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FUMIGATION, GROSS NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS, N-15, FUMIGATION, GROSS NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS, N-15, NITRATE, RATES, SOIL 1909 Pushnik, J.C., R.S. Demaree, J.L.J. Houpis, W.B. Flory, S.M. Bauer, and P.D. Anderson. 1995. The effect of elevated carbon dioxide on a Sierra-Nevadan dominant species: Pinus ponderosa. Journal of Biogeography 22(2-3):249-254. The impact of increasing atmospheric CO2 has not been fully evaluated on western coniferous forest species. Two year old seedlings of Pinus ponderosa were grown in environmentally controlled chambers under increased CO2 conditions (525 mu L L(-1) and 700 mu L L(-1)) for 6 months. These trees exhibited morphological, physiological and biochemical alterations when compared to our controls (350 mu L L(- 1)). Analysis of whole plant biomass distribution has shown no
Characterizing the transformation and transfer of nitrogen during the aerobic treatment of organic wastes and digestates
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Ammonia emissions varied depending on the nature of wastes and the treatment conditions. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Nitrogen losses resulted from ammonia emissions and nitrification-denitrification. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Ammonification can be estimated from biodegradable carbon and carbon/nitrogen ratio. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Ammonification was the main process contributing to N losses. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Nitrification rate was negatively correlated to stripping rate of ammonia nitrogen. - Abstract: The transformation and transfer of nitrogen during the aerobic treatment of seven wastes were studied in ventilated air-tight 10-L reactors at 35 Degree-Sign C. Studied wastes included distinct types of organic wastes and their digestates. Ammonia emissions varied depending on the kind of waste and treatment conditions. These emissions accounted for 2-43% of the initial nitrogen. Total nitrogen losses, which resulted mainly from ammonia emissions and nitrification-denitrification, accounted for 1-76% of the initial nitrogen. Ammonification was the main process responsible for nitrogen losses. An equation which allows estimating the ammonification flow of each type of waste according to its biodegradable carbon and carbon/nitrogen ratio was proposed. As a consequence of the lower contribution of storage and leachate rates, stripping and nitrification rates of ammonia nitrogen were negatively correlated. This observation suggests the possibility of promotingnitrification in order to reduce ammonia emissions.
Zeng Yang, E-mail: email@example.com [Irstea, UR GERE, 17 avenue de Cucille, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes Cedex (France); Universite Europeenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes (France); Guardia, Amaury de; Daumoin, Mylene; Benoist, Jean-Claude [Irstea, UR GERE, 17 avenue de Cucille, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes Cedex (France)
Thermal transformations of nitrogen and sulfur forms in peat related to coalification
The chemical pathways for nitrogen and sulfur transformations during coalification are elucidated by comparing the chemical forms of unaltered peats, lignites, and coals and pyrolyzed peats using a combination of spectroscopic techniques in unaltered peats, the NMR and XPS spectra are consistent with the presence of amide nitrogen. The spectra indicate that a thermal transformation of amide nitrogen into pyrrolic and pyridinic forms occurs after thermal stress that is roughly equivalent to lignitification. High total nitrogen levels are found in pyrolyzed peats relative to lignites and higher-rank coals, suggesting that some amides initially found in peat are lost via nonthermal pathways during coalification. Lignites contain the highest levels of quaternary nitrogen, and they are associated with protonated pyridinic structures. Most quaternary nitrogen is formed during lignitification as a result of the creation and interaction of basic nitrogen species with acidic functionalities and is lost completely during bitumenization. Sulfur X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (S-XANES) of unaltered peats detect the presence of disulfide, mercapto, aliphatic sulfide, and aromatic forms of organically bound sulfur. XPS and S-XANES results show that the relative level of aromatic sulfur increases as the severity of peat pyrolysis increases. The relative level of aromatic sulfur increases through the selective loss of disulfide, aliphatic sulfide, and SO{sub 3} groups and through the transformation of aliphatic sulfur forms. Aliphatic sulfur is present mostly as mercapto and disulfide species in peats and in lignites but not in higher-rank coals. These results indicate that mercapto and disulfide species are lost after lignitification. Organic sulfur in peats exist mainly as aromatic forms, consistent with the level of aromatic sulfur increasing with the increasing degree of coalification. 91 refs., 22 figs., 6 tabs.
S.R. Kelemen; M. Afeworki; M.L. Gorbaty; P.J. Kwiatek; M. Sansone; C.C. Walters; A.D. Cohen [ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co., Annandale, NJ (United States)
Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill
SciTech Connect
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Microbial nitrogen transformations can alleviate toxic ammonium discharge. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Aerobic ammonium oxidation was rate-limiting in Indonesian landfill leachate. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Organic nitrogen ammonification was most dominant. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Anaerobic nitrate reduction and ammonium oxidation potential were also high. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A two-stage aerobic-anaerobic nitrogen removal system needs to be implemented. - Abstract: Ammonium is one of the major toxic compounds and a critical long-term pollutant in landfill leachate. Leachate from the Jatibarang landfill in Semarang, Indonesia, contains ammonium in concentrations ranging from 376 to 929 mg N L{sup -1}. The objective of this study was to determine seasonal variation in the potential for organic nitrogen ammonification, aerobic nitrification, anaerobic nitrate reduction and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) at this landfilling site. Seasonal samples from leachate collection treatment ponds were used as an inoculum to feed synthetic media to determine potential rates of nitrogen transformations. Aerobic ammonium oxidation potential (<0.06 mg N L{sup -1} h{sup -1}) was more than a hundred times lower than the anaerobic nitrogen transformation processes and organic nitrogen ammonification, which were of the same order of magnitude. Anaerobic nitrate oxidation did not proceed beyond nitrite; isolates grown with nitrate as electron acceptor did not degrade nitrite further. Effects of season were only observed for aerobic nitrification and anammox, and were relatively minor: rates were up to three times higher in the dry season. To completely remove the excess ammonium from the leachate, we propose a two-stage treatment system to be implemented. Aeration in the first leachate pond would strongly contribute to aerobic ammonium oxidation to nitrate by providing the currently missing oxygen in the anaerobic leachate and allowing for the growth of ammonium oxidisers. In the second pond the remaining ammonium and produced nitrate can be converted by a combination of nitrate reduction to nitrite and anammox. Such optimization of microbial nitrogen transformations can contribute to alleviating the ammonium discharge to surface water draining the landfill.
Mangimbulude, Jubhar C. [Faculty of Biology, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Jl Diponegoro 52-60, Salatiga 50711 (Indonesia); Straalen, Nico M. van [Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Roeling, Wilfred F.M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Transformation, which alters the genetic makeup of an individual, is a concept that intrigues the human imagination. In Streptococcus pneumoniae such transformation was first demonstrated. Perhaps our fascination with genetics derived from our ancestors observing their own progeny, with its retention and assortment of parental traits, but such interest must have been accelerated after the dawn of agriculture. It was in pea plants that Gregor Mendel in the late 1800s examined inherited traits and found them to be determined by physical elements, or genes, passed from parents to progeny. In our day, the material basis of these genetic determinants was revealed to be DNA by the lowly bacteria, in particular, the pneumococcus. For this species, transformation by free DNA is a sexual process that enables cells to sport new combinations of genes and traits. Genetic transformation of the type found in S. pneumoniae occurs naturally in many species of bacteria (70), but, initially only a few other transformable species were found, namely, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitides, Neisseria gonorrheae, and Bacillus subtilis (96). Natural transformation, which requires a set of genes evolved for the purpose, contrasts with artificial transformation, which is accomplished by shocking cells either electrically, as in electroporation, or by ionic and temperature shifts. Although such artificial treatments can introduce very small amounts of DNA into virtually any type of cell, the amounts introduced by natural transformation are a million-fold greater, and S. pneumoniae can take up as much as 10% of its cellular DNA content (40).
DOE Patents (OSTI)
Transformers of a type adapted for use with extreme high power vacuum tubes where current requirements may be of the order of 2,000 to 200,000 amperes are described. The transformer casing has the form of a re-entrant section being extended through an opening in one end of the cylinder to form a coaxial terminal arrangement. A toroidal multi-turn primary winding is disposed within the casing in coaxial relationship therein. In a second embodiment, means are provided for forming the casing as a multi-turn secondary. The transformer is characterized by minimized resistance heating, minimized external magnetic flux, and an economical construction.
Baker, W.R.
Absolute atomic oxygen and nitrogen densities in radio-frequency driven atmospheric pressure cold plasmas: Synchrotron vacuum ultra-violet high-resolution Fourier-transform absorption measurements
Reactive atomic species play a key role in emerging cold atmospheric pressure plasma applications, in particular, in plasma medicine. Absolute densities of atomic oxygen and atomic nitrogen were measured in a radio-frequency driven non-equilibrium plasma operated at atmospheric pressure using vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) absorption spectroscopy. The experiment was conducted on the DESIRS synchrotron beamline using a unique VUV Fourier-transform spectrometer. Measurements were carried out in plasmas operated in helium with air-like N{sub 2}/O{sub 2} (4:1) admixtures. A maximum in the O-atom concentration of (9.1 {+-} 0.7) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 20} m{sup -3} was found at admixtures of 0.35 vol. %, while the N-atom concentration exhibits a maximum of (5.7 {+-} 0.4) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 19} m{sup -3} at 0.1 vol. %.
Niemi, K.; O'Connell, D.; Gans, T. [York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD (United Kingdom); Oliveira, N. de; Joyeux, D.; Nahon, L. [Synchrotron Soleil, l'Orme des Merisiers, St. Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex (France); Booth, J. P. [Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau (France)
E-Print Network (OSTI)
power transformer cooled by natural convection of subcooled liquid nitrogen. A liquid nitrogen bath temperature superconductor) power devices, such as HTS transformers, fault current limiters, and terminals of subcooled liquid nitrogen system for an HTS transformer, operating at around 65 K. This system consists
Chang, Ho-Myung
Nitrogen sorption
Nitrogen-sorbing and -desorbing compositions and methods of using the same are disclosed, which are useful for the selective separation of nitrogen from other gases, especially natural gas.
Friesen, D.T.; Babcock, W.C.; Edlund, D.J.; Miller, W.K.
Nitrogen-sorbing and -desorbing compositions and methods of using the same are disclosed, which are useful for the selective separation of nitrogen from other gases, especially natural gas. 5 figs.
Friesen, Dwayne T. (Bend, OR); Babcock, Walter C. (Bend, OR); Edlund, David J. (Bend, OR); Miller, Warren K. (Bend, OR)
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Liquid Nitrogen...
Dry Ice vs. Liquid Nitrogen Previous Video (Dry Ice vs. Liquid Nitrogen) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Shattering Pennies) Shattering Pennies Liquid Nitrogen Cooled...
Nitrogen Deposition Data Available
Nitrogen Deposition Data Available This data set, prepared by Elizabeth Holland and colleagues, contains data for wet and dry nitrogen-species deposition for the United States and...
Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream
Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream If you have access to liquid nitrogen and the proper safety equipment and training, try this in place of your normal cryogenics demonstration Download...
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Nitrogen-Oxygen Battery for Large Scale...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
2012 Frank Delnick, David Ingersoll, Karen Waldrip, Peter Feibelman NitrogenOxygen Battery A Transformational Architecture for Large Scale Energy Storage Power Sources...
Understanding Nitrogen Fixation
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
The purpose of our program is to explore fundamental chemistry relevant to the discovery of energy efficient methods for the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N{sub 2}) into more value-added nitrogen-containing organic molecules. Such transformations are key for domestic energy security and the reduction of fossil fuel dependencies. With DOE support, we have synthesized families of zirconium and hafnium dinitrogen complexes with elongated and activated N-N bonds that exhibit rich N{sub 2} functionalization chemistry. Having elucidated new methods for N-H bond formation from dihydrogen, C-H bonds and Broensted acids, we have since turned our attention to N-C bond construction. These reactions are particularly important for the synthesis of amines, heterocycles and hydrazines with a range of applications in the fine and commodity chemicals industries and as fuels. One recent highlight was the discovery of a new N{sub 2} cleavage reaction upon addition of carbon monoxide which resulted in the synthesis of an important fertilizer, oxamide, from the diatomics with the two strongest bonds in chemistry. Nitrogen-carbon bonds form the backbone of many important organic molecules, especially those used in the fertilizer and pharamaceutical industries. During the past year, we have continued our work in the synthesis of hydrazines of various substitution patterns, many of which are important precursors for heterocycles. In most instances, the direct functionalization of N{sub 2} offers a more efficient synthetic route than traditional organic methods. In addition, we have also discovered a unique CO-induced N{sub 2} bond cleavage reaction that simultaneously cleaves the N-N bond of the metal dinitrogen compound and assembles new C-C bond and two new N-C bonds. Treatment of the CO-functionalized core with weak Broensted acids liberated oxamide, H{sub 2}NC(O)C(O)NH{sub 2}, an important slow release fertilizer that is of interest to replace urea in many applications. The synthesis of ammonia, NH{sub 3}, from its elements, H{sub 2} and N{sub 2}, via the venerable Haber-Bosch process is one of the most significant technological achievements of the past century. Our research program seeks to discover new transition metal reagents and catalysts to disrupt the strong N {triple_bond} N bond in N{sub 2} and create new, fundamental chemical linkages for the construction of molecules with application as fuels, fertilizers and fine chemicals. With DOE support, our group has discovered a mild method for ammonia synthesis in solution as well as new methods for the construction of nitrogen-carbon bonds directly from N{sub 2}. Ideally these achievements will evolve into more efficient nitrogen fixation schemes that circumvent the high energy demands of industrial ammonia synthesis. Industrially, atmospheric nitrogen enters the synthetic cycle by the well-established Haber-Bosch process whereby N{sub 2} is hydrogenated to ammonia at high temperature and pressure. The commercialization of this reaction represents one of the greatest technological achievements of the 20th century as Haber-Bosch ammonia is responsible for supporting approximately 50% of the world's population and serves as the source of half of the nitrogen in the human body. The extreme reaction conditions required for an economical process have significant energy consequences, consuming 1% of the world's energy supply mostly in the form of pollution-intensive coal. Moreover, industrial H{sub 2} synthesis via the water gas shift reaction and the steam reforming of methane is fossil fuel intensive and produces CO{sub 2} as a byproduct. New synthetic methods that promote this thermodynamically favored transformation ({Delta}G{sup o} = -4.1 kcal/mol) under milder conditions or completely obviate it are therefore desirable. Most nitrogen-containing organic molecules are derived from ammonia (and hence rely on the Haber-Bosch and H{sub 2} synthesis processes) and direct synthesis from atmospheric nitrogen could, in principle, be more energy-efficient. This is particularly attractive giv
Paul J. Chirik
Appell Transformation and Canonical Transforms
The interpretation of the optical Appell transformation, as previously elaborated in relation to the free-space paraxial propagation under both a rectangular and a circular cylindrical symmetry, is reviewed. Then, the caloric Appell transformation, well known in the theory of heat equation, is shown to be amenable for a similar interpretation involving the Laplace transform rather than the Fourier transform, when dealing with the 1D heat equation. Accordingly, when considering the radial heat equation, suitably defined Hankel-type transforms come to be involved in the inherent Appell transformation. The analysis is aimed at outlining the link between the Appell transformation and the canonical transforms.
Torre, Amalia
Riesz transforms for Dunkl transform
In this paper we obtain the $L^p$-boundedness of Riesz transforms for Dunkl transform for all $1
Amri, B�chir
Integral transformation and Darboux transformation
We review Darboux-Crum transformation of Heun's differential equation. By rewriting an integral transformation of Heun's differential equation into a form of elliptic functions, we see that the integral representation is a generalization of Darboux-Crum transformation. We also consider conservation of monodromy with respect to the transformations.
Takemura, Kouichi
Glossary Term - Liquid Nitrogen
Lepton Previous Term (Lepton) Glossary Main Index Next Term (Mercury) Mercury Liquid Nitrogen Liquid nitrogen boils in a frying pan on a desk. The liquid state of the element...
Testability Transformation
A testability transformation is a source-to-source transformation that aims to improve the ability of a given test generation method to generate test data for the original program. This paper
Mark Harman; Lin Hu; Robert Hierons; Joachim Wegener; Harmen Sthamer; Andre Baresel; Marc Roper
Market Transformation
Summarizes the goals and activities of the DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program efforts within its market transformation subprogram.
Not Available
Reading Comprehension - Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Nitrogen Liquid Nitrogen Nitrogen is the most common substance in Earth's _________ crust oceans atmosphere trees . In the Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen is a gas. The particles of a gas move very quickly. They run around and bounce into everyone and everything. The hotter a gas is, the _________ slower faster hotter colder the particles move. When a gas is _________ cooled warmed heated compressed , its particles slow down. If a gas is cooled enough, it can change from a gas to a liquid. For nitrogen, this happens at a very _________ strange warm low high temperature. If you want to change nitrogen from a gas to a liquid, you have to bring its temperature down to 77 Kelvin. That's 321 degrees below zero _________ Kelvin Celsius Centigrade Fahrenheit ! Liquid nitrogen looks like water, but it acts very differently. It
Nitrogen spark denoxer
A NO.sub.X control system for an internal combustion engine includes an oxygen enrichment device that produces oxygen and nitrogen enriched air. The nitrogen enriched air contains molecular nitrogen that is provided to a spark plug that is mounted in an exhaust outlet of an internal combustion engine. As the nitrogen enriched air is expelled at the spark gap of the spark plug, the nitrogen enriched air is exposed to a pulsating spark that is generated across the spark gap of the spark plug. The spark gap is elongated so that a sufficient amount of atomic nitrogen is produced and is injected into the exhaust of the internal combustion engine. The injection of the atomic nitrogen into the exhaust of the internal combustion engine causes the oxides of nitrogen to be reduced into nitrogen and oxygen such that the emissions from the engine will have acceptable levels of NO.sub.X. The oxygen enrichment device that produces both the oxygen and nitrogen enriched air can include a selectively permeable membrane.
Ng, Henry K. (Naperville, IL); Novick, Vincent J. (Downers Grove, IL); Sekar, Ramanujam R. (Naperville, IL)
Fuel Cell Technologies Publication and Product Library (EERE)
This Fuel Cell Technologies Program fact sheet outlines current status and challenges in the market transformation of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
Nitrogen Fixation by Lightning
When some of the uncertainties associated with lightning are reviewed, it becomes difficult to support a large production of fixed nitrogen from the lightning shock wave.
G. A. Dawson
Lightweight transformer
The technical effort described in this report relates to the program that was performed to design, fabricate, and test a lightweight transformer for Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) mission requirements. The objectives of this program were two-fold: (1) design and fabricate a lightweight transformer using liquid hydrogen as the coolant; and (2) test the completed transformer assembly with a low voltage, dc power source. Although the full power testing with liquid helium was not completed, the program demonstrated the viability of the design approach. The lightweight transformer was designed and fabricated, and low and moderate power testing was completed. The transformer is a liquid hydrogen cooled air core transformer that uses thin copper for its primary and secondary windings. The winding mass was approximately 12 kg, or 0.03 kg/kW. Further refinements of the design to a partial air core transformer could potentially reduce the winding mass to as low as 4 or 5 kg, or 0.0125 kg/kW. No attempt was made on this program to reduce the mass of the related structural components or cryogenic container. 8 refs., 39 figs., 2 tabs.
Swallom, D.W.; Enos, G.
Transformative copy
The ability to create an unlimited number of identical copies is a privilege of digital documents. What if that would not be the case, if each copy of a digital file would go along with some sort of transformation? This ...
Offenhuber, Dietmar
Nitrogen Cycle Data Available The ORNL DAAC announces the release of a data set prepared by Elisabeth Holland and colleagues titled "Global N Cycle: Fluxes and N2O Mixing Ratios...
Substantial Transformation
4 4 Recovery Act/Buy American Information Related to Substantial Transformation GUIDANCE ON MANUFACTURED GOODS AND SUBSTANTIAL TRANSFORMATION FOR FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE AWARDS Section 1605 of the Recovery Act states, "None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act may be used for a project for the construction, alteration, maintenance, or repair of a public building or public work unless all of the iron, steel, and manufactured goods used in the project are produced in the United States." The Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) guidance on implementing this section defines "manufactured good" as a "good brought to the construction site for incorporation into
RF transformer
There is provided an improved RF transformer having a single-turn secondary of cylindrical shape and a coiled encapsulated primary contained within the secondary. The coil is tapered so that the narrowest separation between the primary and the secondary is at one end of the coil. The encapsulated primary is removable from the secondary so that a variety of different capacity primaries can be utilized with one secondary.
Smith, James L. (Naperville, IL); Helenberg, Harold W. (Calumet City, IL); Kilsdonk, Dennis J. (Joliet, IL)
Lorentz Transformations
This paper describes a particularly didactic and transparent derivation of basic properties of the Lorentz group. The generators for rotations and boosts along an arbitrary direction, as well as their commutation relations, are written as functions of the unit vectors that define the axis of rotation or the direction of the boost (an approach that can be compared with the one that in electrodynamics, works with the electric and magnetic fields instead of the Maxwell stress tensor). For finite values of the angle of rotation or the boost's velocity, collectively denoted by V, the existence of an exponential expansion for the coordinate transformation's matrix, M (in terms of GV where G is the generator) requires that the matrix's derivative with respect to V, be equal to GM. This condition can only be satisfied if the transformation is additive as it is indeed the case for rotations, but not for velocities. If it is assumed, however, that for boosts such an expansion exists, with V = V(v), v being the velocity, and if the above condition is imposed on the boost's matrix then its expression in terms of hyperbolic cosh(V) and sinh(V} is recovered, and the expression for V(= arc tanh(v)) is determined. A general Lorentz transformation can be written as an exponential containing the sum of a rotation and a boost, which to first order is equal to the product of a boost with a rotation. The calculations of the second and third order terms show that the equations for the generators used in this paper, allow to reliably infer the expressions for the higher order generators, without having recourse to the commutation relations. The transformationmatrices for Weyl spinors are derived for finite values of the rotation and velocity, and field representations, leading to the expression for the angular momentum operator, are studied.
Bernard R. Durney
Transformer apparatus is designed for measuring the amount of a paramagnetic substance dissolved or suspended in a diamagnetic liquid. The apparatus consists of a cluster of tubes, some of which are closed and have sealed within the diamagnetic substance without any of the paramagnetic material. The remaining tubes are open to flow of the mix- ture. Primary and secondary conductors are wrapped around the tubes in such a way as to cancel noise components and also to produce a differential signal on the secondaries based upon variations of the content of the paramagnetic material. (AEC)
Wolfgang, F.; Nicol, J.
Evaluating Transformer Losses
This paper outlines how to determine what transformer losses cost and how to evaluate transformer bids to optimize the investment.
Grun, R. L. Jr.
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Liquid Nitrogen and
Freeze the Rainbow! Freeze the Rainbow! Previous Video (Freeze the Rainbow!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Liquid Nitrogen and Fire!) Liquid Nitrogen and Fire! Liquid Nitrogen and Antifreeze! What happens when the freezing power of liquid nitrogen meets the antifreezing power of ethylene glycol? [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: What happens when the freezing power of liquid nitrogen... Steve: ...meets the antifreezing power of ethylene glycol! Joanna: While a mix of 70 percent ethylene glycol and 30 percent water doesn't freeze until 60 degrees below zero, it's still no match for liquid nitrogen. At 321 degrees below zero, liquid nitrogen easily freezes
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Liquid Nitrogen in a
Freeze Liquid Nitrogen! Freeze Liquid Nitrogen! Previous Video (Let's Freeze Liquid Nitrogen!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Freeze the Rainbow!) Freeze the Rainbow! Liquid Nitrogen in a Microwave! What happens when the world's most beloved cryogenic liquid meets one of the most common household appliances? Find out when we try to microwave liquid nitrogen! [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: A little while ago we received an email from Star of the Sea Catholic School in Virginia Beach, Virginia, asking what happens when you place liquid nitrogen in a microwave. Well, I just happen to have some liquid nitrogen! Steve: And I just happen to have a microwave!
Methane/nitrogen separation process
A membrane separation process for treating a gas stream containing methane and nitrogen, for example, natural gas. The separation process works by preferentially permeating methane and rejecting nitrogen. We have found that the process is able to meet natural gas pipeline specifications for nitrogen, with acceptably small methane loss, so long as the membrane can exhibit a methane/nitrogen selectivity of about 4, 5 or more. This selectivity can be achieved with some rubbery and super-glassy membranes at low temperatures. The process can also be used for separating ethylene from nitrogen.
Baker, Richard W. (Palo Alto, CA); Lokhandwala, Kaaeid A. (Menlo Park, CA); Pinnau, Ingo (Palo Alto, CA); Segelke, Scott (Mountain View, CA)
A membrane separation process is described for treating a gas stream containing methane and nitrogen, for example, natural gas. The separation process works by preferentially permeating methane and rejecting nitrogen. The authors have found that the process is able to meet natural gas pipeline specifications for nitrogen, with acceptably small methane loss, so long as the membrane can exhibit a methane/nitrogen selectivity of about 4, 5 or more. This selectivity can be achieved with some rubbery and super-glassy membranes at low temperatures. The process can also be used for separating ethylene from nitrogen. 11 figs.
Baker, R.W.; Lokhandwala, K.A.; Pinnau, I.; Segelke, S.
TCE degradation by methane-oxidizing cultures grown with various nitrogen sources
Methane-oxidizing microorganisms exhibit great potential for vadose zone bioremediation. This paper reports the effects of supplying nitrogen as nitrate, ammonia, and molecular nitrogen on the growth, trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation capacity, and energy storage capacity of a mixed methane-oxidizing culture. Cells inoculated from a nitrate-supplied methane-oxidizing culture grew fastest while fixing atmospheric nitrogen when oxygen partial pressures were kept less than 8%. Cell growth and methane oxidation were more rapid for ammonia-supplied cells than for nitrate-supplied or nitrogen-fixing cells. However, nitrogen-fixing cells were capable of oxidizing TCE as efficiently as nitrate or ammonia-supplied cells, and they exhibited the highest TCE transformation capacity of all three cultures both with and without formate as an exogenous reducing energy source. The TCE product toxicity was not as pronounced for the nitrogen fixing cells as for the nitrate- or ammonia-supplied cells after exposure to high (20 mg/L) or low (2 mg/L) TCE concentrations. Energy storage in the form of poly-{beta}- hydroxybutyrate was 20% to 30% higher for nitrogen-fixing cells; increased energy storage may be responsible for the higher transformation capacity of nitrogen-fixing cells when no external reducing energy was available. 35 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Chu, K.H.; Alvarez-Cohen, L. [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Perfect NOT transformation and conjugate transformation
The perfect NOT transformation, probabilistic perfect NOT transformation and conjugate transformation are studied. Perfect NOT transformation criteria on a quantum state set $S$ of a qubit are obtained. Two necessary and sufficient conditions for realizing a perfect NOT transformation on $S$ are derived. When these conditions are not satisfied we discuss a probabilistic perfect NOT transformation (gate). We construct a probabilistic perfect NOT machine (gate) by a general unitary-reduction operation. With a postselection of the measurement outcomes, the probabilistic NOT gate yields perfectly complements of the input states. We prove that one can realize probabilistically the NOT gate of the input states secretly chosen from a certain set $S=\\{|\\Psi_1>, |\\Psi_2>,..., |\\Psi_n>\\}$ if and only if $|\\Psi_1>, |\\Psi_2>,...,$ and $|\\Psi_n>$ are linearly independent. We also generalize the probabilistic NOT transformation to the conjugate transformation in the multi-level quantum system. The lower bound of the best p...
Yan, Fengli; Yan, Zhichao
Nitrogen fixation apparatus
A method and apparatus for achieving nitrogen fixation includes a volumetric electric discharge chamber. The volumetric discharge chamber provides an even distribution of an electron beam, and enables the chamber to be maintained at a controlled energy to pressure (E/p) ratio. An E/p ratio of from 5 to 15 kV/atm of O.sub.2 /cm promotes the formation of vibrationally excited N.sub.2. Atomic oxygen interacts with vibrationally excited N.sub.2 at a much quicker rate than unexcited N.sub.2, greatly improving the rate at which NO is formed.
Chen, Hao-Lin (Walnut Creek, CA)
Comparison of five organic wastes regarding their behaviour during composting: Part 2, nitrogen dynamic
This paper aimed to compare household waste, separated pig solids, food waste, pig slaughterhouse sludge and green algae regarding processes ruling nitrogen dynamic during composting. For each waste, three composting simulations were performed in parallel in three similar reactors (300 L), each one under a constant aeration rate. The aeration flows applied were comprised between 100 and 1100 L/h. The initial waste and the compost were characterized through the measurements of their contents in dry matter, total carbon, Kjeldahl and total ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate. Kjeldahl and total ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrite and nitrate were measured in leachates and in condensates too. Ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions were monitored in continue. The cumulated emissions in ammonia and in nitrous oxide were given for each waste and at each aeration rate. The paper focused on process of ammonification and on transformations and transfer of total ammoniacal nitrogen. The parameters of nitrous oxide emissions were not investigated. The removal rate of total Kjeldahl nitrogen was shown being closely tied to the ammonification rate. Ammonification was modelled thanks to the calculation of the ratio of biodegradable carbon to organic nitrogen content of the biodegradable fraction. The wastes were shown to differ significantly regarding their ammonification ability. Nitrogen balances were calculated by subtracting nitrogen losses from nitrogen removed from material. Defaults in nitrogen balances were assumed to correspond to conversion of nitrate even nitrite into molecular nitrogen and then to the previous conversion by nitrification of total ammoniacal nitrogen. The pool of total ammoniacal nitrogen, i.e. total ammoniacal nitrogen initially contained in waste plus total ammoniacal nitrogen released by ammonification, was calculated for each experiment. Then, this pool was used as the referring amount in the calculation of the rates of accumulation, stripping and nitrification of total ammoniacal nitrogen. Separated pig solids were characterised by a high ability to accumulate total ammoniacal nitrogen. Whatever the waste, the striping rate depended mostly on the aeration rate and on the pool concentration in biofilm. The nitrification rate was observed as all the higher as the concentration in total ammoniacal nitrogen in the initial waste was low. Thus, household waste and green algae exhibited the highest nitrification rates. This result could mean that in case of low concentrations in total ammoniacal nitrogen, a nitrifying biomass was already developed and that this biomass consumed it. In contrast, in case of high concentrations, this could traduce some difficulties for nitrifying microorganisms to develop.
Guardia, A. de, E-mail: email@example.com [Cemagref, UR GERE, 17 Avenue de Cucille, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes (France); Universite Europeenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes (France); Mallard, P.; Teglia, C.; Marin, A.; Le Pape, C.; Launay, M.; Benoist, J.C.; Petiot, C. [Cemagref, UR GERE, 17 Avenue de Cucille, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes (France); Universite Europeenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes (France)
Transformations | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Transformations Transformations Jump to: navigation, search Name Transformations Place Townsend, MA Website http://transformations-inc.com References Transformations[1] Information About Partnership with NREL Partnership with NREL Yes Partnership Type Test & Evaluation Partner Partnering Center within NREL Electricity Resources & Building Systems Integration LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! Transformations is a company located in Townsend, MA. References ↑ "Transformations" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Transformations&oldid=381743" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations Companies Organizations What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Browse properties
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Liquid Nitrogen and Fire!
Antifreeze! Antifreeze! Previous Video (Liquid Nitrogen and Antifreeze!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Liquid Nitrogen and the Tea Kettle Mystery!) Liquid Nitrogen and the Tea Kettle Mystery! Liquid Nitrogen and Fire! A burning candle is placed in a container of liquid nitrogen! Filmed in front of a live studio audience. Well, they were live when we started... [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Steve: Now, then. I'm a little bit afraid to ask this next question because I think I already know the answer, but is anyone in here feeling a little... dangerous? You're willing to take a chance? Because I am willing to do an experiment they haven't let me do since 'The Incident.' Now, because of the danger, I cannot have a volunteer. I must do this on my
Spacetime transformation acoustics
A recently proposed analogue transformation method has allowed the extension of transformation acoustics to general spacetime transformations. We analyze here in detail the differences between this new analogue transformation acoustics (ATA) method and the standard one (STA). We show explicitly that STA is not suitable for transformations that mix space and time. ATA takes as starting point the acoustic equation for the velocity potential, instead of that for the pressure as in STA. This velocity-potential equation by itself already allows for some transformations mixing space and time, but not all of them. We explicitly obtain the entire set of transformations that do not leave its form invariant. It is in these cases that ATA shows its true potential, allowing for building a transformation acoustics method that enables the full range of spacetime transformations. We provide an example of an important transformation which cannot be achieved with STA. Using this transformation, we design and simulate an acous...
Garc�a-Meca, C; Barcel�, C; Jannes, G; S�nchez-Dehesa, J; Mart�nez, A
Nitrogen chiller acceptance test procedure
This document includes the inspection and testing requirements for the Nitrogen Chiller unit. The Chiller will support the Rotary Mode core Sampling System during the summer. The Chiller cools the Nitrogen Purge Gas that is used when drilling in tank wastes to cool the drill bit.
Kostelnik, A.J.
Spectroscopic detection of nitrogen concentrations in sagebrush
The ability to estimate foliar nitrogen (N) in semi-arid landscapes can yield information on nutritional status and improve our limited understanding of controls on canopy photosynthesis. We examined two spectroscopic methods for estimating sagebrush dried leaf and live shrub N content: first derivative reflectance (FDR) and continuum removal. Both methods used partial least squares (PLS) regression to select wavebands most significantly correlated with N concentrations in the samples. Sagebrush dried leaf spectra produced PLS models (R2 = 0.76�0.86) that could predict N concentrations within the dataset more accurately than PLS models generated from live shrub spectra (R2 = 0.41�0.63). Inclusion of wavelengths associated with leaf water in the FDR transformations appeared to improve regression results. Findings are encouraging and warrant further exploration into sagebrush reflectance spectra to characterize N concentrations.
J. J. MITCHELL; N. F. GLENN; T.T. SANKEY; D. R. DERRYBERRY; R. C. HRUSKA; M. O. Anderson
Learning Transformations From Video
on Natural Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Learning Continuous Transformation from VideoProposed Video Coder
Wang, Ching Ming
Generative model transformer
The Generative Model Transformer (GMT) project is an Open Source initiative to build a Model Driven Architecure� tool that allows fully customisable Platform Independent Models, Platform Description Models, Texture Mappings, and Refinement Transformations. ... Keywords: QVT, domain-specific languages, generative model transformer (GMT), model driven architecture (MDA), model transformation, open source
Jorn Bettin; Ghica van Emde Boas
Eighth international congress on nitrogen fixation
This volume contains the proceedings of the Eighth International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation held May 20--26, 1990 in Knoxville, Tennessee. The volume contains abstracts of individual presentations. Sessions were entitled Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Nitrogen Fixation, Plant-microbe Interactions, Limiting Factors of Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrogen Fixation and the Environment, Bacterial Systems, Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture and Industry, Plant Function, and Nitrogen Fixation and Evolution.
A green transformer
The use of a new transformer and transformer fluid by a rural electric cooperative is described in the article. Edisol TR Transformers, which require about half as much fluid, are being used to replace existing transformers from 10- to 50 kVA. The dielectric fluid used in the transformers biodegrades more rapidly and completely, and is non-bioaccumulating in aquatic species. Standardized tests show that five to six weeks is required for biodegradation. The thermal design increases the efficiency of heat removal and reduces thermal gradients in the winding; the transformer is 20% smaller and 25% lighter than conventional transformers.
Wagner, A.
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Superconductors...
Main Index Next Video (Cells vs. Liquid Nitrogen) Cells vs. Liquid Nitrogen Superconductors What happens when a magnet is placed on a superconductor? Play the video to find...
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Instant Liquid Nitrogen
Freezing Balloons! Freezing Balloons! Previous Video (Freezing Balloons!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Shattering Flowers!) Shattering Flowers! Instant Liquid Nitrogen Balloon Party! Need a bunch of balloons blown-up quickly? Liquid nitrogen to the rescue! [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: We've been making videos for a while now and we've learned that people like balloons and liquid nitrogen! Steve: So... Here you go! Balloon: Crackling... Balloon: Pop! Joanna: Ooh! Balloon: Pop! Balloon: Pop! Steve: If you'd like to know the science of what's going on behind this, please one of our first videos, "Liquid Nitrogen Experiments: The Balloon."
On discrete cosine transform
The discrete cosine transform (DCT), introduced by Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao, has been used in many applications of digital signal processing, data compression and information hiding. There are four types of the discrete cosine transform. In simulating the discrete cosine transform, we propose a generalized discrete cosine transform with three parameters, and prove its orthogonality for some new cases. A new type of discrete cosine transform is proposed and its orthogonality is proved. Finally, we propose a generalized discrete W transform with three parameters, and prove its orthogonality for some new cases.
Zhou, Jianqin
Rasmussen, R.A. (1976). Combustion as a source of nitrousx control for stationary combustion sources. Prog. Energy,CA, March 3-4, 1977 COMBUSTION SOURCES OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Brown, Nancy J.
It's Elemental - The Element Nitrogen
Carbon Carbon Previous Element (Carbon) The Periodic Table of Elements Next Element (Oxygen) Oxygen The Element Nitrogen [Click for Isotope Data] 7 N Nitrogen 14.0067 Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Weight: 14.0067 Melting Point: 63.15 K (-210.00°C or -346.00°F) Boiling Point: 77.36 K (-195.79°C or -320.44°F) Density: 0.0012506 grams per cubic centimeter Phase at Room Temperature: Gas Element Classification: Non-metal Period Number: 2 Group Number: 15 Group Name: Pnictogen What's in a name? From the Greek words nitron and genes, which together mean "saltpetre forming." Say what? Nitrogen is pronounced as NYE-treh-gen. History and Uses: Nitrogen was discovered by the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. It is the fifth most abundant element in the universe and makes up
Nitrogen removal from natural gas
According to a 1991 Energy Information Administration estimate, U.S. reserves of natural gas are about 165 trillion cubic feet (TCF). To meet the long-term demand for natural gas, new gas fields from these reserves will have to be developed. Gas Research Institute studies reveal that 14% (or about 19 TCF) of known reserves in the United States are subquality due to high nitrogen content. Nitrogen-contaminated natural gas has a low Btu value and must be upgraded by removing the nitrogen. In response to the problem, the Department of Energy is seeking innovative, efficient nitrogen-removal methods. Membrane processes have been considered for natural gas denitrogenation. The challenge, not yet overcome, is to develop membranes with the required nitrogen/methane separation characteristics. Our calculations show that a methane-permeable membrane with a methane/nitrogen selectivity of 4 to 6 would make denitrogenation by a membrane process viable. The objective of Phase I of this project was to show that membranes with this target selectivity can be developed, and that the economics of the process based on these membranes would be competitive. Gas permeation measurements with membranes prepared from two rubbery polymers and a superglassy polymer showed that two of these materials had the target selectivity of 4 to 6 when operated at temperatures below - 20{degrees}C. An economic analysis showed that a process based on these membranes is competitive with other technologies for small streams containing less than 10% nitrogen. Hybrid designs combining membranes with other technologies are suitable for high-flow, higher-nitrogen-content streams.
Metrics for enterprise transformation
The objective of this thesis is to depict the role of metrics in the evolving journey of enterprise transformation. To this end, three propositions are explored: (i) metrics and measurement systems drive transformation, ...
Blackburn, Craig D. (Craig David), S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Typechecking for XML transformers
We study the typechecking problem for XML transformers: given an XML transformation program and a DTD for the input XML documents, check whether every result of the program conforms to a specified output DTD. We model XML transformers using a novel device ...
Tova Milo; Dan Suciu; Victor Vianu
A dc transformer
Although conventional transformers are ac, a device that may be termed a dc transformer has been constructed by using superconductors. To provide an understanding of how such a transformer would operate, some of the properties of type I and type II superconductors ...
I. Giaever
Transforming a Transformative School | Department of Energy
You are here You are here Home » Transforming a Transformative School Transforming a Transformative School October 11, 2012 - 10:14am Addthis During a yearlong renovation, Harding Charter Preparatory school upgraded lighting fixtures, installed a new heating and cooling system, and replaced the entry doors. The new doors allow daylight into the school and restore the historical building envelope. | Photo courtesy of John Winkel, Energy Department. During a yearlong renovation, Harding Charter Preparatory school upgraded lighting fixtures, installed a new heating and cooling system, and replaced the entry doors. The new doors allow daylight into the school and restore the historical building envelope. | Photo courtesy of John Winkel, Energy Department. Julie McAlpin
Nitrogen Oxides Emission Control Options
Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxides Emission Control Options for Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers Ravi K. Srivastava and Robert E. Hall U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, NC Sikander Khan and Kevin Culligan U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Clean Air Markets Division, Washington, DC Bruce W. Lani U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Environmental Projects Division, Pittsburgh, PA ABSTRACT Recent regulations have required reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) from electric utility boilers. To comply with these regulatory requirements, it is increas- ingly important to implement state-of-the-art NO x con- trol technologies on coal-fired utility boilers. This paper reviews NO x control
A method is described for fixing nitrogen from air by compressing the air, irradiating the compressed air in a nuclear reactor, cooling to remove NO/ sub 2/, compressing the cooled gas, further cooling to remove N/sub 2/O and recirculating the cooled compressed air to the reactor.
Harteck, P.; Dondes, S.
The interlaced chirp Z transform
In this paper we introduce the interlaced chirp Z transform (Interlaced CZT), It is based on the computation of several carefully staggered CZT that are progressively interlaced to result in a spectrum that has denser frequency samples where needed. ... Keywords: chirp Z transform, discrete fourier transform, interlaced chirp Z transform, warped discrete fourier transform, zoom chirp Z transform
Indranil Sarkar; Adly T. Fam
EPRI Transformer Guidebook Development
Utilities are losing many of their subject matter experts through retirement and downsizing. This is particularly true in the case of power transformers, so that there is now a critical need for a comprehensive transformer reference book geared toward utility engineers. In 2007, the Electric Power Research Institute EPRI published the technical update report Transformer Guidebook Design 1013799. That report described the results of the initial project to develop the Copper Book, a comprehensive reference...
Adaptive Discrete Cosine Transform
The theory and performance of the adaptive discrete cosine transform filter is examined. The discrete cosine transform filter is a realization of an FIR filter as the cascade of an all-zero FIR filter with a bank of IIR digital resonators. Each bank ... Keywords: FIR filter, IIR digital resonators, LMS algorithm, adaptive discrete cosine transform filter, adaptive filters, all-zero FIR filter, filter coefficient, frequency, magnitude, phase, transfer function, update method
S. J. Bukowinski; L. Gerhardt; M. Fargues; G. Coutu
Transforming Commercial Building Operations
Transforming Commercial Building Operations Transforming Commercial Building Operations Transforming Commercial Building Operations Ron Underhill Pacific Northwest National Laboratory firstname.lastname@example.com (509)375-9765 April 4, 2013 2 | Building Technologies Office eere.energy.gov * Most buildings are not commissioned (Cx) before occupancy, including HVAC and lighting systems * Buildings often are poorly operated and maintained leading to significant energy waste of 5 to 20%, even when they have building automation systems (BASs)
Transformer Ratio Enhancement Experiment
TRANSFORMER RATIO ENHANCEMENT EXPERIMENT A. Kanareykin, Euclid Concepts LLC, Solon, OH 44139, USA W. Gai, J. G. Power. ANL, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA E. Nenasheva, Ceramics Ltd., St....
A New Integral Transform
Using Bauer's expansion and properties of spherical Bessel and Legender functions, we deduce a new transform and briefly indicate its use.
B. G. Sidharth
Market Transformation Programs
Efficiency Improvement Opportunities in TVs Implications for Market Transformation Programs journal Energy Policy volume year month pages keywords appliance energy efficiency...
Transforming the Freight Industry
Transforming the Freight Industry From Regulation to Icommon-carrier freight industry was Competition to backwardjourneys. When the freight industry was deregulated, it was
Regan, Amelia
Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation by Lightning
The production Of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) by lightning flashes has been computed from a model of gaseous molecular reactions occurring as heated lightning-channel air cools by mixing with surrounding ambient air. The effect of ozone (O3) on ...
R. D. Hill; R. G. Rinker; H. Dale Wilson
Nucleation and Characteristics of Liquid Nitrogen
This paper describes experiments on a refrigerating catalyst?liquid nitrogen (LN)?in different cloud chambers and their results. The nucleation threshold temperature of liquid nitrogen is 0�C, and when the temperature less than ?2�C, the ice ...
Cao Xuecheng; Wang Weimin
Stanford Nitrogen Group | Department of Energy
Stanford Nitrogen Group Stanford Nitrogen Group National Clean Energy Business Plan Competition Stanford Nitrogen Group Stanford University The Stanford Nitrogen Group developed a new wastewater treatment process for the removal and recovery of energy from waste nitrogen (i.e. ammonia). This process improves the efficiency and lowers the cost of nitrogen treatment. The process is termed the Coupled Aerobic-anoxic Nitrous Decomposition Operation (CANDO) and consists of 2 principal steps: biological conversion of ammonia to N2O gas, and combustion of a fuel (i.e. biogas) with N2O to recover energy. It's the first wastewater treatment process to recover energy from nitrogen. Wastewater treatment facilities experience dual financial pressures - rising energy costs and meeting increasingly stringent nitrogen discharge
Nitrogen control of chloroplast differentiation
This project is directed toward understanding how the availability of nitrogen affects the accumulation of chloroplast pigments and proteins functioning in energy transduction and carbon metabolism. Molecular analyses performed with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii grown in a continuous culture system such that ammonium concentration is maintained at a low steady-state concentration so as to limit cell division. As compared to chloroplasts from cells of non-limiting nitrogen provisions, chloroplasts of N-limited cells are profoundly chlorophyll-deficient but still assimilate carbon for deposition of as starch and as storage lipids. Chlorophyll deficiency arises by limiting accumulation of appropriate nuclear-encoded mRNAs of and by depressed rates of translation of chloroplast mRNAs for apoproteins of reaction centers. Chloroplast translational effects can be partially ascribed to diminished rates of chlorophyll biosynthesis in N-limited cells, but pigment levels are not determinants for expression of the nuclear light-harvesting protein genes. Consequently, other signals that are responsive to nitrogen availability mediate transcriptional or post-transcriptional processes for accumulation of the mRNAs for LHC apoproteins and other mRNAs whose abundance is dependent upon high nitrogen levels. Conversely, limited nitrogen availability promotes accumulation of other proteins involved in carbon metabolism and oxidative electron transport in chloroplasts. Hence, thylakoids of N-limited cells exhibit enhanced chlororespiratory activities wherein oxygen serves as the electron acceptor in a pathway that involves plastoquinone and other electron carrier proteins that remain to be thoroughly characterized. Ongoing and future studies are also outlined.
Schmidt, G.W.
Transformations of Grassman Spaces
This is a version of a part of the book ``Transformations of Grassman Spaces'' (in progress). We study transformations of Grassman spaces preserving certain geometrical constructions related to buildings. The next part will be devoted to Grassman spaces associated with polar spaces.
Mark Pankov
Deployment & Market Transformation (Brochure)
NREL's deployment and market transformation (D and MT) activities encompass the laboratory's full range of technologies, which span the energy efficiency and renewable energy spectrum. NREL staff educates partners on how they can advance sustainable energy applications and also provides clients with best practices for reducing barriers to innovation and market transformation.
Biochemical transformation of coals
A method of biochemically transforming macromolecular compounds found in solid carbonaceous materials, such as coal is provided. The preparation of new microorganisms, metabolically weaned through challenge growth processes to biochemically transform solid carbonaceous materials at extreme temperatures, pressures, pH, salt and toxic metal concentrations is also disclosed. 7 figs.
Lin, M.S.; Premuzic, E.T.
Generalized Lorentz Transformations
Generalized Lorentz transformations with modified velocity parameter are considered. Lorentz transformations depending on the mass of the observer are suggested.The modified formula for the addition of velocities remarkably preserves the constancy of the velocity of light for all observers. The Doppler red shift is affected and can provide a test of such generalisations.
Virendra Gupta
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Liquid Nitrogen Show!
Insulators! Insulators! Previous Video (Insulators!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Superconductors!) Superconductors! Liquid Nitrogen Show! All of your favorite liquid nitrogen experiments all in one place! Flowers! Balloons! Racquetballs! Nothing is safe! Just sit back, relax, and enjoy the show! [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: Usually, every couple years, Jefferson Lab hosts an Open House. This is the one time the public and come and tour our accelerator and end stations. Steve: During the 2010 Open House, our cameraman snuck into one of the ongoing cryo shows that are held throughout the day. He missed half of it. So if you want to see the entire thing, check our website to see when the
A discrete fractional random transform
We propose a discrete fractional random transform based on a generalization of the discrete fractional Fourier transform with an intrinsic randomness. Such discrete fractional random transform inheres excellent mathematical properties of the fractional Fourier transform along with some fantastic features of its own. As a primary application, the discrete fractional random transform has been used for image encryption and decryption.
Zhengjun Liu; Haifa Zhao; Shutian Liu
Lorentz transformation by mimicking the Lorentz transformation
We show that starting with the fact that special relativity theory is concerned with a distortion of the observed length of a moving rod, without mentioning if it is a "contraction" or "dilation", we can derive the Lorentz transformations for the spacetime coordinates of the same event. This derivation is based on expressing the length of the moving rod as a sum of components with all the lengths involved in this summation being measured by the observers of the same inertial reference frame.
Bernhard Rothenstein; Stefan Popescu
Market Transformation Fact Sheet
Transformation Market Transformation is based on the concept that federal support can catalyze a market to achieve economic and environmental benefits that can reduce costs through economies of scale. Adoption of fuel cells in emerging markets expands the growth of green jobs, with new opportunities in manufacturing, fuel cell maintenance and support systems, and domestic hydrogen fuel production and delivery. By providing reliable field operations data and increasing user confidence, early market deployments help overcome non-technical challenges like developing appropriate safety codes and standards and reducing high insurance costs. Strategies Market Transformation's primary goal is to accelerate the expansion of hydrogen and fuel cell use by lowering the life
Transformation inverse design
We present a new technique for the design of transformation-optics devices based on large-scale optimization to achieve the optimal effective isotropic dielectric materials within prescribed index bounds, which is ...
Liu, David
The Quantum Mellin transform
We uncover a new type of unitary operation for quantum mechanics on the half-line which yields a transformation to ``Hyperbolic phase space''. We show that this new unitary change of basis from the position x on the half line to the Hyperbolic momentum $p_\\eta$, transforms the wavefunction via a Mellin transform on to the critial line $s=1/2-ip_\\eta$. We utilise this new transform to find quantum wavefunctions whose Hyperbolic momentum representation approximate a class of higher transcendental functions, and in particular, approximate the Riemann Zeta function. We finally give possible physical realisations to perform an indirect measurement of the Hyperbolic momentum of a quantum system on the half-line.
J. Twamley; G. J. Milburn
On Bianchi's Backlund transformation
We investigate basic features of Bianchi's B\\"acklund transformation of quadrics to see if it can be obtained under weaker assumptions and if it can be generalized to deformations of other surfaces.
Dinca, Ion
Imaging Fourier transform spectrometer
This invention is comprised of an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer having a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer providing a series of images to a focal plane array camera. The focal plane array camera is clocked to a multiple of zero crossing occurrences as caused by a moving mirror of the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and as detected by a laser detector such that the frame capture rate of the focal plane array camera corresponds to a multiple of the zero crossing rate of the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The images are transmitted to a computer for processing such that representations of the images as viewed in the light of an arbitrary spectral ``fingerprint`` pattern can be displayed on a monitor or otherwise stored and manipulated by the computer.
Bennett, C.L.
Series Transmission Line Transformer
A series transmission line transformer is set forth which includes two or more of impedance matched sets of at least two transmissions lines such as shielded cables, connected in parallel at one end ans series at the other in a cascading fashion. The cables are wound about a magnetic core. The series transmission line transformer (STLT) which can provide for higher impedance ratios and bandwidths, which is scalable, and which is of simpler design and construction.
Buckles, Robert A. (Livermore, CA); Booth, Rex (Livermore, CA); Yen, Boris T. (El Cerrito, CA)
Science & Innovation » Innovation » Commercialization » National Science & Innovation » Innovation » Commercialization » National Clean Energy Business Plan Competition » Stanford Nitrogen Group National Clean Energy Business Plan Competition Stanford Nitrogen Group Stanford University The Stanford Nitrogen Group developed a new wastewater treatment process for the removal and recovery of energy from waste nitrogen (i.e. ammonia). This process improves the efficiency and lowers the cost of nitrogen treatment. The process is termed the Coupled Aerobic-anoxic Nitrous Decomposition Operation (CANDO) and consists of 2 principal steps: biological conversion of ammonia to N2O gas, and combustion of a fuel (i.e. biogas) with N2O to recover energy. It's the first wastewater treatment process to recover energy from nitrogen.
Optical transformation from chirplet to fractional Fourier transformation kernel
We find a new integration transformation which can convert a chirplet function to fractional Fourier transformation kernel, this new transformation is invertible and obeys Parseval theorem. Under this transformation a new relationship between a phase space function and its Weyl-Wigner quantum correspondence operator is revealed.
Hong-yi Fan; Li-yun Hu
Fan, Hong-yi
Nitrogen fixation method and apparatus
A method and apparatus for achieving nitrogen fixation includes a volumetric electric discharge chamber. The volumetric discharge chamber provides an even distribution of an electron beam, and enables the chamber to be maintained at a controlled energy to pressure (E/p) ratio. An E/p ratio of from 5 to 15 kV/atm of O[sub 2]/cm promotes the formation of vibrationally excited N[sub 2]. Atomic oxygen interacts with vibrationally excited N[sub 2] at a much quicker rate than unexcited N[sub 2], greatly improving the rate at which NO is formed. 1 fig.
Chen, H.L.
The Bevatron liquid nitrogen circulation system
A nitrogen liquefier and computer controlled valving system have been added to the Bevatron cryoliner vacuum system to cut operating costs by reducing liquid nitrogen consumption. The computer and interface electronic systems, which control the temperatures of twenty-eight liquid nitrogen circuits, have been chosen and designed to operate in the Bevatron's pulsating magnetic field. The nitrogen exhaust is routed back to a liquefier, of about five kilowatt capacity, liquefied, and rerouted through the cooling circuits. A description of the system and operating results are presented.
Hunt, D.; Stover, G.
RG and JA Bassham, Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts.chloroplasts during photosynthesis. Plant Physiol ~0:22H-2?NITROGEN METABOLISM AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS James A. Bassham,
Bassham, James A.
Electrochemical process for the preparation of nitrogen ...
Electrochemical process for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers United States Patent. Patent Number: 8,152,988: Issued: April 10, 2012: Official Filing:
Contact transformations for difference schemes
We define a class of transformations of the dependent and independent variables in an ordinary difference scheme. The transformations leave the solution set of the system invariant and reduces to a group of contact transformations in the continuous limit. We use a simple example to show that the class is not empty and that such "contact transformations for discrete systems" genuinely exist.
Levi, Decio; Winternitz, Pavel
Partial core pulse transformer
A light-weight partial-core pule transformer is provided for generating high voltage output pulses with low distortion. The transformer includes sets of ferrite bars arranged so as to extend longitudinally along the inside and outside surfaces of a high frequency cylindrical coil winding-pair. The ferrite bars are arranged in pairs with the bars of each pair being located on opposite sides of winding-pair. The bars are preferably disposed in a radially symmetric arrangement around the winding-pair, and each has a length at least equal to the width of the winding-pair.
Lawson, R.N.; Rohwein, G.J.
Functional Mellin Transforms
Functional integrals are defined in terms of locally compact topological groups and their associated Banach-valued Haar integrals. This approach generalizes the functional integral scheme of Cartier and DeWitt-Morette. The definition allows a construction of functional Mellin transforms. In turn, the functional Mellin transforms can be used to define functional traces, logarithms, and determinants. The associated functional integrals are useful tools for probing function spaces in general and $C^\\ast$-algebras in particular. Several interesting aspects are explored. As an application, we construct a functional Mellin representation of the quantum evolution operator.
J. LaChapelle
Model Transformations And Tool Integration
Model transformations are increasingly recognised as being of significant importance to many areas of software development and integration. Recent attention on model transformations has particularly focused on the OMG's Queries / Views / Transformations (QVT) Request for Proposals (RFP). In this paper I motivate the need for dedicated approaches to model transformations, particularly for the data involved in tool integration, outline the challenges involved, and then present a number of technologies and techniques which allow the construction of flexible, powerful and practical model transformations.
Laurence Tratt
Coordinate transformations in quaternion spaces
The quaternion spaces can be used to describe the property of electromagnetic field and gravitational field. In the quaternion space, some coordinate transformations can be deduced from the feature of quaternions, including Lorentz transformation and Galilean transformation etc., when the coordinate system is transformed into others. And some coordinate transformations with variable speed of light can be obtained in the electromagnetic field and gravitational field.
Zihua Weng
Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Agricultural Soils
Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Agricultural Soils Model Applications at Different Scales in Time Print: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2012 #12;Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Agricultural Soils. Model Applications at Different Scales in Time and Space Abstract An understanding of soil organic carbon (C
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Insulators!
Popping Film Canisters! Popping Film Canisters! Previous Video (Popping Film Canisters!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Liquid Nitrogen Show!) Liquid Nitrogen Show! Insulators! Cups full of water are placed into bowls of liquid nitrogen! Which cup will insulate the best? [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: And this is a container of liquid nitrogen! Steve: And these are two plastic cups! Joanna: Let's see which cup is the better insulator! Steve: Okay! So, um, how do we do that? Joanna: Well, we'll pour water into each of the cups and then we'll pour the liquid nitrogen into each of the bowls. If we then place the cup in the bowl, the heat from the water will try to pass through the cup into the
Visualizing Individual Nitrogen Dopants in Monolayer Graphene
In monolayer graphene, substitutional doping during growth can be used to alter its electronic properties. We used scanning tunneling microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray spectroscopy, and first principles calculations to characterize individual nitrogen dopants in monolayer graphene grown on a copper substrate. Individual nitrogen atoms were incorporated as graphitic dopants, and a fraction of the extra electron on each nitrogen atom was delocalized into the graphene lattice. The electronic structure of nitrogen-doped graphene was strongly modified only within a few lattice spacings of the site of the nitrogen dopant. These findings show that chemical doping is a promising route to achieving high-quality graphene films with a large carrier concentration.
L Zhao; R He; K Rim; T Schiros; K Kim; H Zhou; C Gutierrez; S Chockalingam; C Arguello; et al.
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Freezing Balloons!
Season Two Bloopers Season Two Bloopers Previous Video (Season Two Bloopers) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Instant Liquid Nitrogen Balloon Party!) Instant Liquid Nitrogen Balloon Party! Freezing Balloons! What happens when a balloon full of air is plunged into a container full of liquid nitrogen? Play the video to find out! [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: And this is a container of liquid nitrogen! Steve: And this is a really big balloon! Joanna: Let's see what happens when we place the balloon in the liquid nitrogen! Steve: Okay! Wait! Wait! Wait! Wait! Wait! Isn't the balloon going to pop? Joanna: We'll see! Steve: Aw, man... Huh. Okay, so the balloon didn't pop. But, there's
nitrogen oxides | OpenEI
20 20 Varnish cache server Browse Upload data GDR 429 Throttled (bot load) Error 429 Throttled (bot load) Throttled (bot load) Guru Meditation: XID: 2142279720 Varnish cache server nitrogen oxides Dataset Summary Description Emissions from energy use in buildings are usually estimated on an annual basis using annual average multipliers. Using annual numbers provides a reasonable estimation of emissions, but it provides no indication of the temporal nature of the emissions. Therefore, there is no way of understanding the impact on emissions from load shifting and peak shaving technologies such as thermal energy storage, on-site renewable energy, and demand control. Source NREL Date Released April 11th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated April 11th, 2011 (3 years ago)
Reliable atomic data have been computed for the spectral modeling of the nitrogen K lines, which may lead to useful astrophysical diagnostics. Data sets comprise valence and K-vacancy level energies, wavelengths, Einstein A-coefficients, radiative and Auger widths, and K-edge photoionization cross sections. An important issue is the lack of measurements that are usually employed to fine-tune calculations so as to attain spectroscopic accuracy. In order to estimate data quality, several atomic structure codes are used and extensive comparisons with previous theoretical data have been carried out. In the calculation of K photoabsorption with the Breit-Pauli R-matrix method, both radiation and Auger dampings, which cause the smearing of the K edge, are taken into account. This work is part of a wider project to compute atomic data in the X-ray regime to be included in the database of the popular XSTAR modeling code.
GarcIa, J. [Catholic University of America, IACS, Physics Department, Washington DC 20064 (United States); Kallman, T. R.; Witthoeft, M.; Behar, E. [NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (United States); Mendoza, C. [Centro de Fisica, IVIC, Caracas 1020A (Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of); Palmeri, P.; Quinet, P. [Astrophysique et Spectroscopie, Universite de Mons, B-7000 Mons (Belgium); Bautista, M.A. [Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 (United States); Klapisch, M. [ARTEP, Inc., Ellicott City, MD 21042 (United States)], E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
The conventional approach to developing energetic molecules is to chemically place one or more nitro groups onto a carbon skeleton, which is why the term ''nitration'' is synonymous to explosives preparation. The nitro group carries the oxygen that reacts with the skeletal carbon and hydrogen fuels, which in turn produces the heat and gaseous reaction products necessary for driving an explosive shock. These nitro-containing energetic molecules typically have heats of formation near zero and therefore most of the released energy is derived from the combustion process. Our investigation of the tetrazine, furazan and tetrazole ring systems has offered a different approach to explosives development, where a significant amount of the chemical potential energy is derived from their large positive heats of formation. Because these compounds often contain a large percentage of nitrogen atoms, they are usually regarded as high-nitrogen fuels or explosives. A general artifact of these high-nitrogen compounds is that they are less sensitive to initiation (e.g. by impact) when compared to traditional nitro-containing explosives of similar performances. Using the precursor, 3,6-bis-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-s-tetrazine, several useful energetic compounds based on the s-tetrazine system have been synthesized and studied. Some of the first compounds are 3,6-diamino-s-tetrazine-1,4-dioxide (LAX-112) and 3,6-dihydrazino-s-tetrazine (DHT). LAX-112 was once extensively studied as an insensitive explosive by Los Alamos; DHT is an example of a high-nitrogen explosive that relies entirely on its heat of formation for sustaining a detonation. Recent synthesis efforts have yielded an azo-s-tetrazine, 3,3'-azobis(6-amino-s-tetrazine) or DAAT, which has a very high positive heat of formation. The compounds, 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) and 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-azofurazan (DAAzF), may have important future roles in insensitive explosive applications. Neither DAAF nor DAAzF can be initiated by laboratory impact drop tests, yet both have in some aspects better explosive performances than 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene TATB--the standard of insensitive high explosives. The thermal stability of DAAzF is equal to that of hexanitrostilbene (HNS), yet it too is a better explosive performer. The recently discovered tetrazol derivative, 3,6-bis-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-ylamino)-s-tetrazine (BTATz) was measured to have exceptional positive heats of formation and to be insensitive to explosive initiation. Because of its high burn rate with low sensitivity to pressure, this material is of great interest to the propellant community.
Nitrogen and carbon oxides chemistry in the HRS retorting process
The HRS Oil Shale Retort process consists of a pyrolysis section which converts kerogen of the shale to liquid and gaseous products, and a combustion section which burns residual carbon on the shale to heat the process. Average gas concentrations of selected gas phase species were determined from data measured at several placed on the combustion system of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Hot-Recycled-Solids Retort Pilot Plant for representative rich and lean shale runs. The data was measured on-line and in real time by on-line meters (CO{sub 2}, CO, O{sub 2}), mass spectrometry (CO{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O, NO, CH{sub 4}, SO{sub 2}, N{sub 2} and Ar), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (CO{sub 2}, CO, H{sub 2}O, NO, N{sub 2}O, NO{sub 2}, CH{sub 4}, SO{sub 2}, NH{sub 3}, and HCN). For both the rich and leans shale runs, the Lift-Pipe Combustor (LFT) exhibited gas concentrations (sampled at the exit of the LFT) indicative of incomplete combustion and oxidation; the Delayed-Fall Combustor (DFC) exhibited gas concentrations (sampled at the annulus and the exit of the DFC) indicative of much more complete combustion and oxidation. The Fluidized-Bed Combustor exhibited gas concentrations which were controlled to a large extent by the injection atmosphere of the FBC. High levels of nitrogen oxides and low levels of CO were detected when full air injection was used, while high levels of CO and low levels of nitrogen-oxides were detected with partial N{sub 2} injection. Sequential sampling limitations and nitrogen balances are also discussed.
Reynolds, J.G.
Eighth international congress on nitrogen fixation. Final program
Algorithms for transform selection in multiple-transform video compression
Selecting proper transforms for video compression has been based on the rate-distortion criterion. Transforms that appear reasonable are incorporated into a video coding system and their performance is evaluated. This ...
Cai, Xun, S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Air Pollution Control Regulations: No.27 - Control of Nitrogen...
27 - Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (Rhode Island) Air Pollution Control Regulations: No.27 - Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (Rhode Island) Eligibility Commercial...
On-site generated nitrogen cuts cost of underbalanced drilling
The use of on-site generated nitrogen, instead of liquid nitrogen, has reduced the cost of drilling underbalanced horizontal wells in Canada and the western US. Because nitrogen is inert and inflammable, it is the preferred gas for underbalanced drilling. Nitrogen can be supplied for oil field use by three different methods: cryogenic liquid separation, pressure swing adsorption, and hollow fiber membranes. The selection of nitrogen supply from one of these methods depends on the cost of delivered nitrogen, the required flow rates and pressure, the required nitrogen purity, and the availability and reliability of the equipment for nitrogen generation. These three methods are described, as well as the required equipment.
Downey, R.A. [Energy Ingenuity Co., Englewood, CO (United States)
Optimizing Power Using Transformations
: The increasing demand for portable computing has elevated power consumption to be one of the most critical design parameters. A high-level synthesis system, HYPER-LP, is presented for minimizing power consumption in application specific datapath intensive CMOS circuits using a variety of architectural and computational transformations. The synthesis environment consists of high-level estimation of power consumption, a library of transformation primitives, and heuristic/probabilistic optimization search mechanisms for fast and efficient scanning of the design space. Examples with varying degree of computational complexity and structures are optimized and synthesized using the HYPER-LP system. The results indicate that more than an order of magnitude reduction in power can be achieved over current-day design methodologies while maintaining the system throughput; in some cases this can be accomplished while preserving or reducing the implementation area. 1.0 Introduction VLSI research a...
Anantha P. Chandrakasan; Miodrag Potkonjak; Renu Mehra; Jan Rabaey; Robert W. Brodersen
EPRI Intelligent Universal Transformer
The vision of the EPRI ADA Program (Program 124) is to create the technology basis for the distribution system of the future by transforming traditional single-function distribution systems into multifunctional power and information exchange systems with increased reliability, improved performance (lower system losses), better economics, better power quality, and more customer service options. Achieving this vision will require capturing the benefits of new capabilities in power electronics, information ...
Grid Transformation Workshop Results
In an earlier white paper entitled Needed: A Grid Operating System to Facilitate Grid Transformation; EPRI; Palo Alto, CA: 2011; 1023223, we set the stage for a new grid operating system called Grid 3.0. Since that time we have identified four core research areas that are required to achieve the expected outcome. These research areas are called: seamless geospatial power system model, seamless power system analytics, integrated energy management system and setting-less protection method. While each area ...
Rainfall Analysis by Power Transformation
Power transformation was used to normalize the peak daily and peak monthly rainfall at various raingage stations in Iraq. Excellent correlations were found between the coefficient of skewness (Cs) and a parameter for power transformation (?), ...
Hameed Rasheed; A. S. Aldabagh; Murur V. Ramamoorthy
Yeo-Johnson Power Transformations
This paper describes an Arc add-in for using the Yeo-Johnson power transformations in place of the Box-Cox power transformations in various places in Arc. 1
Sanford Weisberg
Remarks on the conformal transformations
Conformal transformations are obtained by demanding that the form of the metric change by a conformal factor. Nevertheless, this transformation of the metric is not taken into account when a variation of the action is performed. The basic purpose of this paper is to take the transformation of the metric into the variation of the action. When this is done, we obtain now that even massive particles are invariant under the conformal transformations.
L. C. T. Guillen
Guillen, L C T
Remarks on restricted Nevanlinna transforms
The Nevanlinna transform K(z), of a measure and a real constant, plays an important role in the complex analysis and more recently in the free probability theory (boolean convolution). It is shown that its restriction k(it) (the restricted Nevanlinna transform) to the imaginary axis can be expressed as the Laplace transform of the Fourier transform (characteristic function) of the corresponding measure. Finally, a relation between the Voiculescu and the boolean convolution is indicated.
Jankowski, Lech
Phase Transformation and Microstructural Evolution
Jul 15, 2013 ... Relationship between Microstructural Evolution, Order-disorder Transformation and Plastic Inhomogeneities during Deformation of Beta Brass.
Applying a Model Transformation Taxonomy to Graph Transformation Technology
A taxonomy of model transformations was introduced in [16]. Among others, such a taxonomy can help developers in deciding which language, forma lism, tool or mechanism is best suited to carry out a particular model transformation activity. In this paper we apply the taxonomy to the technique of graph transformation, and we exemplify it by referring to four representative graph transformation tools. As a byproduct of our analysis, we discuss how well each of the considered tools carry out the activity of model transformation.
Tom Mens; Pieter Van Gorp; D�niel Varr�; Gabor Karsai
Generalized Transforms and Special Functions
We study the properties of different type of transforms by means of operational methods and discuss the relevant interplay with many families of special functions. We consider in particular the binomial transform and its generalizations. A general method, based on the use of the Fourier transform technique, is proposed for the study of the properties of functions of operators.
G. Dattoli; E. Sabia
A taxonomy of model transformation
This report summarises the results of the discussions of a working group on model transformation of the Dagstuhl Seminar on Language Engineering for Model-Driven Software Development. The main contribution is a taxonomy of model transformation. This taxonomy can be used to help developers in deciding which model transformation approach is best suited to deal with a particular problem.
Tom Mens; Krzysztof Czarnecki; Pieter Van Gorp
Wavelet transform and Radon transform on the Quaternion Heisenberg group
Let $\\mathscr Q$ be the quaternion Heisenberg group, and let $\\mathbf P$ be the affine automorphism group of $\\mathscr Q$. We develop the theory of continuous wavelet transform on the quaternion Heisenberg group via the unitary representations of $\\mathbf P$ on $L^2(\\mathscr Q)$. A class of radial wavelets is constructed. The inverse wavelet transform is simplified by using radial wavelets. Then we investigate the Radon transform on $\\mathscr Q$. A Semyanistri-Lizorkin space is introduced, on which the Radon transform is a bijection. We deal with the Radon transform on $\\mathscr Q$ both by the Euclidean Fourier transform and the group Fourier transform. These two treatments are essentially equivalent. We also give an inversion formula by using wavelets, which does not require the smoothness of functions if the wavelet is smooth.
He, JIanxun
Comminution employing liquid nitrogen pretreatments
The goal of this project is to develop a methodology that will lead to the establishment of an effective, efficient technique for ultrafine grinding of coal. We believe that the key to successful coal grinding is strongly dependent upon the change of the brittleness of coal under a freezing temperature pretreatment. Furthermore, a cryogenic grinding process may provide the basis for the development of advanced technologies involving the separation of the pyritic minerals from coal. Specific objectives of the program are to: determine the effect of low temperature pretreatments on the microfracture development along the coal/pyrite interface and on the fracture resistance (brittleness) of coal. Specifically, we intend to examine the effect of direct contact of coal with liquid nitrogen, dry ice, and dry-iced acetone. Also, we intend to study pyrite liberation as a result of these treatments; determine the fracture resistance of coal under different low temperature pretreatments; determine the relationships between the fracture resistance of coal and the effectiveness of a grinding process; determine the effect of the frozen coal grinding on the pyrite liberation; evaluate factors which might effect process design, scale-up, and economics; and make a first pass economic assessment of the process. 15 refs., 13 figs., 3 tabs.
Yen, S.C. (Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale, IL (USA). Dept. of Civil Engineering and Mechanics); Hippo, E.J. (Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale, IL (USA). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes)
Nonrelativistic conformal transformations in Lagrangian formalism
The conformal transformations corresponding to $N$-Galilean conformal symmetries, previously defined as canonical symmetry transformations on phase space, are constructed as point transformations in coordinate space.
Andrzejewski, K; Kijanka-Dec, A
Nitrogen oxide delivery systems for biological media
Elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) in vivo are associated with a variety of cellular modifications thought to be mutagenic or carcinogenic. These processes are likely mediated by reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as ...
Skinn, Brian Thomas
Nitrogen Removal From Low Quality Natural Gas
Natural gas provides more than one-fifth of all the primary energy used in the United States. It is especially important in the residential sector, where it supplies nearly half of all the energy consumed in U.S. homes. However, significant quantities of natural gas cannot be produced economically because its quality is too low to enter the pipeline transportation system without some type of processing, other than dehydration, to remove the undesired gas fraction. Such low-quality natural gas (LQNG) contains significant concentration or quantities of gas other than methane. These non- hydrocarbons are predominantly nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, but may also include other gaseous components. The nitrogen concentrations usually exceeds 4%. Nitrogen rejection is presently an expensive operation which can present uneconomic scenarios in the potential development of natural gas fields containing high nitrogen concentrations. The most reliable and widely used process for nitrogen rejection from natural gas consists of liquefying the feed stream using temperatures in the order of - 300{degrees}F and separating the nitrogen via fractionation. In order to reduce the gas temperature to this level, the gas is compressed, cooled by mullet-stream heat exchangers, and expanded to low pressure. Significant energy for compression and expensive materials of construction are required. Water and carbon dioxide concentrations must be reduced to levels required to prevent freezing. SRI`s proposed research involves screening new nitrogen selective absorbents and developing a more cost effective nitrogen removal process from natural gas using those compounds. The long-term objective of this project is to determine the technical and economical feasibility of a N{sub 2}2 removal concept based on complexation of molecular N{sub 2} with novel complexing agents. Successful development of a selective, reversible, and stable reagent with an appropriate combination of capacity and N{sub 2} absorption/desorption characteristics will allow selective separation of N{sub 2} from LQNG.
Alvarado, D.B.; Asaro, M.F.; Bomben, J.L.; Damle, A.S.; Bhown, A.S.
A Bijective String Sorting Transform
Given a string of characters, the Burrows-Wheeler Transform rearranges the characters in it so as to produce another string of the same length which is more amenable to compression techniques such as move to front, run-length encoding, and entropy encoders. We present a variant of the transform which gives rise to similar or better compression value, but, unlike the original, the transform we present is bijective, in that the inverse transformation exists for all strings. Our experiments indicate that using our variant of the transform gives rise to better compression ratio than the original Burrows-Wheeler transform. We also show that both the transform and its inverse can be computed in linear time and consuming linear storage.
Gil, Joseph Yossi
Lorentz transformations: Einstein's derivation simplified
We show that the Lorentz transformations for the space-time coordinates of the same event are a direct consequence of the principle of relativity and of Einstein's distant clocks synchronization procedure. In our approach, imposing the linear character of the Lorentz transformations we guess that the transformation equation for the space coordinate has the form x=ax'+cbt'. Imposing the condition that it accounts for the time dilation relativistic effect and taking into account the fact that due to the clock synchronization a la Einstein the space-time coordinates of the same event in the two frames are related by x=ct and x'=ct', we find out expressions for a and b. Dividing the transformation equation for the space coordinate by c we obtain the transformation equation for the time coordinate t=at'+b/cx'. Combining the two transformation equations we obtain directly the inverse Lorentz transformations.
A toolbox for calculating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI)
The ''Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input'' (NANI) to a region represents an estimate of anthropogenic net nitrogen (N) fluxes across its boundaries, and is thus a measure of the effect of human activity on the regional nitrogen cycle. NANI accounts for ... Keywords: Anthropogenic, Nitrogen, Synthesis, Toolbox, Watershed
Bongghi Hong; Dennis P. Swaney; Robert W. Howarth
Fast Fourier transform telescope
We propose an all-digital telescope for 21 cm tomography, which combines key advantages of both single dishes and interferometers. The electric field is digitized by antennas on a rectangular grid, after which a series of fast Fourier transforms recovers simultaneous multifrequency images of up to half the sky. Thanks to Moore's law, the bandwidth up to which this is feasible has now reached about 1 GHz, and will likely continue doubling every couple of years. The main advantages over a single dish telescope are cost and orders of magnitude larger field-of-view, translating into dramatically better sensitivity for large-area surveys. The key advantages over traditional interferometers are cost (the correlator computational cost for an N-element array scales as Nlog{sub 2}N rather than N{sup 2}) and a compact synthesized beam. We argue that 21 cm tomography could be an ideal first application of a very large fast Fourier transform telescope, which would provide both massive sensitivity improvements per dollar and mitigate the off-beam point source foreground problem with its clean beam. Another potentially interesting application is cosmic microwave background polarization.
Tegmark, Max; Zaldarriaga, Matias [Department of Physics and MIT Kavli Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (United States)
LU transformation invariant operators and LU transformation invariant
We proposed a concept of LU transformation invariant operators. By using this operator, arbitrary multi-qubit states LU transformation invariant and SLOCC invariant could be easily obtained. And we find that presences two kinds of invariant operators and corresponding invariants. One kind of operators yields LU invariants and the other operators results in SLOCC invariants. For three-qubit states, all independence LU transformation invariant are obtained. Furthermore, by this system method, arbitrary multi-qubit states invariants can be given.
Xin-wei Zha; Chun-min Zhang
Green chemical transformation of phenolic pollutants using mesoporous NiO nanocrystals with sheet-like morphology
We report the fabrication of hierarchical mesoporous NiO nanocrystals (NCs) with sheet-like morphology via a simple, and eco-friendly hydrothermal method. Mesoporous NiO particles were characterized by small- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction, nitrogen ... Keywords: chemical transformation, mesoporous NiO, nanocatalysts, pollutants
Mohamed Khairy; Sherif A. El-Safty; Mohamed Ismael; M. A. Shenashen
Definition: Transformer | Open Energy Information
Transformer Transformer Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Transformer An electromagnetic device that changes the voltage of alternating current electricity.[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition View on Reegle Reegle Definition A transformer consists of a primary- and secondary coil, coupled by a magnetic field. The primary coil induces the voltage in the secondary coil. The voltage transformation depends on the number of windings. Related Terms Electricity, Transmission, Electric grid, transmission lines, electricity generation, transmission line, alternating current References ↑ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/site_administration/glossary.html#T Retrieved LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Transformer&oldid=502565
On-line transformer monitoring
There are presently many different approaches to transformer monitoring, either on the market or under development. There are also, many different opinions about how on-line monitoring should be accomplished. On the one hand, efforts are being made to develop expert systems that monitor all transformer parameters and generate an estimate of overall transformer condition. On the other hand, a large number of transformer monitors, designed to monitor one or two specific parameters are already on the market. Another important factor to consider in choosing a monitor is who receives the information and how it is transmitted. The ultimate transformer monitor should feed into the supervisory control and data acquisition (Scada) system. This paper discusses the various aspects of this issue including asset protection, cost control, dissolved gases, pinpointing bad bushings and current transformers, hot spot measurement partial discharge, and water-in-oil measurements. 10 figs.
Transformer Population Model With Testing
EPRI's asset management research focuses on developing a rational basis for selecting repair or replacement options for specific classes of equipment by balancing the risks of equipment failure against the costs of continued maintenance or capital replacement. This Model User Guide is a companion to Transformer Asset Management and Testing Methodology, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2006. 1012504, which discusses methods for making decisions about transformers, and It explicitly models transformer degradation, ins...
Gassing of Transformers: An Update
Transformers rarely, if ever, operate under equilibrium conditions; rather, they exist in a dynamic state where decomposition products migrate among various phases, including headspace (when present), oil, and solid insulation. Detailed knowledge of these parameters is needed for accurately interpreting fault gas analysis and for continuous transformer condition monitoring. This report describes work to date on laboratory experiments using test chambers to simulate transformer conditions under various dy...
EPRI Transformer Task Force Proceedings
The EPRI Transformer Task Force held a meeting on December 4, 2007, in San Antonio, Texas. This technical update contains the proceedings of the meeting.
This report contains the proceedings from the EPRI Transformers Task Force, which was held in Montreal on October 26 and 27, 2006.
TRANSFORM MULTIPLE QUANTUM NMR G. Drobny, A. Pines, S.TRANSFO~~ MULTIPLE QUANTUM NMR G. Drobny, A. Pines, S.
Drobny, G.
Transformations of hypergeometric elliptic integrals
The paper classifies algebraic transformations of Gauss hypergeometric functions with the local exponent differences $(1/2,1/4,1/4)$, $(1/2,1/3,1/6)$ and $(1/3,1/3,1/3)$. These form a special class of algebraic transformations of Gauss hypergeometric functions, of arbitrary high degree. The Gauss hypergeometric functions can be identified as elliptic integrals on the genus 1 curves $y=x^3-x$ or $y=x^3-1$. Especially interesting are algebraic transformations of the hypergeometric functions into themselves; these transformations come from isogenies of the respective elliptic curves.
Vidunas, Raimundas
An investigation of Lorentz transformation
A new method of derivation of Lorentz Transformation (LT) is given based on both axioms of special relativity (SR) and physical intuitions. The essence of the transformation is established and the crucial role played by the presumptions is presented for clarification. I consider the most general form of transformations between two sets of events in two inertial reference frames and use the most basic properties expected from such a transformation together with the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light to derive LT. The method is very simple, succinct and useful for students trying a better understanding of the subject.
Farid Shahandeh
Jul 31, 2012 ... Yunzhi Wang, Ohio State University. Scope, Phase transformation is still one of the most effective and efficient means to produce desired�...
Nitrogen control of chloroplast development and differentiation
The growth and development of plants and photosynthetic microorganisms is commonly limited by the availability of nitrogen. Our work concerns understanding the mechanisms by which plants and algae that are subjected to nitrogen deprivation alter the composition of photosynthetic membranes and enzymes involved in photosynthetic carbon metabolism. Toward these ends, we study biosynthetic and gene expression processes in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii which is grown in an ammonium-limited continuous culture system. We have found that the expression of nuclear genes, including those encoding for light-harvesting proteins, are severely repressed in nitrogen-limited cells whereas, in general, chloroplast protein synthesis is attenuated primarily at the level of mRNA translation. Conversely, nitrogen deprivation appears to lead to enhanced synthesis of enzymes that are involved in starch and storage lipid deposition. In addition, as a possible means by which photosynthetic electron transport activities and ATP synthesis is sustained during chronic periods of nitrogen deprivation, thylakoid membranes become enriched with components for chlororespiration. Characterization of the chlororespiratory electron transport constituents, including cytochrome complexes and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase is a major current effort. Also, we are striving to isolate the genes encoding chlororespiration proteins toward determining how they and others that are strongly responsive to nutrient availability are regulated.
Impact of post-mining subsidence on nitrogen transformation in southern tropical dry deciduous forest, India
The goal of our research was to assess the impact of post-mining land subsidence, caused due to underground coal mining operations, on fine root biomass and root tips count; plant available nutrient status, microbial biomass N (MBN) and N-mineralization rates of a Southern tropical dry deciduous forest of Singareni Coalfields of India. The changes were quantified in all the three (rainy, winter and summer) seasons, in slope and depression microsites of the subsided land and an adjacent undamaged forest microsite. Physico-chemical characteristics were found to be altered after subsidence, showing a positive impact of subsidence on soil moisture, bulk density, water holding capacity, organic carbon content, total N and total P. The increase in all the parameters was found in depression microsites, while in slope microsites, the values were lower. Fine root biomass and root tips count increased in the subsided depression microsites, as demonstrated by increases of 62% and 45%, respectively. Soil nitrate-N and phosphate-P concentrations were also found to be higher in depression microsite, showing an increase of 35.68% and 24.74%, respectively. Depression microsite has also shown the higher MBN value with an increase over control. Net nitrification, net N-mineralization and MBN were increased in depression microsite by 29.77%, 25.72% and 34%, respectively. There was a positive relation of microbial N with organic C, fine root biomass and root tips.
Tripathi, N.; Singh, R.S.; Singh, J.S. [Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad (India)
Liquid Nitrogen-Cooled Fourier Transform Spectrometer System for Measuring Atmospheric Emission at High Altitudes
A cryogenically cooled FTS system capable of a spectral resolution of 0.06 cm?1 is described. The entire interferometer is operated at LN2 temperature with the exception of the Ge:Cu detector, which is cooled to below 10 K. In order to maintain ...
Frank H. Murcray; Frank J. Murcray; David G. Murcray; James Pritchard; George Vanasse; Hajime Sakai
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Dry Ice vs. Liquid
Egg + Liquid Nitrogen + Time-lapse! Egg + Liquid Nitrogen + Time-lapse! Previous Video (Egg + Liquid Nitrogen + Time-lapse!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Liquid Nitrogen Cooled Dry Ice in Water!) Liquid Nitrogen Cooled Dry Ice in Water! Dry Ice vs. Liquid Nitrogen! Dry ice is cold. Liquid nitrogen is cold, too. What happens when the two are mixed together? [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: Have you ever wondered what happens when you mix dry ice and liquid nitrogen? Steve: Well, we just happen to have a chunk of dry ice left over from when we filmed 'How to Make a Cloud Chamber,' and here at Jefferson Lab, liquid nitrogen flows like water, so we're going to find out!
Business Transformation Workbench: A Practitioner's Tool for Business Transformation
Business transformation is a key management initiative that attempts to align people, process and technology of an enterprise more closely with its business strategy and vision. It is an essential part of the competitive business cycle. Existing consulting ... Keywords: business transformation, business process models, software tools
Juhnyoung Lee; Rama Akkiraju; Chun Hua Tian; Shun Jiang; Sivaprashanth Danturthy; Ponn Sundhararajan; Carl Nordman; Rakesh Mohan; Hitansh Singala; Wei Ding
Nitrogen heat pipe for cryocooler thermal shunt
A nitrogen heat pipe was designed, built and tested for the purpose of providing a thermal shunt between the two stages of a Gifford-McMahan (GM) cryocooler during cooldown. The nitrogen heat pipe has an operating temperature range between 63 and 123 K. While the heat pipe is in the temperature range during the system cooldown, it acts as a thermal shunt between the first and second stage of the cryocooler. The heat pipe increases the heat transfer to the first stage of the cryocooler, thereby reducing the cooldown time of the system. When the heat pipe temperature drops below the triple point, the nitrogen working fluid freezes, effectively stopping the heat pipe operation. A small heat leak between cryocooler stages remains because of axial conduction along the heat pipe wall. As long as the heat pipe remains below 63 K, the heat pipe remains inactive. Heat pipe performance limits were measured and the optimum fluid charge was determined.
Prenger, F.C.; Hill, D.D.; Daney, D.E.; Daugherty, M.A. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Green, G.F.; Roth, E.W. [Naval Surface Warfare Center, Annapolis, MD (United States)
Definition: Line Transformer Monitors | Open Energy Information
Transformer Monitors Transformer Monitors Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Line Transformer Monitors Transformer Monitoring System can monitor different aspects of transformers, including oil levels and multiple temperatures within the transformer. This allows for analysis of the health of either individual key power transformers or multiple power transformers networked in the system. For example, the transformer monitors provide transformer oil dissolved gas analysis (DGA), oil temperature, ambient temperature, and moisture in oil measurements. These measurements are made in relation to transformer load.[1] Related Terms transformer, system, transformer References ↑ https://www.smartgrid.gov/category/technology/line_transformer_monitors [[Cat LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like.
Characterization of nitrogen compound types in hydrotreated Paraho shale oil
Results from the separation and characterization of nitrogen compound types in hydrotreated Paraho shale oil samples were obtained. Two samples of Paraho shale oil were hydrotreated by Chevron Research Company such that one sample contained about 0.05 wt. percent nitrogen and the other sample contained about 0.10 wt. percent nitrogen. A separation method concentrate specific nitrogen compound types was developed. Characterization of the nitrogen types was accomplished by infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, potentiometric titration, and elemental analysis. The distribution of nitrogen compound types in both samples and in the Paraho crude shale oil is compared.
Holmes, S.A.; Latham, D.R.
Diagnostics Techniques of Power Transformer
This paper provides the information on the diagnostics techniques for condition monitoring of power transformer (PT). This paper deals with the practical importance of the transformer diagnostic in the Electrical Engineering field. A review has been ... Keywords: temperature, condition monitoring, diagnostics methods, paper analysis techniques, oil analysis techniques
Piush Verma; Y. R. Sood; Jashandeep Singh
Graph Transformations in Relational Databases
The theory of graph transformation [2] was originally developed as a generalization of Chomsky grammars from strings to graphs. Methods, techniques, and tools from the area of graph transformations have already been studied and applied in many fields of computer science such as formal language theory, pattern recognition and generation, compiler construction, software engineering, etc. Despite the large variety of existing graph transformation tools, the implementation of their graph transformation engine typically follows the same principle. In this respect, first a matching occurrence of the left-hand side (LHS) of the graph transformation rule is being found by some sophisticated graph pattern matching algorithm. Then the engine performs some local modifications to add or remove graph elements to the matching pattern, and the entire process starts all over again. Since graph pattern matching leads to the subgraph isomorphism problem that is known to be NPcomplete in general, this step is considered to be the most crucial in the overall performance of a graph transformation engine. Current tools (e.g., PROGRES [4]) use different efficient strategies for the graph pattern matching phase. However, I argue that the overall complexity of a graph transformation engine is not necessarily equal to the complexity of the graph pattern matching phase, especially for long transformation sequences.
Gergely Varr�
Modelling nitrogen leaching from overlapping urine patches
Urine depositions have been shown to be the main source of N leaching from grazing systems and thus it is important to consider them in simulation models. The inclusion of urine patches considerably increases the complexity of the model and this can ... Keywords: APSIM, Grazing system, Heterogeneity, Leaching, Nitrogen, Simulation modelling, Urine patches
R. Cichota; V. O. Snow; I. Vogeler
Electrochemical process for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers
The present invention provides methods and apparatus for the preparation of nitrogen fertilizers including ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate, and/or ammonia utilizing a source of carbon, a source of nitrogen, and/or a source of hydrogen. Implementing an electrolyte serving as ionic charge carrier, (1) ammonium nitrate is produced via the reduction of a nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a nitrogen source at the anode; (2) urea or its isomers are produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source; (3) ammonia is produced via the reduction of nitrogen source at the cathode and the oxidation of a hydrogen source at the anode; and (4) urea-ammonium nitrate is produced via the simultaneous cathodic reduction of a carbon source and a nitrogen source, and anodic oxidation of a nitrogen source. The electrolyte can be solid.
Aulich, Ted R.; Olson, Edwin S.; Jiang, Junhua
Probing Core-Hole Localization in Molecular Nitrogen
Probing Core-Hole Localization in Molecular Nitrogen Probing Core-Hole Localization in Molecular Nitrogen Print Wednesday, 25 February 2009 00:00 The behavior of the core hole...
Liquid absorbent solutions for separating nitrogen from natural gas
Nitrogen-absorbing and -desorbing compositions, novel ligands and transition metal complexes, and methods of using the same, which are useful for the selective separation of nitrogen from other gases, especially natural gas.
Friesen, Dwayne T. (Bend, OR); Babcock, Walter C. (Bend, OR); Edlund, David J. (Redmond, OR); Lyon, David K. (Bend, OR); Miller, Warren K. (Bend, OR)
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Oxygen vs. Liquid Nitrogen - Liquid Oxygen and
Cells vs. Liquid Nitrogen! Cells vs. Liquid Nitrogen! Previous Video (Cells vs. Liquid Nitrogen!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Paramagnetism) Paramagnetism Liquid Oxygen and Fire! What happens when nitrogen and oxygen are exposed to fire? [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: And this is a test tube of liquid nitrogen! Steve: And this is a test tube of liquid oxygen! Joanna: Let's see what happens when nitrogen and oxygen are exposed to fire. Steve: Fire?! Joanna: Yeah! Steve: Really?! Joanna: Why not! Steve: Okay! Joanna: As nitrogen boils, it changes into nitrogen gas. Because it's so cold, it's denser than the air in the room. The test tube fills up with
On the fundamental limitations of transformational design
The completeness of a collection of design transformations is an important aspect in transformational design. Completeness guarantees that any correct design can in principle be explored using the transformation system. In the field of transformational ... Keywords: Completeness, formal methods, high-level synthesis, syntactic variance problem, transformational design
Jeroen Voeten
Transformer Efficiency Assessment - Okinawa, Japan
The US Army Engineering & Support Center, Huntsville (USAESCH), and the US Marine Corps Base (MCB), Okinawa, Japan retained Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to conduct a Transformer Efficiency Assessment of �key� transformers located at multiple military bases in Okinawa, Japan. The purpose of this assessment is to support the Marine Corps Base, Okinawa in evaluating medium voltage distribution transformers for potential efficiency upgrades. The original scope of work included the MCB providing actual transformer nameplate data, manufacturer�s factory test sheets, electrical system data (kWh), demand data (kWd), power factor data, and electricity cost data. Unfortunately, the MCB�s actual data is not available and therefore making it necessary to de-scope the original assessment. Note: Any similar nameplate data, photos of similar transformer nameplates, and basic electrical details from one-line drawings (provided by MCB) are not a replacement for actual load loss test data. It is recommended that load measurements are performed on the high and low sides of transformers to better quantify actual load losses, demand data, and power factor data. We also recommend that actual data, when available, be inserted by MCB Okinawa where assumptions have been made and then the LCC analysis updated. This report covers a generalized assessment of modern U.S. transformers in a three level efficiency category, Low-Level efficiency, Medium-Level efficiency, and High-Level efficiency.
Thomas L. Baldwin; Robert J. Turk; Kurt S. Myers; Jake P. Gentle; Jason W. Bush
Research on Differential Protection of Power Transformer Based Wavelet Transform
This article introduces wavelet analysis theory to identify inrush and internal fault correctly. The wavelet transform has the characteristic of multi-scale analysis and good time and frequency domain localization, fits to extract sudden-change signals ...
Yang Long; Li Donghui
Plant Communities, Soil Carbon, and Soil Nitrogen Properties in a ...
Brye KR, Kucharik CJ (2003) Carbon and nitrogen sequestration in two prairie topochronosequences on contrasting soils in Southern. Wisconsin. American�...
Transformational Manufacturing | Argonne National Laboratory
Transformational Manufacturing Transformational Manufacturing Argonne's new Advanced Battery Materials Synthesis and Manufacturing R&D Program focuses on scalable process R&D to produce advanced battery materials in sufficient quantity for industrial testing. The U.S. manufacturing industry consumes more than 30 quadrillion Btu of energy per year, directly employs about 12 million people and generates another 7 million jobs in related businesses. Argonne is working with industry to develop innovative and transformational technology to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of domestic manufacturing while reducing its carbon footprint. The lab's efforts concentrate on sustainable manufacturing, applied nanotechnology and distributed energy, with an emphasis on transitioning science discoveries to the market.
reactor to provide a high temperature, oxygen-free post-flame environment to study secondary reactions yields of the primary tar as a function of reactor temperature in coal [N]tar nitrogen content in tar or soot N nitrogen N2 molecular nitrogen NH3 ammonia NMR Nuclear
Fletcher, Thomas H.
Mineral Transformation and Biomass Accumulation Associated With
Mineral Transformation and Biomass Accumulation Associated With Uranium Bioremediation at Rifle transformation and biomass accumulation, both of which can alter the flow field and potentially bioremediation to understand the biogeochemical processes and to quantify the biomass and mineral transformation/ accumulation
Hubbard, Susan
Transforms for the Motion Compensation Residual
The Discrete-Cosine-Transform (DCT) is the most widely used transform in image and video compression. Its use in image compression is often justified by the notion that it is the statistically optimal transform for first-order ...
Kamisli, Fatih
Reusable and correct endogenous model transformations
Correctness of model transformations is a prerequisite for generating correct implementations from models. Given refining model transformations that preserve desirable properties, models can be transformed into correct-by-construction implementations. ...
Suzana Andova; Mark G. J. van den Brand; Luc Engelen
Electrokinetic Effects in Power Transformers
Electrokinetic effects such as static electrification can cause catastrophic failures in large forced-oil-cooled power transformers. The development of a network-based theoretical model provides a critical perspective not apparent from previous small-scale laboratory experiments.
Inducing Transformational Energy Technological Change
Reducing risks of severe climate change in the latter part of the 20th Century is likely to require not only incremental improvements in known energy technologies, but the discovery of transformational new energy technologies. This paper reviews current knowledge about both demand and supply aspects of the challenge of accelerating transformational change, considering both economic and policy incentives, including targeted government funding of research and development, and several other schools of thought about drivers of scientific discovery and innovation.
Wilbanks, Thomas J [ORNL
Substation distribution transformers failures and spares
Electric utilities should have a sufficient number of spare transformers to backup substation distribution transformers to replace transformers that fail and require factory rebuild or replacement. To identify such a number, the statistical methodology was developed to analyze available failure data for different groups of transformer. That methodology enables the estimation of future numbers of failures with associated probabilities, recommends the proper number of spares, identifies the necessity and shows the means to shorten the transformer`s replacement time.
Kogan, V.I. Roeger, C.J.; Tipton, D.E. [American Electric Power Service Corp., Columbus, OH (United States)
TRANSFORMING ELECTRICITY DELIVERY | Department of Energy
TRANSFORMING ELECTRICITY DELIVERY TRANSFORMING ELECTRICITY DELIVERY Designing research, development, and demonstration programs based on a future look at electric power delivery...
High-Tech Buildings - Market Transformation Project
Tech Buildings - Market Transformation Project Title High-Tech Buildings - Market Transformation Project Publication Type Report LBNL Report Number LBNL-49112 Year of Publication...
NREL: Technology Deployment - Deployment and Market Transformation...
Deployment Search More Search Options Site Map Printable Version Deployment and Market Transformation Email Updates NREL's deployment and market transformation email updates...
National Electric Delivery Technologies Roadmap: Transforming...
Delivery Technologies Roadmap: Transforming the Grid to Revolutionize Electric Power in North America National Electric Delivery Technologies Roadmap: Transforming the Grid to...
NITROGEN -N2 MSDS (Document # 001040) PAGE 1 OF 10 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
in an emergency? 1. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION CHEMICAL NAME; CLASS: NITROGEN - N2 LIQUEFIED NITROGEN N2, (CryogenicNITROGEN - N2 MSDS (Document # 001040) PAGE 1 OF 10 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Prepared to U ppm ppm ppm Nitrogen 7727-37-9 >99 % There are no specific exposure limits for Nitrogen. Nitrogen
Choi, Kyu Yong
Striking nitrogen isotope anomaly in the Bencubbin and Weatherford meteorites
The stony-iron meteorites Bencubbin and Weatherford contain nitrogen with a ratio of nitrogen-15 to nitrogen-14 larger than normal by as much as a factor of 2. The excess nitrogen-15 may be due either to a nucleosynthetic origin or to extreme isotopic fractionation. In the former case, it may reflect failure to homogenize nitrogen-15 produced in nova explosions. In the latter case, it may reflect chemical processing at temperatures below 40 K in a presolar molecular cloud. 34 references.
Prombo, C.A.; Clayton, R.N.
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Freeze the Rainbow!
Liquid Nitrogen in a Microwave! Liquid Nitrogen in a Microwave! Previous Video (Liquid Nitrogen in a Microwave!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Liquid Nitrogen and Antifreeze!) Liquid Nitrogen and Antifreeze! Freeze the Rainbow! Starburst candy. They're fruity. They're chewy. They're delicious! But, can they survive taking a bath in liquid nitrogen? [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: A student visiting Jefferson Lab from Huntington Middle School in Newport News, Virginia, asked what happens to a starburst if you put it in liquid nitrogen. Well, we're going to find out! Steve: At room temperature, starburst isn't really all that special. I can kind of squish it if I squeeze it hard enough and, if I drop it, nothing
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Giant Koosh Ball!
Let's Pour Liquid Nitrogen on the Floor! Let's Pour Liquid Nitrogen on the Floor! Previous Video (Let's Pour Liquid Nitrogen on the Floor!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Egg + Liquid Nitrogen + Time-lapse!) Egg + Liquid Nitrogen + Time-lapse! Giant Koosh Ball! Sometimes, you just want to know what's going to happen! [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! A while ago, I was at the mall and I saw this. And, the first thing that popped into my head was 'I wonder what would happen if we were to put this in liquid nitrogen?' Now, that's one thing I really love about science. If you have a question, you can, sometimes, do an experiment to find out what the answer is! Here at the Lab, we have a lot of liquid nitrogen, so that's
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Let's Freeze Liquid
Shattering Pennies! Shattering Pennies! Previous Video (Shattering Pennies!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Liquid Nitrogen in a Microwave!) Liquid Nitrogen in a Microwave! Let's Freeze Liquid Nitrogen! By removing the hottest molecules, we're able to freeze liquid nitrogen! [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: Today, we're going to freeze liquid nitrogen! Joanna and Steve: Yeah! Joanna: The obvious way to do this is to put the liquid nitrogen into something colder. Something that we have lots of around here! Something like... liquid helium! Steve: Yes! Joanna: Yeah, but we're not going to do that. Instead, we're going to freeze the nitrogen by removing the hottest molecules!
Directional lapped transforms for image coding
Abstract�In this paper, we present the design of directional lapped transforms for image coding. A lapped transform, which can be implemented by a prefilter followed by a discrete cosine transform (DCT), can be factorized into elementary operators. The corresponding directional lapped transform is generated by applying each elementary operator along a given direction. The proposed directional lapped transforms are not only nonredundant and perfectly reconstructed, but they can also provide a basis along an arbitrary direction. These properties, along with the advantages of lapped transforms, make the proposed transforms appealing for image coding. A block-based directional transform scheme is also presented and integrated into HD Phtoto, one of the state-of-the-art image coding systems, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed transforms. Index Terms�Directional transform, image coding, lapped transform.
Jizheng Xu; Feng Wu; Senior Member; Jie Liang; Wenjun Zhang
Nitrogen oxide abatement by distributed fuel addition
Experiments were conducted to investigate the processes that influence the destruction of NO in the fuel rich stage of the reburning process. The objective is to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that control the fate of coal nitrogen in the fuel rich zone of a combustion process. Time resolved profiles of temperature, major (CO{sub 2}, CO, H{sub 2}O, O{sub 2}, H{sub 2} and N{sub 2}), nitrogenous (NO, HCN and NH{sub 3}) and hydrocarbon (CH{sub 4} and C{sub 2}H{sub 2}) species were obtained for various reburning tests. A slow continuous source of HCN was observed in the reburn zone for most tests. HCN formation from NO + CH{sub i} reactions would partially explain this trend. It has been proposed in the past that these reactions would be fast (less than 0.1s) and the produced HCN would be short lived. However, evidence was provided in this study indicating that NO + CH{sub i} reactions might contribute to HCN formation at longer residence times in the reburn zone. Reactions of molecular nitrogen with hydrocarbon radicals were determined to be a significant source of HCN formation, especially as NO levels decreased in the reburn zone. The results of several tests would justify the exclusion of continued coal devolatilization in the reburn zone as a major source of HCN.
Wendt, J.O.L.; Mereb, J.B.
Nitrogen control of chloroplast differentiation. Final report
This project was directed toward understanding at the physiological, biochemical and molecular levels of how photosynthetic organisms adapt to long-term nitrogen-deficiency conditions is quite incomplete even though limitation of this nutrient is the most commonly restricts plant growth and development. For our work on this problem, the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, was grown in continuous cultures in which steady-state levels of nitrogen can be precisely controlled. N-limited cells exhibit the classical symptoms of deficiency of this nutrient, chlorosis and slow growth rates, and respond to nitrogen provision by rapid greening and chloroplast differentiation. We have addressed three aspects of this problem: (1) the regulation of pigment synthesis; (2) control of expression of nuclear genes encoding photosynthetic proteins; (3) changes in metabolic and electron transport pathways that enable sustained CO{sub 2} fixation even though they cannot be readily converted into amino and nucleic acids. For the last, principle components are: (a) enhanced mitochondrial respiratory activity intimately associated with photosynthates, and (b) the occurrence in thylakoids of a supplemental electron transport pathway that facilitates reduction of the plastoquinone pool. Together, these distinguishing features of N-limited cells are likely to enable cell survival, especially under conditions of high irradiance stress.
Electrokinetic effects in power transformers
Electrokinetic effects such as static electrification can cause catastrophic failures in large forced-oil-cooled power transformers. Experimental and analytical studies confirm that surface charges can significantly impact dielectric integrity. The project team used a closed-loop oil circulation system and full-scale models of power transformer cooling duct structures to conduct controlled experiments. They measured charge density in the oil-resulting from flow through these structures-as a function of flow rate, temperature, ac voltage stress, moisture, and duct types. In addition, they constructed models so that the spatial distribution of electrostatically induced currents and stresses could be determined. They developed a finite-element computer program to study the complex voltage distribution in the models and in two transformer winding examples. A special test cell was used to examine the impact of surface charge on creep strength of transformer pressboard. Static electrification in power transformer duct structures is aggravated by flow rate, temperature, presence of collars, and ac energization; and it is mitigated by increasing oil moisture content. Shell-form model structures exhibit more charge generation than disk-type core-form winding ducts under corresponding conditions. Partial discharges were detected in one shell-form model but only under the worst conditions. These discharges were not energetic enough to produce visible damage. Preliminary finite-element analysis indicates that surface charge has more impact on cumulative stress in a shell-form geometry than in a core-form disk winding.
Nelson, J.K.; Lee, M.J.; Salon, S.J. (Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY (United States). Dept. of Electric Power Engineering)
An approach for exploring code improving transformations
Although code transformations are routinely applied to improve the performance of programs for both scalar and parallel machines, the properties of code-improving transformations are not well understood. In this article we present a framework that enables ... Keywords: automatic generation of optimizers, code-improving transformations, enabling and disabling of optimizations, parallelizing transformations, specification of program optimizations
Deborah L. Whitfield; Mary Lou Soffa
Transform Solar | Open Energy Information
Transform Solar Transform Solar Jump to: navigation, search Name Transform Solar Place Boise, Idaho Product Idaho-based PV module maker and joint venture between Micron and Origin Energy. Coordinates 43.60698°, -116.193409° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":43.60698,"lon":-116.193409,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Evolution of Photosynthesis and Biospheric Oxygenation Contingent Upon Nitrogen Fixation?
How photosynthesis by Precambrian cyanobacteria oxygenated Earth's biosphere remains incompletely understood. Here it is argued that the oxic transition, which took place between approximately 2.3 and 0.5 Gyr ago, required a great proliferation of cyanobacteria, and this in turn depended on their ability to fix nitrogen via the nitrogenase enzyme system. However, the ability to fix nitrogen was not a panacea, and the rate of biospheric oxygenation may still have been affected by nitrogen constraints on cyanobacterial expansion. Evidence is presented for why cyanobacteria probably have a great need for fixed nitrogen than other prokaryotes, underscoring the importance of their ability to fix nitrogen. The connection between nitrogen fixation and the evolution of photosynthesis is demonstrated by the similarities between nitrogenase and enzymes critical for the biosynthesis of (bacterio)chlorophyll. It is hypothesized that biospheric oxygenation would not have occurred if the emergence of cyanobacteria had not been preceded by the evolution of nitrogen fixation, and if these organisms had not also acquired the ability to fix nitrogen at the beginning of or very early in their history. The evolution of nitrogen fixation also appears to have been a precondition for the evolution of (bacterio)chlorophyll-based photosynthesis. Given that some form of chlorophyll is obligatory for true photosynthesis, and its light absorption and chemical properties make it a "universal pigment," it may be predicted that the evolution of nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis are also closely linked on other Earth- like planets.
John W. Grula
Towards a Number Theoretic Discrete Hilbert Transform
This paper presents an approach for the development of a number theoretic discrete Hilbert transform. The forward transformation has been applied by taking the odd reciprocals that occur in the DHT matrix with respect to a power of 2. Specifically, the expression for a 16-point transform is provided and results of a few representative signals are provided. The inverse transform is the inverse of the forward 16-point matrix. But at this time the inverse transform is not identical to the forward transform and, therefore, our proposed number theoretic transform must be taken as a provisional result.
Kandregula, Renuka
Amorphous Metal Transformer: Next Steps
Amorphous-metal transformers were developed through EPRI in the early 1980's. Over the next 15 years, US electric utilities bought and installed over 500,000 units and had satisfactory field experience. The demand for this product disappeared in North America late in the 1990's as deregulation set-in. Globally, this product has been in use, and its acceptance has been increasing. This paper describes the current state of amorphous transformer activities globally. An analysis using US Department of Energy...
Transforming quantum operations: quantum supermaps
We introduce the concept of quantum supermap, describing the most general transformation that maps an input quantum operation into an output quantum operation. Since quantum operations include as special cases quantum states, effects, and measurements, quantum supermaps describe all possible transformations between elementary quantum objects (quantum systems as well as quantum devices). After giving the axiomatic definition of supermap, we prove a realization theorem, which shows that any supermap can be physically implemented as a simple quantum circuit. Applications to quantum programming, cloning, discrimination, estimation, information-disturbance trade-off, and tomography of channels are outlined.
G. Chiribella; G. M. D'Ariano; P. Perinotti
Conditioned Unitary Transformation on biphotons
A conditioned unitary transformation ($90^o$ polarization rotation) is performed at single-photon level. The transformation is realized by rotating polarization for one of the photons of a polarization-entangled biphoton state (signal photon) by means of a Pockel's cell triggered by the detection of the other (idler) photon after polarization selection. As a result, polarization degree for the signal beam changes from zero to the value given by the idler detector quantum efficiency. This result is relevant to practical realization of various quantum information schemes and can be used for developing a new method of absolute quantum efficiency calibration.
G. Brida; M. Chekhova; M. Genovese; M. Gramegna; L. Krivitsky; S. Kulik
How photosynthesis by Precambrian cyanobacteria oxygenated Earth's biosphere remains incompletely understood. Here it is argued that the oxic transition, which took place between approximately 2.3 and 0.5 Gyr ago, required a great proliferation of cyanobacteria, and this in turn depended on their ability to fix nitrogen via the nitrogenase enzyme system. However, the ability to fix nitrogen was not a panacea, and the rate of biospheric oxygenation may still have been affected by nitrogen constraints on cyanobacterial expansion. Evidence is presented for why cyanobacteria probably have a great need for fixed nitrogen than other prokaryotes, underscoring the importance of their ability to fix nitrogen. The connection between nitrogen fixation and the evolution of photosynthesis is demonstrated by the similarities between nitrogenase and enzymes critical for the biosynthesis of (bacterio)chlorophyll. It is hypothesized that biospheric oxygenation would not have occurred if the emergence of cyanobacteria had not ...
Grula, J W
Filter Properties of Spectral transformations
Recently, a special group of global spherical coordinate transformations has been introduced in order to focus attention on the interactions of an enlarged spectral band of only one selected area, while de-focusing the rest of the globe and thus ...
Frank Schmidt
Coupled diffusional/displacive transformations
.~...., 0 OJII <- OM -1G1d /J mole Figure 2.2: Illustration of the dependence of interfacial composition x I on the interfacial dissipation Gid for a Fe-0.2C wt.% transformed at 486 QC . Bl and B2 are the coefficients...
Mujahid, Shafiq Ahmad
Security-oriented program transformations
Security experts generally believe that, "security cannot be added on, it must be designed from the beginning" [1]. This is because the typical way of improving system security by patches is ad hoc and has not produced good results. My work shows that ... Keywords: program transformation, security
Munawar Hafiz; Ralph E. Johnson
Scalable spectral transforms at petascale
In this paper, I describe a framework for spectral transforms called P3DFFT, and its extended features and applications. I discuss the scaling seen on petascale platforms, and directions and some results of the ongoing work on improving performance, ... Keywords: community applications, high performance computing (HPC), numerical libraries, open source software, parallel performance, petascale, scalability, two-dimensional decomposition
Dmitry Pekurovsky
Image capture system colors transforms
The goal of this paper is to simulate the colors transforms of the reflected light from an illuminated object that passes trough an image capture system. We are interested to see the colors differences at the output of each component from which the light ... Keywords: CIE standards, human eye response, lenses and filters transmittance, spectral images
Toadere Florin
Worldwide organic soil carbon and nitrogen data
The objective of the research presented in this package was to identify data that could be used to estimate the size of the soil organic carbon pool under relatively undisturbed soil conditions. A subset of the data can be used to estimate amounts of soil carbon storage at equilibrium with natural soil-forming factors. The magnitude of soil properties so defined is a resulting nonequilibrium values for carbon storage. Variation in these values is due to differences in local and geographic soil-forming factors. Therefore, information is included on location, soil nitrogen content, climate, and vegetation along with carbon density and variation.
Zinke, P.J.; Stangenberger, A.G. [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Forestry and Resource Management; Post, W.M.; Emanual, W.R.; Olson, J.S. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)
Program on Technology Innovation: Water Quality Trading Program for Nitrogen
Anthropogenic releases of nitrogen have greatly increased environmental fluxes of biologically available nitrogen and contributed to serious ecological problems, such as algal blooms that cause waters to become severely depleted of oxygen. Power plant sources of nitrogen include NOx air emissions, the ammonia required for the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) systems that are used for NOx reduction, and the ammonia used for SOx control and ash pond condition...
Nitrogeneous Species in Gas Turbine Exhaust, from Conkle, et82) Percent of Organic Gas Turbine Emissions which containnitrogen dioxide from gas turbines (from the data presented
Matthews, Ronald D.
Passive measurement of nitrogen oxides to assess traffic-related...
393-403 Date Published 012004 Keywords Freeways, nitrogen dioxide, Passive sampler, schools Abstract The East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study is examining associations...
Modeling nitrogen cycling in forested watersheds of Chesapeake Bay
The Chesapeake Bay Agreement calls for a 40% reduction of controllable phosphorus and nitrogen to the tidal Bay by the year 2000. To accomplish this goal the Chesapeake Bay Program needs accurate estimates of nutrient loadings, including atmospheric deposition, from various land uses. The literature was reviewed on forest nitrogen pools and fluxes, and nitrogen data from research catchments in the Chesapeake Basin were identified. The structure of a nitrogen module for forests is recommended for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model along with the possible functional forms for fluxes.
Hunsaker, C.T.; Garten, C.T.; Mulholland, P.J.
Nitrogen removal from natural gas using two types of membranes ...
A process for treating natural gas or other methane-rich gas to remove excess nitrogen. The invention relies on two-stage membrane separation, using ...
Recovery of nitrogen and light hydrocarbons from polyalkene ...
Recovery of nitrogen and light hydrocarbons from polyalkene purge gas United States Patent. Patent Number: 6,576,043: Issued: June 10, 2003: Official Filing:
Probing Core-Hole Localization in Molecular Nitrogen Print The behavior of the core hole created in molecular x-ray photoemission experiments has provided molecular scientists with...
Multi-stage combustion using nitrogen-enriched air - Energy ...
Multi-stage combustion technology combined with nitrogen-enriched air technology for controlling the combustion temperature and products to extend the maintenance and ...
Method for the purification of noble gases, nitrogen and hydrogen ...
... methane, ammonia, nitrogen and water vapor are utilized to purify the gaseous mixture of impurities. After purification hydrogen isotopes may be more ...
Why sequence functional metagenomics of methane and nitrogen...
functional metagenomics of methane and nitrogen cycles in freshwater lakes? Methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but it is also a potential source of...
Numerical Simulation of Carbon and Nitrogen Profiles Produced by ...
In advance of the nitrogen diffusion zone the carbon concentration is as high as 10 at. pct. ... Discovery of Efficient Metal-Organic Frameworks for CO2 Capture.
Novel Sensor for Transformer Diagnosis
This report details the progress made in the detection of acetylene and hydrogen gas dissolved in oil using novel methods of optical fiber sensing. Of note in this report are the sensitivity and resolution enhancements of the two sensing methods as well as the construction of a field-testable prototype. The sensor�s non-sensitivity to several other gases commonly found in insulating transformer oil is also described. With some further development, the resolution of gas detection can still be ...
Entanglement transformations using separable operations
We study conditions for the deterministic transformation $\\ket{\\psi}\\longrightarrow\\ket{\\phi}$ of a bipartite entangled state by a separable operation. If the separable operation is a local operation with classical communication (LOCC), Nielsen's majorization theorem provides necessary and sufficient conditions. For the general case we derive a necessary condition in terms of products of Schmidt coefficients, which is equivalent to the Nielsen condition when either of the two factor spaces is of dimension 2, but is otherwise weaker. One implication is that no separable operation can reverse a deterministic map produced by another separable operation, if one excludes the case where the Schmidt coefficients of $\\ket{\\psi}$ and are the same as those of $\\ket{\\phi}$. The question of sufficient conditions in the general separable case remains open. When the Schmidt coefficients of $\\ket{\\psi}$ are the same as those of $\\ket{\\phi}$, we show that the Kraus operators of the separable transformation restricted to the supports of $\\ket{\\psi}$ on the factor spaces are proportional to unitaries. When that proportionality holds and the factor spaces have equal dimension, we find conditions for the deterministic transformation of a collection of several full Schmidt rank pure states $\\ket{\\psi_j}$ to pure states $\\ket{\\phi_j}$.
Vlad Gheorghiu; Robert B. Griffiths
Nonlinear transform coding with lossless polar coordinates
In conventional transform coding, the importance of preserving desirable quantization partition cell shapes prevents one from considering the use of a nonlinear change of variables. If no linear transformation of a given ...
Ba, Demba Elimane
Transforms for prediction residuals in video coding
Typically the same transform, the 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), is used to compress both image intensities in image coding and prediction residuals in video coding. Major prediction residuals include the motion ...
Kam??l?, Fatih
Numerical Transform Inversion Using Gaussian Quadrature
Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms is a powerful tool in computational probability. It greatly enhances the applicability of stochastic models in many fields. In this article we present a simple Laplace transform inversion algorithm that can compute ...
Peter Den Iseger
Vertical Normal Mode Transforms: Theory and Application
The separation of the vertical structure of the, solutions of the primitive (hydrostatic) meteorological equations is formalized as a vertical normal-mode transform. The transform is implemented for arbitrary static stability profiles by the ...
Scott R. Fulton; Wayne H. Schubert
Nitrogen modification of highly porous carbon for improved supercapacitor performance
Nitrogen modification of highly porous carbon for improved supercapacitor performance Stephanie L for supercapacitor applications. Surface modification increases the amount of nitrogen by four times when compared elements in highly porous carbon used for electric double-layer supercapacitors.1 These elements modify
Cao, Guozhong
Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics of Temperate and Subarctic Heath
Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics of Temperate and Subarctic Heath Ecosystems with Emphasis on Cold-season cycling of carbon and nitrogen in temperate and subarctic heath ecosystems. Over the last three years, I spend many hours introducing me to modeling carbon exchange, thank you. Also thanks to Karina Clemmensen
On the Minkowski-Funk Transform
The subject of this paper is the history of the Minkowski-Funk Transform. After introducing the Minkowski-Funk Transform as well as its dual transform and a generalization of both, we will present an inversion formula of the Minkowski-Funk Transform. Then we will discuss the history of this problem: related work by Minkowski and Funk and the connection between their work.
Dann, Susanna
Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations - TMS
May 1, 2007 ... Computational Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations ... Computation also provides a powerful tool for increasing basic understanding�...
Catalyst-assisted Probabilistic Entanglement Transformation
We are concerned with catalyst-assisted probabilistic entanglement transformations. A necessary and sufficient condition is presented under which there exist partial catalysts that can increase the maximal transforming probability of a given entanglement transformation. We also design an algorithm which leads to an efficient method for finding the most economical partial catalysts with minimal dimension. The mathematical structure of catalyst-assisted probabilistic transformation is carefully investigated.
Yuan Feng; Runyao Duan; Mingsheng Ying
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Popping Film Canisters!
Exploding Rubber Stopper! Exploding Rubber Stopper! Previous Video (Exploding Rubber Stopper!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Insulators!) Insulators! Popping Film Canisters! What happens when liquid nitrogen is trapped inside a sealed container? Play the video to find out! [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: And this is a container of liquid nitrogen! Steve: And these are a bunch of film canisters! Joanna: Let's see what happens when we trap the liquid nitrogen in the film canisters! Steve: Okay! Now the room, and everything in it, is way too hot for the liquid nitrogen to stay as a liquid. As soon as the liquid nitrogen touches anything in the room, it boils and changes into a gas.
Removal of basic nitrogen compounds from hydrocarbon liquids
A method is provided for reducing the concentration of basic nitrogen compounds in hydrocarbonaceous feedstock fluids used in the refining industry by providing a solid particulate carbonaceous adsorbent/fuel material such as coal having active basic nitrogen complexing sites on the surface thereof and the coal with a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock containing basic nitrogen compounds to facilitate attraction of the basic nitrogen compounds to the complexing sites and the formation of complexes thereof on the surface of the coal. The adsorbent coal material and the complexes formed thereon are from the feedstock fluid to provide a hydrocarbonaceous fluid of reduced basic nitrogen compound concentration. The coal can then be used as fuel for boilers and the like.
Givens, Edwin N. (Bethlehem, PA); Hoover, David S. (New Tripoli, PA)
Safety evaluation for packaging (onsite) nitrogen trailers propane tanks
The purpose of the Safety Evaluation for Packaging (SEP) is the evaluation and authorization of the onsite transport of propane tanks that are mounted on the Lockheed Martin Hanford Corporation Characterization Project`s nitrogen trailers. This SEP authorizes onsite transport of the nitrogen trailers, including the propane tanks, until May 31, 1998. The three nitrogen trailers (HO-64-4966, HO-64-4968, and HO-64-5170) are rated for 1,361 kg (30,000 lb) and are equipped with tandem axles and pintel hitches. Permanently mounted on each trailer is a 5,678 L (1,500 gal) cryogenic dewar that is filled with nitrogen, and a propane fired water bath vaporizer system, and a 454 L (1 20 gal) propane tank. The nitrogen trailer system is operated only when it is disconnected from the tow vehicle and is leveled and stabilized. When the trailers are transported, the propane tanks are isolated via closed supply valves.
Ferrell, P.C.
Process for separating nitrogen from methane using microchannel process technology
The disclosed invention relates to a process for separating methane or nitrogen from a fluid mixture comprising methane and nitrogen, the process comprising: (A) flowing the fluid mixture into a microchannel separator, the microchannel separator comprising a plurality of process microchannels containing a sorption medium, the fluid mixture being maintained in the microchannel separator until at least part of the methane or nitrogen is sorbed by the sorption medium, and removing non-sorbed parts of the fluid mixture from the microchannel separator; and (B) desorbing the methane or nitrogen from the sorption medium and removing the desorbed methane or nitrogen from the microchannel separator. The process is suitable for upgrading methane from coal mines, landfills, and other sub-quality sources.
Tonkovich, Anna Lee (Marysville, OH); Qiu, Dongming (Dublin, OH); Dritz, Terence Andrew (Worthington, OH); Neagle, Paul (Westerville, OH); Litt, Robert Dwayne (Westerville, OH); Arora, Ravi (Dublin, OH); Lamont, Michael Jay (Hilliard, OH); Pagnotto, Kristina M. (Cincinnati, OH)
Questions and Answers - Is there anything colder than liquid nitrogen?
How cold is liquid nitrogen? How cold is liquid nitrogen? Previous Question (How cold is liquid nitrogen?) Questions and Answers Main Index Next Question (If you jumped into a pool of liquid oxygen, would your body instantly crystallize?) If you jumped into a pool of liquid oxygen,would your body instantly crystallize? Is there anything colder than liquid nitrogen? Yes, there are things colder than liquid nitrogen, like most of the Universe! I assume, though, that you mean things on the Earth. There actually is an entire branch of science called cryogenics that deals with really cold things. Generally the science of cryogenics is when the temperature goes below that which we can reach with conventional refrigeration equipment, around 250 degrees (Fahrenheit) below zero. Many
Simulation of Top Oil Temperature for Transformers
Simulation of Top Oil Temperature for Transformers Masters Thesis and Final Project Report Power-Oil Temperature for Transformers Thesis and Final Report Yong Liang PSERC Publication 01-21 February 2001 #12 for the PSERC project "On-Line Peak Loading of Substation Distribution Transformers Through Accurate Temperature
Canonical transformations for fermions in superanalysis
Canonical transformations (Bogoliubov transformations) for fermions with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are studied within a calculus of superanalysis. A continuous representation of the orthogonal group is constructed on a Grassmann module extension of the Fock space. The pull-back of these operators to the Fock space yields a unitary ray representation of the group that implements the Bogoliubov transformations.
Joachim Kupsch
Transformation Optics in Nonvacuum Initial Dielectric Media
Previous formulations of transformation optics have generally been restricted to transformations from relatively simple initial media, such as the vacuum, because of limitations due to their non-covariance. I show that a completely covariant approach enables arbitrary transformations from arbitrarily complex initial linear dielectrics.
Thompson, Robert T
AALBORGUNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTOFENERGY TECHNOLOGY Transformer in series
AALBORGUNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTOFENERGY TECHNOLOGY Transformer in series Filipe Miguel Faria Da that corresponds to a neighbour transformer. Both loads are 3-phase loads, which can be unbalanced to generated. The harmonics are generated inside the farm, thus, the current source is grounded at the transformer's neutral
Silva, Filipe Faria Da
Moment invariants to affine transformation of colours
Most colour descriptors are not robust because they are constructed for simple colour transformations, such as a diagonal-offset transformation. In this paper, a type of colour descriptor is proposed which is composed of rational expression of moments ... Keywords: Affine transformation, Colour, Image retrieval, Moment invariants, Pattern recognition
Ming Gong, Hua Li, Weiguo Cao
Gravity Transform for Input Conditioning in
Gravity Transform for Input Conditioning in Brain Machine Interfaces António R. C. Paiva, José C. Motivation 2. Methods i. Gravity Transform ii. Modeling and output sensitivity analysis 3. Data Analysis #12;3 Outline 1. Motivation 2. Methods i. Gravity Transform ii. Modeling and output sensitivity analysis 3. Data
Paiva, António R. C.
Effects of soil substrate and nitrogen fertilizer on biomass production of
Effects of soil substrate and nitrogen fertilizer on biomass production of Acacia senegal;Effects of soil substrate and nitrogen fertilizer on biomass production of Acacia senegal and Acacia, biomass allocation, fertilizer, growth rate, nitrogen, soil substrate Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Nitrogen-Oxygen Battery for Large Scale Energy Storage - Frank Delnick, SNL
US DOE Energy Storage Systems Research Program US DOE Energy Storage Systems Research Program Peer Review, Washington, DC Sept. 26-28, 2012 Frank Delnick, David Ingersoll, Karen Waldrip, Peter Feibelman Nitrogen/Oxygen Battery A Transformational Architecture for Large Scale Energy Storage Power Sources Technology Group Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM SAND2012-7881P N 2 /O 2 Battery Project Overview Air/Air battery. N 2 electrochemistry enables the redefinition of a gas (diffusion) electrode and the three phase interface. Operated as redox flow battery. Provide a very high energy density, very low cost, environmentally benign electrochemical platform for load leveling and for grid-integrated storage of energy generated by wind, solar and other sustainable but intermittent sources.
A Novel Discriminative Approach Based on Hidden Markov Models and Wavelet Transform to Transformer Protection
In this paper we present a combinatorial scheme based on hidden Markov models (HMM) and wavelet transform (WT) to discriminate between magnetizing inrush currents and internal faults in power transformers. HMMs are powerful tools for transient classification ... Keywords: differential protection, discrete hidden Markov models, discrete wavelet transform, inrush current, internal fault, power transformer, signal classification.
Saeed Jazebi; Behrooz Vahidi; Seyed Hossein Hosseinian
Grid Transformation Workshop Results Grid Transformation Workshop Results 2 April 2012
Grid Transformation Workshop Results April 2012 #12;Grid Transformation Workshop Results 2 April 2012 Grid Transformation Workshop Results plications. We will explore the basics of data modeling Transformation Workshop: Advanced Reading Material Product ID 1024659. The material in this report builds upon
A Superconducting transformer system for high current cable testing
A Superconducting Transformer System for High Current CableDC) superconducting transformer system for the high currentsuperconducting cables. The transformer consists of a core-
Godeke, A.
Feasibility of SF6 Gas-Insulated Transformers
Gas-insulated transformers (GIT) Gas-insulated transformer benefits Gas-insulated transformer concerns Risks and Unknowns Questions? BUILDING STRONG PORTLAND...
Backlund Transformations for Darboux Integrable Differential Systems
We give a new mechanism for constructing Backlund transformations by using symmetry reduction of differential systems. We then characterize a family of Backlund transformations between Darboux integrable systems where the Backlund transformation can be constructed by the proposed symmetry reduction method. It is then shown that the well-known Backlund transformations between Darboux integrable Monge-Ampere systems can all be constructed using group quotients. A simple group theoretical argument leads to a non-existence result for Backlund transformations which disagrees with Theorem 1 in arXiv:0707.4408v2. A variety of examples are given.
Anderson, Ian M
Gale transform of a starshaped sphere
Gale transform is a simple but powerful tool in convex geometry. In particular, the use of Gale transform is the main argument in the classification of polytopes with few vertices. Many books and documents cover the definition of Gale transform and its main properties related to convex polytopes. But it seems that there does not exist document studying the Gale transform of more general objects, such that triangulation of spheres. In this paper, we study the properties of the Gale transform of a large class of such spheres called starshaped spheres.
Tambour, Jerome
High flux solar energy transformation
Disclosed are multi-stage systems for high flux transformation of solar energy allowing for uniform solar intensification by a factor of 60,000 suns or more. Preferred systems employ a focusing mirror as a primary concentrative device and a non-imaging concentrator as a secondary concentrative device with concentrative capacities of primary and secondary stages selected to provide for net solar flux intensification of greater than 2000 over 95 percent of the concentration area. Systems of the invention are readily applied as energy sources for laser pumping and in other photothermal energy utilization processes. 7 figures.
Winston, R.; Gleckman, P.L.; O' Gallagher, J.J.
Disclosed are multi-stage systems for high flux transformation of solar energy allowing for uniform solar intensification by a factor of 60,000 suns or more. Preferred systems employ a focusing mirror as a primary concentrative device and a non-imaging concentrator as a secondary concentrative device with concentrative capacities of primary and secondary stages selected to provide for net solar flux intensification of greater than 2000 over 95 percent of the concentration area. Systems of the invention are readily applied as energy sources for laser pumping and in other photothermal energy utilization processes.
Winston, Roland (Chicago, IL); Gleckman, Philip L. (Chicago, IL); O' Gallagher, Joseph J. (Flossmoor, IL)
Nonferromagnetic linear variable differential transformer
A nonferromagnetic linear variable differential transformer for accurately measuring mechanical displacements in the presence of high magnetic fields is provided. The device utilizes a movable primary coil inside a fixed secondary coil that consists of two series-opposed windings. Operation is such that the secondary output voltage is maintained in phase (depending on polarity) with the primary voltage. The transducer is well-suited to long cable runs and is useful for measuring small displacements in the presence of high or alternating magnetic fields.
Ellis, James F. (Powell, TN); Walstrom, Peter L. (Oak Ridge, TN)
About three important transformations groups
In the present paper we introduce the concepts of conformal metrical d-structure and of conformal metrical N-linear connection with respect to the conformal metrical d-structure, corresponding to an 1-form on a generalized Hamilton space. We determine ... Keywords: N-linear connection, conformal metrical N-linear connection, conformal metrical d-structure, invariants, metrical N-linear connection, metrical d-structure, nonlinear connection, second order cotangent bundle, semisymmetric conformal metrical N-linear connection, subgroup, transformations group
Monica A. P. Purcaru; Mirela T�rnoveanu; Laura Ciupal?
Vacuum Studies of a Prototype Composite Coil Dewar for HTSC Transformers
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is collaborating with Waukesha Electric Systems (WES) to develop a high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) utility power transformer with primary and secondary coils cooled by liquid nitrogen. Since the vacuum-insulated cryogenic coil dewar surrounds the magnetic core limb and cannot form a shorted turn, non-conductive materials are required. Two test vessels and a small prototype dewar have been fabricated by Scorpius Space Launch Company with epoxy/fiberglass composites, using their proprietary PRESSURMAXX vessel technology. The effects of pumping time, bakeout temperature, and cryogenic vessel temperature on vacuum outgassing rates have been investigated. Outgassing rates of the individual materials used in vessel construction have also been measured. The results will be scaled up to determine the required pumping capacity for a full-size 25-MVA commercial transformer dewar.
Schwenterly, S W [ORNL; Zhang, Y. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Pleva, E. F. [Waukesha Electric Systems, Waukesha, WI; Rufer, M. [Scorpius Space Launch Co.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is collaborating with Waukesha Electric Systems (WES) to develop a high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) utility power transformer with primary and secondary coils cooled by liquid nitrogen. Since the vacuuminsulated cryogenic coil dewar surrounds the magnetic core limb and cannot form a shorted turn, non-conductive materials are required. Two test vessels and a small prototype dewar have been fabricated by Scorpius Space Launch Company with epoxy/fiberglass composites, using their proprietary PRESSURMAXX vessel technology. The effects of pumping time, bakeout temperature, and cryogenic vessel temperature on vacuum outgassing rates have been investigated. Outgassing rates of the individual materials used in vessel construction have also been measured. The results will be scaled up to determine the required pumping capacity for a full-size 25-MVA commercial transformer dewar.
Schwenterly, S W [ORNL; Zhang, Y. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); Pleva, Ed [Waukesha Electric Systems, Waukesha, WI; Rufer, M. [Scorpius Space Launch Co.
The IHS Transformations Based Image Fusion
The IHS sharpening technique is one of the most commonly used techniques for sharpening. Different transformations have been developed to transfer a color image from the RGB space to the IHS space. Through literature, it appears that, various scientists proposed alternative IHS transformations and many papers have reported good results whereas others show bad ones as will as not those obtained which the formula of IHS transformation were used. In addition to that, many papers show different formulas of transformation matrix such as IHS transformation. This leads to confusion what is the exact formula of the IHS transformation?. Therefore, the main purpose of this work is to explore different IHS transformation techniques and experiment it as IHS based image fusion. The image fusion performance was evaluated, in this study, using various methods to estimate the quality and degree of information improvement of a fused image quantitatively.
Al-Wassai, Firouz Abdullah; Al-Zuky, Ali A
Nitrogen-Doped Graphitic Nanoribbons: Synthesis, Characterization and Transport
Nitrogen-doped graphitic nanoribbons (Nx-GNRs), synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using pyrazine as a nitrogen precursor, are reported for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveal that the synthesized materials are formed by multi-layered corrugated graphitic nanoribbons (GNRs) which in most cases exhibit the formation of curved graphene edges (loops). This suggests that during growth, nitrogen atoms promote loop formation; undoped GNRs do not form loops at their edges. Transport measurements on individual pure carbon GNRs exhibit a linear I-V (current-voltage) behavior, whereas Nx-GNRs show reduced current responses following a semiconducting-like behavior, which becomes more prominent for high nitrogen concentrations. To better understand the experimental findings, electron density of states (DOS), quantum conductance for nitrogen doped zigzag and armchair single-layer GNRs are calculated for different N doping concentrations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and non-equilibrium Green functions. These calculations confirm the crucial role of nitrogen atoms in the transport properties, confirming that the nonlinear I-V curves are due to the presence of nitrogen atoms within the Nx-GNRs lattice that act as scattering sites. These characteristic Nx-GNRs transport could be advantageous in the fabrication of electronic devices including sensors in which metal-like undoped GNRs are unsuitable.
Jia, Xiaoting [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Dresselhaus, M [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Cruz Silva, Eduardo [ORNL; Munoz-Sandoval, E [Instituto de Microelectronica de Madrid (CNM, CSIC); Sumpter, Bobby G [ORNL; Terrones Maldonado, Humberto [ORNL; Terrones Maldonado, Humberto [ORNL; Lopez, Florentino [IPICyT
We present spectra of Eris from the MMT 6.5 m Telescope and Red Channel Spectrograph (5700-9800 A, 5 A pixel{sup -1}) on Mt. Hopkins, AZ, and of Pluto from the Steward Observatory 2.3 m Telescope and Boller and Chivens Spectrograph (7100-9400 A, 2 A pixel{sup -1}) on Kitt Peak, AZ. In addition, we present laboratory transmission spectra of methane-nitrogen and methane-argon ice mixtures. By anchoring our analysis in methane and nitrogen solubilities in one another as expressed in the phase diagram of Prokhvatilov and Yantsevich, and comparing methane bands in our Eris and Pluto spectra and methane bands in our laboratory spectra of methane and nitrogen ice mixtures, we find Eris' bulk methane and nitrogen abundances are {approx}10% and {approx}90% and Pluto's bulk methane and nitrogen abundances are {approx}3% and {approx}97%. Such abundances for Pluto are consistent with values reported in the literature. It appears that the bulk volatile composition of Eris is similar to the bulk volatile composition of Pluto. Both objects appear to be dominated by nitrogen ice. Our analysis also suggests, unlike previous work reported in the literature, that the methane and nitrogen stoichiometry is constant with depth into the surface of Eris. Finally, we point out that our Eris spectrum is also consistent with a laboratory ice mixture consisting of 40% methane and 60% argon. Although we cannot rule out an argon-rich surface, it seems more likely that nitrogen is the dominant species on Eris because the nitrogen ice 2.15 {mu}m band is seen in spectra of Pluto and Triton.
Tegler, S. C.; Cornelison, D. M.; Abernathy, M. R.; Bovyn, M. J.; Burt, J. A.; Evans, D. E.; Maleszewski, C. K.; Thompson, Z. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 (United States); Grundy, W. M. [Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 (United States); Romanishin, W. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 (United States); Vilas, F., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [MMT Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 (United States)
Effect of Temperature on NOx Reduction by Nitrogen Atom Injection
Chemical reduction of NO{sub x} can be accomplished by injection of nitrogen atoms into the diesel engine exhaust stream. The nitrogen atoms can be generated from a separate stream of pure N{sub 2} by means of plasma jets or non-thermal plasma reactors. This paper examines the effect of exhaust temperature on the NO{sub x} reduction efficiency that can be achieved by nitrogen atom injection. It is shown that to achieve a high NO{sub x} reduction efficiency at a reasonable power consumption penalty, the exhaust temperature needs to be 100 C or less.
Penetrante, B
Nitrogen Trifluoride-Based Fluoride- Volatility Separations Process: Initial Studies
This document describes the results of our investigations on the potential use of nitrogen trifluoride as the fluorinating and oxidizing agent in fluoride volatility-based used nuclear fuel reprocessing. The conceptual process uses differences in reaction temperatures between nitrogen trifluoride and fuel constituents that produce volatile fluorides to achieve separations and recover valuable constituents. We provide results from our thermodynamic evaluations, thermo-analytical experiments, kinetic models, and provide a preliminary process flowsheet. The evaluations found that nitrogen trifluoride can effectively produce volatile fluorides at different temperatures dependent on the fuel constituent.
McNamara, Bruce K.; Scheele, Randall D.; Casella, Andrew M.; Kozelisky, Anne E.
Nitrogen-doped Graphene and Its Electrochemical Applications
Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene) is obtained by exposing graphene to nitrogen plasma. N-graphene exhibits much higher electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction and H2O2 reduction than graphene, and much higher durability and selectivity than the widely-used expensive Pt. The excellent electrochemical performance of N-graphene is attributed to nitrogen functional groups and the specific properties of graphene. This indicates that N-graphene is promising for applications in electrochemical energy devices (fuel cells, metal-air batteries) and biosensors.
Shao, Yuyan; Zhang, Sheng; Engelhard, Mark H.; Li, Guosheng; Shao, Guocheng; Wang, Yong; Liu, Jun; Aksay, Ilhan A.; Lin, Yuehe
Removal of sulfur and nitrogen containing pollutants from discharge gases
Oxides of sulfur and of nitrogen are removed from waste gases by reaction with an unsupported copper oxide powder to form copper sulfate. The resulting copper sulfate is dissolved in water to effect separation from insoluble mineral ash and dried to form solid copper sulfate pentahydrate. This solid sulfate is thermally decomposed to finely divided copper oxide powder with high specific surface area. The copper oxide powder is recycled into contact with the waste gases requiring cleanup. A reducing gas can be introduced to convert the oxide of nitrogen pollutants to nitrogen.
Joubert, James I. (Pittsburgh, PA)
Microsoft PowerPoint - SWPA Transformer Oil Spill Risk Final...
Site Information UtilizationLoad Information UtilizationLoad Information Transformer Information Transformer Information Oil information Oil information Site Topography...
The research reported here is concerned with the application of secondary fuel addition, otherwise known as reburning, as a means of NO{sub x} destruction downstream of the primary flame zone in boilers. This paper consists of two parts: First, results from a statistically correct design of parametric experiments on a laboratory coal combustor are presented. These allow the effects of the most important variables to be isolated and identified. Second, mechanisms governing the inter-conversion and destruction of nitrogenous species in the fuel rich reburning zone of a laboratory coal combustor were explored, using fundamental kinetic arguments. The objective here was to extract models, which can be used to estimate reburning effectiveness in other, more practical combustion configurations. Emphasis is on the use of natural gas as the reburning fuel for a pulverized coal primary flame. Then, reburning mechanisms occur in two regimes; one in which fast reactions between NO and hydrocarbons are usually limited by mixing; the other in which reactions have slowed and in which known gas phase chemistry controls. For the latter regime, a simplified model based on detailed gas phase chemical kinetic mechanisms and known rate coefficients was able to predict temporal profiles of NO, NH{sub 3} and HCN. Reactions with hydrocarbons played important roles in both regimes and the Fenimore N{sub 2} fixation reactions limited reburning effectiveness at low primary NO values.
It's Elemental - Isotopes of the Element Nitrogen
Carbon Carbon Previous Element (Carbon) The Periodic Table of Elements Next Element (Oxygen) Oxygen Isotopes of the Element Nitrogen [Click for Main Data] Most of the isotope data on this site has been obtained from the National Nuclear Data Center. Please visit their site for more information. Naturally Occurring Isotopes Mass Number Natural Abundance Half-life 14 99.636% STABLE 15 0.364% STABLE Known Isotopes Mass Number Half-life Decay Mode Branching Percentage 10 No Data Available Proton Emission 100.00% 11 5.49×10-22 seconds Proton Emission 100.00% 12 11.000 milliseconds Electron Capture 100.00% 13 9.965 minutes Electron Capture 100.00% 14 STABLE - - 15 STABLE - - 16 7.13 seconds Beta-minus Decay 100.00% Beta-minus Decay with delayed Alpha Decay 1.2×10-3 % 17 4.173 seconds Beta-minus Decay 100.00%
Identification of stratigraphic formation interfaces using wavelet and Fourier transforms
The purpose of this study was to identify the formation interfaces from geophysical well log data using the wavelet transform, and a combination of the wavelet transform and the Fourier transform methods. In the wavelet transform method, the identification ... Keywords: Formation interface, Fourier transform, Geophysical well log, Stratigraphic interface, Wavelet transform
Shih-Yu Pan; Bieng-Zih Hsieh; Ming-Tar Lu; Zsay-Shing Lin
Report of Report of ADVANCED NUCLEAR TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBCOMMITTEE of the NUCLEAR ENERGY RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE 24 October 2003 BURTON RICHTER, CHAIR DARLEANE C. HOFFMAN SEKAZI K. MTINGWA RONALD P. OMBERG SILVIE PILLON JOY L. REMPE I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY The committee met in Washington on September 16 and 17 to review progress in the program with respect to a changed set of mission priorities. Our last meeting took place in December 2002 after the reorganization that had placed the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) and the GEN IV program together in the Advanced Nuclear Research Office (AN-20). Since mission priorities have been evolving, the committee felt that it should wait until they have settled down before we met again. We have kept in touch
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Let's Pour Liquid
Shattering Flowers! Shattering Flowers! Previous Video (Shattering Flowers!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Giant Koosh Ball!) Giant Koosh Ball! Let's Pour Liquid Nitrogen on the Floor! Liquid nitrogen?! On the floor?! Who's going to clean that mess up?! See what really happens when one of the world's most beloved cryogenic liquids comes into contact with a room temperature floor. [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: From time to time, we spill a little liquid nitrogen! The reaction we sometimes get is.... Shannon: Did they just pour LIQUID NITROGEN on the FLOOR?!?! Joanna: Yes. Yes we did. Steve: One thing people seem to have a problem with is the mess that liquid
Air Pollution Control Regulations: No.27 - Control of Nitrogen Oxide
Air Pollution Control Regulations: No.27 - Control of Nitrogen Air Pollution Control Regulations: No.27 - Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (Rhode Island) Air Pollution Control Regulations: No.27 - Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (Rhode Island) < Back Eligibility Commercial Industrial Investor-Owned Utility Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative Utility Program Info State Rhode Island Program Type Environmental Regulations Provider Department of Environmental Management These regulations apply to stationary sources with the potential to emit 50 tons of nitrogen oxides (NOx) per year from all pollutant-emitting equipment or activities. The regulations describe possibilities for exemptions (i.e., for sources which have the potential to emit 50 tons but do not actually reach that level) and Reasonably Available Control
Nitrogen trifluoride global emissions estimated from updated atmospheric measurements
Nitrogen trifluoride (NF[subscript 3]) has potential to make a growing contribution to the Earth�s radiative budget; however, our understanding of its atmospheric burden and emission rates has been limited. Based on a ...
Ivy, Diane J.
Effects of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposition on ocean biogeochemistry
to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: Theorganic nitrogen to the oceans, Nature, 376, 243 � 246.trace species to the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles,
Krishnamurthy, Aparna; Moore, J. Keith; Zender, Charles S; Luo, Chao
The nitrogen cycle and ecohydrology of seasonally dry grasslands
This thesis addresses the coupling of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes and, specifically, the organization of ecosystem traits with the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. Observations from a factorial irrigation- ...
Parolari, Anthony Joseph
Evolution of Nitrogen Oxide Chemistry in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer
The nocturnal cycle of nitrogen oxides in the atmospheric boundary layer is studied by means of a one-dimensional model. The model solves the conservation equations of momentum, entropy, total water content, and of five chemical species. The ...
S. Galmarini; P. G. Duynkerke; J. Vil�-Guerau de Arellano
Land Use and Reactive Nitrogen Discharge: Effects of Dietary Choices
Modern agriculture alters natural biological and geophysical processes, with magnitudes proportional to its spatial extent. Cultivation is also the main cause of artificially enhanced reactive nitrogen (Nr) availability in natural ecosystems. ...
Gidon Eshel; Pamela A. Martin; Esther E. Bowen
The relationship between iron and nitrogen fixation in Trichodesmium spp.
Trichodesmium spp. are considered the dominant nitrogen (N) fixing cyanobacteria in tropical and subtropical oceans, regimes frequently characterized by low iron (Fe). Limited information exists about what levels of Fe ...
Chappell, Phoebe Dreux
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - The Flying Ring!
Liquid Nitrogen and the Tea Kettle Mystery! Liquid Nitrogen and the Tea Kettle Mystery! Previous Video (Liquid Nitrogen and the Tea Kettle Mystery!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Pewter Bells) Pewter Bells The Flying Ring! A copper ring leaps off an electromagnet when it's turned on. What happens when the ring's resistance is lowered using liquid nitrogen? [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: And this is an AC powered electromagnet. And this is a copper ring. When I place the copper ring on the electromagnet and turn it on, the magnet's changing magnetic field will induce an electric current in the copper ring. The current in the ring will then create it's own magnetic
Membrane-augmented cryogenic methane/nitrogen separation
A membrane separation process combined with a cryogenic separation process for treating a gas stream containing methane, nitrogen and at least one other component. The membrane separation process works by preferentially permeating methane and the other component and rejecting nitrogen. The process is particularly useful in removing components such as water, carbon dioxide or C.sub.3+ hydrocarbons that might otherwise freeze and plug the cryogenic equipment.
Lokhandwala, Kaaeid (Menlo Park, CA)
A membrane separation process is described which is combined with a cryogenic separation process for treating a gas stream containing methane, nitrogen and at least one other component. The membrane separation process works by preferentially permeating methane and the other component and rejecting nitrogen. The process is particularly useful in removing components such as water, carbon dioxide or C{sub +2} hydrocarbons that might otherwise freeze and plug the cryogenic equipment. 10 figs.
Lokhandwala, K.
Transformer Forensics Database Version 1.0
EPRI has been engaged in research on forensics related to transformer failures and decommissioning. There is a need to make this information available to EPRI members in an easily accessible format. The Transformer Forensics Database provides an application to house all the information, learnings, and experiences gathered from transformers forensics studies in an easily accessible format and help maintain valuable lessons that are often lost after a failure due to operational ...
Decomposition Of Invertible And Conformal Transformations
In this article, we give a geometric description for any invertible operator on a finite dimensional inner--product space. With the aid of such a description, we are able to decompose any given conformal transformation as a product of planar rotations, a planar rotation or reflection and a scalar transformation. Also, we are able to conclude that an orthogonal transformation is a product of planar rotations and a planar rotation or a reflection.
Srikanth K. V.; Raj Bhawan Yadav
The Fibonacci Sequence via the sigma transform
In this short article, we study different problems described as initial value problems of discrete differential equations and develop a a transform method called the sigma transform, a discrete version of the continuous Laplace transform to generate solutions as rational functions of integers to these initial value problems. Particularly we look how the method generates the traditionally known numbers called Fibonacci sequence as a solution to an initial value problem of a discrete differential equation.
Dejenie A. Lakew
Transformer Forensics Database Version 2.0
Lorentz Transformation from Symmetry of Reference Principle
The Lorentz Transformation is traditionally derived requiring the Principle of Relativity and lightspeed universality. While the latter can be relaxed, the Principle of Relativity is seen as core to the transformation. The present letter relaxes both statements to the weaker, Symmetry of Reference Principle. Thus the resulting Lorentz transformation and its consequences (time dilatation, length contraction) are, in turn, effects of how we manage space and time.
M. Dima
The Lorentz Transformation is traditionally derived requiring the Principle of Relativity and light-speed universality. While the latter can be relaxed, the Principle of Relativity is seen as core to the transformation. The present letter relaxes both statements to the weaker, Symmetry of Reference Principle. Thus the resulting Lorentz transformation and its consequences (time dilatation, length contraction) are, in turn, effects of how we manage space and time.
One-way transformation of information
Method and apparatus are provided for one-way transformation of data according to multiplication and/or exponentiation modulo a prime number. An implementation of the invention permits the one way residue transformation, useful in encryption and similar applications, to be implemented by n-bit computers substantially with no increase in difficulty or complexity over a natural transformation thereby, using a modulus which is a power of two.
Cooper, James A. (Albuquerque, NM)
Energy Department Announces $66 Million for Transformational...
- 34 Million REMOTE will develop transformational biological technologies to convert gas to liquids (GTL) for transportation fuels. Current synthetic gas-to-liquids conversion...
Focus Transformer Steel - Programmaster.org
Presentation Title, Strain Gradient and Degradation in Magnetic Properties: Focus Transformer Steel. Author(s), Satish Kumar Shekhawat, Basavaraj V., Vijay
An index 2F2 hypergeometric transform
We construct a new one-parameter family of index hypergeometric transforms associated with the relativistic pseudoharmonic oscillator by using coherent states analysis.
Mouayn, Zouhair
Zouhair Mouayn
Integral Transforms in Relativistic Quantum Constraint Mechanics
In relativistic quantum constraint mechanics the state of a physical system is constrained to a 3-dimensional subspace of Minkowski 4-space. Fourier transformation can be used to relate this state between constraint spaces in 4-position and 4-momentum space. It is shown that integral transforms of this nature can be carried out using Lorentz-invariant 3-dimensional constraint space coordinates such that a complete equivalence class of 4-space representations can be constructed from the transform. This method is further applied to develop a relativistic generalization of the Segal-Bargmann transformation that leads to the representation of quantum systems in a three-dimensional subspace of Bargmann 4-space.
Robert J. Ducharme
Fuel Cell Technologies Office: Market Transformation
supporting the role that fuel cells play in our nation's energy portfolio. Through its market transformation efforts, the Fuel Cell Technologies Office seeks to accelerate the...
Analysis of parametric transformer with rectifier load
This paper describes a push-pull parametric transformer constructed using a pair of orthogonal-cores. The operating characteristics of the parametric transformer with a rectifier load were analyzed based on SPICE simulations. The analysis results show good agreement with experiment. It was found that the input surge current of the full-wave rectifier circuit with a smoothing capacitor can be compensated by the parametric transformer. Use of the parametric transformer as a power stabilizer is anticipated owing to its various functions such as for voltage regulation and overload protection.
Ichinokura, O.; Jinzenji, T. (Tohoku Univ., Sendai (Japan)); Tajima, K. (Akita Univ. (Japan))
Comfort, cleanliness and convenience: The creeping transformation...
and convenience: The creeping transformation of normality and what it means for energy consumption and the environment Speaker(s): Elizabeth Shove Date: April 24, 2001 -...
Gauge transformations in lattice chiral theories
We show that gauge-transformation properties of correlation functions in chiral gauge theories on the finite lattice are determined in a general way.
Werner Kerler
Compositionally Dependent Displacive Transformation from Beta to ...
... quenching from single beta phase field. The present study primarily focuses on possibly a new class of solid-solid mixed mode beta to omega transformation�...
Downhole Sensor Holds Transformative Potential - Energy ...
SiC is a class of wide-bandgap semiconducting material that holds transformative potential not only for high-temperature electronics but also for ...
Wind Turbine Design Innovations Drive Industry Transformation...
Wind Turbine Design Innovations Drive Industry Transformation For more than 20 years, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has helped GE and its predecessors achieve...
EPRI Transformer Guidebook Development: The Copper Book, Chapter 8 Transformer Maintenance
This Report is Chapter 8 of Kit 1021892: EPRI Transformer Guidebook Development: The Copper Book. Utilities are losing many of their subject matter experts due to retirement and downsizing. This is particularly true in the case of power transformers, so there is now a critical need for a comprehensive transformer reference book geared toward utility engineers. In 2007, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) published the technical update report Transformer Guidebook Design (1013799). That report de...
Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Bushings, Current Transformers, and Voltage Transformers by Oil Analysis
This study was undertaken to determine the merits of oil analysis for condition monitoring and diagnostics of bushings, current, potential and voltage transformers. Oil test results and equipment information from 193 bushings, 830 current transformers, 194 potential transformers and 268 voltage transformers were analyzed. Statistical analyses was used to assigns equipment condition codes from 1 (Normal Operation) to 4 (Extreme) based on threshold limits for dissolved gas in oil results. A more recent set...
Non-Associativity of Lorentz Transformation and Associative Reflection Symmetric Transformation
Each of the two moving observers observes the relative velocity of the other. The two velocities should be equal and opposite. We have shown that this relativistic requirement is not fulfilled by Lorentz transformation. We have also shown that the reason is that Lorentz transformation is not associative. Reciprocal symmetric transformation is associative and fulfills relativistic requirements.
Mushfiq Ahmad; M. Shah Alam
Laplace transform analysis of the carbon cycle
A Laplace transform representation is used to describe the changes in atmospheric CO"2 in response to emissions. The formalism gives an explicit representation of generic relations that are less clear when model results are presented as numerical integrations ... Keywords: Carbon cycle, Geosequestration, Laplace transforms, Response functions
I. G. Enting
Point transformations in invariant difference schemes
In this paper, we show that when two systems of differential equations admitting a symmetry group are related by a point transformation it is always possible to generate invariant schemes, one for each system, that are also related by the same transformation. This result is used to easily obtain new invariant schemes of some differential equations.
Francis Valiquette
Observer and Particle Transformations and Newton's Laws
A frequently confused point in studies of symmetry violation is the distinction between observer and particle transformations. In this work, we consider a model in which a coefficient in the Standard-Model Extension leads to violations of rotation invariance in Newton's second law. The model highlights the distinction between observer and particle transformations.
T. H. Bertschinger; Natasha A. Flowers; Jay D. Tasson
Power Transformer Application for Wind Plant Substations
Wind power plants use power transformers to step plant output from the medium voltage of the collector system to the HV or EHV transmission system voltage. This paper discusses the application of these transformers with regard to the selection of winding configuration, MVA rating, impedance, loss evaluation, on-load tapchanger requirements, and redundancy.
Behnke, M. R. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Bloethe, W.G. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Bradt, M. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Brooks, C. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Camm, E H [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Dilling, W. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Goltz, B. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Li, J. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Niemira, J. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Nuckles, K. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Patino, J. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Reza, M [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Richardson, B. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Samaan, N. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Schoene, Jens [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Smith, Travis M [ORNL; Snyder, Isabelle B [ORNL; Starke, Michael R [ORNL; Walling, R. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group; Zahalka, G. [IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group
On Nahm's transformation with twisted boundary conditions
Following two different tracks, we arrive at a definition of Nahm's transformation valid for self-dual fields on the 4-dimensional torus with non-zero twist tensor.The transform is again a self-dual gauge field defined on a new torus and with non-zero twist tensor. It preserves the property of being an involution.
A. Gonzalez-Arroyo
The behavior of dielectric fluids used for the cooling and insulation of power system equipment is significantly influenced by motion enforced by the action of circulating pumps. Not only can charges generated by streaming electrification accumulate to distort the electric field in positions where dielectric integrity is prejudiced, but the dielectric strength of the fluid is also altered per se by the actions of the flow in a complex, but predictable manner. Three important electrokinetic effects in transformer oil subjected to forced circulation are experimentally investigated using laboratory model ducts. Careful breakdown measurements with sustained voltage on flowing fluids have been extended to pulse voltages with a view to establishing the nature of time dependencies. The use of Schlieren optics on the duct has also demonstrated that flow patterns are modified by the imposition of electric fields through electrohydrodynamic (EHD) effects. Present model studies invite speculation that not only streaming electrification but also forced circulation per se may prejudice dielectric structure in power system equipment and these effects need to be understood to permit informed design and safe operation. These models are discussed in this paper. 122 refs., 82 figs., 10 tabs.
Nelson, J.K.; Lee, M.J. (Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY (USA). Dept. of Electric Power Engineering)
Trace metal transformation in gasification
The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is carrying out an investigation that will provide methods to predict the fate of selected trace elements in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) systems to aid in the development of methods to control the emission of trace elements determined to be air toxics. The goal of this project is to identify the effects of critical chemical and physical transformations associated with trace element behavior in IGCC and IGFC systems. The trace elements included in this project are arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and lead. The research seeks to identify and fill, experimentally and/or theoretically, data gaps that currently exist on the fate and composition of trace elements. The specific objectives are to 1) review the existing literature to identify the type and quantity of trace elements from coal gasification systems, 2) perform laboratory-scale experimentation and computer modeling to enable prediction of trace element emissions, and 3) identify methods to control trace element emissions.
Benson, S.A.; Erickson, T.A.; Zygarlicke, C.J.; O`Keefe, C.A.; Katrinak, K.A.; Allen, S.E.; Hassett, D.J.; Hauserman, W.B. [North Dakota Univ., Grand Forks, ND (United States). Energy and Environmental Research Center; Holcombe, N.T. [USDOE Morgantown Energy Technology Center, WV (United States)
Trace metal transformations in gasification
The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is carrying out an investigation that will provide methods to predict the fate of selected trace elements in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) systems to aid in the development of methods to control the emission of trace elements determined to be air toxics. The goal of this project is to identify the effects of critical chemical and physical transformations associated with trace element behavior in IGCC and IGFC systems. The trace elements included in this project are arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and lead. The research seeks to identify and fill, experimentally and/or theoretically, data gaps that currently exist on the fate and composition of trace elements. The specific objectives are to (1) review the existing literature to identify the type and quantity of trace elements from coal gasification systems, (2) perform laboratory-scale experimentation and computer modeling to enable prediction of trace element emissions, and (3) identify methods to control trace element emissions.
Benson, S.; Erickson, T.A.; Zygarlicke, C.J. [and others
The Xi-transform for conformally flat space-time
The Xi-transform is a new spinor transform arising naturally in Einstein's general relativity. Here the example of conformally flat space-time is discussed in detail. In particular it is shown that for this case, the transform coincides with two other naturally defined transforms: one a two-variable transform on the Lie group SU(2, C), the other a transform on the space of null split octaves. The key properties of the transform are developed.
George Sparling
PPL: distribution transformer | The Better Buildings Alliance
Plug & Process Loads » Install a Plug & Process Loads » Install a distribution transformer that will reduce energy use by more than 15% using the distribution transformer specification Activities Technology Solutions Teams Lighting & Electrical Space Conditioning Plug & Process Loads Food Service Refrigeration Laboratories Energy Management & Information Systems Public Sector Teams Market Solutions Teams Install a distribution transformer that will reduce energy use by more than 15% using the distribution transformer specification The Plug & Process Loads team developed a low-voltage, dry-type distribution transformer specification that outlines energy-related product requirements. Purchasers can use this document to procure high-efficiency, high-quality products from manufacturers. The specification is unique, as
High Transformer ratios in collinear wakefield accelerators.
Based on our previous experiment that successfully demonstrated wakefield transformer ratio enhancement in a 13.625 GHz dielectric-loaded collinear wakefield accelerator using the ramped bunch train technique, we present here a redesigned experimental scheme for even higher enhancement of the efficiency of this accelerator. Design of a collinear wakefield device with a transformer ratio R2, is presented. Using a ramped bunch train (RBT) rather than a single drive bunch, the enhanced transformer ratio (ETR) technique is able to increase the transformer ratio R above the ordinary limit of 2. To match the wavelength of the fundamental mode of the wakefield with the bunch length (sigmaz=2 mm) of the new Argonne wakefield accelerator (AWA) drive gun (where the experiment will be performed), a 26.625 GHz dielectric based accelerating structure is required. This transformer ratio enhancement technique based on our dielectric-loaded waveguide design will result in a compact, high efficiency accelerating structures for future wakefield accelerators.
Power, J. G.; Conde, M.; Yusof, Z.; Gai, W.; Jing, C.; Kanreykin, A.; Schoessow, P.; High Energy Physics; Euclid Techlabs, LLC
General Relativistic Contributions in Transformation Optics
One potentially realistic specification for devices designed with transformation optics is that they operate with high precision in curved space-time, such as Earth orbit. This raises the question of what, if any, role does space-time curvature play in determining transformation media? Transformation optics has been based on a three-vector representation of Maxwell's equations in flat Minkowski space-time. I discuss a completely covariant, manifestly four-dimensional approach that enables transformations in arbitrary space-times, and demonstrate this approach for stable circular orbits in the spherically symmetric Schwarzschild geometry. Finally, I estimate the magnitude of curvature induced contributions to satellite-borne transformation media in Earth orbit and comment on the level of precision required for metamaterial fabrication before such contributions become important.
Robert T. Thompson
Tag: transformation | Y-12 National Security Complex
transformation transformation Tag: transformation Displaying 1 - 10 of 11... Category: News Y-12 Knows Uranium Y-12 produces many forms of uranium. More... Category: News Energy Secretary Moniz visits Y-12 Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz (at right) tours the Highly Enriched Uranium Materials Facility during his visit Monday to Y-12. More... Category: About Site improvements of $490 million result from FIRP The Facilities and Infrastructure Recapitalization Program has been a key component of modernization and transformation efforts at Y-12. More... Category: Nuclear Deterrence Processing Y-12's core manufacturing and processing operations are housed in decades-old buildings near or past the end of their expected life spans. More... Category: About Uranium Processing Facility An integral part of Y-12's transformation efforts and a key component
Transformation Induced Fatigue of Ni-Rich NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Actuators
In this work the transformation induced fatigue of Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) was investigated. The aerospace industry is currently considering implementing SMA actuators into new applications. However, before any new applications can be put into production they must first be certified by the FAA. Part of this certification process includes the actuator fatigue life. In this study, as-received and polished at dogbone SMA specimens underwent transformation induced fatigue testing at constant loading. The constant applied loading ranged from 100 MPa to 200 MPa. Specimens were thermally cycled through complete actuation (above Af to below Mf ) by Joule heating and environmental cooling. There were three cooling environments studied: liquid, gaseous nitrogen and vortex cooled air. It was shown that polished specimens had fatigue lives that were two to four times longer than those of as-received specimens. Test environment was also found to have an effect on fatigue life. Liquid cooling was observed to be corrosive, while the gaseous nitrogen and vortex air cooling were observed to be non-corrosive. The two non-corrosive cooling environments performed similarly with specimen fatigue lives that were twice that of specimens fatigue tested in the corrosive cooling environment. Transformation induced fatigue testing of polished specimens in a non-corrosive environment at 200 MPa had an average fatigue life of 14400 actuation cycles; at 150 MPa the average fatigue life was 20800 cycles and at 100 MPa it was 111000 cycles. For all specimens constant actuation from the beginning of testing until failure was observed, without the need for training. Finally, a microstructural study showed that the Ni3Ti precipitates in the material were one of the causes of crack initiation and propagation in the actuators.
Schick, Justin Ryan
Hydrogen and Nitrogen Control in Ladle and Casting Operations
In recent years there has been an increasing demand to reduce and control the amount of dissolved gases in steel. Hydrogen and nitrogen are two of the most important gases which when dissolved in liquid steel affect its properties significantly. Several steelmaking additions have been investigated in this research for their effect on the hydrogen and nitrogen content of steels. It has been established that calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime) acts as a source of hydrogen. Carburizers, such as metallurgical coke, were found to result in no hydrogen pickup when added to liquid steel. Addition of petroleum coke, on the other hand, increased the hydrogen content of liquid steel. Ferroalloy such as medium carbon ferromanganese when added to the liquid iron was found to increase its nitrogen content, the increase being proportional to the amount of ferroalloy added. Similarly, addition of pitch coke, which had a significant nitrogen impurity, increased the nitrogen content of liquid iron. A mathematical model was developed to quantify the absorption of nitrogen and hydrogen from the air bubbles entrained during tapping of liquid steel. During the bottom stirring of liquid metal in a ladle, the inert gas escaping from the top displaces the slag layer and often forms an open eye. The absorption of atmospheric nitrogen through the spout eye was estimated for different slag thickness and gas flow rate. The ultimate goal of this research was to develop a comprehensive set of equations which could predict the nitrogen and hydrogen pickup from their various sources. Estimates of hydrogen and nitrogen pickup during the steel transfer operations such as tapping and ladle stirring and the predicted pickup from steelmaking additions were integrated into empirical equations. The comprehensive model is designed to predict the gas pickup under varying operating conditions such as the metal oxygen and sulfur content, the total tapping or stirring time, the stirring gas flow rate and the slag thickness. The model predictions are based on mathematical and empirical evidence which are derived from thermodynamic and kinetic fundamental principles.
Richard J. Fruehan; Siddhartha Misra
Nitrogen control of chloroplast development and differentiation. Annual progress report
Phosphorus versus nitrogen limitation in the marine environment
Limnological and marine geochemical opinion favors phosphorus limitation of organic production in aquatic environments, while marine biological opinion favors nitrogen limitation. Clues in the literature and nutrient budgets for selected marine ecosystems suggest that phosphorus vs. nitrogen limitation is a function of the relative rates of water exchange and internal biochemical processes acting to adjust the ratio of ecosystem N:P availability. A limiting factor to biological activity is that material available in an amount most closely approaching the critical minimum required to sustain that activity (Odum 197 1). This definition can be applied at any scale from cellular metabolism to global biogeochemical cycles. This paper deals with inorganic plant nutrients as limiting factors for the net production of new organic material in marine systems. Marine geochemists and biologists hold antithetical views about nutrient limitation in the ocean. The view held by most marine geochemists (e.g. Lerman et al. 1975; Meybeck 1982; Broecker and Peng 1982) can apparently be traced to the seminal paper by Redfield ( 1958). Redfield concluded that phosphorus availability limits net organic production in the sea. He pointed out that any nitrogen deficits can be met by the biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, hence nitrogenous compounds can accumulate until the available phosphorus is utilized.
S. V. Smith
Relation Between Catalyst-assisted Entanglement Transformation and Multiple-copy Transformation
We show that in some cases, catalyst-assisted entanglement transformation cannot be implemented by multiple-copy transformation for pure states. This fact, together with the result we obtained in [R. Y. Duan, Y. Feng, X. Li, and M. S. Ying, Phys. Rev. A 71, 042319 (2005)] that the latter can be completely implemented by the former, indicates that catalyst-assisted transformation is strictly more powerful than multiple-copy transformation. For purely probabilistic setting we find, however, these two kinds of transformations are geometrically equivalent in the sense that the sets of pure states which can be converted into a given pure state with maximal probabilities not less than a given value have the same closure, no matter catalyst-assisted transformation or multiple-copy transformation is used.
Inverse Transformation Optics and Reflection Analysis for Two-Dimensional Finite Embedded Coordinate Transformation
Inverse transformation optics is introduced, and used to calculate the boundary reflection of a two-dimensional (2D) finite embedded coordinate transformation which is discontinuous at the boundary. For an electromagnetic excitation of particular polarization, many pairs of original medium (in a virtual space) and transformation function can give exactly the same anisotropic medium through a conventional procedure of transformation optics. Non-uniqueness of these pairs is then exploited for the analysis and calculation of the boundary reflection. The reflection at the boundary of the anisotropic transformation medium (associated with vacuum in the virtual space) is converted to the simple reflection between two isotropic media in a virtual space by a new transformation continuous at the boundary. A necessary condition for reflectionless boundary of finite embedded coordinate transformation is found as a special case. The theory is verified numerically with the finite element method.
Zhang, Pu; He, Sailing
Topographic variation of soil nitrogen dynamics at Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee
Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of soil nitrogen (N) transformations is central to quantifying the N dynamics and productivity of ecosystems. The objectives of this work were to examine spatial and temporal variation of soil N dynamics and to identify factors correlated with topographic variation in soil N dynamics in a forest watershed. Net N mineralization and net nitrification potential were measured by aerobic laboratory incubations of surface (0-7 cm) mineral soils. Principal components analysis was used to describe sampling sites across the watershed based on 13 site characterization variables. A topographic index used in hydrologic modeling, In ({alpha}/tan {beta}), was calculated for each site as the natural logarithm of the ratio of the upslope drainage area per unit contour length ({alpha}) to the local slope angle (tan {beta}). Soils from valley floors had greater total N concentrations, lower carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios, greater potential net nitrification, and greater microbial activity (as indicated by short-term urease assays) than soils from ridges. Mean net nitrification potential was 0.59 {micro}g N g{sup -1} d{sup -1} in surface soils from valley floors and was < 0.01 on ridges and slopes. The first principal component was related to the N and C properties of soils, leaf litter, and leaf fall at a site. The second principal component was related to forest stand composition. The topographic index was significantly correlated with important variables related to soil N dynamics. Once calibration data are derived, this index may be useful as a first approximation to total soil N concentrations and soil C:N ratios in forest watersheds because In ({alpha}/tan {beta}) can be calculated from geographic information systems that contain topographic data.
Garten Jr, Charles T [ORNL; Huston, Michael A [ORNL; Thoms, C. A. [University of Wisconsin
Change in Pacific nitrogen content tied to climate change
4 4 For immediate release: 12/15/2013 | NR-13-12-04 High Resolution Image Living and fossilized coral are gathered from dives in the Hawaiian Islands. A Lawrence Livermore scientist and collaborators have studied coral to determine that a long-term shift in nitrogen content in the Pacific Ocean has occurred as a result of climate change. Image courtesy of NOAA Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory. Change in Pacific nitrogen content tied to climate change Anne M Stark, LLNL, (925) 422-9799, firstname.lastname@example.com Using deep sea corals gathered near the Hawaiian Islands, a Lawrence Livermore scientist, in collaboration with UC Santa Cruz colleagues, has determined that a long-term shift in nitrogen content in the Pacific Ocean has occurred as a result of climate change.
Probing Core-Hole Localization in Molecular Nitrogen Print Probing Core-Hole Localization in Molecular Nitrogen Print The behavior of the core hole created in molecular x-ray photoemission experiments has provided molecular scientists with a valuable window through which to probe the electronic structure and dynamics of molecules. But the answer to one fundamental quantum question-whether the core hole is localized or delocalized-has remained elusive for diatomic molecules in which both atoms are the same element. An international team of scientists from the University of Frankfurt in Germany, Berkeley Lab, Kansas State University, and Auburn University has now resolved the issue with an appropriate twist of quantum fuzziness. By means of coincident detection of the photoelectron ejected from molecular nitrogen and the Auger electron emitted femtoseconds later, the team found that how the measurements are done determines which description-localized or delocalized-is valid.
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Statements (Ohio) | Department of Energy
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Statements (Ohio) Nitrogen Oxide Emission Statements (Ohio) Nitrogen Oxide Emission Statements (Ohio) < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Construction Fuel Distributor Industrial Investor-Owned Utility Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative Utility Program Info State Ohio Program Type Environmental Regulations Provider Ohio Environmental Protection Agency This chapter of the law establishes that the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency requires any facility that emits 25 tons or more of NOx and/or 25 tons or more of VOC during the calendar year and is located in a county designated as nonattainment for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone submit emission statements. Any facility that is located in a county described above is exempt from these requirements. If NOx
Transformations of $W$-Type Entangled States
The transformations of $W$-type entangled states by using local operations assisted with classical communication are investigated. For this purpose, a parametrization of the $W$-type states which remains invariant under local unitary transformations is proposed and a complete characterization of the local operations carried out by a single party is given. These are used for deriving the necessary and sufficient conditions for deterministic transformations. A convenient upper bound for the maximum probability of distillation of arbitrary target states is also found.
S. K?nta?; S. Turgut
A Family of Circular Bargmann Transforms
When considering a charged particle evolving in the Poincar\\'e disk under influence of a uniform magnetic field with a strength proportional to +1, we construct for all hyperbolic Landau level \\epsilon^\\gamma_$m$ m = 4m(-m), m 2 Z+ \\[0, /2] a family of coherent states transforms labeled by (,m) and mapping isometrically square integrable functions on the unit circle with respect to the measure sin^\\gamma-2m (\\theta/2) d\\theta onto spaces of bound states of the particle. These transforms are called circular Bargmann transforms.
Tensor transformation technique for the transport equation
A step-wise tensor transformation technique is presented for the transformation of the single energy group transport equation to an arbitrary spatial coordinate system. Both gradient and divergence forms of the equation are given and the same method is applied to the derivation of the diffusion approximation. It is demonstrated that using an orthogonal representation of the propagation vector will simplify the divergence form of the equation. The application of this technique is in the representation of the transport equation in coordinate systems other than the usual rectangular, cylindrical and spherical ones. Its use is demonstrated by transforming the transport equation to a toroidal coordinate system consisting of nested circular toroids. (auth)
Gralnick, S.L.
Canonical transformations and Hamiltonian evolutionary systems
In many Lagrangian field theories, one has a Poisson bracket defined on the space of local functionals. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for a transformation on the space of local functionals to be canonical in three different cases. These three cases depend on the specific dimensions of the vector bundle of the theory and the associated Hamiltonian differential operator. We also show how a canonical transformation transforms a Hamiltonian evolutionary system and its conservation laws. Finally, we illustrate these ideas with three examples.
Al-Ashhab, Samer [Department of Mathematics, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115 (Jordan)
Range conditions for a spherical mean transform
The paper is devoted to the range description of the Radon type transform that averages a function over all spheres centered on a given sphere. Such transforms arise naturally in thermoacoustic tomography, a novel method of medical imaging. Range descriptions have recently been obtained for such transforms, and consisted of smoothness and support conditions, moment conditions, and some additional orthogonality conditions of spectral nature. It has been noticed that in odd dimensions, surprisingly, the moment conditions are superfluous and can be eliminated. It is shown in this text that in fact the same happens in any dimension.
Mark Agranovsky; David Finch; Peter Kuchment
Partial positive scaling transform: a separability criterion
The problem of constructing a necessary and sufficient condition for establishing the separability of continuous variable systems is revisited. Simon [R. Simon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2726 (2000)] pointed out that such a criterion may be constructed by drawing a parallel between the Peres' partial transpose criterion for finite dimensional systems and partial time reversal transformation for continuous variable systems. We generalize the partial time reversal transformation to a partial scaling transformation and re-examine the problem using a tomographic description of the continuous variable quantum system. The limits of applicability of the entanglement criteria obtained from partial scaling and partial time reversal are explored.
Olga V. Manko; V. I. Manko; G. Marmo; Anil Shaji; E. C. G. Sudarshan; F. Zaccaria
Phase transformations in the Zn-Al eutectoid alloy after quenching from the high temperature triclinic beta phase
Ribbons of the Zn-Al eutectoid alloy obtained by melt-spinning, were heat treated at 350 deg. C during 30 min in a free atmosphere furnace, and then quenched in liquid nitrogen. The temperature correspond to {beta} phase zone, which has a triclinic crystalline structure [1, 2]. Some evidence, obtained by X-ray diffraction, show that the structures present in the just quenched material are both close-packed hexagonal ({eta}-phase) and rhombohedral (R-phase). X-ray diffractograms taken in the same ribbons after annealed 500 h at room temperature, show that the R phase its transform to {alpha} and {eta} phases.
Sandoval-Jimenez, A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Dpto. de Aceleradores, Carretera Mexico-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Mexico, C.P. 52750, ESIME, Unidad Culhuacan, Dpto. Ing. Mecanica, IPN (Mexico); Negrete, J. [Instituto de Metalurgia, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, SLP 78210 (Mexico); Torres-Villasenor, G. [Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 70-360, Mexico D.F. 04510 (Mexico)
Engineering shallow spins in diamond with nitrogen delta-doping
We demonstrate nanometer-precision depth control of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center creation near the surface of synthetic diamond using an in situ nitrogen delta-doping technique during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Despite their proximity to the surface, doped NV centers with depths (d) ranging from 5 to 100 nm display long spin coherence times, T{sub 2} > 100 {mu}s at d = 5 nm and T{sub 2} > 600 {mu}s at d {>=} 50 nm. The consistently long spin coherence observed in such shallow NV centers enables applications such as atomic-scale external spin sensing and hybrid quantum architectures.
Ohno, Kenichi; Joseph Heremans, F.; Bassett, Lee C.; Myers, Bryan A.; Toyli, David M.; Bleszynski Jayich, Ania C.; Palmstrom, Christopher J.; Awschalom, David D. [Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 (United States)
On Scalar and Vector Transform Methods for Global Spectral Models
We compare scalare and vector transform methods for global spectral models of the shallow-water equations. For the scalar transform methods, we demonstrate some economies in the number of Legendre transforms required. It is shown that the ...
Clive Temperton
Martingale transforms and their projection operators on manifolds
We prove the boundedness on $L^p$, $1transformations of stochastic integrals. These operators include various classical operators such as second order Riesz transforms and operators of Laplace transform-type.
Ba�uelos, Rodrigo
Radon transformation on reductive symmetric spaces: support theorems
We introduce a class of Radon transforms for reductive symmetric spaces, including the horospherical transforms, and study some of their properties. In particular we obtain a generalization of Helgason's support theorem for the horospherical transform on a Riemannian symmetric space.
Kuit, J J
Nitrogen actinometry for measurement of nitrogen radical spatial distribution in large-area plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Density distributions of radicals in the large-area silicon nitride (Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process were measured using a spatially resolvable optical emission spectrometer (SROES). To determine the qualitative distribution of a target radical, the authors used optical actinometry with nitrogen (N{sub 2}) gas as an actinometer. To compare the SROES data and process results, the thickness of the deposited Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} thin films using an ellipsometer was measured. By introducing nitrogen-based optical actinometry, the authors obtained very good agreement between the experimental results of the distributions of atomic nitrogen radical and the deposited thicknesses of Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} thin films. Based on these experimental results, the uniformity of the process plasma in the PECVD process at different applied radio frequency powers was analyzed.
Oh, Changhoon; Kang, Minwook; Hahn, Jae W. [Nano Photonics Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonesi-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 (Korea, Republic of); Nam, Seungsuk [Based Technology of Equipment Team, LG Display, Paju-City, Gyeonggi-do 413-811 (Korea, Republic of)
Sustainability transformations in Olympic host cities
The Olympic Games represent an unparalleled fast-track urban development opportunity for Olympic host cities. Taking the premise that the transformational effect of the Olympics has a potential to drive long-term urban ...
Mokrushina, Ksenia
Streams, Stream Transformers and Domain Representations
Abstract. We present a general theory for the computation of stream transformers of the form F: (R � B) � (T � A), where time T and R, and data A and B, are discrete or continuous. We show how methods for representing ...
Jens Blanck; Viggo Stoltenberg-Hansen; J. V. Tucker
Environmentally Acceptable Transformer Fluids: An Update
This report offers information about the physical, dielectric, chemical, and environmental properties of transformer fluids and their operational impacts. Companies can use this information to choose environmentally acceptable green fluids.
Wavelet Transforms and Ocean Current Data Analysis
The recently advanced approach of wavelet transforms is applied to the analysis of ocean currents. The conventional analyses of time series in the frequency domain can be readily generalized to the frequency.and time domain using wavelet ...
Paul C. Liu; Gerald S. Miller
Doxpects: aspects supporting XML transformation interfaces
In the web services environment software development can involve writing both object-oriented programs and XML transformations. This can be seen in the popular Web Services architecture. In this architecture, crosscutting concerns are often manifest ...
Eric Wohlstadter; Kris De Volder
On the Origin of the Lorentz Transformation
The Lorentz Transformation, which is considered as constitutive for the Special Relativity Theory, was invented by Voigt in 1887, adopted by Lorentz in 1904, and baptized by Poincar\\'e in 1906. Einstein probably picked it up from Voigt directly.
Wolfgang Engelhardt
Transformation-by-Example for XML
xml is a language for describing markup languages for structured data. A growing number of applications that process xml documents are transformers, i.e., programs that convert documents between xml languages. Unfortunately, the current proposals for ...
Shriram Krishnamurthi; Kathryn E. Gray; Paul T. Graunke
A non-destructive transformer oil tester
A new non-destructive test of transformer oil dielectric strength is a promising technique to automate and make more reliable a diagnostic that presently involves intensive manual efforts. This thesis focuses some of the ...
Cargol, Timothy L. (Timothy Lawrence), 1976-
Martensitic Phase Transformations and Functional Materials
Phase Transformation and Microstructural Evolution: Martensitic Phase ... of Bordeaux; Francisca Caballero, National Center for Metallurgical Research ... The finding challenges the conventional view that martensite always returns to ... The experimental data are explained in terms of both mechanical and chemical effects.
Energy Efficiency Standards for Distribution Transformers: The...
for Distribution Transformers: The Importance of the Load Factor Assessment from an Energy Saving Point of View. Speaker(s): Norma Anglani Date: April 10, 2001 - 12:00pm...
Latent Heat Induced Energy Transformations during Cyclogenesis
Using real-data numerical simulation experiments, latent heat induced energy transformations during the development of the wave cyclone of 20 May 1977 are investigated. During a 24 h period over 5 cm of precipitation fell despite baroclinically ...
C. B. Chang; D. J. Pepkey; C. W. Kreitzberg
Malaysia: economic transformation advances oil palm industry
Malaysia is currently the world�s largest exporter of palm oil although it is the second-largest producer of the oil after neighboring Indonesia. Malaysia: economic transformation advances oil palm industry Inform Magazine Biofuels and Bioproducts and Bi
Transformer Modeling in the Common Information Model
The Common Information Model (CIM) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61970 model contains transformers. However, the modeling was based on the needs and requirements defined primarily by the transmission users. Because the CIM has been expanded into distribution and the distribution control center, there is a need to review the transformer model and ensure that the needs and requirements of both transmission and distribution are defined and included. This report proposes method to model tra...
Removal of nitrogen oxides from a gas stream by using monatomic nitrogen induced by a pulsed arc
The effectiveness of N atoms, nitrogen, induced by a pulsed electric arc, in reducing nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO{sub 2}) was studied. Goal is reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) from automobile emissions by this alternative technique, which can be cost-effective and has the potential to reduce NO{sub x} in exhaust containing up to 10% oxygen. Initial tests with 100, 500, and 1,000 ppM NO in pure nitrogen have shown that a greater than 50% reduction of NO/NO{sub x} is readily achievable. At an NO concentration of 100 ppM, a greater than 90% NO/NO{sub x} reduction was recorded. Different flow rates of the monatomic nitrogen and the gas stream were tested. The flow rate of the monatomic nitrogen did not have a significant effect on the reduction efficiency, unlike the flow rate of the gas stream. The cross-sectional flow area of the gas stream was varied in order to assess whether the proximity of the gas stream to the arc would affect NO/NO{sub x} reduction. Results of the tests revealed that the smallest cross-sectional area had the best reduction, but also the highest chance of contacting the arc. The composition of the gas stream was also varied to elucidate the effects of N0{sub 2} and 0{sub 2} on the NO/NO{sub x} reduction efficiency. When N0{sub 2} and 0{sub 2} are present in the gas stream, both gases lower the reduction efficiency significantly by creating more NO or N0{sub 2}. Experiments are continuing to improve the reduction efficiency. The electrical power, a function of pulse frequency, voltage, and current, was treated as a key parameter in the investigation. The power consumption of the high-voltage purser apparatus for a 100-kW engine was estimated to be 3 kW.
Ng, H.K.; Novick, V.J.; Sekar, R.R. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States); Pierucci, K.A. [Illinois Inst. of Tech., Chicago, IL (United States); Geise, M.F. [Notre Dame Univ., IN (United States)
ARPA-E Announces $43 Million for Transformational Energy Storage...
43 Million for Transformational Energy Storage Projects to Advance Electric Vehicle and Grid Technologies ARPA-E Announces 43 Million for Transformational Energy Storage Projects...
ARPA-E Announces 43 Million for Transformational Energy Storage Projects to Advance Electric Vehicle and Grid Technologies ARPA-E Announces 43 Million for Transformational Energy...
1 Transformer Oil Containment Transformer Oil Containment Risk Assessment Risk Assessment SWPA SPRA USACE SWPA SPRA USACE Marshall Boyken 2 Project Timeline Project...
Uncertainty Principle Inequalities Related to Laguerre-Bessel Transform
In this paper, an analogous of Heisenberg inequality is established for Laguerre-Bessel transform. Also, a local uncertainty principle for this transform is investigate
Hamem, Soumeya
1 Transformer Oil Containment Transformer Oil Containment Risk Assessment Risk Assessment A Team Approach A Team Approach SWPA SPRA USACE SWPA SPRA USACE Marshall Boyken...
The Transformation of Outdoor Ammonium Nitrate Aerosols in the...
The Transformation of Outdoor Ammonium Nitrate Aerosols in the Indoor Environment Title The Transformation of Outdoor Ammonium Nitrate Aerosols in the Indoor Environment...
NOx reduction by electron beam-produced nitrogen atom injection
Deactivated atomic nitrogen generated by an electron beam from a gas stream containing more than 99% N.sub.2 is injected at low temperatures into an engine exhaust to reduce NOx emissions. High NOx reduction efficiency is achieved with compact electron beam devices without use of a catalyst.
Penetrante, Bernardino M. (San Ramon, CA)
Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream (1st Grade) Lesson Plan
Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream (1st Grade) Lesson Plan Science Standards Addressed (From the Colorado=0 Standard 1 - Physical Science 1st Grade: Outcome 1: Solids and liquids have unique properties) Large Metal or plastic mixing bowl Wire whisk and wooden spoon 4 cups heavy cream 1-1/2 Half & Half
Nitrogen Adsorption in Carbon Aerogels: A Molecular Simulation Study
Nitrogen Adsorption in Carbon Aerogels: A Molecular Simulation Study S. Gavalda, K. E. Gubbins,*, Y a molecular model for carbon aerogel in which the mesopore space is represented by carbon spheres-ray diffraction. The resulting model aerogel had a surface area, porosity, and pore size distribution that closely
Carbon and nitrogen allocation in trees R.E. Dickson
Carbon and nitrogen allocation in trees R.E. Dickson USDA-Forest Service, NCFES, Rhinelander, WI, U.S.A. Introduction Growth of trees and all plants depends up- on maintaining a positive carbon balance despite to multiple environ- mental stresses (Chapin et aL, 1987; Osmond et al., 1987). Light, carbon, water
Recanati, Catherine
Characterization of Solid State Phase Transformation in Continuously Heated and Cooled Ferritic Weld Metal
Arc welding processes involve cooling rates that vary over a wide range (1-100 K/s). The final microstructire is thus a product of the heating and cooling cycles experienced by the weld in addition to the weld composition. It has been shown that the first phase to form under weld cooling conditions may not be that predicted by equilibrium calculations. The partitioning of different interstitial/substitutional alloying elements at high temperatures can dramatically affect the subsequent phase transformations. In order to understand the effect of alloying on phase transformation temperatures and final microstructures time-resolved X-ray diffraction technique has been successfully used for characterization. The work by Jacot and Rappaz on pearlitic steels provided insight into austenitization of hypoeutectic steels using a finite volume model. However there is very little work done on the effect of heating and cooling rates on the phase transformation paths in bainitic/martensitic steels and weld metals. Previous work on a weld with higher aluminum content, deposited with a FCAW-S process indicated that even at aluminum levels where the primary phase to solidify from liquid should be delta ferrite, non-equilibrium austenite was observed. The presence of inhomogeneity in composition of the parent microstructure has been attributed to differences in transformation modes, temperatures and microstructures in dual-phase, TRIP steels and ferritic welds. The objectives of the work included the identification of the stability regions of different phases during heating and cooling, differences in the effect of weld heating and cooling rates on the phase transformation temperatures, and the variation in phase fractions of austenite and ferrite in the two phase regions as a function of temperature. The base composition used for the present work is a Fe-1%Al-2%Mn-1%Ni-0.04%C weld metal. A pseudo-binary phase diagram shows the expected solidification path under equilibrium conditions. However, the effect of heating and cooling rates on the phase transformation path due to non-equilibrium partitioning of alloying elements cannot be predicted by equilibrium phase diagrams. Also, it is unclear if there is retention of delta ferrite to room temperature due to compositional or thermal effects. This would dramatically affect the austenite to ferrite transformation due to carbon and nitrogen enrichment in the austenite.
Narayana, B [Ohio State University, The, Columbus; Mills, Michael J. [Ohio State University, The, Columbus; Specht, Eliot D [ORNL; Santella, Michael L [ORNL; Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh [Ohio State University, The, Columbus
Entanglement-assisted transformation is asymptotically equivalent to multiple-copy transformation
We show that two ways of manipulation of quantum entanglement, namely, entanglement-assisted local transformation [D. Jonathan and M. B. Plenio, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\\bf 83}, 3566 (1999)] and multiple-copy transformation [S. Bandyopadhyay, V. Roychowdhury, and U. Sen, Phys. Rev. A {\\bf 65}, 052315 (2002)], are equivalent in the sense that they can asymptotically simulate each other's ability to implement a desired transformation from a given source state to another given target state with the same optimal success probability. As a consequence, this yields a feasible method to evaluate the optimal conversion probability of an entanglement-assisted transformation.
Runyao Duan; Yuan feng; Mingsheng Ying
Yield, quality components and nitrogen levels of silage corn fertilized with urea and zeolite
and N fertilization affect corn silage yield and quality. Jand the nitrogen status of corn. J Prod Agric. 1991;4:525-and nitrogen effects on corn silage. Agron. J. ___, Kalonge
Bernardi, Alberto C. de Campos; Souza, Gilberto Batista de; Polidoro, Jos� Carlos; Paiva, Paulo Renato Perdig�o; Monte, Marisa Bezerra de Melo
Electronic Properties of Nitrogen-/Boron-Doped Graphene Nanoribbons With Armchair Edges
Calculation of electronic structures has been performed for graphene nanoribbons with eight-armchair edges containing nitrogen or boron substitutional impurity by using ab initio density functional theory. It is found that the electronic structures ... Keywords: Doping, graphene, nanotechnology, nitrogen
Shan Sheng Yu; Wei Tao Zheng; Qing Jiang
Nitrogen-incorporation induced changes in the microstructure of nanocrystalline WO3 thin films
Nitrogen doped tungsten oxide (WO3) films were grown by reactive magnetron sputter-deposition by varying the nitrogen content in the reactive gas mixture keeping the deposition temperature fixed at 400 C. The crystal structure, surface morphology, chemical composition, and electrical resistivity of nitrogen doped WO3 films were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical conductivity measurements. The results indicate that the nitrogen-doping induced changes in the microstructure and electrical properties of WO3 films are significant. XRD measurements coupled with SEM analysis indicates that the increasing nitrogen content decreases the grain size and crystal quality. The nitrogen concentration increases from 0 at.% to 1.35 at.% with increasing nitrogen flow rate from 0 to 20 sccm. The corresponding dc electrical conductivity of the films had shown a decreasing trend with increasing nitrogen content.
Vemuri, Venkata Rama Sesha R.; Noor-A-Alam, M.; Gullapalli, Satya K.; Engelhard, Mark H.; Ramana, C.V.
JV Task-121 Electrochemical Synthesis of Nitrogen Fertilizers
An electrolytic renewable nitrogen fertilizer process that utilizes wind-generated electricity, N{sub 2} extracted from air, and syngas produced via the gasification of biomass to produce nitrogen fertilizer ammonia was developed at the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center. This novel process provides an important way to directly utilize biosyngas generated mainly via the biomass gasification in place of the high-purity hydrogen which is required for Haber Bosch-based production of the fertilizer for the production of the widely used nitrogen fertilizers. Our preliminary economic projection shows that the economic competitiveness of the electrochemical nitrogen fertilizer process strongly depends upon the cost of hydrogen gas and the cost of electricity. It is therefore expected the cost of nitrogen fertilizer production could be considerably decreased owing to the direct use of cost-effective 'hydrogen-equivalent' biosyngas compared to the high-purity hydrogen. The technical feasibility of the electrolytic process has been proven via studying ammonia production using humidified carbon monoxide as the hydrogen-equivalent vs. the high-purity hydrogen. Process optimization efforts have been focused on the development of catalysts for ammonia formation, electrolytic membrane systems, and membrane-electrode assemblies. The status of the electrochemical ammonia process is characterized by a current efficiency of 43% using humidified carbon monoxide as a feedstock to the anode chamber and a current efficiency of 56% using high-purity hydrogen as the anode gas feedstock. Further optimization of the electrolytic process for higher current efficiency and decreased energy consumption is ongoing at the EERC.
Junhua Jiang; Ted Aulich
Nitrogen control of chloroplast differentiation. Annual progress report
Constraint condition on transformed relation for generalized acoustics
Contrary to transformation optics (TO), there exist many possibilities for transformed relations of material property and field variable in case of transformation acoustics (TA). To investigate the underlining mechanism and develop a general method that can obtain the full transformed relations, an alternative interpretation to the form-invariance is explored. We consider a spatial transformation, with which a physical phenomenon described in an initial space is transformed to a deformed space, and interpret the mapping by local affine transformation point-by-point. Further, we postulate that the transformed material property and field must rebuild the same physical process, and that the energy must be conserved at each point during the transformation. These conditions impose the constraint on the transformed relation for material property and field. By establishing two local Cartesian frames defined uniquely by the spatial transformation, any physical quantity is shown to first experience a rigid rotation and then a stretch operation during the transformation. We show that the constraint conditions are not enough to determine completely the transformed relation for TA, leaving a possibility to define them differently as found in the literature. New acoustic transformations with constant density or modulus are also proposed and verified by constructing a two-dimensional acoustic cloak. Finally, we show that the transformed relation is uniquely determined for transformation optics, and discuss how this method can be extended to other transformation physics.
Jin Hu; Xiaoning Liu; Gengkai Hu
Per-plant eco-physiological responses of maize to varied nitrogen availability at low and high plant densities
and low nitrogen availability. Agron. J. 2009; forthcoming.the impacts of nitrogen (N) availability on intra-specificgenotypes to varied N availability at both low and high
Boomsma, Christopher R; Vyn, Tony J
Unified Field Theory From Enlarged Transformation Group. The Covariant Derivative for Conservative Coordinate Transformations and Local Frame Transformations
Pandres has developed a theory in which the geometrical structure of a real four-dimensional space-time is expressed by a real orthonormal tetrad, and the group of diffeomorphisms is replaced by a larger group called the conservation group. This paper extends the geometrical foundation for Pandres' theory by developing an appropriate covariant derivative which is covariant under all local Lorentz (frame) transformations, including complex Lorentz transformations, as well as conservative transformations. After defining this extended covariant derivative, an appropriate Lagrangian and its resulting field equations are derived. As in Pandres' theory, these field equations result in a stress-energy tensor that has terms which may automatically represent the electroweak field. Finally, the theory is extended to include 2-spinors and 4-spinors.
Edward Lee Green
The influence of Fe catalysts on the release of nitrogen oxides during the gasification of nitrogen doped carbon-13 material
855 The influence of Fe catalysts on the release of nitrogen oxides during the gasification. (Received 12 June 19%; accepted in revised form 4 April 1997) Key Words - A. Char, B. gasification, the rapid devol- atilisation of the coal is accompanied by the ignition/gasification of the volatiles
Thomas, Mark
The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Bioenergy Sorghum Yield and Quality
Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is one of the prospective crops that may be used to produce biofuels in the future. Therefore, it is of interest to find management practices that improve both the production of biomass yield and quality. This study presents observations of the effects different rates of nitrogen fertilization have on yield, tissue nitrogen content, and tissue quality measures such as ash, lignin, sucrose, xylans, cellulose and starch content, based on three years of field trials from the Brazos Bottom and one year of field trials from near China, Texas. Data for the quality components were obtained using near infrared spectroscopy, with the exception of tissue nitrogen which was determined by using the dry combustion method. This study has showed fertilizer nitrogen had a strong positive correlation with the tissue nitrogen of sorghum biomass. Changes in tissue quality in relationship with fertilizer nitrogen levels and tissue nitrogen concentration were also observed. Ash showed a strong positive and sucrose showed a strong negative correlation to both tissue nitrogen concentration and fertilizer nitrogen application. Similarly to sucrose, starch also decreased with higher nitrogen levels and lignin was found to increase slightly. The concentration of cellulose and xylans were very weakly affected by nitrogen application and nitrogen concentration.
Zilahi-Sebess, Szilvia
, those obtained from nitrogen injection through enhanced gas recovery2 or from landfill gases3. Even when the nitrogen content in natural gas or landfill gases is consid- erably lower than the CO2 content viable when natural gas prices are high enough4. Therefore, understanding the fundamentals of nitrogen
Lisal, Martin
Methods of detection and identificationoc carbon- and nitrogen-containing materials
Methods for detecting and identifying carbon- and/or nitrogen-containing materials are disclosed. The methods may comprise detection of photo-nuclear reaction products of nitrogen and carbon to detect and identify the carbon- and/or nitrogen-containing materials.
Karev, Alexander Ivanovich; Raevsky, Valery Georgievich; Dzhalivyan, Leonid Zavenovich; Brothers, Louis Joseph; Wilhide, Larry K
Integrated assessment of the spatial variability of ozone impacts from emissions of nitrogen oxides
This paper examines the ozone (O{sub 3}) damages caused by nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in different locations around the Atlanta metropolitan area during a summer month. Ozone impacts are calculated using a new integrated assessment model that links pollution emissions to their chemical transformation, transport, population exposures, and effects on human health. It was found that increased NOx emissions in rural areas around Atlanta increase human exposure to ambient O{sub 3} twice as much as suburban emissions. However, increased NOx emissions in central city Atlanta actually reduce O{sub 3} exposures. For downtown emissions, the reduction in human exposures to O{sub 3} from titration by NO in the central city outweighs the effects from increased downwind O{sub 3}. The results indicate that the marginal damage from NOx emissions varies greatly across a metropolitan area. The results raise concerns if cap and trade regulations cause emissions to migrate toward higher marginal damage locations. 22 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Daniel Q. Tong; Nicholas Z. Muller; Denise L. Mauzerall; Robert O. Mendelsohn [Princeton University, Princeton, NJ (United States). Science, Technology and Environmental Policy Program, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
Commissioning of the new AGS MMPS transformers
The Brookhaven AGS Main Magnet Power Supply (MMPS) is a thyristor control supply rated at 5500 Amps. +/-9000 Volts. The peak magnet power is 50 MWatts. The power supply is fed from a motor/generator manufactured by Siemens. During rectify and invert operation the P Bank power supplies are used. During the flattops the F Bank power supplies are used. The P Bank power supplies are fed from two 23 MVA transformers and the F Bank power supplies are fed from two 5.3 MYA transformers. The fundamental frequency of the F Bank power supplies is 1440 Hz, however the fundamental frequency of the P banks was 720 Hz. It was very important to reduce the ripple during rectify to improve polarized proton operations. For this reason and also because the original transformers were 45 years old we replaced these transformers with new ones and we made the fundamental frequency of both P and F banks 1440 Hz. This paper will highlight the major hurdles that were involved during the installation of the new transformers. It will present waveforms while running at different power levels up to 6MW full load. It will show the transition from the F-Bank power supplies to the P-Banks and also show the improvements in ripple made on the P-Bank power supplies.
Bajon,E.; Badea, V. S.; Bannon, M.; Bonati, R.; Marneris, I. M.; Porqueddu, r.; Roser, T.; Sandberg, J.; Savatteri, S.
Transformation elastodynamics and active exterior acoustic cloaking
This chapter consists of three parts. In the first part we recall the elastodynamic equations under coordinate transformations. The idea is to use coordinate transformations to manipulate waves propagating in an elastic material. Then we study the effect of transformations on a mass-spring network model. The transformed networks can be realized with "torque springs", which are introduced here and are springs with a force proportional to the displacement in a direction other than the direction of the spring terminals. Possible homogenizations of the transformed networks are presented, with potential applications to cloaking. In the second and third parts we present cloaking methods that are based on cancelling an incident field using active devices which are exterior to the cloaked region and that do not generate significant fields far away from the devices. In the second part, the exterior cloaking problem for the Laplace equation is reformulated as the problem of polynomial approximation of analytic functions. An explicit solution is given that allows to cloak larger objects at a fixed distance from the cloaking device, compared to previous explicit solutions. In the third part we consider the active exterior cloaking problem for the Helmholtz equation in 3D. Our method uses the Green's formula and an addition theorem for spherical outgoing waves to design devices that mimic the effect of the single and double layer potentials in Green's formula.
Fernando Guevara Vasquez; Graeme W. Milton; Daniel Onofrei; Pierre Seppecher
The Power of LOCCq State Transformations
Reversible state transformations under entanglement non-increasing operations give rise to entanglement measures. It is well known that asymptotic local operations and classical communication (LOCC) are required to get a simple operational measure of bipartite pure state entanglement. For bipartite mixed states and multipartite pure states it is likely that a more powerful class of operations will be needed. To this end \\cite{BPRST01} have defined more powerful versions of state transformations (or reducibilities), namely LOCCq (asymptotic LOCC with a sublinear amount of quantum communication) and CLOCC (asymptotic LOCC with catalysis). In this paper we show that {\\em LOCCq state transformations are only as powerful as asymptotic LOCC state transformations} for multipartite pure states. We first generalize the concept of entanglement gambling from two parties to multiple parties: any pure multipartite entangled state can be transformed to an EPR pair shared by some pair of parties and that any irreducible $m$ $(m\\ge 2)$ party pure state can be used to create any other state (pure or mixed), using only local operations and classical communication (LOCC). We then use this tool to prove the result. We mention some applications of multipartite entanglement gambling to multipartite distillability and to characterizations of multipartite minimal entanglement generating sets. Finally we discuss generalizations of this result to mixed states by defining the class of {\\em cat distillable states}.
Ashish V. Thapliyal; John A. Smolin
An Equivalence of Entanglement-Assisted Transformation and Multiple-Copy Entanglement Transformation
We examine the powers of entanglement-assisted transformation and multiple-copy entanglement transformation. First, we find a sufficient condition of when a given catalyst is useful in producing another specific target state. As an application of this condition, for any non-maximally entangled bipartite pure state and any integer $n$ not less than 4, we are able to explicitly construct a set of $n\\times n$ quantum states which can be produced by using the given state as a catalyst. Second, we prove that for any positive integer $k$, entanglement-assisted transformation with $k\\times k$-dimensional catalysts is useful in producing a target state if and only if multiple-copy entanglement transformation with $k$ copies of state is useful in producing the same target. Moreover, a necessary and sufficient condition for both of them is obtained in terms of the Schmidt coefficients of the target. This equivalence of entanglement-assisted transformation and multiple-copy entanglement transformation implies many interesting properties of entanglement transformation. Furthermore, these results are generalized to the case of probabilistic entanglement transformations.
Runyao Duan; Yuan Feng; Mingsheng Ying
Method of removing nitrogen monoxide from a nitrogen monoxide-containing gas using a water-soluble iron ion-dithiocarbamate, xanthate or thioxanthate
The present invention relates to a method of removing of nitrogen monoxide from a nitrogen monoxide-containing gas which method comprises contacting a nitrogen oxide-containing gas with an aqueous solution of water soluble organic compound-iron ion chelate complex. The NO absorption efficiency of ferrous urea-dithiocarbamate and ferrous diethanolamine-xanthate as a function of time, oxygen content and solution ph is presented. 3 figs., 1 tab.
Liu, D. Kwok-Keung; Chang, Shih-Ger
Blasting Vibration Signals Based on Hilbert Transformation of the Application
This paper is based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD )of Hilbert-Huang transform (Hilbert-Huang Transformation, HHT) method shall be applied to the blasting vibration signal, first introduced the Hilbert-Huang transform theory and algorithms, then ... Keywords: Blast, Hilbert-Huang transform, seismic wave, frequency spectrogram
Xueping Ren; Dongsheng Hao
Duality transformation of non-Abelian tensor gauge fields
For non-Abelian tensor gauge fields we have found an alternative form of duality transformation, which has the property that the direct and the inverse transformations coincide. This duality transformation has the desired property that the direct and the inverse transformations map Lagrangian forms into each other.
Sebastian Guttenberg; George Savvidy
On sequences with {-1,0,1} Hankel transforms
We study Hankel transforms of sequences, where the transform elements are members of the set {-1,0,1}. We relate these Hankel transforms to special continued fraction expansions. In particular, we posit a conjecture relating the distribution of non-zero terms in the Hankel transform to the distribution of powers of the variable in the defining continued fractions.
Barry, Paul
The generalized Radon transform: Sampling, accuracy and memory considerations
The generalized Radon (or Hough) transform is a well-known tool for detecting parameterized shapes in an image. The Radon transform is a mapping between the image space and a parameter space. The coordinates of a point in the latter correspond to the ... Keywords: Efficient implementation, Error estimation, Hough transform, Image analysis, Multi-dimensional image, Parameterized shape detection, Radon transform
Cris L. Luengo Hendriks; Michael van Ginkel; Piet W. Verbeek; Lucas J. van Vliet
The $?$-deformed Segal-Bargmann transform is a Hall type transform
We present an explanation of how the $\\mu$-deformed Segal-Bargmann spaces, that are studied in various articles of the author in collaboration with Angulo, Echevarria and Pita, can be viewed as deserving their name, that is, how they should be considered as a part of Segal-Bargmann analysis. This explanation relates the $\\mu$-deformed Segal-Bargmann transforms to the generalized Segal-Bargmann transforms introduced by B. Hall using heat kernel analysis. All the versions of the $\\mu$-deformed Segal-Bargmann transform can be understood as Hall type transforms. In particular, we define a $\\mu$-deformation of Hall's "Version C" generalized Segal-Bargmann transform which is then shown to be a $\\mu$-deformed convolution with a $\\mu$-deformed heat kernel followed by analytic continuation. Our results are generalizations and analogues of the results of Hall.
Stephen Bruce Sontz
HERCULES: A Pattern Driven Code Transformation System
New parallel computers are emerging, but developing efficient scientific code for them remains difficult. A scientist must manage not only the science-domain complexity but also the performance-optimization complexity. HERCULES is a code transformation system designed to help the scientist to separate the two concerns, which improves code maintenance, and facilitates performance optimization. The system combines three technologies, code patterns, transformation scripts and compiler plugins, to provide the scientist with an environment to quickly implement code transformations that suit his needs. Unlike existing code optimization tools, HERCULES is unique in its focus on user-level accessibility. In this paper we discuss the design, implementation and an initial evaluation of HERCULES.
Kartsaklis, Christos [ORNL; Hernandez, Oscar R [ORNL; Hsu, Chung-Hsing [ORNL; Ilsche, Thomas [Technische Universitat Dresden; Joubert, Wayne [ORNL; Graham, Richard L [ORNL
KSI's Cross Insulated Core Transformer Technology
Cross Insulated Core Transformer (CCT) technology improves on Insulated Core Transformer (ICT) implementations. ICT systems are widely used in very high voltage, high power, power supply systems. In an ICT transformer ferrite core sections are insulated from their neighboring ferrite cores. Flux leakage is present at each of these insulated gaps. The flux loss is raised to the power of stages in the ICT design causing output voltage efficiency to taper off with increasing stages. KSI's CCT technology utilizes a patented technique to compensate the flux loss at each stage of an ICT system. Design equations to calculate the flux compensation capacitor value are presented. CCT provides corona free operation of the HV stack. KSI's CCT based High Voltage power supply systems offer high efficiency operation, high frequency switching, low stored energy and smaller size over comparable ICT systems.
Uhmeyer, Uwe [Kaiser Systems, Inc, 126 Sohier Road, Beverly, MA 01915 (United States)
Canonical transformations in three-dimensional phase space
Canonical transformation in a three-dimensional phase space endowed with Nambu bracket is discussed in a general framework. Definition of the canonical transformations is constructed as based on canonoid transformations. It is shown that generating functions, transformed Hamilton functions and the transformation itself for given generating functions can be determined by solving Pfaffian differential equations corresponding to that quantities. Types of the generating functions are introduced and all of them is listed. Infinitesimal canonical transformations are also discussed. Finally, we show that decomposition of canonical transformations is also possible in three-dimensional phase space as in the usual two-dimensional one.
Dereli, T; Hakioglu, T
T. Dereli; A. Tegmen; T. Hakioglu
Biofilter for removal of nitrogen oxides from contaminated gases under aerobic conditions
A biofilter is described for reducing concentrations of gaseous nitrogen oxides in a polluted gas comprises a porous organic filter bed medium disposed in a housing, the filter bed medium including a mixed culture of naturally occurring denitrifying bacteria for converting the nitrogen oxides to nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and water. A method is described of reducing concentrations of nitrogen oxides in polluted gas comprises conducting the polluted gas through the biofilter so that the denitrifying bacteria can degrade the nitrogen oxides. A preferred filter medium is wood compost, however composts of other organic materials are functional. Regulation of pH, moisture content, exogenous carbon sources, and temperature are described. 6 figs.
Apel, W.A.
A biofilter for reducing concentrations of gaseous nitrogen oxides in a polluted gas comprises a porous organic filter bed medium disposed in a housing, the filter bed medium including a mixed culture of naturally occurring denitrifying bacteria for converting the nitrogen oxides to nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and water. A method of reducing concentrations of nitrogen oxides in polluted gas comprises conducting the polluted gas through the biofilter so that the denitrifying bacteria can degrade the nitrogen oxides. A preferred filter medium is wood compost, however composts of other organic materials are functional. Regulation of pH, moisture content, exogenous carbon sources, and temperature are described.
Apel, William A. (Idaho Falls, ID)
Generalised Wick Transform in Dimensionally Reduced Gravity
In the context of canonical quantum gravity, we study an alternative real quantisation scheme, which is arising by relating simpler Riemannian quantum theory to the more complicated physical Lorentzian theory - the generalised Wick transform. On the symmetry reduced models, homogenous Bianchi cosmology and 2+1 gravity, we investigate its generalised construction principle, demonstrate that the emerging quantum theory is equivalent to the one obtained from standard quantisation and how to obtain physical states in Lorentzian gravity from Wick transforming solutions of Riemannian quantum theory.
B. Hartmann; J. Wisniewski
Dynamical conformal transformation and classical Euclidean wormholes
We investigate the necessary condition for the existence of classical Euclidean wormholes in a conformally non-invariant gravitational model minimally coupled to an scalar field. It is shown that while the original Ricci tensor with positive eigenvalues does not allow the Euclidean wormholes to occur, under dynamical conformal transformations the Ricci tensor, with respect to the original metric, is dynamically coupled with the conformal field and its eigenvalues may become negative allowing the Euclidean wormholes to occur. Therefore, it is conjectured that dynamical conformal transformations may provide us with {\\it effective} forms of matter sources leading to Euclidean wormholes in conformally non-invariant systems.
F. Darabi
Conditions for a class of entanglement transformations
Suppose Alice and Bob jointly possess a pure state, $|\\psi\\ra$. Using local operations on their respective systems and classical communication it may be possible for Alice and Bob to transform $|\\psi\\ra$ into another joint state $|\\phi\\ra$. This Letter gives necessary and sufficient conditions for this process of entanglement transformation to be possible. These conditions reveal a partial ordering on the entangled states, and connect quantum entanglement to the algebraic theory of majorization. As a consequence, we find that there exist essentially different types of entanglement for bipartite quantum systems.
M. A. Nielsen
Finite BRST Transformations for the Bagger-Lambert-Gustavasson Theory
In this paper we analyse the Bagger-Lambert-Gustavsson (BLG) theory in $\\mathcal{N} =1$ superspace. Furthermore, we will construct the BRST transformations for this theory. These BRST transformations will be integrated out to obtain the finite field dependent version of BRST (FFBRST) transformations. We will also analyse the effect of the FFBRST transformations on the effective action. We will thus show that the FFBRST transformations can be used to relate generating functionals of the BLG theory in two different gauges.
Mir Faizal; Bhabani P Mandal; Sudhaker Upadhyay
Power Transformer Failure Investigation and Root Cause Analysis
This report provides practical, step-by-step guidance to help utility personnel gather evidence and perform investigations on failed or retired high-voltage substation power transformers to assist in determining the cause of the transformer�s failure or the service condition of retired units.BackgroundHigh-voltage transformers are essential to the reliability of the power system, but many are aging and nearing the end of their design lives. Transformer ...
Shock Wave Structure for Argon, Helium, and Nitrogen
We compare the thickness of shock wave fronts at different Mach numbers, modeled via Navier-Stokes (NS) and Quasi-gasdynamic (QGD) equations, with experimental results from the literature. Monoatomic argon and helium, and diatomic nitrogen, are considered. In this modeling a finite-difference scheme with second-order spatial accuracy is employed. For argon the density thickness calculated via QGD and NS models are in good agreement with each other, and with the experimental results. For helium QGD and NS results agree well with those from the bimodal model. For nitrogen, the QGD results are closer to the experimental data than NS results. The QGD-based algorithm converges to the steady state solution faster than the NS-based one.
T. G. Elizarova; I. A. Shirokov; S. Montero
Aromatic nitrogen compounds in fossil fuels: a potential hazard
To achieve energy independence in the United States, converting coal to oil or extracting oil from shale will be required. Before commercial scale fossil fuel conversion facilities become a reality, chemical and biological studies of currently available synfuel samples derived from coal or shale are urgently needed in order to determine what the potential health problems, such as from occupational exposure, might be. Aromatic nitrogen compounds such as basic aza-arenes, neutral aza-arenes, and aromatic amines are considered environmentally important and several members of these classes of compounds possess biological activity. For example, dibenz(a,h)acridine, 7 H-dibenzo(c,g)carbazole, and 2-naphthylamine, are well known as carcinogens. The methods used to isolate the basic aromatic nitrogen compounds and neutral aza-arenes from one shale oil and one coal-derived oil are discussed. The mutagenic activities of these fractions, based on the Ames Salmonella typhimurium test, are compared.
Ho, C H; Clark, B R; Guerin, M R; Ma, C Y; Rao, T K
Method for reducing nitrogen oxides in combustion effluents
Method for reducing nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) in the gas stream from the combustion of fossil fuels is disclosed. In a narrow gas temperature zone, NO.sub.x is converted to nitrogen by reaction with urea or ammonia with negligible remaining ammonia and other reaction pollutants. Specially designed injectors are used to introduce air atomized water droplets containing dissolved urea or ammonia into the gaseous combustion products in a manner that widely disperses the droplets exclusively in the optimum reaction temperature zone. The injector operates in a manner that forms droplet of a size that results in their vaporization exclusively in this optimum NO.sub.x -urea/ammonia reaction temperature zone. Also disclosed is a design of a system to effectively accomplish this injection.
Zauderer, Bert (Merion Station, PA)
Carbon and nitrogen isotope studies in an arctic ecosystem
This proposal requests funding for the completion of our current ecological studies at the MS-117 research site at Toolik Lake, Alaska. We have been using a mix of stable and radioisotope techniques to assess the fluxes of carbon and nitrogen within the ecosystem and the implications for long-term carbon storage or loss from the tundra. Several tentative conclusions have emerged from our study including: Tundra in the foothills is no longer accumulating carbon. Surficial radiocarbon abundances show little or no accumulation since 1000--2500 yrs BP. Coastal plain tundra is still accumulating carbon, but the rate of accumulation has dropped in the last few thousand years. Carbon export from watersheds in the Kuparuk and Imnavait Creek drainages are in excess of that expected from estimated primary productivity; and Nitrogen isotope abundances vary between species of plants and along hydrologic gradients.
Schell, D.M.
Method For Selective Catalytic Reduction Of Nitrogen Oxides
A method for catalytically reducing nitrogen oxide compounds (NO.sub.x, defined as nitric oxide, NO, +nitrogen dioxide, NO.sub.2) in a gas by a material comprising a base metal consisting essentially of CuO and Mn, and oxides of Mn, on an activated metal hydrous metal oxide support, such as HMO:Si. A promoter, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide, can be added and has been shown to increase conversion efficiency. This method provides good conversion of NO.sub.x to N.sub.2, good selectivity, good durability, resistance to SO.sub.2 aging and low toxicity compared with methods utilizing vanadia-based catalysts.
Mowery-Evans, Deborah L. (Broomfield, CO); Gardner, Timothy J. (Albuquerque, NM); McLaughlin, Linda I. (Albuquerque, NM)
Method for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides
Frostbite Theater - Liquid Nitrogen Experiments - Cells vs. Liquid
Superconductors! Superconductors! Previous Video (Superconductors!) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Liquid Oxygen and Fire!) Liquid Oxygen and Fire! Cells vs. Liquid Nitrogen! Let's say you've carelessly dunked your hand into a vat of liquid nitrogen and let it freeze solid. Every movie you've seen where this happens tells you that your hand will shatter like fine china should you bump it into something. If you're extremely careful, will your hand be okay once it thaws out? We'll explore this issue, using flower and onion cells rather than our hands! [ Show Transcript ] Announcer: Frostbite Theater presents... Cold Cuts! No baloney! Joanna and Steve: Just science! Joanna: Hi! I'm Joanna! Steve: And I'm Steve! Joanna: By now, we all know what happens when you place a flower in liquid
Questions and Answers - Are nitrogen, arsenic, and tantalum radioactive?
How many neutrons can you add to anatom without it getting unbalanced? How many neutrons can you add to an<br>atom without it getting unbalanced? Previous Question (How many neutrons can you add to an atom without it getting unbalanced?) Questions and Answers Main Index Next Question (How long is the life span of an atom?) How long is the life span of an atom? Are nitrogen, arsenic, and tantalum radioactive? The answer is yes and no. Let's see why. When you want to know about elements, you go look in the periodic table. But what you see listed in the periodic table of the elements is only part of the picture. For every element listed, there are different "flavors" called isotopes. All of the elements have at least one isotope that is radioactive. So, we can say that there is such a thing as radioactive nitrogen, arsenic and tantalum. Some
Questions and Answers - What's the difference between hydrogen, nitrogen,
Which element has 11 protonsand 12 neutrons? Which element has 11 protons<br>and 12 neutrons? Previous Question (Which element has 11 protons and 12 neutrons?) Questions and Answers Main Index Next Question (Does sodium have any isotopes? Is it radioactive?) Does sodium have anyisotopes? Is it radioactive? What's the difference between hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, copper, gold and magnesium? Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, copper, gold and magnesium all have different physical and chemical properties. You can find descriptions of all of these elements on our Periodic Table of Elements. The single most important difference between these elements is the number of protons each one contains in its nucleus. The number of protons an atom contains dictates how many electrons it will have. It is the arrangement of
Nitrogen Deposition onto the United States and Western Europe
ORNL DAAC Data Set Change Information ORNL DAAC Data Set Change Information Data Set: Nitrogen Deposition onto the United States and Western Europe Effective Date of Revision: May 2, 2005 Data Set Citation: Holland, E. A., B. H. Braswell, J. M. Sulzman, and J. -F. Lamarque. 2005. Nitrogen Deposition onto the United States and Western Europe. Data set. Available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. Revision Summary: The investigator advised us that data in two of the deposition files were a factor of 100 too large and the order of the records was reversed from the description in the documentation. NADP_wet_deposition_no3_0.5x0.5_grid_annual.txt NADP_wet_deposition_nh4_0.5x0.5_grid_annual.txt Data File Changes:
Long-term tillage, cropping sequence, and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics
Management practices that may increase soil organic matter (SOM) storage include conservation tillage, especially no till (NT), enhanced cropping intensity, and fertilization. My objectives were to evaluate management effects on labile [soil microbial biomass (SMB) and mineralizable, particulate organic matter (POM), and hydrolyzable SOM] and slow (mineral-associated and resistant organic) C and N pools and turnover in continuous sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.], wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], sorghum-wheat/soybean, and wheat/soybean sequences under convent ional tillage (CT) and NT with and without N fertilization. A Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochepts) in southern central Texas was sampled at three depth increments to a 30-cm depth after wheat, sorghum, and soybean harvesting. Soil organic C and total N showed similar responses to tillage, cropping sequence, and N fertilization following wheat, sorghum, and soybean. Most effects were observed in surface soils. NT significantly increased SOC. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased SOC only under NT. Compared to NT or N addition, enhanced cropping intensity only slightly increased SOC. Estimates of C sequestration rates under NT indicated that SOC would reach a new equilibrium after 20 yr or less of imposition of this treatment. Labile pools were all significantly greater with NT than CT at 0 to 5 cm and decreased with depth. SMB, mineralizable C and N, POM, and hydrolyzable C were highly correlated with each other and SOC, but their slopes were significantly different, being lowest in mineralizable C and highest in hydrolyzable C. These results indicated that different methods determined various fractions of total SOC. Results from soil physical fractionation and 13C concentrations further supported these observations. Carbon turnover rates increased in the sequence: ROC < silt- and clayassociated C < microaggregate-C < POM-C. Long-term incubation showed that 4 to 5% of SOC was in active pools with mean residence time (MRT) of about 50 days, 50% of SOC was in slow pools with an average MRT of 12 years, and the remainder was in resistant pools with an assumed MRT of over 500 years.
Dou, Fugen
Stability Regimes of Turbulent Nitrogen-Diluted Hydrogen Jet Flames
One option for combustion in zero-emission Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plants is non-premixed combustion of nitrogen-diluted hydrogen in air. An important aspect to non-premixed combustion is flame stability or anchoring, though only a few fundamental stability studies of these flames have taken place to date. The following paper presents the results of experiments investigating the effects of nitrogen diluent fraction, jet diameter, and exit velocity on the static stability limits of a turbulent hydrogen jet flame issuing from a thin-lipped tube into a quiescent atmosphere. Four different stability limits are observed: detachment from the burner lip, reattachment to the burner lip, transition from a laminar lifted flame base to blowout or to a turbulent lifted flame, and transition from a turbulent lifted flame to blowout. The applicability of existing theories and correlations to the stability results is discussed. These results are an important step in assessing the viability of a non-premixed combustion approach using hydrogen diluted with nitrogen as a fuel.
Weiland, N.T.; Strakey, P.A.
A Very Short Ruthenium(II) - Nitrogen Heterocycle Bond
Very Short Ruthenium(II) - Nitrogen Heterocycle Bond: The Crystal Very Short Ruthenium(II) - Nitrogen Heterocycle Bond: The Crystal Structures of Pentaammine(N-methylpyrazinium)ruthenium(II) Iodide and Pentaammine(N-methylpyrazinium)ruthenium(III) p-Toluenesulfonate Pentahydrate James F. Wishart, Avi Bino and Henry Taube Inorg. Chem. 25, 3318-3321 (1986) Abstract: The crystal structures of [(NH3)5Ru(NC4H4NCH3)] I3 and [(NH3)5Ru(NC4H4NCH3)] (CH3C6H4SO3)4°5H2O have been solved to weighted R factors of 0.053 and 0.083, respectively. For the former structure, the space group is Pmma with a = 10.655(2)Å, b = 7.704(1)Å, c = 21.488(3)Å, and Z = 4. The Ru(II)-N(Mepyz) distance of 1.95(1)Å in this complex is the shortest yet reported for a ruthenium(II) to heteroctclic nitrogen bond. A difference of 0.04(1)Å between the cis (2.122(7)Å and 2.136(8)Å) and
Probing Core-Hole Localization Probing Core-Hole Localization in Molecular Nitrogen Probing Core-Hole Localization in Molecular Nitrogen Print Wednesday, 25 February 2009 00:00 The behavior of the core hole created in molecular x-ray photoemission experiments has provided molecular scientists with a valuable window through which to probe the electronic structure and dynamics of molecules. But the answer to one fundamental quantum question-whether the core hole is localized or delocalized-has remained elusive for diatomic molecules in which both atoms are the same element. An international team of scientists from the University of Frankfurt in Germany, Berkeley Lab, Kansas State University, and Auburn University has now resolved the issue with an appropriate twist of quantum fuzziness. By means of coincident detection of the photoelectron ejected from molecular nitrogen and the Auger electron emitted femtoseconds later, the team found that how the measurements are done determines which description-localized or delocalized-is valid.
Transformer Recharging with Alpha Channeling in Tokamaks
Transformer recharging with lower hybrid waves in tokamaks can give low average auxiliary power if the resistivity is kept high enough during the radio frequency (rf) recharging stage. At the same time, operation in the hot ion mode via alpha channeling increases the effective fusion reactivity. This paper will address the extent to which these two large cost saving steps are compatible. __________________________________________________
N.J. Fisch
Reciprocal transformations and deformations of integrable hierarchies
We present changes of variables that transform new integrable hierarchies found by Szablikowski and B{\\l}aszak using the $R$-matrix deformation technique [J. Math. Phys. 47 (2006), paper 043505, nlin.SI/0501044] into known Harry-Dym-type and mKdV-type hierarchies.
A. Sergyeyev
Power quality assessment of specially connected transformers
This paper examines and compares the voltage deviation, voltage unbalance, and harmonic distortion of V-V, Scott, and Le Blanc connected transformers by a novel approach. The power quality factors are needed to truly reflect the loading characteristics ... Keywords: Le Blanc connection, V-V connection, power quality, scott connection
Yao-Hung Chan; Chi-Jui Wu; Shu-Chen Wang
Transforming XML Schema to OWL Using Patterns
One of the promises of the Semantic Web is to support applications that easily and seamlessly deal with heterogeneous data. Most data on the Web, however, is in the Extensible Markup Language (XML) format, but using XML requires applications to understand ... Keywords: XML Schema, Ontology, transformation patterns, ontology design, automatic ontology generation
Ivan Bedini; Christopher Matheus; Peter F. Patel-Schneider; Aidan Boran; Benjamin Nguyen
Model replication: transformations to address model scalability
In model-driven engineering, it is often desirable to evaluate different design alternatives as they relate to scalability issues of the modeled system. A typical approach to address scalability is model replication, which starts by creating base models ... Keywords: domain-specific modeling, model transformation, model-driven engineering, scalability
Yuehua Lin; Jeff Gray; Jing Zhang; Steve Nordstrom; Aniruddha Gokhale; Sandeep Neema; Swapna Gokhale
Student transformations: are they computer scientists yet?
We examine the changes in the ways computing students view their field as they learn, as reported by the students themselves in short written biographies. In many ways, these changes result in students thinking and acting more like computer scientists ... Keywords: student biographies, threshold concepts, transformations
Carol Zander; Jonas Boustedt; Robert McCartney; Jan Erik Mostr�m; Kate Sanders; Lynda Thomas
Information retrieval system utilizing wavelet transform
A method for automatically partitioning an unstructured electronically formatted natural language document into its sub-topic structure. Specifically, the document is converted to an electronic signal and a wavelet transform is then performed on the signal. The resultant signal may then be used to graphically display and interact with the sub-topic structure of the document.
Brewster, Mary E. (Kennewick, WA); Miller, Nancy E. (Kennewick, WA)
Lorentz transformations with arbitrary line of motion
Sometimes it becomes a matter of natural choice for an observer (A) that he prefers a coordinate system of two-dimensional spatial x-y coordinates from which he observes another observer (B) who is moving at a uniform speed along a line of motion, which is not collinear with As chosen x or y axis. It becomes necessary in such cases to develop Lorentz transformations where the line of motion is not aligned with either the x or the y-axis. In this paper we develop these transformations and show that under such transformations, two orthogonal systems (in their respective frames) appear non-orthogonal to each other. We also illustrate the usefulness of the transformation by applying it to three problems including the rod-slot problem. The derivation has been done before using vector algebra. Such derivations assume that the axes of K and K-prime are parallel. Our method uses matrix algebra and shows that the axes of K and K-prime do not remain parallel, and in fact K and K-prime which are properly orthogonal are observed to be non-orthogonal by K-prime and K respectively. http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0143-0807/28/2/004
Chandru Iyer; G. M. Prabhu
Conformal transformations near Naked Singularities - I
We show that the behaviour of the outgoing radial null geodesic congruence on the boundary of the trapped region (suitably defined as a four dimensional region) is related to the property of nakedness in spherical dust collapse. The argument involves a conformal transformation which justifies the difference in the Penrose diagrams in the naked and covered dust collapse scenarios.
Sukratu Barve
Heat storage in alloy transformations. Final report
A study conducted to determine the feasibility of using metal alloys as thermal energy storage media is described. The study had the following major elements: (1) the identification of congruently transforming alloys and thermochemical property measurements, (2) the development of a precise and convenient method for measuring volume change during phase transformation and thermal expansion coefficients, (3) the development of a numerical modeling routine for calculating heat flow in cylindrical heat exchangers containing phase-change materials, and (4) the identification of materials that could be used to contain the metal alloys. The elements selected as candidate media were limited to aluminum, copper, magnesium, silicon, zinc, calcium, and phosphorus on the basis of low cost and latent heat of transformation. Several new eutectic alloys and ternary intermetallic phases have been determined. A new method employing x-ray absorption techniques was developed to determine the coefficients of thermal expansion of both the solid and liquid phases and the volume change during phase transformation from data that are obtained during one continuous experimental test. The method and apparatus are discussed and the experimental results are presented. The development of the numerical modeling method is presented and results are discussed for both salt and metal alloy phase-change media. Candidate materials were evaluated to determine suitable materials for containment of the metal alloys. Graphite was used to contain the alloys during the volume change measurements. Silicon carbide has been identified as a promising containment material and surface-coated iron alloys were considered.
Birchenall, C E; Gueceri, S I; Farkas, D; Labdon, M B; Nagaswami, N; Pregger, B
Dynamic shading enhancement for reflectance transformation imaging
We propose a set of dynamic shading enhancement techniques for improving the perception of details, features, and overall shape characteristics from images created with Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) techniques. Selection of these perceptual ... Keywords: Visualization, cultural heritage shading enhancement, illumination, image processing
Gianpaolo Palma; Massimiliano Corsini; Paolo Cignoni; Roberto Scopigno; Mark Mudge
A New Method for Transforming Timed Automata
Discrete events systems (DES) are defined by the sequences of events they can execute. For example, communication protocols and computer networks can be seen as DES. Finite state automata (FSA) are convenient for studying (i.e., analyzing, designing) ... Keywords: Set-Exp-Automata, Timed Automata, Transformation
Ahmed Khoumsi; Lucien Ouedraogo
Transformity: The Dependence of the Laws of Physics on Higher-Dimensional Coordinate Transformations
In unified field theories with more than four dimensions, the form of the equations of physics in spacetime depends in general on the choice of coordinates in higher dimensions. The reason is that the group of coordinate transformations in (say) five dimensions is broader than in spacetime. This kind of gauge dependence is illustrated by two examples: a cosmological model in general relativity and a matter wave in quantum theory. Surprisingly, both are equivalent by coordinate transformations to flat featureless five-dimensional space. This kind of transformity is of fundamental significance for the philosophy of physics.
Paul S. Wesson
Two-dimensional fourier transform spectrometer
The present invention relates to a system and methods for acquiring two-dimensional Fourier transform (2D FT) spectra. Overlap of a collinear pulse pair and probe induce a molecular response which is collected by spectral dispersion of the signal modulated probe beam. Simultaneous collection of the molecular response, pulse timing and characteristics permit real time phasing and rapid acquisition of spectra. Full spectra are acquired as a function of pulse pair timings and numerically transformed to achieve the full frequency-frequency spectrum. This method demonstrates the ability to acquire information on molecular dynamics, couplings and structure in a simple apparatus. Multi-dimensional methods can be used for diagnostic and analytical measurements in the biological, biomedical, and chemical fields.
DeFlores, Lauren; Tokmakoff, Andrei
Domain-specific abstractions and compiler transformations
Domain-specific abstractions and compiler Domain-specific abstractions and compiler transformations Domain-specific abstractions and compiler transformations March 4, 2013 sadayappan Saday Sadayappan Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University Recent trends in architecture are making multicore parallelism as well as heterogeneity ubiquitous. This creates significant chalenges to application developers as well as compiler implementations. Currently it is virtually impossible to achieve performance portability of high-performance applications, i.e., develop a single version of source code for an application that achieves high performance on different parallel computer platforms. Different implementations of compute intensive core functions are generally needed for different target platforms, e.g., for multicore
EPRI Forensics Library of Aged Transformers
This report covers the results of ongoing efforts to develop a transformer forensics library. As a first step, the report provides a standard reporting template to ensure that all relevant information is gathered in a consistent manner. In addition, five case studies are presented as part of the effort to develop the library. Each forensics study examines both the physical evidence of the condition or failure of the unit and its available history, including previous test results, monitoring data, and tea...
A fast directional continuous spherical wavelet transform
A fast algorithm for Antoine and Vandergheynst's (1998) directional continuous spherical wavelet transform (CSWT) is presented. Computational requirements are reduced by a factor of O(\\sqrt{N}), when N is the number of pixels on the sphere. The spherical Mexican hat wavelet Gaussianity analysis of the WMAP 1-year data performed by Vielva et al. (2003) is reproduced and confirmed using the fast CSWT. The proposed extension to directional analysis is inherently afforded by the fast CSWT algorithm.
J. D. McEwen; M. P. Hobson; A. N. Lasenby; D. J. Mortlock
Economic analysis of efficient distribution transformer trends
This report outlines an approach that will account for uncertainty in the development of evaluation factors used to identify transformer designs with the lowest total owning cost (TOC). The TOC methodology is described and the most highly variable parameters are discussed. The model is developed to account for uncertainties as well as statistical distributions for the important parameters. Sample calculations are presented. The TOC methodology is applied to data provided by two utilities in order to test its validity.
Downing, D.J.; McConnell, B.W.; Barnes, P.R.; Hadley, S.W.; Van Dyke, J.W.
Residential market transformation: National and regional indicators
A variety of programs are underway to address market barriers to the adoption of energy-efficient residential technologies and practices. Most are administered by utilities, states, or regions that rely on the Energy Star as a consistent platform for program marketing and messaging. This paper reviews regional and national market transformation activities for three key residential end-uses -- air conditioning, clothes washing, and lighting -- characterizing current and ongoing programs; reporting on progress; identifying market indicators; and discussing implications.
Van Wie McGrory, Laura L.; McNamara, Maureen; Suozzo, Margaret
Transforming Big Data into Collective Awareness
Integrating social and sensor networks can transform big data, if treated as a knowledge commons, into a higher form of collective awareness that can motivate users to self-organize and create innovative solutions to various socioeconomic problems. The ... Keywords: Information management,Data handling,Data storage systems,Social network services,Computational modeling,Social factors,Smart grids,Data privacy,knowledge commons,big data,collective awareness,self-organizing systems
Jeremy Pitt, Aikaterini Bourazeri, Andrzej Nowak, Magda Roszczynska, Agnieszka Rychwalska, Inmaculada Rodriguez, Maite Lopez, Monica Florea, Mihai Sanduleac
Microscopic Derivation of an Isothermal Thermodynamic Transformation
We obtain macroscopic isothermal thermodynamic transformations by space-time scalings of a microscopic Hamiltonian dynamics in contact with a heat bath. The microscopic dynamics is given by a chain of anharmonic oscillators subject to a varying tension (external force) and the contact with the heat bath is modeled by independent Langevin dynamics acting on each particle. After a diffusive space-time scaling and cross-graining, the profile of volume converges to the solution of a deterministic diffusive equation with boundary conditions given by the applied tension. This defines an irreversible thermodynamic transformation from an initial equilibrium to a new equilibrium given by the final tension applied. Quasi static reversible isothermal transformations are then obtained by a further time scaling. Heat is defined as the total flux of energy exchanged between the system and the heat bath. Then we prove that the relation between the limit heat, work, free energy and thermodynamic entropy agree with the first and second principle of thermodynamics.
Stefano Olla
Plant growth is influenced by glutamine synthetase-catalyzed nitrogen metabolism
Ammonia assimilation has been implicated as participating in regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living bacteria. In fact, these simple organisms utilize an integrated regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism; we except to observe an integration of nitrogen and carbon fixation in plants; how could these complex systems grow efficiently and compete in the ecosystem without coordinating these two crucial activities We have been investigating the role of ammonia assimilation regulating the complex symbiotic nitrogen fixation of legumes. Just as is observed in the simple bacterial systems, perturbation of ammonia assimilation in legumes results in increased overall nitrogen fixation. The perturbed plants have increased growth and total nitrogen fixation capability. Because we have targeted the first enyzme in ammonia assimilation, glutamine synthetase, this provides a marker that could be used to assist selection or screening for increased biomass yield. 45 refs., 4 tabs.
Langston-Unkefer, P.J.
Frostbite Theater - Just for Fun - How to Make Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream
The Total Lunar Eclipse of December 21, 2010 The Total Lunar Eclipse of December 21, 2010 Previous Video (The Total Lunar Eclipse of December 21, 2010) Frostbite Theater Main Index Next Video (Liquid Nitrogen Viewer Requests!) Liquid Nitrogen Viewer Requests! How to Make Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream What do you do if you need to make ice cream in a hurry? Liquid nitrogen to the rescue! [ Show Transcript ] Steve: Okay! So, We are here at Jefferson Lab and it's about 100 degrees outside and we though "Why not make a little bit of ice cream?" Now, of course we don't have a lot of ice cream on hand, but we do have half-and-half, sugar and vanilla and, since we are at Jefferson Lab where we have a superconductive accelerator, we have lots of liquid nitrogen. So, we're going to make ourselves some liquid nitrogen ice cream. So, Joanna
Understanding urban housing transformations : a case study of Bhogal, India
This thesis attempts to describe dwelling transformations in the case of Bhogal, New Delhi. It is hoped to clarify the links between socio-economic forces and their resultant impact on physical form, through its transformation. ...
Benjamin, Solomon J., 1960-
Production Methods for Amorphous Alloy for Transformer Cores
Transmission and distribution system transformers made of ferromagnetic amorphous metals have far lower core losses than conventional transformers. A pilot plant demonstrated production of these amorphous alloys; a large-scale plant has since been constructed for commercial production.
Split manageable efficient algorithm for Fourier and Hadamard transforms
In this paper, a general, efficient, manageable split algorithm to compute one-dimensional (1-D) unitary transforms, by using the special partitioning in the frequency domain, is introduced. The partitions determine fast transformations that split the ...
A.M. Grigoryan; S.S. Agaian
A fast algorithm for the linear canonical transform
In recent years there has been a renewed interest in finding fast algorithms to compute accurately the linear canonical transform (LCT) of a given function. This is driven by the large number of applications of the LCT in optics and signal processing. The well-known integral transforms: Fourier, fractional Fourier, bilateral Laplace and Fresnel transforms are special cases of the LCT. In this paper we obtain an O(N*Log N) algorithm to compute the LCT by using a chirp-FFT-chirp transformation yielded by a convergent quadrature formula for the fractional Fourier transform. This formula gives a unitary discrete LCT in closed form. In the case of the fractional Fourier transform the algorithm computes this transform for arbitrary complex values inside the unitary circle and not only at the boundary. In the case of the ordinary Fourier transform the algorithm improves the output of the FFT.
Campos, Rafael G
1-D Transforms for the Motion Compensation Residual
Transforms used in image coding are also commonly used to compress prediction residuals in video coding. Prediction residuals have different spatial characteristics from images, and it is useful to develop transforms that ...
A Transformed Lagged Ensemble Forecasting Technique for Increasing Ensemble Size
An ensemble-based data assimilation approach is used to transform old ensemble forecast perturbations with more recent observations for the purpose of inexpensively increasing ensemble size. The impact of the transformations are propagated ...
Andrew R. Lawrence; James A. Hansen
Characterization of Magnetic Fields from Power Distribution Transformers
This report describes a measurement study that was performed to characterize magnetic fields from power distribution transformers. The purpose of the study was to evaluate magnetic field attenuation rates of various sizes of transformers.
A direct method for estimating planar projective transform
Estimating planar projective transform (homography) from a pair of images is a classical problem in computer vision. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for direct registering two point sets in R2 using projective transform without using intensity ...
Yu-Tseh Chi; Jeffrey Ho; Ming-Hsuan Yang
The Parallel Scalability of the Spectral Transform Method
This paper investigates the suitability of the spectral transform method for parallel implementation. The spectral transform method is a natural candidate for general circulation models (GCMs) designed to run on large-scale parallel computers due ...
Ian Foster; William Gropp; Rick Stevens
Method for the purification of noble gases, nitrogen and hydrogen
A method and apparatus for the purification and collection of hydrogen isotopes in a flowing inert gaseous mixture containing impurities, wherein metal alloy getters having the capability of sorbing non-hydrogen impurities such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia, nitrogen and water vapor are utilized to purify the gaseous mixture of impurities. After purification hydrogen isotopes may be more efficiently collected. A plurality of parallel process lines utilizing metal getter alloys can be used to provide for the continuous purification and collection of the hydrogen isotopes.
Baker, John D. (Blackfoot, ID); Meikrantz, David H. (Idaho Falls, ID); Tuggle, Dale G. (Los Alamos, NM)
Nitrogen fixation method and apparatus. [DOE patent application
A method and apparatus for achieving nitrogen fixation includes a volumetric electric discharge chamber. The volumetric discharge chamber provides an even distribution of an electron beam, and enables the chamber to be maintained at a controlled energy to pressure (E/p) ratio. An E/p ratio of from 5 to 15 kV/atm of O/sub 2//cm promotes the formation of vibrationally excited N/sub 2/. Atomic oxygen interacts with vibrationally excited N/sub 2/ at a much quicker rate than unexcited N/sub 2/, greatly improving the rate at which NO is formed.
Prepulse effect on laser-induced water-window radiation from a liquid nitrogen jet
is schematically shown in Fig. 1. A high-purity nitrogen gas was cooled and liquefied through the cooling stagesPrepulse effect on laser-induced water-window radiation from a liquid nitrogen jet J. Son,a M. Cho.34.4 nm x ray from a liquid nitrogen jet. It is observed that a prepulse of only 2 mJ enhances
Kim, Jae-Hoon
Reduction of nitrogen oxides with catalytic acid resistant aluminosilicate molecular sieves and ammonia
Noxious nitrogen oxides in a waste gas stream such as the stack gas from a fossil-fuel-fired power generation plant or other industrial plant off-gas stream is catalytically reduced to elemental nitrogen and/or innocuous nitrogen oxides employing ammonia as reductant in the presence of a zeolite catalyst in the hydrogen or sodium form having pore openings of about 3 to 10 A.
Pence, Dallas T. (Idaho Falls, ID); Thomas, Thomas R. (Idaho Falls, ID)
100-kVA Intelligent Universal Transformer Development
This status report documents the design and development of EPRI's 100-kVA Intelligent Universal Transformer (IUT).
Harmonics from SVC transformer saturation with direct current offset
Circulation of direct current in transformer windings can cause significant transformer saturation and harmonic generation. This problem may be experienced by static var compensators with anti-parallel thyristor arrangement. This paper presents a technique to analyze the harmonic distortions caused by transformer saturation with direct current offset. The technique is used to investigate the harmonic generation from the transformer of a static var compensator to be installed in the B.C. Hydro system.
Xu, W.; Martinich, T.G.; Sawada, J.H.; Mansour, Y. (British Columbia Hydro, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada))
Market Transformation: Solar Energy Technologies Program (SETP) (Fact Sheet)
Fact sheet summarizing the goals and activities of the DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program efforts within its market transformation subprogram.
Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation in Tensile/Compression ...
A Phase Field Crystal Study of Temperature Oscillations in Explosive ... Compositionally Dependent Displacive Transformation from Beta to Omega Phase in�...
V-6: Modification of the Temperatures of Phase Transformations of ...
This study aims at understanding the phenomena that change transformation ... Structural and Thermal Stability Properties of Cellulose Nanocomposites with�...
Robust Policies for the Transformer Acquisition and Allocation Problem
;Abstract As the electric transmission system in the U.S. ages, mitigating the risk of high-voltage trans of historical data. A number of authors have tackled issues of transformer allocation. Chowdhury and Koval (2005 transformer hazard rate curves. In Enders et al. (2007) we explore the locational aspects of transformer
Powell, Warren B.
Ant Colony Optimisation solution to distribution transformer planning problem
This paper proposes a stochastic optimisation method, based on Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO), for the optimal choice of transformer sizes to be installed in a distribution network. This method is properly introduced to the solution of the Optimal ... Keywords: ACO, OTS, ant colony optimisation, distribution network planning, energy loss cost, optimal transformer sizing, thermal loading, transformers
Eleftherios I. Amoiralis; Pavlos S. Georgilakis; Marina A. Tsili; Antonios G. Kladas
EPRI Power Transformer Guidebook Development: The Copper Book
Utilities are losing many of their subject matter experts due to retirement and downsizing. This is particularly true in the case of power transformers, so there is now a critical need for a comprehensive transformer reference book geared toward utility engineers. In 2007, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) published the technical update report Transformer Guidebook Design (1013799). That report ...
Fault Diagnosis of Transformer Based on Random Forest
Fault diagnosis of transformer in power system is studied in this paper. Considering the excellent performances of Random Forest (RF) in pattern recognition, we apply RF to construct a diagnosis model to predict the situation of transformer. The experiments ... Keywords: Rondom Forest, fault diagnosis of transformer, classification model
Xi Chen; Hongmei Cui; Linkai Luo
Intelligent Transformer Monitoring System Utilizing Neuro-Fuzzy
Intelligent Transformer Monitoring System Utilizing Neuro-Fuzzy Technique Approach Intelligent Center Intelligent Transformer Monitoring System Utilizing Neuro-Fuzzy Technique Approach Final Project transformers and circuit breakers off-line, in order to assess whether the equipment is operating normally
Identifying Transformer Incipient Events for Maintaining Distribution System Reliability
Identifying Transformer Incipient Events for Maintaining Distribution System Reliability Karen L events in single-phase distribution transformers. This analysis will aid in the development of an automatic detection method for internal incipient faults in the transformers. The detection method can
Fault Diagnosis of Transformer Based on Probabilistic Neural Network
In order to improve the correct rate of transformer fault diagnosis based on three-ratio method of traditional dissolved gas analysis (DGA), a novel intelligent transformer fault diagnosis method based on both DGA and probabilistic neural network (PNN) ... Keywords: transformer fault diagnosis, probabilistic neural network (PNN), improved three-ratio method
Li Song; Li Xiu-ying; Wang Wen-xu
Assessing the reliability of linear dynamic transformer thermal modelling
Assessing the reliability of linear dynamic transformer thermal modelling X. Mao, D.J. Tylavsky and G.A. McCulla Abstract: Improving the utilisation of transformers requires that the hot-spot and top. An alternative method for assessing transformer model reliability is provided. 1 Introduction The maximally
Transformer Thermal Modeling: Improving Reliability Using Data Quality Control
1 Transformer Thermal Modeling: Improving Reliability Using Data Quality Control Daniel J. Tylavsky--Eventually all large transformers will be dynamically loaded using models updated regularly from field measured data. Models obtained from measured data give more accurate results than models based on transformer
An Electronic Voltage Transformer Based on WLAN Technology
An electronic voltage transformer based on WLAN technology is developed for adapting to the development trends of substations� synthesis automation. The transformer is composed of voltage-to-current conversion unit, signal processing unit and data ... Keywords: electronic voltage transformer, voltage-to-current conversion, WLAN technology, digital interface, wireless communication
Jianqin Feng; Qingming Wang; Fen Niu; Guangzhao Cui; Anping Zheng
Handwriting documents denoising and indexing using hermite transform
This paper presents a new system for handwriting documents denoising and indexing. This work is based on the Hermite Transform, which is a polynomial transform and a good model of the human visual system (HVS). We use this transformation to decompose ...
St�phane Bres; V�ronique Eglin; Carlos Rivero
Discrete Wavelet Transform: Architectures, Design and Performance Issues
Due to the demand for real time wavelet processors in applications such as video compression [1], Internet communications compression [2], object recognition [3], and numerical analysis, many architectures for the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) systems ... Keywords: computer architecture, digital filters, digital signal processors, discrete transforms, wavelet transforms
Michael Weeks; Magdy Bayoumi
EPRI Intelligent Universal Transformer (IUT TM): 2007 Progress Summary
The EPRI Intelligent Universal Transformer (IUT) is in the early stages of development. This device will serve as a multi-function replacement for conventional distribution transformers. The IUT will provide numerous system operating benefits and added functionality compared to conventional transformers. This report presents the project status and results as of the end of 2007.
Two Classes of Elliptic Discrete Fourier Transforms: Properties and Examples
This paper analyzes the block structure of the matrix of the N-point discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in the real space R 2N . Each block of this matrix corresponds to the Givens transformation, or elementary rotation ... Keywords: Discrete Fourier transform, Fourier analysis, Signal and image processing
Artyom M. Grigoryan
When Catalysis is Useful for Probabilistic Entanglement Transformation
We determine all $2\\times 2$ quantum states that can serve as useful catalysts for a given probabilistic entanglement transformation, in the sense that they can increase the maximal transformation probability. When higher-dimensional catalysts are considered, a sufficient and necessary condition is derived under which a certain probabilistic transformation has useful catalysts.
Air Quality Responses to Changes in Black Carbon and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
2005). Particulate emissions from construction activities.M. S. , (2000b). In-use emissions from heavy- duty dieseland nitrogen dioxide emissions from gasoline- and diesel-
Millstein, Dev
Global GHG abatement potential for the nitrogen fertlizer industry up to 2030.
??This dissertation studies the global GHG abatement potential of nitrogen fertilizer industry up to 2030. In order to acknowledge it, a data base of the� (more)
Rangel Campos, M.
On-farm Assessment of Nitrogen Fertilizer application to corn on Nitrous Oxide Emissions
in soils cropped to corn with varying N fertilization. Can.as affected by tillage, corn-soybean-alfalfa rotations, andsoil nitrogen mineralization for corn production in eastern
Corn and weed interactions with nitrogen in dryland and irrigated environments.
??Corn yield potential is limited by water deficit stress and limited soil nitrogen. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted near Manhattan, KS in 2005 and� (more)
Ruf, Ella Kathrene
Annulation strategies for the synthesis of azulenes and polycyclic nitrogen heterocycles
Highly convergent annulation strategies have been developed for the synthesis of azulenes and polycyclic nitrogen heterocycles. Specifically, substituted azulenes have been synthesized via a ring expansion-annulation ...
Crombie, Aimee Lynn, 1977-
Changes in Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen as a Result of Cultivation
Research Program Abstract We assembed and analyzed a data base of soil organic carbon and nitrogen information from over 1100 profiles in order to explore factors...
Influence of nitrogen on weed growth and competition with grain sorghum.
??Nitrogen (N) fertilizer intended for the crop may benefit highly competitive weeds to the detriment of the crop. A field experiment was conducted in 2009� (more)
Unruh, Bryan Jacob
Nitrogen Management and the Effects of Compost Tea on Organic Irish Potato and Sweet Corn.
??Supply and synchronization of plant-available nitrogen (N) to the soil is a major challenge for organic farmers, especially when growing crops in soils that are� (more)
Stevens, Paul Thomas
Nitrogen Removal in Aerobic Granular Sludge SBR: Real?time Control Strategies
A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with aerobic granules was operated to determine the effect of different DO concentration on biological nitrogen removal for synthetic sewage treatment
Xiangjuan Yuan; Dawen Gao
Cooperative Effects in the Incorporation of Nitrogen into GaAsN ...
This study looks to the cooperative reactions between ammonia and alternative nitrogen sources, such as UDMH, TBHy and TBAm. In particular, the cooperative �...
Adsorptive removal of nitrogen from coal-based needle coke feedstocks using activated carbon.
??A low percentage of nitrogen in needle coke feedstocks is desired for the reduction of puffing during the process of graphitization of needle coke. The� (more)
Madala, Sreeja.
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma CVD of Amorphous Hydrogenated Silicon Carbonitride (a-SiCN:H) Films Using Triethylsilane and Nitrogen
Amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbonitride (a-SiCN:H) thin films are synthesized by atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced chemical vapor (AP-PECVD) deposition using the Surfx Atomflow{trademark} 250D APPJ source with triethylsilane (HSiEt{sub 3}, TES) and nitrogen as the precursor and the reactive gases, respectively. The effect of the substrate temperature (T{sub s}) on the growth characteristics and the properties of a-SiCN:H films was evaluated. The properties of the films were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface morphological analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for chemical and compositional analyses; spectroscopic ellipsometry for optical properties and thickness determination and nanoindentation to determine the mechanical properties of the a-SiCN:H films. Films deposited at low T{sub s} depict organic like features, while the films deposited at high T{sub s} depict ceramic like features. FTIR and XPS studies reveal that an increases in T{sub s} helps in the elimination of organic moieties and incorporation of nitrogen in the film. Films deposited at T{sub s} of 425 C have an index of refraction (n) of 1.84 and hardness (H) of 14.8 GPa. A decrease in the deposition rate between T{sub s} of 25 and 250 C and increase in deposition rate between T{sub s} of 250 and 425 C indicate that the growth of a-SiCN:H films at lower T{sub s} are surface reaction controlled, while at high temperatures film growth is mass-transport controlled. Based on the experimental results, a potential route for film growth is proposed.
Srinivasan Guruvenket; Steven Andrie; Mark Simon; Kyle W. Johnson; Robert A. Sailer
Absorption process for producing oxygen and nitrogen and solution therefor
Process for the separation and purification of oxygen and nitrogen is disclosed which utilizes solutions of oxygen carriers to selectively absorb oxygen from a gaseous stream, leaving nitrogen as a byproduct. In the process, an oxygen carrier capable of reversibly binding molecular oxygen is dissolved in a solvent solution, which absorbs oxygen from an oxygen-containing gaseous feed stream such as atmospheric air and desorbs oxygen to a gaseous product stream. The feed stream is maintained at a sufficiently high oxygen pressure to keep the oxygen carrier in its oxygenated form during absorption, while the product stream is maintained at a sufficiently low oxygen pressure to keep the carrier in its deoxygenated form during desorption. In an alternate mode of operation, the carrier solution is maintained at a sufficiently low temperature and high oxygen pressure to keep the oxygen carrier in its oxygenated form during absorption, and at a sufficiently high temperature to keep the carrier in its deoxygenated form during desorption. Under such conditions, exceptionally high oxygen concentrations on the order of 95% to 99% are obtained, as well as a long carrier lifetime in excess of 3 months, making the process commercially feasible. 1 figure
Roman, I.C.; Baker, R.W.
Conductor requirements for high-temperature superconducting utility power transformers
High-temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductors in utility power transformers must satisfy a set of operating requirements that are driven by two major considerations-HTS transformers must be economically competitive with conventional units, and the conductor must be robust enough to be used in a commercial manufacturing environment. The transformer design and manufacturing process will be described in order to highlight the various requirements that it imposes on the HTS conductor. Spreadsheet estimates of HTS transformer costs allow estimates of the conductor cost required for an HTS transformer to be competitive with a similarly performing conventional unit.
Pleva, E. F. [Waukesha Electric Systems, Waukesha, WI; Mehrotra, V. [Waukesha Electric Systems, Waukesha, WI; Schwenterly, S W [ORNL
An informal introduction to program transformation
In the summer of 1992, I had the opportunity to participate in a Faculty Research Program, at Argonne National Laboratory. During that time I came in contact with some developments in computer science that were unfamiliar to me as a mathematician. Since most mathematicians have some exposure to computers, but certainly are not computer scientists, I felt it was appropriate to write a paper summarizing my introduction to program transformation. This paper is not meant to be a full explanation of the topic, but an informal introduction for the ``mathematical layman.``
Hopkins, K.W. [Southwest Baptist Univ., Bolivar, MO (United States)
Lorentz Transformation Equations in Galilean Form
Using the notion, developed in an earlier paper, of "representation" of "position" by a vector in a vector space with an inner product, we show that the Lorentz Transformation Equations relating positions in two different reference frames can be put in a particularly simple form which could be said to be "Galilean". We emphasize that two different reference frames can use a common vector space for representation but with two different inner products. The inner products are defined through the observational set-up of each frame.
S. D. Agashe
Transforming the U.S. Energy Infrastructure
The U.S. energy infrastructure is among the most reliable, accessible and economic in the world. On the other hand, the U.S. energy infrastructure is excessively reliant on foreign sources of energy, experiences high volatility in energy prices, does not practice good stewardship of finite indigenous energy resources and emits significant quantities of greenhouse gases (GHG). This report presents a Technology Based Strategy to achieve a full transformation of the U.S. energy infrastructure that corrects these negative factors while retaining the positives.
Larry Demick
Transformer current sensor for superconducting magnetic coils
The present invention is a current transformer for operating currents larger than 2kA (two kiloamps) that is capable of detecting a millivolt level resistive voltage in the presence of a large inductive voltage. Specifically, the present invention includes substantially cylindrical primary turns arranged to carry a primary current and substantially cylindrical secondary turns arranged coaxially with and only partially within the primary turns, the secondary turns including an active winding and a dummy winding, the active and dummy windings being coaxial, longitudinally separated and arranged to mutually cancel voltages excited by commonly experienced magnetic fields, the active winding but not the dummy winding being arranged within the primary turns.
Shen, S.S.; Wilson, C.T.
Collective Neutrino Flavor Transformation In Supernovae
We examine coherent active-active channel neutrino flavor evolution in environments where neutrino-neutrino forward scattering can engender large-scale collective flavor transformation. We point out a key quantity, the "total effective energy", which is conserved in several important regimes. Using this concept, we analyze collective neutrino and antineutrino flavor oscillation in the "synchronized" mode and what we term the "bi-polar" mode. We thereby are able to explain why large collective flavor mixing can develop on short timescales even when vacuum mixing angles are small in, e.g., a dense gas of initially pure $\
Huaiyu Duan; George M. Fuller; Yong-Zhong Qian
Optimization of distribution transformer efficiency characteristics. Final report, March 1979
A method for distribution transformer loss evaluation was derived. The total levalized annual cost method was used and was extended to account properly for conditions of energy cost inflation, peak load growth, and transformer changeout during the evaluation period. The loss costs included were the no-load and load power losses, no-load and load reactive losses, and the energy cost of regulation. The demand and energy components of loss costs were treated separately to account correctly for the diversity of load losses and energy cost inflation. The complete distribution transformer loss evaluation equation is shown, with the nomenclature and definitions for the parameters provided. Tasks described are entitled: Establish Loss Evaluation Techniques; Compile System Cost Parameters; Compile Load Parameters and Loading Policies; Develop Transformer Cost/Performance Relationship; Define Characteristics of Multiple Efficiency Transformer Package; Minimize Life Cycle Cost Based on Single Efficiency Characteristic Transformer Design; Minimize Life Cycle Cost Based on Multiple Efficiency Characteristic Transformer Design; and Interpretation.
2010 Solar Market Transformation Analysis and Tools | Open Energy
2010 Solar Market Transformation Analysis and Tools 2010 Solar Market Transformation Analysis and Tools Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary Name: 2010 Solar Market Transformation Analysis and Tools Agency/Company /Organization: U.S. Department of Energy Sector: Energy Focus Area: Renewable Energy, Solar Topics: Market analysis, Pathways analysis, Technology characterizations Resource Type: Publications, Guide/manual Website: www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/2010_mt_overview.pdf 2010 Solar Market Transformation Analysis and Tools Screenshot References: 2010 Solar Market Transformation Analysis and Tools[1] This document describes the DOE-funded solar market transformation analysis and tools under developm This document describes the DOE-funded solar market transformation analysis and tools under development in FY10 so that stakeholders can access
Definition: Phase Angle Regulating Transformer | Open Energy Information
Angle Regulating Transformer Angle Regulating Transformer Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Phase Angle Regulating Transformer Transformers that enable phase-angle control between the primary (source) and the secondary (load) side to create a phase shift between the primary side voltage and the secondary side voltage. The purpose of this phase shift is to control the real power flow through interconnected power systems.[1] Also Known As phase angle regulating transformers (PARs) Related Terms transformer, real power, smart grid References ↑ [www.smartgrid.gov/sites/default/files/pdfs/description_of_assets.pdf SmartGrid.gov 'Description of Assets'] An in LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. line Glossary Definition Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Phase_Angle_Regulating_Transformer&oldid=502556"
Secretary Chu Discovers Transformers in Wisconsin | Department of Energy
Discovers Transformers in Wisconsin Discovers Transformers in Wisconsin Secretary Chu Discovers Transformers in Wisconsin June 30, 2011 - 1:01pm Addthis Employees of the Waukesha Electric Systems give Secretary Chu a tour of the transformer manufacturing plant. | Courtesy of Waukesha Electric Systems Employees of the Waukesha Electric Systems give Secretary Chu a tour of the transformer manufacturing plant. | Courtesy of Waukesha Electric Systems Lindsey Geisler Lindsey Geisler Public Affairs Specialist, Office of Public Affairs While Americans head to the box office this weekend to check out the latest "Transformers" movie on the big screen, the Energy Department's Secretary Chu checked out a different kind of transformer being manufactured in Wisconsin. They may not be as charismatic as Optimus Prime or Bumblebee, but the
Quantum Optical Version of Classical Optical Transformations and Beyond
By the newly developed technique of integration within an ordered product (IWOP) of operators, we explore quantum optical version of classical optical transformations such as optical Fresnel transform, Hankel transform, fractional Fourier transform, Wigner transform, wavelet transform and Fresnel-Hadmard combinatorial transform etc. In this way one may gain benefit for developing classical optics theory from the research in quantum optics, or vice-versa. We can not only find some new quantum mechanical unitary operators which correspond to the known optical transformations, deriving a new theorem for calculating quantum tomogram of density operators, but also can reveal some new classical optical transformations. We derive GFO's normal product form and its canonical coherent state representation and find that GFO is the loyal representation of symplectic group multiplication rule. We show that GFT is just the transformation matrix element of GFO in the coordinate representation such that two successive GFTs is still a GFT. The ABCD rule of the Gaussian beam propagation is directly demonstrated in the context of quantum optics. Especially, the introduction of quantum mechanical entangled state representations opens up a new area to finding new classical optical transformations. The complex wavelet transform and the condition of mother wavelet are studied in the context of quantum optics too. Throughout our discussions, the coherent state, the entangled state representation of the two-mode squeezing operators and the IWOP technique are fully used. All these confirms Dirac's assertion: " ... for a quantum dynamic system that has a classical analogue, unitary transformation in the quantum theory is the analogue of contact transformation in the classical theory".
Overpotential-Dependent Phase Transformation Pathways
An objective in battery development for higher storage energy density is the design of compounds that can accommodate maximum changes in ion concentration over useful electrochemical windows. Not surprisingly, many storage compounds undergo phase transitions in situ, including production of metastable phases. Unique to this environment is the frequent application of electrical over- and underpotentials, which are the electrical analogs to undercooling and superheating. Surprisingly, overpotential effects on phase stability and transformation mechanisms have not been studied in detail. Here we use synchrotron X-ray diffraction performed in situ during potentiostatic and galvanostatic cycling, combined with phase-field modeling, to reveal a remarkable dependence of phase transition pathway on overpotential in the model olivine Li{sub 1-x}FePO{sub 4}. For a sample of particle size {approx}113 nm, at both low (e.g., 75 mV) overpotentials a crystal-to-crystal olivine transformation dominates, whereas at intermediate overpotentials a crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition is preferred. As particle sizes decrease to the nanoscale, amorphization is further emphasized. Implications for battery use and design are considered.
Y Kao; M Tang; N Meethong; J Bai; W Carter; Y Chiang
Continuous Wavelet Transform in Quantum Field Theory
We describe the application of the continuous wavelet transform to calculation of the Green functions in quantum field theory: scalar $\\phi^4$ theory, quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics. The method of continuous wavelet transform in quantum field theory presented in M.Altaisky Phys. Rev. D81(2010)125003 for the scalar $\\phi^4$ theory, consists in substitution of the local fields $\\phi(x)$ by those dependent on both the position $x$ and the resolution $a$. The substitution of the action $S[\\phi(x)]$ by the action $S[\\phi_a(x)]$ makes the local theory into nonlocal one, and implies the causality conditions related to the scale $a$, the region causality C. Christensen and L. Crane, J.Math. Phys 46 (2005) 122502. These conditions make the Green functions $G(x_1,a_1,..., x_n,a_n)= $ finite for any given set of regions by means of an effective cutoff scale $A=\\min (a_1,...,a_n)$.
Altaisky, Mikhail V
Study on the Release Property of Nitrogen in Sustained-release Fertilizer with Carrier of Bentonite
Mineral bentonite as the carrier of raw fertilizer NH4H2PO4", " added urea-formaldehyde resin to bond and mixed them, then made the bentonite carrier slow release nitrogen fertilizer by electric tablet press machine. Through the method of water dissolution ... Keywords: Bentonite, Sustained-release fertilizer, Carrier, Nitrogen element
Li Wangwang, Huang Chengcheng, Xie Huixing, Bi Yafan
Nitrogenated porous carbon electrodes for supercapacitors Betzaida Batalla Garcia Stephanie L. Candelaria
Nitrogenated porous carbon electrodes for supercapacitors Betzaida Batalla Garcia · Stephanie L characterized and tested for supercapacitor applications. From X-ray photo- electron spectroscopy, the nitrogen5]. An example can be seen in supercapacitors that use an aqueous electrolyte to promote redox reactions [2
Method for combined removal of mercury and nitrogen oxides from off-gas streams
A method for removing elemental Hg and nitric oxide simultaneously from a gas stream is provided whereby the gas stream is reacted with gaseous chlorinated compound to convert the elemental mercury to soluble mercury compounds and the nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide. The method works to remove either mercury or nitrogen oxide in the absence or presence of each other.
Mendelsohn, Marshall H. (Downers Grove, IL); Livengood, C. David (Lockport, IL)
Swine Finishing Manure Applied on Frozen Ground as a Top-Dress Nitrogen Source on Wheat
were similar in the manure and urea reps with approximately 15 plants per square foot. Urea cost was $0.65 per pound. Urea replications had $48.75 per acre in nitrogen expense plus the cost of application and field conditions supported the fertilizer buggy. The urea application rate was 75 pounds of nitrogen per
Jones, Michelle
Investigation of SPAD meter-based indices for estimating rice nitrogen status
One solution-culture and two field experiments with four rice genotypes were conducted to relate SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings to variables reflecting nitrogen (N) status at different developmental stages. We systemically compared differences of ... Keywords: Chlorophyll meter, Leaf, Plant nitrogen diagnosis, Rice
Fen Fang Lin; Le Feng Qiu; Jing Song Deng; Yuan Yuan Shi; Li Su Chen; Ke Wang
Improved Prediction of Nitrogen Oxides Using GRNN with K-Means Clustering and EDA
The current study presented a generalized regression neural network (GRNN) based approach to predict nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from coal-fired boiler. A novel 'multiple' smoothing parameters, which is different from the standard algorithm in which ... Keywords: GRNN, EDA, K-means Clustering, Nitrogen Oxides, Power plants
Ligang Zheng; Shuijun Yu; Wei Wang; Minggao Yu
Symposium Proceedings: Transformer Reliability: Management of Static Electrification in Power Transformers
Certain mitigation procedures could have prevented most of the known static electrification failures of very large forced-oil-cooled power transformers. This conclusion was confirmed at an EPRI-sponsored symposium where participants shared worldwide research results and field experiences spanning 15 years.
Transforming the Market for Commercial and Industrial Distribution Transformers: A Government, Manufacturer, and Utility Collaboration
Distribution transformers offer a largely untapped opportunity for efficiency improvements in buildings. Application of energy-efficient equipment can reduce transformer losses by about 20%, substantially cutting a facility�s total electricity bill and offering typical paybacks less than three years. Since nearly all of the electricity powering the commercial and industrial sectors is stepped down in voltage by facility-owned distribution transformers, broad application of energy-efficient equipment will lead to huge economy-wide energy and dollar savings as well as associated environmental benefits. This opportunity has led to a multi-party coordinated effort that offers a new model for national partnerships to pursue market transformation. The model, called the Informal Collaborative Model for the purposes of this paper, is characterized by voluntary commitments of multiple stakeholders to carry out key market interventions in a coordinated fashion, but without pooling resources or control. Collaborative participants are joined by a common interest in establishing and expanding the market for a new product, service, or practice that will yield substantial energy savings. This paper summarizes the technical efficiency opportunity available in distribution
Andrew Delaski; Consortium For Energy Efficiency
Image retrieval by Kekre's transform applied on each row of Walsh transformed VQ codebook
The new technique for image retrieval using the color-texture features extracted from images based on vector quantization with Kekre's fast codebook generation is proposed. This gives better discrimination capability for CBIR. Here the database image ... Keywords: CBIR, KFCG, Kekre's transform, Walsh, color-texture feature, vector quantization
H. B. Kekre; T. K. Sarode; S. D. Thepade