text:
- Home
- GearWrench® 84940 Metric 7 Piece 1/2 in Drive Hex Impact Socket Set
GearWrench® 84940 Metric 7 Piece 1/2 in Drive Hex Impact Socket Set
Item #70127 Brand: GearWrench
- 1/2" drive
- 7 metric 6-pt. hex sockets, 9mm thru 15mm
- Chrome-molybdenum alloy steel, black oxide coated
About GearWrench® 84940 Metric 7 Piece 1/2 in Drive Hex Impact Socket Set
Work more efficiently and with less frustration. GearWrench's patented internal-dimple design produces powerful bit retention. Laser-etched and hard-stamped I.D. markings make it easy to find the exact socket you want. Imported.
Includes 6 point 9mm, 10mm, 11mm, 12mm, 13mm, 14mm and 15mm.
Always wear appropriate eye protection.
GearWrench® hand tools are warranted for life to be free of defects in material and workmanship. Carrying cases, pouches, accessory bits and consumable products, if any, are not covered by this warranty. If any GearWrench® hand tool purchased at Eastwood, when used for its intended purpose, fails to give you complete satisfaction, please contact Apex Tool Group Consumer Division at (888) 757-1812 for free replacement or return.
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Hydronic infloor heat in bathroom
I'm preparing my master Bath-Bedroom-Closet area and would like to use water heat in the floor of the new bathroom. I was wondering how thick the cement floor must be to embed the 1/2" Pex tubing. I have removed all the flooring in the bath area to expose the tops of the floor joists. The total thickness of the sub and finished floor in adjoining rooms is 1-1/4" plus carpet and pad. Is 1-1/4" concrete adequate for 1/2" Pex. I will be putting tile over the concrete and would like to heat the shower floor as well. What is the proper spacing for the Pex tubing through out the bathroom.
Thanks Jeff
I'm not a pro at this, but I am a DIY Engineer.
For tile, you need to compute the deflection of the floor. Anotherwords, the depth of the floor joists, their span, and the space between joists determine how think the floor must be, without flexing. The John Bridge forum is a good place to get that info.
Do you want the PEX to be the primary heat source for the bathroom? If the room is already heated, I'd use electric mats to warm the floor.
Hi Geoff thanks for responding
Yes I'd like the pex to be the primary heat source for the room and I'm prepaired to lower the sub floor to between the joists to get a 1-1/4" mud bed. I'm just concerned that the 1/2" pex tubing (5/8od) will make the actual thickness of the mud bed, where the tubes are, will be only 5/8" or less.
My floor joists are 2x10-12 spf' 16oc I'm going to go to the John Bridge site this evening.
Thanks Jeff
Jeff, since this is DIY, what is the source for the hot water that will be circulated through the bathroom PEX? And what is the temp of that water?
Will it be pulled off a boiler that is supplying baseboard heat to the rest of the house, or will it be pulled off a water heater dedicated to this bathroom loop?
With all that written, have you looked at any of the low mass options? ie, no concrete?
I understand that the floor is striped to the joists. Do you have access to the underside, ie, from a basement, for a staple-up?
As far as the spacing of the tubing, while there are myriad options, typically two runs of PEX per joist bay is sufficient.
Thanks for responding mongoct
The source is a Renai tankles water heater with a heat exchanger for the hydronic
The system is set at 125 degrees right now
I don't want to go hotter because one of the zones has wood floors while the other 2 are tile
I already have 3 zones working and I have this one (4th zone) ready to be tied in
I'm unable to get at the under side of the sub floor as this bath is on a second floor with a finished living area below
My main concern is the thickness of the Dry Pack mud over the pex
The dry pack will be about 1-1/4 " except where the pex is
There it will only be about 5/8"
I was thinking of about 8" spacing of the pex
Thanks again Mongo
I'm going to come clean with you.
I'm a semi retired remodeling contractor, who was either too cheap or too picky so I generally did all my own work when ever possible
Including residential plumbing and electric drywall tile carpentry and trim. Roofing siding and concrete when I was younger.
So after 35 yrs of doing this stuff I've made lots of mistakes
(usually only once) and learned by watching the pros and asking questions.
The work I've been inquiring about is my own house and I'm too old to make those mistakes this time.
I've done an awful lot of tile including mud floors and shower pans.
I've yet to use the Schluder/Kerdi systems, maybe on this one?
This would be my first curbless/doorless shower and first hydronic pex heat system
All my heated floors have been electric
This would also be my first trench drain
I have all the tools or access to them and the ability to do what is necessary
So if you tell me that you'd prefer to see the joists cut down 1/4" to 1/2" to get a bit more mud over the pex I can do that (I don't necessarily want to)
I think I might need to cut the joists down in the shower so I can get enough pitch to a trench drain.
The shower is 4.5 x 6.75 with a bench along one of the short walls so the floor will be 4.5 x 5.25 and I envision the trench drain in front of the bench
I was thinking of creating a small speed bump at the door to help with the floor pitch if necessary
I've always used diamond mesh with the bath floor mud but not in the shower over the "Cereloy" liner
I'm concerned about abrasion to the pex and Cereloy
I've used a plastic mesh when I run wires for electric heat
Is that a good alternative for this application
Well that's a lot for you to digest right now
I'm sure I'll have lots more questions as time goes ON
Thanks for your time
I read your FAQ about shower valves, preasure balanced multiple head and jets etc.
Found it very interesting and informative
1-1/4" of mud should be fine. Just give it plenty of time to cure before you fire up the heating loop. You might want to even go to a richer mix than typical mud for added resistance to any thermal stresses the mud might see.
If you're open to all things Schluter, I recommend you consider Ditra over the hydronic mud bed outside the shower, as a buffer between the mud and the tile. It'll ease any thermal stresses the RFH might want to put on the tile. Plus if you use a 4" wide strip of Kerdi on the Ditra seams, you'll have a waterproof installation. You'd use Kerdi (not Ditra) inside the shower.
A watertight floor can help in a curbless.
Nobel makes good membranes too. So depending on which linear drain you use, that might direct you towards a waterproofing "family"; Nobel, Schluter, Laticrete, etc.
If you lean towards Kerdi and aren't terribly familiar, several years ago I posted a series of photos from a Kerdi install.
There are a lot more online resources about these membranes today than there were 10 or 12 years ago when that photo shoot was done, so the info there might not help you at all.


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Dwight Silverman's TechBlog
Upgrade your geek with Houston Chronicle technology writer Dwight Silverman
Yearly Archive for 2011
Linkpost | 11.27.2011
• Black Friday Online Sales Up 24.3% and Black Friday Mobile Payments Up 516% – More folks avoid the madness at the mall this season. Plus Chart: The most visited retail sites on Thanksgiving Day • The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin – For a brief moment, this anonymous, independent, digital currency looked like it [...]
[Read More]
Linkpost | 11.26.2011
• AT&T to Offer Bigger Asset Sales to Save Takeover – Bloomberg says AT&T will offer to sell up to 40 percent of T-Mobile's assets in order get its proposed merger past the Justice Department. • Can Scientists Make a Battery That Will Survive 40,000 Charges? – They've only got half of the puzzle solved. [...]
[Read More]
Black Friday open comments, and hey! I'm on TWiT again!
Take a moment to recover from the Black Friday stampedes to participate in our weekly open-comment thread. You know how it works, right? Leave a comment about anything having to do with personal technology, and I'll approve it. Others will see what you said, and add their own two cents. Check out what they said, [...]
[Read More]
Linkpost | 11.25.2011
• Microsoft planning beta of next-generation Office 15 suite in January – WinRumors says to expect a technology preview of Office 15, which will be very touch-oriented, at CES, followed by a public beta later in the month. • Microsoft's Black Friday: $100 Kinect, free Windows Phone, discounts on Office and games and Apple's Black [...]
[Read More]
Linkpost | 11.24.2011
• AT&T foresees T-Mobile merger to fail, claims $4 billion in charges – AT&T is already rolling costs of a failed T-Mobile merger into its financials. Is the deal indeed dead? And AT&T pulls T-Mobile application from FCC, records provisional $4bn loss • Apple Television Could Be Ready for Commercial Production by Feb. 2012 – [...]
[Read More]
Got a cell phone? Someone's following you at the mall
Here's a holiday story that's sure to set off the tin-foil-hat brigade … Two U.S. malls are planning to use during the holiday shopping season a technology that lets them track the movement of customers via their cell phones. CNNMoney reports that Promenade Temecula in Temecula, Calif., and Short Pump Town Center in Richmond, Va., [...]
[Read More]
Linkpost | 11.23.2011
Updated 1:30 p.m. • Poll: Samsung Galaxy S II ad; offensive or fair play? – This Samsung ad pokes fun at those who line up for iPhones, and it's pretty funny. But it also hammers home the fact that, um, no one lines up Samsung phones . . . Original post • Malls track shoppers' cell [...]
[Read More]
Whither the troll: Why do you unfollow or unfriend?
Just as in real life, you have to deal with all kinds of people in social media. If you play your cards right, most of the folks in your online sphere are smart, funny, kind, helpful, cooperative and giving. Sadly, you'll also have your share of jerks and trolls, the obsessive and the belligerent. In [...]
[Read More]
Linkpost | 11.22.2011
Updated 2:59 p.m. • FCC Chief to Seek Hearing on AT&T Deal – This could further delay the proposed merger, which already faces Justice Department lawsuit. • HP surprisingly emerges as No. 2 tablet maker – Thanks largely to a $99 price on the fire-sale TouchPad. And As Palm bidding continues, HP wants a sweet [...]
[Read More]
Is malware really a big problem for Android users?
Last week, Ohio-based Juniper Networks of Sunnyvale, Calif., reported that malicious software targeting Google's Android platform had increased by a whopping 427 percent since July. Given that Android is the dominant mobile operating system and that the primary source of software for it – Google's Android Market – doesn't vet apps before they're posted, it [...]
[Read More]
Show More


text:
A Patriotic Right to Say 'God' in the Classroom?
July 7, 2008 - 7:03 PM
(CNSNews.com) - Since the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, more of America's public schools are invoking the name of God in their patriotic displays. However, signs featuring the slogan "God Bless America" and recitations of the Pledge of Allegiance that contain the phrase "one nation, under God" may be divisive and degrading, according to some civil rights groups.
The intermingling of patriotism and religion in recent weeks has caused confusion about what type of speech is permissible in public schools, said Jay Sekulow, Chief Counsel of the American Center for Law and Justice.
After all, he noted, nobody expected to see members of Congress singing "God Bless America" on the staircase of the nation's Capitol.
According to Sekulow, the ACLJ was bombarded with questions from confused school board members across the country. Questions focused on the posting of the motto, "In God We Trust," the use of the phrase "God Bless America" on school signs, and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.
In response, the ACLJ Thursday overnighted a letter to state school superintendents in all 50 states, outlining what it sees as the constitutional protections afforded to religious speech in public schools.
Sekulow says the ACLJ is prepared to lend advice and counter any legal battle that a civil rights organization may wage against a given school. Its legal staff specializes in federal constitutional law, including the First Amendment's "establishment of religion" and free speech clauses as well as federal civil rights law.
There is growing support for the right to use religion in patriotic phrases. ACLJ's online "Patriotic Expression Of Religious Faith Petition" has attracted more than 40,000 electronic signatures since it was launched less than 2 weeks ago, said ACLJ spokesperson Gene Kapp.
In its petition, the ACLJ promises signatories that it will "defend your right to free speech and will stand with you to keep 'God Bless America' posted, and preserve the rights of your students to say the Pledge." The petition also urges educators to be "strong at this critical moment, and show the students entrusted to you that America can be one nation, under God, and indivisible."
But according to Americans United for Separation of Church and State (AU), school children are at an "impressionable age," and therefore it is the role of the parents, not school officials, to "bear the responsibility" of teaching their children religion.
And while AU advises against using the events of Sept. 11 as an "excuse" to ignore Supreme Court rulings on religion in public education, the ACLJ fires back with several instances of Supreme Court rulings that allow the mention of God in patriotic speech.
"As long as student participation in the recitation of the pledge is not mandatory, the practice is entirely permissible," wrote Sekulow. "Any person having a religious or other objection to the recitation of the pledge need not participate."
"Therefore," Sekulow noted, "if your school district displays a "God Bless America" or "In God We Trust" sign and/or merely allows the recitation of the pledge as one of the alternatives for engaging in patriotic exercises, there will be no constitutional violation."
So how does AU cope with the example set for school children by President Bush's declaration of a National Day of Prayer on Sept. 14? An October 24 AU statement advises government officials to refrain from asserting that prayer and religious worship are "somehow the natural, logical or expected" reaction to the tragic events.
But the AU reminds citizens, including public school administrators, that "millions of Americans do not do not believe in God at all, are agnostic or embrace humanistic principles."
In order to display respect for the religious beliefs of all Americans, AU suggests citizens embrace the "diversity of opinion on matters of theology and politics" of all non-Christian faiths.
Yet Sekulow believes recent calls for patriotism and the inclusion of God in speech are "something that's going to be with this country for a long time." He added that prior to the terrorist attacks this was lost, but "I think we've recaptured something here."
However, AU warns that God-inclusive patriotic speech can "make any citizen feel like an outsider on account of religious belief or lack thereof."
AU makes clear that it does not aim to extinguish America's new-found sense of pride, but desires to protect those offended by the inclusion of God in patriotic speech. As such, the civil rights organization suggests using "more inclusive" slogans such as "United We Stand" over the "divisive" yet popular, "God Bless America."
Sekulow says this is just an example of civil rights groups trying to "squelch" the use of patriotic phrases. He further vowed to challenge attempts by groups such as AU, noting that he is already working on six individual public-school-oriented cases similar in intent to AU's.
AU is steadfast in facing such challenges by Sekulow, maintaining that terms including "In God We Trust" and "God Bless America" promote religious messages or activities. Further, AU warns, such patriotic speech may cause some citizens to "feel like second-class citizens."
Calling for Americans to reaffirm their commitment to church-state separation and not turn their backs on it, AU notes that terrorists dislike America for its official policy of government neutrality toward religion.
"They want a theocracy where one faith is mandated by the government," AU commented. "It would be highly ironic if our response to this threat was to lower our own wall of separation between church and state," the statement concluded.
Sekulow holds that it is "hardly likely" that patriotic expressions that include reference to God present a threat to the separation of church and state "greater than the study and performance of religious songs and hymns associated with Christmas (or other) observances."
Featured Video


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Monitoring Processes with Kill
If you have a process ID but aren't sure whether it's valid, you can use the most unlikely of candidates to test it: the kill command. If you don't see any reference to this on the kill(1) man page, check the info pages. The man/info page states that signal 0 is special and that the exit code from kill tells whether a signal could be sent to the specified process (or processes).
So kill -0
will not terminate the process, and the return status can be used to determine whether a process is running. For example:
$ echo $$ # show our process id 12833 $ /bin/bash # create new process $ echo $$ # show new process id 12902 $ kill -0 12902 $ echo $? # exists, exit code is 0 0 $ exit # return to previous shell $ kill -0 12902 bash: kill: (12902) - No such process $ echo $? # doesn't exist, exit code is 1 1
Many UNIX dæmons store their process IDs in a file in /var/run when they are started. Using kill -0
to test the pid is a lot easier than parsing ps
output. For example, to test whether cron is running, do the following:
# kill -0 $(cat /var/run/cron.pid) # echo $? 0
Not existance but possibility to send signal
Nice idea.
Just to make things clear, as the documentation states, when sending signal 0 "exit code indicates if a signal may be sent".
Try this as a regular user:
$ kill -0 1
I think we all agree on the fact that there *is* a process with id 1, we even know which process it is. If you call that command as a regular user, the return value would be non-zero. Following the advise in this article, that would mean that the process isn't running anymore, and we know that that's not true.
Signal 0 not only tests for existance, it also tests for permissions, so to speak. "Am I allowed to send a singal to a given PID?"
nice trick but checking if /proc/ exists is a more straightforward approach in my opinion
Trying to clarify missing parts
Just to clarify the missing parts.
Suppose you want to know whether a process with ID 1234 is alive. What you might do is to execute 'kill -0 1234' and see the return value of the command. If it's 0, then that process do exist in the system; otherwise, the ID is not registered!
Please fix this posting
Can someone please fix this entry and make the code show up? TIA.
Sorry about that!
Katherine Druckman is webmistress at LinuxJournal.com. You might find her on Twitter or at the Southwest Drupal Summit
No problem
... but there still is some XML stuff showing up. HTH.
For example, to test whether cron is running, do the following:"
You're such a tease.
Well said! I like it, too:)
Well said! I like it, too:)
Think "The Matrix"
Man, don't you see you gotta think like in "The Matrix"? Or "Kung Fu Panda", or whatever...
Just tell yourself "There is no spoon!", over and over again, and the answer will come to you!
As Linux continues to play an ever increasing role in corporate data centers and institutions, ensuring the integrity and protection of these systems must be a priority. With 60% of the world's websites and an increasing share of organization's mission-critical workloads running on Linux, failing to stop malware and other advanced threats on Linux can increasingly impact an organization's reputation and bottom line.
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In this one hour webinar, learn how to enhance your existing backup strategies for better disaster recovery preparedness using Storix System Backup Administrator (SBAdmin), a highly flexible bare-metal recovery solution for UNIX and Linux systems.
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Breakfast fun for the little ones!
This menu is just for you! We've got all of your favorites, plus ice cream to top it off. Go wild!
Got a big kid appetite? Choose from any of these tasty options, and save some room for dessert!
Get your spoons ready! Time for ice cream!
Friendly's launches our Facebook and Twitter social media pages. Fans can now connect with the company and each other. Follow Friendly's on Facebook and Twitter.


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Sgs End Mill Tools
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When it comes to professional tools, industrial supply MRO, air tools and more, Dotco professional tools is the place to go. We are a woman owned tool supply company and we carry Dotco air tools through our tool supply company Portland, tool supply company Oakland and our tool supply company Lancaster CA for Dotco air tools.
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No matter what type of job you have, Hermes abrasives and abrasive polishing wheels may help.
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text:
Most of my designs are available in a great range of products and apparel styles. T-shirts, hoodies, stickers, greeting cards, posters, iphone/ipad cases can be purchased through my store here at Redbubble. Additionally selected designs are available to DesignByHumans
If you have any question or concerns about your order, please email RedBubble Customer Support at email@example.com, quoting your order number.
indian greeting, life, love, namaskar, namaste, sanskrit, spirit, yanmos, yoga, meditation, spirituality, balance, nature
indian greeting, life, love, namaskar, namaste, sanskrit, spirit, yanmos, yoga, meditation, spirituality, balance, nature
Self-taught graphic designer/archaeological illustrator and activist based in Thessaloniki, Greece. I specialise in minimal-clean vector graphics strongly influenced by environmental issues but in general inspiration may come in many ways, usually by drinking a cup of coffee in my green backyard.
View Full Profilethis is beautiful yannis….i am adding it to my faves!
haha, this one is cute.
thank you mariamurphyart!
– yanmos
we salute the god within you…..
Aloha kakahiaka,
I invite you to add this lovely message to our Valentines and Hearts group!
Aloha e Malama pono,
thank you sharron!!
– yanmos
love and light namaste to all rB s
nice :D
Namaste! x


text:
Facebook photograghy page
DeviantArt stock
Model – Jenni
Dress – For hire from the Darling Little Shop, 57 Warrington St, New Zealand
Canon 40D
Uploaded 10.30pm
Beautiful portraiture Cathleen. superb high key facial ligting
Beautiful work, love the tones.
Superb title & shot, Bang on !
Nice work…. Well done
nice! such a clean and pure image.
yes, beautiful model, beautiful photography


text:
Cannot Establish a Secure Connection
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Select your preferred location and we'll note which parts are ready to be picked up TODAY.
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Tire, Courser A/T II, 265 /70R18, Radial, 116 Load Range, S Speed Rated, Outline White Letters, Each
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Brand: Mastercraft Tires
Manufacturer's Part Number: 05653
Part Type: Tires
Product Line: Mastercraft Courser A/T2 Tires
Summit Racing Part Number:
Tire Size: 265/70-18
Wheel Diameter: 18 in.
Sidewall Style: Outline white letters
Tire Construction: Radial
Tire Diameter: 32.60 in.
Section Width: 10.70 in.
Tread Width: 8.45 in.
Minimum Recommended Wheel Width: 7.00 in.
Maximum Recommended Wheel Width: 9.00 in.
Directional: No
Speed Rating: S
Load Range: 116
Asymmetrical Tread Pattern: No
UTQG Tread Wear Rating: 500
Traction Rating: A
Temperature Rating: B
Tread Depth: 14/32 in.
DOT-Approved: Yes
Tube Required: No
Max Load Single (lbs): 2,756 lbs.
Quantity: Sold individually.
In-Store Pickup: Choose In-store pick-up (OH, GA, NV) on our web site.
Calculator Gear Ratio Calculator
Tool Transmission Lookup
Mastercraft Courser A/T2 tires feature a modern, 5-rib design with a combination of wide and deep lateral slots and saw-tooth circumferential grooves to provide solid all-terrain performance. A solid center rib, along with a refined tread element shape and optimized pitch sequence, helps to provide even tread wear and reduced tread-related noise. The Courser A/T2 tires are extensively siped to enhance all-season traction on snow, ice, and wet surfaces.
Some parts are not legal for sale or use in California on any pollution-controlled motor vehicles
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Blog from Michigan - 2 views
The lone batting champion in Angels history has lost his battle withcancer. Johnson was 72 years old, and was (and still is) the Angels'lonebatting champion, hitting .329 in1970 for the 'California' Angels. The Detroit native was a very good ballplayer who stood out for a number of teams.Bobbie Dittmeier has more on this story over at MLB.com. O...
1 Hikes | FVFn 0
1 Hikes | FVFn 0
Spring Training is here! We have the latest headlines, transactions, and other updates!
2 Hikes | FVFn 0
According to reports, the Angels outfielder could be facing disciplinary action.
1 Hikes | FVFn 0
"The video" was never released. Does the media have a responsibility to apologize?
1 Hikes | FVFn 0


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
People's Liberation Army Navy | |
Flag of the People's Liberation Army Navy | |
Active | September 1950–present |
Country | People's Republic of China |
Branch | People's Liberation Army |
Type | Navy |
Role | Naval warfare |
Size | 255,000 personnel (2012)[1] 495 ships 650 aircraft[2][3] 1 aircraft carrier 3 amphibious transport docks 26 landing ship tanks 25 destroyers 47 frigates 18 corvettes 105 missile boats 131 gun boats 68 mine countermeasure vessels 67 submarines 7 replenishment oilers 178 auxiliaries(various) |
Engagements | Chinese Civil War Battle of the Paracel Islands Sino-Vietnamese War Anti-piracy operations in Somalia |
Commanders | |
Current commander | Admiral Wu Shengli, PLA-N |
Aircraft flown | |
Attack | JH-7 |
Bomber | H-6, Q-5 |
Electronic warfare | Y-8 |
Fighter | J-8, J-10, J-11, Su-30MK2 |
Helicopter | Z-8, Z-9, Mi-8, Ka-28, AS365 |
Interceptor | J-7 |
Patrol | Y-8 |
Trainer | JL-8, JL-9 |
Transport | Y-7 |
People's Liberation Army Navy | |
Flag of the People's Liberation Army Navy | |
Active | September 1950–present |
Country | People's Republic of China |
Branch | People's Liberation Army |
Type | Navy |
Role | Naval warfare |
Size | 255,000 personnel (2012)[1] 495 ships 650 aircraft[2][3] 1 aircraft carrier 3 amphibious transport docks 26 landing ship tanks 25 destroyers 47 frigates 18 corvettes 105 missile boats 131 gun boats 68 mine countermeasure vessels 67 submarines 7 replenishment oilers 178 auxiliaries(various) |
Engagements | Chinese Civil War Battle of the Paracel Islands Sino-Vietnamese War Anti-piracy operations in Somalia |
Commanders | |
Current commander | Admiral Wu Shengli, PLA-N |
Aircraft flown | |
Attack | JH-7 |
Bomber | H-6, Q-5 |
Electronic warfare | Y-8 |
Fighter | J-8, J-10, J-11, Su-30MK2 |
Helicopter | Z-8, Z-9, Mi-8, Ka-28, AS365 |
Interceptor | J-7 |
Patrol | Y-8 |
Trainer | JL-8, JL-9 |
Transport | Y-7 |
People's Liberation Army Navy | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | 中國人民解放軍海軍 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 中国人民解放军海军 | ||||||
The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN or PLA Navy) is the naval warfare branch of the People's Liberation Army, the national armed forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLAN can trace its lineage to naval units fighting during the Chinese Civil War and was established in September 1950. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s the Soviet Union provided assistance to the PLAN in the form of naval advisers and export of equipment and technology.[4] Until the late 1980s, the PLAN was largely a riverine and littoral force (brown-water navy). However, by the 1990s, following the fall of the Soviet Union and a shift towards a more forward-oriented foreign and security policy, the leaders of the Chinese military were freed from worrying over land border disputes, and instead turned their attention towards the seas. This led to the development of the People's Liberation Army Navy into the green-water navy it is today.[5] Before the 1990s the PLAN had traditionally played a subordinate role to the People's Liberation Army Ground Force.
In 2008, General Qian Lihua confirmed that China plans to operate a small fleet of aircraft carriers in the near future, but for the purpose of regional defence as opposed to "global reach".[6] As of 2013 PLA officials have also outlined plans to operate in the first and second island chains.[7] Chinese strategists term the development of the PLAN from a green-water navy into "a regional blue-water defensive and offensive navy."[8]
The People's Liberation Army Navy is composed of five branches; the People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force, the People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force, the People's Liberation Army Navy Coastal Defense Force, the People's Liberation Army Marine Corps and the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force.[9] With a personnel strength of 255,000[1][10] servicemen and women, including 10,000 marines and 26,000 naval air force personnel, it is the second largest navy in the world in terms of tonnage, behind only the United States Navy, and has the largest number of major combatants of any navy.
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2013) |
The PLAN traces its lineage to units of the Republic of China Navy who defected to the People's Liberation Army towards the end of the Chinese Civil War. In 1949, Mao Zedong asserted that "to oppose imperialist aggression, we must build a powerful navy". During the Landing Operation on Hainan Island, the communists used wooden junks fitted with mountain guns as both transport and warships against the Republic of China Navy. The Naval Academy was set up at Dalian on 22 November 1949, mostly with Soviet instructors. The navy was established in September 1950 by consolidating regional naval forces under General Staff Department command in Jiangyan, now in Taizhou, Jiangsu province. It then consisted of a motley collection of ships and boats acquired from the Kuomintang forces. The Naval Air Force was added two years later. By 1954 an estimated 2,500 Soviet naval advisers were in China—possibly one adviser to every thirty Chinese naval personnel—and the Soviet Union began providing modern ships. With Soviet assistance, the navy reorganized in 1954 and 1955 into the North Sea Fleet, East Sea Fleet, and South Sea Fleet, and a corps of admirals and other naval officers was established from the ranks of the ground forces. In shipbuilding the Soviets first assisted the Chinese, then the Chinese copied Soviet designs without assistance, and finally the Chinese produced vessels of their own design. Eventually Soviet assistance progressed to the point that a joint Sino-Soviet Pacific Ocean fleet was under discussion.
Through the upheavals of the late 1950s and 1960s the Navy remained relatively undisturbed. Under the leadership of Minister of National Defense Lin Biao, large investments were made in naval construction during the frugal years immediately after the Great Leap Forward. During the Cultural Revolution, a number of top naval commissars and commanders were purged, and naval forces were used to suppress a revolt in Wuhan in July 1967, but the service largely avoided the turmoil affecting the country. Although it paid lip service to Mao and assigned political commissars aboard ships, the Navy continued to train, build, and maintain the fleets as well the coastal defense and aviation arms, as well as in the performance of its mission.
In the 1970s, when approximately 20 percent of the defense budget was allocated to naval forces, the Navy grew dramatically. The conventional submarine force increased from 35 to 100 boats, the number of missile-carrying ships grew from 20 to 200, and the production of larger surface ships, including support ships for oceangoing operations, increased. The Navy also began development of nuclear attack submarines (SSN) and nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN).
In the 1980s, under the leadership of Chief Naval Commander Liu Huaqing, the navy developed into a regional naval power, though naval construction continued at a level somewhat below the 1970s rate. Liu Huaqing was an Army Officer who spent most of his career in administrative positions involving science and technology. It was not until 1988 that the People's Liberation Army Navy was led by a Naval Officer. Liu was also very close to Deng Xiaoping as his modernization efforts were very much in keeping with Deng's national policies. While under his leadership Naval construction yards produced fewer ships than the 1970s, greater emphasis was placed on technology and qualitative improvement. Modernization efforts also encompassed higher educational and technical standards for personnel; reformulation of the traditional coastal defense doctrine and force structure in favor of more green-water operations; and training in naval combined-arms operations involving submarine, surface, naval aviation, and coastal defense forces. Examples of the expansion of China's capabilities were the 1980 recovery of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in the Western Pacific by a twenty-ship fleet, extended naval operations in the South China Sea in 1984 and 1985, and the visit of two naval ships to three South Asian nations in 1985. In 1982 the navy conducted a successful test of an underwater-launched ballistic missile. The navy also had some success in developing a variety of surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles, improving basic capabilities.[11]
In 1986 the Navy's order of battle included two Xia-class SSBNs armed with twelve CSS-N-3 missiles and three Han-class SSNs armed with six SY-2 cruise missiles. In the late 1980s, major deficiencies reportedly remained in antisubmarine warfare, mine warfare, naval electronics (including electronic countermeasures equipment), and naval aviation capabilities.
The PLA Navy was ranked in 1987 as the third largest navy in the world, although naval personnel had comprised only 12 percent of PLA strength. In 1987 the Navy consisted (as it does now) of the naval headquarters in Beijing; three fleet commands – the North Sea Fleet, based at Qingdao, Shandong; the East Sea Fleet, based at Ningbo; and the South Sea Fleet, based at Zhanjiang, Guangdong – and about 2,000 ships. The 350,000-person Navy included Naval Air Force units of 34,000 men, the Coastal Defense Forces of 38,000, and the Marine Corps of 56,500. Navy Headquarters, which controlled the three fleet commands, was subordinate to the PLA General Staff Department. In 1987, China's 1,500 km coastline was protected by more than 100 diesel-powered Romeo- and Whiskey-class submarines, which could remain at sea only a limited time. Inside this protective ring and within range of shore-based aircraft were destroyers and frigates mounting Styx anti-ship missiles, depth-charge projectors, and guns up to 130 mm. Any invader penetrating the destroyer and frigate protection would have been swarmed by almost 900 fast-attack craft. Stormy weather limited the range of these small boats, however, and curtailed air support. Behind the inner ring were Coastal Defense Force personnel operating naval shore batteries of Styx missiles and guns, backed by ground force units deployed in depth.
As the 21st century approached, the PLAN began to transition to an off-shore defensive strategy that entailed more out-of-area operations away from its traditional territorial waters.[12] Between 1989 and 1993, the training ship Zhenghe paid ports visits to Hawaii, Thailand, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India. PLAN vessels visited Vladivostok in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996. PLAN task groups also paid visits to Indonesia in 1995; North Korea in 1997; New Zealand, Australia, and the Philippines in 1998; Malaysia, Tanzania, South Africa, the United States, and Canada in 2000; and India, Pakistan, France, Italy, Germany, Britain, Hong Kong, Australia, and New Zealand in 2001.[13] In March 1997, the Luhu-class guided missile destroyer Harbin, the Luda-class guided missile destroyer Zhuhai, and the replenishment oiler Nancang began the PLA Navy's first circumnavigation of the Pacific Ocean, a 98-day voyage with port visits to Mexico, Peru, Chile, and the United States, including Pearl Harbor and San Diego. The flotilla was under the command of Vice Admiral Wang Yongguo, the commander-in-chief of the South Sea Fleet.[13][14][15][16][17][18]
The Luhu-class guided missile destroyer Qingdao and the replenishment oiler Taicang completed the PLA Navy's first circumnavigation of the world (pictured), a 123-day voyage covering 32,000 nautical miles (59,000 km; 37,000 mi) between 15 May – 23 September 2002. Port visits included Changi, Singapore; Alexandria, Egypt; Aksis, Turkey; Sevastopol, Ukraine; Piraeus, Greece; Lisbon, Portugal; Fortaleza, Brazil; Guayaquil, Ecuador; Callao, Peru; and Papeete in French Polynesia. The PLA naval vessels participated in naval exercises with the French frigates Nivôse and Prairial, as well as exercises with the Peruvian Navy. The flotilla was under the command of Vice Admiral Ding Yiping, the commander-in-chief of the North Sea Fleet, and Captain Li Yujie was the commanding officer of the Qingdao.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Overall, between 1985 and 2006, PLAN naval vessels visited 18 Asian-Pacific nations, 4 South American nations, 8 European nations, 3 African nations, and 3 North American nations.[26] In 2003, the PLAN conducted its first joint naval exercises during separate visits to Pakistan and India. Bi-lateral naval exercises were also carried out with exercises with the French, British, Australian, Canadian, Philippine, and United States navies.[27]
On 26 December 2008, the PLAN dispatched a task group consisting of the guided missile destroyer Haikou (flagship), the guided missile destroyer Wuhan, and the supply ship Weishanhu to the Gulf of Aden to participate in anti-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia. A team of 16 Chinese Special Forces members from its Marine Corps armed with attack helicopters were on board.[28][29][30] Since then, China has maintained a three-ship flotilla of two warships and one supply ship in the Gulf of Aden by assigning ships to the Gulf of Aden on a three monthly basis. Other recent PLAN incidents include the 2001 Hainan Island incident, a major submarine accident in 2003, and naval incidents involving the U.S. MSC-operated ocean surveillance ships Victorious and Impeccable during 2009. At the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the PLAN, 52 vessels were shown in manoeuvres off Qingdao in April 2009 including previously unseen nuclear submarines. The demonstration was seen as a sign of the growing status of China, while the CMC Chairman, Hu Jintao, indicated that China is neither seeking regional hegemony nor entering an arms race.[31] Predictions by Western analysts that the PLAN would outnumber the USN submarine force as early as 2011 have failed to come true because the PRC curtailed both imports and domestic production of submarines.[32]
Between 5–12 July 2013, a seven-ship task force from the Northern Fleet joined warships from the Russian Pacific Fleet to participate in Joint Sea 2013, bilateral naval maneuvers held in the Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan. To date, Joint Sea 2013 was the largest naval drills yet undertaken by the People's Liberation Army Navy with a foreign navy.[33]
PRC military expert Yin Zhuo has said that due to present weaknesses in the PLAN's ability to replenish their ships at sea, their future aircraft carriers will be forced to operate in pairs.[34]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2014) |
The PLAN is organized into several departments for purposes of command, control and coordination. Main operating forces are organized into fleets, each with its own headquarters, a commander (a Rear Admiral or Vice Admiral) and a Political Commisar. All PLAN headquarters are subordinate to the PLA General Staff Department and the Chairman of the Central Military Committee.
The People's Liberation Army Navy is divided into three fleets:[35]
Each fleet consists of surface forces (destroyers, frigates, amphibious vessels etc.), submarine forces, coastal defence units, and aircraft.
The People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force is one of five branches in the navy and consists of all submarines both nuclear-powered and conventionally-powered in service with the PLAN. They are organised into flotillas spread across the three main fleets.[36]
The PRC plans to be the last of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council to conduct an operational ballistic missile submarine patrol.[37]
The People's Liberation Army Surface Force is one of five branches in the navy and consists of all surface warfare ships in service with the PLAN. They are organised into flotillas spread across the three main fleets.[38]
The PLAN Coastal Defence Force is a land-based fighting force and branch of the PLAN[39] with a strength of around 25,000 personnel. Also known as the coastal defense troops, they serve to defend China's coastal areas from invasion via amphibious landings or air-attack. Throughout the 1960s to 1980s, the Coastal Defense Force was focused on defending China's coast from a possible Soviet sea-borne invasion. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the threat of an amphibious invasion of China has diminished and therefore the branch is often considered to no-longer to be a vital component of the PLAN. Especially as the surface warships of the PLAN continue to improve in terms of anti-ship and air-defence capabilities.
Today the primary weapons of the coastal defense troops are the HY-2, YJ-82, and C-602 anti-ship missiles.
The PLA Marine Corps was originally established in the 1950s and then re-established in 1979 under PLAN organisation. It consists of around 12,000 marines organised into two 6000-man brigades and is based in the South China Sea with the South Sea Fleet. The Marine Corps are considered elite troops, and are rapid mobilization forces trained primarily in amphibious warfare and as Paratroopers to establish a beachhead or act as a fighting spearhead during operations against enemy targets. The marines are equipped with the standard Type 95 Assault Rifle as well as other small arms and personnel equipment, and a blue/littoral camouflage uniform as standard. The marines are also equipped with armoured fighting vehicles (including amphibious light tanks such as the Type 63), artillery, and anti-aircraft artillery systems and short range surface-to-air missiles.
With the PLAN's accelerating efforts to expand its capabilities beyond territorial waters, it would be likely for the Marine Corps to play a greater role in terms of being an offshore expeditionary force similar to the USMC and Royal Marines.
The People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force is the "air force" of the PLAN and has a strength of around 25,000 personnel and 430 aircraft. It operates similar aircraft to the People's Liberation Army Air Force, including fighter aircraft, bombers, strike aircraft, tankers, reconnaissance aircraft, electronic warfare aircraft, maritime patrol aircraft, transport aircraft, and helicopters of various roles. The PLA Naval Air Force has traditionally received older aircraft than the PLAAF and has taken less ambitious steps towards mass modernization. Advancements in new technologies, weaponry and aircraft acquisition were made after 2000. With the introduction of China's first aircraft carrier, Liaoning the Naval Air Force is for the first time conducting aircraft carrier operations.[40] Naval Air Bases includes:
The PLAN is complemented by paramilitary maritime services such as the China Coast Guard. The Chinese Coast Guard was previously not under an independent command, considered part of the armed police, under the local (provincial) border defense force command, prior to its reorganization and consolidation as an unified service. It was formed from the integration of several formerly separate services (such as China Marine Surveillance (CMS), Hai Guang, People's Armed Police and sea militia). The CMS performed mostly coastal and ocean search and rescue or patrols. The CMS received quite a few large patrol ships that significantly enhanced their operations, while Hai Guang, militia, police and other services operated hundreds of small patrol craft. For maritime patrol services, these craft are usually quite well armed with machine guns and 37mm antiaircraft guns. In addition, these services operated their own small aviation units to assist their maritime patrol capabilities, with Hai Guang and CMS operating a handful of Harbin Z-9 helicopters, and a maritime patrol aircraft based on the Harbin Y-12 STOL transport.
Every coastal province has 1 to 3 Coast Guard squadrons:
The ranks in the People's Liberation Army Navy are similar to those of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force. The current system of officer ranks and insignia dates from 1988 and is a revision of the ranks and insignia used from 1955 to 1965. The rank of Hai Jun Yi Ji Shang Jiang (First Class Admiral) was never held and was abolished in 1994. With the official introduction of the Type 07 uniforms all officer insignia are on either shoulders or sleeves depending on the type of uniform used. The current system of enlisted ranks and insignia dates from 1998.
The People's Liberation Army Navy has become more prominent in recent years owing to a change in Chinese strategic priorities. The new strategic threats include possible conflict with the United States and/or a resurgent Japan in areas such as the Taiwan Strait or the South China Sea. As part of its overall program of naval modernization, the PLAN has a long-term plan of developing a blue water navy. Robert D. Kaplan has said that it was the collapse of the Soviet Union that allowed China to transfer resources from its army to its navy and other force projection assets.[41] China is constructing a major underground nuclear submarine base near Sanya, Hainan. In December 2007 the first Type 094 submarine was moved to Sanya.[42] The Daily Telegraph on 1 May 2008 reported that tunnels were being built into hillsides which could be capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from spy satellites. According to the Western news media the base is reportedly to help China project seapower well into the Pacific Ocean area, including challenging United States naval power.[43][44]
During a 2008 interview with the BBC, Major General Qian Lihua, a senior Chinese defense official, stated that the PLAN aspired to possess a small number of aircraft carriers to allow it to expand China's air defense perimeter.[45] According to Qian the important issue was not whether China had an aircraft carrier, but what it did with it.[45] On 13 January 2009, Adm. Robert F. Willard, head of the U.S. Pacific Command, called the PLAN's modernization "aggressive," and that it raised concerns in the region.[46] On 15 July 2009, Senator Jim Webb of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee declared that only the "United States has both the stature and the national power to confront the obvious imbalance of power that China brings" to situations such as the claims to the Spratly and Paracel islands.[47]
Ronald O'Rourke of the Congressional Research Service wrote that the PLAN "continues to exhibit limitations or weaknesses in several areas, including capabilities for sustained operations by larger formations in distant waters, joint operations with other parts of China's military, C4ISR systems, anti-air warfare (AAW), antisubmarine warfare (ASW), MCM, and a dependence on foreign suppliers for certain key ship components."[48] In 1998 China purchased the discarded Ukrainian ship Varyag and began retrofitting it for naval deployment. On 25 September 2012, the People's Liberation Army Navy took delivery of China's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning.[49] The 60,000 ton ship can accommodate 33 fixed wing aircraft. It is widely speculated that these aircraft will be the J15 fighter (the Chinese version of Russia's SU-33).[50]
Japan has raised concerns about the PLAN's growing capability and the lack of transparency as its naval strength keeps on expanding.[51] China has reportedly[by whom?] entered into service the world's first anti-ship ballistic missile called DF-21D. The potential threat from the DF-21D against U.S. aircraft carriers has reportedly caused major changes in U.S. strategy.[citation needed]
The Spratly Islands dispute is a territorial dispute over the ownership of the Spratly Islands, a group of islands located in the South China Sea. States staking claims to various islands are Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and People's Republic of China. All except Brunei occupy some of the islands in dispute. The People's Republic of China conducted naval patrols in the Spratly Islands and established a permanent base.
On 14 March 1988, Chinese and Vietnamese naval forces clashed over Johnson South Reef in the Spratly Islands, which involved three PLAN frigates/[52]
In February 2011, the Chinese frigate Dongguan fired three shots at Philippine fishing boats in the vicinity of Jackson atoll. The shots were fired after the frigate instructed the fishing boats to leave, and one of those boats experienced trouble removing its anchor.[53][54] In May 2011, the Chinese patrol boats attacked and cut the cable of Vietnamese oil exploration ships near Spratly islands. The incidence sparked several anti-China protests in Vietnam. In June, the Chinese navy conducted three days of exercises, including live fire drills, in the disputed waters. This was widely seen as a warning to Vietnam, which had also conducted live fire drills near the Spratly Islands. Chinese patrol boats fired repeated rounds at a target on an apparently uninhabited island, as twin fighter jets streaked in tandem overhead. 14 vessels participated in the maneuvers, staging antisubmarine and beach landing drills aimed at "defending atolls and protecting sea lanes."[55]
In May 2013, the Chinese navy's three operational fleets deployed together for the first time since 2010. This combined naval maneuvers in the South China Sea coincided with the ongoing Spratly Islands dispute between China and the Philippines as well as deployment of the U.S. Navy's Carrier Strike Group Eleven to the U.S. Seventh Fleet.
The Diaoyu Islands dispute concerns a territorial dispute over a group of uninhabited islands known as the Diaoyu Islands in China, the Senkaku in Japan,[56] and Tiaoyutai Islands in Taiwan.[57] Aside from a 1945 to 1972 period of administration by the United States, the archipelago has been controlled by Japan since 1895, when it invaded the Korea and Taiwan.[58] The People's Republic of China disputed the proposed U.S. handover of authority to Japan in 1971.[59] and has asserted its claims to the islands since that time.[60] Taiwan also has claimed these islands. The disputed territory is close to key shipping lanes and rich fishing grounds, and it may have major oil reserves in the area.[61]
On some occasions, ships and planes from various Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese government and military agencies have entered the disputed area. In addition to the cases where they escorted fishing and activist vessels, there have been other incursions. In an eight month period in 2012, over forty maritime incursions and 160 aerial incursions occurred.[62] For example, in July 2012, three Chinese patrol vessels entered the disputed waters around the islands.[63]
Military escalation continued in 2013. In February, Japanese Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera claimed that a Chinese frigate had locked weapons-targeting radar onto a Japanese destroyer and helicopter on two occasions in January.[64][65] A Chinese Jiangwei II class frigate and a Japanese destroyer were three kilometers apart, and the crew of the latter vessel went to battle stations.[66] The Chinese state media responded that their frigates had been engaged in routine training at the time.[67] In late February 2013, U.S. intelligence detected China moving road-mobile ballistic missiles closer to the coast near the disputed islands, including medium-range DF-16 anti-ship ballistic missiles.[68] In May, a flotilla of Chinese warships from its North Sea Fleet deployed from Qingdao for training exercises western North Pacific Ocean.[69] It is not known if this deployment is related to the ongoing islands dispute between China and Japan.
On 22 July 2011, following its Vietnam port-call, the Indian amphibious assault vessel Airavat was reportedly contacted 45 nautical miles from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea by a party identifying itself as the Chinese Navy and stating that the Indian warship was entering Chinese waters.[70][71] According to a spokesperson for the Indian Navy, since there were no Chinese ships or aircraft were visible, the INS Airavat proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled. The Indian Navy further clarified that "[t]here was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat. India supports freedom of navigation in international waters, including in the South China Sea, and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law. These principles should be respected by all."[70]
On 11 July 2012, the Chinese frigate Dongguan ran aground on Hasa Hasa Shoal (pictured) located 60 nmi west of Rizal, which was within the Philippines' 200 nmi-EEZ.[72] By 15 July, the frigate had been refloated and was returning to port with no injuries and only minor damage.[73] During this incident, the 2012 ASEAN summit took place in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, amid the rising regional tensions.[73]
In July 2010, all three operational fleets of the Chinese Navy operated together in the South China Sea. This combined fleet deployment was in response to the bi-lateral naval maneuvers of the United States Seventh Fleet and the South Korean Navy following the sinking of a South Korean frigate by North Korea in March 2010.[69][74]
On 18 December 2008, Chinese authorities deployed People's Liberation Army Navy vessels to escort Chinese shipping in the Gulf of Aden.[75] This deployment came after a series of attacks and attempted hijackings on Chinese vessels by Somali pirates. Reports suggest two destroyers (Type 052C 171 Haikou and Type 052B 169 Wuhan) and a supply ship are the ones being used. This move was welcomed by the international community as the warships complement a multinational fleet already operating along the coast of Africa. Since this operation PLAN has sought the leadership of the 'Shared Awareness and Deconfliction' body (SHADE), which would require an increase in the number of ships contributing to the anti-piracy fleet. This is the first time Chinese warships have deployed outside the Asia-Pacific region for a military operation since Zheng He's expeditions in the 15th century.
Sine then more than 30 People's Liberation Army Navy ships has deployed to the Gulf of Aden in 18 Escort Task Groups.
Escort Task Group/Task Group | Sailors | Ships | Departure Date | Starting Date | End |
1st Escort Task Group/Task Group 169; 2nd Escort Task Group/Task Group 167; 3rd Escort Task Group/Task Group 529; 4th Escort Task Group/Task Group 525; 5th Escort Task Group/Task Group 168; 6th Escort Task Group/Task Group 998; 7th Escort Task Group/Task Group 530; 8th Escort Task Group/Task Group 526; 9th Escort Task Group/Task Group 169; 10th Escort Task Group/Task Group 171; 11th Escort Task Group/Task Group 113; 12th Escort Task Group/Task Group 548; 13th Escort Task Group/Task Group 570; 14th Escort Task Group/Task Group 112; 15th Escort Task Group/Task Group 999; 16th Escort Task Group/Task Group 546; 17th Escort Task Group/Task Group 150; 18th Escort Task Group/Task Group 989; 19th Escort Task Group/Task Group 547 | 869; 866; 806; 788; 825; 981; 788; 796; 878; 875; 779; 788; 787; 736; 853; 660; 810; 1200; 780 including navy and/or marine special forces personnel | 1st Escort Task Group/Task Group 169: DDG-169 Wuhan (Type 052B Luyang I (Guangzhou) class destroyer), DDG-171 Haikou (Type 052C Luyang II (Lanzhou) class destroyer), AOR-887 Weishanhu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 2nd Escort Task Group/Task Group 167: DDG-167 Shenzhen (Type 051B Luhai class destroyer), FFG-570 Huangshan (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-887 Weishanhu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 3rd Escort Task Group/Task Group 529: FFG-529 Zhoushan (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), FFG-530 Xuzhou (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-886 Qiandaohu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 4th Escort Task Group/Task Group 525: FFG-525 Ma'anshan (Type 054 Jiangkai I (Ma'anshan) class frigate), FFG-526 Wenzhou (Type 054 Jiangkai I (Ma'anshan) class frigate), FFG-568 Chaohu (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOG-886 Qiandaohu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 5th Escort Task Group/Task Group 168: DDG-168 Guangzhou (Type 052B Luyang I (Guangzhou) class destroyer), FFG-568 Chaohu (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-887 Weishanhu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 6th Escort Task Group/Task Group 998: LPD-998 Kunlun Shan (Type 071 Yuzhao class amphibious transport dock), DDG-171 Lanzhou (Type 052C Luyang II (Lanzhou) class destroyer), AOR-887 Weishanhu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 7th Escort Task Group/Task Group 530: FFG-529 Zhoushan (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), FFG-530 Xuzhou (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-886 Qiandaohu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 8th Escort Task Group/Task Group 526: FFG-525 Ma'anshan (Type 054 Jiangkai I (Ma'anshan) class frigate), FFG-526 Wenzhou (Type 054 Jiangkai I (Ma'anshan) class frigate), AOR-886 Qiandaohu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 9th Escort Task Group/Task Group 169: DDG-169 Wuhan (Type 052B Luyang I (Guangzhou) class destroyer), FFG-569 Yulin (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-885 Qinghaihu (Type 908 Fusu (Qinghaihu) class replenishment ship); 10th Escort Task Group/Task Group 171: DDG-171 Haikou (Type 052C Luyang II (Lanzhou) class destroyer), FFG-571 Yuncheng (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-885 Qinghaihu (Type 908 Fusu (Qinghaihu) class replenishment ship); 11th Escort Task Group/Task Group 113: DDG-113 Qingdao (Type 052 Luhu class), FFG-538 Yantai (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-887 Weishanhu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 12th Escort Task Group/Task Group 548: FFG-548 Yiyang (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), FFG-549 Changzhou (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-886 Qiandaohu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 13th Escort Task Group/Task Group 570: FFG-568 Hengyang (Ex-Chaohu, Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), FFG-570 Huangshan (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-885 Qinghaihu (Type 908 Fusu (Qinghaihu) class replenishment ship); 14th Escort Task Group/Task Group 112: DDG-112 Harbin (Type 052 Luhu class), FFG-528 Mianyang (Type 053H3 Jiangwei II class frigate), AOR-887 Weishanhu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 15th Escort Task Group/Task Group 999: LPD-999 Jinggang Shan (Type 071 Yuzhao class amphibious transport dock), FFG-572 Hengshui (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-889 Taihu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 16th Escort Task Group/Task Group 546: FFG-527 Luoyang (Type 053H3 Jiangwei II class frigate), FFG-546 Yancheng (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-889 Taihu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 17th Escort Task Group/Task Group 150: DDG-150 Changchun (Type 052C Luyang II (Lanzhou) class destroyer), FFG-549 Changzhou (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-890 Chaohu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 18th Escort Task Group/Task Group 989: LPD-989 Changbai Shan (Type 071 Yuzhao class amphibious transport dock), FFG-571 Yuncheng (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-890 Chaohu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship); 19th Escort Task Group/Task Group 547: FFG-547 Linyi (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), FFG-550 Weifang (Type 054A Jiangkai II class frigate), AOR-887 Weishanhu (Type 903 Fuchi (Qiandaohu) class replenishment ship) | 26 December 2009; 2 April 2009; 16 July 2009; 30 October 2009; 4 March 2010 (FFG-568 Chaohu on 2 December 2009); 30 June 2010; 2 November 2010; 21 February 2011; 2 July 2011; 2 November 2011; 27 February 2012; 3 July 2012; 9 November 2012; 16 February 2013; 8 August 2013; 11 November 2013; 25 March 2014; 2 August 2014 | 26 January 2009; 15 April 2009; 1 August 2009; 27 November 2009; 18 March 2010 (FFG-568 Chaohu on 21 December 2009); 14 July 2010; 23 November 2010; 18 March 2011; 23 July 2011; 19 November 2011; 17 March 2012; 18 July 2012; 23 November 2012; 13 March 2013; 22 August 2013; 20 December 2013; 18 April 2014; 23 August 2014; 24 December 2014 | 15 April 2009; 1 August 2009; November 2009; 18 March 2010; 20 July 2010; 20 November 2010; 11 November 2010; 21 July 2011; 15 November 2011; 17 March 2012; 18 July 2012; 23 November 2012; 13 March 2013; 22 August 2013(FFG-528 Mianyang on 25 August 2009); 20 December 2013; 18 April 2014; 23 August 2014; 24 December 2014 |
In the lead-up to the Libyan Civil War, the Xuzhou (530) was deployed from anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden to help evacuate Chinese nationals from Libya.[76]
The PLAN's ambitions include operating out to the first and second island chains, as far as the South Pacific near Australia, and spanning to the Aleutian islands, and operations extending to the Straits of Malacca near the Indian Ocean.[77] The future PLAN fleet will be composed of a balance of combatant assets aimed at maximising the PLAN's fighting effectiveness. On the high end, there would be modern destroyers equipped with long-range air defense missiles (Type 052B, Type 052C, Type 052D, Type 051C and Type 055); destroyers armed with supersonic anti-ship missiles (Sovremenny class); advanced nuclear-powered attack and ballistic missile submarines (Type 093, Type 095, Type 094, Type 096); advanced conventional attack submarines (Kilo and Yuan classes); aircraft carriers and large amphibious warfare vessels capable of mobilizing troops at long distances. On the medium and low end, there would be more economical multi-role capable frigates and destroyers (Luhu, Jiangwei II and Jiangkai classes); corvettes (Jiangdao class); fast littoral missile attack craft (Houjian, Houxin and Houbei classes); various landing ships and light craft; and conventionally powered coastal patrol submarines (Song class). The obsolete combat ships (based on 1960s designs) will be phased out in the coming decades as more modern designs enter full production. It may take a decade for the bulk of these older ships to be retired. Until then, they will serve principally on the low end, as multi-role patrol/escort platforms. Their use could be further enhanced in the future by being used as fast transports or fire support platforms. This system of phasing out would see a reversal in the decline in quantity of PLAN vessels by 2015, and cuts in inventory after the end of the Cold War could be made up for by 2020.[78]
During 2001–2006 there has been a rapid building and acquisition program.[77] There were more than a dozen new classes of ships built in these last five years,[77] totaling some 60 brand new ships (including landing ships and auxiliaries).[77] Simultaneously, dozens of other ships have been either phased out of service or refitted with new equipment. Submarines play a significant role in the development of the PLAN's future fleet. This is made evident by the construction of a new type of nuclear ballistic missile submarine, the Type 094 and the Type 093 nuclear attack submarine. This will provide the PLAN with a more modern response for the need of a seaborne nuclear deterrent. The new submarines will also be capable of performing conventional strike and other special warfare requirements.
The European Union has provided much of the propulsion technology for the PLAN's modernization.[79]
Ronald O'Rourke of the Congressional Research Service reported that the long-term goals of PLAN planning include:
During the military parade on the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the YJ-62 naval cruise missile made its first public appearance; the YJ-62 represents the next generation in naval weapons technology in the PLA.
A Chinese website stated that the PLAN is going to build a 110,000 ton aircraft carrier, essentially a larger version of the Liaoning.[81]
The PLA Navy plans to establish three aircraft carrier battle groups by 2020. The Liaoning and China's first domestically built carrier, currently under construction, will be part of the battle groups. One of the battle groups is to be deployed in the East China Sea, while the other two are to be deployed to the South China Sea.[82]
The PLAN may also operate from Gwadar or Seychelles for anti-piracy missions and to protect vital trade routes which may endanger China's energy security in the case of a conflict.
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Between March and November, 47 Chinese ship incursions were recorded. From April to December, the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) scrambled fighters 160 times in response to Chinese aircraft in the East China Sea, up from 156 in 2011.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.


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Hotel and Youth Hostal Mayflower Reviews
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I love this hotel. It is especially wonderful and quiet during the low season.
- Novice Nomad
- Anonymous
- Female, 31-40
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My stays here are always clean, convenient location & usually quiet. Private rooms are quite nice & all I need after few days travelling.
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- linznanny4495
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The hotel has everything I need, cooking facilities, internet, tv, and the room is very clean. The location is close to the beach, supermarket, and restaurants.
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Pro's: really good location (2 min to beach), nice atmosphere and people, good kitchen, drinking water, enough showers Con's: we didnt get a key to lock our dorm, which made us feel a little unsafe. also, there's only internet in the small lobby which got really annoying after a couple days. the staff was okay. the sinks in the bathroom and in front of it didnt really work. there was hardly any water running from them.
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- Germany
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We were traveling with a big group of friends and stayed in private rooms. The hotel is really nice and everything is impeccable. The staff was super friendly and helpful. Although the area where it's located isn't our favorite in Puerto, it's easy to walk to other beaches from there, and it's close to stores, pharmacies and mini supermarkets, where you can buy food to prepare at the hotel's kitchen. Totally recommended!!! We would definitely come back.
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