source inverter is proposed. The proposed topology utilizes a small voltage source inverter, to turn off main thyristor switches, transfer reactive load energy, and limit peak voltages across loads. The proposed topology maximizes benefits of the constituent converters: highpower handling capability of large thyristor-based current source inverters as well as fast and easy control of small voltage source inverters. This study analyzes, compares, and evaluates two topologies for unity power factor and multiple ac/ac power conversions. Theoretical analyses and comparisons of the two topologies, grounded on mathematical approaches, are presented from the standpoint of converter kVA ratings, dc-link voltage requirements, switch ratings, semiconductor losses, and reactive component sizes. Analysis, simulation, and experimental results are detailed for each proposed topology.
Kwak, Sangshin
Home | Login | Logout | Access Information | Alerts | Purchase History | Cart | Sitemap | Help Top 100 Documents BROWSE SEARCH IEEE XPLORE GUIDE SUPPORT
|Full Text: PDF (376 KB) 12. IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding IEEE Std 80-2000 Volume
Xie,Jiang (Linda)
AC Loss Measurements with a Cryocooled Sample
A new cryostat cooled by a closed-cycle Cryomech GB-37 cryocooler for superconductor measurements at temperatures down to 20 K is described. The sample is conductively coupled to the cold stage so as to minimize vibration and thermal stresses. AC losses have been measured calorimetrically in several HTSC coils that have been wound to simulate sub-scale transformer winding pairs. Stable temperatures down to 20 K were reached on these coils, allowing measurements at practical levels of ac current and I{sub c}. By using short ac current pulses, losses on individual turns could be resolved. Results are reported mainly to showcase the apparatus, measurement procedure and analytical approach.
Schwenterly, S.W.
We show that the photospheres of 'failed' gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), whose bulk Lorentz factors are much lower than 100, can be outside of internal shocks. The resulting radiation from the photospheres is thermal and bright in the UV/soft X-ray band. The photospheric emission lasts for about 1000 s with a luminosity about several times 10{sup 46} erg s{sup -1}. These events can be observed by current and future satellites. It is also shown that the afterglows of failed GRBs are peculiar at the early stage, which makes it possible to distinguish failed GRBs from ordinary GRBs and beaming-induced orphan afterglows.
Xu, M.; Huang, Y. F. [Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 (China); Nagataki, S.; Lee, S.-H., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan)
Preparation of Metal Filter Element for Fail Safety in IGCC Filter Unit
Metal filter elements as the fail safety filter are fabricated by the methods using cold isostatic pressure (compress method) and binder (binder method) to form the filter element and tested in a experimental and bench units. The fail safety filter on the filtration system is mounted additionally in order to intercept the particle leak when the main filter element is broken. So it should have two contrary functions of a high permeability and being plugged easily. The filter element having high porosity and high plugging property was fabricated by the bind method. It has the porosity more than 50%, showed very small pressure drop less than 10mmH2O at the face velocity of 0.15m/s, and plugged within 5 minutes with the inhibition of the particle leak larger than 4 {micro}m. The test result of corrosion tendency in IGCC gas stream at 500 C shows SUS310L material is very reasonable among SUS310, SUS316, Inconel 600, and Hastelloy X.
Choi, J-H.; Ahn, I-S.; Bak, Y-C.; Bae, S-Y.; Ha, S-J.; Jang, H-J.
Winans of XSD Elected to ACS Fellowship
2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 2000 Subscribe to APS News rss feed Winans of XSD Elected to ACS Fellowship JULY 8, 2009 Bookmark and Share Randy Winans Randall E. Winans, Chemical and...
AC distribution system for TFTR pulsed loads
This paper outlines the AC distribution system associated with the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor and discusses the significant areas related to design, protection, and equipment selection, particularly where there is a departure from normal utility and industrial applications.
Carroll, R.F.; Ramakrishnan, S.; Lemmon, G.N.; Moo, W.I.
AOCS Official Method Ac 4-91
Catalyst AOCS Official Method Ac 4-91 Methods Methods and Analyses Analytical Chemistry Methods Downloads DEFINITION This method determines total nitrogen content and protein as 6.25 times the nitrogen content o
AOCS Official Method Ac 3-44
Oil AOCS Official Method Ac 3-44 Methods Methods and Analyses Analytical Chemistry Methods Downloads DEFINITION This method determines the substances extracted from ground soybean seeds by petroleum ether under
AOCS Official Method Ac 5-41
Free Fatty Acids AOCS Official Method Ac 5-41 Methods Methods and Analyses Analytical Chemistry Methods Downloads DEFINITION This method determines the free fatty acids in oil removed from the seed by petroleum
AOCS Official Method Ac 2-41
Moisture and Volatile Matter AOCS Official Method Ac 2-41 Methods Methods and Analyses Analytical Chemistry Methods Downloads DEFINITION This method determines the moisture and any material that is volatile unde
Optimal Filtering of AC Output Anemometers
The output of pulsed and AC output anemometers suffer from discretization noise when such anemometers are sampled at fast rates (>1 Hz). This paper describes the construction of an optimal filter designed to reduce this noise. By comparing the ...
J. C. Barnard; L. L. Wendell; V. R. Morris
Midea Agrees to Pay $4.5M for Four Models that Fail to Meet Federal Energy
Midea Agrees to Pay $4.5M for Four Models that Fail to Meet Federal Midea Agrees to Pay $4.5M for Four Models that Fail to Meet Federal Energy Standards Midea Agrees to Pay $4.5M for Four Models that Fail to Meet Federal Energy Standards November 28, 2012 - 5:47pm Addthis Midea America Corp., Hefei Hualing Co., Ltd., and China Refrigeration Industry Co., Ltd. ("Midea")-all subsidiaries or affiliates of GD Midea Holding Co., Ltd.-agreed to pay $4,562,838 after admitting in a Compromise Agreement that one refrigerator-freezer basic model and three freezer basic models fail to meet the relevant federal energy conservation standards. Specifically, Midea admitted that the DOE-tested units of the offending basic models consumed energy at approximately the following rates: UL-WD195-D: 55% over the standard UL-WD145-D: 28% over the standard
Three phase AC motor controller
A motor controller for a three phase AC motor (10) which is adapted to operate bidirectionally from signals received either from a computer (30) or a manual control (32). The controller is comprised of digital logic circuit means which implement a forward and reverse command signal channel (27, 29) for the application of power through the forward and reverse power switching relays (16, 18, 20, 22). The digital logic elements are cross coupled to prevent activation of both channels simultaneously and each includes a plugging circuit (65, 67) for stopping the motor upon the removal of control signal applied to one of the two channels (27, 29) for a direction of rotation desired. Each plugging circuit (65, 67) includes a one-shot pulse signal generator (88, 102) which outputs a single pulse signal of predetermined pulsewidth which is adapted to inhibit further operation of the application of power in the channel which is being activated and to apply a reversal command signal to the other channel which provides a reversed phase application of power to the motor for a period defined by the pulse-width output of the one-shot signal generator to plug the motor (10) which will then be inoperative until another rotational command signal is applied to either of the two channels.
Vuckovich, Michael (Elizabeth, PA); Wright, Maynard K. (Bethel Park, PA); Burkett, John P. (South Huntington Township, Westmoreland County, PA)
HST/ACS observations of the old and metal-poor Sagittarius dwarf irregular galaxy
We have obtained deep color-magnitude diagrams of the Sagittarius dwarf irregular galaxy with the HST/ACS. The new diagrams unveil for the first time the star formation history of SagDIG. We identify a small population of red horizontal branch stars, which sets the first epoch of star formation in SagDIG back to ~9-10 Gyr ago. This shows that SagDIG has been able to maintain a very low mean metallicity (-2.2atomic hydrogen with that of stellar populations of various ages. We find little correlation between stellar populations older than ~1 Gyr and the HI. In particular we fail to find any generation of stars that preferentially lie within the large HI hole. We therefore exclude the possibility that the SagDIG ring-like HI distribution is the result of multiple supernova events. Alternative scenarios have to be explored.
Y. Momany; E. V. Held; I. Saviane; Rolly Bedin; M. Gullieuszik; M. Clemens; L. Rizzi; M. Rich; K. Kuijken
Data:F95881b2-9d2a-48ac-ade7-f4d2b8e93c8d | Open Energy Information
881b2-9d2a-48ac-ade7-f4d2b8e93c8d 881b2-9d2a-48ac-ade7-f4d2b8e93c8d No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Loading... 1. Basic Information 2. Demand 3. Energy << Previous 1 2 3 Next >> Basic Information Utility name: Village of Leigh, Nebraska (Utility Company) Effective date: 2013/01/15 End date if known: Rate name: Customer Generation Under Standby Concept - Transmission line Sector: Industrial Description: To any customer whose requirements are taken at a point or points determined by the District under a contract of standard form, where the customer's total monthly demand load exceeds 20,000 kilowatts and the customer takes delivery on the secondary side of a District Substation on the customer's property. (Not applicable to resale, standby or auxiliary service.)
Data:9c865c82-c3eb-4ac7-80b6-3a575a88f325 | Open Energy Information
65c82-c3eb-4ac7-80b6-3a575a88f325 65c82-c3eb-4ac7-80b6-3a575a88f325 No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Loading... 1. Basic Information 2. Demand 3. Energy << Previous 1 2 3 Next >> Basic Information Utility name: Algoma Utility Comm Effective date: 2008/05/28 End date if known: Rate name: Industrial Power Time-of-Day Service more than 700kW - Primary Metering and Transformer Ownership Discount Sector: Industrial Description: Application: This rate will be applied to customers for all types of service if their monthly Maximum Measured Demand is in excess of 700 kilowatts (kW) per month for three or more months in a consecutive 12-month period.Commitment to Community Program Rider Under provisions of 1999 Wisconsin Act 9 and 2005 Wisconsin Act 141, a municipal electric utility shall charge each customer a low-income assistance and energy efficiency fee. Fifty percent of the fees charged by the municipal utility shall be used for low-income assistance programs and the remainder will be used for energy efficiency programs. Low-income programs may include assistance to low-income households for weatherization and other energy conservation services, payment of energy bills or early identification or prevention of energy crises. Energy efficiency programs may include those programs designed to reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improving the efficiency of its use during any period. Cp-1 Small Power Service $7.50 per customer per month. Pricing Periods: On-peak: 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m., prevailing time, Monday through Friday, excluding holidays, specified below. Off-peak: All times not specified as on-peak, including all day Saturday and Sunday, and the following holidays: New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day, or the day nationally designated to be celebrated as such. Discounts: The monthly bill for service will be subject to the following discounts applied in the sequence listed below. Primary Metering Discount: Customers metered on the primary side of the transformer shall be given a 2.00 percent discount on the monthly energy charge, distribution demand charge, and demand charge. The PCAC and the monthly customer charge will not be eligible for the primary metering discount. Transformer Ownership Discount: Customers who own and maintain their own transformers or substations shall be given a credit of $0.40 per kW of distribution demand. Customer-owned substation equipment shall be operated and maintained by the customer. Support and substation equipment is subject to utility inspection and approval.
Data:7f76b69f-a1ac-4852-80bf-704131ee961c | Open Energy Information
b69f-a1ac-4852-80bf-704131ee961c b69f-a1ac-4852-80bf-704131ee961c No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Loading... 1. Basic Information 2. Demand 3. Energy << Previous 1 2 3 Next >> Basic Information Utility name: Algoma Utility Comm Effective date: 2008/05/28 End date if known: Rate name: Large Power Time-of-Day Service more than 200kW - Primary Metering Discount Sector: Industrial Description: Application: This rate will be applied to customers for all types of service, if their monthly Maximum Measured Demand is in excess of 200 kilowatts (kW) per month for three or more months in a consecutive 12-month period, but not greater than 700 kW per month for three or more months in a consecutive 12-month period. Commitment to Community Program Rider Under provisions of 1999 Wisconsin Act 9 and 2005 Wisconsin Act 141, a municipal electric utility shall charge each customer a low-income assistance and energy efficiency fee. Fifty percent of the fees charged by the municipal utility shall be used for low-income assistance programs and the remainder will be used for energy efficiency programs. Low-income programs may include assistance to low-income households for weatherization and other energy conservation services, payment of energy bills or early identification or prevention of energy crises. Energy efficiency programs may include those programs designed to reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improving the efficiency of its use during any period. Cp-1 Small Power Service $7.50 per customer per month. Pricing Periods: On-peak: 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m., prevailing time, Monday through Friday, excluding holidays, specified below. Off-peak: All times not specified as on-peak, including all day Saturday and Sunday, and the following holidays: New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day, or the day nationally designated to be celebrated as such. Discounts: The monthly bill for service will be subject to the following discounts applied in the sequence listed below. Primary Metering Discount: Customers metered on the primary side of the transformer shall be given a 2.00 percent discount on the monthly energy charge, distribution demand charge, and demand charge. The PCAC and the monthly customer charge will not be eligible for the primary metering discount. Transformer Ownership Discount: Customers who own and maintain their own transformers or substations shall be given a credit of $0.40 per kW of distribution demand. Customer-owned substation equipment shall be operated and maintained by the customer. Support and substation equipment is subject to utility inspection and approval.
Using Genetic Algorithms to Optimize ACS-TSP
We propose the addition of Genetic Algorithms to Ant Colony System (ACS) applied to improve performance. Two modifications are proposed and tested. The first algorithm is a hybrid between ACS-TSP and a Genetic Algorithm that encodes experimental variables ...
Marcin L. Pilat; Tony White
Wireless Connectivity for Electric Substations
The information age has seen the advent of low-cost, reliable wireless networking technologies, originally developed for information technology (IT) applications. Control system and IT vendors and equipment are converging at a rapid rate. Today there is a plethora of wireless connectivity solutions for various control system components. As always, the goal of a control system security process is to balance security while operating the control system within resource limits. This report identifies and eval...
UCA Substation Communication Initiative Demonstration
John Burger of AEP, Jerry Melcher of EPRI and Jack Robinson of KEMA jointly hosted the Utility Working Group meetings held (in conjunction with PSRC meetings) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, May 13-14, and Las Vegas, Nevada, January 14-15, 1999.
7AC Technologies, Inc. | Department of Energy
7AC 7AC Technologies, Inc. America's Next Top Energy Innovator Challenge 498 likes 7AC Technologies, Inc. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Air conditioning is a very large contributor to U.S. and world energy consumption. Heating and cooling costs for commercial and industrial buildings exceed 25 percent of U.S. primary energy consumption (cooling alone accounts for 4.5 Quads out of 40 Quads) and typically accounts for almost half of a building's operating costs. Air conditioning is also a significant cause of grid instability with cycling compressor motors turning on and off, and causing load issues on hot summer days. Conventional air conditioners improve efficiency only marginally every year and retrofitting older rooftop units does not result in significant energy
Princeton Plasma Physics Lab - AC power
ac-power The electricity that runs the ac-power The electricity that runs the Laboratory's experiments and facilities. "AC" stands for the alternating current that comes from large power stations. The term compares with "DC," for "direct current," which comes from sources like batteries. en Offshore Wind and Vehicle to Grid Power http://www.pppl.gov/events/offshore-wind-and-vehicle-grid-power
Towards parametric environmental profiles of complex industrial systems in
substation mass. By removing the civil engineering from the substation, the total mass becomes about 2900 and quality. This article proposes a Life Cycle Assessment of an Alstom Grid AC/DC conversion substation of the substation. Based on design of experiments, a more advanced model of such a tool would permit to identify
Data:Ef99f652-5462-46a2-9c90-ac8e31125802 | Open Energy Information
Electric Coop, Inc (Texas) Effective date: 20020715 End date if known: Rate name: Substation Service Sector: Industrial Description: This rate is applicable to the Power...
AC AC H I E V I NG The Department's strategic plan flow is highlighted in the cascade below beginning with the mission statement which flows to the strategic themes. The strategic themes connect to the broader strategic goals and are linked to the annual performance goals in the performance budget through the multi-year program plans. The multi-year program plans allow DOE to strategize over a five-year period how each program will implement the strategic goals of the Department. Annual performance goals and assessment of performance against prior-year
Fail-Safe Design for Large Capacity Lithium-Ion Battery Systems
A fault leading to a thermal runaway in a lithium-ion battery is believed to grow over time from a latent defect. Significant efforts have been made to detect lithium-ion battery safety faults to proactively facilitate actions minimizing subsequent losses. Scaling up a battery greatly changes the thermal and electrical signals of a system developing a defect and its consequent behaviors during fault evolution. In a large-capacity system such as a battery for an electric vehicle, detecting a fault signal and confining the fault locally in the system are extremely challenging. This paper introduces a fail-safe design methodology for large-capacity lithium-ion battery systems. Analysis using an internal short circuit response model for multi-cell packs is presented that demonstrates the viability of the proposed concept for various design parameters and operating conditions. Locating a faulty cell in a multiple-cell module and determining the status of the fault's evolution can be achieved using signals easily measured from the electric terminals of the module. A methodology is introduced for electrical isolation of a faulty cell from the healthy cells in a system to prevent further electrical energy feed into the fault. Experimental demonstration is presented supporting the model results.
Kim, G. H.; Smith, K.; Ireland, J.; Pesaran, A.
Additional Studies of the Criticality Safety of Failed Used Nuclear Fuel
Commercial used nuclear fuel (UNF) in the United States is expected to remain in storage for periods potentially greater than 40 years. Extended storage (ES) time and irradiation to high-burnup values (>45 GWd/t) may increase the potential for fuel failure during normal and accident conditions involving storage and transportation. Fuel failure, depending on the severity, could result in changes to the geometric configuration of the fuel, which has safety and regulatory implications. The likelihood and extent of fuel reconfiguration and its impact on the safety of the UNF is not well understood. The objective of this work is to assess and quantify the impact of fuel reconfiguration due to fuel failure on criticality safety of UNF in storage and transportation casks. Criticality analyses are conducted considering representative UNF designs covering a range of enrichments and burnups in multiple cask systems. Prior work developed a set of failed fuel configuration categories and specific configurations were evaluated to understand trends and quantify the consequences of worst-case potential reconfiguration progressions. These results will be summarized here and indicate that the potential impacts on subcriticality can be rather significant for certain configurations (e.g., >20% keff). It can be concluded that the consequences of credible fuel failure configurations from ES or transportation following ES are manageable (e.g., <5% keff). The current work expands on these efforts and examines some modified scenarios and modified approaches to investigate the effectiveness of some techniques for reducing the calculated increase in keff. The areas included here are more realistic modeling of some assembly types and the effect of reconfiguration of some assemblies in the storage and transportation canister.
Marshall, William BJ J [ORNL; Wagner, John C [ORNL
AC Solar Inc | Open Energy Information
Logo: AC Solar Inc Name AC Solar Inc Address P.O. Box 128 Place Florence, Colorado Zip 81226 Sector Solar Product Solar and wind sales for residential Website http://www.acsolar.com/ Coordinates 38.381551°, -105.112265° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":38.381551,"lon":-105.112265,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Maximum Availability Architecture Oracle Best Practices For High AvailabilityOracle White Paper�Configuring Oracle Management Agent to Manage Oracle Fail Safe
Setting up Oracle Management Agent and Oracle Fail Safe.............. 3 Step 1: Install a Management Agent on each cluster node............ 3
Executive Overview; Introduction Oracle; Fail Safe
ac-driven atomic quantum motor
We invent an ac-driven quantum motor consisting of two different, interacting ultracold atoms placed into a ring-shaped optical lattice and submerged in a pulsating magnetic field. While the first atom carries a current, the second one serves as a quantum starter. For fixed zero-momentum initial conditions the asymptotic carrier velocity converges to a unique non-zero value. We also demonstrate that this quantum motor performs work against a constant load.
A. V. Ponomarev; S. Denisov; P. Hanggi
Ponomarev, A V; H�nggi, P
Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center: Preservation of Failed Parts to Facilitate Failure Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant Componen ts
Equipment failure analysis and damage mode determination are cornerstones for improving equipment reliability. Methods and techniques for performing failure analysis are becoming more sophisticated and are used to prevent recurring equipment failures. Maintenance and engineering personnel usually perform at least initial troubleshooting and disassembly of failed components. Preservation and documentation of as-found part conditions, configuration, and environment as well as the handling and proper storag...
Failed Fuel Analysis on Fuel Rods from Exelon BWRs: Volume 2: Hot Cell Investigation Of LaSalle Fuel Rods
A number of fuel failures were experienced in ATRIUM-9B fuel manufactured by Framatome ANP (FANP) and operated at Exelon plants between late 2000 and 2003. The failures tended to correlate with power changes (control blade movement), but a large number of poolside inspections, documented in Volume 1 of this investigation (Failed Fuel Analyses on Fuel Rods from Exelon BWRs, Volume 1: Poolside Inspection, EPRI report 1009494), were unable to determine the precise cause of failure. This Volume 2 report desc...
Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits
Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits: An 8-part Anthology ... converting old and yellowing papers into 21st Century electronic files, and ...
AC-to-DC Power Transmission Line Conversion
System planners have grown more interest in the prospect of converting ac transmission lines to dc as transfer constraints become more severe and they increasingly recognize dc as a means to improve ac system performance. Two factors have influenced the economic case for conversion. The first is development of a new (tripole) dc configuration that allows dc to make full use of all three ac phase positions without the need for earth return. The second is the realization that converting an ac line to dc ma...
Road to AC Voltage Standard Leads to Important Junction
Road to AC Voltage Standard Leads to Important Junction. ... Grumman in the mid-1990s.*** A number of innovations since then have led to the first ...
Simultaneous distribution of AC and DC power - Energy ...
... Alternating Current) as well as the elimination of equipment normally used to reconvert AC back to DC for components of HVAC systems, ...
AC vs DC Wizard Version 1.0
AC vs DC Wizard compares the use of HVDC to HVAC in both new and existing overhead lines and in new underground cable ...
SAS Output
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
B. U.S. Transformer Sustained Automatic Outage Counts and Hours by Cause Code and by NERC Region, 2012 B. U.S. Transformer Sustained Automatic Outage Counts and Hours by Cause Code and by NERC Region, 2012 Transformer Outage Counts Sustained Outage Causes FRCC MRO NPCC RFC SERC SPP TRE WECC Contiguous U.S. Weather, excluding lightning -- -- -- -- 1.00 -- -- -- 1.00 Lightning -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Environmental -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Contamination 1.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.00 Foreign Interference -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Fire -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Vandalism, Terrorism, or Malicious Acts -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Failed AC Substation Equipment 3.00 1.00 -- 1.00 5.00 -- -- 4.00 14.00 Failed AC/DC Terminal Equipment -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Failed Protection System Equipment -- 1.00 -- -- 3.00 -- -- -- 4.00
AC Losses in the New High-Temperature Superconductors
This report addresses the properties of high-temperature ceramic oxide superconductors in low magnetic fields. It discusses ac losses in the superconducting and normal states, the influence of anisotropy, and a database for monitoring advances in superconductivity. The ac losses of the oxide superconductors were found to be excessive.
Electrostatic coalescence system with independent AC and DC hydrophilic electrodes
An improved electrostatic coalescence system is provided in which independent AC and DC hydrophilic electrodes are employed to provide more complete dehydration of an oil emulsion. The AC field is produced between an AC electrode array and the water-oil interface wherein the AC electrode array is positioned parallel to the interface which acts as a grounded electrode. The emulsion is introduced into the AC field in an evenly distributed manner at the interface. The AC field promotes drop-drop and drop-interface coalescence of the water phase in the entering emulsion. The continuous oil phase passes upward through the perforated AC electrode array and enters a strong DC field produced between closely spaced DC electrodes in which small dispersed droplets of water entrained in the continuous phase are removed primarily by collection at hydrophilic DC electrodes. Large droplets of water collected by the electrodes migrate downward through the AC electrode array to the interface. All phase separation mechanisms are utilized to accomplish more complete phase separation.
Hovarongkura, A. David (Arlington, VA); Henry, Jr., Joseph D. (Morgantown, WV)
www.mmu.ac.uk/careers Careers & Employability Service
;www.mmu.ac.uk/careers Identifying courses · www.prospects.ac.uk/search_courses.htm · www: Courses to allow you to enter certain professions Courses that build your skills in a new area Examples · MRes (taught prep for further research) These usually involve lectures for the first two terms
Measurement of coupling resonance driving terms with the AC dipole
Resonance driving terms for linear coupled betatron motion in a synchrotron ring can be determined from corresponding spectral lines of an excited coherent beam motion. An AC dipole is one of instruments to excite such a motion. When a coherent motion is excited with an AC dipole, measured Courant-Snyder parameters and betatron phase advance have apparent modulations, as if there is an additional quadrupole field at the location of the AC dipole. Hence, measurements of these parameters using the AC dipole require a proper interpretation of observed quantities. The situation is similar in measurements of resonance driving terms using the AC dipole. In this note, we derive an expression of coupled betatron motion excited with two AC dipoles in presence of skew quadrupole fields, discuss an impact of this quadrupole like effect of the AC dipole on a measurement of coupling resonance driving terms, and present an analytical method to determine the coupling resonance driving terms from quantities observed using the AC dipole.
Miyamoto, R.
AC impedance analysis of Au/porous silicon contacts
In this paper we present the AC impedance analysis of Au/porous silicon contacts in order to investigate their conduction mechanisms. The porous silicon layer was obtained by electrochemical etching of the p-Si wafer. The measurements were made between ... Keywords: AC electrical conductivity, Electrical equivalent circuit, Porous silicon
F. Fonthal; T. Trifonov; A. Rodriguez; L. F. Marsal; J. Pallar�s
AC versus DC distribution systems- Did we get it right?
We presently enjoy a predominantly ac electrical distribution system, the engineering basis for which was designed over 100 years ago. While ac distribution systems have served us well, we should periodically pause to assess what opportunities we have accepted or been denied by the overwhelming predominance of ac electrical power distribution systems. What opportunities could be obtained by engineering dc distribution into at least portions of our present system? What advantages of the present ac distribution system should be recognized and protected? This paper will focus on distribution within premise and low-voltage distribution systems. Specifically, we will address the conversion efficiency costs of adopting various premise ac and dc distribution system topologies. According to a simple predictive model formulated in this paper, premise residential dc distribution will incur unfavorable total conversion efficiency compared with existing ac premise distribution. However, if a residence is supplied by a fuel cell or another dc generator, the total conversion efficiency within a residential dc distribution system could be similar to, or even better than, that for ac distribution.
Hammerstrom, Donald J.
Preliminary study of AC power feeders for AGS booster
It has been proposed that the AGS Heavy Ion/Proton Booster be excited directly from the electric power distribution system without intervening an energy storage buffer such as an MG set or a magnetic energy buffer. The average power requirement of the AGS Booster is less than many single-loads presently housed on the lab site. However, the power swing will be the largest single pulsating load on the lab site. The large power swings will impact on the power grid producing utility-line disturbances such as voltage fluctuations and harmonic generation. Thus, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the quality of the electric power system resulting from the interconnection, such that the utility system is not degraded either on the lab site or at LILCO's substation.
Meth, M.
It has been proposed that the AGS Heavy Ion/Proton Booster be excited directly from the electric power distribution system without intervening an energy storage buffer such as an MG set or a magnetic energy buffer. The average power requirement of the AGS Booster is less than many single-loads presently housed on the lab site. However, the power swing will be the largest single pulsating load on the lab site. The large power swings will impact on the power grid producing utility-line disturbances such as voltage fluctuations and harmonic generation. Thus, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the quality of the electric power system resulting from the interconnection, such that the utility system is not degraded either on the lab site or at LILCO`s substation.
acs_JY_jp-2011-008094 1..7
C 2011, 115, 10245-10251 ARTICLE pubs.acs.orgJPCC Fast Proton Hopping Detection in Ice I h by Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering Itay Presiado, Jyotsana Lal, Eugene...
M2ACS: Multifaceted Mathematics for Complex Energy Systems Project...
M2ACS: Multifaceted Mathematics for Complex Energy Systems Project Enables efficient and safe incorporation of renewable energy in the U.S. energy system; shown here is the...
Designing AC power grids using integer linear programming
Recent developments have drawn focus towards the efficient calculation of flows in AC power grids, which are difficult to solve systems of nonlinear equations. The common linearization approach leads to the well known and often used DC formulation, which ...
Arie M. C. A. Koster; Stephan Lemkens
I explore the origins of the unphysical predictions from rooted staggered fermion algorithms. Before rooting, the exact chiral symmetry of staggered fermions is a flavored symmetry among the four 'tastes.' The rooting procedure averages over tastes of different chiralities. This averaging forbids the appearance of the correct 't Hooft vertex for the target theory.
OPEC the failing giant
This book discusses about OPEC and the world oil situation. The author contends that OPEC's failure to develop pricing formulas sensitive to fluctuations in the international oil market has made them highly vulnerable.
Ahrari, M.E.
Development of an AC Module System: Final Technical Report
The GreenRay Inc. program focused on simplifying solar electricity and making it affordable and accessible to the mainstream population. This was accomplished by integrating a solar module, micro-inverter, mounting and monitoring into a reliable, 'plug and play' AC system for residential rooftops, offering the following advantages: (1) Reduced Cost: Reduction in installation labor with fewer components, faster mounting, faster wiring. (2) Maximized Energy Production: Each AC Module operates at its maximum, reducing overall losses from shading, mismatch, or module downtime. (3) Increased Safety. Electrical and fire safety experts agree that AC Modules have significant benefits, with no energized wiring or live connections during installation, maintenance or emergency conditions. (4) Simplified PV for a Broader Group of Installers. Dramatic simplification of design and installation of a solar power system, enabling faster and more efficient delivery of the product into the market through well-established, mainstream channels. This makes solar more accessible to the public. (5) Broadened the Rooftop Market: AC Modules enable solar for many homes that have shading, split roofs, or obstructions. In addition, due to the smaller building block size of 200W vs. 1000W, homeowners with budget limitations can start small and add to their systems over time. Through this DOE program GreenRay developed the all-in-one AC Module system with an integrated PV Module and microinverter, custom residential mounting and performance monitoring. Development efforts took the product from its initial concept, through prototypes, to a commercial product sold and deployed in the residential market. This pilot deployment has demonstrated the technical effectiveness of the AC Module system in meeting the needs and solving the problems of the residential market. While more expensive than the traditional central inverter systems at the pilot scale, the economics of AC Modules become more and more favorable as the product matures and is made in high volumes. GreenRay's early customers have been highly enthusiastic about the AC Module system benefits.
Suparna Kadam; Miles Russell
Diagnostics of the Fermilab Tevatron using an AC dipole
The Fermilab Tevatron is currently the world's highest energy colliding beam facility. Its counter-rotating proton and antiproton beams collide at 2 TeV center-of-mass. Delivery of such intense beam fluxes to experiments has required improved knowledge of the Tevatron's beam optical lattice. An oscillating dipole magnet, referred to as an AC dipole, is one of such a tool to non-destructively assess the optical properties of the synchrotron. We discusses development of an AC dipole system for the Tevatron, a fast-oscillating (f {approx} 20 kHz) dipole magnet which can be adiabatically turned on and off to establish sustained coherent oscillations of the beam particles without affecting the transverse emittance. By utilizing an existing magnet and a higher power audio amplifier, the cost of the Tevatron AC dipole system became relatively inexpensive. We discuss corrections which must be applied to the driven oscillation measurements to obtain the proper interpretation of beam optical parameters from AC dipole studies. After successful operations of the Tevatron AC dipole system, AC dipole systems, similar to that in the Tevatron, will be build for the CERN LHC. We present several measurements of linear optical parameters (beta function and phase advance) for the Tevatron, as well as studies of non-linear perturbations from sextupole and octupole elements.
Miyamoto, Ryoichi; /Texas U.
Draft Illustrative Framework Example
... users, owners, and operators of the national power grid, as ... AC-2: Enforce physical access control for buildings, stations, substations, data centers ...
System and method for determining stator winding resistance in an AC motor using motor drives
A system and method for determining the stator winding resistance of AC motors is provided. The system includes an AC motor drive having an input connectable to an AC source and an output connectable to an input terminal of an AC motor, a pulse width modulation (PWM) converter having switches therein to control current flow and terminal voltages in the AC motor, and a control system connected to the PWM converter. The control system generates a command signal to cause the PWM converter to control an output of the AC motor drive corresponding to an input to the AC motor, selectively generates a modified command signal to cause the PWM converter to inject a DC signal into the output of the AC motor drive, and determines a stator winding resistance of the AC motor based on the DC signal of at least one of the voltage and current.
Lu, Bin; Habetler, Thomas G; Zhang, Pinjia
firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com
://www.misojiro.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~tutimura/sem5/ 2004 6 9 p.1/20 · · · · p.2/20 · · · p.3/20 · Java AWT/Swing (Java2D) · Tcl/Tk, Perl Graphics public void paint(Graphics g){ Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D)g; .... } p.5/20 Tcl/Tk, Perl/Tk, Ruby/Tk · Tk GUI · Tcl, Perl, Ruby · Tcl/Tk John Ousterhout · Windows, X11, Mac · p.6/20 OpenGL · 3
Murota, Kazuo
Analysis of failed and nickel-coated 3093 beam clamp components at the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP).
The U.S. Department of Energy and its contractor, Bechtel Jacobs Company (BJC), are undertaking a major effort to clean up the former gaseous diffusion facility (K-25) located in Oak Ridge, TN. The decontamination and decommissioning activities require systematic removal of contaminated equipment and machinery followed by demolition of the buildings. As part of the cleanup activities, a beam clamp, used for horizontal life lines (HLLs) for fall protection, was discovered to be fractured during routine inspection. The beam clamp (yoke and D-ring) was a component in the HLL system purchased from Reliance Industries LLC. Specifically, the U-shaped stainless steel yoke of the beam clamp failed in a brittle mode at under less than 10% of the rated design capacity of 14,500 lb. The beam clamp had been in service for approximately 16 months. Bechtel Jacobs approached Argonne National Laboratory to assist in identifying the root cause of the failure of the beam clamp. The objectives of this study were to (1) review the prior reports and documents on the subject, (2) understand the possible failure mechanism(s) that resulted in the failed beam clamp components, (3) recommend approaches to mitigate the failure mechanism(s), and (4) evaluate the modified beam clamp assemblies. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis and chemical analysis of the corrosion products on the failed yoke and white residue on an in-service yoke indicated the presence of zinc, sulfur, and calcium. Analysis of rainwater in the complex, as conducted by BJC, indicated the presence of sulfur and calcium. It was concluded that, as a result of galvanic corrosion, zinc from the galvanized components of the beam clamp assembly (D-ring) migrated to the corroded region in the presence of the rainwater. Under mechanical stress, the corrosion process would have accelerated, resulting in the catastrophic failure of the yoke. As suggested by Bechtel Jacobs personnel, hydrogen embrittlement as a consequence of corrosion was also explored as a failure mechanism. Corroded and failed yoke samples had hydrogen concentrations of 20-60 ppm. However, the hydrogen content reduced to 4-11 ppm (similar to baseline as-received yoke samples) when the corrosion products were polished off. The hydrogen content in the scraped off corrosion product powders was >7000 ppm. These results indicate that hydrogen is primarily present in the corrosion products and not in the underlying steel. Rockwell hardness values on the corroded yoke and D-rings were R{sub c} {approx} 41-46. It was recommended to the beam clamp manufacturer that the beam clamp components be annealed to reduce the hardness values so that they are less susceptible to brittle failure. Upon annealing, hardness values of the beam clamp components reduced to R{sub c} {approx} 25. Several strategies were recommended and put in place to mitigate failure of the beam clamp components: (a) maintain hardness levels of both yokes and D-rings at R{sub c} < 35, (b) coat the yoke and D-rings with a dual coating of nickel (with 10% phosphorus) to delay corrosion and aluminum to prevent galvanic corrosion since it is more anodic to zinc, and (c) optimize coating thicknesses for nickel and aluminum while maintaining the physical integrity of the coatings. Evaluation of the Al- and Ni-coated yoke and D-ring specimens indicated they appear to have met the recommendations. Average hardness values of the dual-coated yokes were R{sub c} {approx} 25-35. Hardness values of dual-coated D-ring were R{sub c} {approx} 32. Measured average coating thicknesses for the aluminum and nickel coatings for yoke samples were 22 {micro}m (0.9 mils) and 80 {micro}m (3 mils), respectively. The D-rings also showed similar coating thicknesses. Microscopic examination showed that the aluminum coating was well bonded to the underlying nickel coating. Some observed damage was believed to be an artifact of the cutting-and-polishing steps during sample preparation for microscopy.
Singh, D.; Pappacena, K.; Gaviria, J.; Burtsteva, T.; Nuclear Engineering Division
Licensing topical report: the measurement and modelling of time-dependent fission product release from failed HTGR fuel particles under accident conditions
The release of fission products from failed fuel particles was measured under simulated accident (core heatup) conditions. A generic model and specific model parameters that describe delayed fission product release from the kernels of failed HTGR fuel particles were developed from the experimental results. The release of fission products was measured from laser-failed BISO ThO/sub 2/ and highly enriched (HEU) TRISO UC/sub 2/ particles that had been irradiated to a range of kernel burnups. The burnups were 0.25, 1.4, and 15.7% FIMA for ThO/sub 2/ particles and 23.5 and 74% FIMA for UC/sub 2/ particles. The fission products measured were nuclides of xenon, iodine, krypton, tellurium, and cesium.
Myers, B.F.; Morrissey, R.E.
AC Loss Measurements on a 2G YBCO Coil
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is collaborating with Waukesha Electric Systems (WES) to continue development of HTS power transformers. For compatibility with the existing power grid, a commercially viable HTS transformer will have to operate at high voltages in the range of 138 kV and above, and will have to withstand 550-kV impulse voltages as well. Second-generation (2G) YBCO coated conductors will be required for an economically-competitive design. In order to adequately size the refrigeration system for these transformers, the ac loss of these HTS coils must be characterized. Electrical AC loss measurements were conducted on a prototype high voltage (HV) coil with co-wound stainless steel at 60 Hz in a liquid nitrogen bath using a lock-in amplifier technique. The prototype HV coil consisted of 26 continuous (without splice) single pancake coils concentrically centered on a stainless steel former. For ac loss measurement purposes, voltage tap pairs were soldered across each set of two single pancake coils so that a total of 13 separate voltage measurements could be made across the entire length of the coil. AC loss measurements were taken as a function of ac excitation current. Results show that the loss is primarily concentrated at the ends of the coil where the operating fraction of critical current is the highest and show a distinct difference in current scaling of the losses between low current and high current regimes.
Rey, Christopher M [ORNL; Duckworth, Robert C [ORNL; Schwenterly, S W [ORNL
Prime Contract DE-AC36-99GO10337 Modification M075 SF30 Page...
changes to contract DE-AC36-99GO10337: A. Section J, ATTACHMENT 5 "APPLICABLE DIRECTIVES (List B)" of Contract DE-AC36- 99GO10377 is deleted and replaced in its entirety to...
Comparison of iterative methods for AC analysis in PISCES-IIB
The implementation of an improved small-signal AC simulation capability in the general-purpose device simulator PISCES-IIB is described. The preconditioned generalized conjugate residual (GCR) algorithm has been implemented, which allows AC simulations ...
D. R. Apte; M. E. Law
DOE 10 CFR Part 431 EERE-2010-BT-TP-0036 RIN 1904-AC-38 Submission...
0 CFR Part 431 EERE-2010-BT-TP-0036 RIN 1904-AC-38 Submission of Comments by Howe Corporation DOE 10 CFR Part 431 EERE-2010-BT-TP-0036 RIN 1904-AC-38 Submission of Comments by Howe...
Docket No. EERE-2011-BT-NOA-0067 and RIN Number 1904-AC52 Ex...
1-BT-NOA-0067 and RIN Number 1904-AC52 Ex parte Communication Docket No. EERE-2011-BT-NOA-0067 and RIN Number 1904-AC52 Ex parte Communication This memorandum for the record...
Breathing HRV by the Concept of AC Ventilation
Breathing HRV by the Concept of AC Ventilation Breathing HRV by the Concept of AC Ventilation Speaker(s): Hwataik Han Date: July 10, 2007 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Thomas McKone Heat recovery ventilators are frequently used to save heating/cooling loads of buildings for ventilation. There are several types of HRV's, including a parallel plate type, a rotary type, a capillary type, and a heat pipe type. The breathing HRV is a heat recovery ventilator of a new kind using the concept of alternating-current ventilation. The AC ventilation is the ventilation with the airflow directions reversed periodically. It has an advantage of using a single duct system, for both supply and exhaust purposes. In order to develop a breathing HRV system, the thermal recovery performance should be investigated depending on many parameters, such as
Power control of a wind farm with active stall wind turbines and AC grid connection
turbines with AC connection. The control of other wind farm concepts such as wind farms with DFIG wind
DE-AC05-06OR23100 Section H
DE-AC05-06OR23100 DE-AC05-06OR23100 Section H - Page 1 of 29 PART I - SCHEDULE SECTION H SPECIAL CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS H.1 CONSECUTIVE NUMBERING (MAY 1997)......................................................................... 4 H.2 MODIFICATION AUTHORITY (MAY 1997) ....................................................................... 4 H.3 OVERSIGHT OF CONTRACTOR (OCT 2004)..................................................................... 4 H.4 SMALL BUSINESS SUBCONTRACTING PLAN (SEPT 1999)............................................ 5 H.5 SAFEGUARDS AND SECURITY AWARENESS PROGRAM (MAY 1997)........................ 5 H.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM ALTERNATE I (JUL 2004).......................................... 5 H.7 CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION (MAY 1997)...................................................... 6 H.8 INDIRECT
H? robust control of DC-AC interfaced microsource in microgrids
This paper focuses on the direct current -- alternating current (DC-AC) interfaced microsource based H � robust control strategies in microgrids. It presents detail of a DC-AC interfaced microsource model which is connected to the ... Keywords: DC-AC interfaced microsource, H? robust control, Microgrid, f-v droop characteristic, smooth switching
Chun-Xia Dou; Fang Zhao; Xing-Bei Jia; Dong-Le Liu
VOLTAGE COLLAPSE AND TRANSIENT ENERGY FUNCTION ANALYSES OF AC/DC SYSTEMS by Claudio A. Ca AND TRANSIENT ENERGY FUNCTION ANALYSES OF AC/DC SYSTEMS by Claudio A. Ca~nizares A dissertation submitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.2 AC/DC Transient Energy Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 System Modelling 8 2
Cañizares, Claudio A.
Substation Security and Remote Access Implementation Strategies
This project analyzed control system remote access solutions in a side-by-side comparison. Five systems were lab-tested against common functions used by utilities to access and manage electronic control systems. The five vendors� products met the basic remote access requirements tested.BackgroundElectronic control systems that actuate protective equipment and physical operations in the ...
Power Transformer Application for Wind Plant Substations
Wind power plants use power transformers to step plant output from the medium voltage of the collector system to the HV or EHV transmission system voltage. This paper discusses the application of these transformers with regard to the selection of winding configuration, MVA rating, impedance, loss evaluation, on-load tapchanger requirements, and redundancy.
Behnke, M. R. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Bloethe, W.G. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Bradt, M. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Brooks, C. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Camm, E H [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Dilling, W. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Goltz, B. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Li, J. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Niemira, J. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Nuckles, K. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Patino, J. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Reza, M [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Richardson, B. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Samaan, N. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Schoene, Jens [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Smith, Travis M [ORNL; Snyder, Isabelle B [ORNL; Starke, Michael R [ORNL; Walling, R. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Zahalka, G. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group
Rules of Conduct for Persons Entering Substations.
The following is a field orientation guide for unescorted entry and performance of work not affecting the electrical operation of the BPA power system. For further information on the following, please refer to the Accident Prevention Manual. The mandatory rules herein express minimum requirements for dealing with the principal hazards inherent in our daily work activities. These and other written requirements, which neither can nor should provide complete coverage of all work situations, must be continually reinforced through the sound and mature safety judgments of each BPA and contractor worker on each assigned task. The administration shall provide employment free from or protected against recognized hazards that might cause physical harm or death. The work environment must comply with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Departmental, and electrical utility industry standards applicable to BPA operations and activities. Supervisors shall insure that all workers fully understand how to perform their work with safety to themselves and others. They shall impart to each person the understanding that violations of established safety practices and rules will not be tolerated. Supervisors shall plan and arrange their work in such a manner that each job will be accomplished with the least hazard to workers; other persons, including the public, and to property. They will advise all workers of any unusual hazards involved in their part of the work and of precautions to be observed.
Substation Transformer Asset Management and Testing Methodology
Increasing pressure from both customers and regulators to maintain and enhance service reliability, while at the same time controlling costs, has put many utilities' power delivery businesses in a classic dilemma of conflicting objectives. For that reason, asset management has become an increasingly important aspect of corporate business strategies. A significant focus of EPRI's asset management research in recent years has been to develop a rational basis for selecting repair or replacement options for ...
Performance Focused Maintenance for Distribution Substations
Performance Focused Maintenance (PFM) was introduced in 2005 as a generic concept to help maintenance managers cope with the competing objectives of maintaining service standards while containing costs. This report further develops the principles of PFM and integrates them into the larger power delivery asset management process. As the name implies, PFM focuses on performance and this report develops and demonstrates the steps required to establish proper performance measures and KPIs for PFM implementat...
Enhanced Substation Equipment Industry-Wide Database
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Industrywide Equipment Performance Database (IDB) for transformers is a collaborative effort to pool appropriate transformer operating and failure data in order to assemble a statistically valid population of many types of transformers.
This technical update is part of an ongoing effort of the Electric Research Power Institute (EPRI) to improve high-voltage circuit breaker life management and provides maintenance and asset managers with a resource for the decisions faced when dealing with aging breaker systems, subsystems, assemblies, and components. It also is a source of information on circuit breaker inspection, assessment, maintenance, and ...
$a-c$ test of holography vs quantum renormalization group
We show that a "constructive derivation" of the AdS/CFT correspondence based on the quantum local renormalization group in large N quantum field theories consistently provides the a-c holographic Weyl anomaly in d=4 at the curvature squared order in the bulk action. The consistency of the construction further predicts the form of the metric beta function.
Yu Nakayama
http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ja 22 22
://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en Integrated Human Studies Integrated Human Studies Letters Letters Education Educational Sciences Law Economics Economics and Management Science Science Medicine Medical Science (6) Human Health Sciences Pharmaceutical Sciences Pharmaceutical Sciences Pharmacy (6) Engineering Global Engineering, Architecture
Takada, Shoji
http://www.soken.ac.jp/ School of Physical Sciences
http://www.soken.ac.jp/ 2012 2013 School of Physical Sciences Department of Structural Molecular Science Department of Functional Molecular Science Department of Astronomical Science Department of Fusion Science Department of Space and Astronautical Science School of High Energy Accelerator Science Department
Kinosita Jr., Kazuhiko
://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en Integrated Human Studies Integrated Human Studies Letters Letters Education Educational Sciences Law Economics Economics and Management Science Science Medicine Medical Science (6) Human Health Sciences Pharmaceutical Sciences Sciences for Drug Discovery Pharmacy (6) Engineering Global Engineering, Architecture
20132013 20142014 & http://www.soken.ac.jp/ School of Physical Sciences Department of Structural Molecular Science Department of Functional Molecular Science Department of Astronomical Science Department of Fusion Science Department of Space and Astronautical Science School of High Energy Accelerator Science
www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk EPRGWORKINGPAPERNON-TECHNICALSUMMARY
in forward markets, due to the high associated storage costs of natural gas and hard coal. Furthermore are self-hedged to the extent that power, natural gas and carbon prices naturally co-move. In particular hard coal and natural #12;www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk EPRGWORKINGPAPERNON-TECHNICALSUMMARY gas
Kraft, Markus
Alternating two-way AC-tree automata
We explore the notion of alternating two-way tree automata modulo the theory of finitely many associative-commutative (AC) symbols. This was prompted by questions arising in cryptographic protocol verification, in particular in modeling group key agreement ... Keywords: Alternating tree automata, Associative-commutative, Branching vector addition systems with states, Cryptographic protocols, Resolution, Tree automata, Two-way tree automata
Kumar Neeraj Verma; Jean Goubault-Larrecq
Ac loss calorimeter for three-phase cable
A calorimeter for measuring ac losses in meter-long lengths of HTS superconducting power transmission line cables is described. The calorimeter, which is based on a temperature difference technique, has a precision of 1 mW and measures single, two-phase (coupling), and three-phase losses. The measurements show significant coupling losses between phases.
Daney, D.E.; Boenig, H.J.; Maley, M.P.; McMurry, D.E.; DeBlanc, B.G. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States). Superconductivity Technology Center
www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk EPRGWORKINGPAPER
quarter of the EU's natural gas consumption, or 6.5% of the bloc's primary energy supply (Nol, 2008; Nol supply function has been applied in natural gas market modelling (e.g., Egging and Gabriel (2006), Eggingwww.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk EPRGWORKINGPAPER Abstract Strategic Eurasian Natural Gas Model for Energy
Aickelin, Uwe
Thermal Unit Commitment Including Optimal AC Power Flow Constraints
Thermal Unit Commitment Including Optimal AC Power Flow Constraints Carlos Murillo{Sanchez Robert J algorithm for unit commitment that employs a Lagrange relaxation technique with a new augmentation. This framework allows the possibility of committing units that are required for the VArs that they can produce
www.abdn.ac.uk/energy Energy Institute in
Student energy Summit As the oil and gas industry gathers in Aberdeen for this year's offshore europe and regulatory frameworks of energy supply. It will also address the political, environmental, socialwww.abdn.ac.uk/energy RED Revolution Energy Institute in the Energy Capital Pioneering
Pym, David J.
www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk EPRGWORKINGPAPERNON-TECHNICALSUMMARY Nuclear Energy in the Enlarged Russia and Ukraine. Interrrupted heating in European cities on cold winter nights adds a new dimension in central and eastern Europe for nuclear power. This working paper notes that with the addition of 12 new
Carbon Management Plan www.nottingham.ac.uk/sustainability
Carbon Management Plan 2010-2020 www.nottingham.ac.uk/sustainability #12;1 Carbon Management Plan 2010-2020 Contents Introduction 2 UK Carbon Policy 3 University Carbon Baselines 4 Recent Performance Trends and KPIs 5 University Targets 8 Strategic Themes 9 Carbon Saving Projects 12 2010-2012 Projects 13
Li, Jingpeng
Allianz Climate Solutions ACS GmbH | Open Energy Information
Allianz Climate Solutions ACS GmbH Allianz Climate Solutions ACS GmbH Jump to: navigation, search Name Allianz Climate Solutions (ACS) GmbH Place Munich, Germany Zip 80802 Product Munich-based subsidiary of insurance and asset management provider Allianz SE. ACS acts as investment manager, service provider and advisor of climate solutions for Allianz Group and external customers. Coordinates 48.136415°, 11.577531° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":48.136415,"lon":11.577531,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Failure Root Cause of PCI Suspect Fuel Rods from Kernkraftwerk Leibstadt (KKL) Reactor: Part 2: PIE of Failed and Sibling Sound Rods
Researchers can best determine in-reactor fuel behavior by performing detailed post irradiation examinations (PIE) of carefully selected fuel rods. By applying PIE techniques to failed and sibling sound rods, they can often determine the failure mechanism or root cause. Similarly, they can obtain critical performance-limiting data by PIE of sound high burn-up fuel rods. The investigations and results detailed in this report achieve both of these goals.
FAILED-DETONATION SUPERNOVAE: SUBLUMINOUS LOW-VELOCITY Ia SUPERNOVAE AND THEIR KICKED REMNANT WHITE DWARFS WITH IRON-RICH CORES
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) originate from the thermonuclear explosions of carbon-oxygen (C-O) white dwarfs (WDs). The single-degenerate scenario is a well-explored model of SNe Ia where unstable thermonuclear burning initiates in an accreting, Chandrasekhar-mass WD and forms an advancing flame. By several proposed physical processes, the rising, burning material triggers a detonation, which subsequently consumes and unbinds the WD. However, if a detonation is not triggered and the deflagration is too weak to unbind the star, a completely different scenario unfolds. We explore the failure of the gravitationally confined detonation mechanism of SNe Ia, and demonstrate through two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations the properties of failed-detonation SNe. We show that failed-detonation SNe expel a few 0.1 M{sub Sun} of burned and partially burned material and that a fraction of the material falls back onto the WD, polluting the remnant WD with intermediate-mass and iron-group elements that likely segregate to the core forming a WD whose core is iron rich. The remaining material is asymmetrically ejected at velocities comparable to the escape velocity from the WD, and in response, the WD is kicked to velocities of a few hundred km s{sup -1}. These kicks may unbind the binary and eject a runaway/hypervelocity WD. Although the energy and ejected mass of the failed-detonation SN are a fraction of typical thermonuclear SNe, they are likely to appear as subluminous low-velocity SNe Ia. Such failed detonations might therefore explain or are related to the observed branch of peculiar SNe Ia, such as the family of low-velocity subluminous SNe (SN 2002cx/SN 2008ha-like SNe).
Jordan, George C. IV; Van Rossum, Daniel R. [Center for Astrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States); Perets, Hagai B. [Physics Department, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000 (Israel); Fisher, Robert T. [Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02740 (United States)
AC/AB Stacking Boundaries in Bilayer Graphene
Boundaries, including phase boundaries, grain boundaries, and domain boundaries, are known to have an important influence on material properties. Here, dark-field (DF) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging are combined to provide a full view of boundaries between AB and AC stacking domains in bilayer graphene across length scales from discrete atoms to the macroscopic continuum. Combining the images with results obtained by density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics calculations, we demonstrate that the AB/AC stacking boundaries in bilayer graphene are nanometer-wide strained channels, mostly in the form of ripples, producing smooth low-energy transitions between the two different stackings. Our results provide a new understanding of the novel stacking boundaries in bilayer graphene, which may be applied to other layered two-dimensional materials as well.
Lin, Junhao [ORNL; Fang, Wenjing [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Zhou, Wu [ORNL; Lupini, Andrew R [ORNL; Idrobo Tapia, Juan C [ORNL; Kong, Jing [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Pennycook, Stephen J [ORNL; Pantelides, Sokrates T [ORNL
On-Chip AC self-test controller
A system for performing AC self-test on an integrated circuit that includes a system clock for normal operation is provided. The system includes the system clock, self-test circuitry, a first and second test register to capture and launch test data in response to a sequence of data pulses, and a logic circuit to be tested. The self-test circuitry includes an AC self-test controller and a clock splitter. The clock splitter generates the sequence of data pulses including a long data capture pulse followed by an at speed data launch pulse and an at speed data capture pulse followed by a long data launch pulse. The at speed data launch pulse and the at speed data capture pulse are generated for a common cycle of the system clock.
Flanagan, John D. (Rhinebeck, NY); Herring, Jay R. (Poughkeepsie, NY); Lo, Tin-Chee (Fishkill, NY)
Control of the LHC 400 MHz RF System (ACS)
The LHC ACS RF system is composed of 16 superconducting cavities, eight per ring. Each ring has two cryomodules, each containing four cavities. Each cavity is powered by a 300 kW klystron. The klystrons are grouped in fours, the klystrons in each group sharing a common 58 kV power converter and HV equipment bunker. The ACS RF control system is based on modern industrial programmable controllers (PLCs). A new fast interlock and alarm system with inbuilt diagnostics has been developed. Extensive use of the FIPIO Fieldbus drastically decreases the cabling complexity and brings improved signal quality, increased reliability and easier maintenance. Features of the implementation, such as system layout, communication and the high-level software interface are described. Operational facilities such as the automatic switch on procedure are described, as well as the necessary specialist tools and interfaces. A complete RF chain, including high voltage, cryomodule and klystron is presently being assembled in order to ch...
Arnaudon, L; Maesen, P; Prax, M
Section B - Page 1 of 10 Section B - Page 1 of 10 PART I - THE SCHEDULE SECTION B SUPPLIES OR SERVICES AND PRICES/COSTS B.1 ITEMS BEING ACQUIRED (ALTERNATE I) (OCT 2004) ................................... 3 B.2 ESTIMATED COST, BASE FEE, AND AWARD FEE (NOV 2004) ...................... 3 B.3 OPTION TO EXTEND THE CONTRACT (NOV 2004) .......................................... 6 B.4 OBLIGATION OF FUNDS (CPAF) (NOV 2004) ...................................................... 8 B.5 DETERMINATION OF AWARD FEE EARNED (NOV 2004) .............................. 9 DE-AC05-06OR23100 Section B - Page 2 of 10 Blank Page DE-AC05-06OR23100 Section B - Page 3 of 10 PART I - THE SCHEDULE SECTION B SUPPLIES OR SERVICES AND PRICES/COSTS B.1 ITEMS BEING ACQUIRED (ALTERNATE I) (OCT 2004)
Performance testing of the AC propulsion ELX electric vehicle
Performance testing of the AC Propulsion ELX electric vehicle is described. Test data are presented and analyzed. The ELX vehicle is the first of a series of electric vehicles of interest to the California Air Resources Board. The test series is being conducted under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between the US Department of energy and the California Air Resources Board. The tests which were conducted showed that the AC Propulsion ELX electric vehicle has exceptional acceleration and range performance. when the vehicle`s battery was fully charged, the vehicle can accelerate from 0 to 96 km/h in about 10 seconds. Energy consumption and range tests using consecutive FUDS and HWFET Driving cycles (the all-electric cycle) indicate that the energy economy of the AC Propulsion ELX electric vehicle with regenerative braking is 97 W{center_dot}h/km, with a range of 153 km (95 miles). Computer simulations performed using the SIMPLEV Program indicate that the vehicle would have a range of 327 km (203 miles) on the all-electric cycle if the lead acid batteries were replaced with NiMH batteries having an energy density of 67 W{center_dot}h/kg. Comparisons of FUDS test data with and without regenerative braking indicated that regenerative braking reduced the energy consumption of the ELX vehicle by approximately 25%.
Kramer, W.E.; MacDowall, R.D.; Burke, A.F.
Assessment of US electric vehicle programs with ac powertrains
AC powertrain technology is a promising approach to improving the performance of electric vehicles. Four major programs are now under way in the United States to develop ac powertrains: the Ford/General Electric single-shaft electric propulsion system (ETX-II), the Eaton dual-shaft electric propulsion system (DSEP), the Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL) integrated ac motor drive and recharge system, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) variable reluctance motor (VRM) drive. The JPL program is sponsored by EPRI; the other three programs are funded by the US Department of Energy. This preliminary assessment of the four powertrain programs focuses on potential performance, costs, safety, and commercial feasibility. Interviews with program personnel were supplemented by computer simulations of electric vehicle performance using the four systems. Each of the four powertrains appears superior to standard dc powertrain technology in terms of performance and weight. The powertrain technologies studied in this assessment are at varying degrees of technological maturity. One or more of the systems may be ready for incorporation into an advanced electric vehicle during the early 1990s. Each individual report will have a separate abstract. 5 refs., 37 figs., 29 tabs.
Kevala, R.J. (Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Bethesda, MD (USA). Transportation Consulting Div.)
Measurements of AC Losses and Current Distribution in Superconducting Cables
This paper presents our new experimental facility and techniques to measure ac loss and current distribution between the layers for High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cables. The facility is powered with a 45 kVA three-phase power supply which can provide three-phase currents up to 5 kA per phase via high current transformers. The system is suitable for measurements at any frequency between 20 and 500 Hz to better understand the ac loss mechanisms in HTS cables. In this paper, we will report techniques and results for ac loss measurements carried out on several HTS cables with and without an HTS shielding layer. For cables without a shielding layer, care must be taken to control the effect of the magnetic fields from return currents on loss measurements. The waveform of the axial magnetic field was also measured by a small pick-up coil placed inside a two-layer cable. The temporal current distribution between the layers can be calculated from the waveform of the axial field.
Nguyen, Doan A [Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL); Ashworth, Stephen P [Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL); Duckworth, Robert C [ORNL; Carter, Bill [AMSC; Fleshler, Steven [AMER Superconductor Corp, Devens, MA 01434
System and method for determining stator winding resistance in an AC motor
A system and method for determining stator winding resistance in an AC motor is disclosed. The system includes a circuit having an input connectable to an AC source and an output connectable to an input terminal of an AC motor. The circuit includes at least one contactor and at least one switch to control current flow and terminal voltages in the AC motor. The system also includes a controller connected to the circuit and configured to modify a switching time of the at least one switch to create a DC component in an output of the system corresponding to an input to the AC motor and determine a stator winding resistance of the AC motor based on the injected DC component of the voltage and current.
Lu, Bin (Kenosha, WI); Habetler, Thomas G. (Snellville, GA); Zhang, Pinjia (Atlanta, GA); Theisen, Peter J. (West Bend, WI)
Data:360311ac-6ca0-4146-89ac-db323120f125 | Open Energy Information
11ac-6ca0-4146-89ac-db323120f125 11ac-6ca0-4146-89ac-db323120f125 No revision has been approved for this page. It is currently under review by our subject matter experts. Jump to: navigation, search Loading... 1. Basic Information 2. Demand 3. Energy << Previous 1 2 3 Next >> Basic Information Utility name: Northern States Power Co - Minnesota Effective date: 2012/05/01 End date if known: Rate name: LIMITED OFF PEAK SERVICE Transmission Transformed (Commercial & Industrial) Sector: Commercial Description: Available to any customers for controlled loads that will be energized only for the time period between 10:00 p.m. to 6:30 a.m. daily. DETERMINATION OF CUSTOMER BILLS Customer bills shall reflect energy charges (if applicable) based on customer's kWh usage, plus a customer charge (if applicable), plus demand charges (if applicable) based on customer's kW billing demand as defined. INTERIM RATE ADJUSTMENT A 4.49% Interim Rate Surcharge will be applied to rate components specified in the "Interim Rate Surcharge Rider." In addition, customer bills under this rate are subject to the following adjustments and/or charges. FUEL CLAUSE Bills are subject to the adjustments provided for in the Fuel Clause Rider. RESOURCE ADJUSTMENT Bills are subject to the adjustments provided for in the Conservation Improvement Program Adjustment Rider, the State Energy Policy Rate Rider, the Renewable Development Fund Rider, the Transmission Cost Recovery Rider, the Renewable Energy Standard Rider and the Mercury Cost Recovery Rider.
UNIXUNIXUNIXUNIX((((OpenSSHOpenSSHOpenSSHOpenSSH)))) (gw.ps.nifs.ac.jp) RSA
pdf SSH SSH SSH UNIXUNIXUNIXUNIX((((OpenSSHOpenSSHOpenSSHOpenSSH)))) ssh (gw.ps.nifsTerm: New connection TCP/IP gw.ps.nifs.ac.jp %ssh (-i ) (-l ) gw.ps.nifs.ac.jp The authenticity of host 'gw.ps.nifs.ps.nifs.ac.jp,126.96.36.199' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. Enter passphrase for key '/home
Ito, Atsushi
AC to DC Line Conversion: DConvert Program Version 1.0
The past several years have seen renewed interest in the prospect of converting ac lines to dc operation interest spurred both by the ongoing need to make greater use of existing transmission assets and advances in HVDC converter technology. EPRI has sponsored two major studies dealing with the conversion prospect. The first, 8220Tools for Assessing Conversion of AC Power Transmission Lines to DC,(Product ID # 1020651) and the second, 8220Dc Capability of AC Transmission Lines,(Product ID #1013979). Cont...
Nonlinear modal interaction in HVDC/AC power systems with dc power modulation
In this paper investigation of nonlinear modal interaction using the normal form of vector fields technique is extended to HVDC/AC power systems with dc power modulation. The ac-dc interface equations are solved to form a state space model with second order approximation. Using the normal form technique, the system`s nonlinear dynamic characteristics are obtained. The proposed approach is applied to a 4-generator HVDC/AC test power system, and compare with the time domain solution.
Ni, Y.X. [Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China); Vittal, V.; Kliemann, W.; Fouad, A.A. [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)
Power upgrading of transmission line by combining AC-DC transmission
Long extra high voltage (EHV) ac lines cannot be loaded to their thermal limits in order to keep sufficient margin against transient instability. With the scheme proposed in this project, it is possible to load these lines very close to their thermal ... Keywords: extra high voltage (EHV)transmission, flexible ac transmission system (FACTS), power system computer-aided design(PSCAD), simultaneous ac-dc power transmission
Jarupula Somlal
Charging and Transport of Aerosols near AC Transmission Lines: A Literature Review
It has been hypothesized that the charging of airborne pollutant particles by alternating current (AC) transmission lines results in enhanced deposition and retention of these particles in the respiratory tract. This report provides an overview of the effect of AC transmission line corona on ion formation and the transfer of charge to aerosols. A literature review identified gaps in the information required to model the charging of aerosols by AC transmission lines and their dispersal downwind, so that e...
Non-Federal Participation in AC Intertie Final Environmental Impact Statement Volume2:Appendices
Non-Federal Participation in AC Intertie Final Non-Federal Participation in AC Intertie Final Environmental Impact Statement Volume2:Appendices Bonneville DOE/eis- 0145 POWER ADMINISTRATION January 1994 Non-Federal Participation in AC Intertie Draft Environmental Impact Statement Table of Contents Appendix A Life-of-Facilities Capacity Ownership Proposal A1 Appendix B Long-Term Intertie Access Policy B1 Appendix C Glossary C1 Appendix D Biological Assessment ad Supporting Materials
?? It is common practice to perform accelerated aging with 60 Hz ac to determine the lifetime characteristics of insulation used in the machine. Comparable� (more)
Chalise, Sajal Raj
New codes and standards for utility - interconnection of AC PV modules
Photovoltaic (PV) modules that provide only ac power give new dimensions to the use of, and utility interface of, PV systems because all of the dc issues are virtually eliminated. These AC PV modules offer the important advantage that customers may now purchase a PV system without hiring a design engineer. A qualified electrician will be able to install a complete PV system that performs as expected and meets local electrical codes. Simple installations of additional AC PV modules will be possible once the proper branch circuit wiring and protection have been installed. Codes and standards are currently being written to address the utility-interconnect issues for AC PV modules and other interactive inverters. An industry-supported Task Group has recently written and submitted proposals for changes to bring Article 690 of the 1999 National Electrical Code{reg_sign} (NEC{reg_sign}) up to the state-of-the-art for PV devices such as AC PV modules. This paper summarizes the proposed code changes and standards related to the evolving AC PV module technology in the United States. Topics such as the need for dedicated branch circuits for AC PV modules in residential applications are discussed and analyzed. Requirements for limiting the number of AC modules on a branch circuit and the listing requirements that make safe installations are discussed. Coordination of all standards activities for AC module installations, the building-integrated perspectives, and utility-interface issues is discussed.
Bower, W.
Table AC1. Total Households Using Air-Conditioning Equipment, 2005 ...
Table AC1. Total Households Using Air-Conditioning Equipment, 2005 Million U.S. Households Type of Air-Conditioning Equipment (millions) Central System
Table AC6. Average Consumption for Air-Conditioning by Equipment ...
Central System 5 Table AC6. Average Consumption for Air-Conditioning by Equipment Type, 2005 Million British Thermal Units (Btu) per Household
Table AC7. Average Expenditures for Air-Conditioning by Equipment ...
Central System 5 Table AC7. Average Expenditures for Air-Conditioning by Equipment Type, 2005 Dollars per Household Type of Air-Conditioning Equipment
Impact of inverter station on torsional dynamics of parallel HVdc-ac power system
This paper investigates the impact of an inverter station on the torsional dynamics of a turbine-generator set which is located at the rectifier side of a parallel HVdc-ac power system. The studies show that depending on the stiffness of the inverter ac bus and electrical coupling between the inverter and rectifier ac buses, the inverter closed loop control can have noticeable contribution to the instability of torsional dynamics. This adverse torsional impact is observed in the study results even when the inverter ac bus is fairly strong (ESCR larger than 5.0).
Iravani, M.R.; Zhao, Z.; Hamouda, R.M. (Univ. of Toronto, Ontario (Canada). Dept. of Electrical Engineering)
Non-Federal Participation In Ac Intertie Final Environmental Impact Statement
Non-Federal Participation In Ac Intertie Non-Federal Participation In Ac Intertie Final Environmental Impact Statement Volume 1: Environmental Analysis Bonneville DOE/eis-0145 POWER ADMINISTRATION January 1994 Non-Federal Participation in AC Intertie Final Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS - 0145) Responsible Agency: U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Title of Proposed Action: Non-Federal Participation in AC Intertie States and Other Areas Involved: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, British Columbia Abstract: BPA is considering action in two areas: (1) non-Federal access to