text:
Comparing mixing-length models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain
- Alfredo Peña,
- Sven-Erik Gryning,
- Charlotte Bay Hasager
- … show all 3 hide
Rent the article at a discount
Rent now* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.
Get AccessAbstract
Models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain for the entire atmospheric boundary layer are developed using mixing-length theory and are compared to wind speed observations up to 300 m at the National Test Station for Wind Turbines at Høvsøre, Denmark. The measurements are performed within a wide range of atmospheric stability conditions, which allows a comparison of the models with the average wind profile computed in seven stability classes, showing a better agreement than compared to the traditional surface-layer wind profile. The wind profile is measured by combining cup anemometer and lidar observations, showing good agreement at the overlapping heights. The height of the boundary layer, a parameter required for the wind profile models, is estimated under neutral and stable conditions using surface-layer turbulence measurements, and under unstable conditions based on the aerosol backscatter profile from ceilometer observations.
- Batchvarova E, Gryning S-E (1991) Applied model for the height of the daytime mixed layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 56:261–274 CrossRef
- Blackadar AK (1962) The vertical distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral atmosphere. J Geophys Res 67:3095–3102 CrossRef
- Blackadar AK, Tennekes H (1968) Asymptotic similarity in neutral barotropic planetary boundary layers. J Atmos Sci 25:1015–1020 CrossRef
- Businger JA, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Bradley EF (1971) Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer. J Atmos Sci 28:181–189 CrossRef
- Carl DM, Tarbell TC, Panofsky HA (1973) Profiles of wind and temperature from towers over homogeneous terrain. J Atmos Sci 30:788–794 CrossRef
- Courtney M, Wagner R, Lindelöw P (2008) Testing and comparison of lidars for profile and turbulence measurements in wind energy. Earth Environ Sci Conf Ser 1:012 021 (14 pp)
- Emeis S, Münkel C, Vogt S, Müller WJ, Schäfer K (2004) Atmospheric boundary-layer structure from simultaneous SODAR, RASS, and ceilometer measurements. Atmos Environ 38:273–286 CrossRef
- Emeis S, Schäfer K (2006) Remote sensing methods to investigate boundary-layer structures relevant to air pollution in cities. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 121:377–385 CrossRef
- Emeis S, Schäfer K, Münkel C (2008) Surface-based remote sensing of the mixing-layer height—a review. Meteorol Z 17(5):621–630 CrossRef
- Eresmaa N, Karppinen A, Joffre SM, Säsänen J, Talvitie H (2006) Mixing height determination by ceilometer. Atmos Chem Phys 6:1485–1493 CrossRef
- Estoque MA (1973) Tower micrometeorogy. In: Haugeb DA (ed) Workshop on micrometeorolgy. American Meteorology Society, Boston, pp 217–270
- Foken T (2006) 50 years of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 119:431–447 CrossRef
- Grachev AA, Fairall CW, Bradley EF (2000) Convective profile constraints revisited. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 94:495–515 CrossRef
- Gryning S-E, Batchvarova E, Brümmer B, Jørgensen H, Larsen S (2007) On the extension of the wind profile over homogeneous terrain beyond the surface layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 124:251–268 CrossRef
- Hess GD, Garratt JR (2002) Evaluating models of the neutral, barotropic planetary boundary layer using integral measures: part i. Overview. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 104:333–358 CrossRef
- Högström U (1988) Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: a re-evaluation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 42:55–78 CrossRef
- Lettau H (1950) A re-examination of the "Leipzig wind profile" considering some relations between wind and turbulence in the frictional layer. Tellus 2:125–129 CrossRef
- Lettau HH (1962) Theoretical wind spirals in the boundary layer of a barotropic atmosphere. Beitr Phys Atmos 35:195–212
- Lindelöw P, Courtney M, Parmentier R, Cariou JP (2008) Wind shear proportional errors in the horizontal wind speed sensed by foused, range gated lidars. J Phys Conf Ser 1:012 023 (10 pp)
- Mann J et al (2008) Comparison of 3D turbulence measurements using three staring wind lidars and a sonic anemometer. Earth Environ Sci Conf Ser 1:012 012 (6 pp)
- Monin AS, Obukhov AM (1954) Osnovnye zakonomernosti turbulentnogo peremeshivanija v prizemnom sloe atmosfery (Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere near the ground). Trudy Geofiz Inst AN SSSR 24(151):163–187
- Obukhov AM (1971) Turbulence in an atmosphere with a non-uniform temperature. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 2:7–29 CrossRef
- Ohmstede WD, Appleby JF (1964) Numerical solution of the distribution of wind and turbulence in the planetary boundary layer. Tech. rep., Meteorol. Res. Note No. 8, DA Task 1-A-0-11001-B-021-08 USAERDAAMET-5-64, 43 pp
- Panofsky HA (1973) Tower micrometeorogy. In: Haugeb DA (ed) Workshop on micrometeorolgy. American Meteorology Society, Boston, pp 151–176
- Peña A (2009) Sensing the wind profile. Tech. Rep. Risoe-PhD-45(EN), Risø DTU, 80 pp
- Peña A, Gryning S-E (2008) Charnock's roughness length model and non-dimensional wind profiles over the sea. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 128:191–203 CrossRef
- Peña A, Gryning S-E, Hasager CB (2008) Measurements and modelling of the wind speed profile in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 129:479–495 CrossRef
- Peña A, Gryning S-E, Mann J, Hasager CB (2009) Length scales of the neutral wind profile over homogeneous terrain. J Appl Meteor Climatol (in review)
- Prandtl L (1925) Bericht über untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten turbulenz. Zs angew Math Mech 5:136–139
- Prandtl L (1932) Meteorologische Anwendung der Strömungslehre. Beitr Phys Atmos 19:188–202
- Rossby CG, Montgomery RB (1935) The layers of frictional influence in wind and ocean currents. Pap Phys Oceanogr Meteorol 3(3):101
- Steyn DG, Baldi M, Hoff RM (1999) The detection of mixed layer depth and entrainment zone thickness from lidar backscatter profiles. J Atmos Ocean Technol 16:953–959 CrossRef
- Stull RB (1988) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 666 pp
- Zilitinkevich SS (1975) Resistance laws and prediction equations for the depth of the planetary boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 32:741–752 CrossRef
- Zilitinkevich SS, Mironov DV (1996) A multi-limit formulation for the equilibrium depth of a stably stratified boundary layer. Bound-Layer Meteorol 81:325–351 CrossRef
- Title
- Comparing mixing-length models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain
- Journal
Theoretical and Applied Climatology
Volume 100, Issue 3-4 , pp 325-335
- Cover Date
- 2010-05-01
- 10.1007/s00704-009-0196-8
- Print ISSN
- Online ISSN
- 1434-4483
- Publisher
- Springer Vienna
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Alfredo Peña (1) (2)
- Sven-Erik Gryning (1)
- Charlotte Bay Hasager (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Wind Energy Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
- 2. Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark


text:
Chase Headley walked down the hallway from the visitor's clubhouse at Nationals Park toward the Padres' idling team bus, dressed in a suit and ready to move on to a new city. First, he spotted someone he wanted to talk to outside the Nationals clubhouse.
Sandy Leon stood there, with his right foot wrapped in a large, black boot and resting on a rolling contraption. Monday night, Leon suffered a high-ankle sprain in his major league debut after Headley plowed into him. Leon said he could return from the injury four weeks. Both teams agreed the play had been clean.
Headley walked up to Leon and extended his hand. Leon shook it. Headley apologized. Leon nodded and smiled. They chatted for a moment. Headley slapped Leon on the shoulder, and Leon said, "Thank you." The moment passed. Headley walked away and boarded the bus.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monero (XMR) is a new coin using the CryptoNote protocol and is not a descendent of Bitcoin. Monero was launched on April 18, 2014.
- Algorithm
- CryptoNight
- Block reward
- Smoothly varying using the formula
whereM = 264 −1
andA = supply mined to date
. - Difficulty
- Retargets at every block
- Freenode
- #monero (it will change later)
- reddit.com/r/monero (ditto)
[Logo contest - till 28 April - bounty 300 XMR]
What is CryptoNote?^
CryptoNote is the technology that allows creation of highly private egalitarian cryptocurrencies. You can visit their website. The level of anonymity provided by CryptoNote isn't possible with Bitcoin code base by design. Two of the main features of CryptoNote are ring signatures that mask sender identities by mixing and unlinkable transactions accomplished by creating one-time keys for individual payments. Ring signatures are explained below and you can read the white paper for the details. The images below come from CryptoNote's website.
A normal signature looks like this. There's only one participant.
A ring signature obscures identities because it only proves that a signer belongs to a group.
This allows a high level of anonymity in cryptocurrency transactions. You can think of it as decentralized mixing.
What are the features of this coin?^
- It uses the CryptoNote code base.
- Started from scratch (i.e. from genesis block).
- Emission schedule has a flatter curve (80% of the coins are mined within 4 years).
- Monero – XMR (monero = coin in the Esperanto language).
- Block target = 60 seconds.
- Penalty-free block size is increased.CryptoNote doesn't have hard limits: all parameters are adaptive. Max block size is adaptive also. It is recalculated the same way difficulty is. In case miner creates block bigger than 1*CURRENT_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE the penalty is applied to block reward (i.e. block reward is decreased). In case miner creates block bigger than 2*CURRENT_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE such block will not be accepted by network.For blocks below penalty-free block size this logic isn't applied. I.e. even in the blockchain with all blocks empty you can create a block of this size with full block reward. In reference code this penalty-free block size is 10Kb – this is good for 2-3 private transactions (strong privacy is given with a mixing factor of 5 or more; no privacy is given with 0). It's better to have a bit more.
- Decimal point has been moved from BCN (18.446 million max supply instead of 184.46 billion). This is purely a UI change – technically there will be 264−1 atomic units (roughly 1019).
My blockchain doesn't work^
The first time you mine monero on a machine, you may want to speedup the syncing process by copying the blockchain from a previous machine. The blockchain.bin file is incompatible between Windows and Linux. It is a known problem with the boost library this is using to save the files. Download a recent blockchain on the OP.


text:
Pop Chart Lab's latest poster is bursting with musical marks that will make musicians of all stripes tremolo with joy, turn after inverted turn. Even viola players have reason to celebrate: the chart even gives the maligned alto clef some much-deserved love.... READ ON
There is a version of this story that is very short and goes something like this: Here is a real thing that exists, now go tell all your friends about it.... READ ON
Here's a big achievement with tiny blocks.... READ ON
When attendees line up outside Comic Con International for tonight's preview, there's one exclusive they'll be probably more eager to get their hands on than any others: Jabba the Hutt, the first figure in Hasbro's Star Wars Deluxe Black Series. Here's how Hasbro made it.... READ ON
With some charm and a little know-how, you can get a lot more out of your visit.... READ ON
7-Up was originally called "Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda."


text:
| Predicaments Where exactly Prescription Impotency Medicinal drug Is effective And will not Therefore furthermore there one has getting this done. Ought find out more on methods to spruce up your x art Videos daily life mainly employing x art Videos training x art Videos ? It follows that introduce you to the idea to one's special cooling fan immediately you need to looking upwards details that experts claim two of you can realize your desire in order to along with. http://hd-xartvideos.webs.com/ |
| Pricing Your House To Sell Fast - Quick And Easy Tips When you are deciding to place your house up for sale; one of the first things to do is come up with an asking price. You don't want to price it too low and receive less than it's worth. When you place the value out of sight you will get exactly that; no one looking at it. You have to find the right middle ground, which is not always simple. We will be giving you some great thoughts on how to go forward with this process. http://Nxnwbrew.com/member/615 |
| Profitclicking Scam or Legit? Profit Clicking Review & Get 50% of our Referral Commissions! Profit Clicking (formerly Just Been Paid) pays you 2% every day and you get 50% of my Referral Commissions to grow your account even faster! http://profitclickingscamreview.com |
| Selling Your Home -How to Set the Ideal Price Before you can put you home up for sale you will need to determine the price you will set. You don't want to price it too low and receive less than it's worth. Although when you price it too high you may have fewer interested folks looking at it. If possible you should decide on a mediocre price that is reasonable. We will be giving you some great thoughts on how to go forward with this process. http://www.lo8s.com-www.lo8s.com/iworkfromhome.net.au/ |
| Smashsolutions Updates. Join My Smash Bar Team and get a nice percentage of my Referral Commissions Smash Solutions is an Online Traffic Exchange and Earning Program offering Free Next Generation marketing Tools to wipe out your competition! http://smashsolutionsreview.com |
| Start Earning Right NOW! Tired of Waiting on the Economy? Get Paid Daily! Every 24 hours! Earn $1000's Weekly!! Isn't It About Time? IT'S 100% FREE! The 5-5-5 Plan http://paypaths.textcashnetwork.com |
| start to earn from home Product(s) - Is the product something that people may very well actually want and help often? Abilities - Do not join a business unless it has a good standing upright. Much more of signing up in support of a work at personal forum are many. Marketing clubs to people looking for fishing equipment is not going to result sales. http://6000amonthclubincome.com |
| Starting a Home Business - SFI Retired? Unemployed? Laid-Off, or Insufficient Income? Start your own Internet business from home. Build residual and leveraged income to create real wealth. World Wide Income System that REALLY WORKS! All it needs is you. http://startearningtoday.com |
| Strategies For Pricing Your House To Sell Fast - Proven Tactics When you are deciding to place your house up for sale; one of the first things to do is come up with an asking price. You should not give your house away by asking too little for it; make sure you get your money out of it. Then again if you set an unreasonably high price you will likely capture the interest of fewer buyers. You will have to choose a price tag that is sort of middle of the road. http://okoo.net/EmileBuch |
| Tecnihogar Granada - Calefacci├│n Empresa dedicada a la venta, instalaci├│n, reparaci├│n, mantenimiento de calefacci├│n, calderas, biomasa, granada. http://tecnihogar.es |
| Trouble-Free slow cooker Methods - For Adults Grandma's house is just three hours driving distance from our home and we'd drop by her house a lot. 1 small onion, finely chopped. Find the right slow cooker. http://www.lebanon-vc.de/index.php?do=/profile-23931/info/ |
| United Paycheck - Empowering online marketing solutions United Paycheck empower privately-owned performance marketing solutions such as: affiliate programs, channel and OEM partner programs, and emerging markets like social media and mobile marketing...... � http://www.unitedpaycheck.com/ |
| Watch Malibu Country Season 1 Episode 4 Cash's Car Online Free Stream Recently on Malibu Country Season 1 Episode 3 "Shell Games", Reba is thrilled whenever Geoffrey gets Mr. Bata to agree to get one of her songs recorded, but is insulted while he wants a rapper (Travie McCoy) ... http://soundcloud.com/user116594024/watch-malibu-country-online |
| Web Fortune Master Review At home you can get away in addition to jeans and a t-shirt. Before you begin anything, do your review and make sure them to be a legitimate employer. There would be a lot of corrupt people out there racing a lot of fraudulence. So, these are just a few ways you can Work From Home. http://webfortunemasters.com |
| Wipe out your debt. Wipe out your debt. Add a second paycheck from Strong Future International. Learn more here: http://www.sfi4.com/11623999/FREE http://www.sfi4.com/11623999/FREE |
| Work At Home Income Prefer to choose local company because you can learn more information about them easily. This would somehow bring about working from home a functional fruitful exercise. Somebody could then use some free time to get it out and socialize by using your friends and visit places. You save, obviously, at travelling costs. http://estorebuilderblog.com |
| Working From home Holiday period are enjoable only so long as we have people that will help share the joy. Good other people who Work From Home it is always smart to get their feedback. You can into an online method or software and you possibly can make a couple of currency. You can call him, or stop by his office and he shows you in person. http://webfortunevault.net |
| WORLWIDE SEO LEARNING CENTER SEO LEARNING SHORTCUT MATHOD. http://www.seolearningworld.blogspot.com |
| www.unitedsupportllc.com Hiring immediately! No start-up costs or up-front fees! Work from the comfort of your own home! Must have your own computer and a USB headset. Experienced callers wanted! http://www.unitedsupportllc.com |


text:
Her little bass and amp are lovingly detailed and I hope to see the other characters become Nendoroids too. Personally, I'd rather have Figma versions of them but the Nendoroids are too adorable not to pass up.
Now the real question is, will she have shimapan (striped panties)?
[Picture source]


text:
Top Definition
Shaking up a beer and biting into the side, puncturing the can with your teeth, spraying beer all over.
Teen wolf does this in the classic movie of the same name while in wolf form.
Teen wolf does this in the classic movie of the same name while in wolf form.
I took eleven stitches to the face teen-wolfing a beer.
by I am Joel
October 11, 2004
14 more definitions
one who tends to surf on top of moving trucks
Teen Wolf is showing off again
by kickstanddick
November 30, 2004
The rumbling felt in the stomach after drinking; before one has to use the bathroom. Similar to the transformation noise in the 80's hit movie Teen Wolf.
Shawn woke up next to a skaliwag with a headache, a reason to get tested, and one mean Teen-Wolf.
by Cory
January 22, 2005
when a person has an outrageous amount of pubic hair....(in some circumstances can be used to decribe other hairy body parts)
Yo! Last night was popping until she removed her under garments and i saw that she was on teen wolf.
Her vagina needs a shower cap, her joint is on teen wolf.
Her vagina needs a shower cap, her joint is on teen wolf.
by CoCo Butta 83
June 22, 2011
when some one is an ass virgin and you bend them over and stick your cock in there ass real quick and they let out a howl like a wolf ow ow oooooowwwww!!!
she said she never had anal so i teen wolfed her ass
by gregsadouche
July 17, 2011
An extremly hairy bitch. Teenwolf likes to crash parties and sneak into hotel rooms to flash her throwed ass snatch to unsuspecting bro's. she prowls spring break beaches at night. If spotted in a bakini during the day, permenant life scaring is garunteed. Teenwolf can usually be found with a Boogawolf close by. Teenwolf will fuck you to death if she gets the chance. The best deffence against the Teenwolf is a locked door.
So there we were in Panama City and out of no where, Teenwolf busted in and pulled out her ratted ass twat. Nearly choked on my beer.
by Moe Miggins
July 30, 2008


text:
Style #: V59945, M44458, V59942, V53101, V47103, V61391, V53245
For further details regarding our pricavy policies including the use of cookies please click here. For instructions on how to enable cookies please click here. If you need assistance one of our customer service representatives at 1-800-850-7463 would be glad to help.
Color(s): Black-Purple-Grey, Black-Excellent Red-White, Orange-Iron stone-White-Red-Black, Green Smash-Sea Glass-White, Ultimate Yellow-Steel-Gravel, Neon Yellow-Blue Move-Excellent Red-White-Black, Black-Punch Pink
Price: $119.95
Sale Price: $83.95 Save 30%
Size Select Your Size
Width Then, Select Your Width
Additional Views
Introducing the Nano 3.0, our most versatile training shoe ever constructed. The evolution continues with a Dual Density platform that provides the perfect combination of forefoot cushioining and heel stabilization. We added more flexibility and protection to the outsole with Metasplit grooves and RopePro wraps on the medial and lateral sides. We carried the innovation into the upper with a new DuraCage construction for the ultimate in protection and lightweight support. Now, you are ready to take on the toughest workouts.
Shoe Size: 82% of people said that this shoe "Felt true to size" Shoe Width: 82% of people said that this shoe "Felt true to width"
Share your thoughts with other customers
Written by a customer while visiting Reebok.com
The Nano 3 is perfect even for running. With Squat circuits my new Nano's ensure that my foot stays on the ground and helps support this important move.
I feel like I am barefoot, these Nano's are so incredibly light.
The fit is awesome and totally meets my needs.
Being a 50+ year young woman who loves working out hard, the Nano 3s are remarkable and definately supports my intense exercise goals.


text:
Advanced Search
IT Trends | Research
The outlook for IT services, software, and devices is looking up. According to a new forecast, worldwide IT spending across all sectors will grow by $249 billion in 2013, reaching $3.74 trillion--up 4.2 percent from 2012.
That forecast has been revised upward from a previous forecast of 3.8 percent growth, according to market research firm Gartner, which issued its latest Quarterly IT Spending Forecast today. The firm reported that while uncertainty among consumers and businesses has continued to retard growth, those uncertainties are heading toward resolution.
"Uncertainties surrounding prospects for an upturn in global economic growth are the major retardants to IT growth," said Richard Gordon, managing vice president at Gartner, in a statement released to coincide with the report. "This uncertainty has caused the pessimistic business and consumer sentiment throughout the world. However, much of this uncertainty is nearing resolution, and as it does, we look for accelerated spending growth in 2013 compared to 2012."
The strongest growth categories for 2013 will be devices (which covers everything from printers to tablets) and enterprise software, which are both projected to grow more than 6 percent this year--though the projection for devices has actually been revised downward from Gartner's previous 2013 forecast, attributing that revision to a shift among consumers toward lower-cost devices.
"The tablet market has seen greater price competition from android devices as well as smaller, low-priced devices in emerging markets," Gordon said. "It is ultimately this shift toward relatively lower-priced tablets that lowers our average selling prices forecast for 2012 through 2016, which in turn is responsible for slowing device spending growth in general, and PC and tablet spending growth in particular."
By 2014, the only category that will experience growth above 6 percent will be enterprise software, driven by "security, storage management and customer relationship management," among others, according to Gartner, "however, beginning in 2014, markets aligned to big data and other information management initiatives, such as enterprise content management, data integration tools, and data quality tools will begin to see increased levels of investment."
Also by 2014, growth in the IT services category will begin to outpace growth in devices.
Additional details can be found in Gartner's Quarterly IT Spending Forecast. Gartner will also hold a webinar Jan. 8 at 1 p.m. Eastern called "Gartner Worldwide IT Spending Forecast, 4Q12 Update--2013 The Year Ahead." The webinar will be free to attend. A screencast detailing the findings is also available online.
About the Author
Executive Producer David Nagel heads up the editorial department for 1105 Media's education publications — which include two daily sites, a variety of newsletters and two monthly digital magazines covering technology in both K-12 and higher education.
A 21-year publishing veteran, Nagel has led or contributed to dozens of technology, art and business publications.
He can be reached at email@example.com. You can also connect with him on LinkedIn at linkedin.com/profile/view?id=10390192 or follow him on Twitter at @THEJournalDave (K-12) or @CampusTechDave (higher education). A selection of David Nagel's articles can be found on this site.
View More Webcasts
View More Whitepapers


text:
To print this article open the file menu and choose Print. Click here to return to previous page Article published Jun 30, 2013 Julia FordShrewsbury High, Freshman
Just a freshman, Ford earned medalist honors by shooting a 1-under-par 74 at the North/Central/West Championships at Gardner Municipal Golf Course. She went on to card a 13-over 84, good for a tie for fifth place and the top Central Mass. score, at the State Individual Championships at Chicopee Country Club. When she's not playing golf, Ford enjoys running in her spare time. She was also a member of the Colonials boys' golf team. While college is still three years away, Ford would like to make golf part of her career. She is the daughter Jason and Linda Ford of Shrewsbury. Order the Telegram & Gazette, delivered daily to your home or office! www.telegram.com/homedelivery Copyright Worcester Telegram & Gazette Corp. |


text:
Baking With Julia
Marcel Desaulniers
Tuesday, March 17, 7:30 p.m. on Create
Episode Guide »
Chef and author, Marcel Desaulniers of The Trellis in Williamsburg, Va visits Julia Child in her kitchen. Desaulniers creates a white chocolate pattycake with chocolate tulips. The viewers are told when selecting white chocolate be sure the ingredients include cocoa butter. Desaulniers demonstrates how to make chocolate tulips by dipping balloons into melted dark chocolate.
More Full Episodes
Poppyseed Torte with Markus FarbingerVanilla Chiffon Chocolate Mousse Cake with Mary BerginSavory Pizza Rustica with Nick MalgieriChocolate Mint Nightcaps with Marcel DesaulniersJohnnycake Cobblers with Johanne KilleenPumpernickel Bread & Matzos with Lauren GrovemanCreme Fraiche with Nancy SilvertonA Three-Tiered Wedding Cake with Martha Stewart, Part 2A Three-Tiered Wedding Cake with Martha Stewart, Part 1Savory Puffs and Eclairs with Norman LoveRaspberry-Fig Crostata with Flo Braker and Leslie MackieChocolate Tuiles & Gingersnaps with Gale Gand and David BlomNaan with Beatrice OjakangasLadyfingers GenoiseItalian Cookies with Nick MalgieriBanana-Chocolate Beignets with Norman LoveChocolate Napoleon & Ice Cream Sandwich with Gale GandWhite Chocolate Pattycake with Marcel DesaulniersPuff Pastry with Michel Richard
Vermont PBS Board Chair Rob Hofmann is pleased to announce the appointment of Holly Groschner as President and CEO. Read more...
Did you miss Brothers of the Gut? Catch it again March 5, 2015 at 8:00 pm! You can still order the DVD as well. Check out the documentary page for more info!
- PBS Kids - many videos and games for children!
- Educator Resources - for teachers and parents.
- PLUM Landing - help your kids explore our planet!
Learn about our new PLUS channel
A second HD broadcast service offering alternative programming and more content from local and regional producers.Vermont PBS Weekly
Our weekly email newsletter highlighting upcoming shows and important station news. Sign Up Today!Support Us
Sustainer's Circle
Thank You Gifts
Backstage Club
Ways to Give
Matching Gifts
Planned Giving
Corporate Support
Event Calendar
Community Cinema
Kids & Family
Britcom Club
Next Avenue
Vermont PBS & You
Educator Resources
Above the Fold
PBS Kids Writers Contest


text:
The Power Surge: Energy, Opportunity and the Battle for America's Future. By Michael Levi. Oxford University Press; 260 pages; $27.95 and £17.99. Buy from Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk
ALL revolutions need their storytellers. So it is surprising that America's energy revolution of the past few years has not had a serious scribe before now. Shale gas, billowing out of the bedrock in ever-increasing quantities, is becoming the most important factor in the drive to lessen America's dependence on imported fuel. In "The Power Surge" Michael Levi of the Council on Foreign Relations takes an excellent first stab at making sense of America's new energy resources.
Mr Levi begins his book with a story about a man called Tar Baby, who works at a shale well in rural Ohio. Mr Baby, and thousands like him, are scouring America's shale beds. They are helped by new and somewhat contentious technology that releases vast caches of natural gas in deeply buried rock called "fracking". This process uses water, sand and chemicals under pressure, together with horizontal drilling through the shale beds, to release vast quantities of gas and oil from impermeable rocks that are deep underground.
The book's main strength is the clarity with which the author explains the development of shale exploitation and assesses the implications of the shale boom. Fracking remains controversial among environmentalists, who say the process may contaminate groundwater or cause earthquakes. Concerns over possible long-term effects have led to a ban on the technology in New York and some other states. But there is scant evidence that the process is dangerous.
Mr Levi's thesis has an unusual twist. Rather than accepting that shale enthusiasts and environmentalists will never see eye to eye, he reckons both sides should work together. He suggests that environmentalists should help improve the way gas is extracted rather than attempt to block it. As for the gas brigade, he proposes that they work with the greens in a broad alliance that presses for environmental legislation to boost gas demand at the expense of coal (which is far dirtier). Mr Levi argues that only wide coalitions will be able to press for legislation that encourages the development of different sorts of energy at the same time.
The book has a stab at outlining the potential impact of shale gas. But it is still not clear what the global impact of shale gas will be, how energy markets might change or what geopolitical implications will emerge if America becomes self-sufficient in energy. Mr Levi frets that America's detachment from global energy markets risks putting globalisation into reverse. But that looks unlikely, particularly if America starts to export gas in significant quantities. The most significant export, however, could be the transfer of American know-how to exploiters of the world's abundant shale beds. If the world takes to fracking as frantically as America there is a global energy revolution in the making.


text:
Yamaha PM1D Console for American Idiotâs FOHE Dignazio
BUENA PARK, Calif.â¯With sound design by Brian Ronan, the Berkeley (CA) Repertoryâs 600-seat Roda Theatre hosted the world premiere of Green Dayâs production adaptation of American Idiot. The show sold out its original run and continued to break records as the top grossing show in the Theatreâs 41-year history.
Green Day won two Grammys â Best Rock Album and Record of the Year â for its multi-platinum CD, American Idiot, which sold more than 12 million copies worldwide. The band brought the explosive album to the stage with Tony Award- winner Michael Mayer, director of Spring Awakening. American Idiot follows working-class characters from the San Francisco Bay Area suburbs to the city and on to the Middle East. The production, which is headed for Broadway, includes every song from the album, as well as several new songs from the bandâs latest, 21st Century Breakdown.
A Yamaha PM1D digital audio console was brought in by Masque Sound (New Jersey) for front of house mixer, David Dignazio. American Idiot uses an onstage band along with 19 performers and features the music of Green Day vocalist/guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong, bassist Mike Dirnt, and drummer Tré Cool, with lyrics by Armstrong. Mayer collaborated with Armstrong on the story in association with Tom Hulce and Ira Pittelman, who worked with Mayer as lead producers on Spring Awakening.
âThis is the second show that I've mixed using a Yamaha PM1D, and the first that I've set up and programmed,â? states Dignazio, a Broadway mixer for the past 14 years. âI was pretty much self taught on the console, but assistant designer, Mike Farfalla, was instrumental in teaching me about the console and getting me more familiar with the software and the control surface. The PM1D was easy to pick up on, and a great console to use for American Idiot since itâs very user friendly and gave us the flexibility we needed to make the show happen. We were able to make changes on the fly during production. Most of all, the console sounded great.â?
Ronanâs recent Broadway sound design credits include Next to Normal, Grease, Curtains, Spring Awakening, and Grey Gardens, to name a few. Dignazio, whose recent Broadway credits include Shrek the Musical, was personally chosen by Ronan to mix American Idiot at the Roda Theatre. Heâll head back to Broadway with American Idiot when it finds a home in 2010.
For more information on Yamaha digital consoles, visit www.yamahaca.com.
Photo credits: All images © Berkeley Repertory Theatre. All rights reserved.
About Yamaha Commercial Audio Systems, Inc.:
Yamaha Commercial Audio Systems, Inc. (YCAS) provides a full line of integrated professional audio products offering complete systems solutions for the broadcast, sound reinforcement/installed sound, touring, commercial recording, and post production markets. With the addition of NEXO to the product line, the company remains the official U.S. and Canadian distributor for all NEXO speaker models. YCAS offers comprehensive in-house and field product training for its customers, a dedicated dealer network, and 24/7 technical support.
Related Topics: AV Control Systems, News, Video
Masque Sound Helps Audiences Explore The Mystery of Love & Sex
Metric Halo Supports SCA Spring Fling
Sergio Mendes and will.i.am have a (Governors) Ball with DPA Microphones
StrandVision Offers Personal Finance Tips in Latest Set of Employee Digital Signage Communications Animated Templates
Ashly Saves the Day at Rocky Mountain Classical Academy
StoreStreams to Offer Turnkey In-Store Radio to Businesses
Audinate Announces âAudio over IP in Broadcast with Danteâ Event in London
Renkus-Heinz Helps Conquer Audio Challenges in Canadian Museum for Human Rights
Additional Danley Speakers Handle Seating Expansion at Life Pentecostal Church


text:
Sunday, March 21
US Airways Center
Attendance: 18,422
Phoenix, AZ (Sports Network) - Amare Stoudemire had 18 points and 14 rebounds, as Phoenix gutted out a 93-87 win against Portland despite shooting less than 40 percent from the field.
Steve Nash added 17 points and eight assists and Jason Richardson contributed with 16 points as the Suns won their fourth straight game to cap a 5-2 homestand.
Brandon Roy notched 23 points and Andre Miller scored 22 to go with nine assists for Portland, which had a five-game winning streak snapped. LaMarcus Aldridge chipped in 16 points and Marcus Camby recorded 16 rebounds and five blocks.
The Trail Blazers entered the final period with a short-lived 68-64 edge as Stoudemire completed a three-point play and Jared Dudley's jumper to follow tied the contest at 72-all two minutes in.
The lead traded hands over the next several minutes before Dudley put in a layup and sank a three-pointer, allowing the Suns to go in front, 82-78, with less than six minutes remaining.
The Blazers were in the midst of a nearly five-minute scoring drought, and Grant Hill scored on back-to-back Phoenix possessions to run the lead to 86-78.
Roy ended a stretch of six missed shots, which included a pair of missed free throws by Aldridge, with a runner to cut Portland's deficit to five with 3:13 to play.
"They went zone and we didn't attack that. We stopped moving the ball and just didn't attack it," said Trail Blazers coach Nate McMillan of his team's struggle to shoot the ball. "We were launching our jump shots from the perimeter and they weren't going in."
A sequence of sloppy possessions for both sides followed, and a pair of Phoenix turnovers inside a minute left opened the door for Portland.
Roy buried a three-pointer from the right wing following a Suns turnover to make it an 89-87 game with 21.4 seconds left.
Nash was fouled and made both to push the margin back to four, and Miller was unable to hit from beyond the arc as Phoenix controlled the carom as time expired.
"It was exactly how I thought it would be; It was a real grinded out game," said Suns coach Alvin Gentry. "We had a hard time generating any offense against their defense. I thought they did a great job, they were very active, and they took our post passes away from Amare."
Portland held down a 26-21 lead after 12 minutes of action before Phoenix reversed course to tie the game at 47-all heading into the break.
The game remained close in the third as Richardson hit two free throws before connecting on a three-pointer to tie the game at 56-all at the frame's halfway point.
Scott Foster
Rodney Mott
Gary Zielinski


text:
Doing Nothing Is Hard Work
For most parents, "Just don't react" is the kind of advice that's easier said than done. It's not difficult to understand why. For starters, many things our kids do are really irritating, so we rise to the bait and react. Loudly. Or their whined demands go on long enough that we just give in, even though we know we shouldn't. But regardless of whether the problem is surrendering to a tyrannical toddler's order that you throw out her sandwich and make her a new one cut in squares, or being pushed noisily to the end of your rope by a preschooler crying because she's not allowed to wear your pearl necklace to the playground, ignoring obnoxious behavior doesn't really mean you do nothing. What it means is that you ignore your exasperated or enraged gut response and offer one that is reasoned and calm instead.Brooke Hummer Mower of Chicago, the mother of a 5- and a 7-year old, admits a lack of parental backbone when it comes to her boys' stalling tactics. "I know I should ignore them when they ask to change their clothes again and again during the half hour before we leave for school," she says. "They start saying, 'These pants are too tight, and I want this hat -- no, I want the other one.' I know I should put my foot down. Instead, I indulge them." Which brings up the other factor that can make these situations difficult: No parent wants to ignore a child's legitimate requests or feelings. Maybe his pants are too tight.
Effectively ignoring your child as a parenting strategy means sorting out the difference between his deliberate (and often obnoxious) attention-getting behaviors and his very real needs. It means figuring out what's going to set a precedent you'll have to deal with in the future and what's a passing developmental fad. And it means understanding what motivates your child's behavior -- and your own.
This is what I managed to do successfully on the plane. I ignored the doll-bonking but succeeded in stopping it through a reasoned reaction: diversion via stickers. So how can you disregard the merely annoying while correcting the unacceptable?


text:
You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
Congratulations on having the determination to post for 300 consecutive days! Hope that you are having a FUNtastic week! Warren
GREAT JOB!!!... CONGRATS Consecutive Days: 296 !!! I am at 509 DAYS!! Keep up the great work.... MY NEWEST GB...AL
Congratulations on EARNING over 570K, points and your new gray ride, that's commitment. Most buddies don't reach that mark. Wishing you the best in everything you do. Lets be buddies. Thanks. Shep
Welcome to gas buddy. Very good first year start. Lets be buddies. Thanks. Shep
Shell Station S.Church St / St. Marks Ch Rd Burlington does not sell diesel. Please verify what you are listing before posting.
Ditto for the Speedway truck stop in South Bend. Doc.
When you posted the price of diesel fuel at the Pilot truck stop in South Bend, you used the credit price for large vehicles with DoT numbers. That's not the same as the price for four-wheelers. Please post carefully and accurately. Thanks. Doc.


text:
Rohde's kidnapping had been kept largely quiet by the world's media, following the lead of the Times and the urging of the family, both of which were concerned that coverage of the kidnapping would put the three men's lives at greater risk.
"From the early days of this ordeal, the prevailing view among David's family, experts in kidnapping cases, officials of several government and others we consulted was that going public could increase the danger," the Times quoted Bill Keller, its executive editor, as saying. "We decided to respect that advice … and a number of other news organizations that learned of David's plight have done the same. We are enormously grateful for their support."
The extended media blackout, its effectiveness, and whether the press is guilty of a double standard – protecting its own while reporting on other kidnapping cases – is likely to be the subject of extended debate in the days ahead. He was already in captivity when it was announced that he was among a team of reporters at The New York Times who had won a Pulitzer this spring.
When Monitor reporter Jill Carroll was kidnapped in Iraq in 2006, the paper was criticized in some quarters for seeking a brief news blackout. That effort ended after about two days, with major news outlets saying they could not continue to sit on a significant story.
Given that Ms. Carroll's captors were eager for publicity – issuing a number of videos to Arab TV stations – keeping the story quiet for a long time would have proved impossible.
Keller said that Rohde's captors had initially asked for no publicity, and so complied with that demand. The captors' views apparently changed as time went on, with the release of at least two videos that were produced and sent to Arab TV networks, though they were not given extended air play at the urging of the Times.


text:
Tag: remote-control
Sphero available for pre-orders now
We got to see Sphero, the remote-controlled ball toy controlled by an iOS device, way back at the beginning of this year at CES, and if you're still interested, it's now finally available for pre-order. The toy's been priced out at $129.99, which is a little high, I think, but then again if you...
Hands-on: Savant shows off their iPad interface
Savant AV brought their iPad road tour to a location that happens to be pretty close to me in Irvine, California. So, I headed down there to take a look at their brand new iPad app, an interface for wirelessly controlling their high-end home automation systems. The company helps dealers put togethe...
TUAW Tip: Veency remote controls your iPhone from your Mac
Reader Kevin C. sent us a tip the other day -- he recently got a Bose SoundDock II, which is a nice little speaker dock, as a Christmas gift, and he wants to know: with his iPhone sitting all the way across the room, is there any way he can control the iPhone from his Mac? Obviously there are lots o...
AirRemote (and other remote possibilities) for the iPhone
Just the other day I was thinking about how it might be possible to do something like this app reader Jason kindly dropped us a tip about: AirRemote is an application, soon to be released on the App Store, that's supposed to turn your iPhone or iPod touch into a television remote control. The first ...
Signal 1.1 adds AirTunes support, landscape mode, Webclip icon
We covered Signal when it first dropped in the middle of last year, and now Alloysoft has sent us a note that they've upgraded to version 1.1. The app turns your iPhone into an iTunes remote through a server connection, so you don't need to jailbreak or hack the phone at all -- just run the program ...
iPhone as a touchpad
I love this. Reader Jahanzeb sent us a little mini-app he cooked up out of vnsea that turns your Installer.app-enabled iPhone into a touchpad for your PC (and Mac, I assume, though the video above shows Windows). Once you've got the two talking to each other, you can click, double-click, and even dr...
Software Updates
more updates- Apple Remote Desktop updated with Yosemite support
- OS X Yosemite 10.10.2, iOS 8.1.3 updates now available
- Sports Illustrated 120 SPORTS channel comes to Apple TV
- Logic Pro X update brings AirDrop support, new effects, tools, and more
- Parallels Access 2.5 released, adds file manager, computer-to-computer remote access
- The Google Translate iOS app is about to get a lot smarter


text:
Israel Prime Minister Speech
Prime Minister Netanyahu was escorted into the Joint Session by a delegation of members of Congress. He praised the role of the U.S.… read more
Prime Minister Netanyahu was escorted into the Joint Session by a delegation of members of Congress. He praised the role of the U.S. in world peace and spoke of his commitment to peace in the Middle East while emphasizing Israel's security. He said he would adhere to Israel's agreements with the Palestinians but would not negotiate with Arab states who incite or support terrorism against Israel. He also declared that "there will never be a re-division of Jerusalem." close
People in this video
- Benjamin Netanyahu Prime Minister Israel (Likud)
Hosting Organization
Related Video
Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu Address to Joint Meeting of Congress
Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu addressed a joint meeting of Congress. In his remarks he outlined his…
Ireland Prime Minister Address
The House and Senate met jointly to hear an address by the Irish prime minister. Mr. Bruton was escorted into…
French President Speech
President Chirac spoke about the long and friendly relations between the U.S. and France. He emphasized that the…
State of the Union Address
In the annual State of the Union Address, President Clinton asked for enough educational opportunities, economic…


text:
"Harry should have staid dead."
This is a post mortem. Butcher could have pursued high fantasy but instead balked midstream and ran as fast and hard as he could to near advertizement pablem. To say this book is a disappointment is like Harry might say " Golly that sucks" and go ahead and bake my head. God I don't know what I ever saw in these books but it is gone now. Can I puke out my giant hairball that is not a harball but a bunch of bones. Can I puke in peace. There is bad and there is bad this is worse than bad. I wish I had a spell to make me forget it. " Forgetus your annus". How's that.
Dropped dead and died before he wrote it.
no he is very good. but you could tell he thought it was bad too.
How about Harry and the entire cast.
God, it sucked.
"The dark tower is the best series I have ever read"
Yes. The series is fresh, entertaining, haunting, thought provoking and ground breaking. You really can't anticipate the story and are constantly surprised and amazed at King's creativity.
I guess Eddy is my favorite character. He is profane but demonstrates a wonderful humanity that grows through out the series.
Yes. He narrated the Dark Horse. His performance was better with the Dark Tower as he had more characters and more emotions to work with.
"Go then, there are other worlds than these"
The series should have won many awards.
"Terrible dialogue"
Could not get through the bad dialogue. Scalzi cannot write dialogue. It is almost all
"He said"
"She said"
I have had very few things I simply cannot listen too.
Unreadable, or unlistenable.
"Loved it. Very fun."
Yes. It expresses a southern viewpoint in an abstract fashion.
Risking her life to save another in the parking lot.
I just love her voice.
Yea, when she saw her brother for what he was and still loved him.
Life does not end it just changes.
"Cheap extension of previous great authors."
Less blatant characterization of male and female interplay. I don't think this guy ever had a relationship with a woman. It was so extremely repetitive so that I was cringing with comments like blood and ashes and ohhhhhhhhhhhhhhh she stared him down or he crawled beneath her gaze or she was so angry. This guy had so strange ideas about women.
All this crap about the Ishedie or however it is spelt - remember I am listening. It is such an artificial attempt by a man to invade female culture, and it totally fails. Can I say that again. It totally fails. I am not sure this guy has ever spent a day with a woman. He sounds like an ignorant fool. That is probably the main problem I feel like I am listening to a man that is on an island and has been there all of his adult life reading Vogue magazines and trying to talk about woman. It is just stupid. I don't think the guy ever spent a weekend with a woman or he would know all that stuff is a fabrication from a non-hetro grab bag.
What is to be added to. I was a fool to buy three books of this stuff. I was impress by Sanderson. But want be again.
No. Crap.
No. Crap.
He did his best. Very good actually.
No just stinks.
I am amazed my favorite author (Brandon Sandorson) would pick this piece of bio decay up. I have to think he was sorry for the dead.
"Read it because of Sanderson - but it stinks"
Just a very poor author that copies Tolkien and then has no were to go - blood and ashes it stinks.
Other Sci-fi or fantasy. Hey lets get this straight I give books a lot of lee way and this guy stinks.
Very good.
Really justs stinks. Can't imagine why Brandon would pick it up. This is a real upchuck. Blood and ashes as she stares me down with her cold eyes. I feel like I want to regress as she stareeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees at me. Oh how she stareeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee at me. Oh blood and ashes it is so terrible.
Just stinks. I have read a lot of sci-fi and fantasy and this is just the worse.
"Could have been a good book."
However,the author's leftish views, childish views of racism, and hatred of God makes this book hard to listen to.


text:
Thursday, January 31 2013
Royal Wood: We Were Born to Glory
Royal Wood's sixth outing eschews lush, nocturnal tales of romance for a more pop-oriented approach.
Tuesday, July 30 2013
Canadian Royal-ty: An Interview with Royal Wood
Canada's humbly suave songwriter has been hard at work on the fringes of commercial success, just narrowly missing the widespread attention he so clearly deserves. But his glowing pop albums are sure to set alight the hearts of those who take a moment to listen.


text:
Nice!! He added a storyline to really what he does to people lol!! It makes it even better that he's doing all this for real when he films it.
Professor Spider-Man Part 3 featuring Jamal Crawford
Started by
, Oct 28 2013 12:30 AM
2 replies to this topic
1 user(s) are reading this topic
0 members, 1 guests, 0 anonymous users


text:
Beautiful 1934 Mercedes 500k convertible replica. California smog approved. A well built clean, sleek classic design. Great performance and easy to drive. 1934 Mercedes 500k... More
Gas miser!!! 25 MPG Hwy*** This fantastic Vehicle is just waiting to bring the right owner lots of joy and happiness with years of... More
1936 MERCEDES BENZ 500K HERITAGE REPLICA, IF THIS CAR WERE, REAL IT WOULD COST IN THE AREA OF 1 MILLION DOLLARS. THIS CAR IS ACTUALLY... More
1934 Mercedes-Benz 500K Replica True classic cars like the Mercedes-Benz 500K are some of the most beautiful vehicles ever designed to be on the world's... More
Extremely nice 1934 Mercedes Benz 500k Roadster replica for sale in Michigan. This well built and clean 1934 Mercedes Benz 500k roadster convertible offers awesome... More


text:
It has been a long time since the last Inside Story edition and for that I'm afraid I am to blame. However, we have a good issue here with plenty of interesting bits and there is a lot going on in micro RC right now. It is certainly a good time to be alive and more so if you are a modeller. Before introducing the article fully let me remind you of the excellent E Zone micro forum, it is THE place to be on the web for micros and is frequented by many excellent modellers. These include Aerovirenment's Matt Keennon, the creator of the Pixel Helicopter Alexander Van de Rostyne, the leader of the Aeronutz Mark Denham and many other talented modellers you may of heard of. On top of the "la de da" famous types we have many more modellers on-line each with their own set of skills and interests. So, if you are new to micros check it out. Make sure you peruse the thread index first and be sure to remember the search facility, this helps avoid repetition and keeps the conversation fresh and interesting. Gordon Johnson and myself moderate the forum and we do are best to provide guidance and useful resources to the users but it is they who make it so good. Thanks guys!
Here are a few recent topics that have been favourites on the forum:
This thread was started by Bob Bailey recently and describes his excellent dual muscle wire actuator. Muscle wire is a nickel titanium alloy that reduces in length when heated. This can be done by passing a current through it giving contraction proportional to the current. Surprisingly although the change in length is small, the force is large. The next problem is that muscle wire doesn't return to it's origional length very quickly and this hysterisis can cause the control surface to not return to centre. Add to this the fact that the wire used is only 25 microns thick (half a human hair or 0.025mm) then producing a working actuator is "quite" difficult.
Bob's excellent design uses PCB, etched brass parts and comes to a total weight of 0.1g. This is for two channels of actuation and it IS proportional! He solves the problem of centering by spring loading the wire and by careful design of the crank geometry. Matt Keennon has tested the actuator and also presents his results in the thread.
An enormous thread all about some of the guys who have made their own infrared control systems. They are fully proportional 3 channel systems mainly including speed control and two actuator drives. Far too much detail to list here but if you are interested then check it out. Everything you need is described and there are plenty willing to help.
Chris has kindly drawn up some of his models as plans, in fact not plans but full construction articles. They are quite old threads now but I think they are worth mentioning as the models and plans are so nice and many may not of heard of them. The first model is called the Micromoth and the second is the MicroPitts, based on Tiger Moth and Pitts Special respectively.
Thought I should share this one with you, I have a digital camera and although it is quite a good one with fully manual modes and hot shoes (whatever they are) and a fair few zillion pixels I have never got a decent in-flight photo, Ever! So to buck the trend amongst about 20 blurred shots came this one, a picture of Ray holiday's Swordfish dropping a bluefoam torpeado. The release mechanism is similar to the actuator described in Peter Frostick's mini article this month and simply pulls a pin out of a loop supporting the torpedo. I can't over emphasise the luck in getting this photo. I clicked as Ray gathered the spit to say now and the annoying camera delay did the rest. These pics were taken at a recent Nottingham meeting. Ray's model uses a cut down GWS RX and pulse converter (built by Moi) driving some homemade actuators.
Oh yes, the column. We have a nice mix this month, firstly, Gordon Johnson presents his quick junior model. A three-channel sports model powered by a 6mm pager motor. All up weight 15g. An excellent introduction to pager motor powered models. He also describes some handy hints on finishing and constructing the model. I have expanded his suppliers list to help folks around the world to build one if they feel that way inclined. You can of course often subsititute materials when building micro models and it is to be encouraged if it gets you in the air. Plus, with such small models the buildng costs are normally tiny if you get it wrong.
Next, a real melting pot article by Peter Frostick. Peter is an excellent modeller of both free flight and RC models. His Mustang that was featured in the last issue in his mini on hot-wire cutting won the Pistachio class at this years UK indoor freeflight nationals. In this article, he delivers some of his wisdom on trimming small models before giving helpful notes on actuator use. He finishes with a case study of a recent model; a 9" profile Fike controlled using the radio gear from a tiny RC car. I saw this model flying recently and the lack of proportional control was only evident by the expression on Peter's face and the machine gun sound emanating from his thumb.
I have also managed a mini. I describe a simple machine to make really light and flexible wire, which is very suitable for actuator and even some power hook-ups.
Finally a nice little mini article from newcomer Robert Throssell. He shows how he got himself out of a sticky situation (prepare to sigh) by making some non-magnetic tweezers.
And finally
Again, if you want to see "The inside Story" out on a more regular basis we need content. Please get in touch. Mini articles especially are easy to do and of course, I am keen to hear about your models and projects.
By Gordon Johnson
After a long wait for my sample E-Tec 90mAh cell, I finally had one. However, I needed a plane to test it in. I have a series of planes I call Quick planes because they are quick to build and quick to repair. I had a set of tracings for Ralph Bradleys Homeboy pusher plane lying on my workbench. But, I knew from my static tests that it would not do for a geared pager motor propulsion set as the prop needed would to be too large in diameter for the clearance between the motor pylon and the fuselage. I liked the outlines of the flying surfaces in Ralphs design. So, I started cutting based on those outlines and the high wing tractor configuration Quick Junior was born. Thanks Ralph! Also thanks to Billy Stiltner for drawing up these plans.
What I like about this plane is that a 15g plane is possible without resorting to extreme equipment. If you have an RFFS-100 or JMP Combo receiver and actuators already, the cost of making this plane is probably about $35 and a lot of that is the CF tubing for the fuselage.
Almost everything needed was obtained from Bob Selman Designs except the CF tubing and rod that was bought from from Dave Lewis. Here follows a list of materials and possible suppliers:
A suitable RX:
Remote Actuator:
*If you have Dynamics Unlimited actuators in another plane mounted BIRD style in the tail you can upgrade them to remote actuators with Bobs housings
You will also need some 2mm Depron or some 1/32 and 1/16 contest grade balsa.
For a propeller I used a carbon fibre unit I molded myself, see Inside Story for details. A kit to make your own CF props is available from Bob Selman. Alternatively, you can use a heavier plastic prop. To aid in the selection of materials and the building process Ive included a detailed weight breakdown.
What if you don't want to use the lightest equipment? Ive flown the Quick Junior with the heavier Kokam 145 cell and it was fine. Similarly if you wanted to use a light balsa fuselage stick instead of carbon fiber that would also work. But, every time you use a heavier component, the flying speed will increase. Since the wing loading as built is about 1.8 oz./sq. ft., a number of heavier components could be substituted and the plane would still have a very low wing loading.
Why did I use the wire cut Gary Jones undercambered foam wings from Bob Selman (also available from DWE)? I wanted good lift with relatively low drag. The picture below shows that these wings have a nice undercambered airfoil, which should provide more lift than a curved flat plate or an undercambered stick and tissue wing with covering on the top. But, the wire cut wings I used will also have less drag than the other two wing alternatives, especially the stick and tissue wing. This means the pager motor wont have to work as hard to pull the plane through the air. I cant quantify these effects but, the plane weighs 15g and a propulsion set that generates 11g static thrust at full throttle will pull this plane around very nicely at about 60% throttle. However, the wire cut wings are slightly heavier due to the material in the middle that gives the airfoil its camber. There are tradeoffs with anything.
Trim about 1/8 inch off the trailing edge of the wings with a brand new knife blade and a straight edge. Then, trim the wings to the shape on the plans. Sand the wing tips rounded and the LE rounded. Its also a good idea to lightly sand the wing with a very fine grade sand paper in a sanding block just to smooth it out. Sand the dihedral joint at an angle by angling your sanding block as the wing root is extended to the edge of your workbench. Keep sanding one wing and the other until you get a perfect fit when one wing is blocked up 2 inches as shown in the plan. Glue the wings together with foam safe CA.
I like some color on my planes if at all possible. I painted the wings by dusting them with Krylon Short Cuts enamel paint, available in most hardware stores. Using the pattern shown on the plan, cut out the scalloped shape on two sheets of printer paper. Tape together so you have one complete set for the LE color, and another for the main color, as in the picture above. Spray one side of the one that will cover the LE with 3M photo mount adhesive. Let it air dry for a minute or two, and then place it carefully over the LE region of the wing. If you dont get it right, it peels off easily and can be repositioned. Measure forward from the TE to make sure it is positioned straight. Dust on the color for the main part of the wing. I let mine fade to the color of the wing towards the TE to save weight. After this coat of paint is dry, peel off the paper template. Spray the template that will cover the main body of the wing and after letting it air dry slightly; position it over the main part of the wing, and slightly back from the paint line (so the LE color will overlap the main color slightly and the wing color wont show through). Dust on the LE color, which can be marginally heavier since there is less area to be covered. Note that for the entire wing and tail the paint added just 0.12g to my plane. To achieve this you must dust the paint on.
Cut out the wing pylon from 2mm thick Depron foam. Sand it on the top until it is a perfect fit with the foam wings at the dihedral joint. If you dont have foam, use contest grade balsa about 2mm thick. Using a sharpened brass 3/8 inch tube, bore two holes as shown on the plans for the BSD MiniAct with housings. Cut out two small square notches as shown on the plan. At the front edge of each hole to clear 1/16x1/32 wonder magnets for centering. Cut a length of 1.3mm carbon fiber tubing 9.5 inches long. If youve never used this CF tube from Dave Lewis or Westechnik, you are in for a treat. It is simply the lightest CF tube available anywhere. Its hand made by a Dr Elder in Germany. If you dont have the CF tubing, use a light balsa stick. Compare the weight of your stick to that of the CF tube as given in the weight breakdown. Try to match the CF tube weight by tapering and sanding your balsa stick fuselage. Place the fuselage stick down on wax paper. Apply thick foam-safe CA to the bottom edge of the pylon, and glue it to the fuselage one inch from the end of the tube as shown on the plans.
When I built the Quick Junior, I weighed the CF tube fuselage and Depron wing pylon. Then, I made a simple 2mm Depron profile fuselage and found that it weighed about the same. I went with the stick fuselage to make changing motors and gearboxes easy for testing purposes. However, an alternative would be to simply make a profile fuselage from Depron for about the same weight.
Cut the tail out of either 2mm Depron or 1/32 inch contest-grade balsa. For the Depron I sanded it down to 1mm thick, which makes the weight equal that of 1/32 contest balsa. I used Depron for two reasons. First, it does not warp from humidity. Second, when applying only a dusting of paint it will cover easier than brown balsa. I didnt want a brown tail to go with my nicely painted wings. So, I sanded. No aerodynamic counter balancing is required for these size surfaces when the BSD MiniActs are used. Paint using the same technique as for the wings.
Bevel the elevator hinge lines with a sanding block so the beveled sides face down as shown on the plan. Do the same for the rudder so the bevel faces to the left side of the plane. Lay a piece of Scotch tape down on wax paper and cut four strips about ¾ inch long and 1/8 inch wide for hinges. Hinge both surfaces on the side with no bevel. Cut 1/64 light ply control horns as shown on the plans, cut a small slit in the control surface and insert the horns and angle forward until the hole is directly over the hinge. Wick some thick CA into the joint with a pin.
If you have any Lego blocks, it makes getting your tail aligned and glued in place much easier. Stack some scrap sheets of balsa on both sides of the fuselage stick untill they are the thickness of the stick. Next, make two stacks of Lego blocks about 1.5 inches high, where the bottom layer is set back to not touch the fuselage pylon. These will allow you to keep the pylon perfectly upright and when the elevator is glued to the tail end of the fuselage stick, it will be perfectly perpendicular to the pylon because of the shims on either side supporting it to the fuselage stick thickness. After the elevator glue has dried use the two stacks of Lego blocks to hold the rudder perpendicular to the elevator and glue it in place. The only drawback of this method is explaining to your kids why you need to permanently keep some of their Lego in your workshop.
The elevator shown in the pictures has the elevator on only the left side. In the plans it is drawn going all the way across. Either will work. The partial elevator is simpler, but the full elevator will give a bit more authority.
The wing installation is simple, but should be done before the landing gear. Verify that the top of the wing pylon mates perfectly with the wing. With the elevator of the plane still shimmed to the thickness of the fuselage stick (a couple of weights on the elevator are a good idea) use some sort of blocks to block up the wing tips on each side till you are satisfied it is level. Apply glue to the pylon and glue the wing in place.
Landing gear is dead weight, but I like rolling take offs and landings and usually include them on my planes. So, I keep its weight to a minimum. The Quick Junior only weighs 15g, and the landing gear does not need to be very strong. Use a very fine piano wire for the axles at the bottom of the 0.5mm CF rod. Use only about ¼ inch overlap between the wire and the CF rod at the bottom to reduce weight. After making the bent wire pieces for the bottom, lay the rod and wire down on wax paper and sparingly apply thick CA with a pin. It doesnt take much in the joint where the two meet to make a joint more than strong enough for a plane this light. No wrapping of the joint is needed. Use a couple of pieces of tape to tape the axles with a slight toe-in on your building board. A model vice is useful for supporting the fuselage while you get the top of the CF rods to overlap in an upside down V on the fuselage tube. Apply a small amount of thick CA with a pin at the joint. After it is dry use a single X of Kevlar thread or fine un-waxed dental floss two wrap the landing gear/fuselage joint, and then sparingly apply thin CA.
For the wheels cut out some pieces of 1/32 contest balsa sufficient to make 5/8-inch diameter wheels after turning down on a Dremel tool, glue the two sheets cross-grain to each other with thick CA (Super Phatic glue is better if you have it since it is lighter). You need to make a holder for your wheels in the Dremel. I use a couple of 1/8 ply washers with a CF rod glued in one of them. I sandwich both sets of wheel blanks between these washers, chuck it up in my Dremel, and sand them round with a sanding block. For axles, either small id aluminum or plastic tubing works well. For wheel keepers tiny wood blocks work well. The wheels you see in the pictures are laser cut for me by my friend Carl Martin.
For the propulsion set I used the new Didel 6x12mm 4.5 ohm pager motor, geared 6.7:1 (60/9t) and a 4.8x3.1 CF prop. This motor sees to have just hot enough a wind to give more thrust than the 10 ohm pagers, but not so much that it gets hot and burns out. Only time will tell how long the motor will last as used here. But, I have about an hour on mine and Billy Stiltner has two hours on his. The price is low enough that it can be replaced periodically if it is not too long lived. I used a gearbox Carl Martin laser cut for me. You could make your own gearbox or use a Didel gearbox or one of the new Falcon gearboxes, which come with a 6mm 10 ohm pager motor. The Falcon gearbox is available from Falcon and in the US from Bob Selman Designs.
Installing the 9t pinion on the 4.5 ohm pager requires some care. You may need to ream out the bore in the pinion using a tapered reamer. Keep reaming the pinion and testing repeatedly. If it is too hard to push on even half way, remove and ream a little more. When pressing the pinion on you must support the back bell. The edge of a stick about ¼ inch thick will fit between the wires on the motor and support the thin plastic bell. If you simply hold the motor in your fingers and press the pinion on you will likely cause the motor shaft to break through the back bell and ruin the motor.
Slip the actuators through the holes in the wing pylon. Both push rods are installed on the right side of the fuselage. I apply a bit of CA where the flange around the coil sticks out a bit so it will be glued to the pylon. Make two push rods using fine ~0.27mm diameter brass wire Z-bends. Brass is used to avoid interfering with the actuator. Glue them one each on the ends of the CF push rods using the same technique as for the landing gear. Make two ~0.38mm diameter piano wire Z-bends for the tail ends of the push rods. Sand the long end pointed to aid in inserting it in shrink tubing. Your push rods should be cut slightly long and will be trimmed later. Use the smallest shrink tubing you can get (the blue color from Dubro is available in many hobby shops and will work fine). Slide a length of shrink about 3/8 inch long over the piano wire Z-bend and CF push rod, and then shrink it with your heat gun (not too much, just till it is snug). Now work the Z-bend in and out a couple of times until is just snug, but will move without too much force for adjustments. Insert the brass Z-bend into the actuator horn, and lay the other end against the tail control horn, which has the piano wire Z-bend in place. Measure where it needs to be cut so it overlaps the Z-bend and allows for some adjustment. After cutting the CF rod, sharpen it with sand paper to make it easier to insert into the heat shrink.
With the plane held securely in a model vice by the fuselage, use two needle nose pliers to hold the Z-bend at the tail and insert into the heat shrink at on the CF rod. Adjust until it looks about right. Now put one of the tiny 1/16x1/32 Wonder magnets on the outside of the actuator coil. You can use a toothpick to move the Wonder magnet back and forth untll the actuator control horn is exactly in the center. Go back and adjust the Z-bend at the tail until the control surface is neutral. For the elevator this might not be possible. But, by pushing the Wonder magnet to one side on the coil, you can get the elevator to droop only a minimal amount. Use a toothpick to apply some CA or other glue to affix the magnet on the outside of the coil.
The receiver is simply attached with double-sided foam tape. The ET-90 cell can be attached with a small strip of Velcro, double sided tape, magnets, or the method of choice. For an antenna I used magnet wire like used in actuators to keep the weight down and save nearly half a gram, depending on what antenna would have been used.
The Quick Junior is a very stable flyer. It will fly at about 60% throttle. But, at full throttle will climb aggressively towards the ceiling. It can sort of prop hang for short moments. I can generally get about 20 minutes of flying time from one ET-90 cell. I use a very light voltage monitor from Dave Lewis to insure I dont discharge the cell too far. Best of all, in addition to getting into the almost half-ounce range, the plane is fun to fly.
You can download the plan in either jpg or Pdf format. If printed from the Pdf version it should appear at the correct size whether printed onto A4 or Letter. The plan includes a scale so photocopying or adjusting the scale when printing is another option for the jpg version.
Quick Junior Plan |
PDF Version (991KB) |
Quick Junior Plan |
By Peter Frostick
Many fliers seem to find little low wing planes a box of tricks to trim(!) so here are a few basic tweaks learned over the years; some the hard way!, but most by asking some very talented people a lot of questions. Flying with a zero-zero incidence set up for indoor RC is possible, but for those like me preferring a quieter life, a general trim based on free flight suits most folk a lot better! Typically, the Mustang pictured can be best tamed by treating it as a flying wing! This involves a CG set well forward and plenty of incidence, or angular difference between wing and tail. Long nosed subjects are very sensitive to thrust angles, so please make thrustline adjustments a little bit at a time.
Something all low wingers love to do is tip-stall, therefore some "washout" or progressive raising of the trailing edge in both wing panels is essential, and if your wing is made from foam a touch of leading edge downward "droop" bent in near the tips works wonders: This is a Mark Drela detail from his "Upstart" indoor chuckie plan instructions of 1980s vintage, and has cured several of my previously "unflyables" of their wicked ways! Motor/prop torque is another problem to be addressed, and slightly more washout on the right wing is pretty effective. As indoor RC flights are always made under power this seems not to affect general handling at all. Higher revving direct drive or geared props are far less bother than big slow turners regarding torque, but they generate more gyroscopic reaction: this is a very good reason to keep prop weights down to the practical minimum. There's one big item we haven't covered yet? ---- elevators!! I never use a down elevator function, but have the control surface spring loaded downwards onto a neutral stop; this allows it to be shimmed for neutral trim accurately. With the usual undercambered curved plate wing section indoor flyers use, a little up elevator movement goes an awfully long way!!; for a 13"span model a 4mm movement at the trailing edge is generous. Remote actuators do seem the best way to go for this task, as you can multiply the torque with different control horn lengths, and this coupled with firm return springing of the control surface produces really good servo-like proportional control. Increasing the scale model's dihedral will help coordinate rudder turns, but don't use too much as it looks terrible and makes the plane too stable to fly realistically. The settings described are not "set in stone" but I hope this advice will make starting the complex trimming task a bit easier for you ---- good luck.
All this micro RC technology has come upon us very quickly, but one of the main problems to be seen at indoor meetings is a lack of understanding of actuator limitations--- The newer tiny units now required are super light and not too expensive, but they are not feedback servos, and cannot really be used as a trimmable function, for the simple reason they don't know where neutral is!! This matters little when the model has a large fixed fin area like a vintage style power model; but if it's a war bird with a rudder 50% of fin area we're in deep trouble because a rudder with no sense of its own neutral position takes the line of least resistance --- if the plane stalls and spirals to the left, the easy going old rudder is more than happy to follow! Several solutions have been found to provide a "neutral groove", among them highly effective mutual magnetic centring of two closely spaced actuators, as in the Micromag and Bob Selman paired units: also popular is the pivoting of control surfaces with flight rubber strips: excellent for moderate sized rudders. If however you have opted for faster, smaller, and more taxing planes the neutral groove needs to be precise or else all those fancy trimming twists and warps will have no effect. My approach is to centre the rudder with a "hairpin" spring of steel wire which achieves the centre detent "groove" in much the same way as a transmitter stick return spring. In smaller models, a 0.010" top E steel guitar string works fine, but needs a bit of experimental bending to deliver the goods. Coupled to this a fairly linear output from actuator coil/magnet helps no end: this is where it gets tricky! Long thin magnets within a short actuator coil give the highest Small angle torque, but this quickly dies away at larger angles, thus is no match for the progressively increasing tension of the spring. My favourite is a very linear magnetic setup designed by old friend and techno-wizard Eric Hook, who came up with "Tabmag"; so named because the magnet was shaped lik an aspirin tablet --- the drawing says it all really, showing a flattish disc magnet within quite a long coil.
This magnet proportion seems to produce a big "fluffy" and loosely focused field which grabs all the opposing magnetic force going: the mechanical linkage for remote use is very light, verging on crude!, but a tad fiddly for some modellers; using a 4mm x 3mm Neodymium magnet, this unit equals the Didel Millibird's torque and weight figures. This magnet/coil set up can be used in a B.I.R.D. configuration at a good weight saving. If your pockets are deep of course, Didel's ready built offerings are a total delight; so just enjoy!
Like so many flyers, I'd been amazed at the diminutive size of Nick Leichty's RC models seen recently on some websites, so personal ambitions started to turn to the "very small. Realising that I could never achieve flying models at these tiny sizes quickly, a "small but possible" option was needed. This spark of interest was soon fuelled by the arrival of much lighter, but high current draw LiPoly cells from the usual suppliers (bless'em all) --- the new 90Mah, 2.3 gram version looked perfect!
The general plan was to scale down the "Fike E" 13" span Peanut scale monoplane kit from "Micro X", to nine inches span: For those of you unfamiliar with this aircraft, it has a very wide wing chord measuring one third of the span -- a nice way to get a lot of wing area into a small model plane. I should also add that the Peanut scale model built from the kit is a very good indoor radio flyer in its own right ---- The wood selection is good, likewise the tissue: and a real bonus is that the rigging angles and CG position shown on the plan are about right too. This scale plane looks a bit odd at first glance, but flies really well with zero dihedral and is very stable with rudder control: also its stall manners are about the best you'll ever meet!!
My usual (chicken hearted!) approach to indoor free flight scale models is to build a foam flying test model first, so this was also done for the proposed radio model. For foam builders there is just one drawback to the Fike and its similarly proportioned stable mate the Lacey M10 --- neither will fly with simple curved plate wing sections: a flat bottomed aerofoils are the key to success! so the question was how to build it light enough? I tried doing the calculations to work out the weight of a solid wire-cut blue/yellow foam wing of scale thickness; this looked unpromising, so a double skinned wing with vertical balsa spar webs might be the best way to go ----- quite wrong as it later turned out!!
Motor, prop and RC weights were the next items to be assessed, and a brief listing of major items produced the following.
The last item seemed heavy!! but my knowledge of pager motors was pretty hazy, also the Techmax was a "known quantity" with a suitable power draw for the tiny cell; also plenty of thrust ---- might just have to fly a bit faster!
Even with carefully wire cut foam wing skins only 1.0 mm thick it was soon apparent that the weight saving over a solid wing was going to be marginal at this very small scale, so a thinner section solid version was tried; this came out at 1.7 grams for 27 square inches area, and felt reassuringly durable ---- after cutting some 4 and 1.5 mm foam sheet for the profile fuselage and tail feathers it was time to glue it all together.
The inbuilt trim was set to a well tried standard free flight formula adapted for simple rudder/motor controlled indoor radio models, and in this case comprised a 28% chord CG, zero wing incidence; five degrees negative on the stabilizer, also six degrees down thrust and three right ---- note that the wing on the Fike monoplane is set at zero to the top longeron line; quite an unusual approach, and the aircraft flies relatively nose-high. When all the foam pieces were assembled the total weight was 3.75 grams, including a light but tough undercarriage; we were in business!
Now, the original idea was to use a very light remote actuator for the rudder, but the CG correction needed with that heavy motor up front soon knocked that notion on the head! so a 0.5 gram 50 ohm B.I.R.D. was installed in the rudder hinge line with a sub-min series resistor to cut the current draw to sensible proportions. The next quite major mistake was made by installing a well tried "BitCharger" micro racer car radio conversion --- these are lovely little things for virtually no money, but proportional they're not! therefore a far from ideal choice for fast and sensitive models!!! On the great day of testing the diminutive aircraft whizzed up to take off speed very quickly and left the floor, to reveal an unimaginable excess of rudder reaction!! ---- The very twitchy little beast was soon tamed by reducing rudder movement to a scant 3mm either way, and twisting in about 1.5 degrees of right aileron warp (trailing edge higher) to the right wing to counter the motor torque: in this mode I reckoned it flew rather well, but without an up elevator function needed a lot of flying site space to manoeuvre reliably: not to mention "machine gun" speed thumb blipping of the mentally confusing transmitter buttons by the perspiring pilot! I do recommend that you always build simple test model of any project; even if it's only a basic profile "chuckie," at least you'll learn quickly where to put the CG and what rigging angles might work!.
Since the tiny Fike's rather traumatic transition to controlled flight, I've come to appreciate its virtues a lot more, and have even re-learnt the joys of primitive control systems!!. Those of you who can remember the late Ken Willard's wild little "Gasser" single channel pylon racer from 1960 will instantly identify with the "pure adrenalin" flying style required!! These super small RC craft now seem a quite reachable goal, given a degree of finesse in the building stage: anyway it's so nice to build something you can't buy ready made!!!
By Graham Stabler
When I started in micro RC proper (about 3 years ago) one of the very first things I did was to learn how to make my own actuator coils. I did this because you couldn't really buy them at the time and I'm a skinflint. After a while, I started winding them for others but the one thing I hand trouble with were the leads to the coil. Initially I used the wire that was on the coil and just left it long. However, one stormy night when I managed to make 12 coils and broke the leads on every one of them I decided that a single strand of 0.05mm wire was not strong enough. My customers agreed! I managed to find a way to attach a small PCB to the coils to act as terminals but what to use for wire? I started with single strands of enamelled wire but after using them, myself I found it too stiff and still quite easy to break. So, I decided to make my own multi-strand litz wire. Litz wire is used for RF applications normally, it is really just multiple strands of enamelled copper wire twisted or braided together to form a wire. Sometimes this it then wrapped with silk or similar to make an extra layer of insulation but this was not needed in my case as the enamel coat is enough insulation.
I had made wire a bit like this before but with much thicker. Id just take a few lengths of wire clamp one end in a vice and use a hand drill or electric screwdriver to twist the wires together. For these thinner conductors I wanted something simple, reliable and a little faster. Hence the Whirl-Litzer was born. It is possibly the most simple machine ever made and Im sure doesnt warrant all the wittering I have just penned but it would be no fun otherwise.
The basic construction of the machine can be seen in the following diagram. It consists of a wooden batten to which is attached a geared motor with hook on the output shaft and another fixed hook.
To use the machine the wire is held with a suitable holder (such as a lump of bluetac or a hair clip with simple rubber jaws), fed through the fixed hook and wrapped multiple times between the two hooks.
Then the motor is turned on and the wire twisted to the preferred twistyness, not wishing to be too technical. It is now that the springy nature of the hook helps, as it will tend to avoid breakages and is generally more forgiving.
Now you have some homemade litz wire between the hooks of the machine. I tended to make fixed lengths of wire of about 12 long. To speed the process up I marked 12 intervals on the batten and tinned short sections of the wire above these marks. Note, you MUST buy solderable enamelled copper wire otherwise this cannot be done. This wire has a coating that melts at soldering temperature, otherwise you will have to cut the wire, separate the conductors and scrape off the enamel (lifes too short).
Once these sections have been tinned then the wire can be cut in to sections leaving ready tinned lengths of wire.
You can tailor the wire you produce to your application by varying the number and thickness of conductors. For example, many super thin conductors will be more flexible than a few thick ones. You can also alter the properties by varying the amount of twist. So there you have it a simple machine for a simple task but infinitely useful.
By Robert Throssell
Have you ever tried to pick up a little magnet that is the final piece of a long evenings micro engineering when .... SNAP it's stuck its self to your steel pliers or scalpel blade. What do you do? let the kids learn some new choice phrases by overhearing your verbal therapy? Kick the cat? No! You invest in a pair (or pairs) of non-magnetic tweezers! Easy, huh. Well it would be if your local model shop hadn't closed hours ago and it's the start of the owner's annual holiday. If you are anything like me, you want to finish this work of masterpiece NOW. Hmmmmm......
This is what I did...
At this point, you may have realised the potential of this cheap, non-magnetic stainless steel - especially if you get the disks from the bin at work!
Happy Modelling!
Rob Throssell
Hope you enjoyed it!
Happy flying,
Thread Tools |
Dec 23, 2003, 09:17 PM | |
Graham I have been making Litz wire like you describe and
After I get it twisted I throw a coat of testors enamel paint on to give it some color. The paint is not really needed I just like black and red wires for some reason. But anyways I use a homemade winder made form an old analog clock for winding. I think it is 6.67:1 ratio. It is what I use to wind rubber on my rubber powered planes. Alejandro Garcia has some pictures on his website of a similar winder. http://www.elale.net/Aero/Winder.htm My winder just uses 2 of the gears and I wrapped the hook on like Graham's ornithopter like a spring. At first I had used .015 music wire for the hook and it broke while winding 2 strands of 3/32" rubber So I have now replaced with .031" wire. Seems to be holding up well. Anyways it is a good tip Graham about the Litz wire. Thanks. About the technical end of it now electricity flows through a wire on the outer surface mostly on the skin so multi strand litz wire will handle more current than normal multi strand wire. How much more current can it handle though. Lets say with 7 wires what awg or mm would we have to have for a lv M20 at 1 amp current draw? How about for 350ma like for the Didel 4.5 ohm motor on the Quick Junior? Ok for 1 amp we would need about 143ma per strand using The copper.xls that Michael posted http://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showt...hreadid=171711 as a guide for wire sizes and current handling capabilities. We would have to have more than .07mm wire which can handle about 138ma so the next size up would be .0799 or .08mm at 220ma per wire which should handle 1.54A ok I bet the .07mm wire could be used though because of the skin effect. 7 wires of .0711mm could handle 970ma. Ok for the 4.5 ohm motor at 350ma max well we would only need 50ma per wire and that would be .0564mm wire at 54.9 ma per wire. I bet with the skin effect that even .03mm wire could be used with no problem. Now can I get someone to back me up on this. I really have not researched how much more we can get by with the skin effect. Billy |
Thread Tools | |
Similar Threads | |||||
Category | Thread | Thread Starter | Forum | Replies | Last Post |
Article | Inside Story - June 2003 | Graham Stabler | Electric Flight Events | 7 | Jun 27, 2003 09:38 AM |
Inside Story - February 2003 | dave_lilley | Scratchbuilt Indoor and Micro Models | 10 | Mar 17, 2003 05:54 PM | |
Inside Story - February 2003 | dave_lilley | Site Chat | 0 | Feb 23, 2003 09:35 PM | |
Inside Story - January 2003 | dave_lilley | Scratchbuilt Indoor and Micro Models | 15 | Jan 11, 2003 09:34 AM | |
Inside Story - January 2003 | dave_lilley | Site Chat | 0 | Jan 07, 2003 01:34 AM |


text:
Dream Journey 16 Inch Girl's Single Speed Bike
The Huffy Dream Journey 16 Inch Girl's Single Speed Bike makes her new journey smooth and comfortable. Watch as she grows up before your eyes. ASSEMBLY REQUIRED. CLICK HERE for Bike Buying Guide CLICK HERE for Bike Sizing Guide
- 16 Inch Wheels
- Single Speed
- Coaster brake
- Handlebar pad
- Training wheels
- 16 Inch x 1.75 Inch knobby tires
- Dimensions: 43 Inch L x 21.5 Inch W x 32 Inch H
- Always wear a helmet.
Specifications & Dimensions
Product Documentation


text:
QuakerPress says:
Now available, a new biography for ages 10 and up…
A well-known Quaker historian explores the qualities of Quaker faith and practice that contribute to living sustainably in the world today. He explores such paradoxes as equality and community, unity and differentiation, integrity and personal discernment, and other aspects of life that Quakers have worked to bring into balance through their 350-year history.
QuakerBooks says:
Quaker author and academic Ben Pink Dandelion has written Open for transformation: being Quaker to accompany The 2014 Swarthmore Lecture. He explores the theme of transformation and asks rigorous and difficult questions about what it means to be a Quaker.
A Principled Stand
Gordon Hirabayashi
Save havena
Seeing, Hearing, Knowing
John Lampen
Faith and Practice
Prophets, Midwives, and Thieves
Noah Baker Merrill
The Training and Experience of a...
Hugh Maw
This We Can Do
Sally Herzfeld
Meditation is an Open Sky
Whitney Stewart
Vanishing Philadelphia
J.P. Webster
A Quaker Approach to Research
Gray Cox
QuakerBooks is a project of Friends General Conference


text:
Youve worked hard for it, and youve finally found it! Now it's time to let us work hard for you. Learn More »
Bank online when its convenient for you, with access to your accounts anywhere you go! Download Apps here »
From all of us at Bank of Ripley and Bank of Tipton, may 2015 be filled with love, happiness and prosperity!


text:
I need the best way to get from Port Authority in Manhattan ( think it's around 42nd &8th ave) to East 98th street and Madison ave. I have a 1:00pm appointment. I will be taking the express bus from central NJ at 8:55am and arrive at 10:30am in the city so allowing plenty of time for traffic jams, etc. There is also a 9:55 bus arriving at 11:30am but I feel one hour and a half to spare is cutting it close. What do you think? Should I take the early bus or the 9:55am bus? What is the best way to go from Port Authority to 98th street? I would be willing to shell out the cash for a cab since I would like to cut down on walking distance for my mom. What do you think the cab would cost? A rough estimate? How about a bus? It is okay if it's slow, I will take the early bus from NJ and have two and a half hours to get to my appointment. I am going crazy with all of this, please help to narrow down the best way to go!
Thank You in advance for your help.
Need HELP with NYC public transportation.
13 Replies | Jump to last reply |
Report Abuse
There is no way you need an hour and half for that trip - 25 to 30 minutes should be fine by cab. City bus is more like 45 minutes or more.
And if your mom can do limited walking just grab a cab at Port Authority. Fare should be about $15 plus tip (20% is usual)
Subway would require climbing up and down a bunch of stairs as well as along passages when changing trains - and city bus is slow during the day - and your mom might well have to stand most of the way. -
Report Abuse
Thanks,so a cab it is. I will take the later bus and we will grab some lunch when we get there. My nerves are on edge because we are headed to Mt.Sinai. The trip over will be the easy part.
Report Abuse
If you are going to have lunch, then come a little earlier. There are some reasonable lunch spots in the neighborhood (this is very near where I live).
There's a nice French bistro on the corner of 93rd and Madison called Le Paris, and it has an $18.95 lunch special (soup/salad, crepe or omelette, and dessert). Otherwise, the menu is a little pricey. Pascalou, next door, has a more expansive lunch menu for the same price, and it's also a good restaurant.
I also like Ottomanelli for burgers. It's at 94th and Lexington. Though some of the best burgers in the city are at Joy Burger at 100th and Lexington, but it's a really casual place.
Or there's a decent diner at the corner of 96th and Madison called Three Guys.
There are several restaurants around 94th and Madison, but I haven't been to all of them. -
Report Abuse
I think you'll have to leave much earlier than foreseen -- Mt Sinai is in Egypt and requires an aeroplane flight.
Report Abuse
Take the earlier bus. Allow for traffic in NJ and delays at the tunnel. Hopefully you wont have any problem, but the stress will be worse if you take the later bus and you are stuck in traffic. Take a taxi, it will be easier and less stressful than finding the right bus to take you across town and then uptown. Have lunch uptown if that is ok prior to the appointment. When you are finished at the medical center you can decide if you want to take a bus downtown and then a crosstown bus on 42nd street..or just take a taxi back to the port authority. Its on 42nd street and 8th Avenue.
Best of luck with your visit at Mr. Sinai. -
Report Abuse
FYI in case you did or could take the train:
At Port Authority you could take the 7 train across town to Grand Central, then switch to the 4/5/6 to 96th Street. It's a couple of blocks walk from there to Mt. Sinai.
I KNOW YOUR MOM CAN'T WALK FAR. I'm just putting this out there in case there is some major incident in the city that day and/or you can't get a cab. -
Report Abuse
There are also bus routes if you have lots of time. Crosstown on 42nd, then another bus up Madison Avenue , leading to the back entrance of some of the Mount Sinai buildings which seems to be where you need to go anyway.
A taxi would certainly be easier but a bus ride, figuring about 45 minutes-one hour, is also an option with little walking needed. -
Report Abuse
Yes, but her mom may not be able to stand on the bus until a seat becomes available. Same thing for the subway.
Report Abuse
I had a fellow passenger on a Greyhound bus going from NYC Port Authority to Mt.Pocono for a 4pm job interview. Bus departed 10am. Why so early? We got stuck 1 hour in LeTunnel, then traffic on the way there, plus 2 stops.
So, yes, if you wish not to be late, give yourself 2.5hrs extra.
13 Replies |Back to top
|Sign in to comment.
Recent Activity
View all United States activity »- 1 San Diego: Point Loma>Ocean Beach
- 2 Toddler in California but where to go?
- 3 Planning a Day Trip from Poughkeepsie (Returning by 6pm)
- 4 Hawaii is still Hell
- 5 Chattanooga to Washington DC via Blue Ridge Parkway
- 6 Help planning vacation to Vancouver, Seattle & San Juan Islands
- 7 Student-budget trip to NewYorkCity HELP please
- 8 zion, Bryce,grand canyon
- 9 Road to Hana
- 10 Knock Off Shopping in NYC
- 11 Rental Services
- 12 Orlando parks advice
- 13 Favorite Casual D.C. Restaurants?
- 14 Best to do list on Hawaii
- 15 Hotel: Union Sq. or Fisherman's Wharf?
- 16 New England XC & Downhill Skiing Week Trip mid-March, Reasonable prices
- 17 Maui - Haleakala
- 18 Trip planning for New York/Disney World Dec16/Jan 17.
- 19 Great Smoky Mountains - family driving trip
- 20 need help planning a trip to Grand Hotel/Mackinac Island, MI
- 21 Sedona - ladies trips- suggestions on where to stay and time of year?
- 22 Vegas in mid may
- 23 Bachelorette Weekend in NYC: Best Hotel (with rooftop bar?) and Clubs?
- 24 Worth visiting NYC just on weekdays?
- 25 SXSW an issue?: 4 Days In Austin 8-11


text:
Start learning with our library of video tutorials taught by experts. Get started
Self-contained InDesign effects projects designed to be completed in ten minutes or less.
"As a teacher, I respect the way that your tutorials are hands-on and interactive. They are quick and to-the-point, and the teachers you have chosen are patient and concise." —Joshua M.
more from our members »