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This is EVERY term from EVERY review sheet we have. You are welcome
Nicholas II
Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.
Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin, where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars
Grigori Rasputin
a Siberian preacher who became friends of the Tsars, but hated by the public, twisted and cheated and exploited Alexandra.
Alexander Kerensky
An agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that continuation of war was most important.
Anton Denikin
Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army and foremost general for the White Russians in the Russian civil war.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
opponent of Tsarist Russia, began to immerse himself in Marxian socialist ideas as a law student. He then went on to form the Bolsheviks, and tried to start a revolution in July 1917. It failed, he went into hiding, but regrouped in Petrograd, where he and his partner Trotsky gained power. He then moved on government buildings, and was declared the head of the new Bolshevik government.
Leon Trotsky
Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution
Nikolai Bukharin
Bolshevik revolutionary and political and intellectual thinker for Stalin. Supported the NEP
Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin)
Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself. Created 5 year plans.
Benito Mussolini
Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.
Heinrich Brüning
The German chancellor during the Weimar Republic who convinced the president to accept rule by decree
Paul von Hindenburg
President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933
Antonio de Oliveira Salzar
served as the Prime Minister and dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He founded and led the Estado Novo ("New State"), the authoritarian, right-wing government that presided over and controlled Portugal from 1932 to 1974.
Josef Pilsudaski
was the authoritarian ruler of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he was a major influence in Poland's politics, and an important figure on the broader European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for Poland regaining independence in 1918, after a hundred and twenty-three years of partitions
Béla Kun
was a Hungarian Communist politician who ruled Hungary as leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919
Elie Halévy
was a French philosopher and historian who wrote Era of Tyrannies, which talked about the different kinds of government and how they all stemmed out of nature of modern war.
Henri-Philippe Pétain
French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman.
Reasons for Russian weakness
These were the reasons of bad leadership, and lack of organized or effective army
Relationship between Alexandra & Rasputin / Rasputin's assassination
He used her to gain politically and to gain money for sex and drugs. He was then "assassinated" aka tried to be killed something like 8 times, then thrown in a river.
Russian (March) Revolution/ Provisional Government
The revolution of the unplanned overthrowing of the Tsarist government, and the government that followed the revolution.
Army Order Number 1
Given by the Provisional Government, this stripped the army officers of power, and placed it in hand of elected committees. This collapsed army discipline
The two rival communists groups. One weree true revolutionary Marxists, and the other were revisionist socialists.
"White" forces
The opposition to the Bolsheviks and the Red army after the October rebellion and the Russian Revolution
Reasons for Bolshevik victory
Three reasons anarchy was about and any person could create power; the Bolsheviks had better leaders; the Bolsheviks appealed to many workers
is a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism. These states always have to be at war with something
Radical Dictatorships
leaders who violently rejected parliamentary restraint and liberal values, as well as exercised unprecedented control over masses and sought to mobilize them for war.
Kronstadt Rebels
Unsuccessful uprising of sailors, soldiers, and civilians against Russian government (against Bolsheviks)
New Economic Policy
Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry
Stalin's rise
He was totally focused on himself, double and tripled crossed, rose by gaining support of party
Five Year plans - objectives, methods & success
Objectives were to increase industrial output by 250% and agriculture output by 150% and have 1/5 of Russian peasants on collective farms. The methods were forced farming and scare tactics like gulags. The success was that of industry, which produced 4 times as much as before
Soviet quality of life
Life was hard, there was no improvement in the average standard of living, but unemployment was unknown and communism had real appeal
Great Purges
Stalin's mass systemic murder of millions to instill fear and to have someone to fight against
was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State."
is a radical, authoritarian nationalist ideology that aims to create a single-party state with a government led by a dictator who seeks national unity and development by requiring individuals to subordinate self-interest to the collective interest of the nation or race.
Mussolini's Rise - role of Black Shirts
These were Mussolini's bullies who pushed socialist out of Northern Italy
Lateran Agreement
In this, Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent state, and gave it heavy financial support
Hitler's Rise
Gained power through feeding off others, and promoting racist nationalist ideals. Gained control of the German Worker's Party, built his way up from there
Hitler's goals
He wanted to declare the superiority of Aryan race, create more living space for them, and make himself eternal supreme dictator for life
(German for "habitat" or literally "living space") served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.
Nazi racial theories
Felt that Aryan white people were most superior, Scandinavian were 2nd best, French were 3rd, and the slavs, jews, and pretty much the rest were the worst
Reichstag fire & fallout
Hitler used this to launch his dictatorship and used this to give him power. It was a fire of a capital building
Hitler's Popularity - how popular & why
Hitler was popular for promising economic recovery and delivering
Goldhagen Thesis
This said that ordinary Germans not only knew about, but also supported, the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist" anti-Semitism in the German identity, which had developed in the preceding centuries
Rhineland remilitarization
when Germany moved into the Rhineland and beefed up the military, Britain and France still wanted appeasement and did nothing
Hitler's Foreign Policy
Made friends with Italy, did stuff behind the table with Russia, and hated everyone else.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other
Grand Alliance - members & goals
The members of the Grand alliance were America, Britain, and the Soviet Union; their goals were to Smash the aggressors, Europe first, then Asia
A mass flee of British troops of the coast of France, disaster, lost thousands of machines and vehicles
Decisive battle in German invasion of Russia, the Germans were surrounded and systemically destroyed
El Alamein
Combined German and Italian forces were beaten near Alexandria, which lead to the Allied taking of Morocco and Algeria
An important invasion that lead to the removal of Mussolini from government, only to have him put back later
The most important battle in the European part of the war, allies stormed beaches and made it through to the mainland, landing in France and moving towards Germany
An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers
Iwo Jima
One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan
Final Solution / Holocaust
was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust
A-bombs - Hiroshima, Nagasaki
The final straw for the Japanese, resulting in millions of civilian and military death. Little Boy and Fat Man were used here. These flew on the plane "The Enola Gay"
Paul Valéry
French poet and critic that spoke of a "crisis of the mind," and "a dark future for Europe"
Friedrich Nietzsche
German philosopher who said that "God is dead," that lackadaisical people killed him with their false values. Said that Christianity and all religion is a "slave morality." He also said that the only hope for mankind was to accept the meaninglessness of human life, and to then use that meaninglessness as a source of personal integrity and liberation. Also stated that from this meaninglessness people called Supermen would exert their mind on other and rise to power. he appealed to people who liked totalitarianism.
Georges Sorel
A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like democracy.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Was an Austrian philosopher and a logical empiricist who argued in Essay on Logical Philosophy that great philosophical questions like god freedom and morality were "quite literally senseless."
Henri Bergson
A French philosophy professor who said that personal experiences and intuition were more important than rational thought and thinking
Jean Paul Sartre
A French existentialist who said that people just "turned up" and that there was no God to help honest people. Also said "man is condemned to be free" and people had to choose their actions.
Søren Kierkegaard
Danish religious philosopher who made a total religious commitment to a remote and majestic god, after rejecting formalistic religion
Karl Barth
A Swiss Protestant theologian who said people were sinful and that religious truth was made know to humans only through God's grace, and people just had to accept God as true and be obedient.
Gabriel Marcel
Leading existential Christian thinker, thought catholic church was "hope, humanity, honesty, and piety," after broken world and WWI, also advocated closer ties with non-Catholics
Marie Curie
A Polish physicist who, with French husband Pierre, discovered radium emits subatomic particles
Albert Einstein
German-Jewish physicist that undermined Newtonian physics and developed theory of relativity
Max Planck
German physicist who proved that subatomic energy was emitted from particles, he called them "quanta"
Werner Heisenberg
A German physicist that speculated that there was no real certainty in where an electron was, and only tendencies. This broke down Newton's dependable laws to only probabilities.
Sigmund Freud
The love of my life. Said that there were three points were man was stripped of his specialness. Copernicus said that man was not center of universe; Darwin said that man is not God's special creation; and Freud said that man is savage. Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious. His most controversial idea was that all humans are sexual beings and have sexual desires. Then he said there were three phases of human development the Oral phase, the Anal phase, and the Oedipal phase. After WWI it became ok to talk about Freud's ideas.
James Joyce
An Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book that mirrored Homer's book
Oswald Spengler
an obscure German high school teacher who wrote Decline of the West, said the west was about to be conquered by Asians.
Walter Gropius
German architect who broke form previous design with light, airy, bright buildings of glass and iron
Claude Monet
a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting
Pierre Auguste Renoir
a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting
Paul Gaugin
French stockbroker turned painter, pioneered expressionist techniques and fled to South Pacific
Paul Cézanne
A postimpressionist and expressionist who had a profound impact on 20th century art and committed to form
Henrí Matisse
An extreme abstract expressionist, leader of "the beasts," focused on arrangement of color, line and form
Pablo Picasso
a Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes
Wassily Kandinski
Russia painter who "turned away from nature" and focused on nonrepresentational, abstract art
Igor Stravinsky
composer, wrote Rite of Spring, expressionist ballet, shocked crowds because of music and scenes
Alban Berg
composer of opera Wozzeck, atonal music with half spoken, half sung dialogue, violence and expression
John Maynard Keynes
Young English economist who denounced Treaty of Versailles and said that people needed to revise treaty and help German econ. He Wrote Economic Consequences of the Peace. Said Britain needed Germany, and if the German market went under, Britain econ would go under. His book was one of the major reasons that the British were sympathetic towards Germany.
Raymond Poincaré
French Prime Minister who moved and occupied into the Ruhr to collect war reparations
Gustav Stresemann
German Foreign Minister who assumed leadership of government and got the French to move out of the Ruhr
Leon Blum
Leader of the French socialist party Popular Front, made first and real attempt to deal with the economic and social problems
Psycho-social impact of WWI
Social Impact was impact on social class structures and breakdown of aristocracy and other inter class structures. After the war more people did not have servants. The Psycho impact was that people viewed humanity as both savage and pointless, because they just fought a pointless war
Logical Empiricism
The philosophical ideology that simply rejected the concerns of modern philosophy, like god and morality. Mainly started with Austrian philosopher Wittgenstein.
The idea that human beings simply exist, have no higher purpose, and must exist and choose their actions for themselves. Existentialism mainly influenced by Nietzsche. Existentialism sustain popularity in Germany with Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers who appealed to university students.
Christian Revival
Was a reaction to the loss of faith in humans, which came from the war, and lead to renewed interest in Christian view of the world. Major people were Kierkegaard, Barth, and Marcel.
The New Physics
Pioneered by the Curies, Plank and Einstein, a new view of physics that shattered the perfect world of Newtonian physics and made the world seem much more random and not as much certainty.
Uncertainty Principle
The idea that we do know no anything for certain and all we know is possibilities, probabilities, and tendencies. Put forth by German physicist Heisenberg.
Id, Ego, Superego
Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious.
Oedipal Complex
A Freudian physiological idea that if you did not get over loving your parent of the opposite sex, you would have this complex where you hated your other parent and have issues with parental relations.
Literary technique that explored the psyche through different idea randomly bubbling up in a story.
A new principle of building design that focused on buildings being functional which means serving the purpose it was made for best
A Weimar (German) architectural school created by Walter Gropius which combined the fine arts and functionalism
An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing
An artistic movement that expressed world that could not normally be seen, like dreams and fantasy.
An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes.
An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes.
An artistic movement that had a purposely nonsensical name, expressing its total rejection of previous modern art.
British-French Tensions
differences between French and British were over the treatment of the Germans, specifically on the payment of reparations
The Little Entente
The French alliance between the smaller countries of Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.
Ruhr Crisis 1923
When France occupied the Ruhr coal fields to demand that the German pay their reparations
When the German economy tried to print bills to pay off their debt, inflation rates of 40% a day
Dawes Plan
The American plan to loan money to Germany, who would pay their reparations to France and Britain, who would pay back their debt to America, which created a win-win for everyone, and made they people happy and thought that peace was possible
Locarno Pact / Spirit of Locarno
The pact was an agreement to define the border between France and Germany, and in which Britain and Italy would gang up on the aggressor if the treaty was broken. The spirit was this feeling that war could be stopped again by peace talks that settled in Europe after the pact
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Was a pact that said that just said was bad, but did not outline any method for preventing war.
Labor-Liberal-Conservative Cooperation in Britain
The three party system that makes sure that both the conservative and the labor party don't get too radical.
Great Depression - Causes, efforts to deal with
The immediate cause was the American using margin buying to buy shares of stock that they could not pay back, and forced a mass selloff of shares, which collapsed the stock market and the economy. The efforts to deal was the New Deal in America, and different stances of social programs and socialism in Europe.
Social Democrats
The largest political party in Sweden, who pushed for social reform legislation, and drew support from community and socialist and capitalist working together.
Popular Front
was the French political alliance that allied the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals together.
The Middle Way
The Scandinavian system of in the middle of socialism and capitalism, an ideology that you can have some of your own things and keep some of your money, and have higher tax rates.
This was the name given to the Spanish explorers who would conquer the land they discovered and utilize the resources they found there for Spain
"Crown from the gutter"
This was the expression used after the Revolutions of 1848 where Friedrich Wilhelm refused to just take the throne of Prussia
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
The motto of the French Revolution and the demands of the popular people
"Separation of powers"
This was the theory developed by Montesquieu that political power should not be divided and share by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges
"Spanish Armada"
This was the vast amount of ships sent by Phillip II to attack England because of the conflicts between Phillip II and Mary, Queen of Scots
"Universal Man"
This was the term given to those in the Renaissance who were able to excel in more than one subject matter
19th century class structure
Aristocracy > Middle Class (Upper > Middle > Lower) > Working Classes (Labor Aristocracy > Semiskilled > Unskilled)
Alexander I
This czar of Russia wanted to restore the kingdom of Poland, which he wanted to bestow the benefits of his rule
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
This was the work that started the tabula rasa theory where the human mind is blank until it is filled with experiences that allow a person to think differently
These were the "radicals" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized
This scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method
Banking Families
These were the major families in Europe that had the most power and control of the wealth in a state
Battle of Austerlitz
This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France
Battle of Waterloo
This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler
Bentham (Utilitarianism)
This man believed that the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to happiness as summed among all persons
The artist shows the ideal for female beauty in the Renaissance in this work slender, pale skin, a high forehead, red-blond hair, and sloping shoulders
Brumaire Coup and The Consulate
This is the act in which Napoleon ended the Directory by ousting the Directors and disbanding the legislature. He then established a strong military dictatorship in place of the weak Directory
He was an architect who designed a hospital for orphans and foundlings set up by the silk-workers guild in Florence
This explorer first saw the mainland of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal while sailing to set up trading posts in India
Cardinal Mazarin
This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies
Cardinal Richelieu
This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy
Catherine the Great
This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia
Causes of the French Revolution
1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates
This man was a poet, playwright and novelist and wrote one of the best known novels ever (Don Quixote)
Charles Darwin
This was the scientist who published the theory of evolution after his travels to the Galapagos Islands
Charles II
This was the king that took the throne during the Restoration and peacefully had agreements with the Parliament until he made secret agreements with Louis XIV to relax the laws against the English Catholics and eventually a Catholic became the next king
Charles V
This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation
This was the man who discovered Americas while originally looking for a faster and all-sea route to the East but instead landed in the West Indies.
Combination Acts
These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union
Commercial revolution
This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe
Concert of Europe (Congress System)
This was the system set up by the Quadruple Alliance to meet periodically to talk about common issues
Concordat of 1801
This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power
Congress of Vienna
This was the meeting between the Quadruple Alliance in order to formulate a peace agreement and to balance the victories of the Napoleonic wars
This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners
This was the man who first theorized that the celestial bodies all revolved around a fixed sun
Corn Laws
These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially
Cosmo deMedici
One of the members of the banker family of Florence that ruled behind the scenes of the government
Cottage industry
This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the costumer would give the worker materials and the worker would create the desirable product
Council of Trent
This was the meeting called by Pope Paul III that secured reconciliation with the Protestants
da Gama
This was the first explorer to round the Cape of Good Hope and sail into the Indian Ocean trade
Da Vinci
One of the best examples of a Renaissance man. He painted, wrote, sculpted, invented, among his philosophical ideas
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law
This was a way of thinking that God exists, but does not intervene in daily life, for he already has a plan for the universe that cannot be altered
This thinker developed a philosophy of two different worlds a material world and a world of the mind. This was called Cartesian dualism. He combined his ideas with Bacon to form the scientific method
This was the philosophical belief that for every thesis ever, there is an opposing antithesis that creates a synthesis
This was the first explorer who rounded the southern tip of the Cape of Good Hope but was never able to go all the way around
One of the first and best Renaissance sculptors. He was also one of the first artists to sell his works
Dutch Revolt
This was the revolt by the Netherland against the Spanish in order to create their independent state
Edict of Nantes
This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots
Edward VI
During his short reign of England, Protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the country
Edwin Chadwick
This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses
Effects of the Scientific Revolution
This involved the beginning of using reason to solve problems in the community by using inductive and deductive reasoning
Eli Whitney
This man invented the cotton gin which allowed for the faster picking of cotton in the Americas
Elizabeth I
This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England
This work advocated breast feeding and natural dress and that boys' education should have plenty of fresh air and exercise and he said a women's nature was a life of marriage and child rearing
Emile Zola
This was an influential French writer who wrote about naturalism and was often criticized
Enclosure movement
This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work
This was the first publication of different essays about the culture and society of France which was put on the Index of Forbidden Books because it dealt with controversial issues
English Civil War
This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished
This man was a writer who would plea for simple Christian faith and would criticize the complexity of Catholic faith
This was the group of people called by Louis XVI that would keep the king in check like the English Parliament
Evolutionary Socialism
This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development
Favorable balance of trade
This was the ideology that most states used to gain the most money from their exports by increasing the amount of finished materials while decreasing the amount of raw materials
Ferdinand and Isabella
This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition
Francis I
This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots
Francis Xavier
This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity
Francois Guizot
This man was an active player in the French Revolution of 1848 who helped in the overthrow of Charles X
Frederick the Great
This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler
Frederick William (The Great Elector)
This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.
This scientist formulated the experimental method and using this, came up with the law of inertia, among several discoveries related to the moon
Georg Hegel
This man believed that each age is characterized by a dominant set of ideas, which produces opposing ideas and a new synthesis
An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body
These were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI, but The Mountain did anyway
Giuseppe Mazzini
This early Italian nationalist believed that doing labor for the principles of one's country is labor for humanity
Glorious Revolution
This was the "revolution" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed
Gold Glory and God
This was the motto of the age of exploration. The explorers were looking for money, glory, or to convert non-Christians
Greek revolution
The Greeks revolted against the Ottomans for their independence, to which the Concert generally opposed to this
This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary
Henry Bessemer
This man revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient
Henry VIII
This was the man who started the Church of England because he needed a reformation in Catholicism which would allow him to divorce his wife
Holy Alliance
This was the alliance between Austria Prussia and Russia on the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution.
A man who helped to shed some light on the church's problems with hurting the people that follow the religion. He was seen as a radical and was not allowed to study John Wycliffe's publications yet was executed after he was tried for heresy
Ignatius of Loyola
This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world
Index of Prohibited Literature
This was the list of books that were prohibited by the papacy in order to stop more religious thinkers
Institutes of the Christian Religion
This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin
This was the group of people in the National Assembly that met to discuss the political questions of the day
James Hargreaves
This was the man who created the spinning jenny which began the actual Industrial Revolution and the beginning of machines doing a man's work
James II
This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government
Jean Bodin
This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
This man developed the first cohesive theory of evolution after his studies of biology
This was the group of people that was important in converting Asians and Latin Americans to Catholicism which allowed for the mass spread of Christianity
Johann Tetzel
This was the man who was hired by Archbishop Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences, which he did extremely successfully
John Calvin
This was another leader in the Reformation who believed in a simple faith and a simple method of worship
John Knox
This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
Joseph II
This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom
June Days
These were the French workers' revolts in 1848 after the closure of the National Workshops
This philosopher showed the overall attitude of the Enlightenment by saying "have the courage to use your own understanding"
Karl Marx
This man came up with the idea of communism/dialectic socialism that said that two classes have always battled against each other to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other
Karlsbad Decrees
These decrees required the thirty-eight German member states to root out subversive ideas in the universities and newspapers an established a permanent committee with spies and informers to investigate and punish any liberal or radical organizations
This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun
Klemens von Metternich
This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression
Labor aristocracy
This was the union of skilled workers in the working classes that had a set behavioral code. They were usually run by construction bosses and factory foremen
Laissez-faire capitalism
This was the style of capitalism in which the government had no interference with the economy
Lajos Kossuth
This man was a Hungarian nationalist leader who demanded independence and a constitution
Liberalism (Classical Liberalism)
This was the political idea in which the government did not intervene in the economy and liberty and equality were stressed
Line of Demarcation
This was the line drawn by Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America
Lorenzo the Magnificent
This was an artistic patron that spent vast sums on family chapels, frescoes, religious panels and
Louis Blanc
This man urged people to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)
This was the first French president as a result of the election after the Revolution of 1848
Louis Pasteur
This was the man who began studying fermentation to develop a way to avoid spoilage through pasteurization by heating the beverage
Louis XIV
This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France
These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines
Malthus (On Population)
This man said that population would always grow faster than the food supply and the only hope of warding o war, famine, and disease was that young men and women had to limit the growth of population by marrying late
Maria Theresa
This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs
Martin Luther
This was the most famous and one of the first concrete reformer who began to reject some of the more obscure and selfish laws of the Catholic Church
Mary I
This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants
Meeting at Marburg
This was the meeting that tried to settle the dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper.
This movement said that all men and women who sought salvation might be saved, giving the people a message of hope
Miasma Theory / Germ Theory
These were the theories of the spread of disease. The miasma theory said that disease was spread by a bad odor. The new germ theory developed by Louis Pasteur said that diseases were spread by bacteria called germs
This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling
Middle class values
The middle class frowned upon heavy drinking and the women were fond of fashion. Education was necessary and sexual purity was considered a virtue
Modern imperialism
This was the start of the building of foreign empires for trade and military advantages over other states
Modern liberalism
This was new thought that the governments should be subject to change. This was the counterpart to conservatism
Napoleonic Code
This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy
This was the other common crime in which the members of the church would give positions to relatives
This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science
Ninety-five Theses
This was the letter Martin Luther wrote to Archbishop Albert which explained that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance
Northern Humanism
This humanism philosophy interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions
Northwest Passage
This is the passage that many European explorers attempted but never succeeded to navigate to reach other nations more quickly
Oliver Cromwell
This was the dictator who ruled over England after the English civil war. His death provided the military government collapse of England
On Liberty (John Stuart Mill)
This work advocated economic and moral freedom of individuals from the state. This work is enormously influential to politics today
Paris Reconstruction
This was planned by Georges Haussmann, who was assigned by Napoleon III, to provide employment, improved living conditions, and to show the glory of the French empire
Peace of Augsburg
This was the treaty that was reached that ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars which also made Charles V recognize Lutheranism as a legitimate following
Peace of Westphalia
This was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War that recognized the independent authority of over three hundred German principalities
Peasants' War
This was the revolt that occurred in Germany where the peasants rebelled alongside the new Protestant thought. They were viciously quashed and the public appeal to the Reformation went substantially down
Peninsular War
This war was the beginning of the end of Napoleon's Grand Empire after the Spanish rebelled against France for its independence
Peter the Great
This was the czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. He also was interested in building grand cities like those in Western Europe
This was the extremely lopsided victory by English army over the protestors as a result of the Corn Laws
The man who began the humanism movement and he believed that he was living the start of new era
Philosophy of the Enlightenment
This dealt with skepticism, the government, and the role of reason in everyday life
This was the group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its land
This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs
Pope Alexander VI
This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America
Pope Leo X
This was the pope that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he was also the pope who challenged Martin Luther
Potato Famine
This was the famine that occurred in Ireland that killed of thousands of people because the main potato crop could not grow because of bad soil that year
Pragmatic Sanction
This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler
One of the main points of Calvinism that said that God had already determined if you were damned or saved
Prince Henry the Navigator
This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators
This was the working class in that was constantly battling against the bourgeois factory owners
This was one of the reforms in England in which the leaders wanted all Catholic elements in the Church of England eliminated
Quadruple Alliance
This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era
A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord
He was a major French Renaissance writer, doctor and humanist. He is regarded as an avant-garde writer of fantasy and satire
This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion
Regulatory Legislation (Factory, Mines & 10 Hours Acts)
These acts all started to regulate and ameliorate the conditions of work in the factories and helped make the Industrial Revolution better and the living conditions in the urban areas better
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed
Renaissance Popes
These were general title given to the popes that would convince the Renaissance artists to work for them in order to enhance the majesty of the churches
Revolutions of 1830
The French Revolution of 1830 occurred because Louis XVIII only granted a small percentage of people the right to vote and Charles X attack of Algeria and as a result, he censored the press and limited the voting rights of the wealthy
Revolutions of 1848
These revolutions occurred in 1)France, because of the depression and rising unemployment rates caused starvation in France in which they then overthrew the bourgeois monarchy 2)Austria, because the Hungarians rebelled against the Austrian Empire and were joined by the urban poor looking for employment, and 3) Prussia, because the artisans and factory workers joined with the middle-class liberals to rebel against the monarchy and eventually, Prussia became a constitutional monarchy
Ricardo (Iron Law of Wages)
This man stated that because of population growth, the wages would always sink to subsistence level
Robert Koch
This was the first man to isolate a bacterium and a virus and as a result h could create new vaccines for the disease
Robert Owen
This man both helped to lead the first national union in England and advocated the use of children in factories
This was the response to the Enlightenment in which they believed that not everything could be measured, because of the passion of emotion
Roundheads and Cavaliers
These were the two sides of the English civil war. The Roundheads were the Puritan supporters of the Parliament and the Cavaliers were the supporters of Charles I
This man was one of the early and influential socialist thinkers who proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of industrial development
Sale of Indulgences
This was the way that many people were granted salvation. This was a common method of the church to gain power and money
These were meeting places for philosophical discussion that were for the upper and middle class citizens who would talk about different doctrines
A Dominican friar that predicted the French invasion of Florence from the paganism and the moral vice of the city
Seven Years' War
This war was began as a follow-up of the War of Austrian Succession when Prussia invaded Austria
This man wrote several plays and poems and is regarded as one of the best writers of all time
Spanish Inquisition
This was the harsh and violent conversion of Spain back into Catholicism. They used several versions of torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties
This was the name given to the person appointed by the States General to carry out ceremonial functions in a province in the Netherlands
Surplus Value
This is the value of the unpaid surplus labor performed by the worker for the capitalist for profit
Tennis Court Oath
This is the oath that the representatives of the third estate took when they swore that they would never disband until they had proper representation
Test Act of 1673
This was the bill passed that those who did not receive the Eucharist of the Anglican Church had little rights
The Commonwealth of England
This was the name that England took on after the civil war and the kingship was abolished
The Courtier
A treatise that sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the courtly ideal, the gentleman
The Decameron
A work that portrays an acquisitive, sensual, and worldly society through descriptions of merchants, friars, and husbands
The Prince
A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests
The Protectorate
This was the name of the military dictatorship that England took on during the reign of Oliver Cromwell
The Restoration
This was the re-establishment of the monarchy in England under Charles II. Both houses of Parliament were restored but the religious tensions still were present in England
Theory of Class Struggle
This was the theory that two opposing classes have always battled against eachother to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other
Theory of Evolution
This theory stated that animals could evolve from other animals in order to adapt to their environments. This theory was not widely accepted for it could possibly account for humans which would defeat the whole purpose of creationism
Thermidorian Reaction and The Directory
This was the reaction to the despotism after the Second Revolution which led to the establishment of the five-man executive that supported the French military which was not popular with the French people
Thirty Years' War
This was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe
Thomas Hobbes
This was the philosopher that believed that a strong central government was needed to avoid rebellion and civil war
Three Estates
The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land
A Venetian man who created the style of mannerism in which artists sometimes distorted figures to express emotion and drama
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
This was the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession by giving the Prussians land, taking land away from Maria Theresa, but still allowing her to rule
Troppau Conference
This was the conference at which the Troppau Protocol was signed in which any country that underwent a revolution was no longer part of the European Alliance
Two Treatises on Government (John Locke)
This was the document that stated that if a ruler steps over its proper function to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property, than that ruler was a tyrant and must be overthrown
Ulrich Zwingli
This was a man who believed that Christian life rested on the Scriptures and a prominent leader in the Swiss Reformation. He went on to attack indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy
Urban living conditions
These were awful in the 19th Century as a result of poor sewage treatment, water conditions and bad foundations for buildings
Urban planning and public transit
This was the act of planning out a city and building it from the blueprints. This caused in increase in public transit that millions of people used a day instead of their own transportation or walking
A work that presents a revolutionary view of society and describes an ideal socialistic community on an island somewhere off the mainland of the New World. He created the name utopia as a good place which is no place
This was a German dynasty that often had conflicts with the Habsburgs that often involved other countries and papal troops
Varieties of Socialism
There were the early French socialists who believed in economic planning and argued that the government should rationally organize the economy and not depend on destructive competition to do the job. There was also dialectic socialism in which the followers believed that eventually, the proletariat will battle against the bourgeois to create one single class
This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He is referred as the father of anatomy
This was the man who first said that the Americas were completely separate from Asia, thus the continent was named after him
This was a playwright and a philosophe who said that the best that one could hope for in a government is a good monarch and he even often criticized the Catholic Church and government in his plays
Wanderer in the Clouds (Friedrich)
This work of art shows the insignificance of the human and the supremacy of nature
War of Austrian Succession
This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state
War of Spanish Succession
This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V
War of the Three Henrys
This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV)
Wealth of Nations
This work criticized mercantilism by saying that it meant a combination of stifling government regulations and unfair privileges for state-approved monopolies and government favorites
Whigs and Tories
These were the two parties in the Parliament. The Whigs were mostly liberal and wanted change while the Tories wanted to keep the government as it was
William and Mary
These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament
Women's March on Versailles
This was the march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread
Working class leisure
The working class still enjoyed drinking, although it was discouraged, they started to enjoy sports and music halls, although blood sports declined
This was one o the original men to challenge the church. His writings became "scriptures" for other reformers to follow.
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)
France's first elected president by universal male suffrage, and developed strong nationalism like his cousin
Giuseppe Mazzini
a radical idealistic patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of the people in Italy
Vincenzo Gioberti
A catholic priest who called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope in Italy
Camillo di Cavour
The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state
Giuseppe Garibaldi
A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts
Frederick William IV
A king and leader of Prussia who was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I
William I
The Leader of Prussia who wanted military expansion, and hired Bismarck to further his goals
Alexander II
A Russian Tsar who implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia.
Alexander III
A determined reactionary Tsar who nevertheless sped forward with economic modernization
Sergei Witte
A tough finance minister who thought that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness
Nicholas II
Russia's last tsar, he witnessed the fall of Russia from great power, to the entering into WWI and total collapse
William II
This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him, and ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway
Adolphe Thiers
Leader of the National Assembly in France, he ordered the Paris Commune to be crushed. He also declared the Third Republic of France, because it "divided France the least"
Leon Gambetta
A successful politician in France, he was a moderate republican who helped stabilize government
Alfred Dreyfus
A Jewish military captain in the French Army, he was falsely accused of treason, and his affair split France apart
Benjamin Disraeli
A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party
David Lloyd George
Member of the Liberal party in Great Britain who helped raise taxes on the rich, and reform in general
William Gladstone
A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance
Theodor Herzl
German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people.
Edward Bernstein
A revisionist social who advocated the gradual gain of socialism and looked towards Darwin's doctrines as a measure for a change in socialism's tactics
Jean Jaures
French revisionist socialist who repudiated revisionist doctrines to achieve a unified socialist state
An occurrence in Russia that lead to the increase of its stature in world power standings and revitalized the economy and industry
Louis Napoleon's rise & ideas on gov't
He thought that the Government should be powerful and that there should be strong nationalism, but mainly guided by the people's interests
Reasons for and against Italian unity
People wanted Italian unity because it would unify Italy, and they wanted a different government. People did not want unification because it went against the church, there were very different areas in the north and the south, and because they wanted to just keep things the same
Syllabus of Errors
A document by the pope in which he denounced rationalism, socialism, religious liberty, and separation of the church and state.
Cavour's program
Cavour's plan was to first modernize the econ, and model it off of Britain, then modernize the military, with lots of railroads to move the troops around to country
Austro-Sardinian War
Austria invades Italy and the French come in to help the Italians. The Italians and the French are very successful and gain Lombardy.
1859 Garibaldi's invasion
An energized movement of radicals from Sicily to the mainland and gaining land for unification
Reasons for and against German unity
Upper class and Conservatives did not want unification because they would have less power, but the rest of the people wanted it because of nationalism and German identity
Bismarck's plans and maneuvers
He wanted to unify Germany, but played it safe, with many alliances and pacts, and ends up being amazing
"Blood and Iron"
Bismarck's idea of always preparing and waging war, and those things can only be done with war
Schleswig-Holstein crisis
A desire for success abroad lead to this. It was a short war against Denmark to gain these providences
Austro-Prussian War - Causes & Outcomes
The Germans needed a way to make the Austrians on their side, and they had the superior army. The Germans won, and were able to make sure that Austria stayed out of German affairs
North German Confederation Constitution
This stated that local government had some power, but that ultimate power rested in the hands of Bismarck and William
Franco-Prussian War - Causes & Outcomes
The reason behind the war was because a war would bring the Southern German states into the Prussian state, and the French wanted to teach Germany a lesson. It ended up that the Germans kicked butt, and the French were humiliated, and the German plan worked completely
Ems Telegram
A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war.
Crimean War - impact in Britain & Russia
This war showed that the Russian were way behind the rest of the world, and needed reform.
Russian Modernization
The most of these were economical and not political, and even then were mostly only halfway efforts
Witte's reforms
He "used the west to catch up to the west" in Russia, by having foreigners build factories and making new transport lines.
Russo-Japanese War - impact in Russia
This war showed that Russia was still not strong, and it caused revolution back at home.
"Bloody Sunday" (1905) - Causes, actions, effects
The cause was people wanted to present a petition to the Tsar, the action was people getting shot, the effect was people disliking the Tsar and turning on him
Decline of Ottoman Empire
They fell behind in industrialization, in education, and in general compared to the west
Structure of German government
They had a strong top government and they had a Reichstag, or the lower house of parliament
German social legislation
Bismarck placed high tariffs on imported goods, and tried to stop socialism with government measures that banned the socialist party
Paris Commune
The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government
French educational reforms
The Dreyfus affair lead to the separation of church and state, and lead to more people in government backed schools that were no longer catholic schools but republican schools.
Dreyfus Affair
Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country
Extension of suffrage in Britain
suffrage was extended to more middle class men in Britain so that they conservatives would get a stronger base
Liberal v. Conservative Parties in Britain
The conservative party in Britain was put down when the king threatened to make more liberal seats to pass bills that the conservatives were vetoing
Magyar policies
The Magyar pushed through bills that changed voting laws to help the elite and to force through the teaching of Hungarian in schools. They created the nationalism that would tear them apart
Socialists and Nationalism
The socialist opposed nationalism and thought that the German worker had more in common with the French worker than the German boss
Second International
A group of socialist national parties that met and discussed Marx, and planned action
The socialist idea that we should embrace socialism in a gradual advance, with no bloody war
Muhammad Ali
Egyptian army general who stepped into power after the French left. He reformed the army, the land, and the communication of Egypt
Matthew Perry
This American naval officer was the driving factor in Japan's opening by using gunboat diplomacy
Cecil Rhodes
British military commander who believed in expansion and founded the De Beers Mining Company
Joseph Conrad
This man wrote Heart of Darkness, where he criticized the Europeans in their civilizing
Robert Clive
This man was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown.
Income inequality / Standard of Living
There was an large inequality of income and standard of living between Europe and the non-industrialized world because industrialization itself opened the gap
World Markets / European foreign investment
Europe mainly invested most of its money back into Europe, and then into the US
Isolation & "Opening" of China and Japan
Isolation to protect against the corruptive west, and a forced opening for reasons of trace
British Opium Trade / Opium Wars
The British had a war with the Chinese to make sure they could sell their opium to china
Treaty of Nanking
A treaty with Britain and China that gave Hong Kong to Britain and opened 4 cities for trade
1842 Western penetration of Egypt
This was when the French left, and the British moved in and invaded and captured Egypt
Migration: Who went where, and why? (demographics)
1/3 of European migrants came from British Isles; less that ½ went to the US; most often a small peasant landowner/village craftsman; left because they were threatened by industrialization; many returned to their homelands
Swallows / Repatriation
These were people who migrated to new lands, but then came back to either farm, or to stay
Congo exploitation
This event was where king Leopold of Belgium exploited Congo for his personal gain
Berlin Conference of 1884-5
This event happened to set laws for colonization and claiming land in Africa
Fashoda Crisis of 1898
This event occurred when both Britain and France wanted the town of Fashoda; in the end, the British gained control of the town, because the French gave up
Justifications for Imperialism
People justified imperialism by the concept of "white man's burden," which stated that European should govern other because it was right and better for the people
Responses to Imperialism: Traditionalist v. Modernist
Some people thought that we should accept and learn from the people who were taking over our land, these being the modernists; and other thought that we should completely try to get rid of them, these people being the traditionalists
Founding of the British empire in India
Britain gained this territory by slowly asserting influence and putting people in charge
Great Rebellion (Indian Mutiny)
This was a insurrection of Muslim and Hindi army officers that spread through northern India before it was crushed. It was because of people trying to send out the white army officers
Meiji Restoration of 1867
This was a replacement of the Japanese government with the emperor, done so by samurai
Japanese "opening" of Korea
The Japanese had a war with China and ended up gaining Korea, which they opened to trade; Japan became an imperialist power
China's Hundred Days of Reform
A period of reform for china in the attempt to meet the foreign challenge
Lawrence of Arabia
British military officer who incited the Arabs in Arabia to revolt against their Turkish lords
Georges Clemenceau
An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer
Wilhelm II Mustafa Kemal
the so called "father of the Turks," he founded what is now known as Turkey and defended against British attack
Walther Rathenau
was a German industrialist, politician, writer, and statesman who served as Foreign Minister of Germany during the Weimar Republic.
Paul von Hindenburg
This German, along with his partner Ludendorff, essentially ran Germany during the end of the war
Erich Ludendorff
This German, along with his partner Hindenburg, essentially ran Germany during the end of the war
Henri Pétain
French military leader who assumed control of France and lead it out of the war successfully
Douglas Haig
was a British soldier and senior commander (field marshal) during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. Most notably he was commander during the Battle of the Somme, the 3rd Battle of Ypres and the series of victories leading to the German surrender in 1918.
Robert Nievelle
He took command of one of the main French armies engaged in the Battle of Verdun, leading it during its successful counter-strokes against the Germans, but was accused of wasting French lives during some of his attacks. He became Commander-in-Chief of the French armies on the Western Front in December 1916, and was criticised in that capacity for not exploiting good opportunities to attack the Germans. He was responsible for the Nivelle Offensive, which faced a very large degree of opposition during its planning stage. When the offensive failed to achieve a breakthrough on the Western Front, Nivelle was replaced as Commander-in-Chief in May 1917.
Serbian nationalist movement
This was a movement to create a Serbian state and break from Austria Hungary
First, Second, Third Balkan War
All of these were wars for nationalistic purposes, the third creating WWI
Alliances 1873-1914 & German isolation
Germany became more and more isolated because it was aggressive and France had pursued many alliances against Germany, leaving Germany only with Austria
Moroccan Crisis & Algeciras Conference 1906
This event showed that Germany was war hungry and turned the British onto the side of the French
Development of Anglo-German rivalry & Naval arms race
This rivalry developed because of the increasing naval race, and because Germany was becoming increasingly militaristic
Triple Entente & Triple Alliance
The triple Entente was an alliance between France, Britain and Russia, the Triple alliance was an alliance between Germany, Austria and Russia
Why war was seen as a good thing in 1914
War was seen as a good thing because it would cover up all of the problems that every country involved had going on at home
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand -- the Black Hand
the serbs assassinated the archduke to make a statement, and the Austrians got really pissed, because he was the next in line for the throne and the guy on the throne then was old
Austrian "anti-nationalism"
The Austrians tried to stop the nationalism of different people in their country from tearing them apart, but it did not work
July Diplomacy - the Blank Check
This was given to Austria form Germany that guaranteed full military backing in any war
Why war preparations were "unstoppable"
War preparations were unstoppable because once you started to prepare, you knew that your enemies were doing the same, and you could not stop, because if you did, your enemies could attack you
Progress of the War
WWI progressed so the Germans were winning at first, and then the Americans came and kicked butt. It also was so pointless and full of death
Importance of Germany's campaign through Belgium
When Germany moved through Belgium, it caused Britain to go on the side of the war with France.
Why the Western Front became stalemated
The western front became stalemated because it was full of trench warfare and needless death
Innovations in weaponry zeppelins, airplanes, gas, machine guns, tanks
these things were new ideas that really did not work very well
Lusitania and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
This ship was sunk with Americans on it, and this action by the Germans was what ultimately caused the Americans to enter the war
"total war" & measures to prosecute it
This was the effort to completely involve every person and aspect of the economy into the war
Problems of trench life
the trench was dirty, wet, smelly, and full of death, and you waited to die at any moment
Battles of the Marne
This battle was a French/British victory, because they stopped the German offensive
Battle of Tannenberg
This battle was a German victory against the Russian, the Russians were crushed
German 1918 Offensive
A last ditch attempt to beat the allies after the Germans defeated the Russians
Strains of the war on the Great Powers
The strains lead to millions of people dead, and many revolutions and restructuring
Costs of the war -- monetary & human
the war lost 15 million lives and cost 196 billion in today's money
national self-determination
The idea that people should determine who and what they want leading them


text: TOP 10 Top 10 Better Man Top 10: Debt-Incurring Undergraduate Degrees Back to Top ▲ Top 10: Debt-Incurring Undergraduate Degrees 4 Hospitality and tourism Share on Facebook Share on Twitter 0 Shares Thinkstock "Recognizing that the individual educated for today is soon out of date, the academic emphasis of the program is on principles, analytical tools, processes, and systems." Huh? That's from the website of the University of Massachusetts, describing its program in hospitality and tourism. One of the required courses is Beverage Management. Seriously. Doesn't every student learn to manage their beverages in college? The job opportunities are good because America has become such a "service-oriented" society. The pay is not so good. Median starting pay: $36,200 Number of years before you are debt-free: Eight years and four months Next Page TOP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Comments Show Comments More Like This Promoted Around the Web Special Features

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"What about this one?" Cuba held up a small two piece bathing suit that you wouldn't even dream of wearing. "You should really try it on, it'll look good on you."
You stared at it wide eyed. "I'm not wearing that, it's no more than a pair of spandex underwear," You crinkled up your nose. "Lets stick to the one pieces okay?"
Cuba let out out a sigh and put back the suit he had chosen for you. "Okay, but I really think you'd look good in it." He moved over with you to the more modest one piece bathing suits and began to look. He was still picking the most revealing ones for you to try on though. Finally the two of you settled on a sporty looking suit with small slits on the sides. "I guess that will do, but I won't know until you go try it on."
"No, You can't see me in it."
He gave you a flat expression, as if he wasn't sure if you were serious or not. "You're going to wear it to a public beach...a lot of people are going to see you in it."
You blushed. "I guess you're right, I didn't think of that." You sheepishly walked back to the dressing rooms and began to change. When you opened the door Cuba had a hat and sunglasses that perfectly matched your bathing suit for you.
Cuba looked a little embarrassed. "Wow, you look really pretty." He handed you your accessories and stepped back to get a better look at you. "Yup, we should definitely get you that one. It'll make everyone jealous."
You blushed and nodded. "Okay, I'll change back." After you had changed Cuba purchased you everything you'd picked out.
"So, you're ready to go to the beach now right? I called Canada while you were changing, hes waiting for us there now." He took your hand and started leading you in the direction of the beach.
"Well that really doesn't leave me much choice now does it? I'd hate to leave Canada standing at a beach all alone."
He grinned. "I was hoping that you'd say that." You two arrived at the beach, where Canada had already set a little spot to relax. "Looks like he's got everything ready already. We better get ready too." He grabbed a bag Canada brought and ran to the changing rooms, you followed him and changed into the suit you'd purchased. Once you were both changed you headed back to Canada.
"You look really pretty "_____"." A blush came over Canada's face.
"I know man, I told you she was going to make us look good. I was right wasn't I?" Cuba let out a loud laugh. Cuba picked you up in his arms and started for the water. "Time to get you wet, beach is no fun if you stay on the shore all day." Without warning he tossed you in, you were freezing. "Cold?" Cuba was still standing on the sand, only his feet were wet.
"Why don't you come find out?" You launched from the water and wrapped your arms around his neck, pulling him down into the water with you.
His face was one of pure shock. "Oh god, it is cold." He tried to stand up but you attached yourself to his back.
Canada joined you two in the water. "Looks like you've got a growth there Cuba."
"I know it, I can't get her off."
"I thought you wanted her on you, that's what you sai-." Cuba quickly covered Canada's mouth.
"Quiet holmes.. that ain't for now." You'd never seen Cuba so red before. "Don't listen to him, the heat has him all crazy." He gave a nervous laugh.
You could put two and two together quite easily, Cuba wasn't that hard to read either. "So, you don't like me then?" You slid off his back and sunk down into the water. You wanted to make it obvious that you liked him and his not liking you would depress you.
"No, that's not what I meant. I do like you, I just didn't want you to know yet."
Canada laughed. "To late now, you just told her."


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4 of 4 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
A Science Fiction Classic,
By Captain Canada (Canada eh.) - See all my reviews
Verified Purchase(What's this?)
This review is from: Forbidden Planet [Blu-ray] (Sous-titres franais) (Bilingual) (Blu-ray)
This is an absolutely brilliant cult classic movie featuring a very young Leslie Nielsen. It is light-years ahead of its time, well made, highly watchable and definitely one for any sci-fi buff's movie collection.
Now, sure, these days we have CGI and all that good bananas, so you have to remember that this was made nearly sixty years ago and, yes, it looks like it. But considering the technical limitations that they had to struggle with, it's a bloody masterpiece! Seriously, I can't believe they were doing effects work like it then and clearly these pioneering boys blazed the trail for Jurassic Park's digital dinos, Gollum, Avatar and so on that we enjoy today. Story-wise, it's a kinda riff on Shakespeare's 'The Tempest' and Walter Pidgeon turns in a very solid performance as the main antagonist (even if subconsciously) notwithstanding the fact that the script—and his character in particular—seems to spend the time over-explaining stuff. But it's nonetheless highly watchable and an enjoyable ride. I should point out that Forbidden Planet is not a restored version like the *superb* recent Jaws or slightly less jaw-dropping Lawrence of Arabia, but the image quality on Blu-Ray is very good nonetheless and the colors are pleasingly vibrant. Also, the disc contains a bunch of special features including deleted and lost footage, documentary material and a couple of additional Robby The Robot flicks, bringing good value to the package. If you love movies, sci-fi, filmaking or man-in-suit robots, this movie is a must have. Highly recommended, add to cart. :-)
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
Essential 50's Sci-Fi. Heck, essential movie. Period.,
This review is from: Forbidden Planet [Blu-ray] (Blu-ray)
A great gem of 1950's Sci-Fi. But let's not generalize. What you'll get is a great movie all around. Truly ahead of its time, you can see its influence on future films and TV, most notably "Star Trek". When compared to the 'giant monster/bug/reptile/anything features that passed themselves off as science fiction, you can't help but marvel at a studio backing, what is in some ways, a sci-fi version of Shakespeare's "The Tempest". Featuring an intelligent script that never insults the audience, memorable characters and great special effects, I can't recommend this film enough.
The film looks great on Blu-Ray, some great bonus features include an (all too short IMO) "Making Of" doc that contains interviews with an almost-complete cast, the designers of "Robby the Robot", and the musicians behind the unique score. Also included are some deleted scenes and rare lost footage, incredible for a 54 year-old film! There is a Turner Classic documentary of 50's Sci-Fi featuring directors Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, Ridley Scott and James Cameron. Fun stuff. The only drawback is no commentary track. What a shame. With the cast assembled for the documentary, why no commentary ? Sad, with the passing of Leslie Nielsen and Anne Francis that this will not be possible in the future. Otherwise, a must-own.
8 of 9 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars
Great Sci-Fi,
By Stephen Kaczmarek "Educator, Writer, Consultant" (Columbus, Ohio United States) - See all my reviews (REAL NAME)
This review is from: Forbidden Planet (Widescreen/Full Screen) (DVD)
Like all good film science fiction, "Forbidden Planet" keeps its concepts simple but their ramifications grand, which is just one of the reasons it is a timeless classic. Made at a time when sci-fi was the junk that kept restless kids in theater seats on Saturday afternoons, this ambitious take on Shakespeare's "The Tempest" nonetheless also aims for adults that grew up on the pulp fiction of the 1920s and 30s. (Its delightful production design is a seamless mix of colors, forms, and shapes familiar from those imaginative magazine covers.) The premise is Star Trek a decade before Star Trek, as a military cruiser commanded by the hard-nosed but humane J.J. Adams (Leslie Nielsen doing an effective melodramatic turn) visits a world populated by a secretive scholar (a wonderful Walter Pidgeon), his curious daughter (a sometimes grating Ann Francis), their robot butler (the epitome of mechanical men) and a mostly unseen terror (illustrated by topnotch Disney animators). Beyond great special effects and an innovative musical score, the film also engages a firm--if now familiar--science fiction plot, unlike so many of the noisy and expensive but ultimately overwrought and empty-headed sci-fi movies of today.
5.0 out of 5 stars
planet interdite(forbiden planet),
By babar54 "babar" (france) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Forbidden Planet (Widescreen/Full Screen) (DVD)
planet altair 4 en 2257.le vaisseau spatial béllérophon et son équipage ne répondent plus.pour leur porter secours,une mission emmenée par le commandant adams est lancée:le vaisseauc57d décolle à son tour pour la mystérieuse planet.accueillis à leur arrivée par robby un robot à la pointe de la technologie, ils découvrent le docteur morbius et sa fille,seuls survivants du bellérophon.les révélations de ces derniers sont stupéfiantes:les krells, des etres dotés d'une intelligence exceptionnelle...qui jadis peuplaient cette planet
on mystérieusement disparus,laissant derriéreux un étrange vertige capable de fournir une quantité d'énergie impressionnante..cette étrange force qui élimina un à un les membres de l'équipage serait-elle à l'origine de la disparition des krells? un fim defred mcléod vilcox.un film sortie au usa en 1956 en cinémascope EN COULEURE .des effets spéciaux super des couleurs flamboyantes,avec Walter pidgeon ,anne francis,leslie nielsen. qui jadis peuplaient cette planéte,ont mysterieusement disparus, laissant derriere eux un étrange vertige capable de fournir une quantité d'energie impressionnante
5.0 out of 5 stars
50th Anniversary Collector's Edition (2006),
By Richard Daystrom "creator, M-5 multitronic unit" (Daystrom Institute, Earth, United Federation of Planets) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Forbidden Planet: Ultimate Collector's Edition (DVD)
Product reviewed: Forbidden Planet: Ultimate Collector's Edition (2006)
Forbidden Planet (1956) is a classic on several levels, as many reviewers have aptly stated. This review concerns the 50th anniversary set. There are two such sets. The first is a two-disc dvd pack. The second includes the same two discs plus a few souvenirs. Either of these are the versions to buy for anyone who appreciates science fiction. Positives: The two-disc set is a welcome and long-overdue tribute to Forbidden Planet. To me, the most interesting of the bonus features was the hour-long documentary "Watch the Skies!: Science Fiction, the 1950s and Us" (2005) which featured George Lucas, Steven Spielberg, Ridley Scott, and narration by Mark Hamill. I was thrilled to find the episode of The Thin Man tv series (1958) that featured Robby the Robot, and the disc two film The Invisible Boy (1957) was a delightful find. What's missing: There will only be one 50th anniversary of Forbidden Planet, and although I appreciated the bonus documentaries, I would have liked two more features. First, an audio commentary track either from remaining cast members, or preferably from a film historian would have been wonderful. Second, on-screen textual commentary would have been a nice touch as well, especially for such a special effects classic. Something along the lines of what Michael and Denise Okuda have contributed to the Star Trek films would have made this package very special. The Ultimate box set also includes a 5 cm tall Robby figure, reduced-size reproductions of lobby (front of house) cards, and an attractive, painted tin container. While the extras are very nice, I would say that they do not justify the extra cost, and would recommend the plain two-disc set as adequate for most buyers. Language options are adequate. Subtitles: Eng., Fre, Spa. Audio: Eng., Fre.
4.0 out of 5 stars
"Hypnotic illusions don't tear people apart!!!",
This review is from: Forbidden Planet (Widescreen/Full Screen) (DVD)
4.5 stars. Nearly fifty years later it is truly amazing how fresh this movie still looks and feels. I have always believed the primary component of any lasting film is a great story. As a child I was as mesmerized by this film as much as I was with "Star Wars." The script is both highly intelligent and highly entertaining, with much more humor and believable horror than one would expect from a 1956 film. The direction is polished and inventive, with arcing tracking shots and clever editing techniques strewn throughout the picture. The acting here is very good, with a defining performance from Walter Pidgeon as Doctor Morbius, and a surprising dramatic turn from later-day comic actor Leslie Nielsen. The supporting cast all shine, each one containing more depth of character than is normally given to secondary roles. There is a tidy ending where a chain-reaction is started by merely turning a disc then throwing a switch, with irreversible effects. A Master Race of beings create a machine 20-miles-squared that can be destroyed that easily? Not likely. Regardless, this is still one of the best Sci-fi films from the 1950s. Thank you.
5.0 out of 5 stars
Good Clean Fun,
By David (Jacksonville, FL United States) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Forbidden Planet (Widescreen/Full Screen) (DVD)
This is one of those movies that I love to watch over and over again. There's just something about the movie that draws me to it. The acting, for the most part, is laughable. Leslie Nielsen--back when he was still doing serious roles (how old is that guy?)--is particularly funny when trying to look his most serious. Just check out the expression on Nielsen's face when Morbius tells Nielsen of his premonition of death. You also have a young Richard "The Six Million Dollar Man" Anderson as the chief engineer and an equally youthful Earl "Police Woman" Holliman as the burbon-guzzling cook.
Walter Pigeon, in the role of Dr. Edward Morbius, a marooned scientist who has developed a god complex, is probably the only actor who plays his character to a high level of credibility. Rounding out the major players is Anne Francis, who plays Altaira, Morbius's "come hither" daughter. Francis, too, gave me cause to laugh in this movie. She starts out as a 20-something, naive nature lover who's never kissed a man and, in the space of a couple of days, turns into a deliberately passionate woman who throws herself into the arms of Neilsen and spouts off lines like: "I'm ready to go with you, darling." Pretty funny stuff. Now, I don't want you to think I'm trying to trash the movie. The story is excellent, although it was regarded as being too cerebral at the time of its release (with it's talk of "the Id"). Mindful of their viewing audience at the drive-ins of the day, moviemakers eventually placed emphasis on Robbie the Robot--Morbius's mechanical helper who can balance ten tons of metal shielding in the palm of one hand (and not tip over or sink into the ground!). The story isn't all that complicated. A ship is sent to check on another ship that landed on the planet Altair 4 years earlier. They arrive to find everybody dead except Morbius and his daughter. Nielsen wants to evacuate the two, but Morbius has found the remnants of an now-perished civilization called the Krell and doesn't want to leave. Using their technology, he is able to harness the power of the mind and create anything from the nothing with a mere thought. But there's one problem--everybody has dreams and nighmares when they sleep. Hence, the cause of the demise of the Krell. I won't give away the ending--I've probably given away too much already. The movie's special effects were considered cutting-edge at the time and hold up surprisingly well. And Robbie was probably the forerunner of robot designs to come for the next decade or so. Amusingly, you can find set pieces, and even the uniforms the crew wears, being used in quite few other movies of the period. Overall, highly recommended.
5.0 out of 5 stars
A Classic from the Golden Age of SF Cinema!,
This review is from: Forbidden Planet (Widescreen/Full Screen) (DVD)
A liberal interpretation of William Shakespeare's THE TEMPEST, with a wee bit of Freudian psychology thrown into the mix, the 1956 science-fiction classic FORBIDDEN PLANET follows the crew of a United Planets Cruiser on a mission to the distant planet Altair IV, home to a once-thriving scientific colony that has been mysteriously incommunicado for some time.
When the cruiser reaches Altair IV, Commander John J. Adams (Leslie Nielsen) and his crew make radio contact with a Dr. Edward Morbius (Walter Pidgeon), one of the hitherto "missing" colonists. However, Morbius warns Adams to turn back, insisting that the crew will be in mortal danger if they touch down on the planet's surface. Adams orders his crew to land the ship anyway, of course, and they find that all the members of colony have perished save for three--Dr. Morbius, his curvaceous daughter Altaira (Anne Francis), and an intellectual robotic wunderkind named Robby. Not satisfied with Morbius' explanation about what happened to the other colonists, Adams and his crew seek evidence that will either corroborate or discredit Morbius' story. What they find is the remnants of the advanced alien race that inhabited the Altair IV aeons ago. Could this hold the key that unlocks the mystery of the missing colonists? Even after nearly half a century, FORBIDDEN PLANET remains both an interesting and thought-provoking film. Not only does it offer a clever space-age interpretation of Shakespeare's THE TEMPEST, the special FX are still eye-poppingly cool, even when faced off against the CGI FX of contemporary fare. One of the best special FX in the film is, of course, Robby the Robot. A very expensive prop for MGM to build, Robby stands at a height of 7-and-a-half feet and weighs about 300 pounds. He has become one of the most popular robots in the history of films and television, and as such, he has made cameo appearances in such movies as 1984's GREMLINS and 2003's LOONEY TUNES: BACK IN ACTION and on television shows like THE TWILIGHT ZONE and LOST IN SPACE. In addition to Robby, the three principal human actors in FORBIDDEN PLANET also contribute to the film's success. Leslie Nielsen is well known to film buffs as the comic star of such films as THE NAKED GUN: FROM THE FILES OF POLICE SQUAD (1988) and SPY HARD (1996). But here he does an excellent job in a serious role as John J. Adams, the commander of the spaceship, and for modern audiences, then, there is this added treat of seeing Nielson play one of the stodgy establishment types that he is now famous for parodying. The deep-voiced Walter Pidgeon is a masterful old-school thespian who is also a delight to watch. Here he makes his Dr. Morbius a devilishly pompous and pendantic patriarch, and the histrionics with which he does so are perfectly suited to the character. And finally, there's the lovely Anne Francis playing Dr. Morbius' daughter, Altaira. While Ms. Francis does not have the same range or depth as Nielsen or Pidgeon, she takes a role that was meant to be eye-candy and makes it more than a mere cardboard cut-out. So the storytelling, the FX, and the acting all combine to make FORBIDDEN PLANET a compelling film that entertains but also makes you think. And to genre fans, that is science fiction at its best. The MGM DVD is short on extras, basically offering only the theatrical trailer. But the disc does offer the film in an anamorphic widescreen format at the film's original aspect ratio of 2.35:1, and it appears that the digital transfer was made from a copy of the print that was in excellent shape for a film so old! For SF fans who want to add this piece of classic American cinema to their collections, the reasonable amazon.com price makes it easy!
3.0 out of 5 stars
DVD Features on a Forbidden Planet,
By A Customer
This review is from: Forbidden Planet (Widescreen/Full Screen) (DVD)
This 1956 science fiction classic, loosely based on Shakespeare's The Tempest, as critics enjoy lauding it, is a pure gem for the space enthusiast with a strong cast and captivating narrative. For more details on the plotline, search on IMDB.com. This reviewer, however, is concerned with the quality level and virtually featureless aspects of the Warner Brothers DVD release. This MGM produced film, now distributed through Warner Brothers is a rather lackluster specimen, containing only the film,(albeit an anamorphic print,which only benefits those with widescreen televisions)and the trailer. The video and audio quality are average in comparison to the earlier laser disc version produced for the Criterion Collection, which used to go for about $100. The previous laser release also contained an inordinate amount of extras, including deleted/expanded scenes, scripting and an impressive photo gallery. WHERE is this material? In short, if you love this film, you will have to settle for the current mediocre DVD print until a "Special" edition is released if ever.
4.0 out of 5 stars
From sci-fi's golden age...,
This review is from: Forbidden Planet (Widescreen/Full Screen) (DVD)
Forbidden Planet is probably the best representative of science fiction's golden age at the movies. The 1950's and 60's saw a generation of writers produce a series of excellent, though-provoking films that were all the better because they were grounded in hard science and ideas. Movie like Planet of the Apes, Forbidden Planet and Day the Earth Stood Still. Today's deriviative unimaginative sci-fi garbage films don't hold a candle to them for all their cgi glory.
The Forbidden Planet deals with an Earth ship investigating a previous landing on a nearby planet. Only one man and his teenage daughter survive and the fate of the other crew -- and the nature of the planet itself -- is shrouded in mystery. The plot is basically The Tempest in space. And those with a keen eye will see how this movie heavily influence the original Star Trek. But this is still a treat. Anne Farris and (talk about surprises) Leslie Nielson give good performances. The special effects stand up remarkably well after so long. But again, what sets this movie apart are the ideas. See the detail when the crew take their ship apart to build an insterstellar communicator. Or how the crew carefully and systematically deals with the dangers they are presented with. I can't recommend this film to everyone, since too many people will get caught up in the movie's age and that many of its original ideas have been copied so much as to now be cliche'. But if you like serious sci-fi, you will love this movie. Here's a quick litmus test. If you liked the recent flashy-but-pointless Planet of the Apes, you will not like this movie. But if you liked the original though-provoking Planet of the Apes, don't hesitate to add this to your colllection. |
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