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Comparison of lactate threshold, glucose, and insulin levels between OLETF and LETO rats after all-out exercise.
IntroductionIt is well known that animals including humans with obesity and diabetic mellitus have decreased aerobic exercise capacity (Kjaer et al., 1990). Such individuals require exercise prescription with proper exercise intensity compared to healthy individuals (ACSM, 1997). The reason is that although the absolute intensity is the same, the relative intensity is different depending on the individual.
Physical training has been established as an important prevention strategy and treatment against pathology (Ivy et al., 1999). It improves glycemic control, decreases the atherogenic lipidic profile, and reduces weight, abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk. It also improves the mood and self-esteem and relieves emotional stress (ACSM, 1997). Among the parameters to be considered in the exercise program for its own pathological conditions, the exercise intensity has received special attention. The lactate threshold (LT) is highly specific to exercise performance (Carvalho et al., 2005). Running increases metabolic demands more than at the resting state which is further enhanced when the running velocity exceeds above the LT. The LT is a point during exhaustive, all-out exercise at which lactic acid builds up in the blood stream faster than the body can remove it. The rate at which the body can remove the lactate is overwhelmed by the production and accumulation in the working skeletal muscles (Wasserman et al., 1973). At this stage, hormonal and sympathetic nervous system including various stress responses are activated to meet the increased physical demands (Farrell et al., 1983; Soya 2001). Such changes indicate that LT is an important factor for correct interpretation of exercise effects. The LT is a useful measure for deciding exercise intensity for training, and can be increased greatly with training. Training in LT is a popular method of improving high intensity endurance performance. The accumulation in the blood lactate observed during a graduated exercise test is usually interpreted as indicative of increased participation of the anaerobic metabolism as the energy source (Simoes et al., 1999). Lactate is a by-product of the anaerobic energy pathway, a process which provides energy to muscles by partially breaking down glucose without the need for oxygen.
However, although numerous studies have been performed to identify the effects of exercise training on diabetic models, most of the studies did not consider the different exercise capacity such as forced treadmill running velocity between diabetic and control rats. Almost all literatures on exercise with diabetic models performed running exercise at the same treadmill velocity between the models and controls. That is, there are only a few articles which applied or considered relative velocity between the groups. It is important that exercise capacities like LT differ according to the animal's strain. Therefore, when an exercise training study is performed using animals of different strains, the exercise intensity should be considered and the results should be interpreted accordingly.
Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats are a commonly studied animal model for obesity and Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). The OLETF rats are hyperphagic consuming roughly 30-40% more than Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO) controls when they become 20 weeks old (Kawano et al., 1994). Both male and female OLETF rats become obese demonstrating different weight trajectories compared to LETO rats (Mori et al., 1996). However, the OLETF rats show a sexual difference in the incidence of diabetes mellitus; by 24 weeks of age, the disease has developed in more than 90% of the males, whereas the blood glucose level is still normal in most females (Shi et al., 1994). The plasma glucose levels following oral glucose loads are elevated as early as eight weeks and by 24 weeks the male OLETF rats are hyperglycaemic and hyperinsulinaemic (Kawano et al., 1992). Usually, the NIDDM rats have inappropriate metabolic potentials because of the insulin-stimulated and glucose uptake disorder.
The OLETF rats become spontaneously obese and NIDDM with the hyperphagia expressed as a significant increase in the size of meals due to the lack of cholecystokinin-1 (CCK-1) receptors followed by development of hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, and diabetes (Kawano et al., 1994). CCK-1 inhibits food intake by reducing the meal size (Moran et al., 1998). The OLETF rat model is similar to human with NIDDM due to obesity. Because exercise is known to be effective in preventing or improving insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance of NIDDM (Greenberg and McDaniel, 2002; Bassuk and Manson, 2005), the OLETF rats have been often used to investigate positive effects on physiological or biochemical factors on exercise, for example, improvement of lipid profile such as glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and leptin, changes of appetite regulating factors in brain hypothalamus and hepatic fatty acid oxidation (Miyasaka et al., 2003; Bi et al., 2005). However, as far as we know, no one has identified the LT level of the OLETF rats on the treadmill which is a criterion of running velocity for set exercise intensity. Until now, all the studies on exercise effects using OLETF rats adopted wheel running as spontaneous exercise method. There is no study performed using treadmill running as forced exercise method. Thus, in the present study the LT level of the OLETF rats was identified through the forced treadmill running.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the gradual incremental increase in running velocity alters the pattern of lactate and LT levels in OLETF and LETO rats and how glucose and insulin levels change immediately after all-out running exercise.
Experimental animals
Thirty week old male OLETF (n = 8) and LETO (n = 6) rats were housed in group cages illuminated from 07:00 to 19:00 (12:12-h cycle) with room temperature varied from 21 to 23[degrees]C. During the entire experimental period, the animals received commercial chow for rodents and water ad libitum. All rats were housed at laboratory conditions for 3 weeks. All procedures were performed in accordance with the Institutional Guidelines for Animal Care at the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The use of animals was received and approved by the animal care review committee at the Korea University.
Treadmill running habituation
The protocols of the habituation and the exercise test were the same as in a previous study (Soya et al., 2007). Briefly, rats were initially acclimated to run 5 days/wk for 2 wks with a graded increase in velocity (from 10 to 25 m/min) for 30 min on the treadmill for adaptation.
Before treadmill running habituation, the rats were anesthetized with zoletil 50 (10 mg/kg, i.p.; Vibac Laboratories, Carros, France) for surgery. For the blood analysis of lactate and glucose, a silicone catheter was inserted into the jugular vein and fixed by a 35 mm silk thread. The exteriorized distal end of the catheter was fixed at the animal's nape as described in a previous study (Chang et al., 2007).
Experimental procedures and exercise protocol
Three days after surgery, the rats were kept individually in their cages until the start of the running tests for full recovery. Then, we sought to determine whether LT was significantly different between OLETF and LETO rats using treadmill running exercise. Two hours before the experiment, the rats were fasted by removing chow to minimize the glucose effect from consumption just prior to the measurement. In the experiment, both OLETF and LETO rats with the same increasing velocity (initial velocity was 5m/min and 2.5m/min increase every 3 min) at 0% grade until their all-out exercise.
Measurement of blood lactate, glucose, and insulin levels
Lactate levels (1500 STAT PLUS, YSI Inc.) were determined from whole blood samples with glucose (AccuChek, Germany) by blood obtained before, during and immediately after exercise (maximum blood lactate level) on the treadmill. At least 30 [micro]L of blood sample was taken from the jugular vein catheter 30 seconds before increasing treadmill velocity to measure blood lactate and glucose levels. For plasma insulin measurement at rest and all-out exercise, at least 200 [micro]L of blood sample was taken prior to start of exercise and immediately after all-out exercise on the treadmill. The samples were processed by centrifugation at 4[] at 10,000g for 10 min, and the plasma was extracted and stored at -80[] before analysis. Plasma insulin levels were determined by radioimmuno assay (Rat insulin kit, Linco Research Inc., USA).
Calculation of LT and HOMA-IR levels
The velocity at the LT ([V.sub.LT]) was determined from the non-liner increase in blood lactate levels vs. running velocity using modified regression analysis (Green et al., 1983; Beaver et al., 1985). HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) in rest and immediately after all-out exercise was calculated using the following formula: HOMA-IR = insulin ([micro]U x [ml.sup.1]) x glucose (mmol x [L.sup.-1])/ 22.5
Statistical analysis
All the data were represented as mean [+ or -] standard error of the mean (SEM). The body weight and [V.sub.LT] were analyzed by student's t-test. The other factors (glucose, lactate, insulin, HOMA-IR) were analyzed by a 2 x 2 ANOVA with repeated measures and a student's t-test about difference between OLETF and LETO rats only in rest using SPSS 15.0 statistical package. The statistical significance was accepted at the level of p < 0.05.
Body weight, blood glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR levels
The data of blood glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR levels while the rats were doing the incremental treadmill running are shown in Figure 1.
The body weight was significantly heavier in OLETF (498.1 [+ or -] 15.7 g) than in LETO rats (453.8 [+ or -] 9.7 g) (p < 0.05). The OLETF rats (7.23 [+ or -] 0.36 mmol x [L.sup.-1]) developed hyperglycemia compared to LETO rats (6.36 [+ or -] 0.27 mmol x [L.sup.-1]), but it was not significant. The blood glucose levels immediately after all-out exercise increased in OLETF (from 7.23 [+ or -] 0.36 to 9.38 [+ or -] 1.77 mmol x [L.sup.-1]) and decreased in LETO rats (from 6.36 [+ or -] 0.27 to 4.42 [+ or -] 0.71 mmol x [L.sup.-1]). The changes of the glucose levels from rest to all-out exercise showed significant difference between OLETF and LETO rats (p = 0.013). The resting insulin levels were significantly higher in the OLETF (34.4 [+ or -] 7.7 [micro]U x [ml.sup.-1]) than in LETO (15.29 [+ or -] 2.6 [micro]U x [ml.sup.-1]) rats (p = 0.009). The insulin level was decreased in both the OLETF (20.13 [+ or -] 8.63 [micro]U x [ml.sup.-1]) and LETO (5.72 [+ or -] 1.49 [micro]U x [ml.sup.-1]) rats immediately after the all-out exercise, but the difference was not significant. The resting HOMA-IR was significantly higher in the OLETF (10.38 [+ or -] 2.04) than LETO (4.31 [+ or -] 0.77) rats (p = 0.031). The HOMA-IR levels changed in both the OLETF (11.3 [+ or -] 5.65) and LETO (1.34 [+ or -] 0.56) rats immediately after all-out exercise, but the difference was not significant.
Blood lactate levels and [V.sub.LT]
The blood lactate levels of the resting state were 1.58 [+ or -] 0.17 in OLETF and 0.95 [+ or -] 0.1 mmol x [L.sup.-1] in LETO rats (Figure 2). The maximum blood lactate levels were significantly elevated in both OLETF (4.4 [+ or -] 0.43 mmolx[L.sup.-1]) and LETO (5.87 [+ or -] 0.23 mmol x [L.sup.-1]L) rats. The changes of the blood lactate levels from rest to all-out exercise showed significant difference between OLETF and LETO rats (F=16.397, p=0.02). The major finding of current study demonstrated that the [V.sub.LT] of OLETF (17.8 [+ or -] 1.39 [m x [min.sup.-1]) was significantly lower than that of LETO (20.5 [+ or -] 1.33 m x [min.sup.-1]) rats (Figure 3B).
The OLETF rat is an animal model with mild obesity and NIDDM caused by an absence of food intake inhibition due to a lack of functional CCK-1 receptors (Miyasaka et al., 1994; Takiguchi et al., 1998), impaired insulin sensitivity, and increased resistance to insulin (DeFronzo et al., 1992). Accordingly, such rats overeat (Moran et al., 1998) and have decreased responsiveness to ingested fats (Schwartz et al., 1999). In addition, the rats with decreased physical activity favor their weight gain (Sei et al., 1999). The male OLETF rats usually begin showing diabetic symptoms and insulin resistance when they become 20 weeks old (Kawano et al., 1994), and spontaneously develop NIDDM after 25-30 weeks of age (Mori et al., 1996). The OLETF rats used in this study were 30 weeks old which had already passed the onset of diabetic mellitus and they were significantly heavier (8.9%) than the LETO rats.
In our investigation, the resting blood glucose level of OLETF was higher than that of LETO rats, although it was not significant. The reason for such result is assumed to be due to a mildly elevated rest glucose level in LETO rats. Although we could not confirm the glucose sensitivity of the two groups using the glucose tolerance test, the results immediately after all-out showed significantly increased and decreased glucose levels in diabetic and control models respectively, indicating that the rats used in the study were indeed diabetic and control models (Fig 1A). Such changes in glucose levels during exercise in normal subjects have been well established in both humans and animals (Kjaer et al., 1990). The glucose utilization as fuel increases in response to all-out running exercise (Holloszy et al., 1996). However, the OLETF skeletal muscle is not likely to be able to use blood glucose as a fuel effectively due to impaired insulin-mediated glucose disposal. According to the literature, in general prolonged exercise in animals including humans with or without diabetes show gradual decrease in blood glucose levels in general (Bussau et al., 2007; Marliss and Vranic, 2002). However, blood glucose after a short-term supramaximal exercise increase in NIDDM patients (Kjaer et al., 1990). It is because the glucose transport activity enhanced during exercise persists immediately after exercise (Minuk et al., 1981). Noticeably, intensive exercise may increase the risk for a transient metabolic decompensation, which could be life threatening (i.e., acute hypoglycemia) (Szewieczek et al., 2007).
The OLETF rats were severely hyperinsulinemic with resting plasma insulin concentration 2.2-fold higher than that of the LETO rats in our study (Figure 1B). Serum insulin level tends to decline during exercise (Galbo, 1977; Kjaer et al., 1990). Similar to many reports, insulin levels in this study also decreased in both OLETF and LETO rat immediately after all-out exercise. Interestingly, the insulin level in OLETF rats after all-out exercise was still 31.4% higher than that of the resting level in LETO rats indicating that OLETF rats maintained hyperinsulinemic condition even after all-out exercise.
HOMA-IR is an empirically developed mathematical formula based on the plasma glucose level and the plasma insulin levels that were developed as a surrogate measurement of in vivo insulin sensitivity (Matthews et al., 1985). Although statistically not significant, the HOMA-IR of LETO showed tendency to decrease (63.1 %) after all-out exercise which is contrary to the result of OLETF showing 8.0 % increase in HOMA-IR indicating no improvement in insulin sensitivity (Fig 1C). The reason for such large individual variability in the OLETF rats is assumed to be due to large individual variability of glucose and insulin levels immediately after all-out. Intense physical activity of all-out mode of exercise may have lead to large variations in blood glucose and insulin levels between the individual OLETF rats.
As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3A, the resting levels of blood lactate in OLETF were higher than that of LETO rats in accordance with other studies in which NIDDM patients were participated (Metz et al., 2005; Digirolamo et al., 1992). In contrast to the resting levels of blood lactate, the blood lactate levels immediately after all-out exercise (maximum blood lactate level) were lower in OLETF compared to LETO rats. In addition, the changes of the blood lactate levels from rest to immediately after all-out exercise showed significant difference between the OLETF and LETO rats (F = 16.397, p = 0.002). Lactate production accelerates as exercise becomes more intense and muscle cells can neither oxidize lactate at its rate of production nor meet any additional energy demands aerobically (McArdle et al., 1996). Generally, the higher the maximum blood lactate levels in humans and rats, the higher the aerobic capacity they have (McArdle et al., 1996). Therefore, our results suggest that the OLETF rats are likely to have lower aerobic capacity compared to the LETO rats.
This is the first study to determine [V.sub.LT] from the treadmill running exercise in OLETF and LETO rats (Figure 3A and B). As represented by the solid and dotted LT velocity lines, the LT of level LETO rats consistently shows increased lactate levels from about 19 min compared to OLETF of about 16 min (Figure 3A). The point of acute lactate increase is delayed for those with better exercise capacity. Therefore, the difference in the point of acute lactate increase could be used to indicate the exercise capacity between the OLETF and LETO rats. Our results show that [V.sub.LT] was lower in OLETF compared to LETO rats in similar to the results of maximum blood lactate levels. According to the study by Peterson et al (2008), different running velocities were applied to the rat models. In this study, the Zucker diabetic rats were allowed to run at lower running velocity (20 m x [min.sup.-1]) compared to the Zucker control rats (24 m x [min.sup.-1]) to compensate the differences in total workout due to the different body masses between the Zucker diabetic and control rats. However, criteria of aerobic capacity such as LT have not been considered appropriately when exercise intensity was applied. In general, not only intensity of exercise but also mode, frequency, and duration of exercise needs to be considered for the design of exercise studies. Additionally, when it comes to set exercise intensity, it is important to measure aerobic capacity such as LT, V[O.sub.2]max or heart rate. Since the [V.sub.LT] acquired through our study is a criterion for aerobic capacity of OLETF and LETO rats, the result of low [V.sub.LT] in the OLETF compared to LETO rats implies that the application of relatively low exercise intensity is suitable for OLETF rats.
Our results suggest that different treadmill velocity should be used to apply relatively the same exercise intensity, and the different [V.sub.LT] should be recognized to compensate for the differences between the OLETF and LETO rats. We believe that the [V.sub.LT] obtained through this study will be a useful reference for the future studies on exercise training of OLETF rats, thus researchers will be able to apply the relative exercise intensity to OLETF and LETO rats.
Key points
* The [V.sub.LT] of OLETF was significantly lower than that of LETO rats.
* The changes of the blood lactate levels from rest to all-out exercise showed significant difference between OLETF and LETO rats.
* The result of low [V.sub.LT] in the OLETF compared to LETO rats implies that the application of relatively low exercise intensity is suitable for OLETF rats.
* The different [V.sub.LT] should be recognized to compensate for the differences between the OLETF and LETO rats.
This work was supported by the grant (R01-2007-000-20546-0) from the Basic Research Program of KOSEF, and was supported in part by the grant KRF-2008-354-G00088 (to W. Song) and by the Korean Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion Fund) KRF-2008-332-G00017 (to H. Chang).
Received: 26 February 2009 / Accepted: 08 June 2009 / Published (online): 01 September 2009
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Hyukki Chang (1), Jae-Young Park (1), Min-Hwa Suk (1), Ho-Jun Lee (1), Hyun-Joo Kang (2), Kyung-Mook Choi (3) and Wook Song (1) ([mail])
(1) Institute of Sports Science, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Seoul National University, Korea, (2) Department of Sports Medicine, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Korea, (3) Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Korea University, Korea
([mail]) Wook Song Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 152-742, KOREA
Hyukki CHANG
Senior Researcher, Institute of Sports Science, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Seoul National University
Research interests
Exercise physiology and Brain research.
E-mail: email@example.com
Jae-Young PARK
Ph.D. Course Student, Institute of Sports Science, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Seoul National University
Research interests
Exercise physiology.
E-mail: email@example.com
Min-Hwa SUK
Senior Researcher, Institute of Sports Science, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Seoul National University
Research interests
Exercise physiology.
E-mail: email@example.com
Ho-Jun LEE
M.S. Course Student, Institute of Sports Science, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Seoul National University
Research interests
Exercise physiology.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Hyun-Joo KANG
Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Medicine, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University
Research interests
Exercise physiology.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Kyung-Mook CHOI
Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine
MD, PhD
Research interests
Endocrinology, metabolism.
E-mail: email@example.com
Wook SONG
Assistant Professor, Institute of Sports Science, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Seoul National University
Research interests
Exercise physiology.
E-mail: email@example.com
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Title Annotation: | Research article |
Author: | Chang, Hyukki; Park, Jae-Young; Suk, Min-Hwa; Lee, Ho-Jun; Kang, Hyun-Joo; Choi, Kyung-Mook; Song, W |
Publication: | Journal of Sports Science and Medicine |
Article Type: | Report |
Date: | Sep 1, 2009 |
Words: | 4837 |
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Aristotle To Use VTI/TLT Ratio
Check this blog to see how the Aristotle Portfolio is going to be managed using ideas from Benjamin Graham.
If you have not recently checked out the upgraded ITA blog, check the URL under my name.
Basic Information for Momentum-Optimization Model Investors
Investors wishing to set up a basic portfolio will find all the essential information in the following three screenshots. The slides are as follows.
- Ranking of ETFs that will provide global coverage and include low correlated securities that can be used during bear markets.
- Current Buy-Hold-Sell recommendations for rebalancing assume the investor is employing the ITA Risk Reduction model.
- Recommendations for any investor interested in using the momentum model.
This material is not available for publication elsewhere on the Internet.
Investing Review: Examining the Basic Principles
From time to time it is useful to go back to the basics and make sure we have an investment plan that makes sense and has a high probability of adding value, or as we like to say, adds alpha to the portfolio. In one of his later posts, "HedgeHunter" recommends laying out an investment plan. Here are a few basics.
- Follow The Golden Rule of Investing by living below your means and save as much as you can as early in life as you can. Even if you are limiting in your saving plan, stick with it and stay disciplined.
- By all means, use index mutual funds or non-managed index ETFs. My preference is to use ETFs. ITA Wealth Management is loaded with examples of security tickers such as VTI, VEU, VWO, VNQ, etc.
- Lay out an asset allocation plan. Readers will find an example below. Twelve (12) to eighteen (18) asset classes should be sufficient.
- Within the asset allocation plan determine what percentage you plan to invest in each asset class. I still think this is one of the most difficult decisions an investor makes.
- Read a few investment books I recommend throughout this blog. Hear what other investors have to say. Be aware that my book recommendations have a bias toward index investing and my investing style is rather conservative. It may not seem conservative with all this discussion on momentum, optimization, and risk reduction – but it is.
Einstein Dashboard: The following screenshot was extracted from the Einstein TLH Spreadsheet and is an example of the Einstein asset allocation plan. It is more colorful than one might expect as I am deviating from the asset allocation plan by employing the Momentum-Optimization Model overlay with this portfolio. In addition, I am paying attention to the ITA Risk Reduction (ITARR) model as I am adamant about preserving capital.
U.S. Bonds, Int'l Bonds, Precious Metals, Commodities, and Emerging Markets are all under target as these are currently under-performing asset classes. Expect this to change over the coming months and even in the next review of the Einstein.
Another example of an asset allocation plan is one I use with the Schrodinger.
Schrodinger Dashboard: In this portfolio most of the asset classes are in balance. Due to the recent strong performance in Small-Cap Growth (VBK) this asset class is now above target and will need to be scaled back. Commodities is under target and could use a boost. If one is sticking with an asset allocation plan, momentum is out the window. After laying out an asset allocation plan, and the Schrodinger may not fit your risk capacity, stick with it and keep the various asset classes in balance.
Based on the recent research from "HedgeHunter" I think it is prudent to employ the ITARR overlay. What I am less sure about is the 195-Day EMA. I need to do more research on EMAs as I recall reading an academic paper where a little faster moving EMA is preferred. My recollection is that a 150-Day Exponential Moving Average is superior to the 195-Day EMA. The problem with choosing one over the other is that the decision is based on back testing and there is no guarantee that is what will work best in the future.
If you are looking for an approach that requires about one hour of work per year, set your portfolio up similar to the Schrodinger. It you want to be a little more active, then consider the MOM with the ITARR overlay. Examples of these approaches are on display each month as the various portfolios come up for review. To gain access to all the details requires a Platinum membership so keep that option in mind.
Which ETFs To Use When Constructing A New Portfolio
Which ETFs do I recommend for different asset classes when putting together that first portfolio? The first move is to decide which asset classes to use. Twenty-five months ago I posted this Asset Allocation blog and little has changed over that time. One error in the table is the position of VEA. That ETF should be included in the Developed International Equities box rather than the Emerging Market asset class. Since posting this asset allocation table I added a Precious Metals asset class to several portfolios. Another change is that I no longer use mid- and small-cap blend (VO and VB) as those asset classes are covered by the value and growth ETFs. This cuts the number of U.S. Equity asset classes from nine to seven. A strong argument can be made that the "Big Nine" (now "Big Seven") are highly correlated and one only needs VTI to cover all U.S. Equity asset classes. If you want to simplify your portfolio or if it is rather small, use only VTI for U.S. Equities. However, I'll continue to use VTI, VTV, VOE, VBR, VUG, VOT, and VBK as the primary representative ETFs for the U.S. Equities market.
This material is not available for publication elsewhere on the Internet.
The remaining nine asset classes are: Cash, Domestic Bonds (BND), Developed International Markets (VEU), Emerging Markets (VWO), U.S REITs (VNQ), International REITs (RWX), International Bonds (BWX), Commodities (DBC), and Precious Metals (GTU). While these are the primary ETFs used to calculate the ITA Index benchmark, I hold other ETFs in different portfolios as well as a few individual stocks. For example, I don't limit bonds to just BND. Other bond and income ETFs include BSV, BIV, AGG, JNK, LQD, TLT, TIP, SHY, etc.
As stated many times on this blog, the second decision of what percentage to allocate to each asset class is the most difficult decision facing investors. If one follows the Momentum-Optimization Model, and you are satisfied with the constraints applied to the different asset classes and individual securities, it is possible to receive help with this difficult decision through the optimizer.
Here is the link to a series of articles on Dynamic Asset Allocation or Adaptive Asset Allocation. I believe I referenced this second article in a prior blog.
Here is the latest ranking of ETFs I use to populate most of the portfolios tracked here at ITA.
Where To Begin If You Have Never Managed A Portfolio
If someone asked you what to do with an inheritance or 401(k) sum of money, what advice would you give them? Here are some basic ideas for a novice investor.
- Assume the money is in your checking account and available to be invested.
- Open up a broker account with a discount broker. For example, go to a "bricks and mortar" location if possible and fill out the forms. A good idea is to print out the forms in advance and fill them out at home. Then take the forms into the broker (TDAmeritrade for example) and have them look over the forms to make sure everything is accurate.
- If you are a couple, set up separate accounts for each person. I think it is wise to keep investment portfolios separate.
- Invest the minimum amount in each account. If there is no minimum, begin with a minimum of at least $1,000 in each account. Another option is to place all the available money in a money market account so it is available for investing. If the money is coming from an inheritance, invest the money in a taxable account. If the money is coming from a tax deferred account, and you can set up a self-directed IRA account, do that.
- With the market as high as it now is, I certainly would not invest everything in the stock market. Be patient. Take any where from six months to two years to fully invest the money. The time will depend on the amount of money to invest. There is nothing quite so discouraging as to loose money right out of the starting blocks.
- By all means, use index funds or index ETFs rather than trying to select individual stocks.
- At this point I would select one of the ITA portfolios to follow on this blog.
- Begin an investing education program by reading some of the Top Ten Investment Books.
Coming back to the original question, what advice would you pass on to the novice investor?
Setting Up a New Portfolio
Whether one is a beginning or experienced investor, a respectable portfolio can be constructed using the following 27 ETFs. These ETFs are available commission free to TDAmeritrade clients. While there are 27 ETFs available, it is not expected all would be part of the portfolio at any one time. Currently, only 13 ETFs are recommended with the current conditions.
This material is not available for publication elsewhere on the Internet.

subset: commoncrawl


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Blades Face Magpies In Opener
Sheffield United will face Nott's County at Bramall Lane on the opening day of the 2013/14 League One season, the Football League has announced.
To mark the celebration of 125 years of the Football League, it's organisers has decided to reveal a selection of fixtures (two from each Division) which will celebrate this fine anniversary with the Blades kicking-off against FL founders Nott's County. The remainder of the fixtures will be announced on Blades-Mad tomorrow.
Source: Blades-Mad
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By: Schnookies
Silent Hill 5 Exclusive 'Transition' Gameplay from 1UP/EGM!
Views: 6,972 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: xRONIN21x
Views: 1,602 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: Berlin0190666666
The first SHO trailer! Enjoy!
Views: 7,648 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: gamerx0
Game Informer first look at Silent Hill Origins for the PSP.
Views: 539 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: Snxke
For PSP
Views: 1,169 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: dragonsand
A short preview of SHO (PSP).
Views: 497 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: dragonsand
Short SH: Origins PSP gameplay.
Views: 528 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: GamerGeekReview
So, I received my GT order today and I just wanted to take the time to thank GameTrailers for creating such an awesome community for gamers as well as for the sweet gift. Thanks Gametrailers!!!
Views: 1,034 | Posted: 05/25/2011
By: Sanlo
ending of "Silent Hill 2"
Views: 576 | Posted: 05/25/2011
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In ScreamRide, players can build extreme coasters, rides and environments from the ground-up, pilot these creations,...
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A nameless hero finds himself in a place between fantasy and nightmare in this dark fantasy puzzle game.
PC, Xbox One, PS4
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The cult horror shooter series comes to an apocalyptic conclusion with an epic new third chapter, a heart-pumping new...
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In Assassin's Creed Rogue, players experience the Assassin's Creed universe through the eyes of a Templar.
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The final chapter in the Atelier Dusk series features new battle and time management systems and other exciting...
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Navigate a nightmarish dream world where puzzles and obstacles await your every move, all while being chased by the...
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Toys come to life in this isometric hack-n-slash style mobile game.
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An enhanced port of DmC featuring 1080p visuals, new costumes, and all the DLC included.
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A bold new direction in open-world freedom, storytelling, mission-based gameplay and online multiplayer, Grand Theft...
Xbox One, PS4
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The Sequel to last year's breakout experimental horror indie game, Slender: The Eight Pages.


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Copper Gains on China Import Data
TheStreet) -- Copper futures were getting a boost from improved Chinese March import data.
Copper for May delivery was rising 0.3% to $4.3175 a pound.
"On the metals side, the more detailed breakdown of Chinese March import data was encouraging in that there were broad-based rebounds noted in a number of import categories," said MF Global analyst Ed Meir. However, the extent of the bounce may have been disappointing for some, he noted.
China's refined copper imports rose 21.5% over February levels, but that didn't entirely offset February's decline of 36%.
Also, copper exports gained steam. About 37,000 tons of the metal were exported in March, a 20-fold rise over last year. This is "indicative of soft conditions in the local market," Meir noted. Morgan Stanley Research Europe said Tuesday that it's reducing its overweight position in commodities to 4% from 6% by taking materials down to neutral from 2% overweight ahead of the expected end of the second round of quantitative easing in the U.S. in June. The team explains that commodity prices have been a key beneficiary of quantitative easing. The end of the program would result in some price pressure. Copper giant Southern Copper Corporation (SCCO - Get Report) was falling 0.7% to $36.10, while peer Freeport-McMoRan (FCX - Get Report) was rising 1.8% to $55.76. Copper fabricator Encore Wire (WIRE - Get Report) was rising 1.8% to $25.33. Ethanol was rising 0.8% to $2.661 a gallon for the June contract amid concern that high corn costs will impede production and a routine shutdown of plants. Corn futures are up more than 90% year-to-date on strong fundamentals. "Just like gas, when the plants shut down we see a increase in price for ethanol," said PFG Best Senior Research Analyst Phil Flynn. Still, fuel blenders have a good amount of ethanol inventory built up already and don't need much more ethanol for now, says MaxYield Cooperative analyst Karl Setzer. Meanwhile, plants are running at 97% of capacity as they take their annual maintenance shutdown. The plants expect to produce the biofuel at a reduced rate once they reopen, as the the producers works through cheaper, previously-booked, lower-valued corn, said Setzer. Oil and gas giant Chevron (CVX - Get Report), a buyer and blender of ethanol, was rising 0.9% to $108.34. Royal Dutch Shell (RDS.A - Get Report), an ethanol producer, was up 0.6% to $75.53. Pacific Ethanol (PEIX - Get Report) was popping 5.7% to 50 cents. Another ethanol play, The Andersons (ANDE - Get Report), was up 2.5% to $49.58. >>Search for Highest Dividends by Rate or YieldMore on Earnings Today's Top Earnings |
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>To contact the writer of this article, click here: Andrea Tse. >To follow the writer on Twitter, go to Andrea Tse. >To submit a news tip, send an email to: firstname.lastname@example.com.
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What does AICF mean in Non-Profit Organizations?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand AICF in the Community field in general and in the Non-Profit Organizations terminology in particular.
Find a translation for AICF in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this AICF abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"AICF." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 4 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/205644>.
AICF also stands for:
- Acoustic Inertial Confinement Fusion
- Agricultural Institute Of Canada Foundation
- Alien Information Collection Form
- All India Chess Federation
- All India Christian Federation
... and 4 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search American Indian College Fund on Amazon
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Journey on the James
Henrico students explore nature during trip
Inside a conference room at J.R. Tucker High School recently, students Meredith Jaroneski, Kristin Schaefer, Lev Looney and Hunter Goff laughed and spoke over each other, displaying such easy camaraderie one would think they'd known each other for years. "What are you guys doing this afternoon?" Kristin asked. "Anyone like to go to the movies?" "Me," Lev exclaimed. "I will," Meredith added quickly. A few weeks before, all but Meredith knew each other, but only by sight and from the occasional class. From July 21-28, the four set out with biology teacher Jane Seldon, students and teachers from two other Virginia high schools and officials from the James River Association on canoeing and rafting trip down the lower James River from Richmond to Hampton. "I sort of didn't know anybody at all," Lev said. "We became close with everybody, like I've been texting people a lot." Around the table the four students and their teacher compared blisters and sunburns and shared how what they learned was often unexpected as they came to trust each other. "You had to trust the person in back to know that they'll steer you, because the person in back steers and the person in front is the power," Kristin said. It was difficult, she said. Each day they were paired with a new boat mate and had different duties, such as pitching tents or being the camp reporter. On the day that Meredith had camp duty, Kristin helped – sort of. "Both of us together, it took us like 45 minutes to put up one tent," Kristin said. Meredith interjected: "Lev tried to help." Kristin said: "He was like, 'This is really easy, guys.'" The group entered the James upriver from Belle Isle and white-water-rafted down to an area around 14th Street. "What was a lot of fun was everyone would jump to the front and so there were times when the water was like shooting into everybody's face," Lev said. "It was intense." Lev and Kristin both flew out once, but no injuries occurred. "I mean, Ms. Seldon you like saved my life," Kristin said, recounting how her teacher grabbed her when she was slipping. Going down river the group spent one rainy night on a pontoon boat, a flat bottom boat historically used to transport goods from plantations to market. "They put up rain flies, that didn't really work that well," Lev said. "Hunter's sleeping bag was on the side and when we woke up there was just a puddle under him, but none of us were wet. He'd physically blocked all the rain from the guys." Meredith said she woke up and her body was dry, but not her head. "It felt like I had been like dunked in a pool of water on my face," Meredith said. They received an unexpected wake-up call when the horns from a triathlon that was starting there went off at 5 a.m., Seldon said. The weather was a problem again later in the week, when it stormed while they were near Fort Pocahontas. They stayed in President John Tyler's grandson's garage for shelter, after he offered them the space. "It was so bad that the caretaker said he had to cut down all the trees to check on it," Lev said. But there were some beautiful rainbows afterward, Kristin said. Part of the purpose of the trip was to learn about the river, and how to protect it. One day they stopped at Virginia Commonwealth University's Rice Center to hear a talk about algae, and another day they learned about the blue catfish from college scientists who shocked the water to bring the fish to the surface. They gave the group pounds of catfish, which Lev said he threw in the cooler behind him in his canoe to fillet later. Hunter explained that the catfish are harder to fillet because they have skin and not scales. Lev said he had filleted fish before using an electric knife, but not without. "Yeah, that was not fun," Lev said. "It was hard because whenever you messed up it was so hard to get the next piece of skin. We ended up just sort of cooking it ... We were just kind of cooking it to have fun and then I sat down and ate everything." The quality of the fish and the river were surprises to Hunter. "The river is different than what we're really taught," he said. "At least me, all I've heard about the river is, 'Take your boat out, it's a little dirty but you can still get a fish here and there. If you go out at night there's going to be more fish.' But we constantly saw fish during the day, and the litter, yes, there was litter, but it wasn't as bad as we were taught." One area in particular – where bald Cyprus trees formed habitats for ospreys and eagles – was particularly impressive. "That's nature," he said. "That's what nature should be." Seldon, who said she was very familiar with the upper and middle James, had tried to anticipate what it would be like. "I was just amazed at how broad it is and how much power the river has," she said. "It's so much cleaner than it used to be. I remember when it was so awful and it's really, really been cleaned up, but they were counting the tires on the bank." In one day they counted 196 tires in about 10 miles, Lev said. They also found an abandoned car. "If everybody just picked up like one piece of trash and didn't throw one piece of trash in, the difference would be like insane," Lev said. As part of the expedition, the students are required to give a presentation to their peers about what they learned. Kristin said that a big part of what she would tell her peers is that one person can make a difference. "I feel like a lot of people ... throw a can on the ground and they're just like, 'Oh whatever, it's just what can I do,'" she said. "But you really can make a difference." Meredith, who said she was looking forward to doing the project, said that she was surprised at how much she learned about how important the river was. "I just thought it was like a camping trip and I was like, 'Yeah, camping,'" she said. "It really hit me when we pulled up to Jamestown that we were actually doing like really pretty much the same thing that the settlers were doing when they just were on the James." The long days and irregular sleep hours were difficult, Meredith said, but worth it when she was paddling. "It was just really cool to just be able to ... lose sense of time and not really know what day it was or what time it was really, but just sort of paddle and get lost in the paddling. It gave me time to think, and then I really realized how important the river is," Meredith said. Hunter said he was surprised at how much he didn't know about the history of the river, including about how the settlers stopped at Richmond because of the fall line there. He also learned about the historic importance of the forts along the river during battles, such as Fort Monroe, where they ended their trip, he said. Seldon said she was proud of her kids, and said they were definitely not slackers. She also had nothing but praise for the James River Association and their trip leaders. "I would encourage everyone to volunteer with the James River Association, and the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and with the James River parks," Seldon said. "It was absolutely wonderful ... We learned so much about the river and about how to take care of it, and about ourselves." To view slideshows and video from the trip, as well as student accounts, visit http://www.jrava.org/expedition |
RAMPS receives $8k grant
Citizen Staff Reports 03/03/2015
RAMPS (Ramp Access Made Possible by Students) recently received an $8,000 grant from the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation. The award was one of 75 grants totaling more than $600,137 awarded by the Reeve Foundation to nonprofit organizations nationwide that provide more opportunities, access, and daily quality of life for individuals living with paralysis, their families and caregivers.
RAMPS, an organization founded by then-Henrico County high school students to build ramps for local low-income residents who need them, will use the grant to purchase modular wheelchair ramp supplies. These supplies will be used by local high school RAMPS clubs, who provide volunteers to build the ramps. > Read more.
Henrico man to compete in Liberty Mutual Invitational National Finals
Citizen Staff Reports 02/19/2015
Henrico resident Larry Loving, Jr., will compete with three other locals – Thomas Scribner (Richmond), Roscoe McGhee (Midlothian) and Larry Loving (Richmond) in the Liberty Mutual Insurance Invitational National Finals at TPC Sawgrass, in Ponte Vedra Beach, Fla., Feb. 26-Mar. 1. The foursome qualified for the national golf tournament by winning the Liberty Mutual Insurance Invitational, held at Whiskey Creek Golf Club in Ijamsville, Md. on June 11. That event supported the RiteCare Center for Childhood Language Disorders.
In total, 240 amateur golfers will compete in Florida. > Read more.
In total, 240 amateur golfers will compete in Florida. > Read more.
Henrico PAL recognizes supporters, HSHS athlete
The Henrico Police Athletic League (PAL) held its Sixth Annual Awards Banquet Feb. 5 at The Cultural Arts Center of Glen Allen, celebrating accomplishments of 2014 and recognizing outstanding contributions to the organization. Henrico County Juvenile Domestic Court Judge Denis Soden served as master of ceremonies and former Harlem Globetrotter Melvin Adams served as keynote speaker.
Among the 2014 honorees were Richmond International Raceway (Significant Supporter), Richmond Strikers Soccer Club (Significant Supporter), Henrico County Schools-Pupil Transportation (Summer Camp Supporter), Bruce Richardson, Jr. (Youth of the Year), Sandra Williams (Volunteer of the Year), Thomas Williams (Employee of the Year), Mikki Pleasants (Board Member of the Year), and Michelle Sheehan (Police Officer of the Year). > Read more.
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Weekend Top 10
Travinia brings contemporary elegance to Willow Lawn
It was another win for Willow Lawn when Travinia Italian Kitchen and Wine Bar opened there six months ago, nestled in the heart of the re-made shopping center. The contemporary American Italian restaurant boasts 13 locations up and down the East Coast, with the Henrico location opening in August.
In the same week, I hit up Travinia twice, once for lunch and once for a late dinner. At lunchtime on a weekday, I was overwhelmed by the smell of garlic and by the number of working professionals in nice suits on their lunch breaks. When we first walked in, I was concerned our meal would be a little too pricey based on the décor – it's a really nice place. Luckily, the menu has a variety of options for every budget. > Read more.
Soak up the fun
'SpongeBob' movie energizes with wit, laughter
There's a ton of sugar in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water. Literal sugar, as SpongeBob Squarepants (Tom Kenny) and Patrick (Bill Fagerbakke) inhale their own weight in cotton candy and eat ice cream, one scoop per mouthful.
At one point we burrow into the brain of our boxy yellow hero and discover the inner workings of his brain: googly-eyed cakes and candies that giggle and sing. All of which is extremely appropriate for a film like Sponge Out of Water. Because not only is the movie sweet (the "awwww" kind of sweet), but it's the equivalent of a 30-candy bar sugar rush, zipping between ideas like a sponge on rocket skates.
The story under all this is really not that complicated. SpongeBob flips burgers at the Krusty Krab. > Read more.
Bill would deny bail in strangulation cases
Virginia a focus of calls for Constitutional convention
United Way celebrates 'Read Across America Day'
House rejects lethal injection secrecy bill
The 2 moms who won the right to breast-feed
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Mar. 5, 2015
Click here to read the print edition.Entertainment
Weekend Top 10
Travinia brings contemporary elegance to Willow Lawn
Soak up the fun
Weekend Top 10
Restaurant watch
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OBituary – Helen Canaday Simms
Obituary – Audrey Cunningham Stewart
Obituary – Suzanne Jaeger Short
- More Obituaries
RAMPS receives $8k grant
Henrico man to compete in Liberty Mutual Invitational National Finals
Henrico PAL recognizes supporters, HSHS athlete
- More Community
Getting schooled
Time to give spanking the boot
Bored senseless
- More Opinions
Monument City Classic volleyball tournament returns to town this weekend
Richmond Strikers form girls lacrosse program
Virginia fisherman wins James River event in Henrico
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VCU Medical Center will present the seminar "Weight Loss Surgery: Not Just for Obesity Anymore" at 5:30 p.m. at Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden, 1800 Lakeside Ave. Learn about the cutting-edge… Full text


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Cramer's 'Mad Money' Recap: Europe's Problems a Global Problem
Cramer said for investors who are bullish on the American consumer, Lithia is the perfect speculative stock. Lithia is domestic and it's in a fragmented market with tons of room to grow.
In its most recent quarter, Lithia increased its same-store sales by a stellar 22%, with new car sales growing by 25%. Compare that to the next closest competitor, Sonic Automotive (SAH), which only grew by 12.1%. In addition to sales, Lithia has great margins and is taking market share from its rivals.
Cramer said Lithia clearly knows what works and offers not only sales, but service, financing and insurance, three services with high margins and steady income streams. Service alone accounts for 32% of Lithia's profits.
Despite beating Wall Street expectations by 18 cents a share, Lithia remains the cheapest of all the auto dealership stocks, said Cramer.
But as great as Lithia may be, Cramer said he still cannot recommend the stock given the weak unemployment data received today. Consumers stopped buying cars before, he said, and they may stop again. For investors who are bullish on American growth however, Lithia "may be the stock for you."Circling the Wagons
In a terrible market, it pays to circle the wagons around recession-resistant company you can count on, Cramer said. Investors can't just invest for today, they must invest in the bargains that are being created, the stocks with high yields that will snap back quickly. That's why Cramer recommended Johnson & Johnson, a once-hated company that now sports a new CEO and a 4% dividend yield. Cramer said that J&J is now a potential breakup story as the company is actually three businesses in one. According to a recent research report, J&J could split itself into a pharmaceutical company, a consumer products company and a medical devices company, thus unlocking $76 a share worth of value, a 23% premium from today prices. Breakups in health care work, Cramer reminded viewers, as evidenced by Abbott Labs (ABT), another Action Alerts PLUS holding, as well as Pfizer (PFE) and Covidian (COV). But even without a breakup, Cramer said he's a believer in new CEO Alex Gorsky. He said a fresh set of eyes can do wonders at a company and Gorsky, a long-time J&J employee, will know his way around. Unlike other drug makers, Johnson & Johnson is largely past its wave of patent expirations, said Cramer, and the company has a slew of new drugs set to power future growth.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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text:
Olivia Wilde stepped onto the red carpet of the Tribeca Film Festival's screening of "The Five Year Engagement" with a great, big wildcat roar – and a new blonde 'do. But don't be distracted by her wildly print maxi-dress or her newly lightened locks! I have to say Olivia's Jimmy Choo clutch saved her savage-chic [...]
read more
OoOoO la la, take a look at Olivia Wilde! On April 21, the screen siren rocked the red carpet at the Tribeca Film Festival premiere of Help Wanted Shorts Program. Dressed to impress in a unique knee-length frock, Olivia put … Contin... Read Post
Olivia Wilde made her blonde debut in New York last night at the The Five-Year Engagement premiere. Jason Sudeikis' leading lady walked the carpet solo in an animal print Yigal Azrouël dress and a gold Jimmy Choo clutch. It's defini... Read Post
Brightening up the red carpet, Olivia Wilde popped at the opening night premiere of "The Five Year Engagement" at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City on Wednesday (April 18). The "Tron" actress showed off her wild side in an ... Read Post


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Dinner reservations are available from Tuesday to Sunday. Breakfast and lunch reservations are available from Monday to Friday with the exception of public holidays. To make a reservation, book online below or call the restaurant on 9447 2443.
Due to the restaurant's busyness we are only able to hold your table 15 minutes past the reservation time. If you are running late, please call 9447 2443 to let us know and we will do our best to accommodate you. Should your plans change, please let us know as well by emailing us at least 24 hours in advance or calling the restaurant directly.
Voyage's BYO policy: Voyage does not allow BYO alcohol. Guests may bring their own celebration cakes at a cost of $5 per person.


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Results 1 to 6 of 6
- 02-19-13, 03:52 AM Thread Author #1
Any chance to put TuneIn Radio from Z10 to Playbook? I really miss..
is there any possibility to get work TuneIn Radio (BB10) on playbook?
Have we access to those apps in any Z10, bb10 folder?
Regards -
Sadly, no. While a bunch of PB apps will get carried up to a Z10 (check BB World -> My World -> Apps & Games and hit the "Available" tab), it wouldn't work the other way. At some point, yes, we'll get BB10 on the PlayBook, but until then...
�Never argue with a fool, onlookers may not be able to tell the difference.�
--Mark TwainThanked by:Deagle Deagle (02-19-13)
- 02-19-13, 05:03 AM Thread Author #3
Yes you're right, but it's annoying that we don't get an official date I can't wait
Re: Any chance to put TuneIn Radio from Z10 to Playbook? I really miss..
Until Cascades support comes to the PlayBook (aka BB10), probably not. It will be interesting to see which apps written for BB10 actually carry over to the PlayBook (horizontal vs vertical).
RuneCryption - Unique memory game for PlayBook & BB10, now "Built for BlackBerry". - 02-19-13, 10:42 AM #5♚ ❤ button ♚
✪✪✪ Playbook + BB10 DEV , APPS ON REQUEST PLEASE PM ME. ✔✔✔[PB]Crackberry Forum App (NON-ANDROID) ✪✪✪
☢ bbUI.js ☢ expert -- Need HELP ? Just PM me ! ☣ Blackberry Playbook 64GB ☣ - 02-19-13, 03:22 PM #6
I know OP was asking for an app, but in the meantime I just use browser to listen to TuneIn. With Simple browser + set to firefox I just bookmark the stations I want to listen to. Works great. I also find that browser works for many of the missing apps except slingbox.
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text:
A largely quiet tactic to disenfranchise voters of all persuasions has become a target of reform-minded citizens in the wake of the 2014 midterm elections.
If Alexander Hamilton were here, he would tell us that this is the way it should be. The Constitution is designed to prevent the people from having their way. It is a fundamentally undemocratic document designed to prevent change.
If you abuse someone no matter what he does, he might as well stand his ground. That is what our 44th president, at long last, appears to be doing.
You would think that your vote gets counted just as equally as others. But you'd be wrong. The reality is, depending on where you live, your vote is...
The new liberal counterpart will be named the State Innovation Exchange, or "SiX." Creative capitalization seems to be their first innovation. But I shouldn't get snarky about their branding, because the basic idea is a good one: counterbalance the impressive inroads Republicans have made in state legislatures.
To some it appears that there are two separate electorates in the U.S. -- one for the general election that closely resembles the makeup of the actual population, and one for the mid-terms that skews heavily toward older, more Republican voters. That perception is generally true, but it's not entirely that simple.
While some nations have imposed voting as mandatory for all citizens, the process of disenfranchisement in the US appears to be tolerated and/or encouraged at least by some political elites who claim to represent us as a whole.
For all the manufactured "Republican versus Democrat" drama that dominates today's cable news and political rhetoric, the most striking feature of our present-day democracy is not partisan divide -- it's a corrupt system that protects incumbents from the consequences that real democracy brings.
If it wasn't for the adoption of a Republican redistricting map, this race very well could have been the most interesting race in the state.
We present a detailed analysis of two ways that Judge Lewis can ensure congressional elections this November take place in districts consistent with the state constitution, with minimal disruption for voters and election officials.
The Speaker of the House of Representatives, third in line to the White House, is elected by a very non-representative suburban, rural and overwhelmingly white Ohio congressional district carved out to insure his safe re-election.
You should vote Republican if you think it is better for Congress to take a five-week vacation rather than tackle critical issues like immigration, the border crisis, jobs, crumbling bridges, and climate change.
Are we becoming a more polarized people? Media coverage generally reinforces what is most conflicted about our politics. This adds up to a highly polarized and dysfunctional national politics.
But whether you think Coffman is anything like a Cuckoo bird, you wouldn't expect Coffman, three years after redistricting, to be bringing up the square-peg issue himself, almost hating on his own district.
This ad will likely be followed by other companies' ads -- all competing freely in a marketplace for customers -- which means it does represent a historic turning point.
Despite the U.S. Constitution legally binding all 435 seats of the House of Representatives to go up for reelection every two years, an astoundingly low number of races are considered toss-ups in this November's election.


text:
An illustrated anthology of escapist fiction featuring content from the Great Escape website and brand new contributions. Read more
An illustrated anthology of escapist fiction featuring content from the Great Escape website and brand new contributions.
About this project
We made it! Thank you to everyone who has pledged so far! There's still plenty of time to pre-order a copy and get some great, exclusive extras. Make you check out our UPDATES for details of all the added rewards.
IMPORTANT NOTE - please refer to the "Rewards" section below for detail on how to order multiple copies of one or more rewards.
The Great Escape website launched in June 2011 with the aim of bringing together a great selection of independent escapist entertainment; films, fiction and comics which transport you to another time and place.
Great Escapes Volume 1 will be the first of many annual anthologies featuring the great fiction we've collected from the preceding year and combining it with never before seen contributions and quality illustrations. This 160 page book will feature over 30 short stories, poems and micro fiction pieces by more than 15 different authors. Illustator Kat WIlson (Kat-in-the-attic) has created six beautiful illustrations, and our cover art is based on a photograph by Jeff Waye, taken on the slopes of Mt. Everest.
It's going to be a little treasure of a book, so pre-order your copy and help us make it happen.
What's in the Book?
There's a full list of the stories included in the book on our website, but here's a few highlights of the stories shared over our first year:
One Corpse Too Merry by Chris Geeson - Winner of our Christmas writing contest, this short story sees a team of police officers get their own back on their cranky boss.
Aftermath of a Stormy Night by T James - This beautiful, dramatic poem was part of our compilation on The Night Sky.
Shifting Sands by Chrissey Harrison - One of the earliest pieces to feature on the site, this thrilling short story is a tale of uncanny sand dunes where dark things lurk, preying on unwary travellers. (download your free epub sampler!)
New Content
Around 50% of this book is brand new, never before seen content from new authors. Here's a few highlights of the new stories:
Sagamartha by JD Waye - Inspired by the very image we're using for our cover art, this spooky story from upcoming author JD Waye takes you to the chilly slopes of Mt Everest.
River Child by Patti Ludwig - A story of mystical transformation; a young girl wishes for the power to protect her people, and the River spirit obliges.
Our Illustrator Kat has a distinctive hand drawn style that really captures the spirit of "great escapes"; stories for adults, but with that sense of imagination and adventure you remember from when you were a kid.
The six illustrations accompany six of our stories and poetry collections, including Shifting Sands, One Corpse Too Merry, Dying to be Petted, No Way Home, Umbrella and Poems of the Night Sky.
We've tried to keep our rewards scheme simple; this project is about the book, so that's what you get.
For £7.00 you can pre-order your copy of the print book, or you can upgrade to the premium or ultimate package to get your hands on some cool extras.
If you'd like to order more than one copy of the book, simply add up the value of the copies you want and enter that figure as your pledge. If the funding is successful, we'll confirm with you what rewards you want to receive before we send them.
For example, if you want one copy of the premium package and one copy of the regular book package, select the premium package reward and then enter £17 as your pledge (£10 + £7).
International backers will be asked to add an extra £2 to help us cover the cost of international shipping. This is a one off additional charge, per pledge.
We want to thank our backers by acknowledging them on a special thanks page on our website, but this is not compulsory, so don't feel put off because you don't want your name in the list.
Art Cards
The art cards included in the premium and ultimate packages feature three of Kat's illustrations from the book; "Spectres", "Sad Goldfish" and "Detective".
Art Prints
If you choose the ultimate package, we'll include a signed, limited edition art print of one of the six illustrations and you can choose which one you want.
Ultimate Pledge, Ultimate Thank You!
Ultimate package backers can choose to have their name printed in the book as part of a list of special thanks.
More Rewards
Find out about our newly added stretch rewards in updates!
Signed Copy of the Book?
With so many contributors spread out across the world, we can't get every copy of the book signed by all the contributors, but, if you'd like your copy signed by Chrissey (editor and author of several of the stories) then we can accommodate you. Just let us know when you fill out your questionnaire once the funding has been successful.
Does it really cost £400 to print a book?
Not quite, but we've had to expand our target to include the cost of postage and Kickstarter's fees, so that we end up with a final amount that will cover the full cost of the print run.
Please contact us through Kickstarter or use our contact form on The Great Escape.
We hope you're as excited about this wonderful anthology as we are and look forward to receiving your pledge.
Many thanks on behalf of all the authors involved.
Chrissey Harrison
Fiction Editor, The Great Escape
Risks and challenges
A lot of the hard work for this project has already been done. The authors' contributions, artwork and cover art are already in place, we just need to finish formatting the book/ebook, and we have every intention of completing this before the end of November.
The pre-orders received through Kickstarter are purely to fund the cost of printing the book. We already have a competitively priced print service lined up who we are confident will produce a good quality product for us. If we do experience any unforeseen setbacks with the print run, delays could be possible, but the book will be delivered.
This is the first time we have produced a print book, but we are passionate about producing more titles in the future, and committed to getting it right.
Production of the ebook is already well under way, and you can take a look at other ebook titles from the Great Escape to get an idea of the quality of our digital editions.
Learn about accountability on KickstarterFAQ
Have a question? If the info above doesn't help, you can ask the project creator directly.
Pledge £1 or more
2 backers
All contributions over £1 will be acknowledged with a thank you on our website.
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge £3 or more
2 backers
Pre-order a copy of the ebook, in your chosen format.
Estimated delivery: -
Pledge £7 or more
16 backers
Pre-order a copy of the print book.
Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world -
Pledge £10 or more
8 backers
Pre-order a copy of the book with an ebook copy and three special edition art cards.Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world -
Pledge £20 or more
9 backers Limited (16 left of 25)
Pre-order a copy of the book with an ebook copy, three special edition art cards and a signed, limited edition artwork print. Plus, your name included in a list of special thanks in the book/ebook.Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world -
Pledge £20 or more
0 backers
AUDIO BOOK BUNDLE - Pre-order a copy of the book with a CD or digital download of a selection of the stories in audio form, read by several different contributors from The Great Escape. Includes ebook copy, art cards and special thanks in the book.
Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world -
Pledge £30 or more
1 backer All gone!
"CREATIVE DIRECTOR" - You get to choose the theme, genre and/or title for the final 3000 word story in the book to be written by Chrissey Harrison. Comes complete with all the cool stuff from the "ULTIMAGE PACKAGE"
Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world -
Pledge £30 or more
1 backer Limited (9 left of 10)
ORIGINAL SKETCH BOOK PLATE BUNDLE - Get everything in our "Ultimate Bundle" with the added extra of an original sketch on a book plate by illustrator Kat. Stick your book plate into your book or wherever else you'd like to put it. Requests can be considered.
Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world -
Pledge £30 or more
1 backer Limited (7 left of 8)
HARDBACK EDITION - We've decided to have ten hardback copies printed. These will be numbered limited edition copies and will be the only hardback copies ever printed of this book. We're offering 8 of them as rewards. The hardback book will come with art cards and a thank you in the book.
Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world -
Pledge £50 or more
0 backers Limited (2 left of 2)
ORIGINAL ART BUNDLE - Add an original piece of custom art from Kat to your ultimate OR audio bundle. You get to choose and discuss the subject of the piece. The size and format of the piece will also be open to discussion, within reason. Comes with or without mount, your choice.
Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world -
Pledge £50 or more
0 backers Limited (2 left of 2)
WRITERS' BUNDLE - Are you a writer yourself? Well here's something for you. Along with everything in the ultimate OR audio bundle, you get a customised notebook from Kat (see update 6), for which you can choose your design (within reason). Plus, a detailed critique of up to 20k words from Chrissey (I know how hard it can be to get people to read your work and give feedback). Critiques will be done electronically.
Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world -
Pledge £200 or more
0 backers Limited (1 left of 1)
"THE ROUND THE WORLD BOOK TOUR" - Be part of something unique and amazing. We have authors spread across the world and we'd like to send one copy of the book to visit each of them in turn for them to add something unique to its pages. It might be a signature, it might be a little poem jotted in the margin, or a photo tucked inside. The book's progress around the world will be chronicled in a dedicated blog. Pledge for this reward and you'll be the round the world tour sponsor. Your name will be proudly displayed in the book and on the tour blog, and you'll get to keep the book and everything it has accumulated once it finds its way home. This is something truly personal and unique with a whole story behind it which you could make happen.
Estimated delivery:Ships anywhere in the world
Funding period
- (35 days)


text:
I play halo 2 online (multiplayer) Im level 20 . I started playing not oo long ago. My friend totally modded his xbox with some kind of software. You won't believe the things that you can do on a modded xbox. Especially in halo. It's easy to mod your xbox, but it's a risk. Some peope have tried and failed to accomplish it. Which destroyed their xbox.
By the way online my name in FuastNightmare. Send me a friends request.
"All art is born of suffering"


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