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Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 908028, 21 pages
Numerical Investigation on Zonal Disintegration Mechanism around Deep Underground Openings
1Mining School, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
2Guizhou Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
3Guizhou Engineering Lab of Mineral Resources, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
4Engineering Center for Safe Mining Technology Under Complex Geologic Condition, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
5School of Resources & Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
Received 27 June 2013; Accepted 26 October 2013
Academic Editor: Nao-Aki Noda
Copyright © 2013 Yu-Jun Zuo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Three-dimensional numerical tests have been conducted to investigate the failure process of surrounding rock mass around circular and U-shaped tunnel at depth. Different failure modes of deep underground openings have been reproduced. The influence of different shapes and sizes of tunnel section, as well as the direction of the maximum principal stress, on zonal disintegration was analyzed. Numerical simulations show that failure modes and load-bearing capacity of tunnel depend on the direction of the maximum principal stress. The zonal disintegration around deep underground openings is a phenomenon that only occurs under some special conditions. Firstly, there must be a higher horizontal tectonic stress along the axial direction of tunnel; secondly, the radius of curvature of tunnel should be large enough to induce the tensile stress higher than tensile strength of rock mass. Therefore, the direction of tunnel axis as well as the direction and the size of tectonic stress should be carefully considered during tunnel design.
1. Introduction
Due to the rareness of resources in shallow area, the mining activity is developing into much a more deeper area. In China, in the future 10–20 years, many mines will be under 1000 to 2000 m, while some mines in South Africa, Canada, America, and Australia are already under 1000 m below the ground surface. According to the incomplete statistics, the mental mines over 1000 m in depth are more than 80 and most of them are in South Africa, such as the deep mine of Anglogold Limited Company, the depth of which is over 3700 m. In India, the depth of 3 mines in the Kolar Gold Mine is already over 2400 m. The rock mechanical problems in the deep underground mining industry have provoked the interest of many researchers, especially the zonal disintegration phenomenon [1]. The zonal disintegration refers to the phenomenon that, after excavation, there were some alternating regions of fracture zones and relatively intact zones around or in front of the working face. This failure mode is quite different from that in shallow depth, which is classified as fracture zone, plastic zone, and undisturbed zone, in sequence.
During many deep underground mining activities, the zonal disintegration has been confirmed by different kinds of geophysical prospecting means. In the 1980s, Shemyakin et al. [2–5] found the zonal disintegration in a deep mine by using a resistivity instrument. Zonal disintegration in Taimyrskii Mine is shown in Figure 1.
Adams and Jager observed the zonal disintegration in the roof of Witwatersrand Gold Mine located 2000 to 3000 m underground by a borehole periscope [6]. In China, this phenomenon was also found in deep Jinchuan Nickel Mine by measuring the displacement in surrounding rock mass using multipoint displacement meters [7]. The monitoring results are shown in Figure 2, which is at 1200 m depth, and the stress distribution perpendicular to the side wall of tunnel is quite different from that in shallow area (see Figure 3) [8], as is also observed by Li and his fellows and recorded in boreholes of Huainan Coal Mine in China by using the visual apparatus, which confirmed the existence of zonal disintegration at depth (see Figure 4) [9].
It is very important to have a good understanding of the failure mechanism of deep rock mass and to form the theoretical basis for support design [10]. Although many researchers have tried to explain the zonal disintegration by site investigation, laboratory test, theory analysis, and numerical modeling, the mechanism of zonal disintegration is still under debate [1].
Many researchers devoted themselves to theoretically explain the zonal disintegration. For instance, Shemyakin from Russia illustrated the existence of the abutment pressure on the two sides and in front of tunnel face based on the elastic-plastic theory, and then analyzed the mechanism of zonal disintegration and reproduced it in laboratory [2–5]. Wang et al. investigated the quantization effect of geomechanical energy and deemed that due to the zonal disintegration, the mining method, support type, and support scope should all be reconsidered [10–12]. According to Li et al. [13, 14], the prerequisite of zonal disintegration is the spalling failure in the abutment area around tunnel. They deemed that during excavation, the zonal disintegration is not caused by dynamic disturbance but by creep deformation. On the other hand, Zhou et al. [15] and Li et al. [16] took the mining activity as a dynamic problem in order to characterize the zonal disintegration around underground deep tunnel.
In the experimental study aspect, Shemyakin et al. [2–5] tested and verified the zonal disintegration in laboratory and found that during the failure process of zonal disintegration, the load in the rock mass changes very slowly and it can be considered as a static one. Sellers and Klerck [17] studied the impact of the structural planes in rock mass on zonal disintegration in laboratory and the result showed that under some conditions, the structural planes existing in rock mass can be the origination of the zonal disintegration. Based on the laboratory loading tests of physical model containing a round or a U-shaped tunnel, Gu et al. [18] confirmed that the larger compressive stress along the axial direction of tunnel was the main reason of zonal disintegration. Tang et al. [19, 20] numerically simulated the failure process of a square specimen under 3D loading conditions and the zonal disintegration was successfully reproduced by using the RFPA-Parallel code. Tang deemed that the zonal disintegration was the result of annular tension failure under the principal stress along tunnel axis. One year later, Zhang [21] also reproduced the zonal disintegration successfully in a similarity material test.
Due to the mechanism for zonal integration remains controversy, it is very import to investigate the initiation, development and formation of zonal disintegration. There are a lot of impact factors on zonal disintegration, such as stress state, tunnel shape, rock mass properties, and excavation sequence. In this paper, the RFPA-Parallel was used to study the failure process of numerical rock specimens. The zonal disintegration phenomenon around the existing holes was reproduced and the impact of tunnel shape and the direction of maximum principle on the zonal disintegration were discussed.
2. Introduction about RFAP Code
2.1. Heterogeneous Material Property Distribution
Rock is a kind of heterogeneous material in the mesoscopic scale and the physicmechanical properties of the mesoscopic element can be expressed by the statistic distribution function. In RFPA-Parallel, the rock specimen is assumed to be composed of many elements with the same size, and the mechanical properties of these elements are assumed to conform to a given Weibull distribution as defined by the following probability density function [22]: where is the mechanical parameter of the element (such as strength or Young's modulus); the scale parameter is related to the means of the element parameters and the parameter defines the shape of the distribution function. From the properties of the Weibull distribution, a larger value of implies a more heterogeneous material and vice versa. Therefore, the parameter is called the homogeneity index in our numerical simulations.
2.2. The Constitutive Model of Mesoscopic Element
Before loading, the mesoscopic elements are under elastic condition and can be expressed by the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio. The stress-strain relation for each element is elastic. When the stress comes to the damage threshold, the element then takes on a softening character. Once one of the following criteria is satisfied, the damage begins [23]. Consider where is the uniaxial compressive strength, is the initial elastic modulus of element, is the tension-compression ratio, and is the internal friction angle.
The first part of (2) is the maximum tensile strain criteria and the second part is the Mohr-Coulomb criteria, which are taken as the damage threshold of tensile stress and shear stress. Therefore, the damage of each element is either under tensile stress damage, which is according to the maximum tensile strain criteria, or shear stress damage, which is according to the Mohr-Coulomb criteria. Consider whereis the damage variable. and are the elastic modulus of damaged and undamaged elements, respectively. In RFPA, because the element and its damage are taken as isotropic, the , , and are all scalar. In this paper, the compressive stress and compressive strain are taken as positive.
The constitutive model of element under uniaxial stress state (tension or compression) is shown in Figure 5, where and are uniaxial tensile strength and residue uniaxial tensile strength and and are uniaxial compressive strength and residue uniaxial compressive strength, respectively. The stress-strain curve in the initial stage is elastic, which means no damage occurs or . When the maximum tensile strain criterion is satisfied, the element is damaged.
The constitutive law under uniaxial tensile state in Figure 5 is expressed as where is the residual strength factor, and the residue strength can be expressed as, where is the tensile strength of element. is ultimate elastic strain and is called threshold strain, which can be expressed by where is the ultimate tensile strain of element, under which the element will be damaged completely. The ultimate tensile strain can be expressed by , where is the ultimate strain factor. Here we suppose that and have nothing to do with stress state.
In RFPA3D, we suppose that the damage of element under multiaxial stress state is isotropic, so the constitutive equation in 1D can be easily extended to 3D. Under multiaxial stress state, when the equivalent tensile principal strain comes to the threshold strain of , damage occurs in element. And the equivalent principal straincan be defined as where , , and are the three principal strains and < > is a function defined by (7)
Substituting the strain in (4) by the equivalent strain defined by (6) and (7), the constitutive law of element can be expressed as
According to elastic damage mechanics, the constitutive equation of stress-strain relation can be obtained as where
Like the condition under uniaxial tensile state, when the element is under uniaxial compressive state, the damage failure follows the Mohr-Coulomb criteria. The damage variable can be expressed as where is residue strength factor and under uniaxial compressive or tensile state. can be calculated by the following:
In , damage will occur when the strength of element satisfies the Mohr-Coulomb criteria. During the damage process, the impact of principle stress should be taken into account in the model. When the Mohr-Coulomb criteria is satisfied, the maximum principal (compressive) strain can be calculated according to the peak value of the maximum principal (compressive) stress:
Suppos that the shear damage evolution is only relate to the maximum compressive principal strain , the uniaxial compressive strain in (8) can be substituted by the maximum compressive principal strain of the damaged element , then we get the expanded equation under triaxial stress state:
Equally, according to the damage mechanics, the constitutive equation can be written as
2.3. The Brief to RFPA3D-Parallel
The RFPA-Parallel is composed of four parts, that is preprocessor, elastic stress analysis, failure analysis, and postprocessor. In the preprocessor and postprocessor parts, the friendly man-machine interaction mode is used. And the software is developed by Visual C and OpenGL, which brought a user friendly interface. There is no need to build a rigid matrix and system of equation. The windows serial program is used in the failure analysis. The FEM is used in elastic stress analysis.
The calculation function is written by Fortran 90 in RFPA3D. The numerical model is meshed by cube elements, which can reflect the heterogeneity of material. The calculation program is run under Redhat Linux 9.0. The Message Passing Interface (MPI) technique is used in the programming. The Preprocess Conjugate Gradient method (PCG) is used to solve the linear equations. For more details, readers are recommended to refer to related papers [24].
3. Numerical Studies on Zonal Disintegration
3.1. Numerical Model
The numerical model shown in Figure 6 is 35 mm × 140 mm × 140 mm in dimension and the axial direction of the tunnel is in direction. The whole domain is discretized into 35 × 140 × 140 = 686000 finite elements.
In order to investigate the effect of the tunnel shape on zonal disintegration, as well as to compare numerical simulation results with the laboratory by Gu et al. [18], circular tunnels with diameter of mm and mm, as well as U-shaped tunnels with a size of 20 mm × 25 mm (width × height) and 30 mm × 30 mm (width × height) are chosen. The diameter of the crown of the U-shaped tunnel is 10 mm and 15 mm, respectively. The boundary condition of the model is showed in Figure 6. A displacement is applied on the surface of mm by 0.01 mm per step.
In addition, for studying the effect of the direction of maximum principal stress on the failure mechanism of zonal disintegration, two kinds of boundary conditions for the U-shaped tunnel are considered.(1)Apply displacement on the surface of mm vertically and fix the perpendicular displacement on surfaces at mm, mm, mm, and mm, respectively.(2)Apply displacement on the surface of mm horizontally and fix perpendicular displacement on surfaces ; , mm, mm, mm, and mm.
For rock material, there might be randomly distributed defects in it, which can be considered in the model by adopting the Weibull distribution function to describe the inhomogeneity of rock prosperities in spatial. The homogeneity index of the model is . The elastic modulus and the poisson's ratio are 40 GPa and 0.25, respectively. The mean strength of the elements is 60 MPa, which means that the corresponding macroscopic strength of the whole model is about 26 MPa.
3.2. Numerical Simulation Results
3.2.1. Circular Shaped Tunnel
(A) The Character of Loading Stress, AE and Accumulated AE of the Model. For the two numerical models containing a circular tunnel with a diameter of 20 mm and 30 mm, respectively, the stress-loading steps curves along , , and direction under the direction load are shown in Figure 7. The AE and accumulated AE curves are shown in Figure 8.
As shown in Figures 7 and 8, for model with mm, the loading stress in direction comes to its peak value of 71.0 MPa at step 6, which is about 2.73 times of the compressive strength; while at step 7, the amount of the microcracks increase dramatically and the corresponding loading stress is near to the residue strength of the rock material. After step 7, the increase of the microcracks is then getting mild, which indicates that most of the cracking events cluster in step 7. As for the model with diameter of mm, the loading stress in direction comes to its peak value of 58.2 MPa at step 5, which is 2.24 times of the compressive strength of material. At step 6, the amount of microcrack increases sharply before step 7, which means that most of the microcrack events are in step 6.
It can be seen from Figure 7 that the larger the span is, the smaller the bearing capacity of the model is. For example, for mm, the loading stress in direction is only 58.2 MPa, while for mm, the loading stress in direction is 71.0 MPa, nearly 1.22 times of the former, which is in good agreement with the laboratory results by Gu et al. [18].
In Figure 8, for a smaller span tunnel model, due to its higher load bearing capacity, the deformation prior to failure is larger than that of the small span model; the released energy and the amount of mircocracks in it are more than that of the larger span model.
(B) Zonal Disintegration Process Analysis on the Circular Tunnel Model
(1) For Tunnel with Diameter of mm. Figure 9 shows the zonal disintegration process under the direction load. Figure 9(a) shows the elastic modulus distribution at specific steps and Figure 9(b) shows the maximum principal stress distribution. With the increase of the loading, the mirco-cracks first initiate at the periphery of the tunnel and then gather into several conjugate slip lines around the tunnel. Due to the heterogeneity of the material, the propagation of the microcracks is discontinuous but finally forms into fracture rings (see step 5(1)). After the first fracture ring has formed, the diameter of the tunnel is becoming larger indeed, thus forming the next new fracture under a larger axial compressive stress (see step 7(5)). With the load increase, some new fracture rings are formed and the space between the fracture rings is increasing simultaneously but still near the tunnel span in size (see steps 7(11) and 7(31). After step 7, the amount of the microcracks increases slowly, which is the same with Figures 7 and 8.
In fact, the zonal disintegration described as circle microcracks [2–9] in many papers are deduced from limited borehole data drawn by the field observers, which cannot present the real zonal disintegration phenomenon. If we analyze the sketch drawn in Russia mine in the paper [2–5], we will find that the fracture rings are not continuous but with some isolated fracture rings or two fracture rings developed from the fracture. The numerical simulated results show that the fracture curve is either continuous or discontinuous, indicating that the propagation of fracture is influenced by many factors such as the heterogeneity, boundary conditions, and so on.
With the increase of axial load, the loading stress comes to the peak value at step 6 and the stress curve along horizontal line ( mm, mm) in direction is shown in Figure 10. It needs to be noted that the stress and strain of an element are averaged over its Gaussian points. The displacement around the tunnel periphery is larger than that in the area far from the tunnel boundary. The displacement around tunnel can be explained by the elastic theory for a small ; the tangential strain caused by the radial displacement is then large enough to cause the shear slip line fracture. For a larger radius of curvature , the rock mass under a larger axial compressive stress will swell laterally into tunnel, which causes a radial tensile stress in the rock mass. The tensile stress is small near to the periphery of tunnel but is large far from tunnel periphery [18]. When the axial stress is increased to some value, the maximum radial tensile stress will be up to the ultimate tensile strain of rock mass, which leads to the tensile failure of rock mass. As it is mentioned before that when the loading stress comes to the peak value, the displacement of tunnel wall gets larger so that the conjugate slip line failure mode happens. At the same time, discontinuous fracture rings form due to tensile failure in the surrounding rock mass.
Figure 11 shows the strain curves of middle units ( mm, mm) in the horizontal direction () at step 6 and step 20. At step 20, the zonal disintegration is already in a stable stage. Compared with Figure 10, in this stable stage, the strain in the fracture area is larger and the peak strain area exists in both sides of tunnel. But even in the same fracture ring, the peak values are not the same due to the heterogeneity of rock mass. From the whole failure process, it can be seen that before a certain loading stress, the zonal disintegration can be developed gradually, but when the loading stress comes to a certain value, the development of zonal disintegration is reduced.
(2) For Tunnel with Diameter of mm. Figure 12 shows the zonal disintegration process for model with a tunnel diameter of 30 mm. Cracks first initiate from the tunnel periphery and then gradually develop into conjugate slip lines. The first fracture ring is relatively circle but is discontinuous. It can be noticed that the distance between microcracks is relatively wide and more microcracks generated from one fracture intersect with each other, thus forming the conjugate slip lines. The distance between microcracks increases with the increase of tunnel diameter.
The loading strain curves along the horizontal line through points ( mm, mm) along direction at step 5 (peak value stage) and step 20 (stable stage) are shown in Figures 13 and 14. The displacement in the fracture area is larger than that of the small diameter model, which may indicate that for a larger span, the surrounding rock mass is easier to move into.
3.2.2. U-Shaped Tunnel
(A) The Character of Loading Stress, AE and Accumulated AE of the Model. Figure 15 shows the stress-loading step curves of two models with different tunnel size of 20 mm × 25 mm and 30 mm × 30 mm (width × height), respectively. The models are loaded in direction. The AE and accumulated AE curves are shown in Figure 16. For the model with tunnel size of 20 mm × 25 mm, at step 4, the loading stress comes to the peak value when the load in direction is up to 48 MPa, which is about 1.85 times of the compressive strength. At step 5, the microcracks increase sharply and the loading stress drops to the residue strength of 21 MPa at the end of step 5. At the same time, the increase of microcracks becomes slow, meaning that most of the fracture events occur at step 5.
Similarly, for the model with tunnel size of 30 mm × 30 mm, at step 4, the loading stress comes to the peak value of 47 MPa, which is about 1.81 times of the compressive strength, while at step 5, the microcracks increases dramatically and the corresponding loading stress drops to 16 MPa which equals to the residue strength of the material. After step 5, the increase of microcracks gets slow, which also indicates that most of the microfracture events occur at step 5.
From Figure 15, it can be concluded that the load bearing capacity of model is almost unchanged when the span and cross-sectional area of tunnel are in some range. The peak load value of the small tunnel cross section model is 1.02 times of the large tunnel cross section model, which is almost the same. But after the peak value, the residual load bearing capacity for the small tunnel cross section model is 1.31 times the large one, which indicates that the load bearing capacity is increased with the decrease of tunnel span and cross-sectional area. This can also be seen from Figure 6, which also shows that for the small span and cross section area tunnel, the amount of microcracks and displacement energy released during failure are more than that of the large span tunnel.
(B) Failure Process Analysis on U-Shaped Tunnel
(1) For U-Shaped Tunnel with Size of 20 mm × 25 mm. Figure 7 shows the failure process of numerical model under the load in direction. The elastic modulus and the maximum principal stress at certain steps are shown in Figures 17(a) and 17(b), respectively. With load increasing, microcracks first initiate at the periphery of the tunnel, and most of the microcracks concentrate at the two side walls. Some microcracks develop from the bottom of the side walls although most of the microcracks in the sidewalls are still in some distance from the wall. It can be seen that the new generated tunnel after zonal disintegration is still a round opening (see step 5(4)). With the increase of the load, near to the first fracture ring, the second fracture ring forms (see from step 5(12)). Due to the heterogeneity, the development of the fracture rings is discontinuous. With the increasing of load, the next fracture ring forms, but the space between the new formed one and the second fracture becomes larger (see step 5(40)).
It should be noted that for a small radius of curvature, the failure mode is conjugate slip failure on the bottom of side walls, while for a larger radius of curvature, the fractures mainly propagate parallel to the side wall in some distance. As mentioned before, this is due to the different tangential compressive strain caused by the radial displacement u of tunnel boundary with different radius of curvature.
It can be concluded that there are two prerequisite for the zonal disintegration, one is the large compressive stress acted along the axial direction of tunnel, the other is that the radius of curvature of the tunnel should be large. As is the same with the laboratory test [18].
Figures 18 and 19 are the stress curves at step 4 (peak value stage) and step 20 (after zonal disintegration formed) of elements along direction at point mm, mm under the load in direction. It can be seen that with the development of zonal disintegration, the strain in the fractured area is increased especially in the vicinity of tunnel sidewalls, which indicates that the zonal disintegration develops with the increasing of load.
(2) For U-Shaped Tunnel with Size of 30 mm × 30 mm. Figure 20 shows the failure process of a U-shaped tunnel with size of 20 mm × 25 mm under the load in direction. The mirco-cracks initiated at the two side walls are not so many and the first fracture ring is formed relatively intact compared with the small size U-shaped tunnel. In addition, the fracture face is crushed and the distance between fracture rings increases with the tunnel span, which means the number of fracture rings decrease with the increase of tunnel span and cross section area.
Figures 21 and 22 show the strain curves of elements along direction at points mm, mm under the load in direction at step 4 (peak value stage) and step 20 (after zonal disintegration). The strain at the two sidewalls increases sharply at the beginning of zonal disintegration. With the increase of load steps (Figure 22), the local strain at some distance from the two sidewalls increases obviously, which means the fracture forms there thus causing a large displacement. It can be concluded that for a stable stage of zonal disintegration, the displacement of the fracture area is larger and with the increase of tunnel span and sidewall height, the increase of displacement is even larger and can be up to several order of magnitude.
From the figures shown above, some conclusions can be drawn.(1)The spacing between fractures is in direct proportion to the diameter of tunnel.(2)The new shape formed after fracture is still a round shape for both the circular tunnel and U-shaped tunnel. Moreover the fracture ring is not a standard circle, but a discontinuous one.(3)From the fracture characteristics shown in the simulation, the fracture surface is crushed other than intact and it will be more obvious with the increase of tunnel diameter. This phenomenon is closely related to the heterogeneity of rock material and will not occur in homogeneous material described in Gu's paper [18].(4)Under the same loading condition, the zonal disintegration is more likely to occur around large underground excavation.
(C) The Impact of the Direction of Maximum Principal Stress on Failure Mode of Tunnel. In Sections 3.2.2(A) and 3.2.2(B), we have discussed the failure characteristics of model under the load in direction. Here we mainly focus on the failure characteristics under the load in and directions.
(1) Loading in Y Direction. Figure 23 shows the stress-steps curves along , , and directions and Figure 24 shows the AE curve and accumulated AE curve. At step 13, the loading stress comes to the peak value of 32.9 MPa, which is about 1.3 times of the compressive strength of rock model in direction. Then the loading stress drops to the residual strength at step 15. Most of the mirco-cracks formed between step 9 and step 15. The AE amount increases sharply at step 15 and then decreases dramatically.
The failure process under the load in direction is shown in Figure 25. The change of elastic modulus of the model at some specific steps is shown in Figure 25(a) and the corresponding maximum principal stress distribution at each step is shown in Figure 25(b). According to the simulated results, with the increase of load, stress concentration occurs in the roof and floor (see step 2(0)) and microcracks initiate at the two side walls until two failure zones form (see step 12(2)). Then several conjugate slip lines extend from both side failure zones (step 14(3)) to the upper boundary of the model (see step 15(14) and 20(0)). So the failure mode under the load in direction is funnel failure.
Figures 26 and 27 show the strain-step curves of elements in the location of mm, mm along direction at step 13 and step 20 under the load in direction. It can be seen from Figure 26 that the displacement at the two side walls is asymmetrical, but the failure zones and the conjugate slip lines at the two side walls are nearly symmetrical, while in Figure 27, the displacement is more symmetrical and the zonal disintegration is more obvious.
(2) Load in Z Direction. Figure 28 shows the stress-load step curves in , , and directions. The AE curve and accumulated AE curve are shown in Figure 29. At step 13, the loading stress comes to the peak value of 32.1 MPa in direction, which is 1.2 times of the compress strength. At step 15, the loading stress drops to the residual strength. Most of the mirco-cracks propagate between step 11 and step 15. The amount of AE increases quickly at step 14 and step 15 and then decreases after step 15. The failure process and AE under the load in direction are almost the same with what was described above.
Figure 30 shows the failure process under the load in direction. With the increase of load, stress concentrates at the two side walls (step 2(0)), but microcracks mainly occur at the roof and floor and are rarely seen near the two side walls. As shown at step 13(0) and step 14(14), some conjugate slip lines are formed in the roof and floor and then form into a horizontal fracture near the two side walls. With the load increase, the conjugated slip lines extend to the boundary of the model (step 15(5) and step 20(0)). So, the failure mode under the horizontal loading condition is conjugate slip failure.
The stress-step curves of elements at mm, mm along direction at step 13 and step 20 under the load in direction are shown in Figures 31 and 32, respectively. From Figure 31, it can be seen that displacements at the two side walls are larger compared with the place far from the tunnel boundary, while as shown in Figure 32, the displacement at the loading point is much larger, which is different from the vertical loading condition.
From the simulation results shown above, the direction of maximum principal stress has a very important impact on the failure mode of tunnel. When the tunnel axis is parallel to the maximum principal stress, the zonal disintegration may occur; when the maximum principal stress is in the vertical direction, the funnel failure will occur; when the maximum principal stress is in the horizontal direction, conjugated slip failure will occur at the roof and floor of tunnel. In addition, the load bearing capacity of tunnel depends on the direction of the maximum principal stress. The load bearing capacity is higher when the direction of maximum principal stress is parallel to the tunnel axis and is the lower for vertical and horizontal loads. Because the maximum tectonic stress in deep rock mass is always in horizontal direction, the zonal disintegration may occur when the tunnel axis is parallel to the maximum horizontal stress. For this reason, the occurrence of zonal disintegration must be under some conditions and is not a universal phenomenon. Two prerequisites must be satisfied: one is the relatively high horizontal stress and the other is a large tunnel diameter. This conclusion is in agreement with the precious conclusions [18]. Thus, the alignment of tunnel should be carefully considered with regard to the direction of tectonic stress and magnitude before tunnel construction.
4. Conclusions
There are lots of factors posing an impact on the zonal disintegration. In this paper, a large-scale RFPA-Parallel analysis system has been used to analyze the failure process of numerical specimens with different tunnel cross-sections. The zonal disintegration phenomenon is reproduced successfully and the effects of tunnel cross sections and the direction of the maximum principal stress on zonal disintegration are discussed. The main conclusions are drawn as follows.(1)Under a high compressive stress along the axial direction of tunnel, the zonal disintegration may develop in the surrounding rock mass. For a small axial compressive load and a small tunnel diameter, the microcracks near to the tunnel periphery are mainly conjugate slip lines. While for a large axial compressive load and large tunnel diameter, the fracture rings of zonal disintegration will generate at a distance from the tunnel periphery.(2)The zonal disintegration and the stability of tunnel are influenced by the size and shape of tunnel. The distance between the fracture rings is in direction ratio with the tunnel diameter. The cross section of the new formed tunnel after zonal disintegration is circular and is independent on its initial shape. The fracture rings are not real circles but are discontinuous circles. The fracture rings are fragmented due to the heterogeneity of rock mass and will be more fragmented with the increase of tunnel diameter. Under the same loading condition, the larger the diameter is, the more fragmented the fracture is, especially for the circular tunnel shape.(3)The failure mode and the load bearing capacity of tunnel depend on the direction of the maximum principal stress. When the maximum principal stress is along the tunnel axis, the zonal disintegration may be developed and the load bearing capacity of tunnel is higher compared with other loading conditions. When the maximum principal stress is vertical to the roof and floor, the failure mode is funnel shaped failure. When the maximum principal stress is horizontal to the side wall of tunnel, the failure mode is conjugate slip line fractures in the roof and floor and the load bearing capacity is the lowest.(4)The zonal disintegration is not a universal phenomenon in deep rock mass. Two conditions must be satisfied, one is that there exists a large horizontal tectonic stress along the tunnel axis, the other is that the radius of curvature of tunnel should be large.
The study presented in this paper was jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 50934006, 41172265, and 51304036), the National Technology R&D Program for the 12th Five-Year Plan (no. 2012BAB08B06), the Key Project for the Nature Science Research from the Guizhou Province Bureau of Education (2010003), the Governor Fund Project for Outstanding Scientific and Technological Education Talent from the Guizhou Province (2011-36), Guizhou Provincial Scientific and Technological Program (GY2011-3063), and Special Project for Guizhou Province High-Level Personnel Scientific Research (TZJF-2010-044).
- Academic Department of China Association for Science and Technology, Effect of Zonal Disintegration of Rock Mass Around Deep Tunnel, Science and Technology Press, Beijing, China, 2008.
- E. I. Shemyakin, G. L. Fisenko, M. V. Kurlenya et al., "Zonal disintegration of rocks around underground workings, part I: data of in situ observations," Soviet Mining Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 157–168, 1986. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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- S. Li, H. Wang, Q. Qian et al., "In-situ monitoring research on zonal disintegration of surrounding rock mass in deep mine roadways," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1545–1553, 2008 (Chinese). View at Scopus
- M. Wang, H. Song, D. Zheng, and S. Chen, "On mechanism of zonal disintegration within rock mass around deep tunnel and definition of 'deep rock engineering'," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1771–1776, 2006 (Chinese). View at Scopus
- M.-Y. Wang, C.-Z. Qi, and Q.-H. Qian, "Study on deformation and motion characteristics of blocks in deep rock mass," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 2825–2830, 2005 (Chinese). View at Scopus
- M.-Y. Wang, Z.-P. Zhou, and Q.-H. Qian, "Tectonic, deformation and failure problems of deep rock mass," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 448–455, 2006 (Chinese). View at Scopus
- Y.-J. Li., Y.-S. Pan, and M.-T. Zhang, "Time effect analysis of zonal disintegration of high in-situ stress surrounding rocks and study of relevant parameters based on the creep instability theory," Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 252–260, 2006 (Chinese).
- Y.-J. Li, Y.-S. Pan, and Z.-H. Li, "Analysis of mechanism of zonal disintegration of rocks," Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1124–1128, 2006 (Chinese). View at Scopus
- X. Zhou and Q. Qian, "Zonal fracturing mechanism in deep tunnel," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 877–885, 2007 (Chinese). View at Scopus
- S. Li, Q. Qian, D. Zhang, and S. Li, "Analysis of dynamic and fractured phenomena for excavation process of deep tunnel," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 2104–2112, 2009 (Chinese). View at Scopus
- E. J. Sellers and P. Klerck, "Modelling of the effect of discontinuities on the extent of the fracture zone surrounding deep tunnels," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 463–469, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Gu, L. Gu, A. Chen, J. Xu, and W. Chen, "Model test study on mechanism of layered fracture within surrounding rock of tunnels in deep stratum," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 433–438, 2008 (Chinese). View at Scopus
- C. Tang and Y. Zhang, "Discussion on mechanism and evolution laws of fracture spacing in rock mass," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1362–1369, 2008 (Chinese). View at Scopus
- Y. B. Zhang, C. A. Tang, Z. Z. Liang, et al., "Numerical research on zonal disintegration of rock mass around deep tunnel," in Proceedings of the ISRM International Symposium and the 5th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium, vol. 2, pp. 1109–1206, Tehran, Iran, November 2008.
- Q. Zhang, X. Chen, B. Lin, D. Liu, and N. Zhang, "Study of 3D geomechanical model test of zonal disintegration of surrounding rock of deep tunnel," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1757–1766, 2009. View at Scopus
- Z.-Z. Liang, C.-A. Tang, S.-B. Tang, Y.-B. Zhang, Q.-L. Yu, and J.-X. Zhang, "Numerical study on three dimensional compact tension fracture of single notched rocks and associated scale effects by parallel computing," Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 334–340, 2007. View at Scopus
- Z. -Z. Liang, Three-dimensional numerical modeling of rock failure process [Ph.D. thesis], Northeastern University, Shenyang, China, 2005, (Chinese).
- Y. Zhang, C. Tang, Z. Liang, T. Xu, and L. Li, "Research on parallel computational method of rock failure process analysis system," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1795–1801, 2006 (Chinese). View at Scopus

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@Scrbblechick -- Very true about 911, but if the person isn't allergic to aspirin, I'd also give two full strength with a little water. My doctor advised me to do that when I was having chest pains. Thank the Lord it was just a panic attack! But I'd never had one before, so I had no idea what was going on. I just knew I thought I was having a heart attack. Of course, with a panic attack, the fear feeds the panic, which magnifies every symptom.
Most people know if they're allergic to aspirin. I'd say give a BC or Goody's powder if there are any around, since those tend to work very quickly, assuming the person isn't allergic. But call 911 first, every time, before doing anything else. And take a Red Cross CPR class. You never know when you might need it.


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"Insomnia could be one of the most distressing sleep disorders. If you have trouble falling asleep and looking out for some effective natural sleep remedies or a few good night sleep techniques, then this site is designed especially for you. There is plenty of information on insomnia, snoring, sleep deprivation, natural sleep aids and other common sleep problems. This one-stop-shop for information on sleep disturbances could be your trusted sleep doctor."
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Healthy school lunches for healthy kids
Dear Editor,
With the new school year, parents' attention is turning to school lunches.
Traditionally, USDA had used the National School Lunch Program as a dumping ground for surplus meat and dairy commodities. Children consumed animal fat and sugary drinks, to the point where one-third have became overweight or obese. Their early dietary flaws became lifelong addictions, raising their risk of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.
Praise for S.A.I.L. program
I would like to commend every member of the Shelby County School Board for choosing to fund S.A.I.L. this summer.
Agrees with invocations
Regarding My Word/Linda Allewalt, "Why secular invocation is important," [July 30th 2014 issue of The Sentinel-News].
Like most other citizens, this author sees no more importance in secular invocation than one would in a commercial for a fast food chain. By definition – invocation is any sort of speech – i.e., a public address, hail, salute, lecture or pronouncement.
Fairness is the Christian way
In the article about the City Council's non-action on the proposed Fairness Ordinance, one councilman was quoted as saying, "This is a very Christian community whether you want to recognize that or not."
I do recognize that we are a Christian community. In my opinion, our belief in Christian values compels us to support a Fairness Ordinance and is precisely the reason such an ordinance must be enacted.
Impressed by interns
Dear Editor:
Time and time again we hear about how the younger generation doesn't have the same values and goals in life as they use to. Well, we are here to tell you that we don't agree at all.
Continued outlet mall traffic worries
To Shelby County Road department, our magistrate, KY Hwy district 5 and Simpsonville government,
This is my second letter concerning the outlet mall traffic; someone is going to be injured over this bad planning.
Fire department says thanks
The Shelby County Fire Department would like to thank everyone in Shelby County who gave to the 2014 WHAS Crusade for Children. This is a time of year that our firefighters look forward to because we believe so strongly in this cause. Many volunteers join the firefighters in collecting donations, including the Shelby County Ladies Auxiliary, SCFD Junior Firefighters, friends and family of the firefighters and various community organizations.
Questions redistricting choices
Each year in late August, the Shelby County Public Schools (SCPS) Board of Education produces "The Tax Show." This year, the Board has added a new production to its theatrical repertoire, and, on June 26th, I attended what might best be described as the dress rehearsal for "Redistricting, Mathis Style."
Last week The Sentinel-News caught up with Shelby County native Marissa Raisor as she continues her whirlwind trip at Miss Hooters International.
Our story focused on her recent trip to Thailand to help open a new restaurant and her bit part in the Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore movie "Blended" but the one thing that stuck out most to us was Raisor's commitment to continuing her education.
"I just finished the semester, so I only have a year left," she said.
In support of prayer at public meetings
Ms. Allewalt [My Word, "For the benefit and blessing of the council – Musings on the Prayer Issue," The Sentinel-News, May 28, 2014] it seems, never experienced a public prayer she liked in public meetings or governmental service meetings.


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Evotec Licenses Phase II Insomnia Candidate To Jingxin Pharma For Development In China
HAMBURG, Germany, Oct. 28, 2010 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Evotec AG (Frankfurt:EVT) (TecDAX) today announced that it has entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Zhejiang Jingxin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ("Jingxin Pharma") for EVT 201, a novel potential treatment for insomnia. The agreement grants Jingxin Pharma exclusive rights to develop and market the drug candidate in China. In return, Evotec will receive a small upfront payment, together with commercial milestones and significant royalties.
Jingxin Pharma will initiate clinical trials with EVT 201 in China in 2011. All development costs will be borne by Jingxin Pharma. Evotec will have the right to reference clinical data produced by Jingxin Pharma to support potential further development of EVT 201 in other territories.
Mr. Lu Gang, Chairman of the Board and General Manager of Jingxin Pharma, said: "Although certain aspects of insomnia are addressed by current treatments, high unmet medical needs remain for patients suffering from sleep problems. In two Phase II clinical trials Evotec has demonstrated that EVT 201 potentially offers advantages to existing insomnia agents. We are encouraged to further reveal the potential of this programme to the benefit of patients that are not adequately treated."
Dr Werner Lanthaler, Chief Executive Officer of Evotec AG, commented: "Jingxin Pharma is an enthusiastic partner keen to develop EVT 201 for China as the major emerging pharmaceutical market. This deal allows finally the further progression of Evotec's insomnia programme and therefore represents an important step in realising the drug candidate's intrinsic value." About EVT 201 EVT 201 represents a potential "best in class" treatment for insomnia. Evotec has conducted two Phase II trials of EVT 201 in adult and elderly primary insomnia patients. Both trials demonstrated that treatment with EVT 201 produces large improvements in sleep onset and maintenance measures. In the trial in elderly patients EVT 201 was also objectively demonstrated to have a next-day benefit, namely a reduction of daytime sleepiness.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Tag Archives: muscle building
The 2 Week Plan - Diet
Posted on November 23, 2014 by BBWarehouse
This post was posted in Athletes and was tagged with 2 week plan, diet plan, healthy food, muscle building, weight loss
What is Agmatine Sulfate?
Posted on September 8, 2014 by Ollie 'Ojay' Matthews
We take a look at Agmatine Sulfate and explain its uses.
Agmatine Sulfate is relatively new to the market in its single form but when you see what it can do to your training, WOW, I can tell you that Agmatine Sulfate will be around for a while! Some are even saying that it will have [...]
This post was posted in Athletes and was tagged with muscle building, new supps, pump, recovery aid
BCAAs Explained
Posted on May 15, 2014 by BBWarehouse
Have you heard people discuss BCAAs and wondered what on earth they are talking about? Well, firstly BCAAs is short for Branched-Chain Amino Acids and they are made up of the essential amino acids L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine and L-Valine. We call them essential amino acids (EAAs) because the body can't produce these acids on [...]
This post was posted in News and was tagged with BCAA's, intraworkout, muscle building
Off Season Progress
Posted on April 2, 2014 by Ollie 'Ojay' Matthews
Dropping in for a quick off season progress update and I'm pretty pleased with the changes I've made in the past few years.
I say few years, I'm talking since I have been proudly sponsored by Bodybuilding Warehouse and been privileged to use the supplements provided day in day out consistently in my training.I have also [...]
This post was posted in Athletes and was tagged with contest prep, gains, muscle building
6 Weeks To Better Abs!
Posted on March 4, 2014 by BBWarehouse
Rock hard abs are now well within your reach with this 6 week ab programme!
In order to build the abdominal we need to take a different smarter approach than lifting heavy weights like we do for legs and chest and that's exactly what this 6 week ab program is about. Over the next few weeks [...]
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Great thread here. Any ideas on how I might get my hands on the Ballantine ad with John Stienbeck? I have been searching for one for years.
Have you tried contacting Vintage-Ads.com Your place for Classic Retro Magazine Ads ?
Hope this wasn't already posted... a bunch of old beer commercials. Looks like local Buffalo NY brands. http://www.forgottenbuffalo.com/forg...ffalobeer.html
Evidently Schlitz had a thing for creepy clowns.
Like my snazzy new avatar? Get Sons of Zymurgy swag, here, and brew with the best.Revvy's one of the cool reverends. He has a Harley and a t-shirt that says on the back "If you can read this, the bitch was Raptured. - Madman I gotta tell ya, just between us girls, that Revvy is HOT. Very tall, gorgeous grey hair and a terrific smile. He's very good looking in person, with a charismatic personality... he drives like a ****ing maniac! - YooperBrew
Some more assorted. Interesting, and Guinness Ad geared towards African Americans?
I was going to post the Greenway ones. It was one of the only ones I've seen that advertised something other than pilsners. I don't know how many pre-prohibition beer advertisements were for something like stouts, IPAs, and such.
The Beer for Santa thread got me interested in taking a look at vintage beer ads that Ole St. Nick appeared in. We know that there's a ton of classic ads of him with coca cola, but I thought there would be quite a few of him enjoy our favorite drink as well. Some may have already appeared earlier in this thread so my apologies for any repeats. This 1929 ad from a Quebec magazine shows Santa Claus joining Mom and Dad for a nice cold glass of Molson beer, as their little girl looks on. 1948 Budweiser Beer Santa's Christmas Feast Print Ad Nippon Beer poster circa 1930 Google doesn't give me much on Boswell's except that it was from Quebec. Evidently Santa must do most of his beer imbibing in Quebec.... Guinness Cuba represents.... I've mentioned it several times that I'm fascinated with the almost tragic history of Falstaff brewing. The consumer's brewing company was one of the small regional breweries that was killed off during prohibition. A little bit of their history is here. The interesting thing I found about this particular ad was that it sparked the ire of the women's temperance movement. And interestingly enough this one, though not vintage is catching these days for it's portrayal of Santa and beer, and butts....Evidently in 2007 this label was banned in Maine, the later rescinded.
Those are great, Revvy, thanks for sharing!


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Leah Siegel, one of ESPN's first female producers, has died after a battle with cancer. She was 43:
She was diagnosed with stage 4 breast cancer in August 2008, shortly after the birth of her third child, Oliver. That fall, she was featured in a front-page story in The... read on


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A few of my favorites are dead frontier: outbreak 1 & 2 as well as vorago
Dead frontier is the only thing i tried so i really can't give a list. Anything else you'd like to suggest playing?
http://www.kongregate.com/games/Lutgames/darkness-episode-1 http://www.kongregate.com/games/WebCypher/desolation-the-stages-of-anxiety http://www.kongregate.com/games/annlucaswinters/meat-mansion http://www.kongregate.com/games/godlimations/monster-basement http://www.kongregate.com/games/luksy/nightmares-of-leia-ray
All of these. :)
I'm looking for horror games too! Nice list.


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Yea give. I just use a turkey baster to draw up some liquid to dissolve it in then pour it back in. You can mix it pretty well by just repeatedly squeezing the baster inside the wine without blowing bubbles. this agitates the yeast, mixes the nutrient and does not introduce much oxygen.
Perfect will give it a shot c what happens ... Do I gotta leave the airlock off since starting up fermenting again?
Nope. Lock it back up.
After you move it to secondary, how long should you wait to bottle? You said 1-2 months .what came out better? How long should it sit in bottle before you drink it? The big question is when can you drink it?
haha as soon as it's clear you can drink it. Normally by the time it's clear the fermentation has stopped. I still recommend stabilizing, but it's pretty much good to go. It does mellow over time and the flavors come together, but this isn't a fancy 2-3 year aging wine.
Thank you Brazedowl! I will move into secondary today and let it clear. Being a beer brewer, I have plenty of bottles so I will use this method of bottling when ready. I'll update then.
Has anyone expierienced stuck fermentation because of the high sugar content or a false hydrometer reading???
This question comes up frequently. Here's the standard response Sometimes the OG is so high that the yeast doesn't get started or can peeter out. Did it start vigorously and then stop? I had to take out about 3L and topped back up with water. It went off like crazy. I siphoned the 3L off into a 4L carlo rosi bottle and topped it with water and it took off too. I'll recombine the two volumes when it comes time to bottle so as not to lose any. That would be my advice.
Thats exactly what happened. It took off like crazy and went for a week. I took a hydrometer reading and it was only half done. I did throw in some yeast nutrient but that has done nothing.
right. Do the slight dilution thing.


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Browse by Brand: Tenkai Knights
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Ionix Tenkai Knights Tenkai Dragon
from Spin Master
The Ionix, Tenkai Knights: Tenkai Dragon is a 201-piece set that builds two different dragons-the Tenkai Dragon and Evil Tenkai Dragon. The set comes with two mini-figures of Bravenwolf and Vilius.
IONIX Tenkai Knights 2 in 1 Volt Jet/Sky Griffin
from Spin Master
Tenkai Knights: 2 in 1 Volt Jet/Sky Griffin from Spin Master is a 97-piece set that can build two different items from the animated series on Cartoon Network.


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PlantFiles: Common Cosmos, Mexican Aster
Cosmos bipinnatus 'Daydream'
Family: Asteraceae (ass-ter-AY-see-ee) (Info) Genus: Cosmos (KOS-mus) (Info) Species: bipinnatus (by-pin-NAY-tus) (Info) Cultivar: Daydream 2 vendors have this plant for sale. 6 members have or want this plant for trade. Category: Height: Spacing: Hardiness: Sun Exposure: Danger: Bloom Color: Bloom Time: Foliage: Other details: Soil pH requirements: Patent Information: Propagation Methods: Seed Collecting: | Click thumbnail to view: By ownedbycats By rebecca101 |
2 positives
2 neutrals
No negatives
Gardeners' Notes:
This plant has been said to grow in the following regions:
Manchester, New Hampshire
Kalama, Washington
Lakewood, Washington
Madison, Wisconsin


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Senior Member
So, I've been trolling low-elo dominion with Mpen-Tank-Kog'maw again for a bit recently after BFT Teemos wrecked my elo a month back, and I'm still thinking that Kog is really op when you build Tears, Guise/BFT, maybe Void, and then go all out on CDR/Defensive items. If you run 9-0-21 with cdr/level glyphs, then BFT alone will get the CDR close to 40%. I think I have ~80% win rate with Kog when I'm not trolling with an assassin Kog build (Dfg, r-e-q-r = instagib fun). Let's look at this Kog ultimate at level 16: 360 base damage to champions, .6s cd when cdr is maxed. This is basically lategame ADC dps except: 1. It has 2200 range and is AOE. 2. You don't actually have to spend much gold for the dps. Combine that with arguably the best slow in the game that IMO is stronger than most snares, you have surprisingly good CC (and tbh I think ad Kog should max E first as well since 1 point in W is enough to outrange other carries already and % health early is negligible compared to the damage ability). Also Q makes it so that you don't necessarily need void, although void is incredibly amazing, and W still makes auto attacks tickle a bit. With void, lategame you're doing 700+ dps to squishies and bruisers, 500+dps to tanks. So this massive damage is only after 16, but do realize that when built this way, Kog is stronger than when built ADC in damage/resilience at all phases of the game, with clearly more damage early/mid game and arguably more damage even lategame as well due to AOE, especially if there's an Ori, Darius, Diana on the team. The key to this though is that since you don't have to invest much in damage to do by far the most damage on your team, you can build extremely tanky. Ideally if you play perfectly, you shouldn't need to build tanky, but there's a lot of times where you have to take some damage for the team and prevent yourself from getting zoned. You can easily go for 4k+ Hp with Roa/Guise/Sweeper/Rylai. If you look at counters, there's basically Kass (sigh), and Maokai (trololol you healed me. but you can ignore Maokai and focus on something else). Since you're building almost full tank and counterbuilding appropriately, you can 1v1 basically almost everyone else and win by a large margin. I especially love trolling ALL Adcs/Xins/Jaxs/Wukongs/Jarvans with a Thornmail. At this point, in any teamfight if they send a squishy assassin after you, chances are they're just gonna die instead. If they send a tank, the Kog'maw can just ignore whatever damage the tank is doing and still focus down squishies from 2200 range. Regardless, Kog will deal tons of damage in any teamfight, and generally will be able to choose any target. As for objectives control, it's pretty clear that the ultimate and E are amazing waveclear abilities, and can interrupt any cap from a nice distance. His poke can really end fights before they even begin as well. His jungle presence isn't as awesome the other cheesecake tier champions, but his ult can check bushes on a short cd from a safe range, and that's pretty awesome. Later on, the Kog-ganks are also surprisingly effective and hilarious. The E slow basically covers the entire botlane and lasts 4 seconds, not reduced by Tenacity or anything. More importantly, any enemy can be easily chased down even if they dash through the slow with R. EDIT: Oh, the negative that I forgot the mention: you do have to land skillshots, though they are quite easy with smartcast. And your eyes will get tired after a few games.
Junior Member
1. This will never be anywhere near "the strongest champion" because this build early game is pure, unadulterated arse. AP Kog'Maw is one of the most 11/16 level breakpoint reliant heroes in the game, if not the most reliant. He is also very item hungry (you need to stop and farm often). 2. Your item order is wrong. You need to build tanky first, damage later. AP Kog'Maw in the style you outlined relies on scaling the absurd stats of R with mana/mpen/CDR. The R suck at the first point, you might as well be multiplying tissue paper. Build tanky, get in people's faces, let your early game Pantheons and whatnot do the damage while your opponents tunnel vision into you. The rest seems fine. I personally wouldn't go Rylai (I like mpen on all my rune slots and I find glacial is a nice, cost efficient CDR/armor/mana boost early), but w/e.
inFe eD
^ THE MAD HAS ARRIVED. lT WAS FORETOLD.
There is a giant step at level 11, but I feel like the early sustained damage is actually *mediocre-good* compared to an adc. After all, if you land two ults at level 6, that's the same damage as an ezreal ult if you think about it, right? And that only takes you 2s.
Mediocre-good compared to an ADC is hardly notable. And Ezreal is a bit more devastating early game compared to your run of the mill ADC. I mean, another major aspect of my preference for manatank, that even if W first with fast mpen Kog'maw damage is respectable, what is not respectable is that you are a complete glass cannon Kog'Maw in range for retaliation by everything that has a good early game. Xin Zhao will literally walk up and kill you in 1 rotation, etc. Level 6 Kog'Maw R range is actually not that fantastic. Neither is your mana pool. Nor is your damage. Plus, rushing tanky mana items like Catalyst(RoA)/Glacial means you can charge tear faster (by casting spells enroute) and turn it into Murmana faster.
Actually the key to AP Kog is magic penetration and Blackfire torch. The AP ratio of R is 0.2 which really sucks. It is NOT multiplied by 225% or whatever. So your base 360 dmg at 16 you do? You'd need 1800 AP to double it! AP is still good for Puke Carpet and even your Q, but Im saying it is secondary. BFT does the 3.3% which vs a 3k foe is 100 damage added. Thats like 500 AP worth of damage added to his Ult! Therefore its all about getting dem Sorc Shoes and dat BFT and a Void Staff so that you can inflict as much of the heavy Base damage as you can. From there, your priorities are Movespeed (sweeper great for this), survivability, CDR (see sweeper), and enough mana/regen to be able to keep up the barrage for a decent amount of time. It goes up to TEN freaking stacks of punishment now (400mana per shot), so only short bursts are really doable.
It's .3 AP ratio, actually. Really, though, only thing "bad" about the ratio is that AP is relatively inefficient compared to mpen/cdr for DPS scaling. Compare it to other spammy long range skills - their cooldown:AP ratio are almost always inferior (Karthus Q is the only one that's better; you could also say Cass, but Cass's E is unique in that it doesn't scale with CDR, at all). Not to mention, if something reaches you to be in range of Q, you essentially have a 1.7 AP rotation with just 1 R hit. Throw in the shred from Q, and a W auto or two, AP Kog has very reasonable burst for his AP investment.


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There is another report of a NBA team interested in having John Calipari as their head coach.
This time it is the Memphis Grizzlies.
Blah, blah, blah.
The real story in the article I read is NBC Sports writer Dan Feldman hammers Coach Cal and says that the Kentucky coach will have a hard time convincing an NBA team to take him.
Here is excerpt:
I believe Calipari likes hearing his name mentioned for NBA jobs. It helps with recruiting and feeds his ego.
But I also believe, after a failed stint with the New Jersey Nets in the 1990s, he wants another shot in the pros.
It might be difficult for him to convince an NBA team to take him, considering how bad the Nets were under his watch and how much his college teams rely on a talent advantage. But the Grizzlies just might be crazy enough to do it. They're crazy enough to do everything else they've done this week.
Calipari has ties to the city, previously coaching the University of Memphis. The Grizzlies also have a roster full of talented veterans who might react well to Calipari's style.
I don't think Calipari is an NBA-caliber head coach, but as far as attainable jobs, this might be the best he gets. If he wants another chance in the NBA – even though he has a strong team in place at Kentucky next season – this might be his best opportunity to jump.
Did I miss something?
John Calipari has been linked to every vacancy in the NBA since he arrived at Kentucky and Feldman is trying to say he will have to talk them in to taking him?
Last time I checked, Calipari was saying he isn't interested in leaving the Bluegrass because he has the best job in basketball.
Yawn, haters going to hate I guess.


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100 point giveaway closedSo yeah, I have too many points to give. XD This is probably the third one this month but anyhow. I'll still give. All you gotta do to enter this giveaway is... Fav this Journal!!That's it. And for my question/ activity. Draw something in dA muro in the comments! It doesn't have to a master piece just anything that you want to draw!When you finish the comment and post it should have this near the bottom. vvvvv:iconmuro1plz::iconmuro2plz::iconmuro3plz::iconmuro4plz::iconmuro5plz:If you're not feeling artistic, tell me what is 'ART' to you in your own words. Help let these giveaways continue with a small donation! Click here to give me points!
200 Point Giveaway (Closed)Yayyyy! I finally got enough points to host another giveaway! This time around there will be no extra numbers or any other crap. It takes tooo long to respond to all your comments. But, if I like what you said I'll respond. You wanna enter? If so, all you gotta do is.. Be my watcher. Favorite this journal!! Comment something random! (I want to laugh. XD) Funny plz accounts, jokes or anything!That's it! There will only be TWO winners!And please, DONT JOIN WITH PLZ, POINT OR ALTERNATE ACCOUNTS!If the winner of the points is found not to follow the directions, they will be disqualified and another winner will be chosen.This giveaway ends January 15, 2013. -------------------------------------------------------------------------Also, my kiriban is at 10,001 and if you take a screenshot of it and send it to me through a comment on my profile with the link (NO EDITING O
101 point giveaway -closed-Sorry I'm so late. The winner of this give with number 252 iss.... *drumroll* :iconlizzetephotos:LizzetePhotos HOORAAY FOR THE WINNER!!! Yay. Another giveaway. Same rules apply as always. All you gotta do is... FAV THIS JOURNAL!That's it!If you watch me, thank you! I will a a watcher feature for all my watchers starting next month! No alternate accounts because if you do. I will find you and I will terminate you. You have any questions for me? I'll answer them all; doesn't have to be dA related. I'll answer them all. (You can even be anonymous and I won't know who is asking the question!) Click here to ask me a question!Now, this part is optional but I love getting feedback from you guys. So here's what your comment can be about today. You are going to comment a greeting so I can repsond to you. c:Since
101 Point Giveaway (WINNER)I felt like making multiple journals for all this was too much and people could come back and check this.Wow. You guys sure had interesting answers, you surely made me think again about living forever.Now, I know you all want to know who the winner is... So here it comes..*drumroll*The deviant who wins 101 points with number 75 is.....:iconotterandterrier:OtterAndTerrierSince I came back from a long time of inactivity. I thought I should give you guys some points for the long inactivity. The rules are the same as always!If your new here are the rules. FAVORITE THIS JOURNAL!That's it! c:If you watch me. THANK YOU! Every month, I will do a watcher feature choosing 10 random deviants to feature starting the first day of next month. Please no alternate accounts to enter because if you do. I will find you and I will disqualify you. This is optional but if you want to do it to please me please answer my question! What
101 points giveaway!! (Closed)Hey there guys! I'm hosting another giveaway for you guys, since I missed you guys soooo much!! 101 points is being given away (lol, I wanted to add an extra point, just because I'm cool like that. cx)So, all you guys have to do to enter is favorite this journal! That's pretty easy isn't it? No watch requirements, no nothing. Just a fav will be sufficient.But before you guys go, I have two questions for you:Who (or what) inspires you?What is your best piece of artwork (post a link here so I can admire it!!!)?You don't have to answer these questions but I would like to see! Make sure you stay informed for my next giveaway, right after this one. I'm planning on letting you choose one of your friends so they can win points as well as you! Details will be in next journal!I have a better idea. Check this poll: http://djmotes.deviantart.com/journal/poll/3506937/You want these contests to c
help needed weekly give away ends 18th MarchRules have been changed if you want to enter this weekly give awayit's requirement to fav this journal!Edit: that means you don't need to write 5 comments anymorebut it's still allowed if you want to :3for those of you who do not know, I, *Tsuki-SoraRuki:decide to do a projectcalled project weekly give awaybut guys I really need help to continue with my projecthelp me out by donating points at Tsuki-SoraRukior click on the button<strong>
Friendship Giveaway - 2000 dA Points [Closed]This month's giveaway is a little different. If you win, you don't get the points. What?! Yes, this month's giveaway is about friendship! If you win the giveaway you may choose a friend who will receive the points. Your friend will receive the points with a note that they are from you!Friendship Giveaway <3 PrizesGrand Prize - 1000 dA Points(2) Runners-Up - 500 dA PointsHow to EnterJust +fav this journal! RulesYour account must be at least 2 months old as of February 23rd.No spamming or beggingGiveaway Ends February 23rd----------------------------------------------------TwitterFor alerts on my upcoming projects and contests, you should follow me on Twitter. I am AutodidactLaura.AutodidactivistI'm happy to announce one of my pet projects, Autodidactivist.com, will be online in April
help needed with give away ends 6th of Mayto enter simply fave this journalalso you DO NOT have to donate to enter this giveaway!if you want to share this journal I will be deeply appreciative, but it is not required.after 2 weeks it's finally time for a new weekly give away*NOTE after the 20nd of May the weekly give away goes on a Hiatus break till 5 augusts 2013*since I was busy this are the last week and this week winnerscongratulation to the following lucky members who have won:iconprehistoricgiraffe: :iconnsyee36::iconyanacherveniashka: :iconalicealiemay:for those of you who do not know, I, *Tsuki-SoraRuki:decide to do a projectcalled project weekly give awaywhat do I give away?please read the information belowto hand over Premuim memberships of one month and three month
600 DA Point Raffle + New Prizes!First of all while I am in bed sick I might as well update somethings that have been bothering me for a while, like my last journal skin. There were some nasty bugs that I couldn't solve so here I will start out with a new skin and work it slowly over time to be more of what I want it to be. Alright, for those of you who missed the first journal, this is the deal. I am hosting a 600 point raffle along with other prizes here: You must be a watcher (or become one) and you must favorite the deviation!Prizes include:-Two 300 DA point prizes (two chances to win!)-1 USA address deviant will win any one pair of bracers or single bracer of their choice from my etsy shop! Here is a link: http://www.etsy.com/shop/SageOfTheTrades (in order to get this prize you must leave a comment below expressing your interest in it.)-1 deviant will get 1 Photoshop tutoring Skype call with me that will last an hour. I will help yo
100 point giveaway -closed-So the winner of the 100 point giveaway with number 104 is....:iconClaustrophobicLover::devClaustrophobicLover: Congrats! ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- I'm gonna promise to get more active here, no matter what. I've kinda disappeared from dA and I want to get back.. If you guys don't see me it's because of something that I got in trouble with my mom. You don't need to worry about it; it'll probably blow over sooner or later.. Like last giveaway, if you aren't good with breaking codes, just give this journal a favorite and you'll be entered in to win 100 points..And if you want to answer this question to please me... What is your favorite movie?For thos
300 Points Giveaway!! -Closed-Hiyyahh guys!!! I've never done a giveaway so this is first one, which I hope to be of many more of ( If I can keep racking up points. XD ) ! The amount I'm giving away is 300 You wanna join? Here's how! Watch me! Fave this journal! And answer my question: What animal do I like? (Hint: Just look around! XD Or my profile) The deadline is...January 1st, 2013, why not start the New Year with new points! [:squee:]I will be using random.com to select the 7 winners!![Bullet; Orange] Here's how it'll work.[Bullet; Yellow] 1 person will get 100 points[Bullet; Yellow] 2 people will get 50 points[Bullet; Yellow] 4 people will get 25 points!!If you want two numbers, write your New Year's Resolution in your comment!! Pretty simple, eh?Three numbers? Make a Journal or Poll about this giveaway and link it to me!Sooooooooooooooo...PARTICIPATE AND HAVE FUNNNN!!!The event needs more th
I LOVE YA! | Giveaway! *WINS*+FeatureI like to think Valentine's Day is for everyone. Be you single or with a partner, Love is an integral part of humanity. Let Valentine's Day be a reminder to love.. you. You can not truly love another until you have first loved yourself. Buy yourself a flower or some chocolates (regardless of someone else will or not). You are beautiful. You are unique! I love ya, you beautiful community you! WINNAHS!The following deviants have been randomly selected to receive 100 each:karo666 Susanne123 TildsArt Also, Annanonyma will receive 50 for the following comment:It was really difficult to decide on one deviations. There are so many tremendously beautiful, touching, enchanting and fascinating artworks on here ... if you know how to look for them . The ones I love the most aren't necessarily the ones tha
200 point giveaway (Closed)I don't think the other idea was good, so I'm changing it.. It seemed like it would take too long and some people would have an unfair advantage over others.. So I'm changing it, I'm sorry for those of you looking forward to it Here's the new one!Get 100 points for you and a friend. All you gotta do is Favorite this Journal Leave a comment of your friend's dA username. When writing your friends username please use the :dev: format. Example : devusername : will turn into username. Just remove the spaces! That's all!And for my question for pondering:How did you find out about deviantart?Help let these giveaways continue with a small donation! Click here to give me points!
450 Points Giveaway [ closed ]Winners:Group 1: :icongingerpony::iconiayuta::iconkida-neechan: Group 2: :iconsooffb::iconbunnehluver::iconanimelover0330: Group 3: :iconmiracle12::iconspinnerdolphin::iconsketchycharmander: Congratulations [Bullet; Red][Bullet; Red][Bullet; Red][Bullet; Red][Bullet; Red]Hey there, people :iconmikulaplz:I decided to make another giveaway. It's gonna work just like the last one, there will be 9 winners, 50[Points] for each one. [I am a dummy!]I'll use the [+fav] list to choose the winners, so the only thing you have to do to participate is to [+fav] this Journal :iconfeelingfreeplz:. However you can do another tasks if you want to increase your chances :iconfeelingfreeplz:[Bullet; Red][+fav] this journal - 3 Winners[Bullet; Red] Make a journal entry talking about this Giveaway - 3 winners[Bullet; Red] Choose any artwork you like ( it can be
115 Points Giveaway! -CLOSED-Hello, guys! I decided to do my first ever giveaway! The rules are simple. All you have to do is:fave this journalAnd the prizes:1st Place - 60 2nd Place - 35 3rd Place - 20 DEADLINE: March 24. GMT 23:59 Winners will be announced on March 25.The giveaway won't happen if it doesn't have 100 or more participants.Note: You can't participate if you're the one from my friends box. (Sorry, guys.) I'll use Random.org to choose the winners. I might do more giveaways soon, If you don't want to miss them, you can keep watching me.


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I didn't think I could ever love homemade salsa as much as I love my classic homemade version or my Raw Tomatillo Salsa, but my new Spicy Balsamic Vinegar Salsa is a pretty good contender.
It's one of the best ways to use fresh tomatoes from your garden or from the Farmer's Market.
The special ingredients that give this salsa an extra kick is the addition of balsamic vinegar and chili powder.
The brand of balsamic vinegar I use (365 Aged Balsamic Vinegar of Modena) is vegan and Non-GMO Project Verified. If you don't have access to a Whole Foods, here's another brand that is not only certified organic, but is made with organic grapes and uses no sulfites.
I didn't realize this until recently, but regular white vinegar is commonly made from wine derived from corn, so it's really important that any vinegar products you use are organic or Non-GMO Project Verified.
This fun summertime salsa is really easy to make with a food processor and you will probably have all the ingredients already on hand.
5 Fast Facts About Tomatoes:*
- contains lycopenes which are cancer fighting agents
- high in beta-carotene
- excellent anti-oxidant
- high in vitamin A and K
- high in chromium which helps control blood sugar levels
5 Fast Facts About Cilantro:*
- contains powerful anti-oxidants
- anti-inflammatory
- helps to remove toxins and heavy metals
- promotes healthy liver function
- helps to control blood sugar
5 Fast Facts About Extra Virgin Olive Oil:*
- lowers blood cholesterol levels
- rich in anti-oxidants
- improves bone mineralization and calcification
- excellent protection from heart attack and stroke
- contains anti-inflammatory benefits
5 Fast Facts About Garlic:*
- regulates blood sugar levels
- lowers high blood pressure
- contains anti-bacterial and analgesic properties
- anti-viral
- helps to lower cholesterol levels
5 Fast Facts About Onions:*
- rich source of sulfur compounds
- excellent for cardiovascular health
- inhibits bone loss in women
- reduced blood pressure
- lowers blood cholesterol levels
5 Fast Facts About Himalayan Pink Salt:*
- contains 84 minerals
- unrefined, unprocessed, raw
- promotes stable pH balance in cells
- controls water levels in the body
- aids digestion and facilitates better nutrient absorption
*These statements have not been evaluated by Food and Drug Administration. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Tip #1: Feel free to adjust the seasonings (chili powder, Himalayan pink salt, cilantro, onions, garlic, etc) to your preference.
Tip #2: I like to use roma tomatoes to make mine, but you can use any type of tomatoes. The type of tomato you use can change the color of the salsa too. When I use roma tomatoes, it seems to have a darker color than when I use tomatoes from the Farmer's Market.
Tip #3: This recipe will make approximately 1 – 2 servings.
Disclosure: This post contains affiliate links. This means that if you were to make a purchase through one of these links, The Healthy Family and Home website would receive a small commission. Thank you so much for your support!


text: On Friday 07 November 2003 3:42 pm, Fabian Tiefert wrote: > Hello, > > I´m installing my first lfs on a 1000Mhz 256 MB Ram and Red Hat 9.0 Host > system. Everything went fine until this part of the book. I am also building my LFS on a RedHat 9.0 host. However, I am using version 5.0 of the LFS book. You seem to be using an earlier version. I'm doing find with the 5.0 book, other than missing a few critical details, which was strickly MY fault. I still think a couple of things could be highlighted and set apart to make them show as being more important, but other than that, I am having a great time building my LFS. :D 8-Dale -- The Dynaplex Network - http://www.thedynaplex.net Charter Member of The Center for Intelligent Quoting. We support Open Source 100% - running RedHat 9.0!