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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Atomic force microscope: Enhanced sensitivity
SciTech Connect
Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are a recent development representing the state of the art in measuring ultrafine surface features. Applications are found in such fields of research as biology, microfabrication, material studies, and surface chemistry. Fiber-optic interferometer techniques developed at LLNL offer the potential of improving the vertical resolution of these instruments by up to 2 orders of magnitude. We are attempting to replace the current AFM measurement scheme, which consists of an optical beam deflection approach, with our fiber-optic interferometer scheme, a much more sensitive displacement measurement technique. In performing this research, we hope to accomplish two important goals; (1) to enhance the sensitivity of the AFM, and (2) to achieve important improvements in our fiber-optic interferometer technology.
Davis, D.T.
Hyperbaric hydrothermal atomic force microscope
A hyperbaric hydrothermal atomic force microscope (AFM) is provided to image solid surfaces in fluids, either liquid or gas, at pressures greater than normal atmospheric pressure. The sample can be heated and its surface imaged in aqueous solution at temperatures greater than 100.degree. C. with less than 1 nm vertical resolution. A gas pressurized microscope base chamber houses the stepper motor and piezoelectric scanner. A chemically inert, flexible membrane separates this base chamber from the sample cell environment and constrains a high temperature, pressurized liquid or gas in the sample cell while allowing movement of the scanner. The sample cell is designed for continuous flow of liquid or gas through the sample environment.
Knauss, Kevin G. (Livermore, CA); Boro, Carl O. (Milpitas, CA); Higgins, Steven R. (Laramie, WY); Eggleston, Carrick M. (Laramie, WY)
Highly Reproducible Nanolithography by Dynamic Plough of an Atomic-Force Microscope Tip and Thermal-Annealing Treatment
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
An approach has been developed to use atomic-force microscope (AFM) to pattern materials at the nanoscale in a controlled manner. By introducing a thermal-annealing process above the glass-transition temperature of poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), the ... Keywords: 2-D electron gas, Atomic-force microscope (AFM), nanolithography, self-switching diodes (SSDs)
Xiaofeng Lu; C. Balocco; Fuhua Yang; A. M. Song
A Study on Carbon-Nanotube Local Oxidation Lithography Using an Atomic Force Microscope
In this paper, nanoscale anodic oxidation lithography using an atomic force microscope (AFM) is systematically studied on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Trends between the produced feature size and the corresponding process parameters, such as applied voltage, ...
K. Kumar; O. Sul; S. Strauf; D. S. Choi; F. Fisher; M. G. Prasad; E. Yang
AFM Fluid Delivery/Liquid Extraction Surface Sampling ...
Disclosure Number 201303009 . Technology Summary This invention is an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Fluid Delivery/Electrostatic ... The invention pro ...
Getting the Point: Real-Time Monitoring of Atomic-Microscope ...
... done with atomic force microscopy (AFM). ... small scales, so researchers use atomic force microscopes. ... of the tip with an electron microscope, a time ...
Note: A scanning electron microscope sample holder for bidirectional characterization of atomic force microscope probe tips
A novel sample holder that enables atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips to be mounted inside a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the purpose of characterizing the AFM tips is described. The holder provides quick and easy handling of tips by using a spring clip to hold them in place. The holder can accommodate two tips simultaneously in two perpendicular orientations, allowing both top and side view imaging of the tips by the SEM.
Eisenstein, Alon; Goh, M. Cynthia [Department of Chemistry and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6 (Canada)
Model Development for Atomic Force Microscope Stage Mechanisms
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Model Development for Atomic Force Microscope Stage Mechanisms Ralph C. Smith and Andrew G. Hatch of the Philippines Virginia Commonwealth University Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Richmond VA 23284 rcdelros titanate (PZT) devices employed in atomic force microscope stage mechanisms. We focus specifically on PZT
Seminar Announcement Nanoscale High Field Chemistry with the Atomic Force Microscope and Patterning January 15, 2009
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SEMINAR SEMINAR ANNOUNCMENT Thursday, January 15, 2009 11:00am - 12:00 noon EMSL Boardroom Nanoscale High Field Chemistry With the Atomic Force Microscope and Patterning Marco Rolandi Assistant Professor Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Facile and affordable processes for the fabrication of nanostructures are fundamental to future endeavors in nanoscale science and engineering. The atomic force microscope was designed primarily for imaging, and has evolved into a versatile tool for nanoscale surface modification. We have developed an AFM based scheme capable of direct writing of glassy carbon nanowires as fast as 1 cm/s. In brief, when a bias is applied across the tip-sample gap a molecular precursor undergoes high field reactions that result in the deposition of a cross- linked product on the surface. In order to gain a
A high-pressure atomic force microscope for imaging in supercritical carbon dioxide
A high-pressure atomic force microscope (AFM) that enables in situ, atomic scale measurements of topography of solid surfaces in contact with supercritical CO{sub 2} (scCO{sub 2}) fluids has been developed. This apparatus overcomes the pressure limitations of the hydrothermal AFM and is designed to handle pressures up to 100 atm at temperatures up to ?350 K. A standard optically-based cantilever deflection detection system was chosen. When imaging in compressible supercritical fluids such as scCO{sub 2} , precise control of pressure and temperature in the fluid cell is the primary technical challenge. Noise levels and imaging resolution depend on minimization of fluid density fluctuations that change the fluid refractive index and hence the laser path. We demonstrate with our apparatus in situ atomic scale imaging of a calcite (CaCO{sub 3}) mineral surface in scCO{sub 2}; both single, monatomic steps and dynamic processes occurring on the (10{overbar 1}4) surface are presented. This new AFM provides unprecedented in situ access to interfacial phenomena at solid�fluid interfaces under pressure.
Lea, A.S.; Higgins, S.R.; Knauss, K.G.; Rosso, K.M.
A high-pressure atomic force microscope (AFM) that enables in-situ, atomic scale measurements of topography of solid surfaces in contact with supercritical CO2 (scCO2) fluids has been developed. This apparatus overcomes the pressure limitations of the hydrothermal AFM and is designed to handle pressures up to 100 atm at temperatures up to ~ 350 K. A standard optically-based cantilever deflection detection system was chosen. When imaging in compressible supercritical fluids such as scCO2, precise control of pressure and temperature in the fluid cell is the primary technical challenge. Noise levels and imaging resolution depend on minimization of fluid density fluctuations that change the fluid refractive index and hence the laser path. We demonstrate with our apparatus in-situ atomic scale imaging of a calcite (CaCO3) mineral surface in scCO2; both single, monatomic steps and dynamic processes occurring on the (10�14) surface are presented. This new AFM provides unprecedented in-situ access to interfacial phenomena at solid-fluid interfaces under pressure.
Lea, Alan S.; Higgins, Steven R.; Knauss, Kevin G.; Rosso, Kevin M.
Determining Mechanical Properties of Carbon Microcoils Using Lateral Force Microscopy
Mechanical properties of amorphous carbon microcoil (CMC) synthesized by thermal chemical vapor deposition method were examined in compression and tension tests, using the lateral force mode of atomic force microscope (AFM). The AFM cantilever tip was ... Keywords: Atomic force microscopy (AFM), atomic force microscopy, carbon microcoil, shear modulus, spring constant
Neng-Kai Chang; Shuo-Hung Chang
Spin microscope based on optically detected magnetic resonance
DOE Patents (OSTI)
The invention relates to scanning magnetic microscope which has a photoluminescent nanoprobe implanted in the tip apex of an atomic force microscope (AFM), a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) or a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) and exhibits optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) in the vicinity of unpaired electron spins or nuclear magnetic moments in the sample material. The described spin microscope has demonstrated nanoscale lateral resolution and single spin sensitivity for the AFM and STM embodiments.
Berman, Gennady P. (Los Alamos, NM); Chernobrod, Boris M. (Los Alamos, NM)
The invention relates to scanning magnetic microscope which has a photoluminescent nanoprobe implanted in the tip apex of an atomic force microscope (AFM), a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) or a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) and exhibits optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) in the vicinity of impaired electron spins or nuclear magnetic moments in the sample material. The described spin microscope has demonstrated nanoscale lateral resolution and single spin sensitivity for the AFM and STM embodiments.
In-situ monitoring of electron beam induced deposition by atomic force microscopy in a scanning electron microscope
A new type of atomic force microscope is proposed for atomic force microscopic analysis inside a scanning electron microscope. We attached a piezoresisitive atomic force microscopic cantilever to a micro manipulator to achieve a compact and guidable ... Keywords: atomic force, electron beam induced deposition, in-situ monitoring, local gas injection, micro manipulator, microscope
S. Bauerdick; C. Burkhardt; R. Rudorf; W. Barth; V. Bucher; W. Nisch
X-ray holographic microscopy using the atomic-force microscope
The present authors have been seeking for some time to improve the resolution of holographic microscopy and have engaged in a continuing series of experiments using the X1A soft x-ray undulator beam line at Brookhaven. The principle strategy for pushing the resolution lower in these experiments has been the use of polymer resists as x-ray detectors and the primary goal has been to develop the technique to become useful for examining wet biological material. In the present paper the authors report on progress in the use of resist for high-spatial-resolution x-ray detection. This is the key step in in-line holography and the one which sets the ultimate limit to the image resolution. The actual recording has always been quite easy, given a high-brightness undulator source, but the difficult step was the readout of the recorded pattern. The authors describe in what follows how they have built a special instrument: an atomic force microscope (AFM) to read holograms recorded in resist. They report the technical reasons for building, rather than buying, such an instrument and they give details of the design and performance of the device. The authors also describe the first attempts to use the system for real holography and the authors show results of both recorded holograms and the corresponding reconstructed images. Finally, the authors try to analyze the effect that these advances are likely to have on the future prospects for success in applications of x-ray holography and the degree to which the other technical systems that are needed for such success are available or within reach.
Howells, M.R. [Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States); Jacobsen, C.J.; Lindaas, S. [State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY (United States). Physics Dept.
Atomic Force Microscope 2: Digital Instruments/Veeco ...
... Tapping mode; Contact mode; Phase mode; Magnetic force microscopy; Scanning tunneling microscopy; Stepper-motor controlled stage; Top view ...
Refined tip preparation by electrochemical etching and ultrahigh vacuum treatment to obtain atomically sharp tips for scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope
A modification of the common electrochemical etching setup is presented. The described method reproducibly yields sharp tungsten tips for usage in the scanning tunneling microscope and tuning fork atomic force microscope. In situ treatment under ultrahigh vacuum (p {<=}10{sup -10} mbar) conditions for cleaning and fine sharpening with minimal blunting is described. The structure of the microscopic apex of these tips is atomically resolved with field ion microscopy and cross checked with field emission.
Hagedorn, Till; Ouali, Mehdi El; Paul, William; Oliver, David; Miyahara, Yoichi; Gruetter, Peter [Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A2T8 (Canada)
Chemical functionalization of AFM cantilevers
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been a powerful instrument that provides nanoscale imaging of surface features, mainly of rigid metal or ceramic surfaces that can be insulators as well as conductors. Since it has been ...
Lee, Sunyoung, S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Experimental Optical-quality geological calcite was cleaved into fragments. In situ atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging was
/s and a solution concentration of = References 1 A. A. Chernov, Modern Crystallography III. Crystal Growth, Vol, Crystal Structures, Vol. 2 (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1960). 21 R. A. Berner, Rev. Mineral 31 Saddle River, NJ, 1997). 23 A. Mucci, The American Journal of Science 283, 780-790 (1983
Dickinson, J. Thomas
On single-molecule DNA sequencing with atomic force microscopy using functionalized carbon nanotube probes
A novel DNA sequencing method is proposed based on the specific binding nature of nucleotides and measured by an atomic force microscope (AFM). A single molecule of DNA is denatured and immobilized on an atomically fiat ...
Burns, Daniel James
Comments on the paper A comprehensive modeling and vibration analysis of AFM microcantilevers subjected to nonlinear tip-sample interaction forces by Sohrab Eslami and Nader Jalili
Comments Comments on the paper "A comprehensive modeling and vibration analysis of AFM microcantilevers subjected to nonlinear tip-sample interaction forces" by Sohrab Eslami and Nader Jalili Ali Passian a,b,c,n , Laurene Tetard a , Thomas Thundat d a Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA b Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA c Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA d Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada T6G 2V4 a r t i c l e i n f o Available online 4 April 2013 Keywords: Microscopy AFM MSAFM Imaging Nonlinear dynamics Nanomechanical forces a b s t r a c t This comment on the paper "A comprehensive modeling and vibration analysis of AFM microcantilevers subjected to nonlinear tip-sample interaction
Reduction of the Casimir force from indium tin oxide film by UV treatment
A significant decrease in the magnitude of the Casimir force (from 21% to 35%) was observed after an indium tin oxide (ITO) sample interacting with an Au sphere was subjected to the UV treatment. Measurements were performed by using an atomic force microscope (AFM) in high vacuum. The experimental results are compared with theory, and a hypothetical explanation for the observed phenomenon is proposed.
Chang, C C; Klimchitskaya, G L; Mostepanenko, V M; Mohideen, U
C. C. Chang; A. A. Banishev; G. L. Klimchitskaya; V. M. Mostepanenko; U. Mohideen
Viscoelastic Study Using an Atomic Force Microscope Modified to Operate as a Nanorheometer
software interface. Measurements on an agar gel model substrate reveal a viscoelastic response that is well, considering the cantilever assembly instead as a load transducer, one can study the rheological behavior. Their approaches fall into the following general categories: (I) analysis of conventional force-distance curves,10
Attard, Phil
Multi-sensorial interaction with a nano-scale phenomenon : the force curve
Using Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) to manipulate nano-objects is an actual challenge for surface scientists. Basic haptic interfacesbetween the AFM and experimentalists have already been implemented. Themulti-sensory renderings (seeing, hearing and feeling) studied from acognitive point of view increase the efficiency of the actual interfaces. Toallow the experimentalist to feel and touch the nano-world, we add mixedrealities between an AFM and a force feedback device, enriching thus thedirect connection by a modeling engine. We present in this paper the firstresults from a real-time remote-control handling of an AFM by our ForceFeedback Gestural Device through the example of the approach-retract curve.
Marliere, Sylvain; Florens, Jean-Loup; Marchi, Florence
Surface and Microscopic Characterization of Manufactured ...
Advances in Characterization of Graphene-related Nanomaterials Using Atomic ... Current state of atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of graphene and its�...
Whole-Cell Sensing for a Harmful Bloom-Forming Microscopic Alga by Measuring Antibody-Antigen Forces
Fawley, �Diversity of coccoid algae in shallow lakes duringof small coccoid green algae from Lake Itasca, Minnesota,BLOOM-FORMING MICROSCOPIC ALGA BY MEASURING ANTIBODY�
Whole-cell sensing for a harmful bloom-forming microscopic alga by measuring antibody--antigen forces
Abstract�Aureococcus anophagefferens, a harmful bloomforming alga responsible for brown tides in estuaries of the Middle Atlantic U.S., has been investigated by atomic force microscopy for the first time, using probes functionalized with a monoclonal antibody specific for the alga. The rupture force between a single monoclonal antibody and the surface of A. anophagefferens was experimentally found to be 246 6 11 pN at the load rate of 12 nN/s. Force histograms for A. anophagefferens and other similarly-sized algae are presented and analyzed. The results illustrate the effects of load rates, and demonstrate that force-distance measurements can be used to build biosensors with high signal-to-noise ratios for A. anophagefferens. The methods described in this paper can be used, in principle, to construct sensors with single-cell resolution for arbitrary cells for which monoclonal antibodies are available. Index Terms�Atomic force microscopy, Aureococcus anophagefferens, biosensors, force-distance measurements, single-cell identification.
Er S. Lee; Mrinal Mahapatro; David A. Caron; Aristides A. G. Requicha; Life Fellow; Beth A. Stauffer; Mark E. Thompson; Chongwu Zhou
Recurrence Tracking Microscope
In order to probe nanostructures on a surface we present a microscope based on the quantum recurrence phenomena. A cloud of atoms bounces off an atomic mirror connected to a cantilever and exhibits quantum recurrences. The times at which the recurrences occur depend on the initial height of the bouncing atoms above the atomic mirror, and vary following the structures on the surface under investigation. The microscope has inherent advantages over existing techniques of scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope. Presently available experimental technology makes it possible to develop the device in the laboratory.
Farhan Saif
Semi-conducting CdZnTe (or CZT) crystals can be used in a variety of detector-type applications. CZT shows great promise for use as a gamma radiation spectrometer. However, its performance is adversely affected by point defects, structural and compositional heterogeneities within the crystals, such as twinning, pipes, grain boundaries (polycrystallinity), secondary phases and in some cases, damage caused by external forces. One example is damage that occurs during characterization of the surface by a laser during Raman spectroscopy. Even minimal laser power can cause Te enriched areas on the surface to appear. The Raman spectra resulting from measurements at moderate intensity laser power show large increases in peak intensity that is attributed to Te. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the extent of damage to the CZT crystal surface following exposure to the Raman laser. AFM data reveal localized surface damage in the areas exposed to the Raman laser beam. The degree of surface damage to the crystal is dependent on the laser power, with the most observable damage occurring at high laser power. Moreover, intensity increases in the Te peaks of the Raman spectra are observed even at low laser power with little to no visible damage observed by AFM. AFM results also suggest that exposure to the same amount of laser power yields different amounts of surface damage depending on whether the exposed surface is the Te terminating face or the Cd terminating face of CZT.
Hawkins, S; Lucile Teague, L; Martine Duff, M; Eliel Villa-Aleman, E
Big microscope
microscope Name: stacy Status: NA Age: NA Location: NA Country: NA Date: Around 1993 Question: What type of Microscope has the highest magnification? Replies: What type of...
Genome scanning : an AFM-based DNA sequencing technique
Genome Scanning is a powerful new technique for DNA sequencing. The method presented in this thesis uses an atomic force microscope with a functionalized cantilever tip to sequence single stranded DNA immobilized to a mica ...
Elmouelhi, Ahmed (Ahmed M.), 1979-
Calibrated Atomic Force Microscopy
... Vorburger, SL Tan, NG Orji, J. Fu, �Interlaboratory Comparison of Traceable Atomic Force Microscope Pitch Measurements,� SPIE Proceedings Vol. ...
5 . His work was a giant 6 6 6 6 6 for science. Today, microscopes are much stronger. An electron microscope can make tiny organisms look 200,000 times 7 7 7 7 7 size. A few...
Microscope collision protection apparatus
A microscope collision protection apparatus for a remote control microscope which protects the optical and associated components from damage in the event of an uncontrolled collision with a specimen, regardless of the specimen size or shape. In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus includes a counterbalanced slide for mounting the microscope's optical components. This slide replaces the rigid mounts on conventional upright microscopes with a precision ball bearing slide. As the specimen contacts an optical component, the contacting force will move the slide and the optical components mounted thereon. This movement will protect the optical and associated components from damage as the movement causes a limit switch to be actuated, thereby stopping all motors responsible for the collision.
DeNure, Charles R. (Pocatello, ID)
Study of anion adsorption at the gold--aqueous solution interface by atomic force microscopy
The forces between a gold coated colloidal silica sphere and a pure gold plate have been measured in aqueous solution as a function of electrolyte concentration using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Forces in the presence of gold(III) chloride (HAuCl[sub 4]), sodium chloride, and trisodium citrate were recorded as a function of concentration. Each of these anion species is present during the formation of colloidal gold by the reduction of gold(III) chloride with trisodium citrate. In pure water the force between the gold surfaces was exclusively attractive. In sodium chloride or trisodium citrate solution a repulsive interaction was observed which is attributed to the adsorption of these anions at the gold/water interface. The observed interaction force in gold(III) chloride solution was always attractive, the surface potential never exceeding 20 mV. Data taken in aqueous solutions of citrate and chloride ions together suggested that the citrate ions were preferentially adsorbed to the surface of the gold. Addition of gold(III) chloride to the AFM liquid cell after the pre-adsorption of citrate anions caused the force of interaction to change from a repulsvie force to an attractive one initially as the gold(III) chloride was reduced to gold by the citrate anions. 33 refs., 11 figs.
Biggs, S.; Mulvaney, P.; Grieser, F. (Univ. of Melbourne (Australia)); Zukoski, C.F. (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL (United States))
Correlation between resistance-change effect in transition-metal oxides and secondary-electron contrast of scanning electron microscope images
Conductive atomic-force microscopy (C-AFM) writing is attracting attention as a technique for clarifying the switching mechanism of resistive random-access memory by providing a wide area filled with filaments, which can be regarded as one filament with large radius. The writing area on a nickel-oxide (NiO) film formed by conductive atomic-force microscopy was observed by scanning electron microscope, and a correlation between the contrast in a secondary-electron image (SEI) and the resistance written by C-AFM was revealed. In addition, the dependence of the SEI contrast on the beam accelerating voltage (V{sub accel}) suggests that the resistance-change effect occurs near the surface of the NiO film. As for the effects of electron irradiation and vacuum annealing on the C-AFM writing area, it was shown that the resistance-change effect is caused by exchange of oxygen with the atmosphere at the surface of the NiO film. This result suggests that the low-resistance and high-resistance areas are, respectively, p-type Ni{sub 1+{delta}}O ({delta} =} 0).
Kinoshita, K.; Kishida, S. [Department of Information and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552 (Japan); Tottori University Electronic Display Research Center, 522-2 Koyama-Kita, Tottori 680-0941 (Japan); Yoda, T. [Department of Information and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552 (Japan)
Sensing Current and Forces with SPM
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are well established techniques to image surfaces and to probe material properties at the atomic and molecular scale. In this review, we show hybrid combinations of AFM and STM that bring together the best of two worlds: the simultaneous detection of atomic scale forces and conduction properties. We illustrate with several examples how the detection of forces during STM and the detection of currents during AFM can give valuable additional information of the nanoscale material properties.
Park, Jeong Y.; Maier, Sabine; Hendriksen, Bas; Salmeron, Miquel
Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopes -
Facilities > Transmission Electron Facilities > Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopes FACILITIES Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopes Overview Other Facilities Work with Argonne Contact us For Employees Site Map Help Join us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter NE on Flickr Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopes The research activities of the Corrosion and Mechanics of Materials Section are supported by complete metallography/sample preparation rooms equipped with several optical and electron microscopes: a Transmission Electron Microscope and two Scanning Electron Microscopes. Bookmark and Share Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Detail of JEOL 100CXII TEM Figure 1: Detail of JEOL 100CXII TEM. Click on image to view larger image.
High quality CdZnTe (or CZT) crystals have the potential for use in room temperature gamma-ray and X-ray spectrometers. Over the last decade, the methods for growing high quality CZT have improved the quality of the produced crystals however there are material features that can influence the performance of these materials as radiation detectors. The presence of structural heterogeneities within the crystals, such as twinning, pipes, grain boundaries (polycrystallinity), and secondary phases (SPs) can have an impact on the detector performance. There is considerable need for reliable and reproducible characterization methods for the measurement of crystal quality. With improvements in material characterization and synthesis, these crystals may become suitable for widespread use in gamma radiation detection. Characterization techniques currently utilized to test for quality and/or to predict performance of the crystal as a gamma-ray detector include infrared (IR) transmission imaging, synchrotron X-ray topography, photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. In some cases, damage caused by characterization methods can have deleterious effects on the crystal performance. The availability of non-destructive analysis techniques is essential to validate a crystal's quality and its ability to be used for either qualitative or quantitative gamma-ray or X-ray detection. The work presented herein discusses the damage that occurs during characterization of the CZT surface by a laser during Raman spectroscopy, even at minimal laser powers. Previous Raman studies have shown that the localized annealing from tightly focused, low powered lasers results in areas of higher Te concentration on the CZT surface. This type of laser damage on the surface resulted in decreased detector performance which was most likely due to increased leakage current caused by areas of higher Te concentration. In this study, AFM was used to characterize the extent of damage to the CZT crystal surface following exposure to a Raman laser. AFM data reveal localized surface damage and increased conductivity in the areas exposed to the Raman laser beam.
Teague, L.; Duff, M.
Determination of elastic properties of single aerogel powder particles with the AFM
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows direct measurement of local elastic sample properties by force spectroscopy. The AFM tip indents into a soft sample and the resulting relation between loading force and indentation is used to determine the elastic properties of the sample. In order to calculate the indentation an analytical expression for the sensor response vs. z-piezo displacement based on the Hertz model of mechanical contact is derived. This model is fitted to data obtained on a silica aerogel sample using a least-squares method. The aerogel powder particles were analysed individually for their surface structure and elastic behaviour. Prior to the indentation experiments, the aerogel surface was characterised by AFM in the tapping mode. The results were validated by the comparison of data obtained by using two types of cantilevers of very di#erent sti#nesses (spring constant k"0.2 and 54 N/m) and by assessing the reversibility of the indentation process. Tip indentations smaller than 200 nm were usually reversible, whereas indentations of 2000 nm caused irreversibilities. # 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Robert W. Stark; Tanja Drobek; Marcus Weth; Jochen Fricke; Wolfgang M. Heckl
Automated Dna Curvature Profile Reconstruction In Atomic Force
An automated algorithm is presented to determine the DNA molecule intrinsic curvature profiles and the molecular spatial orientations in Atomic Force Microscope images. The curvature is composed by static and dynamic contributions. The first one is the intrinsic curvature, vectorial function of the DNA nucletide sequence, while the second one is due to thermal noise. This algorithm allows to reconstruct the intrinsic curvature profile excluding the thermal contribution and detects fragment orientation on AFM image with a percentage of molecular-orientation detection of 96.79 % for molecules with a high curvature peak. The automated approach allows to minimize the processing time compared to semi-automated methods, avoids errors introduced from operator bias and increases the amount of available information.
Microscope Images Elisa; Elisa Ficarra; Daniele Masotti; Luca Benini; Michela Milano
On thermodynamic and microscopic reversibility
On Thermodynamic and Microscopic Reversibility Abstract. Theof the University of California. On Thermodynamic andMicroscopic Reversibility Thermodynamic reversibility The
Crooks, Gavin E.
Reading Comprehension - Microscopes
Microscopes Microscopes It happened over 300 years _________ since ago before after in Holland. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (AN-tun van LAY-vun-hook) had a new microscope that he had _________ made lost previewed delivered . One day he _________ fell broke looked went through it at a drop of lake water. What he saw surprised him. The water was alive with what Leeuwenhoek called "wee beasties." The microscope made tiny organisms look 200 times _________ farther smaller darker larger than life size. Leeuwenhoek was one of the first scientists to see living things that were that _________ life small darker larger . His work was a giant _________ turtle gorilla step tower for science. Today, microscopes are much stronger. An electron microscope can make tiny organisms look 200,000 times _________ small over under life size. A few
Microscopes - Teacher Overview
Standards of Learning Download this Activity Background: With the invention of the microscope, scientist could see things they never could before. They discovered that we were...
Towards a Neutron Microscope
Towards a Neutron Microscope. Summary: ... The novel lens is a Wolter Optic similar in design to the telescope of the CHANDRA x-ray observatory. ...
Microscopic Properties of Horizons
We suggest that all horizons of spacetime, no matter whether they are black hole, Rindler or de Sitter horizons, have certain microscopic properties in common. We propose that these propertues may be used as the starting points, or postulates, of a microscopic theory of gravity.
Jarmo Makela
NETL F 451.1-1/1 Categorical Exclusion (CX) Designation Form
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Surface Force Measurements Between Hydrophobic Surfaces Hydrophobic force measurements will be conducted using the colloidal probe technique with an atomic force microscope (AFM)...
Infrared microscope inspection apparatus
Apparatus and system for inspecting infrared transparents, such as an array of photovoltaic modules containing silicon solar cells, includes an infrared microscope, at least three sources of infrared light placed around and having their axes intersect the center of the object field and means for sending the reflected light through the microscope. The apparatus is adapted to be mounted on an X-Y translator positioned adjacent the object surface. 4 figs.
Forman, S.E.; Caunt, J.W.
Hysteresis Modeling and Inverse Feedforward Control of an AFM Piezoelectric Scanner Based on Nano Images
Hysteresis Modeling and Inverse Feedforward Control of an AFM Piezoelectric Scanner Based on Nano of micro/nano technology. As a critical part of AFM system, the piezoelectric scanner exists many defects in this paper possess a good performance for AFM nano imaging. Index Terms-- Hysteresis modeling, feedforward
Li, Yangmin
Feasibility and limitation of track studies using atomic force microscopy
Feasibility and limitation of track studies using atomic force microscopy D. Nikezic, J.P.Y. Ho, C.W.Y. Yip, V.S.Y. Koo, K.N. Yu * Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong July 2002 Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been employed to investigate characteristics
Yu, K.N.
Ion photon emission microscope
An ion beam analysis system that creates microscopic multidimensional image maps of the effects of high energy ions from an unfocussed source upon a sample by correlating the exact entry point of an ion into a sample by projection imaging of the ion-induced photons emitted at that point with a signal from a detector that measures the interaction of that ion within the sample. The emitted photons are collected in the lens system of a conventional optical microscope, and projected on the image plane of a high resolution single photon position sensitive detector. Position signals from this photon detector are then correlated in time with electrical effects, including the malfunction of digital circuits, detected within the sample that were caused by the individual ion that created these photons initially.
Doyle, Barney L. (Albuquerque, NM)
The Role of the Electrostatic Force in Spore Adhesion
Electrostatic force is investigated as one of the components of the adhesion force between Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spores and planar surfaces. The surface potentials of a Bt spore and a mica surface are experimentally obtained using a combined atomic force microscopy (AFM)-scanning surface potential microscopy technique. On the basis of experimental information, the surface charge density of the spores is estimated at 0.03 {micro}C/cm{sup 2} at 20% relative humidity and decreases with increasing humidity. The Coulombic force is introduced for the spore-mica system (both charged, nonconductive surfaces), and an electrostatic image force is introduced to the spore-gold system because gold is electrically conductive. The Coulombic force for spore-mica is repulsive because the components are similarly charged, while the image force for the spore-gold system is attractive. The magnitude of both forces decreases with increasing humidity. The electrostatic forces are added to other force components, e.g., van der Waals and capillary forces, to obtain the adhesion force for each system. The adhesion forces measured by AFM are compared to the estimated values. It is shown that the electrostatic (Coulombic and image) forces play a significant role in the adhesion force between spores and planar surfaces.
Chung, Eunhyea [Georgia Institute of Technology; Yiacoumi, Sotira [Georgia Institute of Technology; Lee, Ida [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Tsouris, Costas [ORNL
Aberration Corrected Analytical Electron Microscope
... resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), where ... the beam electrons as they ... filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM ...
Scanning Confocal Electron Microscope (SCEM)
Transmission/Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope. The SCEM enables imaging of sub-surface structures of thick, optically opaque materials, ...
Solid state optical microscope
A solid state optical microscope wherein wide-field and high-resolution images of an object are produced at a rapid rate by utilizing conventional optics with a charge-coupled photodiode array. A galvanometer scanning mirror, for scanning in one of two orthogonal directions is provided, while the charge-coupled photodiode array scans in the other orthogonal direction. Illumination light from the object is incident upon the photodiodes, creating packets of electrons (signals) which are representative of the illuminated object. The signals are then processed, stored in a memory, and finally displayed as a video signal. 2 figs.
Young, I.T.
A solid state optical microscope wherein wide-field and high-resolution images of an object are produced at a rapid rate by utilizing conventional optics with a charge-coupled photodiode array. A galvanometer scanning mirror, for scanning in one of two orthogonal directions is provided, while the charge-coupled photodiode array scans in the other orthogonal direction. Illumination light from the object is incident upon the photodiodes, creating packets of electrons (signals) which are representative of the illuminated object. The signals are then processed, stored in a memory, and finally displayed as a video signal.
Young, Ian T. (Pleasanton, CA)
Transmission electron microscope CCD camera
In order to improve the performance of a CCD camera on a high voltage electron microscope, an electron decelerator is inserted between the microscope column and the CCD. This arrangement optimizes the interaction of the electron beam with the scintillator of the CCD camera while retaining optimization of the microscope optics and of the interaction of the beam with the specimen. Changing the electron beam energy between the specimen and camera allows both to be optimized.
Downing, Kenneth H. (Lafayette, CA)
Effect of Roughness as Determined by Atomic Force Microscopy on the Wetting Properties of PTFE Thin
Effect of Roughness as Determined by Atomic Force Microscopy on the Wetting Properties of PTFE Thin Engineering College of Mines and Earth Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 and G. YAMAUCHI films has been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle goniometry. Surface
Drelich, Jaroslaw W.
Potential contributions of noncontact atomic force microscopy for the future Casimir force measurements
Surface electric noise, i.e., the non-uniform distribution of charges and potentials on a surface, poses a great experimental challenge in modern precision force measurements. Such a challenge is encountered in a number of different experimental circumstances. The scientists employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) have long focused their efforts to understand the surface-related noise issues via variants of AFM techniques, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy or electric force microscopy. Recently, the physicists investigating quantum vacuum fluctuation phenomena between two closely-spaced objects have also begun to collect experimental evidence indicating a presence of surface effects neglected in their previous analyses. It now appears that the two seemingly disparate science communities are encountering effects rooted in the same surface phenomena. In this report, we suggest specific experimental tasks to be performed in the near future that are crucial not only for fostering needed collaborations between the two communities, but also for providing valuable data on the surface effects in order to draw the most realistic conclusion about the actual contribution of the Casimir force (or van der Waals force) between a pair of real materials.
W. J. Kim; U. D. Schwarz
Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscopes
ScanningTransmission Electron Microscopes Nion UltraSTEM 60-100 dedicated aberration-corrected STEM for low- to mid-voltage operation and Enfina EELS Contact: Juan-Carlos Idrobo,...
Nuclear forces
These lectures present an introduction into the theory of nuclear forces. We focus mainly on the modern approach
A high-temperature microscope is offered. It has a reflecting optic situated above a molten specimen in a furnace and reflecting the image of the same downward through an inert optic member in the floor of the furnace, a plurality of spaced reflecting plane mirrors defining a reflecting path around the furnace, a standard microscope supported in the path of and forming the end terminus of the light path.
Olson, D.M.
The word 'reversible' has two (apparently) distinct applications in statistical thermodynamics. A thermodynamically reversible process indicates an experimental protocol for which the entropy change is zero, whereas the principle of microscopic reversibility asserts that the probability of any trajectory of a system through phase space equals that of the time reversed trajectory. However, these two terms are actually synonymous: a thermodynamically reversible process is microscopically reversible, and vice versa.
Reading Comprehension - Dissecting and Compound Microscopes
Dissecting and Compound Microscopes Two types of microscopes. _________ Dissecting and Compound Microscopes Two types of microscopes. _________ Dissecting Microscope Compound Microscope _________ eyepiece focus knob light light switch objective stage _________ eyepiece focus knob light light switch objective stage _________ eyepiece focus knob light light switch objective stage _________ eyepiece focus knob light light switch objective stage _________ eyepiece focus knob light light switch objective stage _________ eyepiece focus knob light light switch objective stage _________ Dissecting Microscope Compound Microscope _________ eyepieces focus knob light light switch objective stage _________ eyepieces focus knob light light switch objective stage _________ eyepieces focus knob light light switch objective stage _________ eyepieces focus knob light
Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) Molecules in Lipid Bilayers
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a lypopolysaccharide found on the surface of the parasite Leishmania donovani that is thought to play an essential role in the infection of humans with leishamniasis. LPG acts as an adhesion point for the parasite to the gut of the sand fly, whose bite is responsible for transmitting the disease. In addition, LPG acts to inhibit protein kinase C (PKC) in the human macrophage, possibly by structural changes in the membrane. The Ca{sup 2+} ion is believed to play a role in the infection cycle, acting both as a crosslinker between LPG molecules and by playing a part in modulating PKC activity. To gain insight into the structure of LPG within a supported lipid membrane and into the structural changes that occur due to Ca{sup 2+} ions, we have employed the atomic force microscope (AFM). We have observed that the LPG molecules inhibit bilayer fusion, resulting in bilayer islands on the mica surface. One experiment suggests that the LPG molecules are parallel to the mica surface and that the structure of the LPG changes upon addition of Ca{sup 2+}, with an increase in the height of the LPG molecules from the bilayer surface and an almost complete coverage of LPG on the bilayer island.
Microscopic Derivation of an Isothermal Thermodynamic Transformation
We obtain macroscopic isothermal thermodynamic transformations by space-time scalings of a microscopic Hamiltonian dynamics in contact with a heat bath. The microscopic dynamics is given by a chain of anharmonic oscillators subject to a varying tension (external force) and the contact with the heat bath is modeled by independent Langevin dynamics acting on each particle. After a diffusive space-time scaling and cross-graining, the profile of volume converges to the solution of a deterministic diffusive equation with boundary conditions given by the applied tension. This defines an irreversible thermodynamic transformation from an initial equilibrium to a new equilibrium given by the final tension applied. Quasi static reversible isothermal transformations are then obtained by a further time scaling. Heat is defined as the total flux of energy exchanged between the system and the heat bath. Then we prove that the relation between the limit heat, work, free energy and thermodynamic entropy agree with the first and second principle of thermodynamics.
Stefano Olla
Two-Dimensional Measurement of n+-p Asymmetrical Junctions in Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Using AFM-Based Electrical Techniques with Nanometer Resolution: Preprint
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Lateral inhomogeneities of modern solar cells demand direct electrical imaging with nanometer resolution. We show that atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based electrical techniques provide unique junction characterizations, giving a two-dimensional determination of junction locations. Two AFM-based techniques, scanning capacitance microscopy/spectroscopy (SCM/SCS) and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), were significantly improved and applied to the junction characterizations of multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) cells. The SCS spectra were taken pixel by pixel by precisely controlling the tip positions in the junction area. The spectra reveal distinctive features that depend closely on the position relative to the electrical junction, which allows us to indentify the electrical junction location. In addition, SKPFM directly probes the built-in potential over the junction area modified by the surface band bending, which allows us to deduce the metallurgical junction location by identifying a peak of the electric field. Our results demonstrate resolutions of 10-40 nm, depending on the techniques (SCS or SKPFM). These direct electrical measurements with nanometer resolution and intrinsic two-dimensional capability are well suited for investigating the junction distribution of solar cells with lateral inhomogeneities.
Jiang, C. S.; Moutinho, H. R.; Li, J. V.; Al-Jassim, M. M.; Heath, J. T.
Very large-scale structures in sintered silica aerogels as evidenced by atomic force microscopy and ultra-small angle
Very large-scale structures in sintered silica aerogels as evidenced by atomic force microscopy of silica aerogels has been extensively studied mainly by scattering techniques (neutrons, X-rays, light) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments have been carried out on aerogels at dierent steps of densi
Demouchy, Sylvie
Microscope and method of use
A method and apparatus for electronically focusing and electronically scanning microscopic specimens are given. In the invention, visual images of even moving, living, opaque specimens can be acoustically obtained and viewed with virtually no time needed for processing (i.e., real time processing is used). And planar samples are not required. The specimens (if planar) need not be moved during scanning, although it will be desirable and possible to move or rotate nonplanar specimens (e.g., laser fusion targets) against the lens of the apparatus. No coupling fluid is needed, so specimens need not be wetted. A phase acoustic microscope is also made from the basic microscope components together with electronic mixers.
Bongianni, Wayne L. (Los Alamos, NM)
Note: Helical nanobelt force sensors
We present the fabrication and characterization of helical nanobelt force sensors. These self-sensing force sensors are based on the giant piezoresistivity of helical nanobelts. The three-dimensional helical nanobelts are self-formed from 27 nm-thick n-type InGaAs/GaAs bilayers using rolled-up techniques, and assembled onto electrodes on a micropipette using nanorobotic manipulations. The helical nanobelt force sensors can be calibrated using a calibrated atomic force microscope cantilever system under scanning electron microscope. Thanks to their giant piezoresistance coefficient (515 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -10} Pa{sup -1}), low stiffness (0.03125 N/m), large-displacement capability ({approx}10 {mu}m), and good fatigue resistance, they are well suited to function as stand-alone, compact ({approx}20 {mu}m without the plug-in support), light ({approx}5 g including the plug-in support), versatile and large range ({approx}{mu}N) and high resolution ({approx}nN) force sensors.
Hwang, G. [Laboratory for Photonics and Nanostructures, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marcoussis 91460 (France); Hashimoto, H. [Department of EECE, Chuo University 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo (Japan)
Spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy of biomass
Spectroscopy Spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy of biomass L. Tetard a,b , A. Passian a,b,n , R.H. Farahi a , U.C. Kalluri c , B.H. Davison c , T. Thundat a,b a Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA b Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA c Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Atomic force microscopy Spectroscopy Plant cells Biomass Nanomechanics a b s t r a c t Scanning probe microscopy has emerged as a powerful approach to a broader understanding of the molecular architecture of cell walls, which may shed light on the challenge of efficient cellulosic ethanol production. We have obtained preliminary images of both Populus and switchgrass samples using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show distinctive features that are shared by switchgrass
The History of the Microscope
the Microscope the Microscope Nature Bulletin No. 506 November 9, 1957 Forest Preserve District of Cook County Daniel Ryan, President Roberts Mann, Conservation Editor David H. Thompson, Senior Naturalist THE HISTORY OF THE MICROSCOPE During that historic period known as the Renaissance, after the "dark" Middle Ages, there occurred the inventions of printing, gunpowder and the mariner's compass, followed by the discovery of America. Equally remarkable was the invention of the microscope: an instrument that enables the human eye, by means of a lens or combinations of lenses, to observe enlarged images of tiny objects. It made visible the fascinating details of worlds within worlds. Long before, in the hazy unrecorded past, someone picked up a piece of transparent crystal thicker in the middle than at the edges, looked through it, and discovered that it made things look larger. Someone also found that such a crystal would focus the sun's rays and set fire to a piece of parchment or cloth. Magnifiers and "burning glasses" are mentioned in the writings of Seneca and Pliny the Elder, Roman philosophers during the first century A. D., but apparently they were not used much until the invention of spectacles, toward the end of the 13th century. They were named lenses because they are shaped like the seeds of a lentil.
Negative differential conductance in InAs wire based double quantum dot induced by a charged AFM tip
We investigate the conductance of an InAs nanowire in the nonlinear regime in the case of low electron density where the wire is split into quantum dots connected in series. The negative differential conductance in the wire is initiated by means of a charged atomic force microscope tip adjusting the transparency of the tunneling barrier between two adjoining quantum dots. We confirm that the negative differential conductance arises due to the resonant tunneling between these two adjoining quantum dots. The influence of the transparency of the blocking barriers and the relative position of energy states in the adjoining dots on a decrease of the negative differential conductance is investigated in detail.
Zhukov, A. A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Solid State Physics (Russian Federation); Volk, Ch.; Winden, A.; Hardtdegen, H.; Schaepers, Th. [Peter Gruenberg Institut (PGI-9) (Germany)
Overview of Electron Microscope Interference
Power frequency magnetic fields can interfere with proper operation of electronic imaging systems. Electron microscopes are susceptible to deflection of their electron beam by an external magnetic field. This unwanted deflection can cause blurring of the image. MRI equipment is susceptible to induced voltage in the sensing coil caused by changing magnetic fields. In either case the result is degradation of the image. Magnetic field strengths that impact the images are on the same order of magnitude as th...
Solid-state optical microscope
A solid state optical microscope is described wherein wide-field and high-resolution images of an object are produced at a rapid rate by utilizing conventional optics with a charge-coupled photodiode array. Means for scanning in one of two orthogonal directions are provided, while the charge-coupled photodiode array scans in the other orthogonal direction. Illumination light from the object is incident upon the photodiodes, creating packets of electrons (signals) which are representative of the illuminated object. The signals are then processed, stored in a memory, and finally displayed as a video signal.
Nuclear forces from chiral EFT: The unfinished business
In spite of the great progress we have seen in recent years in the derivation of nuclear forces from chiral effective field theory (EFT), some important issues are still unresolved. In this contribution, we discuss the open problems which have particular relevance for microscopic nuclear structure, namely, the proper renormalization of chiral nuclear potentials and sub-leading many-body forces.
R. Machleidt; D. R. Entem
The growing interest in the physics of fluidic flow in nanoscale channels, as well as the possibility for high sensitive detection of ions and single molecules is driving the development of nanofluidic channels. The enrichment of charged analytes due to electric field-controlled flow and surface charge/dipole interactions along the channel can lead to enhancement of sensitivity and limits-of-detection in sensor instruments. Nuclear material processing, waste remediation, and nuclear non-proliferation applications can greatly benefit from this capability. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides a low-cost alternative for the machining of disposable nanochannels. The small AFM tip diameter (< 10 nm) can provide for features at scales restricted in conventional optical and electron-beam lithography. This work presents preliminary results on the fabrication of nano/microfluidic channels on polymer films deposited on quartz substrates by AFM lithography.
Mendez-Torres, A.; Torres, R.; Lam, P.
Torres, R.; Mendez-Torres, A.; Lam, P.
Session BB: Quantum Effect Materials: Quantum Dots I - TMS
The structure of InP was observed by atomic force microscope(AFM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM). InP was grown two-dimensionally at least to�...
Nanomaterials Analysis using a Scanning Electron Microscope ...
Nanomaterials Analysis using a Scanning Electron Microscope Technology available for licensing: Steradian X-ray detection system increases the detection capability of SEMs during...
NIST Physicists 'Entangle' Microscopic Drum's Beat with ...
... entangled� a microscopic mechanical drum with electrical signals ... Entanglement has technological uses. ... cooled" the drum to a very low energy level ...
Available Technologies: Transmission Electron Microscope Phase ...
Robert Glaeser and Jian Jin have developed an apparatus that can be integrated into transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) to enable high contrast imaging of weak ...
NIST's New Scanning Probe Microscope is Supercool
... The microscope is mounted on a 6-ton granite table (4), also supported by pneumatic isolators. The cryostat (5) is mounted ...
Geek-Up[6.3.2011]: Inked PV, Diagnostic Tools and Tough Microscopes |
3.2011]: Inked PV, Diagnostic Tools and Tough Microscopes 3.2011]: Inked PV, Diagnostic Tools and Tough Microscopes Geek-Up[6.3.2011]: Inked PV, Diagnostic Tools and Tough Microscopes June 3, 2011 - 2:04pm Addthis Novartis Diagnostics scientist Cleo Salisbury and Biological Nanostructures Facility director Ron Zuckermann discuss their collaboration to discover new therapies for Alzheimer's. Niketa Kumar Niketa Kumar Public Affairs Specialist, Office of Public Affairs What does this mean for me? Researchers have developed new inorganic nanocrystal arrays created by spraying a new type of colloidal "ink." Scientists have engineered a technique to help doctors identify Alzheimer's in its early stages and discover new therapies for this disease. Scientists have developed a new type of atomic force microscope that
Scanning x-ray microscope
A scanning x-ray microscope is described including: an x-ray source capable of emitting a beam of x-rays; a collimator positioned to receive the beam of x-rays and to collimate this beam, a focusing cone means to focus the beam of x-rays, directed by the collimator, onto a focal plane, a specimen mount for supporting a specimen in the focal plane to receive the focused beam of x-rays, and x-ray beam scanning means to relatively move the specimen and the focusing cone means and collimator to scan the focused x-ray beam across the specimen. A detector is disposed adjacent the specimen to detect flourescent photons emitted by the specimen upon exposure to the focused beam of x-rays to provide an electrical output representative of this detection. Means are included for displaying and/or recording the information provided by the output from the detector, as are means for providing information to the recording and/or display means representative of the scan rate and position of the focused x-ray beam relative to the specimen whereby the recording and/or display means can correlate the information received to record and/or display quantitive and distributive information as to the quantity and distribution of elements detected in the specimen. Preferably there is provided an x-ray beam modulation means upstream, relative to the direction of emission of the xray beam, of the focusing cone means.
Wang, C.
Disorder-Induced Microscopic Magnetic Memory
Disorder-Induced Microscopic Disorder-Induced Microscopic Magnetic Memory Disorder-Induced Microscopic Magnetic Memory Print Wednesday, 26 October 2005 00:00 The magnetic-recording industry deliberately introduces carefully controlled disorder into its materials to obtain the desired magnetic properties. But as the density of magnetic disks climbs, the size of the magnetic domains responsible for storage must decrease, posing new challenges. Beautiful theories based on random microscopic disorder have been developed over the past ten years. To directly compare these theories with precise experiments, an American-European team, led by researchers from the University of Washington, Seattle, first developed and then applied coherent x-ray speckle metrology to microscopic magnetic domains in a series of thin multilayer perpendicular magnetic materials of varying disorder. Their results, at odds with all previous theories, have set a new reference point for future theories.
What is Force
... force may be balanced by an opposing force so that no energy is expended ... The unit of force is the Newton (N). By definition, the newton is the force ...
Disorder-Induced Microscopic Magnetic Memory Print Disorder-Induced Microscopic Magnetic Memory Print The magnetic-recording industry deliberately introduces carefully controlled disorder into its materials to obtain the desired magnetic properties. But as the density of magnetic disks climbs, the size of the magnetic domains responsible for storage must decrease, posing new challenges. Beautiful theories based on random microscopic disorder have been developed over the past ten years. To directly compare these theories with precise experiments, an American-European team, led by researchers from the University of Washington, Seattle, first developed and then applied coherent x-ray speckle metrology to microscopic magnetic domains in a series of thin multilayer perpendicular magnetic materials of varying disorder. Their results, at odds with all previous theories, have set a new reference point for future theories.
Laser Scanning Two Photon and Confocal Microscope
... The SP5 is a laser scanning two-photon and confocal microscope equipped with ... nm HeNe, and tunable IR (680 nm - 1060 nm) lasers * 4 internal ...
Soft x-ray laser microscope
The program consisted of two phases (Phase I and Phase II). The goal of the Phase I (first year program) was to design and construct the Soft X-ray Laser Contact Microscope. Such microscope was constructed and adapted to PPL's 18.2nm soft X-ray Laser (SXL), which in turn was modified and prepared for microscopy experiments. Investigation of the photoresist response to 18.2nm laser radiation and transmissivity of 0.1m thick silicion-nitride (Si[sub 3]N[sub 4]) windows were important initial works. The goal of the first year of Phase II was to construct X-ray contact microscope in combination with existing optical phase microscope, already used by biologists. In the second year of Phase II study of dehydrated Horeseshoe Crab and Hela cancer cells were performed with COXRALM. Also during Phase II, the Imaging X-Ray Laser Microscope (IXRALM) was designed and constructed. This paper describes the development of each of the microscopes and their application for research.
Suckewer, P.I.
NCEM National Center for Electron Microscopy: Microscopes and...
I The TEAM I microscope is a double-aberration-corrected (scanning) transmission electron microscope (STEMTEM) capable of producing images with 50 pm resolution. The basic...
The TEAM Project: What is the TEAM microscope?
What is the TEAM microscope? The TEAM project will construct a new generation electron microscope designed to incorporate aberration-correcting electron optics, to develop a common...
NIST Studies How New Helium Ion Microscope Measures Up
... are studying helium ion microscopes to improve ... analogous to the scanning electron microscope, which was ... are far larger than electrons, they can ...
The dynamics of individual nucleosomes controls the chromatin condensation pathway: direct AFM visualization of variant chromatin
Chromatin organization and dynamics is studied in this work at scales ranging from single nucleosome to nucleosomal array by using a unique combination of biochemical assays, single molecule imaging technique and numerical modeling. We demonstrate that a subtle modification in the nucleosome structure induced by the histone variant H2A.Bbd drastically modifies the higher order organization of the nucleosomal arrays. Importantly, as directly visualized by AFM, conventional H2A nucleosomal arrays exhibit specific local organization, in contrast to H2A.Bbd arrays, which show ?beads on a string? structure. The combination of systematic image analysis and theoretical modeling allows a quantitative description relating the observed gross structural changes of the arrays to their local organization. Our results strongly suggest that higher-order organization of H1-free nucleosomal arrays is mainly determined by the fluctuation properties of individual nucleosomes. Moreover, numerical simulations suggest the existenc...
Montel, Fabien; Castelnovo, Martin; Bednar, Jan; Dimitrov, Stefan; Angelov, Dimitar; Faivre-Moskalenko, Cendrine
Piezoresistive cantilever force-clamp system
We present a microelectromechanical device-based tool, namely, a force-clamp system that sets or ''clamps'' the scaled force and can apply designed loading profiles (e.g., constant, sinusoidal) of a desired magnitude. The system implements a piezoresistive cantilever as a force sensor and the built-in capacitive sensor of a piezoelectric actuator as a displacement sensor, such that sample indentation depth can be directly calculated from the force and displacement signals. A programmable real-time controller operating at 100 kHz feedback calculates the driving voltage of the actuator. The system has two distinct modes: a force-clamp mode that controls the force applied to a sample and a displacement-clamp mode that controls the moving distance of the actuator. We demonstrate that the system has a large dynamic range (sub-nN up to tens of {mu}N force and nm up to tens of {mu}m displacement) in both air and water, and excellent dynamic response (fast response time, instruments such as a microscope with patch-clamp electronics. We demonstrate the capabilities of the system by using it to calibrate the stiffness and sensitivity of an electrostatic actuator and to measure the mechanics of a living, freely moving Caenorhabditis elegans nematode.
Park, Sung-Jin; Petzold, Bryan C.; Pruitt, Beth L. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (United States); Goodman, Miriam B. [Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (United States)
Miniature self-contained vacuum compatible electronic imaging microscope
A vacuum compatible CCD-based microscopic camera with an integrated illuminator. The camera can provide video or still feed from the microscope contained within a vacuum chamber. Activation of an optional integral illuminator can provide light to illuminate the microscope subject. The microscope camera comprises a housing with a objective port, modified objective, beam-splitter, CCD camera, and LED illuminator.
Naulleau, Patrick P. (Oakland, CA); Batson, Phillip J. (Alameda, CA); Denham, Paul E. (Crockett, CA); Jones, Michael S. (San Francisco, CA)
Instrument Series: Microscopy Environmental Transmission Electron Microscope
Environmental Transmission Environmental Transmission Electron Microscope EMSL's environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM) provides in situ capabilities that enable atomic-resolution imaging and spectroscopic studies of materials under dynamic operating conditions. In contrast to traditional operation of TEM under high vacuum, EMSL's ETEM uniquely allows imaging within high- temperature and gas environments-with a gas pressure up to 20 Torr. With a spherical aberration corrector for the objective lens, the ETEM captures atomic-level processes as they occur, enabling vital research across a range of scientific fields. Research Applications Chemical science and engineering - providing in situ observation of catalytic processes with atomic-level resolution Materials science and engineering - allowing
Force spectroscopy of polymer desorption: Theory and Molecular Dynamics simulation
Forced detachment of a single polymer chain, strongly-adsorbed on a solid substrate, is investigated by two complementary methods: a coarse-grained analytical dynamical model, based on the Onsager stochastic equation, and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations with Langevin thermostat. The suggested approach makes it possible to go beyond the limitations of the conventional Bell-Evans model. We observe a series of characteristic force spikes when the pulling force is measured against the cantilever displacement during detachment at constant velocity $v_c$ (displacement control mode) and find that the average magnitude of this force increases as $v_c$ grows. The probability distributions of the pulling force and the end-monomer distance from the surface at the moment of final detachment are investigated for different adsorption energy $\\epsilon$ and pulling velocity $v_c$. Our extensive MD-simulations validate and support the main theoretical findings. Moreover, the simulation reveals a novel behavior: for a strong-friction and massive cantilever the force spikes pattern is smeared out at large $v_c$. As a challenging task for experimental bio-polymers sequencing in future we suggest the fabrication of stiff, super-light, nanometer-sized AFM probe.
J. Paturej; J. L. A. Dubbeldam; V. G. Rostiashvili; A. Milchev; T. A. Vilgis
Microscopic Probes of High-Temperature Superconductivity
The granularity of the cuprate superconductors limits the effectiveness of many experimental probes that average over volumes containing many atoms. This report presents theoretical studies on muon spin relaxation and positron annihilation, two microscopic experimental techniques that can probe the properties of both high- and low-temperature superconductors on the atomic scale.
Reduction of the Casimir Force from Indium Tin Oxide Film by UV Treatment
A significant decrease in the magnitude of the Casimir force (from 21% to 35%) was observed after an indium tin oxide sample interacting with an Au sphere was subjected to the UV treatment. Measurements were performed by using an atomic force microscope in high vacuum. The experimental results are compared with theory and a hypothetical explanation for the observed phenomenon is proposed.
Chang, C.-C.; Banishev, A. A.; Mohideen, U. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 (United States); Klimchitskaya, G. L. [North-West Technical University, Millionnaya Street 5, St. Petersburg, 191065 (Russian Federation); Mostepanenko, V. M. [Noncommercial Partnership ''Scientific Instruments,'' Tverskaya Street 11, Moscow, 103905 (Russian Federation)
Method for imaging liquid and dielectric materials with scanning polarization force microscopy
The invention images dielectric polarization forces on surfaces induced by a charged scanning force microscope (SFM) probe tip. On insulators, the major contribution to the surface polarizability at low frequencies is from surface ions. The mobility of these ions depends strongly on the humidity. Using the inventive SFM, liquid films, droplets, and other weakly adsorbed materials have been imaged.
Hu, Jun (Berkeley, CA); Ogletree, D. Frank (El Cerrito, CA); Salmeron, Miguel (El Cerrito, CA); Xiao, Xudong (Kowloon, CN)
Apparatus for imaging liquid and dielectric materials with scanning polarization force microscopy
The invention images dielectric polarization forces on surfaces induced by a charged scanning force microscope (SFM) probe tip. On insulators, the major contribution to the surface polarizability at low frequencies is from surface ions. The mobility of these ions depends strongly on the humidity. Using the inventive SFM, liquid films, droplets, and other weakly adsorbed materials have been imaged. 9 figs.
Hu, J.; Ogletree, D.F.; Salmeron, M.; Xiao, X.
Chromatin organization and dynamics is studied in this work at scales ranging from single nucleosome to nucleosomal array by using a unique combination of biochemical assays, single molecule imaging technique and numerical modeling. We demonstrate that a subtle modification in the nucleosome structure induced by the histone variant H2A.Bbd drastically modifies the higher order organization of the nucleosomal arrays. Importantly, as directly visualized by AFM, conventional H2A nucleosomal arrays exhibit specific local organization, in contrast to H2A.Bbd arrays, which show ?beads on a string? structure. The combination of systematic image analysis and theoretical modeling allows a quantitative description relating the observed gross structural changes of the arrays to their local organization. Our results strongly suggest that higher-order organization of H1-free nucleosomal arrays is mainly determined by the fluctuation properties of individual nucleosomes. Moreover, numerical simulations suggest the existence of attractive interactions between nucleosomes to provide the degree of compaction observed for conventional chromatin fibers.
Fabien Montel; Herv� Menoni; Martin Castelnovo; Jan Bednar; Stefan Dimitrov; Dimitar Angelov; Cendrine Faivre-Moskalenko
FEDERAL SMART GRID TASK FORCE - February 26, 2009 Task Force...
FEDERAL SMART GRID TASK FORCE - February 26, 2009 Task Force Meeting Agenda FEDERAL SMART GRID TASK FORCE - February 26, 2009 Task Force Meeting Agenda February 26, 2009 Task Force...
Polymers with hydro-responsive topography identified using high throughput AFM of an acrylate microarray
Atomic force microscopy has been applied to an acrylate polymer microarray to achieve a full topographic characterisation. This process discovered a small number of hydro-responsive materials created from monomers with ...
Hook, Andrew L.
Nanoscale Mechanics by Contact Resonance Atomic Force ...
... mechanical tests (eg tensile tests observed inside a ... CR-AFM requires no additional testing device or ... 109, 929, 2009), AlN NTs (Nanotechnology 20 ...
Forced Trench Waves
A general theory for forced barotropic long trench waves in the presence of linear bottom friction is presented. Two specific forcing mechanisms are considered: (i) transverse fluctuations in a western boundary current as it flows across a trench,...
Lawrence A. Mysak; Andrew J. Willmott
A Microscopic Double-Slit Experiment
A Microscopic Double-Slit A Microscopic Double-Slit Experiment A Microscopic Double-Slit Experiment Print Wednesday, 29 February 2012 00:00 Two centuries ago, Thomas Young performed the classic demonstration of the wave nature of light. He placed a screen with two tiny slits in front of a single light source, effectively converting it into a two-centered source. On a second screen far away, he saw a pattern of light and dark diffraction fringes, a well-known hallmark of wave interference. Along with later studies using particles instead of light, the experiment played a crucial role in establishing the validity of wave-particle duality, a puzzling concept that has ultimately become central to the interpretation of complementarity in quantum mechnanics. In a new twist on this classic experiment, the double slit (with light waves) has been replaced by a diatomic molecule (with electron waves). At ALS Beamline 10.0.1, researchers have shown that diatomic molecules can serve as two-center emitters of electron waves and that traces of electron-wave interference can be directly observed in precise measurements of vibrationally resolved photoionization spectra.
A class of linear proportional servomechanisms is examined in which an electrical signal proportional to output force is used to improve performance. The effect of this "force feedback" on a positional servomechanism is analyzed as well as the effect on a special type of servomechanism which reflects load forces back to the input. This latter type of servomechanism is called "force reflecting." Laboratory models of these servormechanisms were designed and constructed, and experimental data are presented in support of the analysis. (auth)
Arzbaecher, R.C.
Measuring the Casimir force gradient from graphene on a SiO_2 substrate
The gradient of the Casimir force between a Si-SiO${}_2$-graphene substrate and an Au-coated sphere is measured by means of a dynamic atomic force microscope operated in the frequency shift technique. It is shown that the presence of graphene leads to up to 9% increase in the force gradient at the shortest separation considered. This is in qualitative agreement with the predictions of an additive theory using the Dirac model of graphene.
A. A. Banishev; H. Wen; J. Xu; R. K. Kawakami; G. L. Klimchitskaya; V. M. Mostepanenko; U. Mohideen
OM The One-Angstrom Microscope (OM) is a mid-voltage transmission electron microscope (TEM) capable of producing images with sub-angstrom resolution. The basic instrument is a...
Microscopic linear liquid streams in vacuum: Injection of solvated biological samples into X-ray free electron lasers
Microscopic linear liquid free-streams offer a means of gently delivering biological samples into a probe beam in vacuum while maintaining the sample species in a fully solvated state. By employing gas dynamic forces to form the microscopic liquid stream (as opposed to a conventional solid-walled convergent nozzle), liquid free-streams down to 300 nm diameter have been generated. Such 'Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzles' (GDVN) are ideally suited to injecting complex biological species into an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) to determine the structure of the biological species via Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX). GDVN injector technology developed for this purpose is described.
Doak, R. B.; DePonte, D. P.; Nelson, G.; Camacho-Alanis, F.; Ros, A.; Spence, J. C. H.; Weierstall, U. [Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504 (United States); Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, D-22607 Hamburg (Germany); Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504 (United States)
Microscopic calculation of 240Pu scission with a finite-range effective force
Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations of hot fission in $^{240}\\textrm{Pu}$ have been performed with a newly-implemented code that uses the D1S finite-range effective interaction. The hot-scission line is identified in the quadrupole-octupole-moment coordinate space. Fission-fragment shapes are extracted from the calculations. A benchmark calculation for $^{226}\\textrm{Th}$ is obtained and compared to results in the literature. In addition, technical aspects of the use of HFB calculations for fission studies are examined in detail. In particular, the identification of scission configurations, the sensitivity of near-scission calculations to the choice of collective coordinates in the HFB iterations, and the formalism for the adjustment of collective-variable constraints are discussed. The power of the constraint-adjustment algorithm is illustrated with calculations near the critical scission configurations with up to seven simultaneous constraints.
W. Younes; D. Gogny
Differential force microscope for long time-scale biophysical measurements Jason L. Choy,a
PSDs . The cantilevers and sample can be illu- minated with a broadband light emitting diode source LS1
Bustamante, Carlos
National Laboratory (PNNL). The research was performed usingResearch and located at PNNL. 1 R. S. Arvidson, M. Collier,
Lea, A.S.
Nanostructured ZnO arrays with self-ZnO layer created using simple electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly
Formation of unique ZnO nanoarrays utilizing photodynamic polymer, surface-relief grating structures, and unique electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly as a simple and economical methodology was demonstrated. Atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron ...
PilHo Huh; Seong-Cheol Kim
Ponderomotive phase plate for transmission electron microscopes
A ponderomotive phase plate system and method for controllably producing highly tunable phase contrast transfer functions in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for high resolution and biological phase contrast imaging. The system and method includes a laser source and a beam transport system to produce a focused laser crossover as a phase plate, so that a ponderomotive potential of the focused laser crossover produces a scattering-angle-dependent phase shift in the electrons of the post-sample electron beam corresponding to a desired phase contrast transfer function.
Reed, Bryan W. (Livermore, CA)
Acoustic microscope surface inspection system and method
An acoustic microscope surface inspection system and method in which pulses of high frequency electrical energy are applied to a transducer which forms and focuses acoustic energy onto a selected location on the surface of an object and receives energy from the location and generates electrical pulses. The phase of the high frequency electrical signal pulses are stepped with respected to the phase of a reference signal at said location. An output signal is generated which is indicative of the surface of said selected location. The object is scanned to provide output signals representative of the surface at a plurality of surface locations.
Khuri-Yakub, Butrus T. (Palo Alto, CA); Parent, Philippe (Chilly-Mazarin, FR); Reinholdtsen, Paul A. (Seattle, WA)
Scanning tip microwave near field microscope
A microwave near field microscope has a novel microwave probe structure wherein the probing field of evanescent radiation is emitted from a sharpened metal tip instead of an aperture or gap. This sharpened tip, which is electrically and mechanically connected to a central electrode, extends through and beyond an aperture in an endwall of a microwave resonating device such as a microwave cavity resonator or a microwave stripline resonator. Since the field intensity at the tip increases as the tip sharpens, the total energy which is radiated from the tip and absorbed by the sample increases as the tip sharpens. The result is improved spatial resolution without sacrificing sensitivity.
Xiang, Xiao-Dong (Alameda, CA); Schultz, Peter G. (Oakland, CA); Wei, Tao (Albany, CA)
Braking system for use with an arbor of a microscope
A balanced braking system comprising a plurality of braking assemblies located about a member to be braked. Each of the braking assemblies consists of a spring biased piston of a first material fitted into a body of a different material which has a greater contraction upon cooling than the piston material. The piston is provided with a recessed head portion over which is positioned a diaphragm and forming a space therebetween to which is connected a pressurized fluid supply. The diaphragm is controlled by the fluid in the space to contact or withdraw from the member to be braked. A cooling device causes the body within which the piston is fitted to contract more than the piston, producing a tight shrink fit therebetween. The braking system is particularly applicable for selectively braking an arbor of an electron microscope which immobilizes, for example, a vertically adjustable low temperature specimen holder during observation. The system provides balanced braking forces which can be easily removed and re-established with minimal disturbance to arbor location.
Norgren, Duane U. (Orinda, CA)
Spin Modes in Nuclei and Nuclear Forces
Spin modes in stable and unstable exotic nuclei are studied and important roles of tensor and three-body forces on nuclear structure are discussed. New shell model Hamiltonians, which have proper tensor components, are shown to explain shell evolutions toward drip-lines and spin properties of both stable and exotic nuclei, for example, Gamow-Teller transitions in {sup 12}C and {sup 14}C and an anomalous M1 transition in {sup 17}C. The importance and the necessity of the repulsive monopole corrections in isospin T = 1 channel to the microscopic two-body interactions are pointed out. The corrections are shown to lead to the proper shell evolutions in neutron-rich isotopes. The three-body force, in particular the Fujita-Miyazawa force induced by {Delta} excitations, is pointed out to be responsible for the repulsive corrections among the valence neutrons. The important roles of the three-body force on the energies and transitions in exotic oxygen and calcium isotopes are demonstrated.
Suzuki, Toshio [Department of Physics and Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajosui 3-25-40, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550 (Japan) and Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198 (Japan); Otsuka, Takaharu [Department of Physics and Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 (Japan)
A Microscopic Double-Slit Experiment Print A Microscopic Double-Slit Experiment Print Two centuries ago, Thomas Young performed the classic demonstration of the wave nature of light. He placed a screen with two tiny slits in front of a single light source, effectively converting it into a two-centered source. On a second screen far away, he saw a pattern of light and dark diffraction fringes, a well-known hallmark of wave interference. Along with later studies using particles instead of light, the experiment played a crucial role in establishing the validity of wave-particle duality, a puzzling concept that has ultimately become central to the interpretation of complementarity in quantum mechnanics. In a new twist on this classic experiment, the double slit (with light waves) has been replaced by a diatomic molecule (with electron waves). At ALS Beamline 10.0.1, researchers have shown that diatomic molecules can serve as two-center emitters of electron waves and that traces of electron-wave interference can be directly observed in precise measurements of vibrationally resolved photoionization spectra.
One might summarize of nuclear potential energy has beendegree of freedom) for the nuclear interaction between anyUniversity of California. Nuclear Proximity Forces 'I< at
Randrup, J.
Why measure force?
... Automated industrial processes such as rolling mills require accurate force measurement to control roll pressure on bar steel, sheet metal, paper ...
Dilution and resonance-enhanced repulsion in nonequilibrium fluctuation forces
In equilibrium, forces induced by fluctuations of the electromagnetic field between electrically polarizable objects (microscopic or macroscopic) in vacuum are generically attractive. The force may, however, become repulsive for microscopic particles coupled to thermal baths with different temperatures. We demonstrate that this nonequilibrium repulsion can be realized also between macroscopic objects, as planar slabs, if they are kept at different temperatures. It is shown that repulsion can be enhanced by (i) tuning of material resonances in the thermal region and by (ii) reducing the dielectric contrast due to ''dilution''. This can lead to stable equilibrium positions. We discuss the realization of these effects for aerogels, yielding repulsion down to submicron distances at realistic porosities.
Bimonte, Giuseppe [Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli (Italy); INFN Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli (Italy); Emig, Thorsten [Laboratoire de Physique Theorique et Modeles Statistiques, CNRS UMR 8626, Bat. 100, Universite Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay cedex (France); Krueger, Matthias; Kardar, Mehran [Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States)
Direct patterning of surface quantum wells with an atomic force J. Cortes Rosa, M. Wendel, H. Lorenz,a)
Direct patterning of surface quantum wells with an atomic force microscope J. Cortes Rosa, MAsAlSb surface quantum wells. Sharp and sturdy electron beam deposited tips are developed to withstand the comparatively high N forces in the direct patterning process. By direct patterning the InAs surface quantum well
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München
ILC Citizens' Task Force
the Fermilab ILC Citizens' Task Force June 2008 Report of the Fermilab ILC Citizens' Task Force 3 Contents 1 Executive Summary 3 Chapter 1 Purpose 7 Chapter 2 Origins and Purpose of the Fermilab Citizens' Task Force 15 Chapter 3 Setting the Stage 19 Chapter 4 Current Status of High Energy Physics Research 25 Chapter 5 Bringing the Next-Generation Accelerator to Fermilab 31 Chapter 6 Learning from Past Projects 37 Chapter 7 Location, Construction and Operation of Facilities Beyond Fermilab's Borders 45 Chapter 8 Health and Safety 49 Chapter 9 Environment 53 Chapter 10 Economics 59 Chapter 11 Political Considerations 65 Chapter 12 Community Engagement 77 Chapter 13 Summary 81 Appendices Appendix A. Task Force Members Appendix B. Task Force Meetings and Topics
Microscopic Description of Nuclear Fission Dynamics
We discuss possible avenues to study fission dynamics starting from a time-dependent mean-field approach. Previous attempts to study fission dynamics using the time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) theory are analyzed. We argue that different initial conditions may be needed to describe fission dynamics depending on the specifics of the fission phenomenon and propose various approaches towards this goal. In particular, we provide preliminary calculations for studying fission following a heavy-ion reaction using TDHF with a density contraint. Regarding prompt muon-induced fission, we also suggest a new approach for combining the time-evolution of the muonic wave function with a microscopic treatment of fission dynamics via TDHF.
A. S. Umar; V. E. Oberacker; J. A. Maruhn; P. -G. Reinhard
Chemical Power for Microscopic Robots in Capillaries
The power available to microscopic robots (nanorobots) that oxidize bloodstream glucose while aggregated in circumferential rings on capillary walls is evaluated with a numerical model using axial symmetry and time-averaged release of oxygen from passing red blood cells. Robots about one micron in size can produce up to several tens of picowatts, in steady-state, if they fully use oxygen reaching their surface from the blood plasma. Robots with pumps and tanks for onboard oxygen storage could collect oxygen to support burst power demands two to three orders of magnitude larger. We evaluate effects of oxygen depletion and local heating on surrounding tissue. These results give the power constraints when robots rely entirely on ambient available oxygen and identify aspects of the robot design significantly affecting available power. More generally, our numerical model provides an approach to evaluating robot design choices for nanomedicine treatments in and near capillaries.
Hogg, Tad
Long working distance incoherent interference microscope
A full-field imaging, long working distance, incoherent interference microscope suitable for three-dimensional imaging and metrology of MEMS devices and test structures on a standard microelectronics probe station. A long working distance greater than 10 mm allows standard probes or probe cards to be used. This enables nanometer-scale 3-dimensional height profiles of MEMS test structures to be acquired across an entire wafer while being actively probed, and, optionally, through a transparent window. An optically identical pair of sample and reference arm objectives is not required, which reduces the overall system cost, and also the cost and time required to change sample magnifications. Using a LED source, high magnification (e.g., 50.times.) can be obtained having excellent image quality, straight fringes, and high fringe contrast.
Sinclair, Michael B. (Albuquerque, NM); De Boer, Maarten P. (Albuquerque, NM)
Scanning Electron Microscope 1: Zeiss Ultra-60 FESEM
Scanning Electron Microscope 1: Zeiss Ultra-60 FESEM. ... Secondary and backscattered electron detectors; Images structures down to 10 nm in size; ...
The TEAM Project: Who is building the TEAM microscope?
Who is building the TEAM microscope? Led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's National Center for Electron Microscopy, TEAM is an intensive collaborative project with...
Inelastic X-ray Scattering Reveals Microscopic Transport Properties...
Inelastic X-ray Scattering Reveals Microscopic Transport Properties of Molten Aluminum Oxide The transport properties of high-temperature oxide melts are of considerable interest...
OOTW Force Design Tools
This report documents refined requirements for tools to aid the process of force design in Operations Other Than War (OOTWs). It recommends actions for the creation of one tool and work on other tools relating to mission planning. It also identifies the governmental agencies and commands with interests in each tool, from whom should come the user advisory groups overseeing the respective tool development activities. The understanding of OOTWs and their analytical support requirements has matured to the point where action can be taken in three areas: force design, collaborative analysis, and impact analysis. While the nature of the action and the length of time before complete results can be expected depends on the area, in each case the action should begin immediately. Force design for OOTWs is not a technically difficult process. Like force design for combat operations, it is a process of matching the capabilities of forces against the specified and implied tasks of the operation, considering the constraints of logistics, transport and force availabilities. However, there is a critical difference that restricts the usefulness of combat force design tools for OOTWs: the combat tools are built to infer non-combat capability requirements from combat capability requirements and cannot reverse the direction of the inference, as is required for OOTWs. Recently, OOTWs have played a larger role in force assessment, system effectiveness and tradeoff analysis, and concept and doctrine development and analysis. In the first Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), each of the Services created its own OOTW force design tool. Unfortunately, the tools address different parts of the problem and do not coordinate the use of competing capabilities. These tools satisfied the immediate requirements of the QDR, but do not provide a long-term cost-effective solution.
Bell, R.E.; Hartley, D.S.III; Packard, S.L.
Optical Bernoulli forces
By Bernoulli's law, an increase in the relative speed of a fluid around a body is accompanied by a decrease in the pressure. Therefore, a rotating body in a fluid stream experiences a force perpendicular to the motion of ...
Movassagh, Ramis
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Reduction in force (RIF) is a set of regulations and procedures that are used to determine whether an employee keeps his or her present position, or whether the employee has a right to another...
Constraint and Restoring Force
Long-lived sensor network applications must be able to self-repair and adapt to changing demands. We introduce a new approach for doing so: Constraint and Restoring Force. CRF is a physics-inspired framework for computing ...
Beal, Jacob
Weak nuclear forces cause the strong nuclear force
We determine the strength of the weak nuclear force which holds the lattices of the elementary particles together. We also determine the strength of the strong nuclear force which emanates from the sides of the nuclear lattices. The strong force is the sum of the unsaturated weak forces at the surface of the nuclear lattices. The strong force is then about ten to the power of 6 times stronger than the weak force between two lattice points.
E. L. Koschmieder
Single-molecule force spectroscopy: Practical limitations beyond Bell's model
Single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments, as well as a number of other physical systems, are governed by thermally activated transitions out of a metastable state under the action of a steadily increasing external force. The main observable in such experiments is the distribution of the forces, at which the escape events occur. The challenge in interpreting the experimental data is to relate them to the microscopic system properties. We work out a maximum likelihood approach and show that it is the optimal method to tackle this problem. When fitting actual experimental data it is unavoidable to assume some functional form for the force-dependent escape rate. We consider a quite general and common such functional form and demonstrate by means of data from a realistic computer experiment that the maximum number of fit parameters that can be determined reliably is three. They are related to the force-free escape rate and the position and height of the activation barrier. Furthermore, the results for the first two of these fit parameters show little dependence on the assumption about the manner in which the barrier decreases with the applied force, while the last one, the barrier height in the absence of force, depends strongly on this assumption.
Sebastian Getfert; Mykhaylo Evstigneev; Peter Reimann
Shear Viscosity Coefficient from Microscopic Models
The transport coefficient of shear viscosity is studied for a hadron matter through microscopic transport model, the Ultra--relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD), using the Green--Kubo formulas. Molecular--dynamical simulations are performed for a system of light mesons in a box with periodic boundary conditions. Starting from an initial state composed of $\\pi, \\eta ,\\omega ,\\rho ,\\phi$ with a uniform phase--space distribution, the evolution takes place through elastic collisions, production and annihilation. The system approaches a stationary state of mesons and their resonances, which is characterized by common temperature. After equilibration, thermodynamic quantities such as the energy density, particle density, and pressure are calculated. From such an equilibrated state the shear viscosity coefficient is calculated from the fluctuations of stress tensor around equilibrium using Green--Kubo relations. We do our simulations here at zero net baryon density so that the equilibration times depend on the energy density. We do not include hadron strings as degrees of freedom so as to maintain detailed balance. Hence we do not get the saturation of temperature but this leads to longer equilibration times.
Azwinndini Muronga
Casimir forces in multilayer magnetodielectrics with both gain and loss
A path-integral approach to the quantization of the electromagnetic field in a linearly amplifying magnetodielectric medium is presented. Two continua of inverted harmonic oscillators are used to describe the polarizability and magnetizability of the amplifying medium. The causal susceptibilities of the amplifying medium, with negative imaginary parts in finite frequency intervals, are identified and their relationships to microscopic coupling functions are determined. By carefully relating the two-point functions of the field theory to the optical Green functions, we calculate the Casimir energy and Casimir forces for a multilayer magnetodielectric medium with both gain and loss. We point out the essential differences with a purely passive layered medium. For a single layer, we find different bounds on the Casimir force for fully amplifying and for lossy media. The force is attractive in both cases, even if the medium exhibits negative refraction. From our Lagrangian we also derive by canonical quantization the postulates of the phenomenological theory of amplifying magnetodielectrics.
Amooghorban, Ehsan [Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens. Lyngby (Denmark); Department of Physics, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jarib Avenue, Isfahan (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Wubs, Martijn; Mortensen, N. Asger [Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens. Lyngby (Denmark); Kheirandish, Fardin [Department of Physics, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jarib Avenue, Isfahan (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
Chapter 6 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Sections include: Executive Summary 6.1 Radiative Forcing 6.2 Forcing-Response Relationship 6.3 Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gases 6.4 Stratospheric Ozone 6.5 Radiative Forcing By Tropospheric Ozone 6.6 Indirect Forcings due to Chemistry 6.7 The Direct Radiative Forcing of Tropospheric Aerosols 6.8 The Indirect Radiative Forcing of Tropospheric Aerosols 6.9 Stratospheric Aerosols 6.10 Land-use Change (Surface Albedo Effect) 6.11 Solar Forcing of Climate 6.12 Global Warming Potentials hydrocarbons 6.13 Global Mean Radiative Forcings 6.14 The Geographical Distribution of the Radiative Forcings 6.15 Time Evolution of Radiative Forcings Appendix 6.1 Elements of Radiative Forcing Concept References.
Ramaswamy, V.; Boucher, Olivier; Haigh, J.; Hauglustaine, D.; Haywood, J.; Myhre, G.; Nakajima, Takahito; Shi, Guangyu; Solomon, S.; Betts, Robert E.; Charlson, R.; Chuang, C. C.; Daniel, J. S.; Del Genio, Anthony D.; Feichter, J.; Fuglestvedt, J.; Forster, P. M.; Ghan, Steven J.; Jones, A.; Kiehl, J. T.; Koch, D.; Land, C.; Lean, J.; Lohmann, Ulrike; Minschwaner, K.; Penner, Joyce E.; Roberts, D. L.; Rodhe, H.; Roelofs, G.-J.; Rotstayn, Leon D.; Schneider, T. L.; Schumann, U.; Schwartz, Stephen E.; Schwartzkopf, M. D.; Shine, K. P.; Smith, Steven J.; Stevenson, D. S.; Stordal, F.; Tegen, I.; van Dorland, R.; Zhang, Y.; Srinivasan, J.; Joos, Fortunat
Work Force Restructuring Activities
Force Restructuring Activities Force Restructuring Activities December 10, 2008 Note: Current updates are in bold # Planned Site/Contractor HQ Approved Separations Status General * LM has finalized the compilation of contractor management team separation data for the end of FY07 actuals and end of FY08 and FY09 projections. LM has submitted to Congress the FY 2007 Annual Report on contractor work force restructuring activities. The report has been posted to the LM website. *LM conducted a DOE complex-wide data call to the Field and Operations offices for DOE Contractor Management teams to provide, by program, actual contractor separation data for the end of FY 2008 and projections for the end of FY 2009 and FY 2010. The data will be used to keep senior management informed of upcoming large WFR actions.
Simultaneous specimen and stage cleaning device for analytical electron microscope
An improved method and apparatus are provided for cleaning both a specimen stage, a specimen and an interior of an analytical electron microscope (AEM). The apparatus for cleaning a specimen stage and specimen comprising a plasma chamber for containing a gas plasma and an air lock coupled to the plasma chamber for permitting passage of the specimen stage and specimen into the plasma chamber and maintaining an airtight chamber. The specimen stage and specimen are subjected to a reactive plasma gas that is either DC or RF excited. The apparatus can be mounted on the analytical electron microscope (AEM) for cleaning the interior of the microscope.
Zaluzec, Nestor J. (Bolingbrook, IL)
NCEM National Center for Electron Microscopy: Microscopes and Facilities:
0.5 0.5 The TEAM 0.5 microscope is a double-aberration-corrected (scanning) transmission electron microscope (STEM/TEM) capable of producing images with 50 pm resolution. The basic instrument is a modified FEI Titan 80-300 microscope equipped with a special high-brightness Schottky-field emission electron source, a gun monochromator, a high-resolution GIF Tridiem energy-filter, and two CEOS hexapole-type spherical aberration correctors. The illumination aberration corrector corrects coherent axial aberrations up to 4th order, as well as 5th order spherical aberration and six-fold astigmatism. The imaging aberration corrector fully corrects for coherent axial aberrations up to 3rd order and partially compensates for 4th and 5th order aberrations. The microscope has two 2048x2048 slow-scan CCD
Simulation and characterization of a miniaturized Scanning Electron Microscope
A miniaturized Scanning Electron Microscope (mini-SEM) for in-situ lunar investigations is being developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center with colleagues from the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), Advanced Research Systems (ARS), and the ...
Jessica. A. Gaskin; Gregory A. Jerman; Stephanie Medley; Don Gregory; Terry O. Abbott; Allen R. Sampson
Microscopic Analysis of Agricultural Products, 4th Edition
Written for both production staff who need advice on specific problems and development personnel who seek directions. Microscopic Analysis of Agricultural Products, 4th Edition Methods and Analyses Methods - Analyses Books Soft Bound Books Methods - An
Geometry-driven visualization of microscopic structures in biology
At a microscopic resolution, biological structures are composed of cells, red blood corpuscles (RBCs), cytoplasm and other microstructural components. There is a natural pattern in terms of distribution, arrangement and packing density of these components ...
Kishore Mosaliganti; Raghu Machiraju; Kun Huang; Gustavo Leone
Site-specific force-distance characteristics on NaCl(001): Measurements versus atomistic simulations
A scanning force microscope was used to measure the frequency shift above various atomic sites on a NaCl(001) surface at 7 K. The data was converted to force and compared to the results of atomistic simulations using model NaCl and MgO tips. We find that the NaCl tip demonstrates better agreement in the magnitude of the forces in experiments, supporting the observation that the tip first came into contact with the sample. Using the MgO tip as a model of the originally oxidized silicon tip, we further demonstrate a possible mechanism for tip contamination at low temperatures.
Lantz, M. A.; Hoffmann, R.; Hidber, H. R. [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel (Switzerland); Foster, A. S. [Laboratory of Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 1100, 02015 HUT (Finland); Baratoff, A.; Hug, H. J.; Guentherodt, H.-J. [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel (Switzerland); National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) on Nanoscale Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel (Switzerland)
Soft x-ray laser microscope. Final report
The program consisted of two phases (Phase I and Phase II). The goal of the Phase I (first year program) was to design and construct the Soft X-ray Laser Contact Microscope. Such microscope was constructed and adapted to PPL`s 18.2nm soft X-ray Laser (SXL), which in turn was modified and prepared for microscopy experiments. Investigation of the photoresist response to 18.2nm laser radiation and transmissivity of 0.1m thick silicion-nitride (Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}) windows were important initial works. The goal of the first year of Phase II was to construct X-ray contact microscope in combination with existing optical phase microscope, already used by biologists. In the second year of Phase II study of dehydrated Horeseshoe Crab and Hela cancer cells were performed with COXRALM. Also during Phase II, the Imaging X-Ray Laser Microscope (IXRALM) was designed and constructed. This paper describes the development of each of the microscopes and their application for research.
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
ARMY SERVICE FORCES ARMY SERVICE FORCES ' -, 1 MANHATTAN ENGINEER DISTRICT --t 4 IN "LPLI RC,' LR io EIDM CIS INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY DIVISION CHICAGO BRANCH OFFICE i ., -,* - P. 0. Box 6770-A I ' 1 .' CHICAGO 80. ILLINOIS /lvb 15 February 1945 Subject: shipment Security Survey at &Uinckrodt Chemical Works. MEMORANDUM to the Officer in Charge. 1. The Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, St. Louis, Missouri, was contacted by the undersigned on 16 November 1944, for the purpose of -king an investigation to determine security provided shipments of interest to the Manhattan Engineer District. The investigation in- cluded shipments of vital materials originating with the Mallinckrodt Company and those received by them. Particular attention has been given to the future production and shipment schedules of these materials.
Force Modulator System
Many metal parts manufacturers use large metal presses to shape sheet metal into finished products like car body parts, jet wing and fuselage surfaces, etc. These metal presses take sheet metal and - with enormous force - reshape the metal into a fully formed part in a manner of seconds. Although highly efficient, the forces involved in forming metal parts also damage the press itself, limit the metals used in part production, slow press operations and, when not properly controlled, cause the manufacture of large volumes of defective metal parts. To date, the metal-forming industry has not been able to develop a metal-holding technology that allows full control of press forces during the part forming process. This is of particular importance in the automotive lightweighting efforts under way in the US automotive manufacturing marketplace. Metalforming Controls Technology Inc. (MC2) has developed a patented press control system called the Force Modulator that has the ability to control these press forces, allowing a breakthrough in stamping process control. The technology includes a series of hydraulic cylinders that provide controlled tonnage at all points in the forming process. At the same time, the unique cylinder design allows for the generation of very high levels of clamping forces (very high tonnages) in very small spaces; a requirement for forming medium and large panels out of HSS and AHSS. Successful production application of these systems testing at multiple stamping operations - including Ford and Chrysler - has validated the capabilities and economic benefits of the system. Although this technology has been adopted in a number of stamping operations, one of the primary barriers to faster adoption and application of this technology in HSS projects is system cost. The cost issue has surfaced because the systems currently in use are built for each individual die as a custom application, thus driving higher tooling costs. This project proposed to better marry the die-specific Force Modulator technology with stamping presses in the form of a press cushion. This system would be designed to operate the binder ring for multiple parts, thus cutting the per-die cost of the technology. This study reports the results of technology field application. This project produced the following conclusions: (1) The Force Modulator system is capable of operating at very high tempos in the stamping environment; (2) The company can generate substantial, controlled holding tonnage (binder ring pressure) necessary to hold high strength steel parts for proper formation during draw operations; (3) A single system can be designed to operate with a family of parts, thus significantly reducing the per-die cost of a FM system; (4) High strength steel parts made with these systems appear to show significant quality improvements; (5) The amounts of steel required to make these parts is typically less than the amounts required with traditional blank-holding technologies; and (6) This technology will aid in the use of higher strength steels in auto and truck production, thus reducing weight and improving fuel efficiency.
Redmond Clark
Developing luminescent nanoprobes for labeling focal adhesion complex proteins and performing combined AFM-TIRF imaging of these conjugates
Recent progress in the field of semiconductor nanocrystals or Quantum Dots (QDs) has seen them find wider acceptance as a tool in biomedical research labs. As produced, high quality QDs synthesized by high temperature organometallic synthesis, are coated with a hydrophobic ligand. Therefore, they must be further processed to be soluble in water and made biocompatible. A process to coat the QDs with silk fibroin, a fibrous protein derived from the Bombyx mori silk worm, is described. Following the coating process, the characterization of size, optical properties and biocompatibility profile of these particle systems is described. In addition, conjugation of the silk fibroin coated QDs to different labeling proteins such as phalloidin and streptavidin is described. Proteins on the surface of ovarian cancer cells (HeyA8) and of cytoskeletal components participating in the formation of focal adhesion complex (FAC), such as F-actin in endothelial cells (HUVECS) were labeled using the bio-conjugated QDs. Various imaging techniques such as epi-fluorescence, TIRF and AFM were used to study the QD labeled cells. Overall the project has produced luminescent nanoprobes that enable the study of FAC formation dynamics and potentially a better in vivo fluorescent marker tool.
Nathwani, Bhavik Bharat
Relativistic Brownian motion: From a microscopic binary collision model to the Langevin equation
The Langevin equation (LE) for the one-dimensional relativistic Brownian motion is derived from a microscopic collision model. The model assumes that a heavy point-like Brownian particle interacts with the lighter heat bath particles via elastic hard-core collisions. First, the commonly known, non-relativistic LE is deduced from this model, by taking into account the non-relativistic conservation laws for momentum and kinetic energy. Subsequently, this procedure is generalized to the relativistic case. There, it is found that the relativistic stochastic force is still $\\gd$-correlated (white noise) but does \\emph{no} longer correspond to a Gaussian white noise process. Explicit results for the friction and momentum-space diffusion coefficients are presented and discussed.
J�rn Dunkel; Peter H�nggi
In situ nanomechanical testing in focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopes
The recent interest in size-dependent deformation of micro- and nanoscale materials has paralleled both technological miniaturization and advancements in imaging and small-scale mechanical testing methods. Here we describe a quantitative in situ nanomechanical testing approach adapted to a dual-beam focused ion beam and scanning electron microscope. A transducer based on a three-plate capacitor system is used for high-fidelity force and displacement measurements. Specimen manipulation, transfer, and alignment are performed using a manipulator, independently controlled positioners, and the focused ion beam. Gripping of specimens is achieved using electron-beam assisted Pt-organic deposition. Local strain measurements are obtained using digital image correlation of electron images taken during testing. Examples showing results for tensile testing of single-crystalline metallic nanowires and compression of nanoporous Au pillars will be presented in the context of size effects on mechanical behavior and highlight some of the challenges of conducting nanomechanical testing in vacuum environments.
Gianola, D. S. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 (United States); Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe (Germany); Sedlmayr, A.; Moenig, R.; Kraft, O. [Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe (Germany); Volkert, C. A. [Institute for Materials Physics, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Goettingen (Germany); Major, R. C.; Cyrankowski, E.; Asif, S. A. S.; Warren, O. L. [Hysitron, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55344 (United States)
Miniature quartz resonator force transducer
The invention relates to a piezoelectric quartz force transducer having the shape of a double-ended tuning fork.
Eer Nisse, Errol P. (Albuquerque, NM)
Nuclear Radiological Threat Task Force Established | National...
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Force Established Nuclear Radiological Threat Task Force Established November 03, 2003 Washington, DC Nuclear Radiological Threat Task Force Established NNSA's Administrator...
CBCM and AFM
... V2 on/ V1 off when charging C DUT ... Q=Charge C=Capacitance ... Measured with conventional capacitance meter and probe station Page 22. ...
TEXT Pro Force Training
Basic Protective Basic Protective Force Training Program DOE/IG-0641 March 2004 * None of the 10 sites included instruction in rappelling even though it was part of the special response team core curriculum and continued to be offered by the Nonprolif- eration and National Security Institute; * Only one site conducted basic training on use of a shotgun, despite the fact that a num- ber of sites used the weapon for breaching exercises and other purposes; and, * Seven of the sites modified prescribed training techniques by reducing the intensity or delivery method for skills that some security experts characterized as critical, such as handcuffing, hand-to- hand combat, and vehicle assaults. We found that the Department's facilities were not required to report departures from the core
NCEM National Center for Electron Microscopy: Microscope Driving...
Microscope Driving Tests 3010 test.pdf CM 200 test.pdf CM 300 test.pdf Libra test.pdf FIB test.pdf Tecnai test.pdf TEAM 0.5 test.pdf TEAM I test.pdf...
Malaria Parasite Detection: Automated Method Using Microscope Color Image
Healthcare Delivery Systems are becoming overloaded in developing countries like India and China. It is imperative that more efficient and cost effective processes are employed. One such requirement is the automatic detection of malaria parasites in ... Keywords: Hue-Saturation-Intensity-Histogram, Image Segmentation, Malaria Parasites, Microscopic Image Analysis, ROI
Anant R. Koppar; Venugopalachar Sridhar
Laser excited confocal microscope fluorescence scanner and method
A fluorescent scanner for scanning the fluorescence from a fluorescence labeled separated sample on a sample carrier including a confocal microscope for illuminating a predetermined volume of the sample carrier and/or receiving and processing fluorescence emissions from said volume to provide a display of the separated sample.
Mathies, Richard A. (Contra Costa, CA); Peck, Konan (Contra Costa, CA)
Dynamic microscopic theory of fusion using DC-TDHF
The density-constrained time-dependent Hartree-Fock (DC-TDHF) theory is a fully microscopic approach for calculating heavy-ion interaction potentials and fusion cross sections below and above the fusion barrier. We discuss recent applications of DC-TDHF method to fusion of light and heavy systems.
Umar, A. S.; Oberacker, V. E.; Keser, R.; Maruhn, J. A.; Reinhard, P.-G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235 (United States); RTE University, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of Physics, 53100, Rize (Turkey); Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universitaet, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany); Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Universitat Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen (Germany)
Microscopic Calculation of Fusion: Light to Heavy Systems
The density-constrained time-dependent Hartree-Fock (DC-TDHF) theory is a fully microscopic approach for calculating heavy-ion interaction potentials and fusion cross sections below and above the fusion barrier. We discuss recent applications of DC-TDHF method to fusion of light and heavy neutron-rich systems.
A. S. Umar; V. E. Oberacker; J. A. Maruhn; R. Keser
Protective Force Firearms Qualification Courses
PROTECTIVE FORCE PROTECTIVE FORCE FIREARMS QUALIFICATION COURSES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Office of Health, Safety and Security AVAILABLE ONLINE AT: INITIATED BY: http://www.hss.energy.gov Office of Health, Safety and Security Protective Force Firearms Qualification Courses July 2011 i TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION A - APPROVED FIREARMS QUALIFICATION COURSES .......................... I-1 CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... I-1 1. Scope .................................................................................................................. I-1 2. Content ............................................................................................................... I-1
EPRI Transformer Task Force Proceedings
The EPRI Transformer Task Force held a meeting on December 4, 2007, in San Antonio, Texas. This technical update contains the proceedings of the meeting.
This report contains the proceedings from the EPRI Transformers Task Force, which was held in Montreal on October 26 and 27, 2006.
Army Energy Initiatives Task Force
Presentation�given at the Fall 2011 Federal Utility Partnership Working Group (FUPWG) meeting�covers the Army Energy Initiatives Task Force.
Physics Out Loud - Electromagnetic Force
Detector Previous Video (Detector) Physics Out Loud Main Index Next Video (Electron Scattering) Electron Scattering Electromagnetic Force Cynthia Keppel, a nuclear physicist,...
Does entropic force always imply the Newtonian force law?
We study the entropic force by introducing a bound between entropy and area of $S \\le A^{3/4}$ which was derived by imposing the non-gravitational collapse condition. In this case, applying a recent argument of Verlinde to this system does not lead to the Newtonian force law.
Myung, Yun Soo
Modifying the Casimir force between indium tin oxide film and Au sphere
We present complete results of the experiment on measuring the Casimir force between an Au-coated sphere and an untreated or, alternatively, UV-treated indium tin oxide film deposited on a quartz substrate. Measurements were performed using an atomic force microscope in a high vacuum chamber. The measurement system was calibrated electrostatically. Special analysis of the systematic deviations is performed, and respective corrections in the calibration parameters are introduced. The corrected parameters are free from anomalies discussed in the literature. The experimental data for the Casimir force from two measurement sets for both untreated and UV-treated samples are presented. The experimental errors are determined at a 95% confidence level. It is demonstrated that the UV treatment of an I TO plate results in a significant decrease in the magnitude of the Casimir force (from 21% to 35% depending on separation). However, ellipsometry measurements of the imaginary parts of dielectric permittivities of the un...
Banishev, A A; Castillo-Garza, R; Klimchitskaya, G L; Mostepanenko, V M; Mohideen, U; 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.045436
Point force manipulation and activated dynamics of polymers adsorbed on structured substrates
We study the activated motion of adsorbed polymers which are driven over a structured substrate by a localized point force.Our theory applies to experiments with single polymers using, for example, tips of scanning force microscopes to drag the polymer.We consider both flexible and semiflexible polymers,and the lateral surface structure is represented by double-well or periodic potentials. The dynamics is governed by kink-like excitations for which we calculate shapes, energies, and critical point forces. Thermally activated motion proceeds by the nucleation of a kink-antikink pair at the point where the force is applied and subsequent diffusive separation of kink and antikink. In the stationary state of the driven polymer, the collective kink dynamics can be described by an one-dimensional symmetric simple exclusion process.
P. Kraikivski; R. Lipowsky; J. Kierfeld
Investigation of the Interphase Region in Polymer Matrix - Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites Using the Interfacial Force Microscope
The proposed research was to provide a critical vehicle to enhance South Dakota researchers' abilities to participate in nationally important energy related research while building and strengthening partnerships between the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology and Sandia National Laboratory.
Winter, R. M
Air Force Renewable Energy Programs
1 1 Ken Gray P.E. HQ AFCESA /CENR Air Force Renewable Energy Programs April, 2011 FUPWG "Make Energy a Consideration in All We Do" I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e THINK GREEN, BUILD GREEN, Topics Air Force Energy Use Air Force Facility Energy Center Current RE Generation Project Development System Programmed RE Generation FY11-13 Goal Achievement 2 I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e THINK GREEN, BUILD GREEN, Air Force 2010 Energy Use The Air Force spent approximately $8.2 billion for energy in 2010; an increase of 22% from 2009 Energy Cost and Consumption Trends Energy Cost Breakdown Aviation 79% Facilities 17% 3 Aviation 84% Facilities 12% Vehicles & Equipment
Argonne CNM: Proximal Probes Capabilities
Proximal Probes Proximal Probes Capabilities Omicron VT-AFM XA microscope scanning tunneling microscope VIew high-resolution image. Variable-temperature, ultra-high-vacuum, atomic force microscope/scanning tunneling microscope: Omicron VT-AFM XA (N. Guisinger, Electronic & Magnetic Materials & Devices Group) Measurement modes include: Contact and non-contact AFM Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) Scanning tunneling spectroscopy Preparation tools include: Resistive sample heating Direct current heating E-beam heating Sputter ion etching Gas dosing E-beam evaporation An analysis chamber contains combined four-grid LEED/Auger optics Omicron nanoprobe View high-resolution image Scanning probe/scanning electron microscopy: Omicron UHV Nanoprobe (N. Guisinger, Electronic & Magnetic Materials & Devices Group)
LIBRA LIBRA The 200kV Zeiss monochromated LIBRA 200MC is designed to produce high contrast imaging for TEM and STEM and either convergent beam or parallel beam diffraction using Koehler illumination.In addition, the incorporation of a monochromator into the field emission gun enables energy resolution of ~0.15eV for electron energy loss spectroscopy. The dedicated in-column Omega Filter implemented in this microscope also can be used for both spectroscopic analysis and energy-filtered imaging with a 2048x2048 CCD camera. The high tilt capability of the stage and pole piece accepts various types of analytical holders.This microscope is optimized for soft materials applications that require either the high contrast imaging performance or analytical methods such as EF-TEM and STEM.( Instrument
AEM AEM AEME The Analytical Electron Microscope is optimized for elemental microanalysis. The basic instrument is a JEOL 200CX microscope with a side-entry double-tilt goniometer stage and an assortment of specimen holders. This machine can be operated at between 80 and 200 kV in the TEM or STEM mode. Electron energy loss and x-ray signals for elemental microanalysis or spectral imaging can be collected either separately or simultaneously using probe diameters from 6nm to 100nm. Diffraction modes include convergent beam diffraction for three-dimensional structure information and micro-diffraction with a minimum probe size of 20nm. For updates or details, contact Zonghoon Lee or Velimir Radmilovic. The instrument is equipped with two Kevex EDXS detectors and a Gatan PEELS
Measurement of Semiconductor Surface Potential using the Scanning Electron Microscope
We calibrate the secondary electron signal from a standard scanning electron microscope to voltage, yielding an image of the surface or near-surface potential. Data on both atomically abrupt heterojunction GaInP/GaAs and diffused homojunction Si solar cell devices clearly show the expected variation in potential with position and applied bias, giving depletion widths and locating metallurgical junctions to an accuracy better than 10 nm. In some images, distortion near the p-n junction is observed, seemingly consistent with the effects of lateral electric fields (patch fields). Reducing the tube bias removes this distortion. This approach results in rapid and straightforward collection of near-surface potential data using a standard scanning electron microscope.
Heath, J. T.; Jiang, C. S.; Al-Jassim, M. M.
Regular Scanning Tunneling Microscope Tips can be Intrinsically Chiral
We report our discovery that regular scanning tunneling microscope tips can themselves be chiral. This chirality leads to differences in electron tunneling efficiencies through left- and right-handed molecules, and, when using the tip to electrically excite molecular rotation, large differences in rotation rate were observed which correlated with molecular chirality. As scanning tunneling microscopy is a widely used technique, this result may have unforeseen consequences for the measurement of asymmetric surface phenomena in a variety of important fields.
Tierney, Heather L.; Murphy, Colin J.; Sykes, E. Charles H. [Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-5813 (United States)
Diamond-like atomic-scale composite films: Surface properties and stability studied by STM and AFM
Amorphous ``diamond-like/quartz-like`` composites a-(C:H/Si:O) and metal containing a-(C:H/Si:O/Me) constitute a novel class of diamond-related materials with a number of unique bulk and surface properties. In order to gain a more fundamental understanding of the surface properties and stability of these solids we have performed a scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy investigation of both a-(C:H/Si:O) and a-(C:H/Si:O/Me) films, including the effects of ion bombardment and annealing.
Dorfman, B.; Abraizov, M. [SUNY, Farmingdale, NY (United States); Pollak, F.H. [CUNY, Brooklyn, NY (United States); Eby, R. [TopoMetrix, Bedminster, NJ (United States); Rong, Z.Y. [SUNY, Stony Brook, NY (United States); Strongin, M.; Yang, X.Q. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States)
Nuclear forces and chiral theories
Recent successes in ab initio calculations of light nuclei (A=2-6) will be reviewed and correlated with the dynamical consequences of chiral symmetry. The tractability of nuclear physics evinced by these results is evidence for that symmetry. The relative importance of three-nucleon forces, four-nucleon forces, multi-pion exchanges, and relativistic corrections will be discussed in the context of effective field theories and dimensional power counting. Isospin violation in the nuclear force will also be discussed in this context.
Friar, J.L. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States)]|[Washington Univ., Seattle, WA (United States). Inst. for Nuclear Theory
Underwater microscope for measuring spatial and temporal changes in bed-sediment grain size
Underwater microscope for measuring spatial and temporal changes in bed-sediment grain size David M by Elsevier B.V. Keywords: Underwater microscope; Bed sediment; Grain size; In situ measurement; Colorado counts on a small subset of processed images. 2.3. Underwater microscope hardware Digital images of bed
River-Forced Estuarine Plumes
The development, maintenance, and dissipation of river-forced estuarine plumes with and without seaward sloping bottom are studied by use of a three-dimensional, primitive-equation model. Inside the estuary, discussion is focused on how the ...
Shenn-Yu Chao
Nuclear Forces and Chiral Symmetry
We review the main achievements of the research program for the study of nuclear forces in the framework of chiral symmetry and discuss some problems which are still open.
Renato Higa; Manoel Robilotta; Carlos Antonio da Rocha
Is Gravity an Entropic Force?
The remarkable connections between gravity and thermodynamics seem to imply that gravity is not fundamental but emergent, and in particular, as Verlinde suggested, gravity is probably an entropic force. In this paper, we will argue that the idea of gravity as an entropic force is debatable. It is shown that there is no convincing analogy between gravity and entropic force in Verlinde's example. Neither holographic screen nor test particle satisfies all requirements for the existence of entropic force in a thermodynamics system. Furthermore, we show that the entropy increase of the screen is not caused by its statistical tendency to increase entropy as required by the existence of entropic force, but in fact caused by gravity. Therefore, Verlinde's argument for the entropic origin of gravity is problematic. In addition, we argue that the existence of a minimum size of spacetime, together with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum theory, may imply the fundamental existence of gravity as a geometric property of spacetime. This may provide a further support for the conclusion that gravity is not an entropic force.
Shan Gao
Casimir forces beyond the proximity approximation
The proximity force approximation (PFA) relates the interaction between closely spaced, smoothly curved objects to the force between parallel plates. Precision experiments on Casimir forces necessitate, and spur research ...
Bimonte, G.
Foucault imaging by using non-dedicated transmission electron microscope
An electron optical system for observing Foucault images was constructed using a conventional transmission electron microscope without any special equipment for Lorentz microscopy. The objective lens was switched off and an electron beam was converged by a condenser optical system to the crossover on the selected area aperture plane. The selected area aperture was used as an objective aperture to select the deflected beam for Foucault mode, and the successive image-forming lenses were controlled for observation of the specimen images. The irradiation area on the specimen was controlled by selecting the appropriate diameter of the condenser aperture.
Taniguchi, Yoshifumi [Science and Medical Systems Business Group, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Ichige, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-8504 (Japan); Matsumoto, Hiroaki [Corporate Manufacturing Strategy Group, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Ishikawa-cho, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-1991 (Japan); Harada, Ken [Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395 (Japan)
Task Force Approach | Department of Energy
Task Force Approach Task Force Approach Task Force Approach Task Force Approach Results of the ARI Task Force: The purpose of the ARI Task Force is to 1) identify, prioritize, and resolve issues to enable sites and programs to implement revitalization efforts more effectively and 2) to facilitate programmatic incorporation of revitalization concepts into DOE's programmatic business environments. The Task Force must do this through coordinating and facilitating communication and connections, sharing lessons learned, broadening the general knowledge base, facilitating, analyzing problems, developing implementable solutions, and considering and incorporating broader perspectives and knowledge. The success of the Task Force can be evaluated by impacts to the Department upon its completion. These impacts
Fast Computation of Optimal Contact Forces
requirement, i.e., the ability of the contact forces to resist a specified external .... does not exceed the friction coefficient times the normal force. (In particular, it�...
Integration of contractile forces during tissue invagination
Contractile forces generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton within individual cells collectively generate tissue-level force during epithelial morphogenesis. During Drosophila mesoderm invagination, pulsed actomyosin ...
Martin, Adam C.
Attribution of climate forcing to economic sectors
Attribution of climate forcing to economic sectors Title Attribution of climate forcing to economic sectors Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2010 Authors Unger,...
Web Force-Field (WebFF)
Web Force-Field (WebFF). Summary: ... WebFF - A web hosted, extensible force field repository with integrated assignment engine. Description: ...
Pulsed Power for a Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has converted a commercial 200kV transmission electron microscope (TEM) into an ultrafast, nanoscale diagnostic tool for material science studies. The resulting Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (DTEM) has provided a unique tool for the study of material phase transitions, reaction front analyses, and other studies in the fields of chemistry, materials science, and biology. The TEM's thermionic electron emission source was replaced with a fast photocathode and a laser beam path was provided for ultraviolet surface illumination. The resulting photoelectron beam gives downstream images of 2 and 20 ns exposure times at 100 and 10 nm spatial resolution. A separate laser, used as a pump pulse, is used to heat, ignite, or shock samples while the photocathode electron pulses, carefully time-synchronized with the pump, function as probe in fast transient studies. The device functions in both imaging and diffraction modes. A laser upgrade is underway to make arbitrary cathode pulse trains of variable pulse width of 10-1000 ns. Along with a fast e-beam deflection scheme, a 'movie mode' capability will be added to this unique diagnostic tool. This talk will review conventional electron microscopy and its limitations, discuss the development and capabilities of DTEM, in particularly addressing the prime and pulsed power considerations in the design and fabrication of the DTEM, and conclude with the presentation of a deflector and solid-state pulser design for Movie-Mode DTEM.
dehope, w j; browning, n; campbell, g; cook, e; king, w; lagrange, t; reed, b; stuart, b; Shuttlesworth, R; Pyke, B
Nano-mechanics of Tunable Adhesion using Non Covalent Forces
The objective of this program was to examine, via experiment and atomistic and continuum analysis, coordinated noncovalent bonding over a range of length scales with a view to obtaining modulated, patterned and reversible bonding at the molecular level. The first step in this project was to develop processes for depositing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) bearing carboxylic acid and amine moieties on Si (111) surfaces and probe tips of an interfacial force microscope (IFM). This allowed the adhesive portion of the interactions between functionalized surfaces to be fully captured in the force-displacement response (force profiles) that are measured by the IFM. The interactionswere extracted in the form of traction-separation laws using combined molecular and continuum stress analyses. In this approach, the results of molecular dynamics analyses of SAMs subjected to simple stress states are used to inform continuum models of their stress-strain behavior. Continuum analyses of the IFM experiment were then conducted, which incorporate the stress-strain behavior of the SAMs and traction-separation relations that represent the interactions between the tip and functionalized Si surface. Agreement between predicted and measured force profiles was taken to imply that the traction-separation relations have been properly extracted. Scale up to larger contact areas was considered by forming Si/SAM/Si sandwiches and then separating them via fracture experiments. The mode 1 traction-separation relations have been extracted using fracture mechanics concepts under mode 1 and mixed-mode conditions. Interesting differences were noted between the three sets of traction-separation relations.
Kenneth Liechti
Nuclear force in Lattice QCD
We perform the quenched lattice QCD analysis on the nuclear force (baryon-baryon interactions). We employ $20^3\\times 24$ lattice at $\\beta=5.7$ ($a\\simeq 0.19$ fm) with the standard gauge action and the Wilson quark action with the hopping parameters $\\kappa=0.1600, 0.1625, 0.1650$, and generate about 200 gauge configurations. We measure the temporal correlators of the two-baryon system which consists of heavy-light-light quarks. We extract the inter-baryon force as a function of the relative distance $r$. We also evaluate the contribution to the nuclear force from each ``Feynman diagram'' such as the quark-exchange diagram individually, and single out the roles of Pauli-blocking effects or quark exchanges in the inter-baryon interactions.
T. T. Takahashi; T. Doi; H. Suganuma
Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Systems
Forces and Nuclear Systems Forces and Nuclear Systems Our goal is to achieve a description of nuclear systems ranging in size from the deuteron to nuclear matter and neutron stars using a single parameterization of the nuclear forces. Our work includes both the construction of two- and three-nucleon potentials and the development of many-body techniques for computing nuclear properties with these interactions. Detailed quantitative, computationally intense studies are essential parts of this work. In the last decade we have constructed several realistic two- and three-nucleon potential models. The NN potential, Argonne v18, has a dominant charge-independent piece plus additional charge-dependent and charge-symmetry-breaking terms, including a complete electromagnetic interaction. It fits 4301 pp and np elastic scattering data with a chi**2
Automatic HTS force measurement instrument
A device is disclosed for measuring the levitation force of a high temperature superconductor sample with respect to a reference magnet includes a receptacle for holding several high temperature superconductor samples each cooled to superconducting temperature. A rotatable carousel successively locates a selected one of the high temperature superconductor samples in registry with the reference magnet. Mechanism varies the distance between one of the high temperature superconductor samples and the reference magnet, and a sensor measures levitation force of the sample as a function of the distance between the reference magnet and the sample. A method is also disclosed. 3 figs.
Sanders, S.T.; Niemann, R.C.
Laser irradiation effects on the CdTe/ZnTe quantum dot structure studied by Raman and AFM spectroscopy
Micro-Raman spectroscopy has been applied to investigate the impact of laser irradiation on semiconducting CdTe/ZnTe quantum dots (QDs) structures. A reference sample (without dots) was also studied for comparison. Both samples were grown by molecular beam epitaxy technique on the p-type GaAs substrate. The Raman spectra have been recorded for different time of a laser exposure and for various laser powers. The spectra for both samples exhibit peak related to the localized longitudinal (LO) ZnTe phonon of a wavenumber equal to 210 cm{sup -1}. For the QD sample, a broad band corresponding to the LO CdTe phonon related to the QD-layer appears at a wavenumber of 160 cm{sup -1}. With increasing time of a laser beam exposure and laser power, the spectra get dominated by tellurium-related peaks appearing at wavenumbers around 120 cm{sup -1} and 140 cm{sup -1}. Simultaneously, the ZnTe surface undergoes rising damage, with the formation of Te aggregates at the pinhole edge as reveal atomic force microscopy observations. Local temperature of irradiated region has been estimated from the anti-Stokes/Stokes ratio of the Te modes intensity and it was found to be close or exceeding ZnTe melting point. Thus, the laser damage can be explained by the ablation process.
Zielony, E.; Placzek-Popko, E.; Henrykowski, A.; Gumienny, Z.; Kamyczek, P.; Jacak, J. [Institute of Physics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw (Poland); Nowakowski, P.; Karczewski, G. [Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw (Poland)
The questions of reservoir wettability have been approached in this project from three directions. First, we have studied the properties of crude oils that contribute to wetting alteration in a reservoir. A database of more than 150 different crude oil samples has been established to facilitate examination of the relationships between crude oil chemical and physical properties and their influence on reservoir wetting. In the course of this work an improved SARA analysis technique was developed and major advances were made in understanding asphaltene stability including development of a thermodynamic Asphaltene Solubility Model (ASM) and empirical methods for predicting the onset of instability. The CO-Wet database is a resource that will be used to guide wettability research in the future. The second approach is to study crude oil/brine/rock interactions on smooth surfaces. Contact angle measurements were made under controlled conditions on mica surfaces that had been exposed to many of the oils in the CO-Wet database. With this wealth of data, statistical tests can now be used to examine the relationships between crude oil properties and the tendencies of those oils to alter wetting. Traditionally, contact angles have been used as the primary wetting assessment tool on smooth surfaces. A new technique has been developed using an atomic forces microscope that adds a new dimension to the ability to characterize oil-treated surfaces. Ultimately we aim to understand wetting in porous media, the focus of the third approach taken in this project. Using oils from the CO-Wet database, experimental advances have been made in scaling the rate of imbibition, a sensitive measure of core wetting. Application of the scaling group to mixed-wet systems has been demonstrated for a range of core conditions. Investigations of imbibition in gas/liquid systems provided the motivation for theoretical advances as well. As a result of this project we have many new tools for studying wetting at microscopic and macroscopic scales and a library of well-characterized fluids for use in studies of crude oil/brine/rock interactions.
Jill S. Buckley; Norman R. Morrow; Chris Palmer; Purnendu K. Dasgupta
Alternative Fuels Data Center: Energy Task Force
Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center (EERE)
Energy Task Force to Energy Task Force to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Energy Task Force on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Energy Task Force on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Energy Task Force on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Energy Task Force on Delicious Rank Alternative Fuels Data Center: Energy Task Force on Digg Find More places to share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Energy Task Force on AddThis.com... More in this section... Federal State Advanced Search All Laws & Incentives Sorted by Type Energy Task Force The Governor's Task Force on Energy Policy is developing a state energy plan to facilitate energy efficiency and the use of alternative and renewable fuels in Tennessee. The energy plan will include a summary of
Raqs Media Collective Flash Force
extended only to a couple of inches. With the invention of light bulbs, scientists started detonatingRaqs Media Collective Flash Force: A Visual History of Might, Right and Light Perhaps the greatest of light and divorcing these from the potent explosions that initially produced them. It is a history
Canales, Jimena
In situ laser processing in a scanning electron microscope
Laser delivery probes using multimode fiber optic delivery and bulk focusing optics have been constructed and used for performing materials processing experiments within scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam instruments. Controlling the current driving a 915-nm semiconductor diode laser module enables continuous or pulsed operation down to sub-microsecond durations, and with spot sizes on the order of 50 {micro}m diameter, achieving irradiances at a sample surface exceeding 1 MW/cm{sup 2}. Localized laser heating has been used to demonstrate laser chemical vapor deposition of Pt, surface melting of silicon, enhanced purity, and resistivity via laser annealing of Au deposits formed by electron beam induced deposition, and in situ secondary electron imaging of laser induced dewetting of Au metal films on SiO{sub x}.
Roberts, Nicholas [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Fowlkes, Jason Davidson [ORNL; Rack, Prof. Philip [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Moore, Tom [OmniProbe, Inc.; Magel, Greg [OmniProbe, Inc.; Hartfield, Cheryl [OmniProbe, Inc.
Highly charged ion based time of flight emission microscope
A highly charged ion based time-of-flight emission microscope has been designed, which improves the surface sensitivity of static SIMS measurements because of the higher ionization probability of highly charged ions. Slow, highly charged ions are produced in an electron beam ion trap and are directed to the sample surface. The sputtered secondary ions and electrons pass through a specially designed objective lens to a microchannel plate detector. This new instrument permits high surface sensitivity (10.sup.10 atoms/cm.sup.2), high spatial resolution (100 nm), and chemical structural information due to the high molecular ion yields. The high secondary ion yield permits coincidence counting, which can be used to enhance determination of chemical and topological structure and to correlate specific molecular species.
Barnes, Alan V. (Livermore, CA); Schenkel, Thomas (San Francisco, CA); Hamza, Alex V. (Livermore, CA); Schneider, Dieter H. (Livermore, CA); Doyle, Barney (Albuquerque, NM)
Transmission electron microscope sample holder with optical features
A sample holder for holding a sample to be observed for research purposes, particularly in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), generally includes an external alignment part for directing a light beam in a predetermined beam direction, a sample holder body in optical communication with the external alignment part and a sample support member disposed at a distal end of the sample holder body opposite the external alignment part for holding a sample to be analyzed. The sample holder body defines an internal conduit for the light beam and the sample support member includes a light beam positioner for directing the light beam between the sample holder body and the sample held by the sample support member.
Milas, Mirko (Port Jefferson, NY); Zhu, Yimei (Stony Brook, NY); Rameau, Jonathan David (Coram, NY)
Laser delivery probes using multimode fiber optic delivery and bulk focusing optics have been constructed and used for performing materials processing experiments within scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam instruments. Controlling the current driving a 915-nm semiconductor diode laser module enables continuous or pulsed operation down to sub-microsecond durations, and with spot sizes on the order of 50 {mu}m diameter, achieving irradiances at a sample surface exceeding 1 MW/cm{sup 2}. Localized laser heating has been used to demonstrate laser chemical vapor deposition of Pt, surface melting of silicon, enhanced purity, and resistivity via laser annealing of Au deposits formed by electron beam induced deposition, and in situ secondary electron imaging of laser induced dewetting of Au metal films on SiO{sub x}.
Roberts, Nicholas A.; Magel, Gregory A.; Hartfield, Cheryl D.; Moore, Thomas M.; Fowlkes, Jason D.; Rack, Philip D. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 (United States) and Omniprobe, Inc., an Oxford Instruments Company, 10410 Miller Rd., Dallas, Texas 75238 (United States); Omniprobe, Inc., an Oxford Instruments Company, 10410 Miller Rd., Dallas, Texas 75238 (United States); Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 (United States); Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 (United States) and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 (United States)
Analytical scanning evanescent microwave microscope and control stage
A scanning evanescent microwave microscope (SEMM) that uses near-field evanescent electromagnetic waves to probe sample properties is disclosed. The SEMM is capable of high resolution imaging and quantitative measurements of the electrical properties of the sample. The SEMM has the ability to map dielectric constant, loss tangent, conductivity, electrical impedance, and other electrical parameters of materials. Such properties are then used to provide distance control over a wide range, from to microns to nanometers, over dielectric and conductive samples for a scanned evanescent microwave probe, which enable quantitative non-contact and submicron spatial resolution topographic and electrical impedance profiling of dielectric, nonlinear dielectric and conductive materials. The invention also allows quantitative estimation of microwave impedance using signals obtained by the scanned evanescent microwave probe and quasistatic approximation modeling. The SEMM can be used to measure electrical properties of both dielectric and electrically conducting materials.
Xiang, Xiao-Dong; Gao, Chen; Duewer, Fred; Yang, Hai Tao; Lu, Yalin
Level densities of nickel isotopes: microscopic theory versus experiment
We apply a spin-projection method to calculate microscopically the level densities of a family of nickel isotopes $^{59-64}$Ni using the shell model Monte Carlo approach in the complete $pfg_{9/2}$ shell. Accurate ground-state energies of the odd-mass nickel isotopes, required for the determination of excitation energies, are determined using the Green's function method recently introduced to circumvent the odd particle-number sign problem. Our results are in excellent agreement with recent measurements based on proton evaporation spectra and with level counting data at low excitation energies. We also compare our results with neutron resonance data, assuming equilibration of parity and a spin-cutoff model for the spin distribution at the neutron binding energy, and find good agreement with the exception of $^{63}$Ni.
M. Bonett-Matiz; Abhishek Mukherjee; Y. Alhassid
A millikelvin scanning tunneling microscope with two independent scanning systems
We describe the design, construction and operation of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with two tips that can independently acquire simultaneous scans of a sample. The STM is mounted on a dilution refrigerator and the setup includes vibration isolation, rf-filtered wiring, an ultra high vacuum (UHV) sample preparation chamber and sample transfer mechanism. We present images and spectroscopy taken with superconducting Nb tips with the refrigerator at 35 mK that indicate that the effective temperature of our tips/sample is approximately 184 mK, corresponding to an energy resolution of 16 $\\mu$eV. Atomic resolution topographic images of an Au(100) surface taken with the inner and outer tips were found to have root mean square roughness of 1.75 $\\pm$ 0.01 pm and 3.55 $\\pm$ 0.03 pm respectively.
Roychowdhury, A; Anderson, J R; Lobb, C J; Wellstood, F C; Dreyer, M
Neutron scattering analysis with microscopic optical model potentials
A review of microscopic optical model potentials used in the analysis of neutron scattering and analyzing power data below 100 MeV (5 {le}E{sub n}{le}100 MeV) is presented. The quality of the fits to the data over a wide massd ({sup 6}Li-{sup 239}Pu) and energy range is discussed. It is shown that reasonably good agreement with the data is obtained with only three parameters, {lambda}{sub V}, {lambda}{sub W}, and {lambda}{sub SO}, which show a smooth mass and energy dependence. These parameters are normalizing constants to the real (V), and imaginary (W) central potentials and the real spin-orbit (V{sub SO}) potential. 14 refs., 7 figs.
Hansen, L.F.
Xiang, Xiao-Dong (Danville, CA); Gao, Chen (Anhui, CN); Duewer, Fred (Albany, CA); Yang, Hai Tao (Albany, CA); Lu, Yalin (Chelmsford, MA)
Microscopic characterization of radionuclide contaminated soils to assist remediation efforts
A combination of optical, scanning, and analytical electron microscopies have been used to describe the nature of radionuclide contamination at several sites. These investigations were conducted to provide information for remediation efforts. This technique has been used successfully with uranium-contaminated soils from Fernald, OH, and Portsmouth, OH, thorium-contaminated soil from a plant in Tennessee, plutonium-contamination sand from Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean, and incinerator ash from Los Alamos, NM. Selecting the most suitable method for cleaning a particular site is difficult if the nature of the contamination is not understood. Microscopic characterization allows the most appropriate method to be selected for removing the contamination and can show the effect a particular method is having on the soil. A method of sample preparation has been developed that allows direct comparison of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, enabling characterization of TEM samples to be more representative of the bulk sample.
Buck, E.C.; Brown, N.R.; Dietz, N.L.; Fortner, J.A.; Bates, J.K.
Specimen Preparation Specimen Preparation Preparation of samples with large transparent areas and flat surfaces is a key element of electron microscopy. In particular, the interpretation of lattice or holographic images is often limited by the sample's geometry and surface roughness. These parameters are largely determined by a particular sample preparation procedure. The increasing demand for microscopes with a spatial resolution of better than 1Å increases the need for improved sample preparation techniques. A substantial effort at NCEM is devoted to the development of reliable and specialized thinning techniques. Current programs explore the application of chemicals to shape the surfaces of thin films, the use of nanospheres for observation of small particles, and the
HEADQUARTERS aII?y HEADQUARTERS aII?y 9 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER 1 AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND . - KlRTlAND AIR FORCE BASE, NEW MEXICO - k FINAL REPORT O N AIR FORCE PARTICIPATION PROJECT RULISON .1 O c t o b e r 1969 P r e p a r e d by : CONT INENTAL TEST D I V I S ION DIRECTORATE OF NUCLEAR FIELD OPERATIONS This page intentionally left blank INDEX AIR FORCE PARTICIPATION I N PROJECT RULISON FINAL REPORT PARAGRAPH BASIC REPORT SUBJECT R e f e r e n c e s PAGE 2 G e n e r a l 1 3 P l a n n i n g 3 4 Command a n d C o n t r o l 5 O p e r a t i o n s , G r a n d ' J u n c t i o n M u n i c i p a l A i r p o r t . . ' A i r O p e r a t i o n s C e n t e r , He1 i c o p t e r P a d / ' 7.. - . M a t e r i e l : ' 8 M e d i c a l 1 9 R a d - S a f e C r a s h - R e s c u e S e c u r i t y 2 1 C o m m u n i c a t i o n s ~ d m i n i s t r a t ' i o n Summary ATTACHMENTS ATTACHMENT SUBJECI' 1 F r a g O r d e r 69-1 ( ~ r o j ' e c t RULISON) , AFSWC D
Three-body Force Effects on the Properties of Neutron-rich Nuclear Matter
We review our research work on the single-particle properties and the equation of state (EOS) of isospin asymmetric nuclear matter within the framework of the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (BHF) approach extended by including a microscopic three-body force (TBF). The TBF is shown to affect significantly the nuclear matter EOS and the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy at high densities above the normal nuclear matter density, and it is necessary for reproducing the empirical saturation property of symmetric nuclear matter in a nonrelativistic microscopic framework. The TBF-induced rearrangement effect and the ground state (g.s.) correlation effect on the s.p. properties in neutron-rich nuclear matter are investigated. Both effects turn out to be crucial for predicting reliably the s.p. properties within the Brueckner framework. The TBF effect on nucleon superfluidity in neutron star matter and neutron stars has also been discussed.
Zuo, Wei
The Casimir Forces in a Single Conducting Cylindrical Cavity
We want to study the Casimir effect for a single conducting microscopic cylindrical cavity. The mathematical technique is based on the Green function of the geometry of the inside of the cavity, and the integral regularization is based on the plasma frequency cutoff for real conductors. Using the symmetric electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor, in terms of four potential, the total Casimir energy for the inside of the Cavity is calculated. Considering the fundamental cutoff applied by the uncertainty relations' limit on virtual particles' frequency in the quantum vacuum, it is shown that the contribution of the external (outside of the cavity) Casimir energy is negligible. Finally, the forces experienced by the lateral surface of the cavity and its circular bases are calculated. The resulting expressions show that these forces are repulsive. The numerical computation is done for the real problem of a cavity with a basis of a radius in the same order of its height at the scale of 100 nanometers made of the best conducting materials already known.
H. Razmi; S. M. Shirazi
Physics and Chemistry of Fission, Vienna 1969 (IAEA, ViennaDeformation energies along the fission path plotted againstMICROSCOPIC CALCULATIONS OF FISSION BARRIERS AND CRITICAL
Diebel, Michael
Microscopic Study on the Interface Reaction between Ti and Al-Zn ...
Presentation Title, Microscopic Study on the Interface Reaction between Ti and Al -Zn Alloy during Ultra-Fast Heat Treatment. Author(s), Yue Zhao, David Nolan,�...
Microscopic Characterization of Carbonaceous Aerosol Particle Aging in the Outflow from Mexico City
Northwest National Laboratory. PNNL is operated by the U.S.Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Detailed experimentalelectron microscope at EMSL/PNNL was used for computer
Moffet, R. C.
Photocathode Optimization for a Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope: Final Report
The Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (DTEM) team at Harvey Mudd College has been sponsored by LLNL to design and build a test setup for optimizing the performance of the DTEM's electron source. Unlike a traditional TEM, the DTEM achieves much faster exposure times by using photoemission from a photocathode to produce electrons for imaging. The DTEM team's work is motivated by the need to improve the coherence and current density of the electron cloud produced by the electron gun in order to increase the image resolution and contrast achievable by DTEM. The photoemission test setup is nearly complete and the team will soon complete baseline tests of electron gun performance. The photoemission laser and high voltage power supply have been repaired; the optics path for relaying the laser to the photocathode has been finalized, assembled, and aligned; the internal setup of the vacuum chamber has been finalized and mostly implemented; and system control, synchronization, and data acquisition has been implemented in LabVIEW. Immediate future work includes determining a consistent alignment procedure to place the laser waist on the photocathode, and taking baseline performance measurements of the tantalum photocathode. Future research will examine the performance of the electron gun as a function of the photoemission laser profile, the photocathode material, and the geometry and voltages of the accelerating and focusing components in the electron gun. This report presents the team's progress and outlines the work that remains.
Ellis, P; Flom, Z; Heinselman, K; Nguyen, T; Tung, S; Haskell, R; Reed, B W; LaGrange, T
Microscopic scattering theory for interacting bosons in weak random potentials
We develop a diagrammatic scattering theory for interacting bosons in a three-dimensional, weakly disordered potential. Based on a microscopic N-body scattering theory, we identify the relevant diagrams including elastic and inelastic collision processes that are sufficient to describe diffusive quantum transport. By taking advantage of the statistical properties of the weak disorder potential, we demonstrate how the N-body dynamics can be reduced to a nonlinear integral equation of Boltzmann type for the single-particle diffusive flux. Our theory reduces to the Gross-Pitaevskii mean field description in the limit where only elastic collisions are taken into account. However, even at weak interaction strength, inelastic collisions lead to energy redistribution between the bosons - initially prepared all at the same single-particle energy - and thereby induce thermalization of the single-particle current. In addition, we include also weak localization effects and determine the coherent corrections to the incoherent transport in terms of the coherent backscattering signal. We find that inelastic collisions lead to an enhancement of the backscattered cone in a narrow spectral window for increasing interaction strength.
Tobias Geiger; Andreas Buchleitner; Thomas Wellens
Towards a Microscopic Reaction Description Based on Energy Density Functionals
A microscopic calculation of reaction cross sections for nucleon-nucleus scattering has been performed by explicitly coupling the elastic channel to all particle-hole excitations in the target and one-nucleon pickup channels. The particle-hole states may be regarded as doorway states through which the flux flows to more complicated configurations, and subsequently to long-lived compound nucleus resonances. Target excitations for {sup 40,48}Ca, {sup 58}Ni, {sup 90}Zr and {sup 144}Sm were described in a random-phase framework using a Skyrme functional. Reaction cross sections obtained agree very well with experimental data and predictions of a state-of-the-art fitted optical potential. Couplings between inelastic states were found to be negligible, while the pickup channels contribute significantly. The effect of resonances from higher-order channels was assessed. Elastic angular distributions were also calculated within the same method, achieving good agreement with experimental data. For the first time observed absorptions are completely accounted for by explicit channel coupling, for incident energies between 10 and 70 MeV, with consistent angular distribution results.
Nobre, G A; DIetrich, F S; Escher, J E; Thompson, I J; Dupuis, M; Terasaki, J; Engel, J
Microscopic track structure of equal-LET heavy ions
The spatial distributions of ionization and energy deposition produced by heavy (HZE) ions are crucial to an understanding of their radiation quality as exhibited eg., in track segment experiments of cell survival and chromosome aberrations of mammalian cells. The stopping power (or LET) of a high velocity ion is proportional to the ratio Z**2/v**2, apart from a slowly varying logarithmic factor. The maximum delta-ray energy that an ion can produce is proportional to v**2 (non-relativistically). Therefore, two HZE ions having the same LET, but in general differing Z and v will have different maximum delta-ray energies and consequently will produce different spatial patterns of energy deposition along their paths. To begin to explore the implications of this fact for the microscopic dosimetry of heavy ions, we have calculated radial distributions in energy imparted and ionization for iron and neon ions of approximately equal LET in order to make a direct comparison of their delta-ray track structure. Monte Carlo techniques are used for the charged particle radiation transport simulation. 10 refs., 8 figs.
Wilson, W.E.; Criswell, T.L.
The Microscopic Approach to Nuclear Matter and Neutron Star Matter
We review a variety of theoretical and experimental investigations aimed at improving our knowledge of the nuclear matter equation of state. Of particular interest are nuclear matter extreme states in terms of density and/or isospin asymmetry. The equation of state of matter with unequal concentrations of protons and neutrons has numerous applications. These include heavy-ion collisions, the physics of rare, short-lived nuclei and, on a dramatically different scale, the physics of neutron stars. The "common denominator" among these (seemingly) very different systems is the symmetry energy, which plays a crucial role in both the formation of the neutron skin in neutron-rich nuclei and the radius of a neutron star (a system 18 orders of magnitude larger and 55 orders of magnitude heavier). The details of the density dependence of the symmetry energy are not yet sufficiently constrained. Throughout this article, our emphasis will be on the importance of adopting a microscopic approach to the many-body problem, which we believe to be the one with true predictive power.
Francesca Sammarruca
Nuclear Three-body Force Effect on a Kaon Condensate in Neutron Star Matter
We explore the effects of a microscopic nuclear three-body force on the threshold baryon density for kaon condensation in chemical equilibrium neutron star matter and on the composition of the kaon condensed phase in the framework of the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach. Our results show that the nuclear three-body force affects strongly the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy and consequently reduces considerably the critical density for kaon condensation provided that the proton strangeness content is not very large. The dependence of the threshold density on the symmetry energy becomes weaker as the proton strangeness content increases. The kaon condensed phase of neutron star matter turns out to be proton-rich instead of neutron-rich. The three-body force has an important influence on the composition of the kaon condensed phase. Inclusion of the three-body force contribution in the nuclear symmetry energy results in a significant reduction of the proton and kaon fractions in the kaon condensed phase which is more proton-rich in the case of no three-body force. Our results are compared to other theoretical predictions by adopting different models for the nuclear symmetry energy. The possible implications of our results for the neutron star structure are also briefly discussed.
W. Zuo; A. Li; Z. H. Li; U. Lombardo
Biological applications of an LCoS-BASED PROGRAMMABLE ARRAY MICROSCOPE (PAM)
fluorescence microscope (PAM) for rapid, light efficient 3D imaging of living specimens. The stand-alone module fluorescence microscope. The prototype system currently operated at the Max Planck Institute incorporates a 6-position high-intensity LED illuminator, modulated laser and lamp light sources, and an Andor iXon em
Rieger, Bernd
Methods for estimating climate anomaly forcing patterns
Inverse methods for determining the anomalous mean forcing functions responsible for climate change are investigated. Firstly, an iterative method is considered, and it is shown to successfully reproduce forcing functions for various idealised and ...
Meelis J. Zidikheri; Jorgen S. Frederiksen
Methods for Estimating Climate Anomaly Forcing Patterns
Inverse methods for determining the anomalous mean forcing functions responsible for climate change are investigated. First, an iterative method is considered, and it is shown to successfully reproduce forcing functions for various idealized and ...
Development of a light force accelerometer
In this work, the feasibility of a light force accelerometer was experimentally demonstrated. The light force accelerometer is an optical inertial sensor which uses focused laser light to levitate and trap glass microspheres ...
Butts, David LaGrange
Registration, Force Protection Equipment Demonstration - May 2009 |
Registration, Force Protection Equipment Demonstration - May 2009 Registration, Force Protection Equipment Demonstration - May 2009 Registration, Force Protection Equipment Demonstration - May 2009 May 2009 Demonstrating commercially availale physical security/force protection soultions around the world The bombing of Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia on 25 June 1996 revealed the need for continal vigilance and protection againist terrorist forces intent on harming US personnel and interests. The Chairman if the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed the Services to investigate COTS equipments solutions for physical security/force protection needs. The Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquistion, Technology, and Logistics (OUSD {at&l}) tasked the Office of the US Army Product Manager, force Protection Systems (PM-FPS), to coordiante and facilitate a Force Protection Equipment
Radiological Threat Task Force Established | National Nuclear Security Administration Our Mission Managing the Stockpile Preventing Proliferation Powering the Nuclear Navy...
Low Temperature Scanning Force Microscopy of the Si(111)-( 7x7) Surface
A low temperature scanning force microscope (SFM) operating in a dynamic mode in ultrahigh vacuum was used to study the Si(111)-(7x7) surface at 7.2 K. Not only the twelve adatoms but also the six rest atoms of the unit cell are clearly resolved for the first time with SFM. In addition, the first measurements of the short range chemical bonding forces above specific atomic sites are presented. The data are in good agreement with first principles computations and indicate that the nearest atoms in the tip and sample relax significantly when the tip is within a few Angstrom of the surface. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Lantz, M. A. [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, (Switzerland); Hug, H. J. [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, (Switzerland); Schendel, P. J. A. van [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, (Switzerland); Hoffmann, R. [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, (Switzerland); Martin, S. [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, (Switzerland); Baratoff, A. [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, (Switzerland); Abdurixit, A. [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, (Switzerland); Guentherodt, H.-J. [Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, (Switzerland); Gerber, Ch. [IBM Research Division, Zuerich Research Laboratory, Saeumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rueschlikon, (Switzerland)
Air Force Enhanced Use Lease
1 1 Air Force Enhanced Use Lease Mr. Brian Brown 16 Oct. 12 I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 2 Agenda Brian Brown Enhanced Use Lease (EUL) Overview Energy EULs EUL Goals David Swanson Energy EUL Market Drivers Current EUL Projects Partnering with the Air Force Contact Information I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e 3 Overview Authority 10 USC 2667 An EUL is a lease By the government Of "non-excess" property Under the control of the government To a public or private sector lessee In exchange for fair market value rental payments in cash and/or in kind consideration I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e
3-D Nano-Fiber Manufacturing by Controlled Pulling of Liquid Polymers using Nano-Probes
3-D Nano-Fiber Manufacturing by Controlled Pulling of Liquid Polymers using Nano-Probes Amrinder S) nano-scale manufacturing tools in this paper. Commercially available Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) systems are mainly limited to 1-D or 2-D manipulation tasks, and advanced 3-D nano
Sitti, Metin
Smart Grid Task Force Presentations | Department of Energy
Services Technology Development Smart Grid Federal Smart Grid Task Force Smart Grid Task Force Presentations Smart Grid Task Force Presentations Presentations about the...
Smart Grid Federal Smart Grid Task Force Smart Grid Task Force Presentations Smart Grid Task Force Presentations Electricity Advisory Committee Technology Development...
Nuclear forces from lattice QCD
Lattice QCD construction of nuclear forces is reviewed. In this method, the nuclear potentials are constructed by solving the Schroedinger equation, where equal-time Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter (NBS) wave functions are regarded as quantum mechanical wave functions. Since the long distance behavior of equal-time NBS wave functions is controlled by the scattering phase, which is in exactly the same way as scattering wave functions in quantum mechanics, the resulting potentials are faithful to the NN scattering data. The derivative expansion of this potential leads to the central and the tensor potentials at the leading order. Some of numerical results of these two potentials are shown based on the quenched QCD.
Ishii, Noriyoshi [Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 (Japan)
UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Army Energy Initiatives Task Force Kathy Ahsing Director, Planning and Development UNCLASSIFIED 2 Perfect Storm UNCLASSIFIED 3 U.S. Army Energy Consumption, 2010 23% 77% 42% 58% Facilities Vehicles & Equipment (Tactical and Non-tactical) Sources: Energy Information Agency, 2010 Annual Energy Review; Agency Annual Energy Management Data Reports submitted to DOE's Federal Energy Management Program (Preliminary FY 2010) 32% 68% DoD 80% Army 21% Federal Gov 1% Federal Government United States Department of Defense U.S. = 98,079 Trillion Btu DoD = 889 Trillion Btu Fed Gov = 1,108 Trillion Btu U.S. Army = 189 Trillion Btu FY10 Highlights - $2.5+B Operational Energy Costs - $1.2 B Facility Energy Costs
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Tri-n-Butyl-Phophate Liquid: A Force Field Comparative Study
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to compare the performance of four force fields in predicting thermophysical properties of tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) in the liquid phase. The intramolecular force parameters used were from the Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement (AMBER) force field model. The van der Waals parameters were based on either the AMBER or the Optimized Potential for Liquid Simulation (OPLS) force fields. The atomic partial charges were either assigned by performing quantum chemistry calculations or utilized previously published data, and were scaled to approximate the average experimental value of the electric dipole moment. Canonical ensemble computations based on the aforementioned parameters were performed near the atmospheric pressure and temperature to obtain the electric dipole moment, mass density, and self-diffusion coefficient. In addition, the microscopic structure of the liquid was characterized via pair correlation functions between selected atoms. It has been demonstrated that the electric dipole moment can be approximated within 1% of the average experimental value by virtue of scaled atomic partial charges. The liquid mass density can be predicted within 0.5-1% of its experimentally determined value when using the corresponding charge scaling. However, in all cases the predicted self- diffusion coefficient is significantly smaller than a commonly quoted experimental measurement; this result is qualified by the fact that the uncertainty of the experimental value was not available.
Cui, Shengting [ORNL; de Almeida, Valmor F [ORNL; Hay, Benjamin [ORNL; Ye, Xianggui [ORNL; Khomami, Bamin [ORNL
Frictional forces in helical buckling of tubing
Previous analyses of helical buckling of tubing have not considered frictional forces. This paper describes the modifications to helical buckling theory necessary to include friction. The first need is a relationship between the buckling force and the casing to tubing contact force. This contact force is determined through use of the principle of virtual work. The next need is the relationship between the friction forces, the buckling force, and the geometry of the tubing helix. Differential equations are derived and solved for two cases of interest: buckling during the landing of the tubing and thermal and differential pressure loading subsequent to landing. Several example problems are examined to evaluate the relative importance of friction.
Mitchell, R.F.
Stability of alert survivable forces during reductions
The stability of current and projected strategic forces are discussed within a framework that contains elements of current US and Russian analyses. For current force levels and high alert, stability levels are high, as are the levels of potential strikes, due to the large forces deployed. As force levels drop towards those of current value target sets, the analysis becomes linear, concern shifts from stability to reconstitution, and survivable forces drop out. Adverse marginal costs generally provide disincentives for the reduction of vulnerable weapons, but the exchange of vulnerable for survivable weapons could reduce cost while increasing stability even for aggressive participants. Exchanges between effective vulnerable and survivable missile forces are studied with an aggregated, probabilistic model, which optimizes each sides` first and determines each sides` second strikes and costs by minimizing first strike costs.
Canavan, G.H.
Attractive Optical Forces from Blackbody Radiation
Blackbody radiation around hot objects induces ac Stark shifts of the energy levels of nearby atoms and molecules. These shifts are roughly proportional to the fourth power of the temperature and induce a force decaying with the third power of the distance from the object. We explicitly calculate the resulting attractive blackbody optical dipole force for ground state hydrogen atoms. Surprisingly, this force can surpass the repulsive radiation pressure and actually pull the atoms against the radiation energy flow towards the surface with a force stronger than gravity. We exemplify the dominance of the "blackbody force" over gravity for hydrogen in a cloud of hot dust particles. This overlooked force appears relevant in various astrophysical scenarios, in particular, since analogous results hold for a wide class of other broadband radiation sources.
Matthias Sonnleitner; Monika Ritsch-Marte; Helmut Ritsch
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th EditionChapter 3 Feed Ingredients of Animal Origin
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th Edition Chapter 3 Feed Ingredients of Animal Origin Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books Downloadable pdf of Chapter 3 Feed Ingredients of Animal Or
Progress on PEEM3 - An Aberration Corrected X-Ray Photoemission Electron Microscope at the ALS
Electron Microscope at the ALS A.A.MacDowell 1 , J.Feng 1 ,the Advanced Light Source (ALS). An electron mirror combinedat the Advanced Light Source (ALS). This limit is due to the
Telecontrol of Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscope over Global IPv6 Network
Osaka University has an Ultra-High VoltageElectron Microscope (UHVEM) which can provide highquality specimen images for worldwide researchers. Forusability improvements, we have worked on thetelecontrol of the UHVEM. In this paper, we would liketo introduce ...
Toyokazu Akiyama; Shinji Shimojo; Shojiro Nishio; Yoshinori Kitatsuji; Steven Peltier; Thomas Hutton; Fang-Pang Lin
Particles from Comet 81P/Wild 2 Viewed by ALS Microscopes
and Beamline 11.0.2, it was possible to combine this technique with the scanning transmission x-ray microscope (STXM) to image the spatial distribution of the compounds. Some...
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th EditionChapter 2 Feed Ingredients of Plant Origin
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th Edition Chapter 2 Feed Ingredients of Plant Origin Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books Press Downloadable pdf of Chapter 2 Feed Ingredients of
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th EditionChapter 4 Feed Ingredients of Marine Origin
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th Edition Chapter 4 Feed Ingredients of Marine Origin Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books Press Downloadable pdf of Chapter 4 Feed Ingredients of
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th EditionChapter 7 Weed Seeds of Agricultural Importance
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th Edition Chapter 7 Weed Seeds of Agricultural Importance Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books Press Downloadable pdf of Chapter 7 Weed Seeds of A
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th EditionChapter 8 Minerals of Agricultural Importance
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th Edition Chapter 8 Minerals of Agricultural Importance Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books Press Downloadable pdf of Chapter 8 Minerals of Agric
5.3.2 and Beamline 11.0.2, it was possible to combine this technique with the scanning transmission x-ray microscope (STXM) to image the spatial distribution of the compounds....
Response function and optimum configuration of semiconductor backscattered-electron detectors for scanning electron microscopes
A new highly efficient design for semiconductor detectors of intermediate-energy electrons (1-50 keV) for application in scanning electron microscopes is proposed. Calculations of the response function of advanced detectors and control experiments show that the efficiency of the developed devices increases on average twofold, which is a significant positive factor in the operation of modern electron microscopes in the mode of low currents and at low primary electron energies.
Rau, E. I. [Moscow State University (Russian Federation); Orlikovskiy, N. A. [Russian Academy of Sciences, Physical Technological Institute (Russian Federation); Ivanova, E. S. [Moscow State University (Russian Federation)
Air Force Announces Funding for Alternative Energy Research ...
Air Force Announces Funding for Alternative Energy Research & Development. December 16, 2013. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has ...
Elastic actuator for precise force control
The invention provides an elastic actuator consisting of a motor and a motor drive transmission connected at an output of the motor. An elastic element is connected in series with the motor drive transmission, and this elastic element is positioned to alone support the full weight of any load connected at an output of the actuator. A single force transducer is positioned at a point between a mount for the motor and an output of the actuator. This force transducer generates a force signal, based on deflection of the elastic element, that indicates force applied by the elastic element to an output of the actuator. An active feedback force control loop is connected between the force transducer and the motor for controlling the motor. This motor control is based on the force signal to deflect the elastic element an amount that produces a desired actuator output force. The produced output force is substantially independent of load motion. The invention also provides a torsional spring consisting of a flexible structure having at least three flat sections each connected integrally with and extending radially from a central section. Each flat section extends axially along the central section from a distal end of the central section to a proximal end of the central section.
Pratt, Gill A. (Lexington, MA); Williamson, Matthew M. (Boston, MA)
Reduction of the Casimir force using aerogels
By using silicon oxide based aerogels we show numerically that the Casimir force can be reduced several orders of magnitude, making its effect negligible in nanodevices. This decrease in the Casimir force is also present even when the aerogels are deposited on metallic substrates. To calculate the Casimir force we model the dielectric function of silicon oxide aerogels using an effective medium dielectric function such as the Clausius-Mossotti approximation. The results show that both the porosity of the aerogel and its thickness can be use as control parameters to reduce the magnitude of the Casimir force.
R. Esquivel-Sirvent
Esquivel-Sirvent, R
A molecular mechanics force field for lignin
A CHARMM molecular mechanics force field for lignin is derived. Parameterization is based on reproducing quantum mechanical data of model compounds. Partial atomic charges are derived using the RESP electrostatic potential fitting method supplemented by the examination of methoxybenzene:water interactions. Dihedral parameters are optimized by fitting to critical rotational potentials and bonded parameters are obtained by optimizing vibrational frequencies and normal modes. Finally, the force field is validated by performing a molecular dynamics simulation of a crystal of a lignin fragment molecule and comparing simulation-derived structural features with experimental results. Together with the existing force field for polysaccharides, this lignin force field will enable full simulations of lignocellulose.
Petridis, Loukas [ORNL; Smith, Jeremy C [ORNL
Internet Engineering Task Force KK Ramakrishnan ...
... Engineering Task Force KK Ramakrishnan INTERNET DRAFT AT&T Labs Research draft-kksjf-ecn-00.txt Sally Floyd LBNL November 1997 ...
Weardale Task Force | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
search Name Weardale Task Force Place England, United Kingdom Sector Biomass, Geothermal energy, Hydro, Solar, Wind energy Product Durham based project consortium that is...
Characterization of the molecular structure and mechanical properties of polymer surfaces and protein/polymer interfaces by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy
Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and other complementary surface-sensitive techniques have been used to study the surface molecular structure and surface mechanical behavior of biologically-relevant polymer systems. SFG and AFM have emerged as powerful analytical tools to deduce structure/property relationships, in situ, for polymers at air, liquid and solid interfaces. The experiments described in this dissertation have been performed to understand how polymer surface properties are linked to polymer bulk composition, substrate hydrophobicity, changes in the ambient environment (e.g., humidity and temperature), or the adsorption of macromolecules. The correlation of spectroscopic and mechanical data by SFG and AFM can become a powerful methodology to study and engineer materials with tailored surface properties. The overarching theme of this research is the interrogation of systems of increasing structural complexity, which allows us to extend conclusions made on simpler model systems. We begin by systematically describing the surface molecular composition and mechanical properties of polymers, copolymers, and blends having simple linear architectures. Subsequent chapters focus on networked hydrogel materials used as soft contact lenses and the adsorption of protein and surfactant at the polymer/liquid interface. The power of SFG is immediately demonstrated in experiments which identify the chemical parameters that influence the molecular composition and ordering of a polymer chain's side groups at the polymer/air and polymer/liquid interfaces. In general, side groups with increasingly greater hydrophobic character will be more surface active in air. Larger side groups impose steric restrictions, thus they will tend to be more randomly ordered than smaller hydrophobic groups. If exposed to a hydrophilic environment, such as water, the polymer chain will attempt to orient more of its hydrophilic groups to the surface in order to minimize the total surface energy. With an understanding of the structural and environmental parameters which govern polymer surface structure, SFG is then used to explore the effects of surface hydrophobicity and solvent polarity on the orientation and ordering of amphiphilic neutral polymers adsorbed at the solid/liquid interface. SFG spectra show that poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) adsorb with their hydrophobic moieties preferentially oriented toward hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces. These same moieties, however, disorder when adsorbed onto a hydrophilic silica/water interface. Water is identified as a critical factor for mediating the orientation and ordering of hydrophobic moieties in polymers adsorbed at hydrophobic interfaces. The role of bulk water content and water vapor, as they influence hydrogel surface structure and mechanics, continues to be explored in the next series of experiments. A method was developed to probe the surface viscoelastic properties of hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA) based contact lens materials by analyzing AFM force-distance curves. AFM analysis indicates that the interfacial region is dehydrated, relative to the bulk. Experiments performed on poly(HEMA+MA) (MA = methacrylic acid), a more hydrophilic copolymer with greater bulk water content, show even greater water depletion at the surface. SFG spectra, as well as surface energy arguments, suggest that the more hydrophilic polymer component (such as MA) is not favored at the air interface; this may explain anomalies in water retention at the hydrogel surface. Adsorption of lysozyme onto poly(HEMA+MA) was found to further reduce near-surface viscous behavior, suggesting lower surface water content. Lastly, protein adsorption is studied using a model polymer system of polystyrene covalently bound with a monolayer of bovine serum albumin. SFG results indicate that some amino acid residues in proteins adopt preferred orientations. SFG spectra also show that the phenyl rings of the bare polystyrene substrate in contact with air or
Koffas, Telly Stelianos
Nuclear Force from Lattice QCD
The first lattice QCD result on the nuclear force (the NN potential) is presented in the quenched level. The standard Wilson gauge action and the standard Wilson quark action are employed on the lattice of the size 16^3\\times 24 with the gauge coupling beta=5.7 and the hopping parameter kappa=0.1665. To obtain the NN potential, we adopt a method recently proposed by CP-PACS collaboration to study the pi pi scattering phase shift. It turns out that this method provides the NN potentials which are faithful to those obtained in the analysis of NN scattering data. By identifying the equal-time Bethe-Salpeter wave function with the Schroedinger wave function for the two nucleon system, the NN potential is reconstructed so that the wave function satisfies the time-independent Schroedinger equation. In this report, we restrict ourselves to the J^P=0^+ and I=1 channel, which enables us to pick up unambiguously the ``central'' NN potential V_{central}(r). The resulting potential is seen to posses a clear repulsive core of about 500 MeV at short distance (r < 0.5 fm). Although the attraction in the intermediate and long distance regions is still missing in the present lattice set-up, our method is appeared to be quite promising in reconstructing the NN potential with lattice QCD.
Noriyoshi ISHII; Sinya AOKI; Tetsuo HATSUDA
The Response of a Stochastically Forced ENSO Model to Observed Off-Equatorial Wind Stress Forcing
This study investigates the response of a stochastically forced coupled atmosphere�ocean model of the equatorial Pacific to off-equatorial wind stress anomaly forcing. The intermediate-complexity coupled ENSO model comprises a linear, first ...
Shayne McGregor; Neil J. Holbrook; Scott B. Power
FEDERAL SMART GRID TASK FORCE - February 26, 2009 Task Force Meeting Agenda
FEDERAL SMART GRID TASK FORCE - February 26, 2009 Task Force FEDERAL SMART GRID TASK FORCE - February 26, 2009 Task Force Meeting Agenda FEDERAL SMART GRID TASK FORCE - February 26, 2009 Task Force Meeting Agenda February 26, 2009 Task Force Meeting Agenda - CONFERENCE CALL Agenda FEDERAL SMART GRID TASK FORCE CONFERENCE CALL February 26, 2009 10:00-11:00 AM 10:00 Opening and Introduction - Eric Lightner, DOE * Call the meeting to order, around-the-table introductions, review of the agenda, additions to agenda 10:05 Update from DOE - Eric Lightner * Stimulus update * E-Forum * Fact sheet - discussion 10:30 Update from FERC - Ray Palmer, David Andrejcak * NARUC-FERC Smart Grid Collaborative meeting update 10:40 Update from NIST - William Anderson, Jerry FitzPatrick * Interoperability Standards Framework report to Congress
Einstein's Dream of Unified Forces - forces | U.S. DOE Office of Science
Office of Science (SC) Website
Do all the forces become one? Do all the forces become one? The International Linear Collider The U.S. is pushing superconducting technology forward for use in future accelerators like the proposed International Linear Collider. (Credit: Fermilab) At the most fundamental level, particles and forces may converge, either through hidden principles like grand unification, or through radical physics like superstring. We already know that remarkably similar mathematical laws and principles describe all the known forces except gravity. Perhaps all forces are different manifestations of a single grand unified force, a force that would relate quarks to leptons and predict new ways of converting one kind of particle into another. Such a force might eventually make protons decay, rendering ordinary matter unstable.
Work Force Retention Work Group Charter
The Work force Retention Work Group is established to support the Department�s critical focus on maintaining a high-performing work force at a time when a significant number of the workers needed to support DOE�s national security mission are reaching retirement age.
Quantifying cellular traction forces in three dimensions
of the gels. Analysis of the normal displacement profiles suggests that normal forces play important roles-dimensional (2-D) analysis and interpretation of cell-matrix interactions. Furthermore, these approaches cal allows a more complete analysis of cellular forces than does consideration of only in-plane (2-D
Stein, Derek
Nonlinear Response to Anomalous Tropical Forcing
We have investigated the nonlinear steady-state response of a barotropic model to an estimate of the observed anomalous tropical divergence forcing for the El Ni�o winter of 1982/83. The 400 mb climatological flow was made a forced solution of ...
R. J. Haarsma; J. D. Opsteegh
U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps
merged under the newly created parent organization, HQ Air Force Officer and Accession Training School-to-day operations of either organization. In June 2008, HQ AFOATS was redesignated as the Jeanne M. Holm Center,796 new Second Lieutenants who entered active duty in the United States Air Force. Organization Air Force
Su, Xiao
ARM - PI Product - Direct Aerosol Forcing Uncertainty
ProductsDirect Aerosol Forcing Uncertainty ProductsDirect Aerosol Forcing Uncertainty Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send PI Product : Direct Aerosol Forcing Uncertainty Site(s) NSA SGP TWP General Description Understanding sources of uncertainty in aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF), the difference in a given radiative flux component with and without aerosol, is essential to quantifying changes in Earth's radiation budget. We examine the uncertainty in DRF due to measurement uncertainty in the quantities on which it depends: aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, solar geometry, and surface albedo. Direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface as well as sensitivities, the changes in DRF in response to unit changes in
Zero forcing parameters and minimum rank problems
The zero forcing number Z(G), which is the minimum number of vertices in a zero forcing set of a graph G, is used to study the maximum nullity / minimum rank of the family of symmetric matrices described by G. It is shown that for a connected graph of order at least two, no vertex is in every zero forcing set. The positive semidefinite zero forcing number Z_+(G) is introduced, and shown to be equal to |G|-OS(G), where OS(G) is the recently defined ordered set number that is a lower bound for minimum positive semidefinite rank. The positive semidefinite zero forcing number is applied to the computation of positive semidefinite minimum rank of certain graphs. An example of a graph for which the real positive symmetric semidefinite minimum rank is greater than the complex Hermitian positive semidefinite minimum rank is presented.
Barioli, Francesco; Fallat, Shaun M; Hall, H Tracy; Hogben, Leslie; Shader, Bryan; Driessche, P van den; van der Holst, Hein
X-ray imaging with grazing-incidence microscopes developed for the LIL program
This article describes x-ray imaging with grazing-incidence microscopes, developed for the experimental program carried out on the Ligne d'Integration Laser (LIL) facility [J. P. Le Breton et al., Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications 2001 (Elsevier, Paris, 2002), pp. 856-862] (24 kJ, UV--0.35 nm). The design includes a large target-to-microscope (400-700 mm) distance required by the x-ray ablation issues anticipated on the Laser MegaJoule facility [P. A. Holstein et al., Laser Part. Beams 17, 403 (1999)] (1.8 MJ) which is under construction. Two eight-image Kirkpatrick-Baez microscopes [P. Kirkpatrick and A. V. Baez J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38, 766 (1948)] with different spectral wavelength ranges and with a 400 mm source-to-mirror distance image the target on a custom-built framing camera (time resolution of {approx}80 ps). The soft x-ray version microscope is sensitive below 1 keV and its spatial resolution is better than 30 {mu}m over a 2-mm-diam region. The hard x-ray version microscope has a 10 {mu}m resolution over an 800-{mu}m-diam region and is sensitive in the 1-5 keV energy range. Two other x-ray microscopes based on an association of toroidal/spherical surfaces (T/S microscopes) produce an image on a streak camera with a spatial resolution better than 30 {mu}m over a 3 mm field of view in the direction of the camera slit. Both microscopes have been designed to have, respectively, a maximum sensitivity in the 0.1-1 and 1-5 keV energy range. We present the original design of these four microscopes and their test on a dc x-ray tube in the laboratory. The diagnostics were successfully used on LIL first experiments early in 2005. Results of soft x-ray imaging of a radiative jet during conical shaped laser interaction are shown.
Rosch, R.; Boutin, J. Y.; Le Breton, J. P.; Gontier, D.; Jadaud, J. P.; Reverdin, C.; Soullie, G.; Lidove, G.; Maroni, R. [CEA/DIF, BP 12, 91680 Bruyeres-Le-Chatel (France)
Observation of Localized Corrosion of Ni-Based Alloys Using Coupled Orientation Imaging Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy
We present a method for assessing the relative vulnerabilities of distinct classes of grain boundaries to localized corrosion. Orientation imaging microscopy provides a spatial map which identifies and classifies grain boundaries at a metal surface. Once the microstructure of a region of a sample surface has been characterized, a sample can be exposed to repeated cycles of exposure to a corrosive environment alternating with topographic measurement by an atomic force microscope in the same region in which the microstructure had been mapped. When this procedure is applied to Ni and Ni-based alloys, we observe enhanced attack at random grain boundaries relative to special boundaries and twins in a variety of environments.
Bedrossian, P.J.
Microscopic Calculation of Fission Fragment Energies for the 239Pu(nth,f) Reaction
We calculate the total kinetic and excitation energies of fragments produced in the thermal-induced fission of {sup 239}Pu. This result is a proof-of-principle demonstration for a microscopic approach to the calculation of fission-fragment observables for applied data needs. In addition, the calculations highlight the application of a fully quantum mechanical description of scission, and the importance of exploring scission configurations as a function of the moments of the fragments, rather than through global constraints on the moments of the fissioning nucleus. Using a static microscopic calculation of configurations at and near scission, we have identified fission fragments for the {sup 239}Pu (n{sub th}, f) reaction and extracted their total kinetic and excitation energies. Comparison with data shows very good overall agreement between theory and experiment. Beyond their success as a proof of principle, these calculations also highlight the importance of local constraints on the fragments themselves in microscopic calculations.
Younes, W; Gogny, D
Ellipsoidal and parabolic glass capillaries as condensers for x-ray microscopes
Single-bounce ellipsoidal and paraboloidal glass capillary focusing optics have been fabricated for use as condenser lenses for both synchrotron and tabletop x-ray microscopes in the x-ray energy range of 2.5-18 keV. The condenser numerical apertures (NAs) of these devices are designed to match the NA of x-ray zone plate objectives, which gives them a great advantage over zone plate condensers in laboratory microscopes. The fabricated condensers have slope errors as low as 20 {mu}rad rms. These capillaries provide a uniform hollow-cone illumination with almost full focusing efficiency, which is much higher than what is available with zone plate condensers. Sub-50 nm resolution at 8 keV x-ray energy was achieved by utilizing this high-efficiency condenser in a laboratory microscope based on a rotating anode generator.
Zeng Xianghui; Duewer, Fred; Feser, Michael; Huang, Carson; Lyon, Alan; Tkachuk, Andrei; Yun Wenbing
Definition: Forced Outage | Open Energy Information
Forced Outage Forced Outage Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Forced Outage The removal from service availability of a generating unit, transmission line, or other facility for emergency reasons., The condition in which the equipment is unavailable due to unanticipated failure.[1] Related Terms transmission lines, transmission line References ↑ Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An i LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. nline Glossary Definition Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Forced_Outage&oldid=480310" Categories: Definitions ISGAN Definitions What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Browse properties About us Disclaimers Energy blogs Linked Data
Weather Noise Forcing of Surface Climate Variability
A model-based method to evaluate the role of weather noise forcing of low-frequency variability of surface properties, including SST, surface currents, land surface temperature, and soil moisture, is presented. In this procedure, an �interactive ...
Edwin K. Schneider; Meizhu Fan
Casimir forces between cylinders at different temperatures
We study Casimir interactions between cylinders in thermal nonequilibrium, where the objects as well as the environment are held at different temperatures. We provide the general formula for the force, in a one reflection ...
Golyk, Vladyslav A.
Casimir forces in the time domain: Applications
Our previous article [Phys. Rev. A 80, 012115 (2009)] introduced a method to compute Casimir forces in arbitrary geometries and for arbitrary materials that was based on a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme. In ...
Johnson, Steven G.
Stochastic Forcing of the Wintertime Extratropical Flow
This study is concerned with assessing the extent to which extratropical low-frequency variability may be viewed as a response to geographically coherent stochastic forcing. This issue is examined with a barotropic model linearized about the long-...
Matthew Newman; Prashant D. Sardeshmukh; C�cile Penland
Casimir force at a knife's edge
The Casimir force has been computed exactly for only a few simple geometries, such as infinite plates, cylinders, and spheres. We show that a parabolic cylinder, for which analytic solutions to the Helmholtz equation are ...
Graham, Noah
Direct Atmospheric Forcing of Geostrophic Eddies
To assess the role of direct stochastic wind forcing in generating oceanic geostrophic eddies we calculate analytically the response of a simple ocean model to a realistic model wind-stress spectrum and compare the results with observations. The ...
Peter M�ller; Claude Frankignoul
Task force report on computerized tomographic scanners
Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning was the focus of a task force established by the Bergen-Passaic Health Systems Agency in New Jersey. The task force reviewed the literature on CAT technology and its applications, surveyed four northeastern hospitals with operating CAT scanning installations, and created three working subcommittees which produced written reports. It was agreed by task force members that certain criteria should be used when evaluating applications for CAT scanners, e.g., service area, staff resources, emergency room activity, radiotherapy, 24-hour scanner coverage, the medically indigent, and cost. Overall, it was determined that CAT is a proven diagnostic tool of significant value and that it should be available to residents of the Bergen-Passaic health service area. Since the CAT field is rapidly evolving and changing, however, it was not possible to define quantitatively the long-term need for and supply of CAT scanners in the region. Appendixes present supporting data on the task force findings.
Casimir Forces On A Silicon Micromechanical Chip
Quantum fluctuations give rise to van der Waals and Casimir forces that dominate the interaction between electrically neutral objects at sub-micron separations. Under the trend of miniaturization, such quantum electrodynamical effects are expected to play an important role in micro- and nano-mechanical devices. Nevertheless, so far the Casimir force has been experimentally observed only in situations involving an external object manually positioned close to a micromechanical element on a silicon chip. Here, we demonstrate the Casimir effect between two silicon components on the same substrate. In addition to providing an integrated and compact platform for Casimir force measurements, this scheme also opens the possibility of tailoring the Casimir force using lithographically defined components of non-conventional shapes on a single micromechanical chip.
Zou, J. [Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, University of Florida; Marset, zsolt [University of Florida, Gainesville; Rodriguez, A.W. [Harvard University; Reid, M. T.H. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); McCauley, A. P. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Kravchenko, Ivan I [ORNL; Bao, Y. [University of Florida, Gainesville; Johnson, S. G. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Chan, Ho Bun [Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
Forces on laboratory model dredge cutterhead
Dredge cutting forces produced by the movement of the cutterhead through the sediment have been measured with the laboratory dredge carriage located at the Haynes Coastal Engineering Laboratory. The sediment bed that was used for the dredging test was considered to be relatively smooth and the sediment used was sand with a d50=0.27 mm. Forces on the dredge carriage were measured using five 13.3 kN (3000 lb) one directional load cells placed on the dredge ladder in various places so the transmitted cutting forces could be obtained. The objectives for this study are to determine the vertical, horizontal, and axial forces that are produced by the cutterhead while testing. So, to find these cutter forces, a static analysis was performed on the carriage by applying static loads to the cutterhead in the vertical, horizontal, and axial directions, and for each load that was applied, readings were recorded for all five of the load cells. Then, static equilibrium equations were developed for the dredge carriage ladder to determine loads in the five load cells. Also, equilibrium equations can be applied to a dredging test to find the cutterhead forces by taking the measured data from the five load cells and applying the known forces to the equations, and the cutterhead forces can be determined. These static equilibrium equations have been confirmed by using a program called SolidWorks, which is modeling software that can be used to do static finite element analysis of structural systems to determine stresses, displacement, and pin and bolt forces. Data that were gathered from the experimental procedure and the theoretical calculations show that the force on the dredge cutterhead can be determined. However, the results from the static equilibrium calculations and the results from the SolidWorks program were compared to the experiment procedure results, and from the comparison the procedure results show irregularities when a force of approximately 0.889 kN (200 lb) or above is applied to the cutterhead in a north, south, west, or east orientation. The SolidWorks program was used to determine the results for displacements of the dredge carriage ladder system, which showed that large displacements were occurring at the location of the cutterhead, and when the cutterhead displaces it means that the carriage ladder is also moving, which causes false readings in the five load cells. From this analysis it was determined that a sixth force transducer was needed to produce more resistance on the ladder; and the cell #1 location needed to be redesigned to make the ladder system as rigid as possible and able to produce good testing results. The SolidWorks program was used to determine the best location where the sixth force transducer would give the best results, and this location was determined to be on the lower south-west corner oriented in the direction east to west. The static equilibrium equations were rewritten to include the new redesigned cell #1 location and the new location of the sixth load cell. From the new system of equations, forces on the cutterhead can be determined for future dredging studies conducted with the dredge carriage. Finally, the forces on the laboratory cuttersuction dredge model cutterhead were scaled up to the prototype 61 cm (24 in) cuttersuction dredge. These scaled up cutting forces on the dredge cutterhead can be utilized in the design of the swing winches, swing cable size, ladder supports, and ladder.
Young, Dustin Ray
Mountain Forces and the Atmospheric Energy Budget
Although mountains are generally thought to exert forces on the atmosphere, the related transfers of energy between earth and atmosphere are not represented in standard energy equations of the atmosphere. It is shown that the axial rotation of the ...
Joseph Egger
Radiative Forcing of Stationary Planetary Waves
The stationary wave components of the planetary-scale circulation are maintained by topographic forcing and by latent and sensible heat transfers and radiation. These waves have a potential vorticity balance mainly due to vertically differential ...
Leo J. Donner; Hsiao-Lan Kuo
Baroclinic Eddy Equilibration under Specified Seasonal Forcing
Baroclinic eddy equilibration under a Northern Hemisphere�like seasonal forcing is studied using a modified multilayer quasigeostrophic channel model to investigate the widely used �quick baroclinic eddy equilibration� assumption and to ...
Yang Zhang; Peter H. Stone
Halving the Casimir force with conductive oxides
The possibility to modify the strength of the Casimir effect by tailoring the dielectric functions of the interacting surfaces is regarded as a unique opportunity in the development of Micro- and NanoElectroMechanical Systems. In air, however, one expects that, unless noble metals are used, the electrostatic force arising from trapped charges overcomes the Casimir attraction, leaving no room for exploitation of Casimir force engineering at ambient conditions. Here we show that, in the presence of a conductive oxide, the Casimir force can be the dominant interaction even in air, and that the use of conductive oxides allows one to reduce the Casimir force up to a factor of 2 when compared to noble metals.
S. de Man; K. Heeck; R. J. Wijngaarden; D. Iannuzzi
Scattering theory approach to electrodynamic Casimir forces
We give a comprehensive presentation of methods for calculating the Casimir force to arbitrary accuracy, for any number of objects, arbitrary shapes, susceptibility functions, and separations. The technique is applicable ...
Rahi, Sahand Jamal
On Thermally Forced Circulations over Heated Terrain
A combination of analytical and numerical models is used to gain insight into the dynamics of thermally forced circulations over diurnally heated terrain. Solutions are obtained for two-layer flows (representing the boundary layer and the ...
Daniel J. Kirshbaum
Radiative Forcing Due to Reactive Gas Emissions
Reactive gas emissions (CO, NOx, VOC) have indirect radiative forcing effects through their influences on tropospheric ozone and on the lifetimes of methane and hydrogenated halocarbons. These effects are quantified here for the full set of ...
T. M. L. Wigley; S. J. Smith; M. J. Prather
Kirland Air Force Base wins Robot Rodeo
Kirland Air Force Base wins Robot Rodeo Kirland Air Force Base wins Robot Rodeo Community Connections: Our link to Northern New Mexico Communities Latest Issue:Dec. 2013 - Jan. 2014 All Issues » submit Kirland Air Force Base wins Robot Rodeo Hazardous devices teams test their maneuvering skills July 1, 2013 Students from Valarde Middle School won the video competition in the Best in Show and Middle School categories. They are shown here with sixth-grade teacher Jimmy Lara. During the Robot Rodeo, an unseen operator attempts to conduct reconnaissance and rescue injured personnel Contact Editor Linda Anderman Email Community Programs Office Kurt Steinhaus Email Kirland Air Force Base wins Robot Rodeo Police and public safety teams from as far away as New Jersey recently convened in Albuquerque to test their ability to remotely deploy robots
Quantitative Nanostructure Characterization Using Atomic Pair Distribution Functions Obtained From Laboratory Electron Microscopes
Quantitatively reliable atomic pair distribution functions (PDFs) have been obtained from nanomaterials in a straightforward way from a standard laboratory transmission electron microscope (TEM). The approach looks very promising for making electron derived PDFs (ePDFs) a routine step in the characterization of nanomaterials because of the ubiquity of such TEMs in chemistry and materials laboratories. No special attachments such as energy filters were required on the microscope. The methodology for obtaining the ePDFs is described as well as some opportunities and limitations of the method.
Abeykoon M.; Billinge S.; Malliakas, C.D.; Juhas, P.; Bozin, E.S.; Kanatzidis, M.G.
Universal Forces and the Dark Energy Problem
The Dark Energy problem is forcing us to re-examine our models and our understanding of relativity and space-time. Here a novel idea of Fundamental Forces is introduced. This allows us to perceive the General Theory of Relativity and Einstein's Equation from a new pesrpective. In addition to providing us with an improved understanding of space and time, it will be shown how it leads to a resolution of the Dark Energy problem.
Afsar Abbas
Abbas, Afsar
Nonlinearity of the Extratropical Response to Tropical Forcing
A primitive equations dry atmospheric model is used to investigate the atmospheric response to a tropical diabatic forcing pattern and explore how the atmospheric response changes as a function of the amplitude of the forcing. The forcing anomaly ...
Hai Lin; Jacques Derome
Gravity Wave Generation by a Three-Dimensional Thermal Forcing
Thermal forcing is one of the mechanisms of wave generation in convection. Although it does not account for all the wave generation mechanisms, thermal forcing is a good proxy for estimating the gravity wave spectrum forced by convection. This ...
Jadwiga H. Beres
NIST Reference Materials Are 'Gold Standard' for Bio ...
... atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential mobility analysis (DMA ...
Einstein's Dream of Unified Forces | U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC)
Since Einstein, physicists have sought a unified theory to explain all the fundamental forces and particles in the universe. The result is a stunningly successful theory that reduces the complexity of microscopic physics to a set of concise laws. But these same quantum ideas fail when applied to cosmic physics. Some fundamental piece is missing; gravity, dark matter and dark energy must have quantum explanations. A new theoretical vision is required, one that embraces the Standard Model and general relativity, while resolving the mystery of dark energy. Particle accelerators provide the means to reach a unified theoretical perspective in experiments characterized by four well-defined intellectual thrusts Are there undiscovered principles of nature: new symmetries, new
How can we solve the mystery of dark energy? How can we solve the mystery of dark energy? Sloan Digital Sky Survey Just as the first cartographers created maps of the new world, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey is systematically mapping one quarter of the universe. (Credit: SDSS) Recent measurements with telescopes and space probes have shown that a mysterious force-a dark energy-fills the vacuum of empty space, accelerating the universe's expansion. We don't know what dark energy is, or why it exists. On the other hand, particle theory tells us that, at the microscopic level, even a perfect vacuum bubbles with quantum particles that are a natural source of dark energy. But a naïve calculation of the dark energy generated from the vacuum yields a value 10120 times larger than the amount we observe. Some unknown physical process is required to
Thin-film thickness measurement using x-ray peak ratioing in the scanning electron microscope
The procedure used to measure laser target film thickness using a scanning electron microscope is summarized. This method is generally applicable to any coating on any substrate as long as the electron energy is sufficient to penetrate the coating and the substrate produces an x-ray signal which can pass back through the coating and be detected. (MOW)
Elliott, N.E.; Anderson, W.E.; Archuleta, T.A.; Stupin, D.M.
The Researches of Microscopic Image Segmentation and Recognition on the Cancer Cells Fallen into Peritoneal Effusion
Abstract: Auto-segmentation of cell is one of the most interesting segmentation problems due to the complex nature of the cell tissues and to the inherent problems of video microscopic image. Objects, which are variant, narrow range of gray levels, non-random ... Keywords: Artificial neural network, computer-aided diagnosis, cell image segmentation, cell image recognition, peritoneal effusion
Hongyuan Wang; Shenggen Zeng; Chengang Yu; Xiaogang Wang; Deshen Xia
Characterization of electron microscopes with binary pseudo-random multilayer test samples
Verification of the reliability of metrology data from high quality x-ray optics requires that adequate methods for test and calibration of the instruments be developed. For such verification for optical surface profilometers in the spatial frequency domain, a modulation transfer function (MTF) calibration method based on binary pseudo-random (BPR) gratings and arrays has been suggested [Proc. SPIE 7077-7 (2007), Opt. Eng. 47(7), 073602-1-5 (2008)} and proven to be an effective calibration method for a number of interferometric microscopes, a phase shifting Fizeau interferometer, and a scatterometer [Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 616, 172-82 (2010)]. Here we describe the details of development of binary pseudo-random multilayer (BPRML) test samples suitable for characterization of scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopes. We discuss the results of TEM measurements with the BPRML test samples fabricated from a WiSi2/Si multilayer coating with pseudo randomly distributed layers. In particular, we demonstrate that significant information about the metrological reliability of the TEM measurements can be extracted even when the fundamental frequency of the BPRML sample is smaller than the Nyquist frequency of the measurements. The measurements demonstrate a number of problems related to the interpretation of the SEM and TEM data. Note that similar BPRML test samples can be used to characterize x-ray microscopes. Corresponding work with x-ray microscopes is in progress.
Yashchuk, Valeriy V; Conley, Raymond; Anderson, Erik H; Barber, Samuel K; Bouet, Nathalie; McKinney, Wayne R; Takacs, Peter Z; Voronov, Dmitriy L
Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Ramp-Metering Algorithms Using Microscopic Traffic Simulation Model
Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Ramp-Metering Algorithms Using Microscopic Traffic Simulation metering has undergone significant theoretical developments in recent years. However, the applicability been used in an evaluation study of three well-known adaptive ramp-metering algorithms: ALINEA, BOTTLE
Levinson, David M.
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th EditionChapter 1 Methods of Agricultural Microscopy
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th Edition Chapter 1 Methods of Agricultural Microscopy Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books 97C1C49A76ADD9BFEBDE5FF95381F911 Press Downloadable pdf...
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th EditionChapter 9 Microchemical Spot Tests
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th Edition Chapter 9 Microchemical Spot Tests Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books AOCS 6C2FB81BF33EA47CEF1B98AD0BE2A9CB Press Downloadable pdf...
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th EditionChapter 6 Fertilizer Microscopy
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th Edition Chapter 6 Fertilizer Microscopy Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books AOCS 8C45832E2AA310DD11A6FEA4BDB93C6B Press Downloadable pdf...
Wolter-like high resolution x-ray imaging microscope for Rayleigh Taylor instabilities studies
In the context of the inertial confinement fusion, experiments have been carried out on the Phebus laser facility to study the Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (RTIs) at the ablation front. Premodulated brominated plastic targets (25 {mu}m thick) with a modulation wavelength between 12 and 50 {mu}m were accelerated with a temporally shaped soft x-ray pulse emitted from a hohlraum with a maximum radiation temperature of about 115 eV. The RTI growth was measured by face-on radiography using a microscope coupled with an x-ray streak camera, which has spatial and temporal resolutions of about 5 {mu}m and 50 ps, respectively. The acceleration was derived from side-on velocity measurements. The microscope we have developed is a Wolter-like microscope which consists of two toroiedal mirrors. We will present the experimental and theoretical potentialities of this microscope: characterization with an x-ray generator and plasma laser x-ray source (Phebus facility) for two-dimensional (2D) and 1D time-resolved imaging studies. Spatial resolution of about 4 {mu}m was achieved in the 1-5 keV range. The Wolter-like constitutes an interesting device for laser plasma diagnostics and will be very useful in the Laser Megajoules experiments conducted with more powerful lasers.
Troussel, Ph.; Meyer, B.; Reverdin, R.; Angelier, B.; Lidove, G.; Salvatore, P.; Richard, A. [Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, DAM-Ile de France, BP 12, 91680 Bruyeres-les-Chatel (France); Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Saclay 91191 (France); Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, CESTA, BP2, 33114 Le Barp (France)
OIL IN THE OPEN WATER microscopic plants and animals that form the
OIL IN THE OPEN WATER microscopic plants and animals that form the basis of the oceanic food web the surface, corals and other deepwater OIL AND HUMAN USE Wellhead CORALS · Coral surveys · Tissue collections · Transect surveys to detect submerged oil · Oil plume modeling · Sediment sampling AQUATIC VEGETATION
Inspection Report on "Protective Force Performance Test Improprieties...
Other Agencies You are here Home Inspection Report on "Protective Force Performance Test Improprieties," DOEIG-0636 Inspection Report on "Protective Force Performance Test...
Zipping mechanism for force-generation by growing filament bundles
We investigate the force generation by polymerizing bundles of filaments, which form because of short-range attractive filament interactions. We show that bundles can generate forces by a zipping mechanism, which is not limited by buckling and operates in the fully buckled state. The critical zipping force, i.e. the maximal force that a bundle can generate, is given by the adhesive energy gained during bundle formation. For opposing forces larger than the critical zipping force, bundles undergo a force-induced unbinding transition. For larger bundles, the critical zipping force depends on the initial configuration of the bundles. Our results are corroborated by Monte Carlo simulations.
Torsten Kuehne; Reinhard Lipowsky; Jan Kierfeld
Kuehne, Torsten; Kierfeld, Jan
Collaborative Utility Task Force Partners with DOE to Develop...
Collaborative Utility Task Force Partners with DOE to Develop Cyber Security Requirements for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Collaborative Utility Task Force Partners with DOE to...
Air Force Achieves Fuel Efficiency through Industry Best Practices...
ideas and implement initiatives with the Air Force Achieves Fuel Efficiency through Industry Best Practices The Air Force Energy Plan is built upon three pillars: reduce...
Protective Force Contracts at the Oak Ridge Reservation, IG-0719...
Administration Other Agencies You are here Home Protective Force Contracts at the Oak Ridge Reservation, IG-0719 Protective Force Contracts at the Oak Ridge Reservation,...
Protective Force Training at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge...
Agencies You are here Home Protective Force Training at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation, IG-0694 Protective Force Training at the Department of Energy's Oak...
Government and Industry A Force for Collaboration at the Energy...
Government and Industry A Force for Collaboration at the Energy Roadmap Update Workshop Government and Industry A Force for Collaboration at the Energy Roadmap Update Workshop...
Federal Task Force Sends Recommendations to President on Fostering...
Task Force Sends Recommendations to President on Fostering Clean Coal Technology Federal Task Force Sends Recommendations to President on Fostering Clean Coal Technology August 12,...
Before the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces...
House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Before the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Before the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic...
Before the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - House Armed Services...
Strategic Forces - House Armed Services Committee Before the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - House Armed Services Committee Written Statement by David Huizenga, Senior Advisor...
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Clean Air Task Force CATF | Open Energy Information
Task Force CATF Jump to: navigation, search Name Clean Air Task Force (CATF) Place Boston, Massachusetts Zip 2108 Product Massachusetts-based scientific research and legal advocacy...
Turbulence process domination under the combined forcings of wind stress, the Langmuir vortex force, and surface cooling
Turbulence in the ocean surface layer is generated by time-varying combinations of destabilizing surface buoyancy flux, wind stress forcing, and wave forcing through a vortex force associated with the surface wave field. Observations of time- and ...
A. E. Gargett; C. E. Grosch
Force network analysis of jammed solids
Using a system of repulsive, soft particles as a model for a jammed solid, we analyze its force network as characterized by the magnitude of the contact force between two particles, the local contact angle subtended between three particles, and the local coordination number. In particular, we measure the local contact angle distribution as a function of the magnitude of the local contact force. We find the suppression of small contact angles for locally larger contact forces, suggesting the existence of chain-like correlations in the locally larger contact forces. We couple this information with a coordination number-spin state mapping to arrive at a Potts spin model with frustration and correlated disorder to draw a potential connection between jammed solids (no quenched disorder) and spin glasses (quenched disorder). We use this connection to measure chaos due to marginality in the jammed system. In addition, we present the replica solution of the one-dimensional, long-range Potts glass as a potential toy building block for a jammed solid, where a sea of weakly interacting spins provide for long-range interactions along a chain-like backbone of more strongly interacting spins.
S. -L. -Y. Xu; X. Illa; J. M. Schwarz
We present complete results of the experiment on measuring the Casimir force between an Au-coated sphere and an untreated or, alternatively, UV-treated indium tin oxide film deposited on a quartz substrate. Measurements were performed using an atomic force microscope in a high vacuum chamber. The measurement system was calibrated electrostatically. Special analysis of the systematic deviations is performed, and respective corrections in the calibration parameters are introduced. The corrected parameters are free from anomalies discussed in the literature. The experimental data for the Casimir force from two measurement sets for both untreated and UV-treated samples are presented. The experimental errors are determined at a 95% confidence level. It is demonstrated that the UV treatment of an I TO plate results in a significant decrease in the magnitude of the Casimir force (from 21% to 35% depending on separation). However, ellipsometry measurements of the imaginary parts of dielectric permittivities of the untreated and UV-treated samples did not reveal any significant differences. The experimental data are compared with computations in the framework of the Lifshitz theory. It is found that the data for the untreated sample are in a very good agreement with theoretical results taking into account the free charge carriers in an ITO film. For the UV-treated sample the data exclude the theoretical results obtained with account of free charge carriers. These data are in a very good agreement with computations disregarding the contribution of free carriers. According to the explanation provided, this is caused by the phase transition of the ITO film from metallic to dielectric state caused by the UV treatment. Possible applications of the discovered phenomenon in nanotechnology are discussed.
A. A. Banishev; C. -C. Chang; R. Castillo-Garza; G. L. Klimchitskaya; V. M. Mostepanenko; U. Mohideen
Spray bottle apparatus with force multiply pistons
The present invention comprises a spray bottle in which the pressure resulting from the gripping force applied by the user is amplified and this increased pressure used in generating a spray such as an aerosol or fluid stream. In its preferred embodiment, the invention includes a high pressure chamber and a corresponding piston which is operative for driving fluid out of this chamber at high pressure through a spray nozzle and a low pressure chamber and corresponding piston which is acted upon by the hydraulic pressure within the bottle resulting from the gripping force. The low pressure chamber and piston are of larger size than the high pressure chamber and piston. The pistons are rigidly connected so that the force created by the pressure acting on the piston in the low pressure chamber is transmitted to the piston in the high pressure chamber where it is applied over a more limited area thereby generating greater hydraulic pressure for use in forming the spray.
Eschbach, Eugene A. (Richland, WA)
Critical Casimir forces in cellular membranes
Recent experiments suggest that membranes of living cells are tuned close to a miscibility critical point in the 2D Ising universality class. We propose that one role for this proximity to criticality in live cells is to provide a conduit for relatively long-ranged critical Casimir forces. Using techniques from conformal field theory we calculate potentials of mean force between membrane bound inclusions mediated by their local interactions with the composition order parameter. We verify these calculations using Monte-Carlo where we also compare critical and off-critical results. Our findings suggest that membrane bound proteins experience weak yet long range forces mediated by critical composition fluctuations in the plasma membranes of living cells.
Benjamin B. Machta; Sarah L. Veatch; James P. Sethna
On the nature of gravitational forces
In this paper I show how the statistics of the gravitational field is changed when the system is characterized by a non-uniform distribution of particles. I show how the distribution functions W(dF/dt) giving the joint probability that a test particle is subject to a force F and an associated rate of change of F given by dF/dt, are modified by inhomogeneity. Then I calculate the first moment of dF/dt to study the effects of inhomogenity on dynamical friction. Finally I test, by N-Body simulations, that the theoretical W(F) and dF/dt describes correctly the experimental data and I find that the stochastic force distribution obtained for the evolved system is in good agreement with theory. Moreover, I find that in an inhomogeneous background the friction force is actually enhanced relative to the homogeneous case.
A. Del Popolo
Del Popolo, A
CAM/LIFTER forces and friction
This report details the procedures used to measure the cam/lifter forces and friction. The present effort employed a Cummins LTA-10, and focuses on measurements and dynamic modeling of the injector train. The program was sponsored by the US Department of Energy in support of advanced diesel engine technology. The injector train was instrumented to record the instantaneous roller speed, roller pin friction torque, pushrod force, injector link force and cam speed. These measurements, together with lift profiles for pushrod and injector link displacement, enabled the friction work loss in the injector train to be determined. Other significant design criteria such as camshaft roller follower slippage and maximum loads on components were also determined. Future efforts will concentrate on the dynamic model, with tests run as required for correlation.
Gabbey, D.J.; Lee, J.; Patterson, D.J.
David J. Gross and the Strong Force
David J. Gross and the Strong Force David J. Gross and the Strong Force Resources with Additional Information The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to David Gross for "the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction". 'Gross, who obtained his PhD in physics in 1966, currently is a professor of physics and director of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at UC Santa Barbara. ... David Gross Courtesy of UC Santa Barbara [When on the faculty at Princeton University,] he and then-graduate student Frank Wilczek came up with a way to describe the "strong force" that governs interactions between protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. He and Wilczek published their proposal simultaneously with H. David Politzer, a graduate student [at Harvard University] who independently came up with the same idea. ...
Molecular Molecular Mechanics Force Field for Lignin LOUKAS PETRIDIS, JEREMY C. SMITH Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 Received 14 February 2008; Revised 8 May 2008; Accepted 12 June 2008 DOI 10.1002/jcc.21075 Published online 1 August 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). Abstract: A CHARMM molecular mechanics force field for lignin is derived. Parameterization is based on reproducing quantum mechanical data of model compounds. Partial atomic charges are derived using the RESP electrostatic potential fitting method supplemented by the examination of methoxybenzene:water interactions. Dihedral parameters are optimized by fitting to critical rotational potentials and bonded parameters are obtained by optimizing vibrational frequencies and normal modes. Finally, the force field is validated
Direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic organic aerosol
[1] This study simulates the direct radiative forcing of organic aerosol using the GFDL AM2 GCM. The aerosol climatology is provided by the MOZART chemical transport model (CTM). The approach to calculating aerosol optical properties explicitly considers relative humidity�dependent hygroscopic growth by employing a functional group� based thermodynamic model, and makes use of the size distribution derived from AERONET measurements. The preindustrial (PI) and present-day (PD) global burdens of organic carbon are 0.17 and 1.36 Tg OC, respectively. The annual global mean total-sky and clear-sky top-of-the atmosphere (TOA) forcings (PI to PD) are estimated as 0.34 and 0.71 W m 2, respectively. Geographically the radiative cooling largely lies over the source regions, namely part of South America, Central Africa, Europe and South and East Asia. The annual global mean total-sky and clear-sky surface forcings are 0.63 and 0.98 W m 2, respectively. A series of sensitivity analyses shows that the treatments of hygroscopic growth and optical properties of organic aerosol are intertwined in the determination of the global organic aerosol forcing. For example, complete deprivation of water uptake by hydrophilic organic particles reduces the standard (total-sky) and clearsky TOA forcing estimates by 18 % and 20%, respectively, while the uptake by a highly soluble organic compound (malonic acid) enhances them by 18 % and 32%, respectively. Treating particles as non-absorbing enhances aerosol reflection and increases the total-sky and clear-sky TOA forcing by 47 % and 18%, respectively, while neglecting the scattering brought about by the water associated with particles reduces them by 24% and 7%, respectively.
Yi Ming; V. Ramaswamy; Paul A. Ginoux; Larry H. Horowitz
Harnessing market forces to protect the environment
A 50-member team drawn from academia, industry, the environmental community, and government worked on a report which describes a variety of innovative measure designed to enlist the forces of the marketplace and the ingenuity of entrepreneurs to help deter pollution and reduce degradation of natural resources. The report emphasizes the practical employment of economic forces to achieve increased protection of the environment at a lower cost to society. Suggested economic incentives include tradable emissions permits, least-cost bidding at electric utilities, and a deposit-refund system for containerized wastes - to increase environmental protection.
Stavins, R.N.
Polarizing Microscopes
... NIKON SINGAPORE PTE LTD SINGAPORE Phone: +65-5593618 Fax: +65-5593668 NIKON MALAYSIA SDN. BHD. MALAYSIA ...
Influence of external forces on the behaviour of redundant manipulators
The paper considers the influence of external forces on the behaviour of a redundant manipulator. It is assumed that the forces can act anywhere on the body of the manipulator. First, the equivalent generalized forces in the task space and the null space ... Keywords: Control algorithm, External forces, Position accuracy, Redundant manipulators
Leon &ZCARON;lajpah
Galileon forces in the Solar System
We consider the challenging problem of obtaining an analytic understanding of realistic astrophysical dynamics in the presence of a Vainshtein screened fifth force arising from infrared modifications of General Relativity. In particular, we attempt to solve -- within the most general flat spacetime galileon model -- the scalar force law between well separated bodies located well within the Vainshtein radius of the Sun. To this end, we derive the exact static Green's function of the galileon wave equation linearized about the background field generated by the Sun, for the minimal cubic and maximally quartic galileon theories, and then introduce a method to compute the general leading order force law perturbatively away from these limits. We also show that the same nonlinearities which produce the Vainshtein screening effect present obstacles to an analytic calculation of the galileon forces between closely bound systems within the solar system, such as that of the Earth and Moon. Within the test mass approximation, we deduce that a large enough quartic galileon interaction would suppress the effect on planetary perihelion precession below the level detectable by even the next-generation experiments.
Melinda Andrews; Yi-Zen Chu; Mark Trodden
nonbelievers. #12;Level of Scientific Understanding 2 1 0 1 2 3 Radiativeforcing(Wattspersquaremetre) Cooling scattering -- Cooling influence Light absorption -- Warming influence, depending on surface Indirect Effects is highly sensitive to modest aerosol loadings. Global-average AOT 0.1 corresponds to global-average forcing
Schwartz, Stephen E.
Topographically Forced Convergence in Western Washington State
Several times a year when the low-level winds from off the Pacific Ocean are within a narrow range of speed and direction, air passes both north and south of the Olympic Mountains of Washington State and is forced to converge in Puget Sound by ...
Clifford Mass
Chiral effective field theory and nuclear forces
We review how nuclear forces emerge from low-energy QCD via chiral effective field theory. The presentation is accessible to the non-specialist. At the same time, we also provide considerable detailed information (mostly in appendices) for the benefit of researchers who wish to start working in this field.
Machleidt, R
Longwave radiative forcing by aqueous aerosols
Recently, a great deal of interest has been focused on the role of aerosols in climatic change because of their potential cooling impacts due to light scattering. Recent advances in infrared spectroscopy using cylindrical internal reflectance have allowed the longwave absorption of dissolved aerosol species and the associated liquid water to be accurately determined and evaluated. Experimental measurements using these techniques have shown that dissolved sulfate, nitrate, and numerous other aerosol species will act to cause greenhouse effects. Preliminary calculations indicate that the longwave climate forcing (i.e., heating) for sulfate aerosol will be comparable in magnitude to the cooling effect produced by light scattering. However, more detailed modeling will clearly be needed to address the impact of the longwave forcing due to aerosols as a function of atmospheric height and composition. Their work has shown that aerosol composition will be important in determining longwave forcing, while shortwave forcing will be more related to the physical size of the aerosol droplets. On the basis of these studies, it is increasingly apparent that aerosols, fogs, and clouds play a key role in determining the radiative balance of the atmosphere and in controlling regional and global climates.
Gaffney, J.S.; Marley, N.A. [Argonne National Lab., IL (United States). Environmental Research Div.
Galileon Forces in the Solar System
Yangtze Patrol: American Naval Forces in China
Yangtze Patrol: American Naval Forces in China A Selected, Partially-Annotated Bibliography literature of the United States Navy in China. mvh #12;"Like Chimneys in Summer" The thousands of men who served on the China Station before World War II have been all but forgotten, except in the mythology
Strategic forces: Future requirements and options
In the wake of the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the apparent ending of the Cold War, there have been renewed calls for radical cuts in US strategic forces to levels far below the 10,000 or so warheads allowed each side under the current START proposal. Since it now appears that NATO for the first time will have the capability to defeat a Soviet conventional attack without the necessity of threatening to resort to nuclear weapons, this should pave the way for the rethinking of US strategy and the reduction of US strategic weapons requirements. In this new environment, it seems plausible that, with a modification of the Flexible Response doctrine to forego attempts to disarm the Soviet Union, deterrence could be maintained with 1500 or so survivable strategic weapons. With a new strategy that confined US strategic weapons to the role of deterring the use of nuclear weapons by other countries, a survivable force of about 500 weapons would seem sufficient. With this premise, the implications for the US strategic force structure are examined for two cases: a treaty that allows each side 3000 warheads and one that allows each side 1000 warheads. In Part 1 of this paper, the weapons requirements for deterrence are examined in light of recent changes in the geopolitical environment. In Part 2, it is assumed that the President and Congress have decided that deep cuts in strategic forces are acceptable. 128 refs., 12 figs., 12 tabs. (JF)
Speed, R.D.
REPORT OF THE DARK ENERGY TASK FORCE Andreas Albrecht, University of California, Davis Gary. Suntzeff, Texas A&M University Dark energy appears to be the dominant component of the physical Universe a full understanding of the cosmic acceleration. For these reasons, the nature of dark energy ranks among
Hu, Wayne
U.S. Transport Task Force 2010
The Transport Task Force (TTF) Meeting is a venue for vigorous scientific discourse and discussion on topics in transport and turbulence in fusion plasmas. Its participation is international. The 2010 meeting was highly effective, with 139 registered participants and 131 presentations. This is remarkable for an even year (IAEA year) meeting. The meeting clearly fostered progress in understanding and control of turbulent transport.
Diamond, P.H.
Forced Oscillations in Wind Energy Generation Systems
Use of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in wind energy generation systems allows variable speed operation by using partially rated back-to-back quadruple active and reactive power PWM converters. The control of the system is very complex. Despite ... Keywords: Wind energy generation system, forced oscillation, stability
Zhen Li; Siu-Chung Wong; Chi K. Tse
Gravity Waves, Dynamical Resistance, and Forcing Efficiency
The effect of the dynamical response associated with high-frequency gravity waves on the total energy generated by imposed heating is examined in a 2D linear compressible model. The work performed by waves against a sustained forcing is defined ...
Jeffrey M. Chagnon
In situ AFM studies on lithium (de)intercalation-induced morphology changes in a LixCoO2 micro-machined thin film electrode
Structural instability due to intercalation-induced stresses in electrode materials is one of the key degradation mechanisms of Li-ion batteries. Fragmentation of material degrades structural integrity and electrical resistance, and also accelerates harmful side reactions. In situ experiments are the appropriate approach to investigate the actual time dependent nature of behavior changes of an electrode material while it is charged and discharged. In the current work, a unique in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (ECAFM) measurement is made on samples of cylindrical shape, which are micro-machined by focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy. This pre-defined geometry allows the exclusion of secondary, non-active materials from the electrochemically active material as well as the removal of any vagueness coming from the irregular geometry of particles. Also, the experimental results are used to validate a proposed coupled electrochemical and mechanical model for determination of the stress-strain state of active electrode material during electrochemical cycling. The results produced using the model correlate the experimental data rather well. The combined results reveal the key effects of the geometry, kinetics, and mechanics of electrode materials on the stress-strain state, which is a barometer of structural stability of a material.
Park, Jonghuyn [University of Michigan; Kalnaus, Sergiy [ORNL; Han, Sangwoo [University of Michigan; Lee, Yoon Koo [University of Michigan; Less, Greg [University of Michigan; Dudney, Nancy J [ORNL; Daniel, Claus [ORNL; Sastry, Ann-Marie [University of Michigan
Spectro-microscopic Measurements of Carbonaceous Aerosol Aging in Central California
Spectro-microscopic Measurements of Carbonaceous Spectro-microscopic Measurements of Carbonaceous Aerosol Aging in Central California For original submission and image(s), see ARM Research Highlights http://www.arm.gov/science/highlights/ Research Highlight Atmospheric aerosols affect climate by scattering and absorbing sunlight and by modifying the properties of clouds. However, there are gaps in our understanding of chemical processes involving these airborne particulates, and these gaps contribute significantly to uncertainties in predicting future climate change. Developing more- accurate global climate models requires a more complete understanding of the aerosol lifecycle, from initial particle formation to loss through incorporation into precipitating clouds or dry deposition. In research published in the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, a team of
Design of a neutron penumbral-aperture microscope with 10-. mu. m resolution
We are currently designing a 10-{mu}m resolution neutron penumbral-aperture microscope to diagnose high-convergence targets at the Nova laser facility. To achieve such high resolution, the new microscope will require substantial improvements in three areas. First, we have designed thick penumbral apertures with extremely sharp cutoffs over a useful ({approx}100 {mu}m) field of view; fabrication of such apertures appears feasible using gold electroplating techniques. Second, the limited field of view and required close proximity of the aperture to the target (2 cm) necessitates a durable mounting and alignment system with {plus}25 {mu}m accuracy. Finally, a neutron detector containing 160,000 scintillator elements is required; readout and optimization of this large array are outstanding issues. 5 refs., 3 figs.
Ress, D.; Lerche, R.A.; Ellis, R.J.; Lane, S.M.
The R-curve response of ceramics with microscopic reinforcements: Reinforcement and additive effects
Using direct observations with the scanning electron and optical microscopes, simultaneous measurements of fracture resistance versus crack length (R-curve behavior) and crack interactions with microstructural features at the crack tip and in its wake were made. Selecting whisker-reinforced aluminas and self-reinforced silicon nitrides, one can examine the effects of systematic modifications of microstructure and composition on the R-curve response and the mechanisms giving rise to it. Specifically, increases in whisker content and size can increase the R-Curve response, even for short crack lengths. In the self-reinforced silicon nitrides, changes in alumina: yttria additive ratios also modify the R-curve. Modeling of the R-curve response allows one to verify toughening mechanisms and, with experimental studies, to optimize the R-curve behavior in ceramics containing microscopic reinforcements, e.g., whiskers and elongated grain structures.
Becher, P.F.; Sun, E.Y.; Plucknett, K,P.; Hsueh, C.H.
Microscopic description of large-amplitude shape-mixing dynamics with local QRPA inertial functions
We introduce a microscopic approach to derive all the inertial functions in the five-dimensional quadrupole collective Hamiltonian. Local normal modes are evaluated on the constrained mean field in the quasiparticle random-phase approximation in order to derive the inertial functions. The collective Hamiltonians for neutron-rich Mg isotopes are determined with use of this approach, and the shape coexistence/mixing around the N = 20 region is analyzed.
Hinohara, Nobuo; Yoshida, Kenichi; Nakatsukasa, Takashi; Matsuo, Masayuki
Hinohara, Nobuo; Yoshida, Kenichi; Nakatsukasa, Takashi [Theoretical Nuclear Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako 351-0198 (Japan); Sato, Koichi [Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan); Theoretical Nuclear Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako 351-0198 (Japan); Matsuo, Masayuki [Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181 (Japan)
Microscopic surface structure of C/SiC composite mirrors for space cryogenic telescopes
We report on the microscopic surface structure of carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composite mirrors that have been improved for the Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) and other cooled telescopes. The C/SiC composite consists of carbon fiber, silicon carbide, and residual silicon. Specific microscopic structures are found on the surface of the bare C/SiC mirrors after polishing. These structures are considered to be caused by the different hardness of those materials. The roughness obtained for the bare mirrors is 20 nm rms for flat surfaces and 100 nm rms for curved surfaces. It was confirmed that a SiSiC slurry coating is effective in reducing the roughness to 2 nm rms. The scattering properties of the mirrors were measured at room temperature and also at 95 K. No significant change was found in the scattering properties through cooling, which suggests that the microscopic surface structure is stable with changes in temperature down to cryogenic values. The C/SiC mirror with the SiSiC slurry coating is a promising candidate for the SPICA telescope.
Keigo Enya; Takao Nakagawa; Hidehiro Kaneda; Takashi Onaka; Tuyoshi Ozaki; Masami Kume
We report on the microscopic surface structure of carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composite mirrors that have been improved for the Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) and other cooled telescopes. The C/SiC composite consists of carbon fiber, silicon carbide, and residual silicon. Specific microscopic structures are found on the surface of the bare C/SiC mirrors after polishing. These structures are considered to be caused by the different hardness of those materials. The roughness obtained for the bare mirrors is 20 nm rms for flat surfaces and 100 nm rms for curved surfaces. It was confirmed that a SiSiC slurry coating is effective in reducing the roughness to 2 nm rms. The scattering properties of the mirrors were measured at room temperature and also at 95 K. No significant change was found in the scattering properties through cooling, which suggests that the microscopic surface structure is stable with changes in temperature down to cryogenic values. The C/SiC ...
Enya, Keigo; Kaneda, Hidehiro; Onaka, Takashi; Ozaki, Tuyoshi; Kume, Masami
Forced Air Systems in High Performance Homes
FORCED AIR SYSTEMS IN FORCED AIR SYSTEMS IN HIGH PERFORMANCE HOMES Iain Walker (LBNL) Building America Meeting 2013 What are the issues? 1. Sizing When is too small too small? 2. Distribution Can we get good mixing at low flow? 3. Performance Humidity Control Part load efficiency Blowers & thermal losses Sizing Part-load - not an issue with modern equipment Careful about predicted loads - a small error becomes a big problem for tightly sized systems Too Low Capacity = not robust Extreme vs. design days Change in occupancy Party mode Recovery from setback Sizing Conventional wisdom - a good envelope = easy to predict and not sensitive to indoor conditions But..... Heating and cooling become discretionary - large variability depending on occupants
Cutoff effects on lattice nuclear forces
We present a lattice QCD study for the cutoff effects on nuclear forces. Two-nucleon forces are determined from Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter (NBS) wave functions using the HAL QCD method. Lattice QCD simulations are performed employing N_f = 2 clover fermion configurations at three lattice spacings of a = 0.108, 0.156, 0.215 fm on a fixed physical volume of L^3 x T = (2.5 fm)^3 x 5 fm with a large quark mass corresponding to m_\\pi = 1.1 GeV. We observe that while the discretization artifact appears at the short range part of potentials, it is suppressed at the long distance region. The cutoff dependence of the phase shifts and scattering length is also presented.
Takumi Doi; for HAL QCD Collaboration
The Casimir force has been computed exactly for only a few simple geometries, such as infinite plates, cylinders, and spheres. We show that a parabolic cylinder, for which analytic solutions to the Helmholtz equation are available, is another case where such a calculation is possible. We compute the interaction energy of a parabolic cylinder and an infinite plate (both perfect mirrors), as a function of their separation and inclination, H and {theta}, and the cylinder's parabolic radius R. As H/R{yields}0, the proximity force approximation becomes exact. The opposite limit of R/H{yields}0 corresponds to a semi-infinite plate, where the effects of edge and inclination can be probed.
Graham, Noah [Department of Physics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753 (United States); Shpunt, Alexander; Rahi, Sahand Jamal; Kardar, Mehran [Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Emig, Thorsten [Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet zu Koeln, Zuelpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Koeln (Germany); Laboratoire de Physique Theorique et Modeles Statistiques, CNRS UMR 8626, Batiment 100, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex (France); Jaffe, Robert L. [Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Center for Theoretical Physics and Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States)
Casimir Force at a Knife's Edge
The Casimir force has been computed exactly for only a few simple geometries, such as infinite plates, cylinders, and spheres. We show that a parabolic cylinder, for which analytic solutions to the Helmholtz equation are available, is another case where such a calculation is possible. We compute the interaction energy of a parabolic cylinder and an infinite plate (both perfect mirrors), as a function of their separation and inclination, $H$ and $\\theta$, and the cylinder's parabolic radius $R$. As $H/R\\to 0$, the proximity force approximation becomes exact. The opposite limit of $R/H\\to 0$ corresponds to a semi-infinite plate, where the effects of edge and inclination can be probed.
Noah Graham; Alexander Shpunt; Thorsten Emig; Sahand Jamal Rahi; Robert L. Jaffe; Mehran Kardar
Ellsworth Air Force Base Advanced Metering Project
Ellsworth Air Force Base Ellsworth Air Force Base Advanced Metering Project A Partnership between Ellsworth AFB and MDU Resources Group, Inc. to install advanced metering on all large buildings on EAFB Based in Bismarck, North Dakota Celebrated our 85 th year in 2009 NYSE - MDU for over 60 years Over $4B market cap Fortune 500 Company Member of the S&P MidCap 400 Index Over 8,000 employees in 44 states Business Lines: Energy Utility Resources Construction Materials Construction Materials Energy Oil and Gas Production Utility Resources Natural Gas Pipelines Construction Services Electric / Natural Gas Utilities Utility Resources Montana - Dakota Utilities Co. Cascade Natural Gas Co. Intermountain Gas Corporation
Anomalous zipping dynamics and forced polymer translocation
We investigate by Monte Carlo simulations the zipping and unzipping dynamics of two polymers connected by one end and subject to an attractive interaction between complementary monomers. In zipping, the polymers are quenched from a high temperature equilibrium configuration to a low temperature state, so that the two strands zip up by closing up a "Y"-fork. In unzipping, the polymers are brought from a low temperature double stranded configuration to high temperatures, so that the two strands separate. Simulations show that the unzipping time, $\\tau_u$, scales as a function of the polymer length as $\\tau_u \\sim L$, while the zipping is characterized by anomalous dynamics $\\tau_z \\sim L^\\alpha$ with $\\alpha = 1.37(2)$. This exponent is in good agreement with simulation results and theoretical predictions for the scaling of the translocation time of a forced polymer passing through a narrow pore. We find that the exponent $\\alpha$ is robust against variations of parameters and temperature, whereas the scaling of $\\tau_z$ as a function of the driving force shows the existence of two different regimes: the weak forcing ($\\tau_z \\sim 1/F$) and strong forcing ($\\tau_z$ independent of $F$) regimes. The crossover region is possibly characterized by a non-trivial scaling in $F$, matching the prediction of recent theories of polymer translocation. Although the geometrical setup is different, zipping and translocation share thus the same type of anomalous dynamics. Systems where this dynamics could be experimentally investigated are DNA (or RNA) hairpins: our results imply an anomalous dynamics for the hairpins closing times, but not for the opening times.
Alessandro Ferrantini; Enrico Carlon
A versatile three-contact electrical biasing transmission electron microscope specimen holder for electron holography and electron tomography of working devices
A versatile three-contact electrical biasing transmission electron microscope specimen holder to characterize nanoscale materials and devices under operating conditions in the transmission electron microscope in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) at a spatial resolution that can approach the nanometer scale
Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal E.
Squeeze bottle apparatus with force multiplying pistons
The present invention comprises a spray bottle in which the pressure resulting from the gripping force applied by the user is amplified and this increased pressure used in generating a spray such as an aerosol or fluid stream. In its preferred embodiment, the invention includes a high pressure chamber and a corresponding piston which is operative for driving fluid out of this chamber at high pressure through a spray nozzle and a low pressure chamber, and a corresponding piston which is acted upon by the hydraulic pressure within the bottle resulting from the gripping force. The low pressure chamber and piston are of larger size than the high pressure chamber and piston. The pistons are rigidly connected so that the force created by the pressure acting on the piston in the low pressure chamber is transmitted to the piston in the high pressure chamber where it is applied over a more limited area, thereby generating greater hydraulic pressure for use in forming the spray.
Moss, Owen R. (Cary, NC); Gordon, Norman R. (Kennewick, WA); DeFord, Henry S. (Kennewick, WA); Eschbach, Eugene A. (Richland, WA)
OnForce Solar | Open Energy Information
OnForce Solar OnForce Solar Jump to: navigation, search Name OnForce Solar Address 728 East 136th St. Place Bronx, New York Zip 10454 Sector Renewable Energy Year founded 2007 Number of employees 11-50 Company Type For Profit Phone number 347 590 5450 Website http://www.onforcesolar.com Coordinates 40.8028059°, -73.912863° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":40.8028059,"lon":-73.912863,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
A new Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope at the ALS for operation up to 2500eV
X-ray Microscope at the ALS for operation up to 2500eV DavidLight Source [2]. In the new ALS facility the energy rangein the two existing STXMs at ALS and a flexible platform for
Kilcoyne, David
A Remote Operation System for the 3MV Electron Microscope with a Both-Direction Conversation Capability
The 3MV ultrahigh voltage electron microscope (UHVEM) at the Research Center for UHVEM, Osaka University, has been widely used for microscopy of thick specimens, taking advantage of high penetration power of incident electrons. Recent developments in ...
Hirotaro Mori; Kiyokazu Yoshida; Shinji Shimojo; Hiroki Nogawa; Toyokazu Akiyama; Heishichiro Takahashi; Tamaki Shibayama
High Resolution Quantitative Auto-Radiography to determine microscopic distributions of B-10 in neutron capture therapy
The success of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is heavily dependent on the microscopic distribution of B-10 in tissue. High Resolution Quantitative Auto-Radiography (HRQAR) is a potentially valuable analytical tool ...
Harris, Thomas C. (Thomas Cameron)
Research and Design of a Sample Heater for Beam Line 6-2c Transmission X-ray Microscope
There exists a need for environmental control of samples to be imaged by the Transmission X-Ray Microscope (TXM) at the SSRLs Beam Line 6-2c. In order to observe heat-driven chemical or morphological changes that normally occur in situ, microscopes require an additional component that effectively heats a given sample without heating any of the microscope elements. The confinement of the heat and other concerns about the heaters integrity limit which type of heater is appropriate for the TXM. The bulk of this research project entails researching different heating methods used previously in microscopes, but also in other industrial applications, with the goal of determining the best-fitting method, and finally in designing a preliminary sample heater.
Policht, Veronica; /Loyola U., Chicago /SLAC
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th EditionChapter 5 Detecting Animal Products in Feeds and Feed Ingredients
Microscopic Analysis of Agriculture Products, 4th Edition Chapter 5 Detecting Animal Products in Feeds and Feed Ingredients Methods and Analyses eChapters Methods - Analyses Books Press Downloadable pdf of Chapter
Efficiency of Mixing Forced by Unsteady Shear Flow
The dependence of mixing efficiency on time-varying forcing is studied by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of Kelvin�Helmholtz (KH) instability. Time-dependent forcing fields are designed to reproduce a wavelike oscillation by solving the ...
Ryuichiro Inoue; William D. Smyth
Optimal Forcing Patterns for Coupled Models of ENSO
The optimal forcing patterns for El Ni�o�Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are examined for a hierarchy of hybrid coupled models using generalized stability theory. Specifically two cases are considered: one where the forcing is stochastic in time, and ...
Andrew M. Moore; Javier Zavala-Garay; Youmin Tang; Richard Kleeman; Anthony T. Weaver; J�r�me Vialard; Kamran Sahami; David L. T. Anderson; Michael Fisher
Direct Atmospheric Forcing of Geostrophic Eddies. Part II: Coherence Maps
The theory of stochastic atmospheric forcing of quasigeostrophic eddies is applied to calculate coherence maps, that is, the coherence between the oceanic response at one location and the atmospheric forcing at another location as a function of ...
Angelika Lippert; Peter M�ller
Force Restructuring at the Fernald Environmental Management Project...
Force Restructuring at the Fernald Environmental Management Project, ER-B-96-01 Force Restructuring at the Fernald Environmental Management Project, ER-B-96-01 er-b-96-01.pdf More...
Stochastic Forcing of Ocean Variability by the North Atlantic Oscillation
At middle and high latitudes, the magnitude of stochastic wind stress forcing of the ocean by atmospheric variability on synoptic time scales (i.e., �weather� related variability) is comparable to that of the seasonal cycle. Stochastic forcing ...
Kettyah C. Chhak; Andrew M. Moore; Ralph F. Milliff
Development of a body force description for compressor stability assessment
This thesis presents a methodology for a body force description of a compressor with particular application to compressor stability calculations. The methodology is based on extracting blade forces from an axisymmetric ...
Kiwada, George (George Ford)
Audit of Work Force Restructuring at the Oak Ridge Operations...
Other Agencies You are here Home Audit of Work Force Restructuring at the Oak Ridge Operations Office, ER-B-95-06 Audit of Work Force Restructuring at the Oak Ridge...
Forced cooling of underground electric power transmission lines : design manual
The methodology utilized for the design of a forced-cooled pipe-type underground transmission system is presented. The material is divided into three major parts: (1) The Forced-cooled Pipe-Type Underground Transmission ...
Brown, Jay A.
Transport Task Force (TTF) 2011 | Princeton Plasma Physics Lab
2011, 9:00am to April 9, 2011, 5:00pm Conference Bahia Resort Hotel San Diego, CA USA Transport Task Force (TTF) 2011 The ultimate goal of the work of the Transport Task Force is a...
Editing dynamic human motions via momentum and force
We present an integrated framework for interactive editing of the momentum and external forces in a motion capture sequence. Allowing user control of the momentum and forces provides a powerful and intuitive editing tool for dynamic motions. To make ...
Kwang Won Sok; Katsu Yamane; Jehee Lee; Jessica Hodgins
Pantex honors military at Armed Forces Day celebration | National...
Federal Employment Apply for Our Jobs Our Jobs Working at NNSA Blog Home > NNSA Blog > Pantex honors military at Armed Forces Day celebration Pantex honors military at Armed Forces...
Adjustment to JEBAR Forcing in a Rotating Ocean
The transient response to JEBAR forcing is investigated theoretically. Expressing the response by the surface elevation, weighted by the nondimensional surface density, it is demonstrated that this parameter satisfies the equation for forced, ...
L. H�vard Sl�rdal; Jan E. Weber
The Response of Stationary Planetary Waves to Tropospheric Forcing
A steady-state, linear, quasi-geostrophic model of stationary waves on a sphere is employed to study the lower boundary forcing of airflow over topography and the internal forcing that results from the geographical distribution of diabatic ...
J. C. Alpert; S. K. Avery
Federal Smart Grid Task Force | Department of Energy
Federal Smart Federal Smart Grid Task Force Federal Smart Grid Task Force Task Force Background The Federal Smart Grid Task Force was established under Title XIII of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) and includes experts from eleven Federal agencies. The Department of Energy is represented by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability which is the Task Force lead, as well as the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and the National Energy Technology Laboratory. Task Force Mission The mission of the Task Force is to ensure awareness, coordination and integration of the diverse activities of the Federal Government related to smart grid technologies, practices, and services. The Task Force will collaborate with DOE's Electricity Advisory Committee and other relevant
Spectro-Microscopic Measurements of Carbonaceous Aerosol Aging in Central California
Carbonaceous aerosols are responsible for large uncertainties in climate models, degraded visibility, and adverse health effects. The Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) was designed to study carbonaceous aerosols in the natural environment of Central Valley, California, and learn more about their atmospheric formation and aging. This paper presents results from spectro-microscopic measurements of carbonaceous particles collected during CARES at the time of pollution accumulation event (June 27-29, 2010), when in situ measurements indicated an increase in the organic carbon content of aerosols as the Sacramento urban plume aged. Computer controlled scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray detector (CCSEM/EDX) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy coupled with near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) were used to probe the chemical composition and morphology of individual particles. It was found that the mass of organic carbon on individual particles increased through condensation of secondary organic aerosol. STXM/NEXAFS indicated that the number fraction of homogenous organic particles lacking inorganic inclusions (greater than ~50 nm diameter) increased with plume age as did the organic mass per particle. Comparison of the CARES spectro-microscopic data set with a similar dataset obtained in Mexico City during the MILAGRO campaign showed that individual particles in Mexico City contained twice as much carbon as those sampled during CARES. The number fraction of soot particles at the Mexico City urban site (30%) was larger than at the CARES urban site (10%) and the most aged samples from CARES contained less carbon-carbon double bonds. Differences between carbonaceous particles in Mexico City and California result from different sources, photochemical conditions, gas phase reactants, and secondary organic aerosol precursors. The detailed results provided by these spectro-microscopic measurements will allow for a comprehensive evaluation of aerosol process models used in climate research.
Moffet, Ryan C.; Rodel, Tobias; Kelly, Stephen T.; Yu, Xiao-Ying; Carroll, Gregory; Fast, Jerome D.; Zaveri, Rahul A.; Laskin, Alexander; Gilles, Mary K.
Microscopic description of the odd-even effect in cold fission
The time dependent equations of motion for the pair breaking effect were corroborated with a condition that fixes dynamically the number of particles on the two fission fragment. The single particle level scheme was calculated with the Woods-Saxon superasymmetric two center shell model. This model provides a continuous variation of the energies from one nucleus up to two separated fragments. The dissipated energy resorts from the time dependent pairing equations. A peculiar phenomenon was observed experimentally in cold fission: the odd partition yields are favored over the even ones. This odd-even effect for cold fission was explained microscopically.
M. Mirea
Evidence of microscopic effects in fragment mass distribution in heavy ion induced fusion-fission reactions
Our measurements of variances ($\\sigma_{m}^2$) in mass distributions of fission fragments from fusion-fission reactions of light projectiles (C, O and F) on deformed thorium targets exhibit a sharp anomalous increase with energy near the Coulomb barrier, in contrast to the smooth variation of $\\sigma_{m}^2$ for the spherical bismuth target. This departure from expectation based on a statistical description is explained in terms of microscopic effects arising from the orientational dependence in the case of deformed thorium targets.
T. K. Ghosh; S. Pal; K. S. Gold; P. Bhattacharya
Analysis with electron microscope of multielement samples using pure element standards
A method and modified analytical electron microscope for determining the concentration of elements in a multielement sample by exposing samples with differing thicknesses for each element to a beam of electrons, simultaneously measuring the electron dosage and x-ray intensities for each sample of element to determine a "K.sub.AB " value to be used in the equation ##EQU1## where I is intensity and C is concentration for elements A and B, and exposing the multielement sample to determine the concentrations of the elements in the sample.
King, Wayne E. (Western Springs, IL)
The Scanning Electron Microscope As An Accelerator For The Undergraduate Advanced Physics Laboratory
Few universities or colleges have an accelerator for use with advanced physics laboratories, but many of these institutions have a scanning electron microscope (SEM) on site, often in the biology department. As an accelerator for the undergraduate, advanced physics laboratory, the SEM is an excellent substitute for an ion accelerator. Although there are no nuclear physics experiments that can be performed with a typical 30 kV SEM, there is an opportunity for experimental work on accelerator physics, atomic physics, electron-solid interactions, and the basics of modern e-beam lithography.
Peterson, Randolph S. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the South, 735 University Avenue, Sewanee TN 37383 (United States); Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge MA 01239 (United States); Berggren, Karl K.; Mondol, Mark [Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge MA 01239 (United States)
Magnetic lens apparatus for a low-voltage high-resolution electron microscope
A lens apparatus in which a beam of charged particles of low accelerating voltage is brought to a focus by a magnetic field, the lens being situated behind the target position. The lens comprises an electrically-conducting coil arranged around the axis of the beam and a magnetic pole piece extending along the axis of the beam at least within the space surrounded by the coil. The lens apparatus comprises the sole focusing lens for high-resolution imaging in a low-voltage scanning electron microscope.
Crewe, Albert V. (Palos Park, IL)
The range of microscopic calcium densities in man and in dog does not change wiih the age of the individual. The ranges, however. are not the same in the two species. New bone mineral in the dog is formed at higher density than similar mineral in man, and highly mineralized bone in the dog is more dense than the most dense bone in man. Thus species differcnces in calcium metabolism of bone do exist and should not be overlooked in the intercomparison of the uptake and retention of the alkaline earths in mammalian skeletons. (auth)
Rowland, R.E.; Jowsey, J.; Marshall, J.H.
Quantum-Mechanical Model of Spacetime I: Microscopic Properties of Spacetime
This is the first part in a series of two papers, where we consider a specific microscopic model of spacetime. In our model Planck size quantum black holes are taken to be the fundamental building blocks of space and time. Spacetime is assumed to be a graph, where black holes lie on the vertices. In this first paper we construct our model in details, and show how classical spacetime emerges at the long distance limit from our model. We also consider the statistics of spacetime.
Makela, J
A Simple Quantum-Mechanical Model of Spacetime I: Microscopic Properties of Spacetime
J. Makela
Design of a scanning gate microscope in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator
We report on our design of a scanning gate microscope housed in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator with a base temperature of 15 mK. The recent increase in efficiency of pulse tube cryocoolers has made cryogen-free systems popular in recent years. However, this new style of cryostat presents challenges for performing scanning probe measurements, mainly as a result of the vibrations introduced by the cryocooler. We demonstrate scanning with root-mean-square vibrations of 0.8 nm at 3 K and 2.1 nm at 15 mK in a 1 kHz bandwidth with our design.
Pelliccione, Matthew; Bartel, John; Keller, Andrew; Goldhaber-Gordon, David
Depth Charge: Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Study ...
... right circumstances, surface science instruments such ... Electric force microscopy can be used to ... superior strength and electrical conductance, added ...
Add Nanotubes and Stir�With the Right Force
... amount of force applied while mixing carbon nanotube suspensions influences the way the tiny cylinders ultimately disperse and orient themselves. ...
Administrator D'Agostino on Nuclear Forces and Nonproliferation...
Nuclear Forces and Nonproliferation | National Nuclear Security Administration Our Mission Managing the Stockpile Preventing Proliferation Powering the Nuclear Navy Emergency...
ARM - Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds - Single Column Model Forcing (xie-scm_forcing)
The constrained variational objective analysis approach described in Zhang and Lin [1997] and Zhang et al. [2001]was used to derive the large-scale single-column/cloud resolving model forcing and evaluation data set from the observational data collected during Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E), which was conducted during April to June 2011 near the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The analysis data cover the period from 00Z 22 April - 21Z 6 June 2011. The forcing data represent an average over the 3 different analysis domains centered at central facility with a diameter of 300 km (standard SGP forcing domain size), 150 km and 75 km, as shown in Figure 1. This is to support modeling studies on various-scale convective systems.
Shaocheng Xie; Renata McCoy; Yunyan Zhang
DOE Data Explorer (OSTI)
Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Forcing Efficiency in the UVB for Regions Affected by Saharan and Asian Mineral Dust
The influence of mineral dust on ultraviolet energy transfer is studied for two different mineralogical origins. The aerosol radiative forcing ?F and the forcing efficiency at the surface ?Feff in the range 290�325 nm were estimated in ground-...
O. E. Garc�a; A. M. D�az; F. J. Exp�sito; J. P. D�az; A. Redondas; T. Sasaki
Microscopic models and effective equation of state in nuclear collisions at FAIR energies
Two microscopic models, UrQMD and QGSM, were employed to study the formation of locally equilibrated hot and dense nuclear matter in heavy-ion collisions at energies from 11.6 AGeV to 160 AGeV. Analysis was performed for the fixed central cubic cell of volume V = 125 fm**3 and for the expanding cell which followed the growth of the central area with uniformly distributed energy. To decide whether or not the equilibrium was reached, results of the microscopic calculations were compared to that of the statistical thermal model. Both dynamical models indicate that the state of kinetic, thermal and chemical equilibrium is nearly approached at any bombarding energy after a certain relaxation period. The higher the energy, the shorter the relaxation time. Equation of state has a simple linear dependence P = a(sqrt{s})*e, where a = c_s**2 is the sound velocity squared. It varies from 0.12 \\pm 0.01 at E_{lab} = 11.6 AGeV to 0.145 \\pm 0.005 at E_{lab} = 160 AGeV. Change of the slope in a(sqrt{s}) behavior occurs at E_...
Bravina, L; Bleibel, J; Bleicher, M; Burau, G; Faessler, Amand; Fuchs, C; Nilsson, M S; St�cker, H; Tywoniuk, K; Zabrodin, E
Real-Time and Post-Reaction Microscopic Structural Analysis of Biomass Undergoing Pyrolysis
The structural complexity of unprocessed plant tissues used for thermochemical conversion of biomass to fuels and energy impedes heat and mass transfer and may increase the occurrence of tar-forming secondary chemical reactions. At industrial scales, gas and liquid products trapped within large biomass particles may reduce net fuel yields and increase tars, impacting industrial operations and increasing overall costs. Real-time microscopic analysis of poplar (Populus sp.) wood samples undergoing anoxic, pyrolytic heat treatment has revealed a pattern of tissue and macropore expansion and collapse. Post-reaction structural analyses of biomass char (biochar) by light and transmission electron microscopy have provided direct structural evidence of pyrolysis product mass-transfer issues, including trapped pyrolysis products and cell wall compression, and have demonstrated the impact of heat-transfer problems on biomass particles. Finally, microscopic imaging has revealed that pyrolyzed/gasified biochars recovered from a fluidized bed reactor retain a similar pre-reaction basic plant tissue structure as the samples used in this study, suggesting that the phenomena observed here are representative of those that occur in larger scale reactors.
Haas, T. J.; Nimlos, M. R.; Donohoe, B. S.
Convergence of methods for coupling of microscopic and mesoscopic reaction-diffusion simulations
In this paper, three multiscale methods for coupling of mesoscopic (compartment-based) and microscopic (molecular-based) stochastic reaction-diffusion simulations are investigated. Two of the three methods that will be discussed in detail have been previously reported in the literature; the two-regime method (TRM) and the compartment-placement method (CPM). The third method that is introduced and analysed in this paper is the ghost cell method (GCM). Presented is a comparison of sources of error. The convergent properties of this error are studied as the time step $\\Delta t$ (for updating the molecular-based part of the model) approaches zero. It is found that the error behaviour depends on another fundamental computational parameter $h$, the compartment size in the mesoscopic part of the model. Two important limiting cases, which appear in applications, are considered: (i) \\Delta t approaches 0 and h is fixed; and (ii) \\Delta t approaches 0 and h approaches 0 such that \\Delta t/h^2 is fixed. The error for previously developed approaches (the TRM and CPM) converges to zero only in the limiting case (ii), but not in case (i). It is shown that the error of the GCM converges in the limiting case (i). Thus the GCM is superior to previous coupling techniques if the mesoscopic description is much coarser than the microscopic part of the model.
Mark B Flegg; Stefan Hellander; Radek Erban
US Air Force Facility Energy Management Program - How Industry Can Help the Air Force Meet Its Objectives
This paper describes the Air Force's facility energy management program including how industry can help the Air Force meet its facility energy objectives. Background information on energy use and energy conservation efforts are presented to give the reader an understanding of the magnitude of energy used by the Air Force and how greater efficiency of use is being approached.
Holden, P. C.; Kroop, R. H.
USLCSG Task Force Meeting June 2003
All Task Force Meeting at SLAC All Task Force Meeting at SLAC June 15, 16, 2003 Meeting Agenda What's New! June 2003 Meeting Accommodations: The new SLAC Guest House is now available, but the block of rooms for the meeting has now been released, and space is first-come first-serve. If you want to use it, please book directly at SLAC Guest House. or let Naomi know ASAP. You need to mention Dave or Naomi's name as a host name. Daily rate is $50 + tax for the one full sized bed room (Standard room). Lunch on Sunday and Coffee services: The cafeteria is closed on Sunday, so we will order box lunches for meeting delegates. We will collect $10 per person to cover the cost of lunch on Sunday. Please pay $10 in cash to Naomi Nagahashi on Monday, June 16. If you need a receipt, she will provide one. We need a count of the lunches to provide, so please let Naomi know, if you need a box lunch, by Friday, June 6. On Monday, the cafeteria will be open for breakfast and lunch.
Protective Force Firearms Qualifications Courses, July 2011 | Department of
Protective Force Firearms Qualifications Courses, July 2011 Protective Force Firearms Qualifications Courses, July 2011 Protective Force Firearms Qualifications Courses, July 2011 July 2011 Firearms Qualifications Courses To describe the process by which U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) protective force (PF) firearms qualification courses are developed, reviewed, revised,validated, and approved. The process described herein applies to all PF firearms policy development participants; notably, the staff of the DOE Office of Security (HS-50), the DOE National Training Center (NTC) (HS-70), the DOE Firearms Policy Panel (FPP), the DOE Protective Forces Safety Committee (PFSC), the DOE Training Managers' Working Group (TMWG), the DOE Training Advisory Committee
Ultrafast optical pump-probe spectroscopy is used to reveal the coexistence of coupled antiferromagnetic (AFM)/ferroelectric (FE) and ferromagnetic (FM) orders in multiferroic TbMnO3 films, which can guide researchers in creating new kinds of multiferroic materials.
Multiferroic materials have attracted much interest in the past decade, due not only to their novel device applications, but also their manifestations of coupling and interactions between different order parameters (particularly electric polarization and magnetic order). Recently, much attention has been focused on perovskite manganites, RMnO{sub 3} (R = rare earth ions), due to the discovery of a large magnetoelectric effect in these materials. The first member of this family to be discovered was TbMnO{sub 3} (TMO), which is now well established as a typical magnetoelectric multiferroic. Extensive experimental and theoretical studies have already been done on single crystal TMO (SC-TMO). In brief, SC-TMO, with a distorted orthorhombic perovskite structure, has an antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase transition at T{sub N} {approx}40 K with sinusoidally ordered Mn moments. Below T{sub FE} {approx} 28 K, ferroelectric (FE) order develops owing to the appearance of cycloidal spiral spin structure. In contrast, there are relatively few reports describing the properties of TMO thin films (typically grown on SrTiO{sub 3} (STO) substrates). In general, thin films can enable new functionality in materials, as their physical parameters can be changed by modifying their structure via strain imposed by the substrate. Strain in particular has the potential to directly couple FE and FM orders, which is very rare. This could benefit electronic device applications by providing low power consumption, high speed operation, and greater electric/magnetic field controllability. Previous investigations of magnetic properties in TMO films revealed an unexpected ferromagnetic (FM) order, in contrast to SC-TMO. However, several important questions regarding these films are still unanswered for instance: (1) What mechanism induces FM order? (2) Can FM, sinusoidal AFM and spiral AFM (or FE) orders coexist? (3) Can FM order be coupled to FE order? To fully understand these unique materials, experimental techniques capable of dynamically unraveling the interplay between these degrees of freedom on an ultrafast timescale are needed. Here, we use ultrafast optical pump-probe spectroscopy to reveal coexisting coupled magnetic orders in epitaxial TMO thin films grown on (001)-STO, which were not observed in previous work. Our temperature (T)-dependent transient differential reflectivity ({Delta}R/R) measurements show clear signatures of sinusoidal AFM, spiral AFM (FE) and FM phases developing as the film thickness changes. We carry out first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explain the coupling between AFM/FE and FM orders. These results reveal that the coupling between different magnetic orders observed in our multiferroic TMO thin films may offer greater control of functionality as compared to bulk single crystal multiferroics.
Qi, Jingbo [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Zhu, Jianxin [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Trugman, Stuart A. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Taylor, Antoinette [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Jia, Quanxi [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Prasankumar, Rohit [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Feature - Air Force Fellows helping work toward smarter diesel engines
Air Force Fellows helping work toward smarter diesel engines Air Force Fellows helping work toward smarter diesel engines Air Force Fellows Clint Abell (left) and Jeff Gillen work on Smarter Diesel Engine (SDE) 21. The project involves using ion sensors to help the engine run at maximum efficiency. Air Force Fellows Clint Abell (left) and Jeff Gillen work on Smarter Diesel Engine (SDE) 21. The project involves using ion sensors to help the engine run at maximum efficiency. (Photo by Wes Agresta) One of the three core values of the Air Force is "excellence in all we do." So it should be no surprise that there are currently two Air Force officers here at Argonne studying ways to improve the efficiency of military vehicles. Lieutenant Colonel Jeff Gillen and Major Clint Abell are the fourth set of Air Force Fellows to spend time at Argonne, but the first to be stationed
Federal Energy Management Program: Interagency Energy Management Task Force
About the Program About the Program Site Map Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to Federal Energy Management Program: Interagency Energy Management Task Force Members to someone by E-mail Share Federal Energy Management Program: Interagency Energy Management Task Force Members on Facebook Tweet about Federal Energy Management Program: Interagency Energy Management Task Force Members on Twitter Bookmark Federal Energy Management Program: Interagency Energy Management Task Force Members on Google Bookmark Federal Energy Management Program: Interagency Energy Management Task Force Members on Delicious Rank Federal Energy Management Program: Interagency Energy Management Task Force Members on Digg Find More places to share Federal Energy Management Program: Interagency Energy Management Task Force Members on AddThis.com...
CHARTER, Price-Anderson Act Task Force | Department of Energy
CHARTER, Price-Anderson Act Task Force CHARTER, Price-Anderson Act Task Force CHARTER, Price-Anderson Act Task Force This charter establishes the responsibilities of the Price-Anderson Act Task Force (Task Force). The Secretary of Energy has approved formation of this Task Force to review the need for the continuation or modification of the Price-Anderson Act, section 170 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (AEA), and to prepare a detailed report for submission to Congress as required by section 170p. of the AEA by August 1, 1998. CHARTER, Price-Anderson Act Task Force More Documents & Publications MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY Report to Congress on the Price-Anderson Act Appendix A. Notice of Inquiry: Preparation of Report to Congress on Price-Anderson Act. 62 Federal Register 68,272 (December 31, 1997)
Total aerosol effect: forcing or radiative flux perturbation?
Uncertainties in aerosol forcings, especially those associated with clouds, contribute to a large extent to uncertainties in the total anthropogenic forcing. The interaction of aerosols with clouds and radiation introduces feedbacks which can affect the rate of rain formation. Traditionally these feedbacks were not included in estimates of total aerosol forcing. Here we argue that they should be included because these feedbacks act quickly compared with the time scale of global warming. We show that for different forcing agents (aerosols and greenhouse gases) the radiative forcings as traditionally defined agree rather well with estimates from a method, here referred to as radiative flux perturbations (RFP), that takes these fast feedbacks and interactions into account. Thus we propose replacing the direct and indirect aerosol forcing in the IPCC forcing chart with RFP estimates. This implies that it is better to evaluate the total anthropogenic aerosol effect as a whole.
Lohmann, Ulrike; Storelvmo, Trude; Jones, Andy; Rotstayn, Leon; Menon, Surabi; Quaas, Johannes; Ekman, Annica; Koch, Dorothy; Ruedy, Reto
Force-limited vibration tests aplied to the FORTE` satellite
A force limited random vibration test was conducted on a small satellite called FORTE{prime}. This type of vibration test reduces the over testing that can occur in a conventional vibration test. Two vibration specifications were used in the test: The conventional base acceleration specification, and an interface force specification. The vibration level of the shaker was controlled such that neither the table acceleration nor the force transmitted to the test item exceeded its specification. The effect of limiting the shake table vibration to the force specification was to reduce (or ``notch``) the shaker acceleration near some of the satellite`s resonance frequencies. This paper describes the force limited test conducted for the FORTE{prime} satellite. The satellite and its dynamic properties are discussed, and the concepts of force limiting theory are summarized. The hardware and setup of the test are then described, and the results of the force limited vibration test are discussed.
Stevens, R.R.; Butler, T.A.
Interagency Energy Management Task Force Members | Department of Energy
Force Members Force Members Interagency Energy Management Task Force Members October 8, 2013 - 1:31pm Addthis The Interagency Energy Management Task Force is composed of Federal energy managers, members of Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), and industry participants. The FEMP director serves as the executive director of the task force. Task Force Executive Director Dr. Timothy Unruh U.S. Department of Energy 202-586-5772 Task Force Members Mark Ewing General Services Administration 202-708-9296 Holger Fischer National Aeronautics and Space Administration 202-358-0416 Wayne Thalasinos National Aeronautics and Space Administration 202-358-3811 Mark Sprouse National Archives and Records Administration 301-837-3019 Leslie Ford Social Security Administration 410-594-0111 David Zimmerman
September 2012, Work Force Retention Work Group Status Overview
Work Force Retention Work Group Status Overview Work Force Retention Work Group Status Overview 2 Subgroups: Pro-Force and Non-Pro-Force Pro-Force Subgroup: Accomplishments: 1. Completion of 10 CFR 1046 [Protective Force Personnel Medical, Physical Readiness, Training, and Access Authorization Standards] as a final rule that includes modification efforts to address barriers to workforce retention. 2. Pro-Force (PF) union representative, Randy Lawson, identified this accomplishment as the single most significant step toward PF workforce retention in over 20 years. 3. Draft re-charter of PF Career Options Committee (PFCOC) to establish a PF Working Group approved by GC-63 and GC NNSA. Near Term Goals and Activities: 1. Publish 1046 as a final rule - publication anticipated this month.
U.S. - Canada Power System Outage Task Force: Final Report on...
- Canada Power System Outage Task Force: Final Report on the Implementation of Task Force Recommendations U.S. - Canada Power System Outage Task Force: Final Report on the...
The thesis is concerned with the relation between a microscopic approach and a macroscopic approach to the study of the nuclear binding energy as a function of neutron number, proton number and nuclear deformations. First of all we give a general discussion of the potential energy of a system which can be divided into a bulk region and a thin skin layer. We find that this energy can be written down in the usual liquid drop type of expression, i.e., in terms of the volume, the surface area and other macroscopic properties of the system. The discussion is illustrated by a study of noninteracting particles in an orthorhombic potential well with zero potential inside and infinite potential outside. The total energy is calculated both exactly (a microscopic approach) and also from a liquid drop type of expression (a macroscopic approach). It turns out that the latter approach reproduces the smooth average of the exact results very well. We next make a digression to study the saddle point shapes of a charged conducting drop on a pure liquid drop model. We compare the properties of a conducting drop with those of a drop whose charges are distributed uniformly throughout its volume. The latter is the usual model employed in the study of nuclear fission. We also determined some of the more important symmetric saddle point shapes. In the last part of the thesis we generalize a method due to Strutinski to synthesize a microscopic approach (the Nilsson model) and a macroscopic approach (the liquid drop model). The results are applied to realistic nuclei. The possible occurrence of shape isomers comes as a natural consequence of the present calculation. Their trends as a function of neutron and proton members are discussed and the results are tabulated. We also work out the stabilities of the predicted superheavy nuclei with proton number around 114 and neutron number around 184 and 196. Some of these nuclei appear to have extremely long life times. The possible experimental production of these superheavy nuclei are also discussed.
Tsang, Chin-Fu.
Thin-film forces in pseudoemulsion films
Use of foam for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has shown recent success in steam-flooding field applications. Foam can also provide an effective barrier against gas coning in thin oil zones. Both of these applications stem from the unique mobility-control properties a stable foam possesses when it exists in porous media. Unfortunately, oil has a major destabilizing effect on foam. Therefore, it is important for EOR applications to understand how oil destroys foam. Studies all indicate that stabilization of the pseudoemulsion film is critical to maintain foam stability in the presence of oil. Hence, to aid in design of surfactant formulations for foam insensitivity to oil the authors pursue direct measurement of the thin-film or disjoining forces that stabilize pseudoemulsion films. Experimental procedures and preliminary results are described.
Bergeron, V.; Radke, C.J. [California Univ., Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemical Engineering]|[Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)
Global forces shape the electricity industry
Whatever scenario for electricity comes to pass - one that emphasizes richness in energy supply or productivity in demand - expect to see increased complexity in the industry and its structures. Technology will be a key subversive element of this process of Schumpeterian creation and destruction. There are powerful global forces at work that are transforming whole economies and industries. Today`s electricity industry, with a century of tradition behind it, is also likely to be transformed in terms of its structure, competitive nature and the fuels that it uses. The electricity demand-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) relationship also stems from the increased share of electricity in energy markets. Overall, energy demand is declining relative to GDP, driven by increased efficiency and economic restructuring. Eventually (as indeed is already discernible in OECD countries) electricity demand will show the same characteristics.
Rainbow, R.
Sequential Inference for Latent Force Models
Latent force models (LFMs) are hybrid models combining mechanistic principles with non-parametric components. In this article, we shall show how LFMs can be equivalently formulated and solved using the state variable approach. We shall also show how the Gaussian process prior used in LFMs can be equivalently formulated as a linear statespace model driven by a white noise process and how inference on the resulting model can be efficiently implemented using Kalman filter and smoother. Then we shall show how the recently proposed switching LFM can be reformulated using the state variable approach, and how we can construct a probabilistic model for the switches by formulating a similar switching LFM as a switching linear dynamic system (SLDS). We illustrate the performance of the proposed methodology in simulated scenarios and apply it to inferring the switching points in GPS data collected from car movement data in urban environment.
Hartikainen, Jouni
Force 9 Energy | Open Energy Information
Energy Energy Jump to: navigation, search Name Force 9 Energy Place Amersham, United Kingdom Zip HP7 0UT Sector Wind energy Product Joint owner of Abercairny windfarm development. Coordinates 36.530602°, -82.602203° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":36.530602,"lon":-82.602203,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Radiative forcing for changes in tropospheric O{sub 3}
We have evaluated the radiative forcing for assumed changes in tropospheric O{sub 3} in the 500-1650 cm{sup {minus}1} wavenumber range. The radiative forcing calculations were performed as a function of latitude as well as for a globally and seasonally averaged model atmosphere, both in a clear sky approximation and in a model containing a representative cloud distribution. The scenarios involved radiative forcing calculations for O{sub 3} at normal atmospheric abundance and at a tropospheric abundance depleted by 25 ppbv, at each altitude, for all northern hemisphere latitudes. Normal abundances of H{sub 2}O, CO{sub 2}, CH{sub 4}, and N{sub 2}O were included in the calculations. The IR radiative forcing was calculated using a correlated k-distribution radiative transfer model. The tropospheric radiative forcing values are compared to the IPCC formulae for ozone tropospheric forcing as well as other published values to determine the validity of the correlated k-distribution approach to the radiative forcing calculations. The results for the global average atmosphere show agreement with previous results to the order of 10 percent. We conclude that the O{sub 3} forcing is linear in the background abundance and that the radiative forcing for ozone for the globally averaged atmosphere and the latitude averaged radiative forcing in the clear sky approximation are in agreement to within 10 percent. For the case of an atmosphere in which the tropospheric ozone has been depleted by 25 ppbv at all altitudes in the northern hemisphere, the mid latitude zone contributes {approximately}50 percent of the forcing, tropic zone contributes {approximately}37 percent of the forcing and the polar zone contributes {approximately}13 percent of the total forcing.
Grossman, A.S.; Wuebbles, D.J.; Grant, K.E.
Method and apparatus for a high-resolution three dimensional confocal scanning transmission electron microscope
A confocal scanning transmission electron microscope which includes an electron illumination device providing an incident electron beam propagating in a direction defining a propagation axis, and a precision specimen scanning stage positioned along the propagation axis and movable in at least one direction transverse to the propagation axis. The precision specimen scanning stage is configured for positioning a specimen relative to the incident electron beam. A projector lens receives a transmitted electron beam transmitted through at least part of the specimen and focuses this transmitted beam onto an image plane, where the transmitted beam results from the specimen being illuminated by the incident electron beam. A detection system is placed approximately in the image plane.
de Jonge, Niels (Oak Ridge, TN)
This disclosure describes a method and modified analytical electron microscope for determining the concentration of elements in a multielement sample by exposing samples with differing thicknesses for each element to a beam of electrons. Simultaneously the electron dosage and x-ray intensities are measured for each sample of element to determine a ''K/sub AB/'' value to be used in the equation (I/sub A/I/sub B/) = K/sub AB/ (C/sub A//C/sub B/), where I is intensity and C is concentration for elements A and B. The multielement sample is exposed to determine the concentrations of the elements in the sample.
King, W.E.
Microscopic Insights into the Electrochemical Behavior of Nonaqueous Electrolytes in Electric Double-Layer Capacitors
Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are electrical devices that store energy by adsorption of ionic species at the inner surface of porous electrodes. Compared with aqueous electrolytes, ionic liquid and organic electrolytes have the advantage of larger potential windows, making them attractive for the next generation of EDLCs with superior energy and power densities. The performance of both ionic liquid and organic electrolyte EDLCs hinges on the judicious selection of the electrode pore size and the electrolyte composition, which requires a comprehension of the charging behavior from a microscopic view. In this Perspective, we discuss predictions from the classical density functional theory (CDFT) on the dependence of the capacitance on the pore size for ionic liquid and organic electrolyte EDLCs. CDFT is applicable to electrodes with the pore size ranging from that below the ionic dimensionality to mesoscopic scales, thus unique for investigating the electrochemical behavior of the confined electrolytes for EDLC applications.
Jiang, Deen [ORNL; Wu, Jianzhong [University of California, Riverside
Microscopic Insights into the Electrochemical Behavior of Non-aqueous Electrolytes in Supercapacitors
Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) are electrical devices that store energy by adsorption of ionic species at the inner surface of porous electrodes. Compared with aqueous electrolytes, ionic liquid and organic electrolytes have the advantage of larger potential windows, making them attractive for the next generation of EDLC with superior energy and power densities. The performance of both ionic liquid and organic electrolyte EDLC hinges on the judicious selection of the electrode pore size and the electrolyte composition that requires a comprehension of the charging behavior from a microscopic view. In this perspective, we discuss predictions from the classical density functional theory (CDFT) on the dependence of the capacitance on the pore size for ionic-liquid and organic-electrolyte EDLC. CDFT is applicable to electrodes with the pore size ranging from that below the ionic dimensionality to mesoscopic scales, thus unique for investigating the electrochemical behavior of the confined electrolytes for EDLC applications.
Jiang, Deen [ORNL; Wu, Jianzhong [ORNL
Search for microscopic black holes in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV
A search for microscopic black holes and string balls is presented, based on a data sample of pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 12 inverse femtobarns. No excess of events with energetic multiparticle final states, typical of black hole production or of similar new physics processes, is observed. Given the agreement of the observations with the expected standard model background, which is dominated by QCD multijet production, 95% confidence limits are set on the production of semiclassical or quantum black holes, or of string balls, corresponding to the exclusions of masses below 4.3 to 6.2 TeV, depending on model assumptions. In addition, model-independent limits are set on new physics processes resulting in energetic multiparticle final states.
CMS Collaboration
The effect of microscopic texture on the direct plasma surface passivation of Si solar cells
Textured silicon surfaces are widely used in manufacturing of solar cells due to increasing the light absorption probability and also the antireflection properties. However, these Si surfaces have a high density of surface defects that need to be passivated. In this study, the effect of the microscopic surface texture on the plasma surface passivation of solar cells is investigated. The movement of 10{sup 5} H{sup +} ions in the texture-modified plasma sheath is studied by Monte Carlo numerical simulation. The hydrogen ions are driven by the combined electric field of the plasma sheath and the textured surface. The ion dynamics is simulated, and the relative ion distribution over the textured substrate is presented. This distribution can be used to interpret the quality of the Si dangling bonds saturation and consequently, the direct plasma surface passivation.
Mehrabian, S. [Laser and Plasma Research Institute, G.C., Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Xu, S. [Plasma Sources and Applications Center, NIE, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore (Singapore); Qaemi, A. A. [Physics Department, G.C., Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Shokri, B. [Laser and Plasma Research Institute, G.C., Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Physics Department, G.C., Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Chan, C. S. [Plasma Sources and Applications Center, NIE, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore (Singapore); Division of Microelectronics, School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore (Singapore); Ostrikov, K. [Plasma Nanoscience Center Australia (PNCA), CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218 Lindfield, NSW 2070 (Australia); Plasma Nanoscience, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia); Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, NSW 2522 (Australia); School of Physics and Advanced Materials, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia); Plasma Sources and Applications Center, NIE, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore (Singapore)
A microscopic model of electronic field noise heating in ion traps
Motional heating of ions in micro-fabricated traps is a challenge hindering experimental realization of large-scale quantum processing devices. Recently a series of measurements of the heating rates in surface-electrode ion traps characterized their frequency, distance, and temperature dependencies, but our understanding of the microscopic origin of this noise is still vague. In this work we develop a theoretical model for the electric field noise which is associated with a random distribution of adsorbed atoms on the trap electrode surface. By using first principle calculations of the fluctuating dipole moments of the adsorbed atoms we evaluate the distance, frequency and temperature dependence of the resulting electric field fluctuation spectrum.Our theory calculates the noise spectrum beyond the standard scenario of two-level fluctuators, by incorporating all the relevant vibrational states. The $1/f$ noise is shown to commence at roughly the frequency of the fundamental phonon transition rate and the $d^{...
Safavi-Naini, A; Weck, P; Sadeghpour, H R
A Scanning Electron Microscope Facility for Characterization of Tritium Containing Materials
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) facility for the examination of tritium-containing materials is operational at Mound Laboratory. The SEM is installed with the sample chamber incorporated as an integral part of an inert gas glovebox facility to enable easy handling of radioactive and pyrophoric materials. A standard SEM (ERTEC Model B-1) was modified to meet dimensional, operational, and safety-related requirements. A glovebox was designed and fabricated which permitted access with the gloves to all parts of the SEM sample chamber to facilitate detector and accessory replacement and repairs. A separate console combining the electron optical column and specimen chamber was interfaced to the glovebox by a custom-made, neoprene bellows so that the vibrations normally associated with the blowers and pumps were damped. Photomicrographs of tritiated pyrophoric materials show the usefulness of this facility. Some of the difficulties involved in the investigation of these materials are also discussed.
Downs, G. L.; Tucker, P. A.
Graphical template software for accurate micromanipulation in a scanning electron microscope
Micromanipulation techniques in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been utilized for assembling micrometer-sized structures. The precision of the assembled microstructures has been limited by the poor accuracy of the SEM image. We have developed a software to assist the operator in the accurate assembly of microstructures in a SEM, in which computer-generated outlines of the target structure [graphical templates (GTs)] are superimposed on the monitor. The displayed GTs are distorted on the basis of the image properties of the SEM evaluated in advance. As a consequence, the operator can construct microstructures with a high precision only by maneuvering the manipulator so that the outline of each object perfectly overlaps the GT without any alteration of the electron optics or circuits for improving the image accuracy.
Kasaya, Takeshi [Nanotechnology Innovation Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047 (Japan); Miyazaki, Hideki T. [Quantum Dot Research Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047 (Japan)
A standard dose of radiation for microscopic disease is not appropriate
Elective irradiation of sites of potential occult tumor spread is often part of a patient's radiation therapy program. The required radiation dose (D) depends on the probability that occult disease exists (P(occ)), the number of sites at risk (A), the number of tumor clonogens present (Ni), their radiation sensitivity, and the desired control rate. An exponential model of cell survival is used to quantify the importance of these factors. Control Probability = (1 - Pocc x (1 - e-Ni x (SF2)D/2))A; SF2 = surviving fraction after 2 Gy. Implications for clinical radiation therapy include: 1. Since the number of clonogens in an occult site may vary from 10 degrees to 10(8), Ni is the major determinant of the required dose. The intrinsic radiation sensitivity of the clonogens (SF2) is also extremely important in determining the dose. Other factors are less influential since they vary less. 2. The variability of Ni (8 logs) is larger than the variation in cell number seen with gross disease (1 cm3 versus 1000 cm3, 3 logs). When Ni approximately 10(8), the required dose approaches that needed for small volume gross disease (10(9) cells, 1 cm3). 3. The dose prescribed to elective sites should reflect the risk of occult disease based on the primary tumor site, stage, and grade. 4. Regions where clinicoradiologic evaluation is difficult (e.g., pelvis and obese neck) require higher doses because macroscopic tumor deposits may exist. 5. Relatively low doses (10 to 30 Gy) are often thought to be inadequate for microscopic tumor. However, similar doses have been reported to sterilize microscopic tumor in ovarian, rectal, bladder, breast, and head and neck carcinomas. Relatively low doses should not be discounted since they may be useful in select cases when normal tissue tolerances and/or previous irradiation treatment limit the radiation dose.
Marks, L.B. (Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC (USA))
The r-Process in Supernovae: Impact of New Microscopic Mass Formulas
The astrophysical origin of $r$-process nuclei remains a long-standing mystery. Although some astrophysical scenarios show some promise, many uncertainties involved in both the astrophysical conditions and in the nuclear properties far from the $\\beta$-stability have inhibited us from understanding the nature of the $r$-process. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the effects of the newly-derived microscopic Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) mass formulas on the $r$-process nucleosynthesis and analyse to what extent a solar-like $r$-abundance distribution can be obtained. The $r$-process calculations with the HFB-2 mass formula are performed, adopting the parametrized model of the prompt explosion from a collapsing O-Ne-Mg core for the physical conditions and compared with the results obtained with the HFB-7 and droplet-type mass formulas. Due to its weak shell effect at the neutron magic numbers in the neutron-rich region, the microscopic mass formulas (HFB-2 and HFB-7) give rise to a spread of the abundance distribution in the vicinity of the $r$-process peaks ($A = 130$ and 195). While this effect resolves the large underproduction at $A \\approx 115$ and 140 obtained with droplet-type mass formulas, large deviations compared to the solar pattern are found near the third $r$-process peak. It is shown that a solar-like $r$-process pattern can be obtained if the dynamical timescales of the outgoing mass trajectories are increased by a factor of about 2-3, or if the $\\beta$-decay rates are systematically increased by the same factor.
Shinya Wanajo; Stephane Goriely; Mathieu Samyn; Naoki Itoh
Two microscopic models, UrQMD and QGSM, were employed to study the formation of locally equilibrated hot and dense nuclear matter in heavy-ion collisions at energies from 11.6 AGeV to 160 AGeV. Analysis was performed for the fixed central cubic cell of volume V = 125 fm**3 and for the expanding cell which followed the growth of the central area with uniformly distributed energy. To decide whether or not the equilibrium was reached, results of the microscopic calculations were compared to that of the statistical thermal model. Both dynamical models indicate that the state of kinetic, thermal and chemical equilibrium is nearly approached at any bombarding energy after a certain relaxation period. The higher the energy, the shorter the relaxation time. Equation of state has a simple linear dependence P = a(sqrt{s})*e, where a = c_s**2 is the sound velocity squared. It varies from 0.12 \\pm 0.01 at E_{lab} = 11.6 AGeV to 0.145 \\pm 0.005 at E_{lab} = 160 AGeV. Change of the slope in a(sqrt{s}) behavior occurs at E_{lab} = 40 AGeV and can be assigned to the transition from baryon-rich to meson-dominated matter. The phase diagrams in the T - mu_B plane show the presence of kinks along the lines of constant entropy per baryon. These kinks are linked to the inelastic (i.e. chemical) freeze-out in the system.
L. Bravina; I. Arsene; J. Bleibel; M. Bleicher; G. Burau; Amand Faessler; C. Fuchs; M. S. Nilsson; H. Stoecker; K. Tywoniuk; E. Zabrodin
Microscopic quantum structure of black hole and vacuum versus quantum statistical origin of gravity
The Planckon densely piled model of vacuum is proposed. Based on it, the microscopic quantum structure of Schwarzschild black hole and quantum statistical origin of its gravity are studied. It is shown that thermodynamic temperature equilibrium and mechanical acceleration balance make the space-time of the black hole horizon singular and Casimir effect works inside the horizon. This effect makes the inside vacuum have less zero fluctuation energy than the outside vacuum, and a temperature difference as well as gravity as thermal pressure are created. A dual relation between inside and outside regions of the black hole is found. By the dual relation, an attractor behaviour of the horizon surface is unveiled. Outside horizon, there exist thermodynamic non-equilibrium and mechanical non-balance which lead to outward centrifugal energy flow and inward gravitation energy flow, their compensation establishes local equilibrium. The lost vacuum energy in negative gravitation potential regions has been removed to the black hole surface to form a spherical Planckon shell with the thickness of Planckon diameter. All the particles absorbed by the black hole have fallen down to the horizon and converted into spin 1/2 radiation quanta made of standing waves on the horizon sphere with the mean energy related to Hawking-Unruh temperature, thermodynamic equilibrium and mechanical balance keep them stable and be tightly bound in the horizon. The gravitation mass 2M and physical mass $M$ of the black hole are calculated. The entropy of the black hole, calculated from the microscopic state number of the many-body system of radiation fermion quanta, is well consistent with Hawking. A radical modification of the temperature law of the black hole is made. The accelerating expansion of the universe yields the expansion cosmon and its energy density agrees with dark energy density.
Shun-Jin Wang
Multi-range force sensors utilizing shape memory alloys
The present invention provides a multi-range force sensor comprising a load cell made of a shape memory alloy, a strain sensing system, a temperature modulating system, and a temperature monitoring system. The ability of the force sensor to measure contact forces in multiple ranges is effected by the change in temperature of the shape memory alloy. The heating and cooling system functions to place the shape memory alloy of the load cell in either a low temperature, low strength phase for measuring small contact forces, or a high temperature, high strength phase for measuring large contact forces. Once the load cell is in the desired phase, the strain sensing system is utilized to obtain the applied contact force. The temperature monitoring system is utilized to ensure that the shape memory alloy is in one phase or the other.
Varma, Venugopal K. (Knoxville, TN)
Before Senate Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Armed
Senate Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Armed Senate Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Armed Services Before Senate Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Armed Services Before Senate Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Armed Services By: David Huizenga, Senior Advisor for Environmental Management Subject: FY 2013 Budget Request for Office of Environmental Management 3-14-12_Huizenga_FT.pdf More Documents & Publications Senior Advisor Huizenga's Written Statement before the House Energy and Water Development Subcommittee on Appropriations (March 21, 2012) Senior Advisor Huizenga's Written Statement before the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces (April 17, 2012) Senior Advisor Huizenga's Written Statement before the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces (March 14, 2012)
Nanoscale Energy-Filtered Scanning Confocal Electron Microscopy Using a Double-Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscope
We demonstrate that a transmission electron microscope fitted with two spherical-aberration correctors can be operated as an energy-filtered scanning confocal electron microscope. A method for establishing this mode is described and initial results showing 3D chemical mapping with nanoscale sensitivity to height and thickness changes in a carbon film are presented. Importantly, uncorrected chromatic aberration does not limit the depth resolution of this technique and moreover performs an energy-filtering role, which is explained in terms of a combined depth and energy-loss response function.
Wang Peng; Behan, Gavin; Kirkland, Angus I.; Nellist, Peter D. [Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH (United Kingdom); Takeguchi, Masaki; Hashimoto, Ayako; Mitsuishi, Kazutaka [National Institute for Materials Science, 3-13 Sakura, Tsukuba, 305-0003 (Japan); Shimojo, Masayuki [Advanced Science Research Laboratory, Saitama Institute of Technology, 1690 Fusaiji, Fukaya 369-0293 (Japan)
Superconducting qubit as a quantum transformer routing entanglement between a microscopic quantum memory and a macroscopic resonator
We demonstrate experimentally the creation and measurement of an entangled state between a microscopic two-level system (TLS), formed by a defect in an oxide layer, and a macroscopic superconducting resonator, where their indirect interaction is mediated by an artificial atom, a superconducting persistent current qubit (PCQB). Under appropriate conditions, we found the coherence time of the TLS, the resonator, and the entangled state of these two are significantly longer than the Ramsey dephasing time of PCQB itself. This demonstrates that a PCQB can be used as a quantum transformer to address high coherence microscopic quantum memories by connecting them to macroscopic quantum buses.
Kemp, Alexander; Saito, Shiro; Semba, Kouichi [NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198 (Japan); Munro, William J. [NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198 (Japan); National Institute of Informatics 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda ku, Tokyo 101-8430 (Japan); Nemoto, Kae [National Institute of Informatics 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda ku, Tokyo 101-8430 (Japan)
Large-scale pulsed laser deposition Nini Pryds, AFM, Jrgen Schou, OPL, Finn Saxild, AFM and Sren Linderoth,AFM
; OPL, Department of Optics and Plasma Research) e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Pulsed laser deposition (PLD
Tensor force effects and high-momentum components in the nuclear symmetry energy
We analyze microscopic many-body calculations of the nuclear symmetry energy and its density dependence. The calculations are performed in the framework of the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock and the Self-Consistent Green's Functions methods. Within Brueckner-Hartree-Fock, the Hellmann-Feynman theorem gives access to the kinetic energy contribution as well as the contributions of the different components of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. The tensor component gives the largest contribution to the symmetry energy. The decomposition of the symmetry energy in a kinetic part and a potential energy part provides physical insight on the correlated nature of the system, indicating that neutron matter is less correlated than symmetric nuclear matter. Within the Self-Consistent Green's Function approach, we compute the momentum distributions and we identify the effects of the high momentum components in the symmetry energy. The results are obtained for the realistic interaction Argonne V18 potential, supplemented by the Urbana IX three-body force in the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations.
Arianna Carbone; Artur Polls; Constan�a Provid�ncia; Arnau Rios; Isaac Vida�a
Sensitivity of aerosol radiative forcing calculations to spectral resolution
Potential impacts of aerosol radiative forcing on climate have generated considerable recent interest. An important consideration in estimating the forcing from various aerosol components is the spectral resolution used for the solar radiative transfer calculations. This paper examines the spectral resolution required from the viewpoint of overlapping spectrally varying aerosol properties with other cross sections. A diagnostic is developed for comparing different band choices, and the impact of these choices on the radiative forcing calculated for typical sulfate and biomass aerosols was investigated.
Grant, K.E.
Relativistic Constraints on the Structure of Fundamental Forces
It is proved that Special Relativity imposes constraints on the structure of fundamental forces. The orthogonality of the 4-force exerted on an elementary particle and its 4-velocity is discussed. The significance of the energy-momentum tensor associated with the field is analyzed. Relying on these issues, it is proved that the Lorentz force is consistent with all constraints whereas a force derived from a scalar potential does not satisfy all requirements. This analysis explains a general discussion of Goldstein, Poole and Safko.
E. Comay
Dynamics and length distribution of microtubules under force and confinement
We investigate the microtubule polymerization dynamics with catastrophe and rescue events for three different confinement scenarios, which mimic typical cellular environments: (i) The microtubule is confined by rigid and fixed walls, (ii) it grows under constant force, and (iii) it grows against an elastic obstacle with a linearly increasing force. We use realistic catastrophe models and analyze the microtubule dynamics, the resulting microtubule length distributions, and force generation by stochastic and mean field calculations; in addition, we perform stochastic simulations. We also investigate the force dynamics if growth parameters are perturbed in dilution experiments. Finally, we show the robustness of our results against changes of catastrophe models and load distribution factors.
Bj�rn Zelinski; Nina M�ller; Jan Kierfeld
Renewable Hydrogen Production at Hickam Air Force Base
Hydrogen Production at Hickam Air Force Base November 2009 Hawaii Center for Advanced Transportation Technologies *&1; Established by the High Technology Development Corporation (a...
Modeling Hydraulic Responses to Meteorological Forcing: from Canopy to Aquifer
equations� for� some� soil� hydraulic�properties. �Water�Modeling�Hydraulic�Responses�to�Meteorological�Forcing:�CA�94720� email@example.com� Modeling�Hydraulic�Responses�to�
Pan, Lehua; Jin, Jiming; Miller, Norman; Wu, Yu-Shu; Bodvarsson, Gudmundur
NETL: News Release - NETL Joins Forces with Medical School to...
March 20, 2007 NETL Joins Forces with Medical School to Develop CO2 Sorbents A nanotechnology currently used to prevent infection in medical implants and to prepare microcapsules...
Ultrasonic-Based Mode-Synthesizing Atomic Force Microscopy
In a single run and without damaging the sample, ORNL�s mode-synthesizingatomic force microscopy (MSAFM), along with mode-synthesizing sensing, ...
NETL: News Release - Federal Task Force Sends Recommendations...
Obama told the nation's governors when establishing the task force, co-chaired by Energy Secretary Steven Chu and EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson. "These recommendations mark...
Microsoft Word - Energy Code Enforcement Funding Task Force ...
of EIA's Annual Energy Outlook 2010, including projected construction levels, energy consumption, and fuel prices. The task force conservatively assumed a 4-year payback period...
Daniel B. Poneman, Deputy Secretary of Energy Before the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - House Armed Services Committee 2-28-13DanielPoneman FT HASC More Documents &...
Request 51309EMFinalTestimonyInsTriay.pdf More Documents & Publications Before the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Before the Senate Armed Services,...
Budget Request (InesTriay)FinalTestimony.pdf More Documents & Publications Before the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Before the Senate Armed Services,...
FY 2010 Budget Request 51309HSSFinTestimony.pdf More Documents & Publications Before the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Before the Senate Armed Services...
of the ?rst indirect aerosol effect, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 5,Cloud susceptibility and the ?rst aerosol indirect forcing:to black carbon and aerosol concentrations, J. Geophys.
Lohmann, Ulrike
Geothermal: Sponsored by OSTI -- Solar energy task force report...
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
task force report technical training guidelines Geothermal Technologies Legacy Collection HelpFAQ | Site Map | Contact Us | Admin Log On HomeBasic Search About Publications...
DOE O 3750.1 Chg 6, Work Force Discipline
Directives, Delegations, and Requirements
The order provides guidance and procedures and states responsibilities for maintaining work force discipline in DOE. Chg 1, dated 3-11-85; Chg 2, dated ...
We give a comprehensive presentation of methods for calculating the Casimir force to arbitrary accuracy, for any number of objects, arbitrary shapes, susceptibility functions, and separations. The technique is applicable to objects immersed in media other than vacuum, nonzero temperatures, and spatial arrangements in which one object is enclosed in another. Our method combines each object's classical electromagnetic scattering amplitude with universal translation matrices, which convert between the bases used to calculate scattering for each object, but are otherwise independent of the details of the individual objects. The method is illustrated by rederiving the Lifshitz formula for infinite half-spaces, by demonstrating the Casimir-Polder to van der Waals crossover, and by computing the Casimir interaction energy of two infinite, parallel, perfect metal cylinders either inside or outside one another. Furthermore, it is used to obtain new results, namely, the Casimir energies of a sphere or a cylinder opposite a plate, all with finite permittivity and permeability, to leading order at large separation.
Rahi, Sahand Jamal; Kardar, Mehran [Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106 (United States); Emig, Thorsten [Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106 (United States); Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet zu Koeln, Zuelpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Koeln (Germany); Laboratoire de Physique Theorique et Modeles Statistiques, CNRS UMR 8626, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex (France); Graham, Noah [Department of Physics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753 (United States); Jaffe, Robert L. [Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Center for Theoretical Physics, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States)
Nuclear Forces from Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics
A century of coherent experimental and theoretical investigations have uncovered the laws of nature that underly nuclear physics. The standard model of strong and electroweak interactions, with its modest number of input parameters, dictates the dynamics of the quarks and gluons - the underlying building blocks of protons, neutrons, and nuclei. While the analytic techniques of quantum field theory have played a key role in understanding the dynamics of matter in high energy processes, they encounter difficulties when applied to low-energy nuclear structure and reactions, and dense systems. Expected increases in computational resources into the exa-scale during the next decade will provide the ability to numerically compute a range of important strong interaction processes directly from QCD with quantifiable uncertainties using the technique of Lattice QCD. These calculations will refine the chiral nuclear forces that are used as input into nuclear many-body calculations, including the three- and four-nucleon interactions. I discuss the state-of-the-art Lattice QCD calculations of quantities of interest in nuclear physics, progress that is expected in the near future, and the impact upon nuclear physics.
Martin J. Savage
Schematic of a chemical AFM of lithographically
with semiconductor nanowires for nanoscale electronics. Redwing Group, Dickey Group Penn State World-Class Facilities
Lee, Dongwon
Naval Reserve Force : cost and benefit analysis of reducing the number of Naval Surface Reserve Force operating budget holders ; .
??The Quadrennial Defense Review 1997 recommended reductions of civilian and military personnel associated with infrastructure. The Naval Reserve Force is aggressively pursuing options to reduce� (more)
Young, Eric Coy
Correction of distance-dependent blurring in projection data for fully three-dimensional electron microscopic reconstruction
We propose a method of correction for distance-dependent blurring, which is one of the limiting factors to achieving higher resolution in 3D reconstructions of biological specimens from 2D projections obtained by an electron microscope. Our proposed ... Keywords: contrast transfer function, distance-dependent blurring, electron microscopy, stationary phase
Joanna Klukowska; Gabor T. Herman; Ivan G. Kazantsev
Measuring charge trap occupation and energy level in CdSe/ZnS quantum dots using a scanning tunneling microscope
We use a scanning tunneling microscope to probe single-electron charging phenomena in individual CdSe/ZnS (core/shell) quantum dots (QDs) at room temperature. The QDs are deposited on top of a bare Au thin film and form a ...
Bulovic, Vladimir
2003The Royal Microscopical Society Journal of Microscopy,Vol. 212, Pt 3 December 2003, pp. 254263
, The Netherlands Key words. Bioluminescence measurements, embedded instrumentation, fluorescence measurements fluid volume per well in real-time, and for monitoring the fluorescence associated with the production in ATP assays). We show that our detection limit for NADH fluorescence is 5 µm with a microscope
van Vliet, Lucas J.
Numerical Simulation on Forced Swirl Combustion Chamber in Diesel Engine
A concept of forced swirl combustion chamber in diesel engine is proposed in this paper. It can be used to enhance the intensity of swirl flow in the cylinder and accelerate the rate of air-fuel mixture process by designing the special structure in the ... Keywords: diesel engine, forced swirl, combustion chamber, simulation
Shang Yong; Liu Fu-shui; Li Xiang-rong
ENERGY BASED ICE COLLISION FORCES Claude Daley1
ENERGY BASED ICE COLLISION FORCES Claude Daley1 1 Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 3X5 ABSTRACT Ice collision forces can be determined by energy considerations. A variety of interaction geometry cases are considered. The indentation energy functions for eight different
Daley, Claude
1 ENERGY BASED ICE COLLISION FORCES Claude Daley1 1 Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 3X5 ABSTRACT Ice collision forces can be determined by energy considerations. A variety of interaction geometry cases are considered. The indentation energy functions for eight different
Yong Shang; Fu-shui Liu; Xiang-rong Li
The managed readiness simulator: a force readiness model
This paper presents an overview of a force readiness simulation tool that has been developed for the Canadian Forces (CF). The Managed Readiness Simulator (MARS) is a versatile program that allows the user to quickly simulate a wide range of scenarios ...
Christine Scales; Stephen Okazawa; Michael Ormrod
Wave-Induced Drift Force in the Marginal Ice Zone
Wind waves are commonly ignored when modeling the ice motion in the marginal ice zone. In order to estimate the importance of the wave forcing, an expression for the second-order wave-induced drift force on a floe exposed to a full directional ...
Diane Masson
New Synchronous Orbits Using the Geomagnetic Lorentz Force Brett Streetman
New Synchronous Orbits Using the Geomagnetic Lorentz Force Brett Streetman and Mason A. Peck the interaction between the Earth's geomagnetic field and an electrostatic charge built up on a satellite [2 causes an interaction between the geomagnetic field and the vehicle in the form of the Lorentz force
Peck, Mason A.
New Synchronous Orbits Using the Geomagnetic Lorentz Force
New Synchronous Orbits Using the Geomagnetic Lorentz Force Brett Streetman and Mason A. Peck makes use of the interaction between the Earth's geomagnetic field and an electrostatic charge built up an interaction between the geomagnetic field and the vehicle in the form of the Lorentz force. The magnitude
Interior Reflections of a Periodically Forced Equatorial Kelvin Wave
A fully three-dimensional, wind-forced equatorial model is used to study the effects of the strong near- surface equatorial pycnocline on energy transmission into the deep ocean. The equatorial Kelvin waves forced by a patch of zonal wind ...
Lewis M. Rothstein; Dennis W. Moore; Julian P. McCreary
Nuclear Radiological Threat Task Force Established | National Nuclear
Radiological Threat Task Force Established | National Nuclear Radiological Threat Task Force Established | National Nuclear Security Administration Our Mission Managing the Stockpile Preventing Proliferation Powering the Nuclear Navy Emergency Response Recapitalizing Our Infrastructure Continuing Management Reform Countering Nuclear Terrorism About Us Our Programs Our History Who We Are Our Leadership Our Locations Budget Our Operations Media Room Congressional Testimony Fact Sheets Newsletters Press Releases Speeches Events Social Media Video Gallery Photo Gallery NNSA Archive Federal Employment Apply for Our Jobs Our Jobs Working at NNSA Blog Home > About Us > Our History > NNSA Timeline > Nuclear Radiological Threat Task Force Established Nuclear Radiological Threat Task Force Established November 03, 2003 Washington, DC Nuclear Radiological Threat Task Force Established
Brig. Gen. Dawkins honored at Air Force promotion ceremony | National
Dawkins honored at Air Force promotion ceremony | National Dawkins honored at Air Force promotion ceremony | National Nuclear Security Administration Our Mission Managing the Stockpile Preventing Proliferation Powering the Nuclear Navy Emergency Response Recapitalizing Our Infrastructure Continuing Management Reform Countering Nuclear Terrorism About Us Our Programs Our History Who We Are Our Leadership Our Locations Budget Our Operations Media Room Congressional Testimony Fact Sheets Newsletters Press Releases Speeches Events Social Media Video Gallery Photo Gallery NNSA Archive Federal Employment Apply for Our Jobs Our Jobs Working at NNSA Blog Home > NNSA Blog > Brig. Gen. Dawkins honored at Air Force ... Brig. Gen. Dawkins honored at Air Force promotion ceremony Posted By Office of Public Affairs Brig. Gen. Dawkins honored at Air Force promotion ceremony
The Particle Adventure | Unsolved Mysteries | Forces and the Grand Unified
Unsolved Mysteries - Forces and the Grand Unified Theory Unsolved Mysteries - Forces and the Grand Unified Theory Forces and the Grand Unified Theory Physicists hope that a Grand Unified Theory will unify the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions. There have been several proposed Unified Theories, but we need data to pick which, if any, of these theories describes nature. If a Grand Unification of all the interactions is possible, then all the interactions we observe are all different aspects of the same, unified interaction. However, how can this be the case if strong and weak and electromagnetic interactions are so different in strength and effect? Strangely enough, current data and theory suggests that these varied forces merge into one force when the particles being affected are at a high enough energy.
Implementation Plan, 29 Recommendations of the Protective Force Career
Implementation Plan, 29 Recommendations of the Protective Force Implementation Plan, 29 Recommendations of the Protective Force Career Options Study Group - January 2011 Implementation Plan, 29 Recommendations of the Protective Force Career Options Study Group - January 2011 January 2011 Implementation Plan for the 29 Recommendations of the Protective Force Career Options Study Group The Conference Report of the Fiscal Year 2010 National Defense Authorization Act requests the Secretary of Energy and the Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration to develop a comprehensive, Department of Energy (DOE)-wide plan to implement the recommendations of the June 30, 2009, DOE Career Options Study Group report, Enhanced Career Longevity and Retirement Options for DOE Protective Force Personnel. Attached is the response to that request,
Adsorbed self-avoiding walks subject to a force
We consider a self-avoiding walk model of polymer adsorption where the adsorbed polymer can be desorbed by the application of a force. In this paper the force is applied normal to the surface at the last vertex of the walk. We prove that the appropriate limiting free energy exists where there is an applied force and a surface potential term, and prove that this free energy is convex in appropriate variables. We then derive an expression for the limiting free energy in terms of the free energy without a force and the free energy with no surface interaction. Finally we show that there is a phase boundary between the adsorbed phase and the desorbed phase in the presence of a force, prove some qualitative properties of this boundary and derive bounds on the location of the boundary.
E. J. Janse van Rensburg; S. G. Whittington
Clinch River MRS Task Force Recommendations | Department of Energy
Clinch River MRS Task Force Recommendations Clinch River MRS Task Force Recommendations Clinch River MRS Task Force Recommendations The Clinch River HRS Task Force was appointed in July 1985 by the Roane County Executive and the Oak Ridge City Council to evaluate the Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) facility proposed by the Department of Energy to be constructed in the Roane County portion of Oak Ridge. After several months of study, numerous public meetings, site visits to relevant facilities, and careful evaluation of the integrated MRS concept, it is the considered opinion of the Task Force that the facility could be safely built and operated in Roane County/Oak Ridge. However, a MRS facility constructed in the Roane County portion of Oak Ridge would not be generally perceived as being safe by the citizens of Roane County and Oak Ridge
Collaborative Utility Task Force Partners with DOE to Develop Cyber
Collaborative Utility Task Force Partners with DOE to Develop Cyber Collaborative Utility Task Force Partners with DOE to Develop Cyber Security Requirements for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Collaborative Utility Task Force Partners with DOE to Develop Cyber Security Requirements for Advanced Metering Infrastructure The Advanced Metering Infrastructure Security (AMI-SEC) Task Force announces the release of the AMI System Security Requirements, a first-of-its-kind for the utility industry that will help utilities procure and implement secure components and systems using a common set of security requirements. Collaborative Utility Task Force Partners with DOE to Develop Cyber Security Requirements for Advanced Metering Infrastructure More Documents & Publications AMI System Security Requirements - v1_01-1 Before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee
The Particle Adventure | What holds it together? | Residual EM force
EM force EM force Residual EM force Atoms usually have the same numbers of protons and electrons. They are electrically neutral, therefore, because the positive protons cancel out the negative electrons. Since they are neutral, what causes them to stick together to form stable molecules? The answer is a bit strange: we've discovered that the charged parts of one atom can interact with the charged parts of another atom. This allows different atoms to bind together, an effect called the residual electromagnetic force. So the electromagnetic force is what allows atoms to bond and form molecules, allowing the world to stay together and create the matter you interact with all of the time. Amazing, isn't it? All the structures of the world exist simply because protons and electrons have opposite charges!
Memorandum, Protective Force Law Enforcement Authority - May 1, 2009 |
Protective Force Law Enforcement Authority - May 1, Protective Force Law Enforcement Authority - May 1, 2009 Memorandum, Protective Force Law Enforcement Authority - May 1, 2009 May 1, 2009 Investigation allegations that contractor procetive force personnel at a DOE site exceeded their legistative ,regulatory, and policy-based authority by providing on-duty, armed off-site assistance to local law enforcement authorites during other than recapture/recovery operations, and by accessing the local law enforcement database for background checks during the course of on-site administrative traffic stops. It has come to our attention that the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Imspector General (OIG) has investigated allegations that conctractor protective force (PF) personnel at a DOE site exceeded their legistative
Department of Energy Establishes Asset Revitalization Task Force |
Establishes Asset Revitalization Task Force Establishes Asset Revitalization Task Force Department of Energy Establishes Asset Revitalization Task Force February 17, 2011 - 12:00pm Addthis Media Contact (202) 586-4940 Washington, D.C. - Secretary of Energy Steven Chu today announced the establishment of a Task Force on Asset Revitalization to facilitate a discussion among the Department of Energy, communities around DOE sites, nonprofits, tribal governments, the private sector and other stakeholders to identify reuse approaches as environmental cleanup efforts reach completion. The task force will explore opportunities to reutilize DOE site assets for beneficial purposes, which may include clean energy development, environmental sustainability projects, open space or other uses. "For decades, Department of Energy sites and their surrounding
ARM - Evaluation Product - CMWG Data - SCM-Forcing Data, Cloud
ProductsCMWG Data - SCM-Forcing Data, Cloud ProductsCMWG Data - SCM-Forcing Data, Cloud Microphysical Properties and Radiative Heating Profiles Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Evaluation Product : CMWG Data - SCM-Forcing Data, Cloud Microphysical Properties and Radiative Heating Profiles Site(s) GAN HFE NSA SGP TWP General Description SCM-forcing data are derived from the ARM Program observational data using the constrained variational analysis approach (Zhang and Lin 1997 and Zhang et al. 2001). The resulting products include both the large-scale forcing terms and the evaluation fields, which can be used for driving the Single-Column Models (SCMs) and Cloud Resolving Models (CRMs) and validating model simulations. Results from our studies are then used to
Memorandum, Protective Force Career Options Committee - July 23, 2009 |
Memorandum, Protective Force Career Options Committee - July 23, Memorandum, Protective Force Career Options Committee - July 23, 2009 Memorandum, Protective Force Career Options Committee - July 23, 2009 On March 31,2009, this office commissioned a study to examine career opportunities and retirement options for the Department of Energy (DOE) protective force members. On March 3 1,2009, this office commissioned a study to examine career opportunities and retirement options for the Department of Energy (DOE) protective force members. The study was supported by senior leaders of the Department as well as by the leadership of the National Council of Security Police (NCSP), who took an active role in the study. The results of the study were briefed to several senior Departmental officials on June 30,2009. These leaders accepted the overall thrust of
Argonne CNM News: Casimir Force Reduction through Nanostructuring
Casimir Force Reduction through Nanostructuring Casimir Force Reduction through Nanostructuring Casimir force reduction (a) Configuration used to measure the Casimir force between a gold-coated sphere and a nanostructured grating. The sphere is attached to the torsional plate of a micromechanical oscillator and the nanostructured grating is fixed to a single-mode optical fiber. SEM images: (b) nanostructured grating limited by two uniform films (scale bar, 100 µm). (c) Magnified grating showing the high spatial uniformity (scale bar, 400 nm). (d) cross-section of a single grating element (scale bar, 100 nm). By nanostructuring one of two interacting metal surfaces at scales below the plasma wavelength, a new regime in the Casimir force was observed by researchers in the Center for Nanoscale Materials Nanofabrication & Devices
Microscopic approach of fission dynamics applied to fragment kinetic energy and mass distributions in 238U
The collective dynamics of low energy fission in 238U is described within a time-dependent formalism based on the Gaussian Overlap Approximation of the time-dependent Generator Coordinate Method. The intrinsic deformed configurations of the nucleus are determined from the self-consistent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov procedure employing the effective force D1S with constraints on the quadrupole and octupole moments. Fragment kinetic energy and mass distributions are calculated and compared with experimental evaluations. The effect of the collective dynamics along the fission paths and the influence of initial conditions on these distributions are analyzed and discussed.
H. Goutte; J. F. Berger; P. Casoli; D. Gogny
Laser ablated hard coating for microtools
Wear-resistant coatings composed of laser ablated hard carbon films, are deposited by pulsed laser ablation using visible light, on instruments such as microscope tips and micro-surgical tools. Hard carbon, known as diamond-like carbon (DLC), films produced by pulsed laser ablation using visible light enhances the abrasion resistance, wear characteristics, and lifetimes of small tools or instruments, such as small, sharp silicon tips used in atomic probe microscopy without significantly affecting the sharpness or size of these devices. For example, a 10-20 nm layer of diamond-like carbon on a standard silicon atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, enables the useful operating life of the tip to be increased by at least twofold. Moreover, the low inherent friction coefficient of the DLC coating leads to higher resolution for AFM tips operating in the contact mode.
McLean, II, William (Oakland, CA); Balooch, Mehdi (Berkeley, CA); Siekhaus, Wigbert J. (Berkeley, CA)
Laser polishing of niobium for application to superconducting radio frequency cavities
Superconducting radio frequency niobium cavities are at the heart of an increasing number of particle accelerators. Their performance is dominated by a several nanometer thick layer at the interior surface. Maximizing the smoothness of this surface is critical, and aggressive chemical treatments are now employed to this end. The authors describe laser-induced surface melting as an alternative �greener� approach. Selection of laser parameters guided by modeling achieved melting that reduced the surface roughness from the fabrication process. The resulting topography was examined by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope (AFM). Plots of power spectral density computed from the AFM data give further insight into the effect of laser melting on the topography of the mechanically polished (only) niobium.
Senthil Singaravelu ,John Klopf, Chen Xu, Geoffrey Krafft, Michael Kelley
Scientists combine X-rays and microscopes for precise experiments | Argonne
This insulator-coated "smart tip" for synchrotron X-ray scanning tunneling microscopy confines the signal detection to a tiny region of a sample. The nanofabricated tips have been developed by an Argonne team led by Argonne nanoscientist Volker Rose to improve the sensitivity of the SXSTM technique. To view a larger version of the image, click on it. This insulator-coated "smart tip" for synchrotron X-ray scanning tunneling microscopy confines the signal detection to a tiny region of a sample. The nanofabricated tips have been developed by an Argonne team led by Argonne nanoscientist Volker Rose to improve the sensitivity of the SXSTM technique. To view a larger version of the image, click on it. This insulator-coated "smart tip" for synchrotron X-ray scanning tunneling microscopy confines the signal detection to a tiny region of a sample. The nanofabricated tips have been developed by an Argonne team led by Argonne nanoscientist Volker Rose to improve the sensitivity of the SXSTM technique. To view a larger version of the image, click on it. Scientists combine X-rays and microscopes for precise experiments
Microscopic Description of Entanglements in Polyethylene Networks and Melts: Strong, Weak, Pairwise, and Collective Attributes
We present atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of two Polyethylene systems where all entanglements are trapped: a perfect network, and a melt with grafted chain ends. We examine microscopically at what level topological constraints can be considered as a collective entanglement effect, as in tube model theories, or as certain pairwise uncrossability interactions, as in slip-link models. A pairwise parameter, which varies between these limiting cases, shows that, for the systems studied, the character of the entanglement environment is more pairwise than collective. We employ a novel methodology, which analyzes entanglement constraints into a complete set of pairwise interactions, similar to slip links. Entanglement confinement is assembled by a plethora of links, with a spectrum of confinement strengths, from strong to weak. The strength of interactions is quantified through a link `persistence', which is the fraction of time for which the links are active. By weighting links according to their strength, we show that confinement is imposed mainly by the strong ones, and that the weak, trapped, uncrossability interactions cannot contribute to the low frequency modulus of an elastomer, or the plateau modulus of a melt. A self-consistent scheme for mapping topological constraints to specific, strong binary links, according to a given entanglement density, is proposed and validated. Our results demonstrate that slip links can be viewed as the strongest pairwise interactions of a collective entanglement environment. The methodology developed provides a basis for bridging the gap between atomistic simulations and mesoscopic slip link models.
Stefanos D. Anogiannakis; Christos Tzoumanekas; Doros N. Theodorou
Atomic Imaging Using Secondary Electrons in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope: Experimental Observations and Possible Mechanisms
We report detailed investigation of high-resolution imaging using secondaryelectrons (SE) with a sub-nanometer probe in an aberration-corrected transmissionelectron microscope, Hitachi HD2700C. This instrument also allows us to acquire the corresponding annular dark-field (ADF) images both simultaneously and separately. We demonstrate that atomic SE imaging is achievable for a wide range of elements, from uranium to carbon. Using the ADF images as a reference, we studied the SE image intensity and contrast as functions of applied bias, atomic number, crystal tilt, and thickness to shed light on the origin of the unexpected ultrahigh resolution in SE imaging. We have also demonstrated that the SE signal is sensitive to the terminating species at a crystal surface. Apossiblemechanism for atomic-scale SE imaging is proposed. The ability to image both the surface and bulk of a sample at atomic-scale is unprecedented, and can have important applications in the field of electron microscopy and materials characterization.
Su, D.; Inada, H.; Egerton, R.F.; Konno, M.; Wua, L.; Ciston, J.; Wall, J.; Zhu, Y.