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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
SciTech Connect
A new concept in particulate control, called an advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC), is being developed under funding from the US Department of Energy. The AHPC combines the best features of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and baghouses in an entirely novel manner. The AHPC concept combines fabric filtration and electrostatic precipitation in the same housing, providing major synergism between the two methods, both in the particulate collection step and in transfer of dust to the hopper. The AHPC provides ultrahigh collection efficiency, overcoming the problem of excessive fine-particle emissions with conventional ESPs, and solves the problem of reentrainment and recollection of dust in conventional baghouses. Phase I of the development effort consisted of design, construction, and testing of a 5.7-m{sup 3}/min (200-acfm) working AHPC model. Results from both 8-hour parametric tests and 100-hour proof-of-concept tests with two different coals demonstrated excellent operability and greater than 99.99% fine-particle collection efficiency.
Stanley J. Miller; Grant L. Schelkoph; Grant E. Dunham
Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector Project Management Plan
As the consumption of energy increases, its impact on ambient air quality has become a significant concern. Recent studies indicate that fine particles from coal combustion cause health problems as well as atmospheric visibility impairment. These problems are further compounded by the concentration of hazardous trace elements such as mercury, cadmium, selenium, and arsenic in fine particles. Therefore, a current need exists to develop superior, but economical, methods to control emissions of fine particles. Since most of the toxic metals present in coal will be in particulate form, a high level of fine- particle collection appears to be the best method of overall air toxics control. However, over 50% of mercury and a portion of selenium emissions are in vapor form and cannot be collected in particulate control devices. Therefore, this project will focus on developing technology not only to provide ultrahigh collection efficiency of particulate air toxic emissions, but also to capture vapor- phase trace metals such as mercury and selenium. Currently, the primary state-of-the-art technologies for particulate control are fabric filters (baghouses) and electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). However, they both have limitations that prevent them from achieving ultrahigh collection of fine particulate matter and vapor-phase trace metals. The objective of this project is to develop a highly reliable advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC) that can provide > 99.99 % particulate collection efficiency for all particle sizes between 0.01 and 50 14m, is applicable for use with all U.S. coals, and is cost-0443competitive with existing technologies. Phase I of the project is organized into three tasks: Task I - Project Management, Reporting, and Subcontract Consulting Task 2 - Modeling, Design, and Construction of 200-acfm AHPC Model Task 3 - Experimental Testing and Subcontract Consulting
Miller, S.J.
NETL: Control Technology: Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector Under DOE-NETL sponsorship, the University of North Dakota, Energy and Environmental Research Center (UND-EERC) has developed a new concept in particulate control, called an advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC). In addition to DOE and the EERC, the project team includes W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Allied Environmental Technologies, Inc., and the Otter Tail Power Company. The AHPC utilizes both electrostatic collection and filtration in a unique geometric configuration that achieves ultrahigh particle collection with much less collection area than conventional particulate control devices. The primary technologies for state-of-the-art particulate control are fabric filters (baghouses) and electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). A major limitation of ESPs is that the fractional penetration of 0.1- to 1.0-µm particles is typically at least an order of magnitude greater than for 10-µm particles, so a situation exists where the particles that are of greatest health concern are collected with the lowest efficiency. Fabric filters are currently considered to be the best available control technology for fine particles, but emissions are dependent on ash properties and typically increase if the air-to-cloth (A/C) ratio is increased. In addition, many fabrics cannot withstand the rigors of high-SO2 flue gases, which are typical for bituminous fuels. Fabric filters may also have problems with bag cleanability and high pressure drop, which has resulted in conservatively designed, large, costly baghouses.
This project was awarded under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Program Solicitation DE-PS26-00NT40769 and specifically addressed Technical Topical Area 4-Testing Novel and Less Mature Control Technologies on Actual Flue Gas at the Pilot Scale. The project team included the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) as the main contractor; W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., as a technical and financial partner; and the Big Stone Power Plant operated by Otter Tail Power Company, host for the field-testing portion of the research. Since 1995, DOE has supported development of a new concept in particulate control called the advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC). The AHPC has been licensed to W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., and has been marketed as the Advanced Hybrid{trademark} filter by Gore. The Advanced Hybrid{trademark} filter combines the best features of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and baghouses in a unique configuration, providing major synergism between the two collection methods, both in the particulate collection step and in the transfer of dust to the hopper. The Advanced Hybrid{trademark} filter provides ultrahigh collection efficiency, overcoming the problem of excessive fine-particle emissions with conventional ESPs, and it solves the problem of reentrainment and re-collection of dust in conventional baghouses. The Advanced Hybrid{trademark} filter also appears to have unique advantages for mercury control over baghouses or ESPs as an excellent gas--solid contactor. The objective of the project was to demonstrate 90% total mercury control in the Advanced Hybrid{trademark} filter at a lower cost than current mercury control estimates. The approach included bench-scale batch tests, larger-scale pilot testing with real flue gas on a coal-fired combustion system, and field demonstration at the 2.5-MW (9000-acfm) scale at a utility power plant to prove scale-up and demonstrate longer-term mercury control. An additional task was included in this project to evaluate mercury oxidation upstream of a dry scrubber by using mercury oxidants. This project demonstrated at the pilot-scale level a technology that provides a cost-effective technique to control mercury and, at the same time, greatly enhances fine particulate collection efficiency. The technology can be used to retrofit systems currently employing inefficient ESP technology as well as for new construction, thereby providing a solution for improved fine particulate control combined with effective mercury control for a large segment of the U.S. utility industry as well as other industries.
Ye Zhuang; Stanley J. Miller
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
This project was awarded under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Program Solicitation DE-PS26-00NT40769 and specifically addresses Technical Topical Area 4-Testing Novel and Less Mature Control Technologies on Actual Flue Gas at the Pilot Scale. The project team includes the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) as the main contractor; W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., as a technical and financial partner; and the Big Stone Power Plant operated by Otter Tail Power Company, host for the field-testing portion of the research. Since 1995, DOE has supported development of a new concept in particulate control called the advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC). The AHPC has been licensed to W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., and is now marketed as the ADVANCED HYBRID{trademark} Filter by Gore. The AHPC combines the best features of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and baghouses in a unique configuration, providing major synergism between the two collection methods, both in the particulate collection step and in the transfer of dust to the hopper. The AHPC provides ultrahigh collection efficiency, overcoming the problem of excessive fine-particle emissions with conventional ESPs, and it solves the problem of reentrainment and re-collection of dust in conventional baghouses. The AHPC appears to have unique advantages for mercury control over baghouses or ESPs as an excellent gas-solid contactor. The objective of the three-task project is to demonstrate 90% total mercury control in the AHPC at a lower cost than current mercury control estimates. The approach includes bench-scale batch testing that ties the new work to previous results and links results with larger-scale pilot testing with real flue gas on a coal-fired combustion system, pilot-scale testing on a coal-fired combustion system with both a pulse-jet baghouse and an AHPC to prove or disprove the research hypotheses, and field demonstration pilot-scale testing at a utility power plant to prove scaleup and demonstrate longer-term mercury control. This project, if successful, will demonstrate at the pilot-scale level a technology that would provide a cost-effective technique to accomplish control of mercury emissions and, at the same time, greatly enhance fine particulate collection efficiency. The technology can be used to retrofit systems currently employing inefficient ESP technology as well as for new construction, thereby providing a solution to a large segment of the U.S. utility industry as well as other industries requiring mercury control.
Stanley J. Miller; Ye Zhuang; Michelle R. Olderbak
Mercuty Control With The Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector
This project was awarded under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Program Solicitation DE-PS26-00NT40769 and specifically addresses Technical Topical Area 4 - Testing Novel and Less Mature Control Technologies on Actual Flue Gas at the Pilot Scale. The project team includes the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) as the main contractor; W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., as a technical and financial partner; and the Big Stone Plant operated by Otter Tail Power Company, host for the field testing portion of the research. Since 1995, DOE has supported development of a new concept in particulate control called the advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC). The AHPC has been licensed to W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc., and is now marketed as the Advanced Hybrid{trademark} filter by Gore. The AHPC combines the best features of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and baghouses in a unique configuration, providing major synergism between the two collection methods, both in the particulate collection step and in the transfer of dust to the hopper. The AHPC provides ultrahigh collection efficiency, overcoming the problem of excessive fine-particle emissions with conventional ESPs, and it solves the problem of reentrainment and re-collection of dust in conventional baghouses. The AHPC appears to have unique advantages for mercury control over baghouses or ESPs as an excellent gas-solid contactor. The objective of the three-task project is to demonstrate 90% total mercury control in the AHPC at a lower cost than current mercury control estimates. The approach includes bench-scale batch testing that ties the new work to previous results and links results with larger-scale pilot testing with real flue gas on a coal-fired combustion system, pilot-scale testing on a coal-fired combustion system with both a pulse-jet baghouse and an AHPC to prove or disprove the research hypotheses, and field demonstration pilot-scale testing at a utility power plant to prove scaleup and demonstrate longer-term mercury control. This project, if successful, will demonstrate at the pilot-scale level a technology that would provide a cost-effective technique to accomplish control of mercury emissions and, at the same time, greatly enhance fine particulate collection efficiency. The technology can be used to retrofit systems currently employing inefficient ESP technology as well as for new construction, thereby providing a solution to a large segment of the U.S. utility industry as well as other industries requiring mercury control.
Ye Zhuang; Stanley J. Miller; Michelle R. Olderbak
A new concept in particulate control, called an advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC), is being developed at the Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) with U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funding. In addition to DOE and the EERC, the project team includes W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc., Allied Environmental Technologies, Inc., and the Big Stone power station. The AHPC combines the best features of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and baghouses in a unique approach to develop a compact but highly efficient system. Filtration and electrostatics are employed in the same housing, providing major synergism between the two collection methods, both in the particulate collection step and in the transfer of dust to the hopper. The AHPC provides ultrahigh collection efficiency, overcoming the problem of excessive fine-particle emissions with conventional ESPs, and solves the problem of reentrainment and re-collection of dust in conventional baghouses. The objective of the AHPC is to provide >99.99% particulate collection efficiency for particle sizes from 0.01 to 50 {micro}m and be applicable for use with all U.S. coals at a lower cost than existing technologies. In previous field tests with the AHPC, some minor bag damage was observed that appeared to be caused by electrical effects. Extensive studies were then carried out to determine the reason for the bag damage and to find possible solutions without compromising AHPC performance. The best solution to prevent the bag damage was found to be perforated plates installed between the electrodes and the bags, which can block the electric field from the bag surface and intercept current to the bags. The perforated plates not only solve the bag damage problem, but also offer many other advantages such as operation at higher A/C (air-to-cloth) ratios, lower pressure drop, and an even more compact geometric arrangement. For this project, AHPC pilot-scale tests were carried out to understand the effect of the perforated plate configuration on bag protection and AHPC overall performance and to optimize the perforated plate design. Five different perforated plate configurations were evaluated in a coal combustion system. The AHPC performed extremely well even at a low current level (1.5-3.0 mA) and a low pulse trigger pressure of 6.5 in. W.C. (1.62 kPa), resulting in a bag-cleaning interval of over 40 min at an A/C ratio of 12 ft/min (3.7 m/min) for most of the test period. The longest bag-cleaning interval was 594 min, which is the best to date. The residual drag was reduced to the range from 0.25 to 0.35 in. H{sub 2}O/ft/min, showing an excellent bag-cleaning ability under the perforated plate configurations. The K{sub 2}C{sub i} at the current level of 3 mA was as low as 1.0, indicating excellent ESP performance. All the results are the best achieved to date.
Ye Zhuang; Stanley J. Miller; Michael E. Collings; Michelle R. Olderbak
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector (AHPC), developed in cooperation between W.L. Gore & Associates and the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), is an innovative approach to removing particulates from power plant flue gas. The AHPC combines the elements of a traditional baghouse and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) into one device to achieve increased particulate collection efficiency. As part of the Power Plant Improvement Initiative (PPII), this project was demonstrated under joint sponsorship from the U.S. Department of Energy and Otter Tail Power Company. The EERC is the patent holder for the technology, and W.L. Gore & Associates was the exclusive licensee for this project. The project objective was to demonstrate the improved particulate collection efficiency obtained by a full-scale retrofit of the AHPC to an existing electrostatic precipitator. The full-scale retrofit was installed on an electric power plant burning Powder River Basin (PRB) coal, Otter Tail Power Company's Big Stone Plant, in Big Stone City, South Dakota. The $13.4 million project was installed in October 2002. Project related testing concluded in December 2005. The following Final Technical Report has been prepared for the project entitled ''Demonstration of a Full-Scale Retrofit of the Advanced Hybrid Particulate Collector Technology'' as described in DOE Award No. DE-FC26-02NT41420. The report presents the operation and performance results of the system.
Tom Hrdlicka; William Swanson
Atmospheric particulate emissions from dry abrasive blasting using coal slag
Coal slag is one of the widely used abrasives in dry abrasive blasting. Atmospheric emissions from this process include particulate matter (PM) and heavy metals, such as chromium, lead, manganese, nickel. Quantities and characteristics of PM emissions depend on abrasive characteristics and process parameters. Emission factors are key inputs to estimate emissions. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of blast pressure, abrasive feed rate, and initial surface contamination on total PM (TPM) emission factors for coal slag. Rusted and painted mild steel surfaces were used as base plates. Blasting was carried out in an enclosed chamber, and PM was collected from an exhaust duct using U.S. Environment Protection Agency source sampling methods for stationary sources. Results showed that there is significant effect of blast pressure, feed rate, and surface contamination on TPM emissions. Mathematical equations were developed to estimate emission factors in terms of mass of emissions per unit mass of abrasive used, as well as mass of emissions per unit of surface area cleaned. These equations will help industries in estimating PM emissions based on blast pressure and abrasive feed rate. In addition, emissions can be reduced by choosing optimum operating conditions. 40 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.
Bhaskar Kura; Kalpalatha Kambham; Sivaramakrishnan Sangameswaran; Sandhya Potana [University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA (United States). Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Atmospheric ammonia and particulate inorganic nitrogen over the United States
E-Print Network (OSTI)
We use in situ observations from the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network, the Midwest Ammonia Monitoring Project, 11 surface site campaigns as well as Infrared Atmospheric Sounding ...
Heald, Colette L.
5-Year Research Plan on Fine Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere
Technology Technology Laboratory Five Year Research Plan on Fine Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere FY2001-FY2005 NETL PM Research Program Ambient Sampling & Analysis Control Technology R&D Source Characterization Predictive Modeling -iii- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Outlook for PM and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II. OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A. Program Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B. Current Program Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. The Upper Ohio River Valley Project (UORVP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Solar collectors
Practical applications of solar energy in commercial, industrial and institutional buildings are considered. Two main types of solar collectors are described: flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. Efficiency of air and hydronic collectors among the flat plate types are compared. Also several concentrators are described, including their sun tracking mechanisms. Descriptions of some recent solar installations are presented and a list representing the cross section of solar collector manufacturers is furnished.
Cassidy, V.M.
Heat collector
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A heat collector and method suitable for efficiently and cheaply collecting solar and other thermal energy are provided. The collector employs a heat pipe in a gravity-assist mode and is not evacuated. The collector has many advantages, some of which include ease of assembly, reduced structural stresses on the heat pipe enclosure, and a low total materials cost requirement. Natural convective forces drive the collector, which after startup operates entirely passively due in part to differences in molecular weights of gaseous components within the collector.
Merrigan, M.A.
Merrigan, Michael A. (Santa Cruz, NM)
A new aerosol collector for quasi on-line analysis of particulate organic matter: the Aerosol Collection Module (ACM) and first applications with a GC/MS-FID
In many environments organic matter significantly contributes to the composition of atmospheric aerosol particles influencing its properties. Detailed chemical characterization of ambient aerosols is critical in order to ...
Hohaus, T.
Solar collector
The field of this invention is solar collectors, and more particularly, the invention pertains to a flat plate collector that employs high performance thin films. The solar collector of this invention overcomes several problems in this field, such as excessive hardware, cost and reliability, and other prior art drawbacks outlined in the specification. In the preferred form, the apparatus features a substantially rigid planar frame (14). A thin film window (42) is bonded to one planar side of the frame. An absorber (24) of laminate construction is comprised of two thin film layers (24a, 24b) that are sealed perimetrically. The layers (24a, 24b) define a fluid-tight planar envelope (24c) of large surface area to volume through which a heat transfer fluid flows. Absorber (24) is bonded to the other planar side of the frame. The thin film construction of the absorber assures substantially full envelope wetting and thus good efficiency. The window and absorber films stress the frame adding to the overall strength of the collector.
Wilhelm, William G. (Cutchogue, NY)
Double-duty collector
The design of a liquid solar collector that helps heat an indoor pool and household water is described. Collector design and specifications and installation of the collector are discussed.
Hill, L.; Yates, D.
Process for off-gas particulate removal and apparatus therefor
In the event of a breach in the off-gas line of a melter operation requiring closure of the line, a secondary vessel vent line is provided with a particulate collector utilizing atomization for removal of large particulates from the off-gas. The collector receives the gas containing particulates and directs a portion of the gas through outer and inner annular channels. The collector further receives a fluid, such as water, which is directed through the outer channel together with a second portion of the particulate-laden gas. The outer and inner channels have respective ring-like termination apertures concentrically disposed adjacent one another on the outer edge of the downstream side of the particulate collector. Each of the outer and inner channels curves outwardly away from the collector`s centerline in proceeding toward the downstream side of the collector. Gas flow in the outer channel maintains the fluid on the channel`s wall in the form of a ``wavy film,`` while the gas stream from the inner channel shears the fluid film as it exits the outer channel in reducing the fluid to small droplets. Droplets formed by the collector capture particulates in the gas stream by one of three mechanisms: impaction, interception or Brownian diffusion in removing the particulates. The particulate-laden droplets are removed from the fluid stream by a vessel vent condenser or mist eliminator. 4 figs.
Carl, D.E.
Solar air collector
A solar heating system including a radiant heat collector apparatus made up of an enclosure having glazed panels. The collector provided within the enclosure is upstanding with the enclosure and the collector has heat absorbent flat walls spaced inwardly from the glazed panels. A heat storage core is provided centrally within the collector and spaced from the walls of the collector. The heat storage core includes an insulated housing and a heat retaining member within the insulated housing. Air passageways are formed between the collector walls and the insulated housing for passing input air, and duct members are provided for communicating with a household.
Deschenes, D.; Misrahi, E.
Collector research and development
Current solar collector research of the Los Alamos National Laboratory is described. The document is divided into three sections dealing with the three aspects of the program: reliability and maintainability, optical materials, and evacuated tube collector testing.
Neeper, D.A.
Internal absorber solar collector
Thin solar collecting panels are described made from arrays of small rod collectors consisting of a refracting dielectric rod lens with an absorber imbedded within it and a reflecting mirror coated on the back side of the dielectric rod. Non-tracking collector panels on vertical walls or roof tops receive approximately 90% of solar radiation within an acceptance zone 60.degree. in elevation angle by 120.degree. or more in the azimuth sectors with a collector concentration ratio of approximately 3.0. Miniaturized construction of the circular dielectric rods with internal absorbers reduces the weight per area of glass, plastic and metal used in the collector panels. No external parts or insulation are needed as heat losses are low due to partial vacuum or low conductivity gas surrounding heated portions of the collector. The miniature internal absorbers are generally made of solid copper with black selective surface and the collected solar heat is extracted at the collector ends by thermal conductivity along the absorber rods. Heat is removed from end fittings by use of liquid circulants. Several alternate constructions are provided for simplifying collector panel fabrication and for preventing the thermal expansion and contraction of the heated absorber or circulant tubes from damaging vacuum seals. In a modified version of the internal absorber collector, oil with temperature dependent viscosity is pumped through a segmented absorber which is now composed of closely spaced insulated metal tubes. In this way the circulant is automatically diverted through heated portions of the absorber giving higher collector concentration ratios than theoretically possible for an unsegmented absorber.
Sletten, Carlyle J. (106 Nagog Hill Rd., Acton, MA 01720); Herskovitz, Sheldon B. (88 Hammond St., Acton, MA 01720); Holt, F. S. (46 Emerson Rd., Winchester, MA 01890); Sletten, E. J. (Chestnut Hill Rd. R.F.D. Rte. #4, Amherst, NH 03031)
Solar energy collector
An evacuated solar collector receives impinging solar radiation of varying intensity and converts the same into useful thermal energy in a selected working range of the ambience. The collector has absorber and window surfaces selectively coated for rendering the conversion of solar radiation to useful thermal energy more efficient by increasing absorption, reducing reradiation, and in certain cases may include at least one electrically conductive coating on the solar window which is capable of carrying an electric current, for suppressing snow accumulation thereon.
Kenny, N.S.
Tracking system for solar collectors
A tracking system is provided for pivotally mounted spaced-apart solar collectors. A pair of cables is connected to spaced-apart portions of each collector, and a driver displaces the cables, thereby causing the collectors to pivot about their mounting, so as to assume the desired orientation. The collectors may be of the cylindrical type as well as the flat-plate type. Rigid spar-like linkages may be substituted for the cables. Releasable attachments of the cables to the collectors is also described, as is a fine tuning mechanism for precisely aligning each individual collector.
Butler, B.
Butler, Barry L. (Golden, CO)
Biological sample collector
A biological sample collector is adapted to a collect several biological samples in a plurality of filter wells. A biological sample collector may comprise a manifold plate for mounting a filter plate thereon, the filter plate having a plurality of filter wells therein; a hollow slider for engaging and positioning a tube that slides therethrough; and a slide case within which the hollow slider travels to allow the tube to be aligned with a selected filter well of the plurality of filter wells, wherein when the tube is aligned with the selected filter well, the tube is pushed through the hollow slider and into the selected filter well to sealingly engage the selected filter well and to allow the tube to deposit a biological sample onto a filter in the bottom of the selected filter well. The biological sample collector may be portable.
Murphy, Gloria A. (French Camp, CA)
Standard for solar collectors
The purpose of this standard is to estabish for solar collectors: definitions; requirements for testing and rating; specifications, literature and advertising requirements; requirements for marking; requirements for safety; and conformance conditions. This standard is intended for the guidance of the industry including manufacturers, engineers, distributors, installers, contractors, and consumers. This standard applies to factory-made solar collectors using either air or a liquid as the heat transfer fluid for one or more of the following purposes: a) heating service water or other fluids and b) heating or cooling of buildings.
Efficiency tests of removal of radioactive iodine from an air stream were performed on the following halogen collectors: a silver-plated copper-ribbon bed: activatedcharcoal beds, 0.5 and l.0 in. deep: a molecular-sieve bed; and a sodium thiosulfate bed. The tests were conducted at 70 and 160 deg F and at 70 and 95% relative humidity. Only the activated-charcoal collectors achieved a high iodineremoval efficiency over a sustained period at the various operating conditions. (C.J.G.)
The invention relates to a solar energy collector comprising solar energy absorbing material within chamber having a transparent wall, solar energy being transmitted through the transparent wall, and efficiently absorbed by the absorbing material, for transfer to a heat transfer fluid. The solar energy absorbing material, of generally foraminous nature, absorbs and transmits the solar energy with improved efficiency.
Brin, Raymond L. (Cedar Crest, NM); Pace, Thomas L. (Albuquerque, NM)
Solar collector assembly
A solar collector assembly includes shingles which have integral tubes projecting therefrom, and which are mounted in overlapping parallel array. Mounting brackets for the shingles are engaged on roof rafters or the like, and interlocked light transmissive plates overlie the shingles. The plates are also engaged with shingle components. A special fitting for the tube ends is provided.
Murphy, J.A.
Structurally integrated steel solar collector
Herein is disclosed a flat plate solar heat collector unit. The solar collector is integrated as a structural unit so that the collector also functions as the building roof. The functions of efficient heat collection, liquid coolant flow passages, roof structural support and building insulation are combined into one unit.
Moore, Stanley W. (Los Alamos, NM)
Herein is disclosed a flate plate solar heat collector unit. The solar collector is integrated as a structural unit so that the collector also functions as the building roof. The functions of efficient heat collection, liquid coolant flow passages, roof structural support, and building insulation are combined into one unit.
Moore, S.W.
Parabolic concentrating collector: a tutorial
A tutorial overview of point-focusing parabolic collectors is presented. Optical and thermal characteristics of such collectors are discussed. Data representing typical achievable collector efficiencies are presented and the importance of balancing collector cost with concentrator quality is argued through the development of a figure of merit for the collector. The impact of receiver temperature on performance is assessed and the general observation made that temperatures much in excess of 1500 to 2000/sup 0/F can actually result in decreased performance. Various types of two-axis tracking collectors are described, including the standard parabolic deep dish, Cassegrainian and Fresnel, as well as two forms of fixed mirrors with articulating receivers. The present DOE program to develop these devices is briefly discussed, as are present and projected costs for these collectors. Pricing information is presented for the only known commercial design available on the open market.
Truscello, V.C.
Isothermal process solar collector panel
An isothermal process solar collector panel is disclosed. The panel includes a collector plate for absorbing radiant heat; and a plurality of isothermal process heat pipes in an array over a surface of the collector plate. Each heat pipe is closed at both ends and contains thermodynamic working fluid for transferring heat energy from the collector plate to a second fluid fowing through a manifold pipe for conducting the heat energy from the collector panel. The manifold pipe is coupled to the collector plate and has an evaporator section wherein heat energy is transferred from the collector plate to the thermodynamic working fluid; and the other end of each heat pipe is positioned within the manifold pipe ad has a condenser section wherein heat energy is transferred from the thermodynamic working fluid to the second fluid flowing through the manifold pipe.
Watt, R.E.
Wind load design methods for ground-based heliostats and parabolic dish collectors
The purpose of this design method is to define wind loads on flat heliostat and parabolic dish collectors in a simplified form. Wind loads are defined for both mean and peak loads accounting for the protective influence of upwind collectors, wind protective fences, or other wind-blockage elements. The method used to define wind loads was to generalize wind load data obtained during tests on model collectors, heliostats or parabolic dishes, placed in a modeled atmospheric wind in a boundary-layer wind-tunnel at Colorado State University. For both heliostats and parabolic dishes, loads are reported for solitary collectors and for collectors as elements of a field. All collectors were solid with negligible porosity; thus the effects of porosity in the collectors is not addressed.
Peterka, J.A.; Derickson, R.G. (Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States). Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Lab.)
Solar heat collector
A solar heat collector is described that pre-heats water for a household hot water heating system, and also heats the air inside a house. The device includes solar heating panels set into an A-shape, and enclosing an area therein containing a water tank and a wristatic fan that utilize the heat of the enclosed air, and transmit the thermal energy therefrom through a water line and an air line into the house.
Sykes, A.B.
Turning collectors for solar radiation
A device is provided for turning a solar collector about the polar axis so that the collector is directed toward the sun as the sun tracks the sky each day. It includes two heat-expansive elements and a shadow plate. In the morning a first expansive element is heated, expands to turn the collector to face the sun, while the second expansive element is shaded by the plate. In the afternoon the second element is heated, expands to turn the collector to face the sun, while the first is shaded by the plate.
Barak, Amitzur Z. (Chicago, IL)
Solar collector manufacturing activity 1993
The report presents national and State-level data on the U.S. solar thermal collector and photovoltaic cell and module manufacturing industry.
Not Available
Collector: storage wall systems
Passive Trombe wall systems require massive masonry walls to minimize large temperature swings and movable night insulation to prevent excessive night heat losses. As a solar energy collection system, Trombe wall systems have low efficiencies because of the nature of the wall and, if auxiliary heat is needed, because of absorption of this heat. Separation of collector and storage functions markedly improves the efficiency. A simple fiberglass absorber can provide high efficiency while phase change storage provides a compact storage unit. The need for movable insulation is obviated.
Boardman, H.
Integrated solar collector
A solar collector having a copper panel in a contiguous space relationship with a condenser-evaporator heat exchanger located under the panel, the panel having a honeycomb-like structure on its interior defining individual cells which are filled with zeolite loaded, in its adsorbed condition, with 18 to 20% by weight of water. The interior of the panel and heat exchanger are maintained at subatmospheric pressure of about 0.1 to 1 psia. The panel and heat exchanger are insulated on their lateral sides and bottoms and on the top of the heat exchange. The panel has a black coating on its top which is exposed to and absorbs solar energy. Surrounding the insulation (which supports the panel) is an extruded aluminum framework which supports a pair of spaced-apart glass panels above the solar panel. Water in conduits from a system for heating or cooling or both is connected to flow into an inlet and discharge from outlet of a finned coil received within the heat exchanger. The collector panel provides heat during the day through desorption and condensing of water vapor from the heated solar panel in the heat exchanger and cools at night by the re-adsorption of the water vapor from the heat exchanger which lowers the absolute pressure within the system and cools the heat exchange coils by evaporation.
Tchernev, Dimiter I. (9 Woodman Rd., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167)
Transparent solar heat collector
Infrared solar radiation is absorbed by a transparent converter glass for conversion of the infrared radiation into thermal energy. Liquid or air forms a transparent fluid medium that is conducted into heat transfer contact with the glass to carry the thermal energy away from the glass to a point of utilization. In one embodiment, the transparent converter glass consists of sintered particles of infrared absorptive glass located within a collector space formed within an all-glass panel. The panel includes glass walls extending outwardly of the walls forming the collector space. In a further embodiment, the transparent converter glass consists of elongated strips of infrared absorptive glass carried by support members so that the strips extend in a parallel, spaced-apart relation to form a venetian blind-like structure between glass panels. In a still further embodiment, the transparent converter glass consists of a slab of infrared absorptive glass extending vertically within a building structure to form a passageway for the flow of convectivelydriven air between the glass slab and two window panels forming a dry airspace therebetween. Instead of a thick unitary glass slab, smaller bricks of infrared absorptive glass are arranged to form courses of an internal wall within a building structure adjacent a glass window.
Deminet, C.
Concentrating solar collector: technical note
The Acurex Model 3002 concentrator is a reflecting parabolic trough collector designed to heat liquids or gases to temperatures between 140/sup 0/F and 350/sup 0/F. The cost effectiveness, performance, reliability, and technical description of the collector are presented.
Contoured insulation window for evacuated solar collector
An insulating contoured window is provided for use with an enclosed chamber such as an evacuated flat plate solar heat collector with the contoured solar window being of minimum thickness and supported solely about its peripheral edge portions. The window is contoured in both its longitudinal and transverse directions, such that in its longitudinal direction the window is composed of a plurality of sinusoidal corrugations whereas in its transverse direction the peaks of such corrugations are contoured in the form of paraboloids so that the structure may withstand the forces generated thereon by the atmosphere.
Coppola, F. T.; Lentz, W. P.; Vandewoestine, R. V.
A solar heat collector comprises an evacuated transparent pipe; a solar heat collection plate disposed in the transparent pipe; a heat pipe, disposed in the transparent pipe so as to contact with the solar heat collection plate, and containing an evaporable working liquid therein; a heat medium pipe containing a heat medium to be heated; a heat releasing member extending along the axis of the heat medium pipe and having thin fin portions extending from the axis to the inner surface of the heat medium pipe; and a cylindrical casing surrounding coaxially the heat medium pipe to provide an annular space which communicates with the heat pipe. The evaporable working liquid evaporates, receiving solar heat collected by the heat collection plate. The resultant vapor heats the heat medium through the heat medium pipe and the heat releasing member.
Yamamoto, T.; Imani, K.; Sumida, I.; Tsukamoto, M.; Watahiki, N.
A solar energy collector is disclosed herein which comprises a pipe interconnecting lower and upper headers, the upper header structurally supporting the pipe. The pipe extends within an opening in the lower header and includes an exterior shoulder which rests upon the lower header. The other end of the pipe includes an exterior shoulder, the pipe extending into an opening in the upper header. A spring rests on the shoulder on the upper end of the pipe and holds a combination bearing and fluid seal against the upper header. A parabolic reflector is supported by the pipe, and a fluid is movable through the pipe from one header to the other for receiving the solar energy focused upon the pipe by the reflector. The pipe is operable to rotate to direct the reflector toward the sun.
Yoke, J.H.
A computational evaluation of a particle collector design was performed to evaluate the behavior of aerosol particles in a fast flowing gas stream. The objective of the work was to improve the collection efficiency of the device while maintaining a minimum specified air throughput, nominal collector size, and minimal power requirements. The impact of a range of parameters was considered subject to constraints on gas flow rate, overall collector dimensions, and power limitations. Potential improvements were identified, some of which have already been implemented. Other more complex changes were identified and are described here for further consideration. In addition, fruitful areas for further study are proposed.
Lee, S; Richard Dimenna, R
Shenandoah parabolic dish solar collector
The objectives of the Shenandoah, Georgia, Solar Total Energy System are to design, construct, test, and operate a solar energy system to obtain experience with large-scale hardware systems for future applications. This report describes the initial design and testing activities conducted to select and develop a collector that would serve the need of such a solar total energy system. The parabolic dish was selected as the collector most likely to maximize energy collection as required by this specific site. The fabrication, testing, and installation of the parabolic dish collector incorporating improvements identified during the development testing phase are described.
Kinoshita, G.S.
CPC thermal collector test plan
A comprehensive set of test procedures has evolved at Argonne National Laboratory for establishing the performance of compound parabolic and related concentrating thermal collectors with large angular fields of view. The procedures range from separate thermal and optical tests, to overall performance tests. A calorimetric ratio technique has been developed to determine the heat output of a collector without knowledge of the heat transfer fluid's mass flow rate and heat capacity. Sepcial attention is paid to the problem of defining and measuring the incident solar flux with respect to which the collector efficiency is to be calculated.
Reed, K A
Wisconsin collector-efficiency study, phase two
The collector efficiency study developed a solar collector rating methodology specific to Wisconsin conditions. Existing rating programs were researched and a collector methodology was developed. A computer program was written to calculate the collector ratings and 25 collector models were rated. The accuracy of the proposed rating methodology was evaluated for 16 collectors placed in 11 domestic hot water systems. One liquid space heating analysis with storage and one air space heating analysis without storage were completed. A solar assisted heat pump in which the solar collectors function as evaporators was also analyzed.
Abright, B.L.
Design package for concentrating solar collector panels
Information used to evaluate the design of the Northrup concentrating collector is presented. Included are the system performance specifications, the applications manual, and the detailed design drawings of the collector. The Northrup concentrating solar collector is a water/glycol/working fluid type, dipped galvanized steel housing, transparent acrylic Fresnel lens cover, copper absorber tube, fiber glass insulation and weighs 98 pounds. The gross collector area is about 29.4/sup 2/ per collector. A collector assembly includes four collector units within a tracking mount array.
Radiation Incident on Tilted Collectors
For solar energy system design purposes, observations of solar radiation on a horizontal surface must be converted to values on a tilted energy collector. An empirical conversion relationship, introduced by Liu and Jordan (1960) and based on ...
P. J. Robinson
Radiant energy collector. [Patent application
A cylindrical radiant energy collector is provided which includes a reflector spaced apart from an energy absorber. The reflector is of a particular shape which ideally eliminates gap losses.
McIntire, W.R.
Solar collector with altitude tracking
A device is provided for turning a solar collector about an east-west horizontal axis so that the collector is tilted toward the sun as the EWV altitude of the sun varies each day. It includes one or more heat responsive elements and a shading means aligned so that within a range of EWV altitudes of the sun during daylight hours the shading means shades the element or elements while during the rest of the daylight hours the elements or elements are heated by the sun to assume heated, stable states. Mechanical linkage between the collector and the element is responsive to the states of the element or elements to tilt the collector in accordance with variations in the EWV altitude of the sun.
Solar collector manufacturing activity, 1992
This report presents data provided by US-based manufacturers and importers of solar collectors. Summary data on solar thermal collector shipments are presented for the years 1974 through 1992. Summary data on photovoltaic cell and module shipments are presented for the years 1982 through 1992. Detailed information for solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic cells and modules are presented for 1992. Appendix A describes the survey methodology. Appendix B contains the 1992 survey forms and instructions. Appendices C and D list the companies that responded to the 1992 surveys and granted permission for their names and addresses to appear in the report. Appendix E provides selected tables from this report with data shown in the International System of Units (SI) metric units. Appendix F provides an estimate of installed capacity and energy production from solar collectors for 1992.
This research explores a new efficient approach for producing electricity from the abundant energy of the sun. A nanoantenna electromagnetic collector (NEC) has been designed, prototyped, and tested. Proof of concept has been validated. The device targets mid-infrared wavelengths where conventional photovoltaic (PV) solar cells do not respond but is abundant in solar energy. The initial concept of designing NEC antennas was based on scaling of radio frequency antenna theory. This approach has proven unsuccessful by many due to not fully understanding and accounting for the optical behavior of materials in the THz region. Also until recent years the nanofabrication methods were not available to fabricate the optical antenna elements. We have addressed and overcome both technology barriers. Several factors were critical in successful implementation of NEC including: 1) frequency-dependent modeling of antenna elements, 2) selection of materials with proper THz properties and 3) novel manufacturing methods that enable economical large-scale manufacturing. The work represents an important step toward the ultimate realization of a low-cost device that will collect as well as convert this radiation into electricity, which will lead to a wide spectrum, high conversion efficiency, and low cost solution to complement conventional PVs.
Steven D. Novack; Dale K. Kotter; Dennis Slafer; Patrick Pinhero
Orientation of stationary axial collectors
Attention is drawn to the fact that stationary solar collectors with axial symmetry have a third degree of freedom which must be considered, in addition to their azimuth and tilt angles, if their orientation is to be optimized on an annual or seasonal basis. The authors set up the equations needed to describe collector orientation in terms of all angles, including this extra degree of freedom which they refer to as skewness. Examples of the use of these equations are then given, both for northern and southern latitudes, which illustrate the manner in which skewness may be taken into consideration and highlight the importance of doing this. For the sake of simplicity the illustrative examples treat only the direct beam component of the total insolation intercepted by the collector.
Faiman, D.; Mills, D.R. (Sydney Univ., New South Wales (Australia))
Thin film solar energy collector
A multi-layer solar energy collector of improved stability comprising: (1) a substrate of quartz, silicate glass, stainless steel or aluminum-containing ferritic alloy; (2) a solar absorptive layer comprising silver, copper oxide, rhodium/rhodium oxide and 0-15% by weight of platinum; (3) an interlayer comprising silver or silver/platinum; and (4) an optional external anti-reflective coating, plus a method for preparing a thermally stable multi-layered solar collector, in which the absorptive layer is undercoated with a thin film of silver or silver/platinum to obtain an improved conductor-dielectric tandem.
Aykan, Kamran (Monmouth Beach, NJ); Farrauto, Robert J. (Westfield, NJ); Jefferson, Clinton F. (Millburn, NJ); Lanam, Richard D. (Westfield, NJ)
A mark-and-sweep collector C++
Our research is concerned with compiler-independent, tag-free garbage collection for the C++ programming language. We have previously presented a copying collector based on root registration. This paper presents a mark-and-sweep garbage collector that ...
Daniel R. Edelson
Corrugated cover plate for flat plate collector
A flat plate radiant energy collector is providing having a transparent cover. The cover has a V-corrugated shape which reduces the amount of energy reflected by the cover away from the flat plate absorber of the collector.
Hollands, K. G. Terry (Elora, CA); Sibbitt, Bruce (Waterloo, CA)
Test results of early photovoltaic concentrating collectors
Several passively and actively cooled photovoltaic concentrating collectors built during the period 1976 to 1979 have been tested. The tests provide information on the performance characteristics of these collectors. The results of the tests are summarized.
Gerwin, H.J.; Pritchard, D.A.
Experimental parabolic trough collector performance characterization
Experimental data from the Collector Module Test Facility (CMTF) at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, are used to develop a collector performance model and characterize three parabolic trough solar collectors. The independent variables used in the model are selected and fitted to the experimental data using a multiple linear regression technique. The collector model developed accounts for optical performance, including incident angle effects and thermal losses, both linear and non-linear.
Lukens, L.L.
Collector efficiency of the double-pass solar air collectors with fins
The experimental study on a forced-convective double-pass solar air collector with fins in the second channel has been conducted. The experiments were conducted by changing the parameters that influence the thermal efficiency of the collector. The efficiency ... Keywords: collector efficiency, double-pass solar air collector, fins absorbers
A. Fudholi; M. H. Ruslan; M. Y. Othman; M. Yahya; Supranto Supranto; A. Zaharim; K. Sopian
Table 10.7 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Market ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Energy Information Administration ... Table 10.7 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Market Sector, ... Special collectors are evacuated tube ...
Solar Buildings: Transpired Air Collectors
Transpired air collectors preheat building ventilation air by using the building's ventilation fan to draw fresh air through the system. The intake air is heated as it passes through the perforated absorber plate and up the plenum between the absorber and the south wall of the building. Reduced heating costs will pay for the systems in 3--12 years.
Desiccant cooling using unglazed transpired solar collectors
The use of unglazed solar collectors for desiccant regeneration in a solid desiccant cooling cycle was investigated because these collectors are lower in cost than conventional glazed flat-plate collectors. Using computer models, the performance of a desiccant cooling ventilation cycle integrated with either unglazed transpired collectors or conventional glazed flat-plate collectors was obtained. We found that the thermal performance of the unglazed system was lower than the thermal performance of the glazed system because the unglazed system could not take advantage of the heat of adsorption released during the dehumidification process. For a 3-ton cooling system, although the area required for the unglazed collector was 69% more than that required for the glazed collector, the cost of the unglazed collector array was 44% less than the cost of the glazed collector array. The simple payback period of the unglazed system was half of the payback period of the glazed collector when compared to an equivalent gas-fired system. Although the use of unglazed transpired collectors makes economic sense, some practical considerations may limit their use in desiccant regeneration. 8 refs.
Pesaran, A.A. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States); Wipke, K. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Steam generation in compound parabolic concentrator collectors
This report describes the advantages of generating steam directly in a nonimaging compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) collector rather than using a heat-transfer fluid and a secondary heat exchanger. The predicted performance advantages from generating steam directly in CPC collectors are significant, and that performance has ben verified using a collector built and tested at Argonne National Laboratory. The collector and the method used to test its operation in a steam-generating mode are described. Test results are included for a 6.4-m/sup 2/ array of evacuated tube collectors with an advanced absorber coating, silver reflectors, and tubes oriented in a north-south configuration. Also described are the test methods and results for indoor testing for heat loss by the collectors and outdoor testing of their instantaneous optical efficiency.
Allen, J.W.; Schertz, W.W.; Wantroba, A.S.
Installation package for Sunpak solar collectors
Owens-Illinois, Inc., has developed a subsystem (air/liquid vacuum collector) for use with solar combined heating and cooling subsystems. The Model SEC-601 collector is modular in design, is approximately twelve-feet-three-inches wide and is eight-feet-seven-inches high. The module contains 72 collector tube elements and weighs approximately 300 pounds. The Installation, Operating, and Maintenance Instructions, List of Materials and the Assembly Drawing are presented.
Solar collectors, energy storage, and materials
This volume was prepared as an extended, annotated bibliography in the solar thermal energy collection field, documenting the state-of-the-art in the late 1980s. It covers collectors of solar thermal energy, including salt gradient solar ponds, flat plate collectors, compound parabolic concentrators, and other stationary and tracking collection systems. Collectors that are used for building applications are emphasized since power and industrial applications are considered in other volumes.
de Winter, F. (ed.) (Altas Corp., Santa Cruz, CA (USA))
Performance of a parabolic trough solar collector.
??Parabolic trough solar collectors (PTSCs) constitute a proven source of thermal energy for industrial process heat and power generation, although their implementation has been strongly� (more)
Brooks, Michael John
The Relationship of Collectors and Periodic Table
... of Chemical Element (IV)�The Relationship of Collectors and Periodic Table of ..... One Dimensional Multiferroic Nanomaterials/Nanocomposites for Solar�...
A solar concentrating photovoltaic/thermal collector.
??This thesis discusses aspects of a novel solar concentrating photovoltaic / thermal (PV/T) collector that has been designed to produce both electricity and hot water.� (more)
Coventry, Joseph S
Alignment method for solar collector arrays - Energy ...
The present invention is directed to an improved method for establishing camera fixture location for aligning mirrors on a solar collector array (SCA) comprising ...
SunShot Initiative: Self-Cleaning CSP Collectors
Self-Cleaning CSP Collectors to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: Self-Cleaning CSP Collectors on Facebook Tweet about SunShot Initiative: Self-Cleaning CSP Collectors on...
Solar collector and heat and cold generator
This invention is directed to a collector designed and positioned for installations within a predetermined range of latitudes without modification of collector position, construction, or tracking the sun's movement, and comprises a generator of hot or cold fluid by solar energy collection during the day to heat the fluid and/or chilling of the fluid at nocturnal nighttime.
Risser, J.A.
Solar collector with improved thermal concentration
Reduced heat loss from the absorbing surface of the energy receiver of a cylindrical radiant energy collector is achieved by providing individual, insulated, cooling tubes for adjacent parallel longitudinal segments of the receiver. Control means allow fluid for removing heat absorbed by the tubes to flow only in those tubes upon which energy is then being directed by the reflective wall of the collector.
`Convective` flat plate collectors and their applications
The `convective` flat plate collector is a particular two-way collector system with air in gravity flow as primary working fluid. Its thermal characteristics are described. Results of outdoor tests and thermal simulations are shown. Different applications of the system are presented: water heating, steam generation for medical sterilization, solar cooking and space heating. 10 refs., 16 figs., 6 tabs.
Grupp, M.; Bergler, H.; Bertrand, J.P. [Synopsis, Lodeve (France); Kromer, B. [Institut fuer Umweltphysik der Universtaet, Heidelberg (Germany); Cieslok, J. [INCO, Aachen (Germany)
Biomass Producer or Collector Tax Credit (Oregon) | Department...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Biomass Producer or Collector Tax Credit (Oregon) Biomass Producer or Collector Tax Credit (Oregon) Eligibility Agricultural Industrial Savings For Bioenergy Biofuels Alternative...
8 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal ... Special collectors are evacuated tube ... data are for the industrial sector and independent pow ...
Particulate Matter Standards (Ohio)
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
This chapter of the law that establishes the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency sets the standards for particulate emissions from a variety of sources, including facilities that generate power. ...
Installation package for concentrating solar collector panels
Northrup, Inc., has developed and delivered 300 square feet of Concentrating Solar Collector (ML Series) and Attitude Control System, under the direction of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The ''ML Series'' Solar Collector Panels comprise a complete package array consisting of collector panels using modified Fresnel Prismatic Lenses for a 10 to 1 concentrating ration, supporting framework, fluid manifolding and tracking drive system, in unassembled components for field erection. The Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual, Warranty, List of Materials, Sub-Assembly drawings and Final Field Assembly Drawings are included in the package.
Connectable solar air collectors Solar Energy Centre Denmark
Connectable solar air collectors Solar Energy Centre Denmark Danish Technological Institute SEC-R-22 #12;Connectable solar air collectors Søren �?stergaard Jensen Miroslav Bosanac Solar Energy Centre within the project "Connectable solar air collector/PVT collector" (Sammenkoblelig luftsolfanger
Cogenerating Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Collector
heat US Department of Energy: Parabolic Trough SpectroLab Concentrating Terrestrial PV Cell C1MJ CDO peak load and irradiance hours of the day #12;Design · Parabolic solar collector · GaAs PV cells
Eirinaki, Magdalini
Biomass Producer or Collector Tax Credit (Oregon)
�The Oregon Department of Energy provides a tax credit for agricultural producers or collectors of biomass. �The credit can be used for eligible biomass used to produce biofuel; biomass used in...
Airborne particulate discriminator
A method and apparatus for rapid and accurate detection and discrimination of biological, radiological, and chemical particles in air. A suspect aerosol of the target particulates is treated with a taggant aerosol of ultrafine particulates. Coagulation of the taggant and target particles causes a change in fluorescent properties of the cloud, providing an indication of the presence of the target.
Creek, Kathryn Louise (San Diego, CA); Castro, Alonso (Santa Fe, NM); Gray, Perry Clayton (Los Alamos, NM)
Wind loading on solar collectors
The present design methodology for the determination of wind loading on the various solar collectors has been reviewed and assessed. The total force coefficients of flat plates of aspect ratios 1.0 and 3.0, respectively, at various angles of attack obtained by using the guidelines of the ANSI A58.1-1982, have been compared with those obtained by using the methodology of the ASCE Task Committee, 1961, and the experimental results of the full-scale test of heliostats by Peglow. The turbulent energy spectra, currently employed in the building code, are compared with those of Kaimal et al., Lumley, and Ponofsky for wind velocities of 20.0 m/s and 40.24 m/s at an elevation of 9.15 m. The longitudinal spectra of the building code overestimates the Kaimal spectra in the frequency range of 0.007 Hz to 0.08 Hz and underestimates beyond the frequency of 0.08 Hz. The peak angles of attack, on the heliostat, stowed in horizontal position, due to turbulent vertical and lateral components of wind velocity, have been estimated by using Daniel's methodology for three wind velocities and compared with the value suggested by the code. The experimental results of a simple test in the laboratory indicate the feasibility of decreasing the drag forces of the flat plate by reducing the solidity ratio.
Bhaduri, S.; Murphy, L.M.
Wind loads on heliostats and parabolic dish collectors: Final subcontractor report
A major intent of this study was to define wind load reduction factors for parabolic dish solar collectors within a field protected by upwind collectors, wind protective fences, or other blockages. This information will help researchers improve the economy of parabolic collector support structures and drive mechanisms. The method used in the study was to generalize wind load data obtained during tests on model collectors placed in a modeled atmospheric wind in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. A second objective of the study was to confirm and document a sensitivity in load to level of turbulence, or gustiness, in the approaching wind. A key finding was that wind-load reduction factors for forces (horizontal and vertical) were roughly similar to those for flat heliostats, with some forces significantly less than those for flat shapes. However, load reductions for moments showed a smaller load reduction, particularly for the azimuth moment. The lack of load reduction could be attributed to collector shape, but specific flow features responsible for and methods to induce a load reduction were not explored. 62 figs., 13 tabs.
Peterka, J.A.; Tan, Z.; Bienkiewicz, B.; Cermak, J.E.
Component report performance of solar collector arrays and collector controllers in the National Solar Data Network
The accumulated National Solar Data Network (NSDN) data has been analyzed with regard to collector and collector control performance. The collector data is presented in the ASHRAE format as efficiency vs. operating point, (T/sub inlet/ - T/sub ambient/)/insolation. Collector controls were analyzed by determining the losses caused by control problems common to the NSDN solar systems. This study of collectors and collector controls has several objectives: To compare actual and predicted collector performance; to determine which generic types of components performed well and which performed poorly; to determine why predicted performance was not achieved in the field; to determine the types and causes of failures; to determine the reliability weaknesses; and to determine whether there are any component integration problems. To accomplish these objectives, the work was divided into two parts, the first part was dedicated to the collector component and the second part covered the control component. The report is organized similarly, and also includes a description of each solar system (Appendix A) and a discussion of the interactions between the components.
Logee, T.L.; Kendall, P.W.
Experimental performance characterization of line-focus collectors
To be able to predict accurately the performance of a specific solar collector in a given environment, its performance must first be characterized over the range of conditions under which the collector is expected to operate. In the present paper, collector performance models are developed for parabolic trough and compound-parabolic type concentrating collectors. Experimental collector performance data from Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Wyle Laboratories, Huntsville, Alabama are used in a multiple linear regression analysis to identify significant independent variables and refine the collector performance models. The refined collector performance models are used to characterize performance of three different parabolic trough collectors and two different compound-parabolic collectors, with good correlations between modeled and experimental performance.
To be able to predict accurately the performance of a specific solar collector in a given environment, its performance must first be characterized over the range of conditions under which the collector is expected to operate. In the present paper, collector performance models are developed for parabolic-trough and compound-parabolic-type concentrating collectors. Experimental collector-performance data from Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque, New Mexico) and Wyle Laboratories (Huntsville, Alabama) are used in a multiple-linear-regression analysis to identify significant independent variables and refine the collector-performance models. The refined collector-performance models are used to characterize performance of three different parabolic-trough collectors and two different compound-parabolic collectors, with good correlations between modeled and experimental performance.
Numerical Simulation Study on Transpired Solar Air Collector
The unglazed transpired solar air collector is now a well-recognized solar air heater for heating outside air directly. In this article, researchers introduced numerical simulation tools into the solar air collector research area, analyzed the performance characteristics of the unglazed transpired solar air collector and compared them with several kinds of traditional solar air collectors. The results showed that the unglazed transpired solar air collector has unparalleled advantages in the ventilation preheating area and also proves that CFD tools have their own advantages in the solar air collector research area.
Wang, C.; Guan, Z.; Zhao, X.; Wang, D.
Integrated main rail, feed rail, and current collector
A separator plate for a fuel cell comprising an anode current collector, a cathode current collector and a main plate, the main plate disposed between the anode current collector and the cathode current collector. The anode current collector forms a flattened peripheral wet seal structure and manifold wet seal structure on the anode side of the separator plate and the cathode current collector forms a flattened peripheral wet seal structure and manifold wet seal structure on the cathode side of the separator plate. In this manner, the number of components required to manufacture and assemble a fuel cell stack is reduced.
Petri, Randy J. (Crete, IL); Meek, John (Downers Grove, IL); Bachta, Robert P. (Chicago, IL); Marianowski, Leonard G. (Mount Prospect, IL)
A separator plate is described for a fuel cell comprising an anode current collector, a cathode current collector and a main plate, the main plate disposed between the anode current collector and the cathode current collector. The anode current collector forms a flattened peripheral wet seal structure and manifold wet seal structure on the anode side of the separator plate and the cathode current collector forms a flattened peripheral wet seal structure and manifold wet seal structure on the cathode side of the separator plate. In this manner, the number of components required to manufacture and assemble a fuel cell stack is reduced. 9 figs.
Petri, R.J.; Meek, J.; Bachta, R.P.; Marianowski, L.G.
Use of unglazed transpired solar collectors for desiccant cooling
The use of unglazed transpired solar collectors for desiccant regeneration in a solid desiccant cooling cycle was investigated because these collectors are less expensive than conventional glazed flat-plate collectors. Using computer models, we studied the performance of a desiccant cooling ventilation cycle integrated with either unglazed transpired collectors or conventional glazed flat-plate collectors. We found that the thermal coefficient of performance of the cooling system with unglazed collectors was lower than that of the cooling system with glazed collectors because the former system did not use the heat of adsorption released during the dehumidification process. Although the area required for the unglazed collector array was 70% more than that required for the glazed collector array in a 10.56 kW (3 ton) solar cooling system, the cost of the unglazed array was 45% less than the cost of the glazed array. The simple payback period of the unglazed collector was half of the payback period of the glazed collector when replacing an equivalent gas-fired air heater. Although the use of unglazed transpired collectors seems to make economic sense relative to use of glazed conventional collectors, some practical considerations may limit their use for desiccant regeneration.
Pesaran, A.A.; Wipke, K.B. (National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States))
Solar absorber metal foils are discussed in terms of materials and basic processing science. Also included is the use of finished heavy sheet stock for direct fabrication of solar collector panels. Both the adhesives and bonding methods for foils and sheet are surveyed. Developmental and representative commercial foils are used as illustrative examples. As a result it was found that foils can compete economically with batch plating but are limited by adhesive temperature stability. Also absorber foils are very versatile and direct collector fabrication from heavy foils appears very promising.
Lampert, Carl M.
Qualification test and analysis report: solar collectors
Test results show that the Owens-Illinois Sunpak/sup TM/ Model SEC 601 air-cooled collector meets the national standards and codes as defined in the Subsystem Performance Specification and Verification Plan of NASA/MSFC Contract NAS8-32259, dated October 28, 1976. The architectural and engineering firm of Smith, Hinchman and Grylls, Detroit, Michigan, acted in the capacity of the independent certification agency. The program calls for the development, fabrication, qualification and delivery of an air-liquid solar collector for solar heating, combined heating and cooling, and/or hot water systems.
U-153: EMC Data Protection Advisor Server and Collector Bugs...
3: EMC Data Protection Advisor Server and Collector Bugs Let Remote Users Deny Service U-153: EMC Data Protection Advisor Server and Collector Bugs Let Remote Users Deny Service...
Trade-offs between moving and stationary particle collectors...
Trade-offs between moving and stationary particle collectors for detecting a bio-agent plume Title Trade-offs between moving and stationary particle collectors for detecting a...
Apparatus for preventing high temperatures in a glazed solar collector
Venting the glazing (i.e., transparent cover) of a solar collector can be used to prevent the collector's absorber surface from reaching too high a temperature.
Buckley, Bruce S. (410 Memorial Dr., #154, Cambridge, MA 02139)
A Collector for Fog Water and Interstitial Aerosol
An active heatable cloud water collector for ground sampling is presented. The collector can be operated unattended for approximately one week, even in harsh winter conditions. The collection strands are Teflon tubes. A preset cycle of 15-min ...
Otto Klemm; Thomas Wrzesinsky; J�rg Gerchau; Frank Griessbaum
SunShot Initiative: Low-Cost Solar Thermal Collector
Low-Cost Solar Thermal Collector Low-Cost Solar Thermal Collector to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: Low-Cost Solar Thermal Collector on Facebook Tweet about SunShot Initiative: Low-Cost Solar Thermal Collector on Twitter Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Low-Cost Solar Thermal Collector on Google Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Low-Cost Solar Thermal Collector on Delicious Rank SunShot Initiative: Low-Cost Solar Thermal Collector on Digg Find More places to share SunShot Initiative: Low-Cost Solar Thermal Collector on AddThis.com... Concentrating Solar Power Systems Components Competitive Awards CSP Research & Development Thermal Storage CSP Recovery Act Baseload CSP SunShot Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative CSP Heat Integration for Baseload Renewable Energy Deployment National Laboratory Research & Development
Design considerations for parabolic-cylindrical solar collectors
This report presents in some detail the various significant factors which influence the design of parabolic-cylindrical solar collectors.
Treadwell, G.W.
Solar air collectors: how much can you save
A collector efficiency curve is used to determine the output of solar air collectors based on the testing of seven solar collectors sold in Iowa. In this application the solar heater is being used as a space heater for a house. The performance of the solar air heater was analyzed and an 8% savings in energy was achieved over a one year period using two 4'' x 8'' collectors in a typical house.
Newburn, J.D.
STAM: SERI standard module for collector evaluation
A test facility is being planned for use at the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI). Identified as STAM (STAndard Module), the facility will be capable of supplying a working fluid under carefully controlled temperature and flowrate conditions to whatever solar collector may be connected to the facility. This capability will be useful in such areas of investigation as collector thermal performance, materials testing, and reliability studies. Initially, emphasis will fall on using the facility to evolve a standard testing procedure for quantifying the thermal performance of concentrating solar collectors. To this end, the equipment will permit measuring the useful energy generated in a solar collector via the conventional mC/sub p/..delta..T procedure (as used in ASHRAE 93-77) as well as the calorimetric ratio technique which offers special advantages at higher operating temperatures. Implementation of the facility will occur in several stages. A detailed design is to be prepared first, based upon SERI's specification of the facility's operating characteristics. Fabrication and installation at the SERI field site will then occur in the last quarter of CY78.
Castle, J.
Colimits for Concurrent Collectors Dusko Pavlovic1
the overall specification in Fig. 1. In this diagram we have added monotone white Mutator monotone white Mut in the previous section we have added the Collector invariant black white = gray = monotone white Mutator Coll information. In the greater part of the paper we work out the example of concurrent garbage collection
Modified horizontal solar collector for low temperature grain drying
The project consisted of constructing a horizontal solar collector with a small amount of rock storage integrated into the collector air stream. The collected energy was used to dry corn in a 6000 bushel low-temperature drying facility. The collector proved to be economically feasible to build and collected sufficient energy to show a reasonable return on the investment.
Solar collector apparatus having increased energy rejection during stagnation
The disclosure relates to an active solar collector having increased energy rejection during stagnation. The collector's glazing is brought into substantial contact with absorber during stagnation to increase re-emittance and thereby to maintain lower temperatures when the collector is not in operation.
An active solar collector having increased energy rejection during stagnation is disclosed. The collector's glazing is brought into substantial contact with absorber during stagnation to increase re-emittance and thereby to maintan lower temperatures when the collector is not in operation.
Connectable solar air collectors Solar Energy Centre Denmark Danish Technological Institute SEC-R-22 #12;Connectable solar air collectors Søren �?stergaard Jensen Miroslav Bosanac Solar Energy Centre Package 91 #12;92 #12;93 #12;Appendix B Working drawings for the connectable solar air collectors 94 #12
Fluidizing device for solid particulates
A flexible whip or a system of whips with novel attachments is suspended in a hopper and is caused to impact against fibrous and irregularly shaped particulates in the hopper to fluidize the particulates and facilitate the flow of the particulates through the hopper. The invention provides for the flow of particulates at a substantially constant mass flow rate and uses a minimum of energy.
Diebold, James P. (Lakewood, CO); Scahill, John W. (Golden, CO)
Diebold, J.P.; Scahill, J.W.
NREL: Concentrating Solar Power Research - Collector R&D
Collector R&D Collector R&D Featured Resource Learn more about NREL's capabilities in collector/receiver characterization. Collector research at NREL focuses on developing and testing the next generation of concentrating solar power (CSP) collectors that reduce delivered electricity costs by 50%. NREL's work involves improved reflector development, optical model development, optical measurement techniques, testing standards, and reliability assessments. NREL also works to upgrade and adapt optical tools to enhance laboratory testing capabilities. CSP collectors capture the sun's energy with mirrors that reflect and focus the sunlight onto a receiver, creating the heat that is used to generate electricity. Opportunities and Potential Impact Collectors-whether for parabolic trough, power tower, or dish
A four-step sequential Ni extraction method, summarized in Table AB-1, was evaluated for identifying and quantifying the Ni species occurring in urban total suspended particulate (TSP) matter and fine particulate matter (<10 {micro}m [PM{sub 10}] and <2.5 {micro}m [PM{sub 2.5}] in aerodynamic diameter). The extraction method was originally developed for quantifying soluble, sulfidic, elemental, and oxidic forms of Ni that may occur in industrial atmospheres. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy were used to evaluate the Ni species selectivity of the extraction method. Uncertainties in the chemical speciation of Ni in urban PM{sub 10} and PM{sub 2.5} greatly affect inhalation health risk estimates, primarily because of the large variability in acute, chronic, and cancer-causing effects for different Ni compounds.
Kevin C. Galbreath; Charlene R. Crocker; Carolyn M. Nyberg; Frank E. Huggins; Gerald P. Huffman
Gas supplemented solar collector storage means
The gas supplemented solar collector storage means includes a water tank having supply and return connections for circulating water from the tank to a solar collector and back to the tank. A combustion chamber having top and side openings is disposed within the upper half portion of the tank and connects respectively to an upwardly extending flue pipe and an inlet side cylinder to provide an air and gas passage through the upper half of the tank in heat exchange relationship with water. A gas burner is receivable in the combustion chamber and is operated by a thermostat to provide heat to the water only in the event that the solar heating of the water is insufficient to maintain the water above a minimum temperature.
Bressickello, L.J.; Moore, H.J.
Improved Collectors for High Power Gyrotrons
High power gyrotrons are used for electron cyclotron heating, current drive and parasitic mode suppression in tokamaks for fusion energy research. These devices are crucial for successful operation of many research programs around the world, including the ITER program currently being constructed in France. Recent gyrotron failures resulted from cyclic fatigue of the copper material used to fabricated the collectors. The techniques used to collect the spent beam power is common in many gyrotrons produced around the world. There is serious concern that these tubes may also be at risk from cyclic fatigue. This program addresses the cause of the collector failure. The Phase I program successfully demonstrated feasibility of a mode of operation that eliminates the cyclic operation that caused the failure. It also demonstrated that new material can provide increased lifetime under cyclic operation that could increase the lifetime by more than on order of magnitude. The Phase II program will complete that research and develop a collector that eliminates the fatigue failures. Such a design would find application around the world.
R. Lawrence Ives, Amarjit Singh, Michael Read, Philipp Borchard, Jeff Neilson
Thin film absorber for a solar collector
This invention pertains to energy absorbers for solar collectors, and more particularly to high performance thin film absorbers. The solar collectors comprising the absorber of this invention overcome several problems seen in current systems, such as excessive hardware, high cost and unreliability. In the preferred form, the apparatus features a substantially rigid planar frame with a thin film window bonded to one planar side of the frame. An absorber in accordance with the present invention is comprised of two thin film layers that are sealed perimetrically. In a preferred embodiment, thin film layers are formed from a metal/plastic laminate. The layers define a fluid-tight planar envelope of large surface area to volume through which a heat transfer fluid flows. The absorber is bonded to the other planar side of the frame. The thin film construction of the absorber assures substantially full envelope wetting and thus good efficiency. The window and absorber films stress the frame adding to the overall strength of the collector.
The Relationship between Particulate Chemistry and Air Masses in Southern Indiana
The particulate characteristics of the surface layer of the atmosphere over a region of southwest Indiana were determined for forty-two 24-hour periods between September 1985 and April 1986. The water-soluble sulfate, chloride and sodium content ...
Richard H. Grant; William W. McFee
Air Pollution Control Regulations: No. 3- Particulate Emissions from Industrial Processes (Rhode Island)
These regulations limit particulate emissions into the atmosphere by process weight per hour, where process weight is the total weight of all materials introduced into any specific process which...
atmospheric water vapor | OpenEI
Open Energy Info (EERE)
atmospheric water vapor atmospheric water vapor Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Monthly Average Solar Resource for 2-axis tracking concentrating collectors for Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Islands. (Purpose): Provide information on the solar resource potential for the data domain. The insolation values represent the average solar energy available to a concentrating collector, such as a dish collector, which tracks the sun continuously. Source NREL Date Released July 31st, 2006 (8 years ago) Date Updated October 30th, 2007 (7 years ago) Keywords atmospheric water vapor Carribean Islands Central America DNI GIS Mexico NREL GEF solar SWERA UNEP Data application/zip icon Download Shapefile (zip, 247.8 KiB) text/csv icon Download Data (csv, 370.6 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review
Development of a Fast Time-Resolved Aerosol Collector (Fast TRAC)
Yu Yu & James Cowin PNNL Fast Time-Resolved Aerosol Collector ......Fast TRAC...... Xiao-Ying Yu, Ali Hashim, Martin Iedema, and James Cowin Atmospheric Sciences, Chemical Sciences Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, WA Research is supported by NOAA & DOE. *Patent Pending Xiao-Ying Yu & James Cowin PNNL Cloud Microstructures ≤ 1 m Want to know the aerosols at this resolution Aircraft flies at 150 m/s Need time resolution 1 m/150 m/s = 6 ms (!!!!!) Xiao-Ying Yu & James Cowin PNNL What is TRAC? - Time-Resolved Aerosol Collector * Uses an impactor * ~ 600 TEM samples * Flow rate: 1 l/min * Time resolution: ≥ 1 min* * Applications: Off-line analysis: - particle hygroscopicity, morphology, composition.. (6.5 in) 3 , 7 lb, 12 V, 8 W 0% 20% 40% 60%
Void/particulate detector
Apparatus for detecting voids and particulates in a flowing stream of fluid contained in a pipe may comprise: (a) a transducer for transmitting an ultrasonic signal into the stream, coupled to the pipe at a first location; (b) a second transducer for detecting the through-transmission of said signal, coupled to the pipe at a second location; (c) a third transducer for detecting the back-scattering of said signal, coupled to the pipe at a third location, said third location being upstream from said first location; (d) circuit means for normalizing the back-scattered signal from said third transducer to the through-transmitted signal from said second transducer; which normalized signal provides a measure of the voids and particulates flowing past said first location.
Claytor, T.N.; Karplus, H.B.
Rigid particulate matter sensor
A sensor to detect particulate matter. The sensor includes a first rigid tube, a second rigid tube, a detection surface electrode, and a bias surface electrode. The second rigid tube is mounted substantially parallel to the first rigid tube. The detection surface electrode is disposed on an outer surface of the first rigid tube. The detection surface electrode is disposed to face the second rigid tube. The bias surface electrode is disposed on an outer surface of the second rigid tube. The bias surface electrode is disposed to face the detection surface electrode on the first rigid tube. An air gap exists between the detection surface electrode and the bias surface electrode to allow particulate matter within an exhaust stream to flow between the detection and bias surface electrodes.
Hall, Matthew (Austin, TX)
Regenerable particulate filter
A method of making a three-dimensional lattice structure, such as a filter used to remove particulates from a gas stream, where the physical lattice structure is designed utilizing software simulation from pre-defined mass transfer and flow characteristics and the designed lattice structure is fabricated using a free-form fabrication manufacturing technique, where the periodic lattice structure is comprised of individual geometric elements.
Stuecker, John N. (Albuquerque, NM); Cesarano, III, Joseph (Albuquerque, NM); Miller, James E. (Albuquerque, NM)
New look at long-term collector performance and utilizability
A simple technique has been developed to calculate monthly collection efficiency or monthly utilizability for solar thermal flat-plate and concentrating generic collectors. It is applicable to collectors operating with a fixed fluid inlet temperature although extensions to other more generalized uses of utilizability are discussed. The heart of the technique consists of empirically determined performance maps that make possible quick evaluations of changes in collector design, geographic location and collector inlet temperature. The collector input variables are those that are commonly measured in most thermal test procedures; geographic input variables are the mean monthly temperature and K/sub T/ (the Liu and Jordan clearness factor). The method, in general, gives good results compared to long term hourly simulation. The technique also allows one to determine under what operating conditions collector performance begins to depend on site-to-site solar radiation/weather variability and what uncertainties can be expected from its use.
Evans, D.L.; Rule, T.T.; Wood, B.D.
Parabolic trough solar collectors : design for increasing efficiency.
??Parabolic trough collectors are a low cost implementation of concentrated solar power technology that focuses incident sunlight onto a tube filled with a heat transfer� (more)
Figueredo, Stacy L. (Stacy Lee), 1981-
An investigation of wind loads on solar collectors. Final report
A wind-tunnel study of a series of model solar-collector installations (flat-plate collectors) immersed in a thick turbulent shear layer was undertaken in order to determine design wind loads on such installations. Wind tunnel measurements were made of the mean and fluctuating pressures on a model of a single flat-plate collector which was a component of different multi-panel installations. The pressures were spatially integrated over the top and bottom surface of the single collector separately.
Tieleman, H.W.; Akins, R.E.; Sparks, P.R.
Biomass Producer or Collector Tax Credit (Oregon) | Open Energy...
or collectors of biomass. The credit can be used for eligible biomass used to produce biofuel; biomass used in facilities such as those producing electricity from anaerobic...
Preheating Collector Bars and Cathode Blocks Prior to Rodding with ...
Electrically heating collector bar/cathode block assemblies uses less than 15% of the energy required for propane gas burner heating. The method is quiet,�...
Unglazed transpired solar collector having a low thermal ...
An unglazed transpired solar collector using solar radiation to heat incoming air for distribution, comprising an unglazed absorber formed of low thermal-conductance ...
Low-cost solar collector test and evaluation. Final report
Project was to test and evaluate a highly efficient low cost solar collector and to make this technology available to the average homeowner. The basic collector design was for use in mass production, so approximately forty collector panels were made for testing and to make it simple to be hand built. The collectors performed better than expected and written and visual material was prepared to make construction easier for a first time builder. Publicity was generated to make public aware of benefits with stories by Associated Press and in publications like Popular Science.
Benjamin, C.M.
Two dimensional compound parabolic concentrating collectors. Final report
Seven different compound parabolic concentrating (CPC) collector designs were tested by the ray trace method. The comparison of the collector was performed by simulating sunlight striking the designs at various angles of the sun during the course of the day. All of the CPC solar collector designs used the same type of reflective material, Kinglux reflective aluminum, which is a highly reflective surface used in solar applications. The CPC solar collector designs were subjected to a light source consisting of one helium-neon laser. The laser, to represent the effect of sunlight on the stationary CPC solar collector, was slowly moved across the aperture opening. This is explained in detail. Mathematic equations were used to develop the different CPC solar collector designs. The different shapes for each collector design, were acquired by varying the size of the absorber tube, and also by varying the acceptance angle of the collector. The seven CPC solar collector designs were tested, and the optimal design was selected for experimental testing.
Henry, J.P.; Gamble, N.T.; Cassidy, S.A.
Tensioning device for a stretched membrane collector
Disclosed is a solar concentrating collector comprising an elestic membrane member for concentrating sunlight, a frame for holding the membrane member in plane and in tension, and a tensioning means for varying the tension of the membrane member. The tensioning means is disposed at the frame and is adapted to releasably attach the membrane member thereto. The tensioning means is also adapted to uniformly and symmetrically subject the membrane member to stretching forces such that membrane stresses produced thereby are distributed uniformly over a thickness of the membrane member and reciprocal twisting moments are substantially prevented from acting about said frame.
Murphy, L.M.
Disclosed is a solar concentrating collector comprising an elastic membrane member for concentrating sunlight, a frame for holding the membrane member in plane and in tension, and a tensioning means for varying the tension of the membrane member. The tensioning means is disposed at the frame and is adapted to releasably attach the membrane member thereto. The tensioning means is also adapted to uniformly and symmetrically subject the membrane member to stretching forces such that membrane stresses produced thereby are distributed uniformly over a thickness of the membrane member and reciprocal twisting moments are substantially prevented from acting about said frame.
Murphy, Lawrence M. (Lakewood, CO)
Self-sealing solar collector shield
Window structure for a solar collector shield or the like having a frame defining a row of separate window openings. A selfcontained window unit is installed in each opening. Each window unit comprises a pair of rectangular glass panes held in laterally spaced parallel relation by a peripheral window frame. A mounting frame is provided for mounting each window unit in its window opening. Each mounting frame has overlapping frame members. Adjacent side frame members of adjacent window units also overlap. The overlap is for the purpose of excluding moisture and preventing heat loss. A peripheral window seal is provided for the same purpose.
Katona, J.W.
An Introduction to Particulate Matter
for Fiscal Year 2014. Title An Introduction to Particulate Matter Publication Type Book Chapter Year of Publication 2009 Authors Prisco, Joe, Rich Hill, Pam Lembke, D. Moore,...
An investigation of wind loads on solar collectors. Appendix I - data listing for top and bottom of collector. Final report
A wind-tunnel study of a series of model solar-collector installations (flat-plate collectors) immersed in a thick turbulent shear layout was undertaken in order to determine design wind loads on such installations. Wind tunnel measurements were made of the mean and fluctuating pressures on a model of a single flat-plate collector which was a component of different multi-panel installations. The pressures were spatially integrated over the top and bottom surface of the single collector separately.
Tieleman, H.W.; Akins, R.E.; Sparks, P.
Combined current collector and electrode separator
This relates to reactive metal cells wherein there is a cathode and a consumable anode. It is necessary to separate the cathode from the anode so that an electrolyte may constantly flow over the face of the anode opposing the cathode. It has been found that this separator may also beneficially function as a current collector. The combined current collector and separator includes a peripheral supporting frame of which a portion may function as a bus-bar. A plurality of bars or ribs extend in parallel relation across the opening defined by the supporting frame and are electrically connected to the bus-bar portion. It is preferred that each bar or rib have a pointed or line edge which will engage and slightly bite into the associated anode to maintain the bar or rib in electrical contact with the anode. This abstract forms no part of the specification of this application and is not to be construed as limiting the claims of the application. 6 figs.
Gerenser, R.J.; Littauer, E.L.
Performance Prediction of Solar Collectors Using Artificial Neural Networks
A new approach based on artificial neural network (ANN) was developed in this study to determine the performance of solar collectors. The experiments were performed under the meteorological conditions of Beijing. Performance parameters obtained from ... Keywords: ANN, solar collector, performance prediction
Hui Xie; Li Liu; Fei Ma; Huifang Fan
Design and Calibration of a High Volume Fogwater Collector
An inertial impactor is described that is designed to actively collect fog droplets from a flowing airstream. This collector samples 60 liters of air per second with a theoretical d50 currently set at 8 ?m. Collector performance was assessed by ...
Gerald Pade; David Covert; Timothy Larson
Application of glass technology to novel solar energy collectors
Various compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) configurations are discussed, and the application of glass technology to CPC designs is discussed. CPC designs with flat absorbers, cylindrical absorbers, evacuated receivers, and evacuated tube receivers are considered. Also a floodlamp collector concept and a fluorescent tube collector concept are discussed. (WHK)
A new parabolic trough solar collector P. Kohlenbach1
) power generation system. The parabolic trough collectors have been installed in the National Solar-selective paint. The absorber operates in a 50mm non-evacuated glass tube to minimize convection losses. Thermal and power generation (CHP), CSIRO has built a solar thermal parabolic trough collector field which
Yearly average performance of the principal solar collector types
The results of hour-by-hour simulations for 26 meteorological stations are used to derive universal correlations for the yearly total energy that can be delivered by the principal solar collector types: flat plate, evacuated tubes, CPC, single- and dual-axis tracking collectors, and central receiver. The correlations are first- and second-order polynomials in yearly average insolation, latitude, and threshold (= heat loss/optical efficiency). With these correlations, the yearly collectible energy can be found by multiplying the coordinates of a single graph by the collector parameters, which reproduces the results of hour-by-hour simulations with an accuracy (rms error) of 2% for flat plates and 2% to 4% for concentrators. This method can be applied to collectors that operate year-around in such a way that no collected energy is discarded, including photovoltaic systems, solar-augmented industrial process heat systems, and solar thermal power systems. The method is also recommended for rating collectors of different type or manufacturer by yearly average performance, evaluating the effects of collector degradation, the benefits of collector cleaning, and the gains from collector improvements (due to enhanced optical efficiency or decreased heat loss per absorber surface). For most of these applications, the method is accurate enough to replace a system simulation.
Rabl, A.
Integrated current collector and catalyst support
An integrated current collecting electrode for a molten carbonate fuel cell includes a corrugated metal conductive strip positioned in contact with a catalyst layer. The corrugations of the metal strip form a plurality of gas channels immediately adjacent the surface of the catalyst through which a reactant gas flows. Each channel is filled with a particulate material to maintain separation between the metal strip and the catalyst in ensuring gas channel integrity. The catalyst may be in the form of a compacted, particulate material provided the particle size of the material within the gas channels is larger than that of the catalyst particles to prevent catalyst migration to the metal conductor and provide reactant gas access to the catalyst layer. The gas channels formed by the corrugations of the metal strip are arranged in an offset pattern along the direction of gas flow for improved reactant gas distribution to the catalyst layer. The particulate material positioned within the gas flow channels may be a ceramic conductor such as a perovskite or a spinel for enhanced current collection.
Bregoli, Lawrence J. (Southwick, MA)
A Linear Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Performance Model
A performance model has been programmed for solar thermal collector based on a linear, tracking parabolic trough reflector focused on a surface-treated metallic pipe receiver enclosed in an evacuated transparent tube: a Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC). This steady state, single dimensional model comprises the fundamental radiative and convective heat transfer and mass and energy balance relations programmed in the Engineering Equation Solver, EES. It considers the effects of solar intensity and incident angle, collector dimensions, material properties, fluid properties, ambient conditions, and operating conditions on the performance of the collector: the PTSC. Typical performance calculations show that when hot-water at 165C flows through a 6m by 2.3m PTSC with 900 w/m^2 solar insulation and 0 incident angle, the estimated collector efficiency is about 55% The model predictions will be confirmed by the operation of PTSCs now being installed at Carnegie Mellon.
Qu, M.; Archer, D.; Masson, S.
Test results, Industrial Solar Technology parabolic trough solar collector
Sandia National Laboratories and Industrial Solar Technology are cost-sharing development of advanced parabolic trough technology. As part of this effort, several configurations of an IST solar collector were tested to determine the collector efficiency and thermal losses with black chrome and black nickel receiver selective coatings, combined with aluminized film and silver film reflectors, using standard Pyrex{reg_sign} and anti-reflective coated Pyrex{reg_sign} glass receiver envelopes. The development effort has been successful, producing an advanced collector with 77% optical efficiency, using silver-film reflectors, a black nickel receiver coating, and a solgel anti-reflective glass receiver envelope. For each receiver configuration, performance equations were empirically derived relating collector efficiency and thermal losses to the operating temperature. Finally, equations were derived showing collector performance as a function of input insolation value, incident angle, and operating temperature.
Dudley, V.E. [EG and G MSI, Albuquerque, NM (United States); Evans, L.R.; Matthews, C.W. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Efficiency of a solar collector with internal boiling
The behavior of a solar collector with a boiling fluid is analyzed to provide a simple algebraic model for future systems simulations, and to provide guidance for testing. The efficiency equation is developed in a form linear in the difference between inlet and saturation (boiling) temperatures, whereas the expression upon which ASHRAE Standard 109P is based utilizes the difference between inlet and ambient temperatures. The coefficient of the revised linear term is a weak function of collector parameters, weather, and subcooling of the working fluid. For a glazed flat-plate collector with metal absorber, the coefficient is effectively constant. Therefore, testing at multiple values of insolation and subcooling, as specified by ASHRAE 109P, should not be necessary for most collectors. The influences of collector properties and operating conditions on efficiency are examined.
The behavior of a solar collector with a boiling fluid is analyzed to provide a simple algebraic model for future systems simulations, and to provide guidance for testing. The efficiency equation is developed in a form linear in the difference between inlet and saturation (boiling) temperatures, whereas the expression upon which ASHRAE Standard 109P is based utilizes the difference between inlet and ambient temperatures. The coefficient of the revised linear term is a week function of collector parameters, weather, and subcooling of the working fluid. For a glazed flat-plate collector with metal absorber, the coefficient is effectively constant. Therefore, testing at multiple values of insolation and subcooling, as specified by ASHRAE 109P, should not be necessary for most collectors. The influences of collector properties and operating conditions on efficiency are examined.
An Optical Characterization Technique for Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors Using Images of the Absorber Reection.
?? As the concentrating solar power industry competes to develop a less-expensive parabolic trough collector, assurance is needed that new parabolic trough collectors maintain accurate� (more)
Owkes, Jeanmarie Kathleen
Thermal and Electrical Performance Evaluation of PV/T Collectors in UAE.
?? Photovoltaic Thermal/Hybrid collectors are an emerging technology that combines PV and solar thermal collectors by producing heat and electricity simultaneously. In this paper, thermal� (more)
Kaya, Mustafa
Table 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and ...
1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 � F. 6 No data are available for 1985. 2 Medium ...
Contribution of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate matter absorption
Contribution of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate matter absorption Contribution of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate matter absorption of solar radiation Title Contribution of organic carbon to wood smoke particulate matter absorption of solar radiation Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2012 Authors Kirchstetter, Thomas W., and Tracy L. Thatcher Journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Volume 12 Pagination 6067-6072 Abstract A spectroscopic analysis of 115 wintertime partic- ulate matter samples collected in rural California shows that wood smoke absorbs solar radiation with a strong spectral se- lectivity. This is consistent with prior work that has demon- strated that organic carbon (OC), in addition to black car- bon (BC), appreciably absorbs solar radiation in the visible and ultraviolet spectral regions. We apportion light absorp-
Glass heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector
A glass heat pipe is adapted for use as a solar energy absorber in an evacuated tube solar collector and for transferring the absorbed solar energy to a working fluid medium or heat sink for storage or practical use. A capillary wick is formed of granular glass particles fused together by heat on the inside surface of the heat pipe with a water glass binder solution to enhance capillary drive distribution of the thermal transfer fluid in the heat pipe throughout the entire inside surface of the evaporator portion of the heat pipe. Selective coatings are used on the heat pipe surface to maximize solar absorption and minimize energy radiation, and the glass wick can alternatively be fabricated with granular particles of black glass or obsidian.
McConnell, Robert D. (Lakewood, CO); Vansant, James H. (Tracy, CA)
Alignment method for solar collector arrays
The present invention is directed to an improved method for establishing camera fixture location for aligning mirrors on a solar collector array (SCA) comprising multiple mirror modules. The method aligns the mirrors on a module by comparing the location of the receiver image in photographs with the predicted theoretical receiver image location. To accurately align an entire SCA, a common reference is used for all of the individual module images within the SCA. The improved method can use relative pixel location information in digital photographs along with alignment fixture inclinometer data to calculate relative locations of the fixture between modules. The absolute locations are determined by minimizing alignment asymmetry for the SCA. The method inherently aligns all of the mirrors in an SCA to the receiver, even with receiver position and module-to-module alignment errors.
Driver, Jr., Richard B
SunShot Initiative: Collectors R&D for CSP Systems
Collectors R&D for CSP Systems to Collectors R&D for CSP Systems to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: Collectors R&D for CSP Systems on Facebook Tweet about SunShot Initiative: Collectors R&D for CSP Systems on Twitter Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Collectors R&D for CSP Systems on Google Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Collectors R&D for CSP Systems on Delicious Rank SunShot Initiative: Collectors R&D for CSP Systems on Digg Find More places to share SunShot Initiative: Collectors R&D for CSP Systems on AddThis.com... Concentrating Solar Power Systems Components Collectors Receivers Power Block Thermal Storage Systems Analysis Competitive Awards Staff Photovoltaics Systems Integration Balance of Systems Collectors R&D for CSP Systems Collectors-whether for trough, tower (heliostat), linear Fresnel or dish
NETL: News Release - Projects Selected to Study Coal Plant Particulate
5, 2004 5, 2004 Projects Selected to Study Coal Plant Particulate Matter, Human Health PITTSBURGH, PA - The Department of Energy has selected three projects to help determine whether fine particulates emitted from coal-fired power plants affect human health, and which components of the particulates may be most problematic. Past studies have established that particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter from all sources does affect human health, but there is scant information to provide a link between PM2.5 emitted specifically from coal plants and cardiac or respiratory health problems in humans. PM2.5 refers to particles-invisible to the eye-no more than 1/30th of the width of a human hair Coal plants emit only small quantities of "primary" PM2.5 (e.g., fly ash) because all plants have high-efficiency particulate-collection devices. However, coal plants are responsible for a great deal of "secondary" PM2.5, which forms in the atmosphere from emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Data collected in the new studies will be used to help design standards reviews and to devise strategies for controlling power plant emissions of PM2.5, SO2, and NOx.
Electron beam collector for a microwave power tube
This invention relates to a cylindrical, electron beam collector that efficiently couples the microwave energy out of a high power microwave source while stopping the attendant electron beam. The interior end walls of the collector are a pair of facing parabolic mirrors and the microwave energy from an input horn is radiated between the two mirrors and reassembled at the entrance to the output waveguide where the transmitted mode is reconstructed. The mode transmission through the collector of the present invention has an efficiency of at least 94%.
Dandl, Raphael A. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Conductivity fuel cell collector plate and method of fabrication
An improved method of manufacturing a PEM fuel cell collector plate is disclosed. During molding a highly conductive polymer composite is formed having a relatively high polymer concentration along its external surfaces. After molding the polymer rich layer is removed from the land areas by machining, grinding or similar process. This layer removal results in increased overall conductivity of the molded collector plate. The polymer rich surface remains in the collector plate channels, providing increased mechanical strength and other benefits to the channels. The improved method also permits greater mold cavity thickness providing a number of advantages during the molding process.
Braun, James C. (Juno Beach, FL)
Just the Basics: Particulate Matter
is Particulate is Particulate Matter? One of the major components of air pollution is particulate matter, or PM. PM refers to airborne particles that include dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. These particles can range in size from microscopic to large enough to be seen. PM is characterized by its size, with fine particles of less than 2.5 micrometers in size designated as PM 2.5 and coarser particles between 2.5 and 10 micrometers in size designated as PM 10 . PM arises from many sources, including combustion occurring in factories, power plants, cars, trucks, buses, trains, or wood fires; or through simple agitation of existing particulates by tilling of land, quarrying and stone-crushing, and off- road vehicular movement. Of particular interest is PM generated during diesel
High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters
High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters Home Standards DOE Workshops Nuclear Air Cleaning Conference Proceedings Qualified Filter List News Items Related Sites HEPA Related Lessons Learned Contact Us HSS Logo High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters The HEPA Filter web site provides a forum for informing and reporting department-wide activities related to filtration and ventilation issues with special reference to the High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters' use, inspection, and testing. This site contains essentials of DOE HEPA filter test program, procedures, requirements and quality assurance aspects applicable to HEPA filters used in DOE facilities. This site contains information about the DOE-accepted Filter Test Facility and its management, operation and quality assuranceprogram.
Flue Gas Conditioning to Reduce Particulate Emissions in Industrial Coal-Fired Boilers
Chemical technology has been used successfully to solve many of the operational and emissions problems that result from burning coal. This paper describes the use of blended chemical flue gas conditioners to significantly reduce particulate emissions in coal-fired industrial boilers. In many cases, these chemical conditioning agents have increased the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators and mechanical collectors by more than fifty percent. The effectiveness of this technology has been demonstrated on units generating 50,000 to 200,000 lbs./hr. steam. Results achieved at various industrial plants under actual operating conditions are presented.
Miller, B.; Keon, E.
Performance and testing of a stationary concentrating collector. [Compound parabolic concentrators coupled to tubular evacuated receivers
The development of nonimaging solar collectors for heating and cooling applications is reported. A totally stationary concentrating collector has been designed, built, and tested. The collectors employ compound parabolic concentrators coupled to tubular evacuated receivers. Performance of the collector is substantially better than flat plate collectors, and the collectors are suitable for powering mechanically driven air conditioning systems as well as conventional absorption cycle machines. This collector concept was awarded an IR-100 award by Industrial Research Magazine as one of the 100 most significant new developments in 1977.
Cole, R L; Allen, J W; Levitz, N M; McIntire, W R; Schertz, W W
Electrical diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration
An exhaust system that processes exhaust generated by an engine includes a diesel particulate filter (DPF) that is disposed downstream of the engine and that filters particulates from the exhaust. An electrical heater is disposed upstream of the DPF and selectively heats the exhaust to initiate combustion of the particulates within the exhaust as it passes therethrough. Heat generated by combustion of the particulates induces combustion of particulates within the DPF.
Gonze, Eugene V; Ament, Frank
Parabolic trough solar collectors : design for increasing efficiency
Parabolic trough collectors are a low cost implementation of concentrated solar power technology that focuses incident sunlight onto a tube filled with a heat transfer fluid. The efficiency and cost of the parabolic trough ...
Self-Cleaning CSP Collectors, Concentrating Solar Power (Fact Sheet)
Boston University is one of the 2012 SunShot CSP R&D awardees for their advanced collectors. This fact sheet explains the motivation, description, and impact of the project.
Inconel Inert Anode Current Collector for Solid Oxide Membrane
Abstract Scope, An innovative inert anode current collector is successfully developed and ... During electrolysis at 1423 K, magnesium cations in the flux are reduced at a ... Inclusions from Molten Steel Using a High Frequency Magnetic Field.
Development of high efficiency collector plates. Final report
Composite metal technology was used to manufacture intermetallic compound (IC) absorption surfaces and to combine them integrally with composite metal tube-in-sheet collector plates. Five material systems in which Al was one component metal and Fe, Cr, or Ni and their alloy was the other pair, were evaluated. All intermetallic compounds had high solar absorptance ..cap alpha.. approx. = 0.9. The AlNi was most promising and ..cap alpha.. > or = 0.95 and epsilon approx. = 0.3 were obtained over a broad range of compounding conditions. After eight months exposure in a flat plate collector enclosure the characteristic properties of AlNi surfaces remained virtually unchanged. Only LCS/Cu composite metal tube-in-sheet collector plates could be manufactured successfully. The technical difficulties associated with integrating the intermetallic compound and tube-in-sheet technologies make the manufacturing of composite metal collector plates at the time being economically unfeasible.
Santala, T.; Sabol, R.
Low cost bare-plate solar air collector
The purpose of this project was to develop a low cost, bare-plate collector, determine its performance for a variety of climatic conditions, analyze the economics of this type of solar collector and evaluate specific applications. Two prototype collectors were designed, fabricated and installed into an instrumented test system. Tests were conducted for a period of five months. Results of the tests showed consistent operating efficiencies of 60% or greater with air preheat temperature uses up to 20/sup 0/F for one of the prototypes. The economic analyses indicated that an installed cost of between $5 and $10 per square foot would make this type of solar system economically viable. For the materials of construction and the type of fabrication and installation perceived, these costs for the bare-plate solar collector are believed to be attainable. Specific applications for preheating ventilation air for schools were evaluated and judged to be economically viable.
Maag, W.L.; Wenzler, C.J.; Rom, F.E.; VanArsdale, D.R.
Means of increasing efficiency of CPC solar energy collector
A device is provided for improving the thermal efficiency of a cylindrical radiant energy collector. A channel is placed next to and in close proximity to the nonreflective side of an energy reflective wall of a cylindrical collector. A coolant is piped through the channel and removes a portion of the nonreflective energy incident on the wall which is absorbed by the wall. The energy transferred to the coolant may be utilized in a useful manner.
Chao, B.T.; Rabl, A.
Proceedings of the solar thermal concentrating collector technology symposium
The purpose of the symposium was to review the current status of the concentrating collector technology, to disseminate the information gained from experience in operating solar systems, and to highlight the significant areas of technology development that must be vigorously pursued to foster early commercialization of concentrating solar collectors. Separate abstracts were prepared for thirteen invited papers and working group summaries. Two papers were previously abstracted for EDB.
Gupta, B.P.; Kreith, F. (eds.) [eds.
Chao, Bei Tse (Urbana, IL); Rabl, Ari (Downers Grove, IL)
Transparent composite laminar structure, solar collector and method
An improved transparent laminar structure useful as a window in a solar collector having an absorber characterized with a low absorption/emission ratio is described. The structure includes a glass substrate, a particularly defined infrared-reflecting (Irr) layer provided on a major surface of the substrate, and a solar reflection-reducing layer of polymethacrylate composition provided on the irr layer. Also described are an improved solar collector and method for collecting solar radiation, wherein the laminar structure is employed.
Silverstein, S.D.
Transpired Collectors (Solar Preheaters for Outdoor Ventilation Air)--023385m FTA collectors
Federal Technology Alert describes transpired collectors or solar preheaters for outdoor ventilation air. The President's Million Solar Roofs Initiative aims to install 1 million solar energy systems on residential, commercial, and public-sector buildings by 2010. In support of the Initiative, and as part of a continual effort to ensure U.S. buildings are energy efficient and environmentally sustainable, the U.S. Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) will help install those solar systems targeted for the federal sector.
Dual curvature acoustically damped concentrating collector. Final technical report
A development program was conducted to investigate the design and performance parameters of a novel, dual curvature, concentrating solar collector. The reflector of the solar collector is achieved with a stretched-film reflective surface that approximates a hyperbolic paraboloid and is capable of line-focusing at concentration ratios ranging from 10 to 20X. A prototype collector was designed based on analytical and experimental component trade-off activities as well as economic analyses of solar thermal heating and cooling systems incorporating this type of collector. A prototype collector incorporating six 0.66 x 1.22 m (2 x 4 ft) was fabricated and subjected to a limited thermal efficiency test program. A peak efficiency of 36% at 121/sup 0/C (250/sup 0/F) was achieved based upon the gross aperture area. Commercialization activities were conducted, including estimated production costs of $134.44/m/sup 2/ ($12.49/ft/sup 2/) for the collector assembly (including a local suntracker and controls) and $24.33/m/sup 2/ ($2.26/ft/sup 2/) for the reflector subassembly.
Smith, G.A.; Rausch, R.A.
Performance testing of the Acurex solar-collector Model 3001-03
Results are summarized of tests conducted at the Collector Module Test Facility on an Acurex Model 3001-03 Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Collector. Test temperaure range was 100/sup 0/C to 300/sup 0/C. Tests were conducted with the collector axis oriented east-west and again with the collector axis oriented north-south. Three collectors were tested: one using polished aluminum mirrors, one using glass mirrors, and another using an aluminized acrylic film mirror.
Dudley, V.E.; Workhoven, R.M.
Hydrocarbon-enhanced particulate filter regeneration via microwave ignition
A regeneration method for a particulate filter includes estimating a quantity of particulate matter trapped within the particulate filter, comparing the quantity of particulate matter to a predetermined quantity, heating at least a portion of the particulate filter to a combustion temperature of the particulate matter, and introducing hydrocarbon fuel to the particulate filter. The hydrocarbon fuel facilitates combustion of the particulate matter to regenerate the particulate filter.
Gonze, Eugene V. (Pinckney, MI); Brown, David B. (Brighton, MI)
The aging of organic aerosol in the atmosphere : chemical transformations by heterogeneous oxidation
The immense chemical complexity of atmospheric organic particulate matter ("aerosol") has left the general field of condensed-phase atmospheric organic chemistry relatively under-developed when compared with either gas-phase ...
Kessler, Sean Herbert
A Neo-Rumsfeldian Framework for the Thermodynamics of Organic Particulate
A Neo-Rumsfeldian Framework for the Thermodynamics of Organic Particulate A Neo-Rumsfeldian Framework for the Thermodynamics of Organic Particulate Matter Formation in the Atmosphere: Successes and Challenges Speaker(s): James F. Pankow Date: March 6, 2008 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 James F. Pankow. The thermodynamic principles according to which organic particulate matter (OPM) forms in the atmosphere have become well identified because of research progress made since about the mid 1990s. These are, ahem, known knowns. However, many unknowns exist regarding the concentrations and chemical characteristics of the biogenic and anthropogenic compounds present in the atmosphere that are important in OPM formation. In this context, since we know what we need to know more about, these are, well, known unknowns. Other known important unknowns are
Construction and testing of large-area CPC-collector and comparison with a flat plate collector
A 13.6 m{sup 2} east-west aligned CPC-collector(compound parabolic concentrator) with flat absorbers, proposed for use in large-area applications, has been built and tested and compared with a flat plate collector. The performance of the CPC at a working temperature of 50{degree}C over ambient can be described by F`{eta}{sub 0} = 0.75 and F`U{sub L} = 2.5 W m{sup -2} K{sup -1} while the flat plate collector is described by F`{eta}{sub 0} = 0.80, and F`U{sub L} = 3.3 W m{sup -2} K{sup -1}. The large difference in heat loss coefficient is to a large degree explained by absorption of solar radiation in the reflectors in the CPC-collector. The incidence angle dependence of the optical performance of the two collectors showed a similar appearance. Both collector constructions are based on the LGB (long ground based) technology, which allows them to be built in large modules up to 170 m{sup 2}. 12 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
Roennelid, M. [Dalarna Univ., Borlaenge (Sweden)] [Dalarna Univ., Borlaenge (Sweden); Perers, B.; Karlsson, B. [Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Aelvkarleby (Sweden)] [Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Aelvkarleby (Sweden)
Solar collector related research and development in the United States for heating and cooling of buildings
Some of the research funded by the Research and Development Branch of the Heating and Cooling Division of Solar Energy of the United States Energy Research and Development Administration is described. Specifically, collector and collector materials research is reported on during FY-1977. The R and D Branch has funded research in open and closed cycle liquid heating flat plate collectors, air heating flat plate collectors, heat pipe collectors, concentrating collectors, collector heat transfer studies, honeycomb glazings, evacuated tube collectors, ponds both salt gradient and viscosity stabilized, materials exposure testing, collector testing standards, absorber surface coatings, and corrosion studies. A short description of the nature of the research is provided as well as a presentation of the significant results.
Collier, R.K.
Research and Development of a Low Cost Solar Collector
This is a Final Technical Report on the Research and Development completed towards the development of a Low Cost Solar Collector conducted under the DOE cost-sharing award EE-0003591. The objective of this project was to develop a new class of solar concentrators with geometries and manufacturability that could significantly reduce the fully installed cost of the solar collector field for concentrated solar thermal power plants. The goal of the project was to achieve an aggressive cost target of $170/m2, a reduction of up to 50% in the total installed cost of a solar collector field as measured against the current industry benchmark of a conventional parabolic trough. The project plan, and the detailed activities conducted under the scope of the DOE Award project addressed all major drivers that affect solar collector costs. In addition to costs, the study also focused on evaluating technical performance of new collector architectures and compared them to the performance of the industry benchmark parabolic trough. The most notable accomplishment of this DOE award was the delivery of a full-scale integrated design, manufacturing and field installation solution for a new class of solar collector architecture which has been classified as the Bi-Planar Fresnel Collector (BPFC) and may be considered as a viable alternative to the conventional parabolic trough, as well as the conventional Fresnel collectors. This was in part accomplished through the design and development, all the way through fabrication and test validation of a new class of Linear Planar Fresnel Collector architecture. This architecture offers a number of key differentiating features which include a planar light-weight frame geometry with small mass-manufacturable elements utilizing flat mirror sections. The designs shows significant promise in reducing the material costs, fabrication costs, shipping costs, and on-site field installation costs compared to the benchmark parabolic trough, as well as the conventional Fresnel collector. The noteworthy design features of the BPFC architecture include the use of relatively cheaper flat mirrors and a design which allows the mirror support beam sections to act as load-bearing structural elements resulting in more than a 36% reduction in the overall structural weight compared to an optimized parabolic trough. Also, it was shown that the utilization of small mass-produced elements significantly lowers mass-production and logistics costs that can more quickly deliver economies of scale, even for smaller installations while also reducing shipping and installation costs. Moreover, unlike the traditional Fresnel trough the BPFC architecture does not require complex articulating drive mechanisms but instead utilizes a standard parabolic trough hydraulic drive mechanism. In addition to the development of the Bi-Planar Fresnel Collector, an optimized conventional space-frame type parabolic trough was also designed, built, analyzed and field-tested during the first phase of this award. The design of the conventional space-frame parabolic collector was refined with extensive FEA and CFD analysis to reduce material costs and re-designed for simpler fabrication and more accurate lower-cost field assembly. This optimized parabolic trough represented an improvement over the state-of-the art of the traditional parabolic trough architecture and also served as a more rigorous and less subjective benchmark that was used for comparison of new candidate design architectures. The results of the expanded 1st phase of the DOE award project showed that both the Optimized Parabolic Trough and the new Bi-Planar Fresnel Collector design concepts failed to meet the primary objectives for the project of achieving a 50% cost reduction from the industry reference total installed cost of $350/m2. Results showed that the BPFC came in at projected total installed cost of $237/m2 representing a 32% savings compared to the industry benchmark conventional parabolic trough. And the cost reduction obtained by the Optimized Parabolic Trough compared to the
Ansari, Asif; Philip, Lee; Thouppuarachchi, Chirath
Selective flotation of phosphate minerals with hydroxamate collectors
A method is disclosed for separating phosphate minerals from a mineral mixture, particularly from high-dolomite containing phosphate ores. The method involves conditioning the mineral mixture by contacting in an aqueous in environment with a collector in an amount sufficient for promoting flotation of phosphate minerals. The collector is a hydroxamate compound of the formula; ##STR1## wherein R is generally hydrophobic and chosen such that the collector has solubility or dispersion properties it can be distributed in the mineral mixture, typically an alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms. M is a cation, typically hydrogen, an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. Preferably, the collector also comprises an alcohol of the formula, R'--OH wherein R' is generally hydrophobic and chosen such that the collector has solubility or dispersion properties so that it can be distributed in the mineral mixture, typically an alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms.
Miller, Jan D. (Salt Lake City, UT); Wang, Xuming (Salt Lake City, UT); Li, Minhua (Salt Lake City, UT)
Process for particulate removal from coal liquids
Suspended solid particulates are removed from liquefied coal products by first subjecting such products to hydroclone action for removal in the underflow of the larger size particulates, and then subjecting the overflow from said hydroclone action, comprising the residual finer particulates, to an electrostatic field in an electrofilter wherein such finer particulates are deposited in the bed of beads of dielectric material on said filter. The beads are periodically cleaned by backwashing to remove the accumulated solids.
Rappe, Gerald C. (Macungie, PA)
Particulate control for coal-fueled diesel engine exhaust
The Core Separator is a cylindrical vessel having one tangential inlet and two outlets at the opposite end of the vessel. It contains an outlet for the clean flow and a second outlet for the recirculating flow. The solids-laden flue gas is introduced through a fan to the inlet of the Core Separator. Due to the swirling motion of the flow, solids move to the periphery as the central jet leaving the system through the central outlet is cleaned of particulates. The peripheral flow with most of the particles is exhausted to the cyclone and then recirculates back to the Core Separator by means of the fan. The processes of separation and solids collection are accomplished separately and in different components. The Core Separator cleans the flow discharged from the system and detains solids within the system If the Core Separator efficiency is high enough, particles cannot leave the system. They recirculate again and again until the cyclone finally collects them for removal. An analytical formula can be derived that defines the system performance. E = E{sub c}E{sub s}/1{minus}E{sub s}(1{minus}E{sub c}), where E, E{sub c}, and E{sub s} are the system, collector, and Core Separator partial separation efficiencies respectively. Examination of this equation shows that the system efficiency remains high even with poor performance in the collector, as long as the efficiency of the Core Separator is high. For example, if E{sub s} is 99% and E{sub c} is 30%, the system efficiency is 96.7%.
Smolensky, L.A.; Easom, B.H.
Absorber Alignment Measurement Tool for Solar Parabolic Trough Collectors: Preprint
As we pursue efforts to lower the capital and installation costs of parabolic trough solar collectors, it is essential to maintain high optical performance. While there are many optical tools available to measure the reflector slope errors of parabolic trough solar collectors, there are few tools to measure the absorber alignment. A new method is presented here to measure the absorber alignment in two dimensions to within 0.5 cm. The absorber alignment is measured using a digital camera and four photogrammetric targets. Physical contact with the receiver absorber or glass is not necessary. The alignment of the absorber is measured along its full length so that sagging of the absorber can be quantified with this technique. The resulting absorber alignment measurement provides critical information required to accurately determine the intercept factor of a collector.
Stynes, J. K.; Ihas, B.
Thermal performance evaluation of the Calmac (liquid) solar collector
The procedures used and the results obtained during the evaluation test program on the Calmac Manufacturing Company, S.N.1, (Liquid) Solar Collector are presented. The flat-plate collector uses water as the working fluid. The absorber plate is aluminum with plastic tubes coated with Urethane black. The glazing consists of a single .040'' Fiberglas reinforced polyester (Kalwall). The collector weight is 78.5 pounds with overall external dimensions of approximately 50.3'' x 98.3'' x 3.8''. The test program was conducted to obtain the following information: Thermal performance data under simulated conditions, structural behavior under static loading and the effects of long-term exposure to natural weathering. These tests were conducted using the MSFC Solar Simulator.
Usher, H.
Modeling of Particulate Matter Emissions from Agricultural Operations
State Air Pollution Regulation Agencies (SAPRAs) issue and enforce permits that limit particulate matter emissions from all sources including layer and broiler facilities, cattle feedyards, dairies, cotton gins, and grain elevators. In this research, a process was developed to determine distances from emitting sources to where the estimated concentrations were less than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). These distances are a function of emission rates and meteorological conditions. Different protocols were used to develop emission factors for cattle feedyards and layer houses. Dispersion modeling with American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) was conducted to determine the emissions of particulate matter. These data were used to determine the distances from the sources to where the concentrations of particulate matter (PM) would be less than the NAAQS. The current air-permitting process requires that concentrations from a source do not exceed the NAAQS at the property line and beyond for the facility to be in compliance with its permit conditions. Emission factors for particulate matter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) were developed for cattle feedyards using a reverse modeling protocol and Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) sampler data. Corrections were applied to the TEOM measurements to account for TEOM vs. filter-based low-volume (FBLV) sampler bias and over-sampling of PM10 pre-collectors. Invalid concentrations and dust peaks larger than mean � 3 times the standard deviation were excluded from this study. AERMOD predictions of downwind concentrations at cotton gins were observed for compliance with 24-hour PM10 and PM2.5 NAAQS at property lines. The emissions from three cotton gins were analyzed at 50 m and 100 m distances. TEOM and FBLV samplers were used to collect 24-hour PM10 measurements inside a laying hen house. The distances to the property lines at which the emissions of PM10 were below the 24-hour average PM10 standards were estimated using AERMOD. The results suggested that the special use of the NAAQS for as the property-line concentration not to be exceeded, could be problematic to agriculture. Emission factors that were comparable of published emission factors were obtained in this study. Large distances to property lines were required when minimum flow rate recommendations were not considered. Emission factors that are representative of the emissions in a particular facility are essential; else facilities could be inappropriately regulated.
Bairy, Jnana 1988-
On second-law efficiency of solar collectors
Traditionally, the performance of solar collectors has been examined from the standpoint of energy-balance approach (Hahne, 1985; Francy et al., 1985; Lund, 1985; Satyamurty, 1985; Proctor, 1984a; Proctor; 1984b; Proctor, 1984c). It is important to note that this approach gives a very poor indication of how well a particular energy resource is being utilized by a given system to accomplish a specific objective. For example, it is difficult to examine the performance of solar thermal collectors versus solar-photovoltaic panels, strictly based on the first law of thermodynamics. A photovoltaic panel having ten percent first-law efficiency may be better than a solar collector converting 50 percent of useful energy by raising the water temperature from 30 to 50 C. Thus, it has been necessary to resort to the second law of thermodynamics for evaluation of solar systems, particularly collection devices. The second-law efficiency addresses the quality of energy. The quality of energy may be defined as its available portion; that portion which may be used for producing shaft work. It is important to note that the energy be conserved, but the manner in which energy is used must be examined. To use high quality energy for low-quality energy tasks is wasteful. This type of indication can only be examined from the second-law point of view. In this paper, measurements obtained from an experimental solar collector test facility are presented. Analysis of the performance of two flat-plate thermal solar collectors and one photovoltaic panel are analyzed based on both the first and second law of thermodynamics. The measurements presented, indicate very low second-law efficiency (maximum of 17 percent for photovoltaic panel and 11 percent for solar thermal flat-plate collectors), but are merely used as a vehicle for discussion.
Said, S.A.M.; Zubair, S.M. (King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran (Saudi Arabia))
Parabolic trough collector systems for thermal enhanced oil recovery
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques offer a means of increasing US oil production by recovering oil otherwise unavailable when using primary or secondary production methods. The use of parabolic trough collector solar energy systems can expand the production of oil recovered by the most prevalent of these techniques, thermal EOR, by improving the economics and lessening the environmental impacts. These collector systems, their state of development, their application to EOR, and their capacity for expanding oil production are reviewed. An economic analysis which shows that these systems will meet investment hurdle rates today is also presented.
Niemeyer, W.A.; Youngblood, S.B.; Price, A.L.
Regeneration characteristics of adsorbent in the integrated desiccant/collector
This study presents a solar desiccant system using an adsorbent in an integrated desiccant/solar collector that uses direct solar energy as a heat source for efficient regeneration of the adsorbent. The objective of this study is to investigate an integrated desiccant/collector in which the adsorbent absorbs solar radiation fully and is heated for regeneration. Another objective is to obtain the regeneration characteristics in the equipment proposed by both experiments and simulations. Throughout this study, silica gel is used as the adsorbent.
Saito, Y. (Osaka Inst. of Technology (Japan). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering)
SunShot Initiative: Next-Generation Solar Collectors for CSP
Next-Generation Solar Collectors Next-Generation Solar Collectors for CSP to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: Next-Generation Solar Collectors for CSP on Facebook Tweet about SunShot Initiative: Next-Generation Solar Collectors for CSP on Twitter Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Next-Generation Solar Collectors for CSP on Google Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Next-Generation Solar Collectors for CSP on Delicious Rank SunShot Initiative: Next-Generation Solar Collectors for CSP on Digg Find More places to share SunShot Initiative: Next-Generation Solar Collectors for CSP on AddThis.com... Concentrating Solar Power Systems Components Competitive Awards CSP Research & Development Thermal Storage CSP Recovery Act Baseload CSP SunShot Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative CSP Heat Integration for Baseload Renewable Energy Deployment
Cost goals for a residential photovoltaicthermal liquid collector system set in three northern locations
This study compares the allowable costs for a residential PV/T liquid collector system with those of both PV-only and side-by-side PV and thermal collector systems. Four types of conventional energy systems provide backup: ...
Dinwoodie, Thomas L.
Design data brochure for the Owens-Illinois Sunpak Air-Cooled Solar Collector
This report contains the information necessary to evaluate the design and installation of the Owens-Illinois Sunpak Air-Cooled Solar Collector. Information includes collector features, fluid flow, thermal performance, installation and system tips.
Atmospheric Aerosols
measuring equipment Atmospheric Aerosols Atmospheric aerosol research at Berkeley Lab seeks to understand the air quality and climate impacts of particles in the atmosphere. On...
Flat-plate solar collector handbook: a survey of principles, technical data and evaluation results
This report begins with a discussion of flat plate solar collector principles. Evaluation data are presented for thirteen manufacturers of medium temperature collectors that have met the criteria: (a) intention by the manufacturer that the equipment be used only for heating and cooling buildings and for domestic hot water heating and (b) evaluation of the collector by NASA using a solar simulator as a basis for collector selection and performance prediction. (WDM)
Newkirk, H. W.
An investigation of wind loads on solar collectors. Appendix II - net pressure coefficients. Final report
A wind-tunnel study of a series of model solar-collector installations (flat-plate collectors) immersed in a thick turbulent shear layer was undertaken in order to determine design wind loads on such installations. Wind tunnel measurements were made of the mean and fluctuating pressures on a model of a single flat-plate collector which was a component of different multi-panel installations. The pressures were spatially integrated over the top and bottom of the single collector separately.
Transpired Solar Collectors: Office of Power Technologies (OPT) Success Stories Series Fact Sheet
Transpired solar collectors are a reliable, low-cost way to preheat ventilation air in commercial buildings.
Solar energy collector for mounting over windows of buildings for space heating thereof
The ornamental design for a solar energy collector for mounting over windows of buildings for space heating thereof, as shown.
Arrington, P.M.
NREL Develops New Optical Evaluation Approach for Parabolic Trough Collectors (Fact Sheet)
New analytical method makes it possible to carry out fast evaluation of trough collectors for design purposes.
Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center Concentrating Collectors
. Parabolic trough collector: A high-temperature (above 360K) solar thermal concentrator with the capacity) Tubular absorbers with specular cusp reflector; c) Plane receiver with plane reflector; d) parabolic for tracking the sun using one axis of rotation. It uses a trough covered with a highly reflective surface
Krothapalli, Anjaneyulu
reflector; c) Plane receiver with plane reflector; d) parabolic concentrator; e) Fresnel reflector f) Array that are faced at different angles so that light falling on any ring is focused to the same point. Parabolic trough collector: A high-temperature (above 360K) solar thermal concentrator with the capacity
Certification and verification for calmac flat plate solar collector
This document contains information used in the certification and verification of the Calmac Flat Plate Collector. Contained are such items as test procedures and results, information on materials used, Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Manuals, and other information pertaining to the verification and certification.
Solar-collector manufacturing activity, July through December, 1981
Solar thermal collector and solar cell manufacturing activity is both summarized and tabulated. Data are compared for three survey periods (July through December, 1981; January through June, 1981; and July through December, 1980). Annual totals are also provided for the years 1979 through 1981. Data include total producer shipments, end use, market sector, imports and exports. (LEW)
Extra focal convective suppressing solar collector. Final technical progress report
This progress report describes work done on the Extra Focal Convective Suppressing Solar Collector. The topics of the report include sensor refinement for the tracking electronics, tracking controller refinement, system optics evaluation, absorber system material evaluation and performance, tracking hardware evaluation and refinement, and full scale prototype construction and testing.
Effect of circumsolar radiation on performance of focusing collectors
Circumsolar radiation is one of several factors, along with optical errors (contour, tracking, etc.), that determine the size and shape of the solar image at the receiver of a concentrating collector. The sensitivity of a collector to circumsolar radiation depends on insolation conditions and on collector parameters; it increases with geometrical concentration ratio and decreases with operating threshold. The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) circumsolar data are used to develop fast computational procedures for calculating the effect of circumsolar radiation on both the instantaneous and the long-term average performance of focusing collectors. For predictions of long-term average performance, a standard synthetic circumsolar scan has been developed that describes the brightness distribution of the solar disk (limb darkening) and of the circumsolar region. The radiation intercepted by a receiver is calculated separately for the solar portion and for the circumsolar portion of this standard sun shape, and these two contributions are then weighted according to the long-term average circumsolar ratio for the location and period under study.
Bendt, P.; Rabl, A.
Development and fabrication of solar-collector SMC reflector assemblies
This project produced a parabolic trough solar collector array consisting of four each 2 x 6 m reflector modules. Each module required a structural torque tube on which were mounted six 1 x 2 m molded sheet molding compound (SMC)/glass panels. The project reported here established the fabrication, assembly, and inspection procedures for production of SMC reflector panels and assemblies.
Kirsch, P.A.
Hybrid photovoltaic thermal collector (PVT) for the production of hot water and electricity
The main concept of developing the hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) is to increase the efficiency of the solar and thermal collector. It is known that the efficiency of the Photovoltaic solar collector is decreases when the ambient temperature increased ... Keywords: absorber collectors, hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT), thermal and electrical efficiency
Adnan Ibrahim; K. Sopian; M. Y. Othman; M. H. Ruslan; M. A. Alghoul; M. Yahya; Azami Zaharim
Design and installation package for the Sunmat Flat Plate Solar Collector
The information used in evaluating the design of the Sunmat Liquid Flat Plat Plate Solar Collector developed by Calmac Manufacturing Company is presented. Included in this package are the Subsystem Performance Specification, Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manuals, collector sizing guides, and detailed drawings of the single-glazed collector.
Experiments on solar absorption using a greenhouse-effect gas in a thermal solar collector
This paper investigates an augmentation to the thermal solar absorption of solar collectors by introducing a greenhouse gas between the glazing and the absorber part of the solar collector. Experiments are designed and conducted to compare the effect of adding the gas on the efficiency of the collector without that addition. The maximum temperature rise of the absorber
Abdul Hai M. B. Alami
The cylindrical parabolic mirror as reflector for solar collectors. Efficiencies and optimization
After introducing the concentration ratio and intercept factor of focusing collectors with parabolic cylinder mirrors, the energy balance equations were derived to determine the efficiencies under steady state conditions. The components of the collector were varied and optimized with respect to maximum efficiency. The dynamic behavior of the collector was calculated and the average efficiencies compared with the efficiencies in the steady state condition.
Koehne, R.
Performance evaluation of two black nickel and two black chrome solar collectors
This test program was based on the evaluation of four unique solar collectors described as follows: (a) black nickel collector surface with a desiccant drying bed, (b) black nickel collector surface without a desiccant drying bed, (c) black chrome collector surface with a dessicant drying bed, and (d) black chrome collector surface without a desiccant drying bed. The test program included three distinct phases: Initial performance evaluation, natural environmental aging, and post-aging performance evaluation. Results of Phase III testing conclusively indicated a higher normalized efficiency for black chrome surfaces when compared to black nickel. Analysis of these results is shown. The results are tabulated.
Losey, R.
Indoor test for thermal performance evaluation of the Northrup Concentrating Solar Collector
The test procedure used and the results obtained from an evaluation test program conducted to obtain thermal performance data on a Northrup concentrating solar collector under simulated conditions are described. These tests were made using the Marshall Space Flight Center's solar simulator. A time constant test and incident angle modifier test were also conducted to determine the transient effect and the incident angle effect on the collector. The Northrup concentrating solar collector is a water/glycol/working fluid type, dipped galvanized steel housing, transparent acrylic Fresnel lens cover, copper absorber tube, fiber glass insulation and weighs approximately 98 pounds. The gross collector area is about 29.4 ft/sup 2/ per collector. A collector assembly includes four collector units within a tracking mount array.
Diesel particulate filter with zoned resistive heater
A diesel particulate filter assembly comprises a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and a heater assembly. The DPF filters a particulate from exhaust produced by an engine. The heater assembly has a first metallic layer that is applied to the DPF, a resistive layer that is applied to the first metallic layer, and a second metallic layer that is applied to the resistive layer. The second metallic layer is etched to form a plurality of zones.
Gonze, Eugene V [Pinckney, MI
Zone heated diesel particulate filter electrical connection
An electrical connection system for a particulate filter is provided. The system includes: a particulate filter (PF) disposed within an outer shell wherein the PF is segmented into a plurality of heating zones; an outer mat disposed between the particulate filter and the outer shell; an electrical connector coupled to the outer shell of the PF; and a plurality of printed circuit connections that extend along the outer surface of the PF from the electrical connector to the plurality of heating zones.
Gonze, Eugene V. (Pinckney, MI); Paratore, Jr., Michael J. (Howell, MI)
Electrically heated particulate filter using catalyst striping
An exhaust system that processes exhaust generated by an engine is provided. The system generally includes a particulate filter (PF) that filters particulates from the exhaust wherein an upstream end of the PF receives exhaust from the engine. A grid of electrically resistive material is applied to an exterior upstream surface of the PF and selectively heats exhaust passing through the grid to initiate combustion of particulates within the PF. A catalyst coating is applied to the PF that increases a temperature of the combustion of the particulates within the PF.
Gonze, Eugene V; Paratore, Jr., Michael J; Ament, Frank
Methods of separating particulate residue streams
A particulate residue separator and a method for separating a particulate residue stream may include an air plenum borne by a harvesting device, and have a first, intake end and a second, exhaust end; first and second particulate residue air streams that are formed by the harvesting device and that travel, at least in part, along the air plenum and in a direction of the second, exhaust end; and a baffle assembly that is located in partially occluding relation relative to the air plenum and that substantially separates the first and second particulate residue air streams.
Hoskinson, Reed L. (Rigby, ID); Kenney, Kevin L. (Idaho Falls, ID); Wright, Christopher T. (Idaho Falls, ID); Hess, J. Richard (Idaho Falls, ID)
Combustor for fine particulate coal
A particulate coal combustor with two combustion chambers is provided. The first combustion chamber is toroidal; air and fuel are injected, mixed, circulated and partially combusted. The air to fuel ratio is controlled to avoid production of soot or nitrogen oxides. The mixture is then moved to a second combustion chamber by injection of additional air where combustion is completed and ash removed. Temperature in the second chamber is controlled by cooling and gas mixing. The clean stream of hot gas is then delivered to a prime mover.
Carlson, Larry W. (Oswego, IL)
A particulate coal combustor with two combustion chambers is provided. The first combustion chamber is toroidal; air and fuel are injected, mixed, circulated and partially combusted. The air to fuel ratio is controlled to avoid production of soot or nitrogen oxides. The mixture is then moved to a second combustion chamber by injection of additional air where combustion is completed and ash removed. Temperature in the second chamber is controlled by cooling and gas mixing. The clean stream of hot gas is then delivered to a prime mover. 4 figs.
Carlson, L.W.
Lightweight diaphragm mirror module system for solar collectors
A mirror module system is provided for accurately focusing solar radiation on a point or a line as defined by an array of solar collectors. Each mirror module includes a flexible membrane stretched over a frame in a manner similar to that of a drum or a trampoline and further includes a silvered glass or plastic mirror for forming an optical reflecting surface. The configuration of the optical reflecting surface is variably adjustable to provide for the accurate focusing of the solar energy on a given collector array, e.g., a point or a linear array arrangement. The flexible mirror-membrane combination is lightweight to facilitate installation and reduce system cost yet structurally strong enough to provide for the precise focusing of the incident solar radiation in a semi-rigid reflector system in which unwanted reflector displacement is minimized.
Butler, B.L.
Thermal design of compound parabolic concentrating solar-energy collectors
A theoretical analysis of the heat exchanges in a Compound Parabolic Concentrator solar energy collector is presented. The absorber configuration considered is that of a tube (with or without a spectrally-selective surface) either directly exposed or enclosed within one or two glass envelopes. The annular cavity formed between the tube and the surrounding envelope can be either air-filled or evacuated. The optimal annular gap, which leads to the best overall collector efficiency, has been predicted for the nonevacuated arrangement. It was found to be approximately 5 mm for the considered geometry. The evacuation of the annular cavity or the application of a selective surface, separately employed, are demonstrated to yield improvements of the same order.
Prapas, D.E.; Norton, B.; Probert, S.D.
Common-Collector Amplifier Example R P x y,( )
Common-Collector Amplifier Example R P x y,( ) x y. x y Function for calculating parallel resistors. R 1 100000 R 2 120000 R C 0 R E 5600 R S 5000 R L 10000 V plus 15 V minus 15 V BE 0.65 V T 0.025 99 0.99 r x 20 r 0 50000 v s 1 With v s = 1, the voltage gain is equal to v o. DC Bias Circuits
Leach Jr.,W. Marshall
Multi-stage depressed collector for small orbit gyrotrons
A multi-stage depressed collector for receiving energy from a small orbit gyrating electron beam employs a plurality of electrodes at different potentials for sorting the individual electrons on the basis of their total energy level. Magnetic field generating coils, for producing magnetic fields and magnetic iron for magnetic field shaping produce adiabatic and controlled non-adiabatic transitions of the incident electron beam to further facilitate the sorting.
Singh, Amarjit (Greenbelt, MD); Ives, R. Lawrence (Saratoga, CA); Schumacher, Richard V. (Campbell, CA); Mizuhara, Yosuke M. (Palo Alto, CA)
Assessment of existing studies of wind loading on solar collectors
In developing solar collectors, wind loading is the major structural design consideration. Wind loading investigations have focused on establishing safe bounds for steady state loading and verifying rational but initial and conservative design approaches for the various solar collector concepts. As such, the effort has been very successful, and has contributed greatly to both the recognition and qualitative understanding of many of the physical phenomena involved. Loading coefficients corresponding to mean wind velocities have been derived in these prior studies to measure the expected structural loading on the various solar collectors. Current design and testing procedures for wind loading are discussed. The test results corresponding to numerous wind tests on heliostats, parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes, and field mounted photovoltaic arrays are discussed and the applicability of the findings across the various technologies is assessed. One of the most significant consistencies in the data from all the technologies is the apparent benefit provided by fences and field shielding. Taken in toto, these data show that load reductions of three or possibly more seem feasible, though a more thorough understanding of the phenomena involved must be attained before this benefit can be realized. It is recommended that the required understanding be developed to take advantage of this benefit and that field tests be conducted to correlate with both analyses and tests.
Murphy, L. M.
Thin-film absorber for a solar collector
Wilhelm, W.G.
Grid Collector: Facilitating Efficient Selective Access from DataGrids
The Grid Collector is a system that facilitates the effective analysis and spontaneous exploration of scientific data. It combines an efficient indexing technology with a Grid file management technology to speed up common analysis jobs on high-energy physics data and to enable some previously impractical analysis jobs. To analyze a set of high-energy collision events, one typically specifies the files containing the events of interest, reads all the events in the files, and filters out unwanted ones. Since most analysis jobs filter out significant number of events, a considerable amount of time is wasted by reading the unwanted events. The Grid Collector removes this inefficiency by allowing users to specify more precisely what events are of interest and to read only the selected events. This speeds up most analysis jobs. In existing analysis frameworks, the responsibility of bringing files from tertiary storages or remote sites to local disks falls on the users. This forces most of analysis jobs to be performed at centralized computer facilities where commonly used files are kept on large shared file systems. The Grid Collector automates file management tasks and eliminates the labor-intensive manual file transfers. This makes it much easier to perform analyses that require data files on tertiary storages and remote sites. It also makes more computer resources available for analysis jobs since they are no longer bound to the centralized facilities.
Wu, Kesheng; Gu, Junmin; Lauret, Jerome; Poskanzer, Arthur M.; Shoshani, Arie; Sim, Alexander; Zhang, Wei-Ming
Solar evacuated tube collector: absorption chiller systems simulation
A residential air conditioning system incorporating an Arkla Solaire absorption chiller and Corning Glass Works evacuated tube collectors is simulated and the design parameters studied. Mathematical models of the evacuated tube collector and Arkla absorption chiller based on experimental results of the components have been created and incorporated into a complete system simulation. The chiller model includes transient start-up effects and the evacuated tube collector model includes numerous optical effects. A standard Arkla chiller in a humid climate (Washington, D.C.) and an Arkla unit with a modified charge for dry climates (Fort Collins, Colorado) are studied. Design parameters considered include the use of chilled water storage to reduce transient start-up effects of the absorption unit, the effects of removing heat from the solar system for preheating service hot water, the use of a tempering valve to prevent over-firing of the absorption unit in dry climates, and solar storage sizing considerations. The study results and conclusions are used to specify a cooling system design.
Leflar, J.A.; Duff, W.S.
Evaluation of Collector Well Configurations to Model Hydrodynamics in Riverbank Filtration and Groundwater Remediation
Collector well designs are necessary to maximize groundwater uptake and riverbank filtration without negatively impacting an aquifer. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information and research regarding the implementation of collector well design parameters. In the past, collector well installation was too costly, but recent advances in well technology have made collector wells more cost effective. This research will contribute a set of guidelines to optimize riverbank filtration and groundwater remediation. This study models the hydrodynamics surrounding collector well configurations in riverbank filtration and groundwater remediation. Visual Modflow� was utilized to run a variety of numerical models to test four areas: flux along the laterals of a collector well, collector well interactions with a river, collector well yield, and collector well remediation capability. The two design parameters investigated were lateral length (25 m, 50 m, and 100 m) and number of laterals (3 and 4). The lateral flux tests confirm flux increases towards the terminal end of each lateral and pumping rate is the controlling factor in flux amount obtained along the laterals. The analysis of the flux-river interaction shows the main factor in determining flux amount is the initial river geometry, followed by the pumping rate, regional background flow, and collector well design, respectively. The models suggest that the 4-lateral collector well design is more effective than the 3-lateral design and in addition, 100 meter length laterals provide the highest amount of yield with the least amount of drawdown. The remediation tests investigate the application of vertical well equations to evaluate collector well designs in two areas: minimum pumping rate to capture line source of particles and first arrival time of particles. The remediation models show 100 meter length laterals provide both the lowest pumping rate and the highest residence time with the surrounding aquifer for maximum remediation. Ultimately, these models provide basic design guidelines and explain which designs are most effective, depending on the collector well purpose.
De Leon, Tiffany Lucinda
Advanced particulate matter control apparatus and methods
Apparatus and methods for collection and removal of particulate matter, including fine particulate matter, from a gas stream, comprising a unique combination of high collection efficiency and ultralow pressure drop across the filter. The apparatus and method utilize simultaneous electrostatic precipitation and membrane filtration of a particular pore size, wherein electrostatic collection and filtration occur on the same surface.
Miller, Stanley J. (Grand Forks, ND); Zhuang, Ye (Grand Forks, ND); Almlie, Jay C. (East Grand Forks, MN)
Electrically heated particulate filter propagation support methods and systems
A control system that controls regeneration of a particulate filter is provided. The system generally includes a regeneration module that controls current to the particulate filter to initiate combustion of particulate matter in the particulate filter. A propagation module estimates a propagation status of the combustion of the particulate matter based on a combustion temperature. A temperature adjustment module controls the combustion temperature by selectively increasing a temperature of exhaust that passes through the particulate filter.
Gonze, Eugene V [Pinckney, MI; Ament, Frank [Troy, MI
Tom Kirchstetter with aerosol measurement instrument Atmospheric Aerosols Atmospheric aerosol research at LBNL seeks to understand the air quality and climate impacts of particles...
Air Pollution Control Regulations: No. 3 - Particulate Emissions...
3 - Particulate Emissions from Industrial Processes (Rhode Island) Air Pollution Control Regulations: No. 3 - Particulate Emissions from Industrial Processes (Rhode Island)...
Engines - 3-D Animation Shows Complex Geometry of Diesel Particulates
3-D Animation Shows Complex Geometry of Diesel Particulates Diesel particulate matter has a very complex geometry Most studies have observed these three-dimensional structures in...
New Optical Evaluation Approach for Parabolic Trough Collectors: First-Principle OPTical Intercept Calculation
A new analytical method -- First-principle OPTical Intercept Calculation (FirstOPTIC) -- is presented here for optical evaluation of trough collectors. It employs first-principle optical treatment of collector optical error sources and derives analytical mathematical formulae to calculate the intercept factor of a trough collector. A suite of MATLAB code is developed for FirstOPTIC and validated against theoretical/numerical solutions and ray-tracing results. It is shown that FirstOPTIC can provide fast and accurate calculation of intercept factors of trough collectors. The method makes it possible to carry out fast evaluation of trough collectors for design purposes. The FirstOPTIC techniques and analysis may be naturally extended to other types of CSP technologies such as linear-Fresnel collectors and central-receiver towers.
Zhu, G.; Lewandowski, A.
Radiant zone heated particulate filter
A system includes a particulate matter (PM) filter including an upstream end for receiving exhaust gas and a downstream end. A radiant zoned heater includes N zones, where N is an integer greater than one, wherein each of the N zones includes M sub-zones, where M is an integer greater than or equal to one. A control module selectively activates at least a selected one of the N zones to initiate regeneration in downstream portions of the PM filter from the one of the N zones, restricts exhaust gas flow in a portion of the PM filter that corresponds to the selected one of the N zones, and deactivates non-selected ones of the N zones.
Source Apportionment of Airborne Particulate Matter using Inorganic and
Source Apportionment of Airborne Particulate Matter using Inorganic and Source Apportionment of Airborne Particulate Matter using Inorganic and Organic Species as Tracers Title Source Apportionment of Airborne Particulate Matter using Inorganic and Organic Species as Tracers Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2012 Authors Wang, Yungang, Philip K. Hopke, X. Xia, Oliver V. Rattigan, David C. Chalupa, and M. J. Source Journal Atmospheric Environment Volume 55 Start Page 525 Pagination 525-532 Date Published 01/2012 Keywords source apportionment positive matrix factorization (pmf) particulate matter (pm) molecular markers (mm) aethalometer delta-c Abstract Source apportionment is typically performed on chemical composition data derived from particulate matter (PM) samples. However, many common sources no longer emit significant amounts of characteristic trace elements requiring the use of more comprehensive chemical characterization in order to fully resolve the PM sources. Positive matrix factorization (EPA PMF, version 4.1) was used to analyze 24-hr integrated molecular marker (MM), secondary inorganic ions, trace elements, carbonaceous species and light absorption data to investigate sources of PM2.5 in Rochester, New York between October 2009 and October 2010 to explore the role of specific MMs. An eight-factor solutionwas found for which the factors were identified as isoprene secondary organic aerosol (SOA), airborne soil, other SOA, diesel emissions, secondary sulfate, wood combustion, gasoline vehicle, and secondary nitrate contributing 6.9%, 12.8%, 3.7%, 7.8%, 45.5%, 9.1%, 7.9%, and 6.3% to the average PM2.5 concentration, respectively Concentrations of pentacosane, hexacosane, heptacosane, and octacosane in the gasoline vehicles factor were larger compared to diesel emissions. Aethalometer Delta-C was strongly associated with wood combustion. The compounds, n-heptacosanoic acid and n-octacosanoic acid, occasionally used in the past as tracers for road dust, were found to largely associate with SOA in this study. In comparison with a standard PMF analyses without MM, inclusion of themwas necessary to resolve SOA and wood combustion factors in urban areas.
Optical analysis and optimization of parabolic-trough collectors: a user's guide
The results of a detailed optical analysis of parabolic trough solar collectors are summarized by a few universal graphs and curve fits. These graphs enable the designer of parabolic trough collectors to calculate the performance and to optimize the design with a simple hand calculator. The method is illustrated by specific examples that are typical of practical applications. The sensitivity of the optimization to changes in collector parameters and operating conditions is evaluated.
Bendt, P.; Rabl, A.; Gaul, H.W.
Wall collector design analysis: project status report No. 2. Hing/daylighting prototype development, Phase I
The design process and energy analyses for the wall (air) collector component for the passive/hybrid system building alternatives for pre-engineered metal buildings are described. A hybrid collector was coupled to the rockbed storage and ceiling plenum of the office and maintenance spaces. A thermosyphon collector was coupled directly to the interior space of the warehouse. The schematic design, design development, and performance analysis are included. (MHR)
Aronson, S.J.; deCampo, R.; Snyder, M.K.
Analytical and Experimental Study of a PV/Thermal Transpired Collector.
??In the last few years, unglazed transpired solar collectors (UTCs) have proven to be an effective and viable method of reducing HVAC loads and building� (more)
Veronique, Delisle
Thermal performance evaluation of the solargenics solar collector at outdoor conditions
Information contained within this report presents test procedures used during the performance of an evaluation program. The test program was conducted to obtain the following performance data and information on the solar collector. (1) Thermal performance data under outdoor conditions, (2) Structural behavior of collector under static conditions, and (3) Effects of long term exposure to material weathering elements. The Solargenics is a liquid, single-glazed, flat-plate collector. Approximate dimensions of each collector are 240 inches long, 36 inches wide, and 3.5 inches in depth.
Viability Of Hybrid Ground Source Heat Pump System With Solar Thermal Collectors.
??This thesis presents a study for examining the viability of hybrid ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems that use solar thermal collectors as the supplemental� (more)
Rad, Farzin M.
Performance and reliability evaluation of Sacramento demonstration novel ICPC solar collectors.
??This dissertation focuses on the reliability and degradation of the novel integral compound parabolic concentrator (ICPC) evacuated solar collector over a 13 year period. The� (more)
Daosukho, Jirachote "Pong"
Equivalencing the Collector System of a Large Wind Power Plant: Preprint
This paper focuses on our effort to develop an equivalent representation of a wind power plant collector system for power system planning studies.
Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C. P.; Ellis, A.; Mechenbier, J.; Hochheimer, J.; Young, R.; Miller, N.; Delmerico, R.; Zavadil, R.; Smith, J. C.
A nonlinear steady-state characteristic performance curve for medium-temperature solar energy collectors
This paper reports on a numerical simulation model that was employed to investigate the effects of ambient temperature and insolation of the efficiency of compound parabolic concentrating solar energy collectors. The limitations of presently used collector performance characterization curves were investigated and a new approach proposed. The major advantage of the new procedure over those employed previously is that different solar collector performance characteristics can now be readily normalized to a common set of environmental conditions. Thus, an equitable comparison may be made, in the context of the application conditions, of rating characteristics for disparate collectors which were obtained initially under different conditions.
Eames, P.C.; Norton, B. (PROBE, Dept. of Building and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Ulster, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB (IE))
Analytically calculating shading in regular arrays of sun-pointing collectors
A method is presented for deriving an algorithm for analytically calculating shading of sun-pointing solar collectors by other identical collectors in the field. The method is particularly suited to regularly-spaced collectors, with convex aperture shapes. Using this method, an algorithm suitable for circular-aperture collectors is derived. The algorithm is validated against results obtained using an existing algorithm, and an example for usage of the algorithm as a tool for validating assumptions of an existing algorithm is presented. (author)
Meller, Yosef [Tel Aviv University, Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, 69978 Tel Aviv (Israel)
A prototype photovoltaic/thermal system integrated with transpired collector
Building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) systems may be utilized to produce useful heat while simultaneously generating electricity from the same building envelope surface. A well known highly efficient collector is the open-loop unglazed transpired collector (UTC) which consists of dark porous cladding through which outdoor air is drawn and heated by absorbed solar radiation. Commercially available photovoltaic systems typically produce electricity with efficiencies up to about 18%. Thus, it is beneficial to obtain much of the normally wasted heat from the systems, possibly by combining UTC with photovoltaics. Combination of BIPV/T and UTC systems for building facades is considered in this paper - specifically, the design of a prototype facade-integrated photovoltaic/thermal system with transpired collector (BIPV/T). A full scale prototype is constructed with 70% of UTC area covered with PV modules specially designed to enhance heat recovery and compared to a UTC of the same area under outdoor sunny conditions with low wind. The orientation of the corrugations in the UTC is horizontal and the black-framed modules are attached so as to facilitate flow into the UTC plenum. While the overall combined thermal efficiency of the UTC is higher than that of the BIPV/T system, the value of the generated energy - assuming that electricity is at least four times more valuable than heat - is between 7% and 17% higher. Also, the electricity is always useful while the heat is usually utilized only in the heating season. The BIPV/T concept is applied to a full scale office building demonstration project in Montreal, Canada. The ratio of photovoltaic area coverage of the UTC may be selected based on the fresh air heating needs of the building, the value of the electricity generated and the available building surfaces. (author)
Athienitis, Andreas K.; Bambara, James; O'Neill, Brendan; Faille, Jonathan [Dept. of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 Maisonneuve W., Montreal, Quebec (Canada)
An Algorithm for Lidar Mapping of Aerosol Concentrations in a Varying Atmospheric Background Density
An algorithm for the determination of the number density profiles of a specific aerosol as a function of time and space is developed and discussed. The algorithm is applicable to atmospheric conditions in which a varying density particulate ...
Moshe Kleiman; Smadar Egert; Ariel Cohen
Initial Field Measurements of Atmospheric Absorption at 9�11 ?m Wavelengths
A field adapted spectrophone system employing a tuneable CO2 laser source (over wavelengths 9.2�10.8 ?m) was used to measure atmospheric gaseous and particulate absorption at an isolated desert location in the southwestern United States. ...
C. W. Bruce; Y. P. Yee; B. D. Hinds; R. J. Brewer; J. Minjares; R. G. Pinnick
Fuel cell collector plates with improved mass transfer channels
A fuel cell collector plate can be provided with one or more various channel constructions for the transport of reactants to the gas diffusion layer and the removal of water therefrom. The outlet channel can be arranged to have a reduced volume compared to the inlet channel, in both interdigitated and discontinuous spiral applications. The land width between an inlet channel and outlet channel can be reduced to improved mass flow rate in regions of deleted reactant concentrations. Additionally or alternatively, the depth of the inlet channel can be reduced in the direction of flow to reduce the diffusion path as the concentration of reactant is reduced.
Gurau, Vladimir (Miami, FL); Barbir, Frano (Palm Beach Gardens, FL); Neutzler, Jay K. (Palm Beach Gardens, FL)
A Cyclic Distributed Garbage Collector for Network Objects
Abstract. This paper presents an algorithm for distributed garbage collection and outlines its implementation within the Network Objects system. The algorithm is based on a reference listing scheme, which is augmented by partial tracing in order to collect distributed garbage cycles. Processes may be dynamically organised into groups, according to appropriate heuristics, to reclaim distributed garbage cycles. The algorithm places no overhead on local collectors and suspends local mutators only brie y. Partial tracing of the distributed graph involves only objects thought to be part of a garbage cycle: no collaboration with other processes is required. The algorithm o ers considerable exibility, allowing expediency and fault-tolerance to be traded against completeness.
Helena Rodrigues; Richard Jones
Study of segmented absorbers of thermal solar compound parabolic collectors
One of the most promising means of improving the performance of solar thermal collectors is by reducing the energy lost by the host absorber. One way to do this, not currently part of the technology, is by recognizing that the absorber is usually not irradiated uniformly. Therefore, it is possible to construct an absorber of thermally isolated segments, circulate the fluid in sequence from low to high irradiance segments, and reduce loss by improving effective concentration. This procedure works even for ideal concentrators, without violating Winston's theorem.
Keita, M.
Electrically heated particulate filter enhanced ignition strategy
An exhaust system that processes exhaust generated by an engine is provided. The system generally includes a particulate filter (PF) that filters particulates from the exhaust wherein an upstream end of the PF receives exhaust from the engine. A grid of electrically resistive material is applied to an exterior upstream surface of the PF and selectively heats exhaust passing through the grid to initiate combustion of particulates within the PF. A catalyst coating applied to at least one of the PF and the grid. A control module estimates a temperature of the grid and controls the engine to produce a desired exhaust product to increase the temperature of the grid.
Gonze, Eugene V; Paratore, Jr., Michael J
Comparative efficiencies of solar energy collectors Laboratoire de Technologie Optique
as a parabolic trough mirror), 2014 a fixed spherical mirror. We have taken into account atmospheric differential
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
External reflectors for large solar collector arrays, simulation model and experimental results
A model for the calculation of incident solar radiation from flat-and CPC-shaped external reflectors onto flat plate solar collector arrays has been developed. Assuming an infinite length of the collector/reflector rows, the basic calculations of incident radiation in the collector plane from the reflector become very simple. The direct radiation from the sun is projected into a vertical plane perpendicular to the collector and reflector plane. The incident radiation onto the collector, including corrections for shadowing and lost radiation above the collector, can then be calculated using 2-D geometry. For very short collector/reflector rows a 3-D model is given for correction for the loss of specular radiation in the east west direction. The diffuse radiation is assumed to be isotropic. The diffuse radiation in the collector plane is calculated using view factors. CPC-shaped reflectors can be treated with the same models by introducing an equivalent flat reflector. The incidence angle for the solar radiation from the reflector onto the collector is in most cases higher than the incidence angle for the radiation directly from the sun. Therefore the incidence angle characteristics of the collector glazing and absorber become more important in this application. Equations are given for the incidence angles for diffuse and beam radiation. An annual performance increase of over 30%, 100-120 kW h/m[sup 2], has been measured for aged (four operating seasons) flat reflectors in the Swedish climate. With a CPC-shaped reflector and new reflector materials, a performance increase of up to 170 kW h/m[sup 2] is not unrealistic. This means that the collector and ground area requirement can be reduced by more than 30% for a given load.
Perers, B.; Karlsson, B. (Vattenfall Utveckling, Aelvkarleby (Sweden))
An improved visualization of diesel particulate filter/
The prevalence of diesel particulate filters (DPF) is increasing as emissions standards worldwide evolve to match current technologies. Since the first application of DPFs in the 1980's, PM trapping effectiveness has ...
Boehm, Kevin (Kevin W.)
Slope Error Measurement Tool for Solar Parabolic Trough Collectors: Preprint
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed an optical measurement tool for parabolic solar collectors that measures the combined errors due to absorber misalignment and reflector slope error. The combined absorber alignment and reflector slope errors are measured using a digital camera to photograph the reflected image of the absorber in the collector. Previous work using the image of the reflection of the absorber finds the reflector slope errors from the reflection of the absorber and an independent measurement of the absorber location. The accuracy of the reflector slope error measurement is thus dependent on the accuracy of the absorber location measurement. By measuring the combined reflector-absorber errors, the uncertainty in the absorber location measurement is eliminated. The related performance merit, the intercept factor, depends on the combined effects of the absorber alignment and reflector slope errors. Measuring the combined effect provides a simpler measurement and a more accurate input to the intercept factor estimate. The minimal equipment and setup required for this measurement technique make it ideal for field measurements.
Cable tensioned membrane solar collector module with variable tension control
Disclosed is a solar collector comprising a membrane member for concentrating sunlight, a plurality of elongated structural members for suspending the membrane member thereon, and a plurality of control members for adjustably tensioning the membrane member, as well as for controlling a focus produced by the membrane members. Each control member is disposed at a different corresponding one of the plurality of structural members. The collector also comprises an elongated flexible tensioning member, which serves to stretch the membrane member and to thereafter hold it in tension, and a plurality of sleeve members which serve to provide the membrane member with a desired surface contour during tensioning of the membrane member. The tensioning member is coupled to the structural members such that the tensioning member is adjustably tensioned through the structural members. The tensioning member is also coupled to the membrane member through the sleeve members such that the sleeve members uniformly and symmetrically stretch the membrane member upon applying tension to the tensioning member with the control members.
Solar assisted heat pump on air collectors: A simulation tool
The heating system of the bioclimatic building of the Greek National Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) comprises two heating plants: the first one includes an air source heat pump, Solar Air Collectors (SACs) and a heat distribution system (comprising a fan coil unit network); the second one is, mainly, a geothermal heat pump unit to cover the ground floor thermal needs. The SAC configuration as well as the fraction of the building heating load covered by the heating plant are assessed in two operation modes; the direct (hot air from the collectors is supplied directly to the heated space) and the indirect mode (warm air from the SAC or its mixture with ambient air is not supplied directly to the heated space but indirectly into the evaporator of the air source heat pump). The technique of the indirect mode of heating aims at maximizing the efficiency of the SAC, saving electrical power consumed by the compressor of the heat pump, and therefore, at optimizing the coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump due to the increased intake of ambient thermal energy by means of the SAC. Results are given for three research objectives: assessment of the heat pump efficiency whether in direct or indirect heating mode; Assessment of the overall heating plant efficiency on a daily or hourly basis; Assessment of the credibility of the suggested simulation model TSAGAIR by comparing its results with the TRNSYS ones. (author)
Karagiorgas, Michalis; Galatis, Kostas; Tsagouri, Manolis [Department of Mechanical Engineering Educators, ASPETE, N. Iraklio, GR 14121 (Greece); Tsoutsos, Theocharis [Environmental Engineering Dept., Technical University of Crete, Technical University Campus, GR 73100, Chania (Greece); Botzios-Valaskakis, Aristotelis [Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), 19th km Marathon Ave., GR 19001, Pikermi (Greece)
Energy collector for collecting solar energy and the like
A solar energy collector connectable with a fluid-circulating system is contained in a plenum within an insulative housing and has a plurality of generally parallel, heat-absorbing conduits extending between intake and outlet manifolds and confronting the sun or other heat source through a transparent window, each conduit being separated from an adjacent conduit by an intervening slot. Positioned below the conduits is a heat-absorbing tank which is connected in fluid-flow relationship with the outlet manifold and also with the circulation system so that a heat-transfer medium may flow continuously between the energy collector and the circulation system. The tank receives radiant energy through the slots and after absorbing some of the radiation reflects the remaining portion upwardly to the conduits to thereby increase radiation intensity on and heat absorption by the conduits. Multiple reflections between tank and conduits further increase energy absorption both by tank and conduit. The conduits may be of round cross section or may have a planar heat-absorbing surface facing the sun and an arcuate, convex surface facing the tank. The tank may be provided with a plurality of arcuate troughs, a trough underlying and paralleling each conduit to both absorb energy and reflect energy toward the overlying conduit. The conduits may be provided with internal air ducts which communicate with the hot-air plenum and permit heat from the hot air to be transferred through the duct walls and to the fluid medium within the conduits.
Bansal, J.M.; Kumar, A.
New ESP additive controls particulates
This article reports that a conditioning agent enhanced precipitator performance after plant switched to low-sulfur coal. Firing low-sulfur coal at a power plant designed for medium- or high-sulfur coal will impact the downstream particulate control device. Since the performance of an electro-static precipitator (ESP) is a strong function of the sulfur content in the coal, switching to a low-sulfur coal will severely impact collection efficiency. Particle resistivity is the dominant parameter affecting the performance of an ESP. When the resistivity is too high, the ESP must be increased in size by a factor of two to three, resulting in proportionally increased capital and operating costs. Fly ash from low-sulfur coal is known to have a typical resistivity one or two orders of magnitude above that for ideal collection efficiency in a well-designed ESP. Therefore, when a utility burning a medium- or high-sulfur coal switches to a low-sulfur coal, the increase in particle resistivity resulting from the reduced SO{sub 3} concentration will lead to severe problems in the ESP. There have been many instances where utilities have switched from a high- to a low-sulfur coal, and the problems caused by the increased resistivity have had such a devastating effect on the performance of the ESP that emissions have increased by a factor of 10.
Durham, M.D.; Baldrey, K.E.; Bustard, C.J.; Martin, C.E.; Dharmarajan, N.N.
Solar energy collector including a weightless balloon with sun tracking means
A solar energy collector having a weightless balloon, the balloon including a transparent polyvinylfluoride hemisphere reinforced with a mesh of ropes secured to its outside surface, and a laminated reflector hemisphere, the inner layer being clear and aluminized on its outside surface and the outer layer being opaque, the balloon being inflated with lighter-than-air gas. A heat collection probe extends into the balloon along the focus of reflection of the reflective hemisphere for conducting coolant into and out of the balloon. The probe is mounted on apparatus for keeping the probe aligned with the sun's path, the apparatus being founded in the earth for withstanding wind pressure on the balloon. The balloon is lashed to the probe by ropes adhered to the outer surface of the balloon for withstanding wind pressures of 100 miles per hour. Preferably, the coolant is liquid sodium-potassium eutectic alloy which will not normally freeze at night in the temperate zones, and when heated to 4,000.degree. R exerts a pressure of only a few atmospheres.
Hall, Frederick F. (2452 Villaneuva Way, Mountain View, CA 94040)
A pilot study of the building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) collector for commercial applications in Malaysia
Building integrated photovoltaic thermal solar collector (BIPVT) has been designed to produce both electricity and hot water and later integrated to building. The hot water is produced at the useful temperatures for the applications in Malaysia such ... Keywords: BIPVT collector, hot water heating system, thermal and electrical efficiency
A. Ibrahim; M. Y. Othman; M. H. Ruslan; S. Mat; A. Zaharim; K. Sopian
Development of low-cost integrated zeolite collector. Final report, September 25, 1978-September 24, 1980
The goal to design, construct and test an integrated solar zeolite collector, capable of providing hot water during the day and chilled water at night, which will act as one-for-one replacement for existing hot water solar collectors was achieved using the following steps: The optimum zeolite loading and the best zeolite for this purpose were determined by careful mathematical analysis, followed by experimental test, to confirm the theoretical results. The integrated collector design was then completed and the collector was constructed. After sealing and vacuum testing the zeolite panels and heat exchangers, the collector was coated with flat black paint and provided with double glazing, aluminum frame and insulation. Preliminary testing indicated close agreement with theoretical predictions of its performance. During the second year of the contract the goal was to evauate the performance of the integrated zeolite collector under different climatic conditions in different parts of the USA. This goal was achieved by constructing 10 integrated zeolite collectors, testing them individually at the plant and installing a completely instrumented pair at each of the following locations: The Anaconda Company Research Lab in Tucson, Arizona, SERI in Golden, Colorado, and the Zeopower Company in Natick, Massachusetts. After correcting many instrumentation and collector failures, the performance of the pairs is as expected.
Tchernev, D.I.
Experimental Performance of a Solar Collector in Solar Chimney Power Plant System
Solar chimney power plant has been proposed as a device to economically generate electricity from solar energy in large scale in the future. There are many factors to influence on the performance of the solar collector. This paper describes details of ... Keywords: generate electricity, thermal storage material, pebbles, solar collector
Huilan Huang; Gang Li; Hua Zhang
Investigation on thermal performance calculation of two type solar air collectors using artificial neural network
In this study, two types of solar air collectors are constructed and examined experimentally. The types are called as zigzagged absorber surface type and flat absorber surface type called Model I and Model II respectively. Experiments are carried out ... Keywords: ANN, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, Solar air collector, Thermal performance
Murat Caner; Engin Gedik; Ali Ke�eba?
Energy-based Control of a Distributed Solar Collector Tor A. Johansena
Energy-based Control of a Distributed Solar Collector Field Tor A. Johansena Camilla Storaaa that the primary energy source, solar radiation, cannot be manipulated. The distributed solar collector eld may, Norway. Model-based control of the outlet temperature of a distributed solar col- lector eld is studied
Johansen, Tor Arne
Calculation and Analysis of Optimal Tilt Angle for PV/T Hybrid Collector
The use of solar energy received world wide attention in recent years. Solar energy is a free and clean natural resource which can be utilized by using a solar collector. In this paper, a model was presented for the calculation of the optimal tilt angle ... Keywords: Solar energy, Optimal tilt angle, Optimization, PV/T hybrid collector
Xianping Liu
Certification and verification for Northrup Model NSC-01-0732 Fresnel lens concentrating solar collector
The certification and verification of the Northrup Model NSC-01-0732 Fresnel lens tracking solar collector are presented. A certification statement is included with signatures and a separate report on the structural analysis of the collector system. System verification against the Interim Performance Criteria are indicated by matrices with verification discussion, analysis, and enclosed test results.
Review of state-of-the-art of solar collector corrosion processes. Task 1 of solar collector studies for solar heating and cooling applications. Final technical progress report
The state-of-the-art of solar collector corrosion processes is reviewed, and Task 1 of a current research program on use of aqueous heat transfer fluids for solar heating and cooling is summarized. The review of available published literature has indicated that lack of quantitative information exists relative to collector corrosion at the present time, particularly for the higher temperature applications of solar heating and cooling compared to domestic water heating. Solar collector systems are reviewed from the corrosion/service life viewpoint, with emphasis on various applications, collector design, heat transfer fluids, and freeze protection methods. Available information (mostly qualitative) on collector corrosion technology is reviewed to indicate potential corrosion problem areas and corrosion prevention practices. Sources of limited quantitative data that are reviewed are current solar applications, research programs on collector corrosion, and pertinent experience in related applications of automotive cooling and non-solar heating and cooling. A data bank was developed to catalog corrosion information. Appendix A of this report is a bibliography of the data bank, with abstracts reproduced from presently available literature accessions (about 220). This report is presented as a descriptive summary of information that is contained in the data bank.
Clifford, J E; Diegle, R B
Review of solar thermoelectric energy conversion and analysis of a two cover flat-plate solar collector
The process of solar thermoelectric energy conversion was explored through a review of thermoelectric energy generation and solar collectors. Existing forms of flat plate collectors and solar concentrators were surveyed. ...
Hasan, Atiya
Double-exposure collector system. Technical progress report, April 1-June 30, 1979
A retrofit solar water-heating system has been installed in a three-story apartment building at Drexel University. The system employs two conventional collector banks (10 PPG collectors) mounted at the latitude angle for Philadelphia of 40 deg from the horizontal and two double-exposure collectors (DEC's) mounted vertically in mirrored enclosures. Although the DEC units are being used for year-round domestic water heating for the building, they are designed to provide maximum output in the winter and are therefore well-suited to solar space heating applications. Instrumentation for testing the two types of collectors has been operating in the apartment building for some time. Summer performance data have been obtained which indicate that, at a minimum, the DEC units will provide twice as much useful heat output per panel as conventional collectors. In addition some results for an overcast day showed that comparable relative performance could be expected on these days.
Larson, D C; Savery, C W
Method Of Making Solar Collectors By In-Situ Encapsulation Of Solar Cells
A method of making solar collectors by encapsulating photovoltaic cells within a base of an elongated solar collector wherein heat and pressure are applied to the cells in-situ, after an encapsulating material has been applied. A tool is fashioned having a bladder expandable under gas pressure, filling a region of the collector where the cells are mounted. At the same time, negative pressure is applied outside of the bladder, enhancing its expansion. The bladder presses against a platen which contacts the encapsulated cells, causing outgassing of the encapsulant, while heat cures the encapsulant. After curing, the bladder is deflated and the tool may be removed from the collector and base and reflective panels put into place, if not already there, thereby allowing the solar collector to be ready for use.
Carrie, Peter J. (Toronto, CA); Chen, Kingsley D. D. (Markham, CA)
Improvement of solar air collectors: Study and Experimental Research Project. Final report, May 1976-June 1978
Literature and patents relevant to solar air-heating collectors were reviewed. The design constraints are listed. The analysis considered the heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics of the various designs. Three absorbers along with the baseline design were mounted in identical collector bodies and subjected to thermal efficiency tests on Solaron's collector test stand. The testing was done simultaneously on the four panels in a side-by-side collector test. Various manufacturing techniques for producing an absorber with extended heat transfer surface were investigated. It was found that fins could be attached to the absorber in a cost-effective manner by an electrical resistance weld. Four finned absorbers were fabricated by resistance welding and installed in a 2 x 2 collector array to verify that these production model prototypes would, in fact, increase performance by a factor of 1.11. (MHR)
Cole-Appel, B.E.; Loef, G.O.G.; Shaw, L.E.; Fischer, B.B.
Analysis of heat-pipe absorbers in evacuated-tube solar collectors
Heat transfer in evacuated-tube solar collectors with heat-pipe absorbers is compared with that for similar collectors with flow-through absorbers. In systems that produce hot water or other heated fluids, the heat-pipe absorber suffers a heat transfer penalty compared with the flow-through absorber, but in many cases the penalty can be minimized by proper design at the heat-pipe condenser and system manifold. The heat transfer penalty decreases with decreasing collector heat loss coefficient, suggesting that evacuated tubes with optical concentration are more appropriate for use with heat pipes than evacuated or nonevacuated flat-plate collectors. When the solar collector is used to drive an absorption chiller, the heat-pipe absorber has better heat transfer characteristics than the flow-through absorbers.
Hull, J.R.; Schertz, W.W.; Allen, J.W.
Heat pipe dynamics. Final report, April 30, 1981. [Uses of heat pipe, especially in solar collector
A heat-pipe flat plate solar collector is constructed like a typical flat plate collector with the exception that individual heat pipes are attached to the collector surface to transfer collected heat via a phase change from collector surface into an attached jacket containing a phase change material. The efficiency of such a collector was measured roughly. Also briefly described are: a heat-pipe heat exchanger, heat-pipe heat exchanger freeze proofing, heat-pipe attic ventilation, transfer of light bulb heat via a heat pipe to heat water, heat recovery via heat pipe, cooling of oil in engines and transmissions via heat pipe, a tracking reflector, automatic sun tracker, single-stroke vacuum pump for heat-pipe manufacture, and heat pipe heat transfer from rock bed. (LEW)
Norman, R.M. Sr.
Analysis and experimental tests of a high-performance evacuated tubular collector
A high-performance collector based on the use of all-glass, evacuated tubular collector elements is described and analyzed, and supporting experimental data presented. The collector operates with excellent efficiency at temperatures high enough to drive existing air conditioning units, and shows good performance under diffuse light and low insolation conditions. collector efficiency is insensitive to operating temperature, ambient temperature, and wind speed. In addition, air as well as liquid can be used as the heat transfer fluid, with no significant performance penalty. While the equations governing the useful energy produced can be cast in a form similar to that for flat plate collectors, several important parameters are unique in a number of respects.
Beekley, D.C.; Mather, G.R. Jr.
WILLA Z. SILVERMAN. The New Bibliopolis: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.
The New Bibliopolis: French Book Collectors and the Cultureand image, then the luxury books coveted and collected byThe New Bibliopolis: French Book Collectors and the Culture
Everton, Elizabeth
Performance of a glazed open flow liquid desiccant solar collector for both summer cooling and winter heating: Final report
This report documents the work performed under DOE Contract ACO3-82SF11658, entitled, ''A Research Study to Determine the Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of an Open Flow Solar Collector for Both Summer Cooling and Winter Heating.'' Data and computer simulation results are shown for a glazed, open flow collector used for reconcentrating a lithium chloride solution and for thermal energy collection. A comparison of the glazed collector with an unglazed collector from a previous study is also presented.
McCormick, P.O.; Brown, S.R.; Tucker, S.P.
Exploring relationships between outdoor air particulate-associated
Exploring relationships between outdoor air particulate-associated Exploring relationships between outdoor air particulate-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and PM2.5: A case study of benzo(a)pyrene in California metropolitan regions Title Exploring relationships between outdoor air particulate-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and PM2.5: A case study of benzo(a)pyrene in California metropolitan regions Publication Type Journal Article LBNL Report Number LBNL-514E Year of Publication 2008 Authors Lobscheid, Agnes B., Thomas E. McKone, and D. A. Valleroc Journal Atmospheric Environment Volume 41 Start Page Chapter Pagination 5659-5672 Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and particulate matter (PM) are co-pollutants emitted as by-products of combustion processes. Convincing evidence exists for PAHs as a primary toxic component of fine PM (PM2.5). Because PM2.5 is listed by the US EPA as a "Criteria Pollutant," it is monitored regularly at sites nationwide. In contrast, very limited data is available on measured ambient air concentrations of PAHs. However, between 1999-2001, ambient air concentrations of PM2.5 and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are available for California locations. We use multivariate linear regression models (MLRMs) to predict ambient air levels of BaP in four air basins based on reported PM2.5 concentrations and spatial, temporal and meteorological variables as variates. We obtain an R2 ranging from 0.57-0.72 among these basins. Significant variables (p<0.05) include the average daily PM2.5 concentration, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity, and the coastal distance as well as season, and holiday or weekend. Combining the data from all sites and using only these variables to estimate ambient BaP levels, we obtain an R2 of 0.55. These R2-values, combined with analysis of the residual error and cross validation using the PRESS-statistic, demonstrate the potential of our method to estimate reported outdoor air PAH exposure levels in metropolitan regions. These MLRMs provide a first step towards relating outdoor ambient PM2.5 and PAH concentrations for epidemiological studies when PAH measurements are unavailable, or limited in spatial coverage, based on publicly available meteorological and PM2.5 data
Forecasting of thermal energy storage performance of Phase Change Material in a solar collector using soft computing techniques
The performance of a solar collector system using sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na"2CO"3.10H"2O) as Phase Change Material (PCM) was experimentally investigated during March and collector efficiency was compared with those of convectional system including ... Keywords: Flat plate solar collector, PCM, Soft computing
Yasin Varol; Ahmet Koca; Hakan F. Oztop; Engin Avci
Focusing solar collector and method for manufacturing same
Disclosed is a solar collector comprising an annular-shaped frame and a composite membrane member for concentrating and focusing sun radiation. The composite membrane member is supported and tensioned by the frame and consists of first and second differentially pretensioned sheet members which are integrally bonded to one another. The frame and one of the two sheet members are adapted to allow tensions in both of the sheets to be adjusted. Subsequent to bonding and upon adjusting a tension in one of the two sheet members, both of the two bonded sheet members react with one another so as to cause the composite membrane member to have a contoured configuration, which enables the membrane member to be focusable. Additionally, adjusting the tension in one of the two sheet members provides a reciprocal adjustment in a focus provided by the membrane member.
Disclosed is a solar collector comprising an annular-shaped frame and a composite membrane member for concentrating and focusing sun radiation. The composite membrane member is supported and tensioned by the frame and consists of first and second differentially pretensioned sheet members which are integrally bonded to one another. The frame and one of the two sheet members are adapted to allow tensions in both of the two sheets to be adjusted. Subsequent to bonding and upon adjusting a tension in one of the two sheet members, both of the two bonded sheet members react with one another so as to cause the composite membrane member to have a contoured configuration, which enables the membrane member to be focusable. Additionally, adjusting the tension in one of the two sheet members provides a reciprocal adjustment in a focus provided by the membrane member.
Glass-heat-pipe evacuated-tube solar collector
McConnell, R.D.; VanSant, J.H.
Lightweight performance data collectors 2.0 with Eiger support.
We report on the use and design of a portable, extensible performance data collection tool motivated by modeling needs of the high performance computing systems co-design com- munity. The lightweight performance data collectors with Eiger support is intended to be a tailorable tool, not a shrink-wrapped library product, as pro ling needs vary widely. A single code markup scheme is reported which, based on compilation ags, can send perfor- mance data from parallel applications to CSV les, to an Eiger mysql database, or (in a non-database environment) to at les for later merging and loading on a host with mysql available. The tool supports C, C++, and Fortran applications.
Allan, Benjamin A.
Thermal simulation and economic assessment of unglazed transpired collector systems
Unglazed transpired collectors (UTCs) have recently emerged as a new solar air heating technology. They are relatively inexpensive, efficient, and particularly suited to applications in which a high outdoor air requirement must be met. A TRNSYS model has been created for UTC systems. Annual simulations are performed for several representative buildings. The statewide economic potential of UTC systems is assessed for Wisconsin. UTC systems on existing buildings are competitive with electric heating systems but not with gas or oil heating. Electric heating is not widely used in most buildings that are well-suited for UTC systems, with the exception of large apartment buildings. Therefore, there is no significant statewide economic potential for retrofit of UTC systems on existing buildings except in the residential sector. However, UTC systems are cost effective for new buildings because their low first cost allows them to compete with gas and oil heating.
Summers, D.N.; Mitchell, J.W.; Klein, S.A.; Beckman, W.A.
Mean wind forces on parabolic-trough solar collectors
The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of mean wind loads produced by airflow in and around several configurations of parabolic trough solar collectors with and without a wind fence. Four basic parabolic shapes were investigated as single units and one shape was studied as part of several array fields. One 1:25 scale model of each parabolic shape was constructed for mounting on a force balance to measure two forces and three moments. The effects of several dominant variables were investigated in this study: wind-azimuth (or yaw), trough elevation (or pitch) angle, array field configuration, and protective wind fence characteristics. All measurements were made in a boundary-layer flow developed by the meteorological wind tunnel at the Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Laboratory of Colorado State University. Results are presented and discussed. (WHK)
Peterka, J.A.; Sinau, J.M.; Cermak, J.E.
Development of low cost concentrating solar collectors. Final report
A low cost concentrating collector has been developed that has the following features: (1) Material cost per 4 foot by 8 foot panel of $175 or $225 at retail prices depending on which of the two versions are used. (2) Low weight of 159 pounds per panel when liquid-filled or approximately 5 pounds per square foot to result in minor additional roof stress. (3) A concentration factor of 1.72 to reduce the necessary storage volume for winter heating and obtain adequate temperature for future air conditioning.(4) High efficiency when mounted parallel to the roof to reduce wind damage, roof stresses, and blend better with architectural features of a house.
Batzer, D.
Use of electrodialysis for concentrating simulated (Model) drainage collector waters
The volume of mineralized drainage collector waters (DCW) increased as the result of development of soil reclamation. For example, this volume is 0.3 km/sup 3//yr in the Ashkhabad province alone, and the total for the Turkmen SSR is 5 km/sup 3//hr. The degree of mineralization of DCW varies from 2 to 33 g/liter. About 50% of the mineralization of DCW is made up of hardness salts. Desalination of mineralized DCW and their return the water-supply system would decrease consumption of fresh water and diminish salination of existing water sources. The purpose of this work was to examine the possibility of obtaining highly concentrated brines during desalination of simulated DCW without preliminary softening with the use of MK-100M cation-exchange membrane obtained by chemical modification of homogeneous MK-100 cation-exchange membrane with the ethylenediamine.
Grebenyuk, V.D.; Veisov, B.K.; Chebotareva, R.D.; Braude, K.P.; Nefedova, G.Z.
Rim-drive cable-aligned heliostat collector system
Disclosed is a heliostat collector apparatus comprising at least one heliostat suspended from a plurality of longitudinally extending linkage means. An enclosure structure is disposed adjacent the heliostat and provides a means for allowing the heliostat to be substantially protected from weathering. A first drive means is operatively connected to the heliostat to effect steering thereof in at least one of first and second predetermined directions. Finally, a frame member is adapted for supporting the heliostat at an inner portion thereof. The frame includes a plurality of outer expandable portions. Each one of the expandable portions is adapted to slidably engage a corresponding one of the plurality of linkage means. The expandable portions are further adapted to allow the heliostat to be slidably moved along the linkage means in directions away from and towards the enclosure structure and to substantially reduce stress acting on the heliostat during steering.
Dolan, J.E.; Sands, T.D.
Oil/gas collector/separator for underwater oil leaks
An oil/gas collector/separator for recovery of oil leaking, for example, from an offshore or underwater oil well. The separator is floated over the point of the leak and tethered in place so as to receive oil/gas floating, or forced under pressure, toward the water surface from either a broken or leaking oil well casing, line, or sunken ship. The separator is provided with a downwardly extending skirt to contain the oil/gas which floats or is forced upward into a dome wherein the gas is separated from the oil/water, with the gas being flared (burned) at the top of the dome, and the oil is separated from water and pumped to a point of use. Since the density of oil is less than that of water it can be easily separated from any water entering the dome.
Henning, Carl D. (Livermore, CA)
Wind heat transfer coefficient in solar collectors in outdoor conditions
Knowledge of wind heat transfer coefficient, h{sub w}, is required for estimation of upward losses from the outer surface of flat plate solar collectors/solar cookers. In present study, an attempt has been made to estimate the wind induced convective heat transfer coefficient by employing unglazed test plate (of size about 0.9 m square) in outdoor conditions. Experiments, for measurement of h{sub w}, have been conducted on rooftop of a building in the Institute campus in summer season for 2 years. The estimated wind heat transfer coefficient has been correlated against wind speed by linear regression and power regression. Experimental values of wind heat transfer coefficient estimated in present work have been compared with studies of other researchers after normalizing for plate length. (author)
Kumar, Suresh; Mullick, S.C. [Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016 (India)
This invention is comprised of an oil/gas collector/separator for recovery of oil leaking, for example, from an offshore or underwater oil well. The separator is floated over the point of the leak and tethered in place so as to receive oil/gas floating, or forced under pressure, toward the water surface from either a broken or leaking oil well casing, line, or sunken ship. The separator is provided with a downwardly extending skirt to contain the oil/gas which floats or is forced upward into a dome wherein the gas is separated from the oil/water, with the gas being flared (burned) at the top of the dome, and the oil is separated from water and pumped to a point of use. Since the density of oil is less than that of water it can be easily separated from any water entering the dome.
Henning, C.D.
Free-formed insulated concentrating solar collector. Final report
A free-formed, insulated solar concentrating-collector was designed, built, and tested. The design utilizes new concepts to achieve simplicity, low cost, high efficiency, and long service life. Three concepts were utilized to meet these goals: First, the concentrating reflector is free-formed by hand from a thin steel sheet. Second, a transparent cover is placed over the concentrator and insulation is placed on the back and ends reduce heat losses and protect the reflecting surface from attack by rain and dust. Third, a highly-reflective aluminum film, protected by bonding between two thin sheets of uv stabilized polyester, is fastened to the steel substrate by peelable adhesive. The material cost of the unit without sun seeking electronics and drive motor is about $6.75 per square foot of sun capturing area. Sun following equipment adds to the cost, however, in units of about 100 square feet sun following equipment contributes about $2.00 per square foot. Labor costs are estimated to be approximately $3.00 per square foot for a $5.00 per hour labor rate for a trained crew. On a do-it-yourself basis a 100 square foot unit would cost about $875. Tests of the prototype collector performed by a certified solar test laboratory were made and the results compared with similar tests of a commercial unit. These tests indicate that the efficiency of the prototype is higher than the commercial unit at outlet temperatures below 160/sup 0/F and comparable with the commercial unit at the boiling point of water.
Goodwin, G.
Shape control of solar collectors using torsional shape memory alloy actuators
Solar collectors that are focused on a central receiver are designed with a mechanism for defocusing the collector or disabling it by turning it out of the path of the sun`s rays. This is required to avoid damaging the receiver during periods of inoperability. In either of these two cases a fail-safe operation is very desirable where during power outages the collector passively goes to its defocused or deactivated state. This paper will be principally concerned with focusing and defocusing the collector in a fail-safe manner using shape memory alloy actuators. Shape memory alloys are well suited to this application in that once calibrated the actuators can be operated in an on/off mode using a small amount of electric power. Also, in contrast to other smart materials that were investigated for this application, shape memory alloys are capable of providing enough stroke at the appropriate force levels to focus the collector. In order to accommodate the large, nonlinear deformations required in the solar collector plate to obtain desired focal lengths, a torsional shape memory alloy actuator was developed that produces a stroke of 0.5 inches. Design and analysis details presented, along with comparisons to test data taken from an actual prototype, demonstrate that the collector can be repeatedly focused and defocused within accuracies required by typical solar energy systems.
Lobitz, D.W.; Rice, T.M.; Grossman, J.W. [and others
Design, construction and testing of a liquid-heating flat-plate solar collector
The purpose of this study was to design, construct, and test a liquid-heating flat-plate solar collector. From the literature search, information was gathered concerning the basic components of the collector, the different processes and materials that can be used in the construction of these components, and their advantages and disadvantages. The literature search also revealed a method used to measure the performance of the collector in terms of efficiency and heat output. Design considerations were then listed for each of the major components as well as the collector as a single unit. Then, each component was designed, taking into consideration the final assembly of the completed unit. Detailed designs were required for the absorber plate and the box and frame assembly because of their complexity in construction and assembly. Once the components were designed, the construction details were arranged in a logical sequence, again considering the final assembly of the unit. The collector was then carefully constructed and assembled following the design details. After the solar collector was assembled completely, tests were made, data were obtained and recorded, and a collector performance curve was developed.
Tuttle, R E
Method for dispersing catalyst onto particulate material
A method for dispersing finely divided catalyst precursors onto the surface of coal or other particulate material includes the steps of forming a wet paste mixture of the particulate material and a liquid solution containing a dissolved transition metal salt, for instance a solution of ferric nitrate. The wet paste mixture is in a state of incipient wetness with all of this solution adsorbed onto the surfaces of the particulate material without the presence of free moisture. On adding a precipitating agent such as ammonia, a catalyst precursor such as hydrated iron oxide is deposited on the surfaces of the coal. The catalyst is activated by converting it to the sulfide form for the hydrogenation or direct liquefaction of the coal.
Utz, Bruce R. (Pittsburgh, PA); Cugini, Anthony V. (Pittsburgh, PA)
A process is presented for forming coherent sheet material from particulate material such as granular or powdered metal, granular or powdered oxide, slurries, pastes, and plastic mixes which cohere under pressure. The primary object is to avoid the use of expensive and/ or short lived pressing tools, that is, dies and specially profiled rolls, and so to reduce the cost of the product and to prcvide in a simple manner for the making of the product in a variety of shapes or sizes. The sheet material is formed when the particulate material is laterally confined in a boundary material deformable in all lateral directions under axial pressure and then axially compressing the layer of particulate material together with the boundary material.
Blainey, A.
Matching collector's azimuthal orientation and energy demand profile for thermosyphonic systems
When a load profile is given, a thermosyphonic solar water heater's collector's azimuthal orientation should be considered as a parameter for maximizing the system's performance. This is demonstrated by simulating such a system with various azimuthal collectors orientation subjected to a single fixed or a daily routine load during the day. The results indicate that the system performance, which is measured here by the average (or mixed-cup) temperature of the withdrawn load, could be improved appreciably by a proper match between the collector's azimuthal orientation and the specifics of the load profiles.
Sokolov, M.; Vaxman, M. (Tel Aviv Univ. (Israel). School of Engineering)
Method of making a current collector for a sodium/sulfur battery
This specification is directed to a method of making a current collector (14) for a sodium/sulfur battery (10). The current collector so-made is electronically conductive and resistant to corrosive attack by sulfur/polysulfide melts. The method includes the step of forming the current collector for the sodium/sulfur battery from a composite material (16) formed of aluminum filled with electronically conductive fibers selected from the group of fibers consisting essentially of graphite fibers having a diameter up to 10 microns and silicon carbide fibers having a diameter in a range of 500-1000 angstroms.
Tischer, Ragnar P. (Birmingham, MI); Winterbottom, Walter L. (Farmington Hills, MI); Wroblowa, Halina S. (West Bloomfield, MI)
Comparison of heat transfer in solar collectors with heat pipe versus flow through absorbers
Analysis of heat transfer in solar collectors with heat pipe absorbers is compared to that for collectors with flow through absorbers. Both pumped and thermosiphon systems that produce hot water or other heated fluids are discussed. In these applications the heat pipe absorber suffers a heat transfer penalty compared with the flow through absorber, but in many cases the penalty can be minimized by proper design at the heat pipe condenser and system manifold. When the solar collector is used to drive an absorption chiller, the heat pipe absorber has better heat transfer characteristics than the flow through absorber.
Hull, J.R.
This specification is directed to a method of making a current collector for a sodium/sulfur battery. The current collector so-made is electronically conductive and resistant to corrosive attack by sulfur/polysulfide melts. The method includes the step of forming the current collector for the sodium/sulfur battery from a composite material formed of aluminum filled with electronically conductive fibers selected from the group of fibers consisting essentially of graphite fibers having a diameter up to 10 microns and silicon carbide fibers having a diameter in a range of 500--1,000 angstroms. 2 figs.
Tischer, R.P.; Winterbottom, W.L.; Wroblowa, H.S.
Particulate hot gas stream cleanup technical issues
The analyses of hot gas stream cleanup particulate samples and descriptions of filter performance studied under this contract were designed to address problems with filter operation that have been linked to characteristics of the collected particulate matter. One objective of this work was to generate an interactive, computerized data bank of the key physical and chemical characteristics of ash and char collected from operating advanced particle filters and to relate these characteristics to the operation and performance of these filters. The interactive data bank summarizes analyses of over 160 ash and char samples from fifteen pressurized fluidized-bed combustion and gasification facilities utilizing high-temperature, high pressure barrier filters.
Pontius, D.H.; Snyder, T.R.
Particulate matter sensor with a heater
An apparatus to detect particulate matter. The apparatus includes a sensor electrode, a shroud, and a heater. The electrode measures a chemical composition within an exhaust stream. The shroud surrounds at least a portion of the sensor electrode, exclusive of a distal end of the sensor electrode exposed to the exhaust stream. The shroud defines an air gap between the sensor electrode and the shroud and an opening toward the distal end of the sensor electrode. The heater is mounted relative to the sensor electrode. The heater burns off particulate matter in the air gap between the sensor electrode and the shroud.
Electrolytic/fuel cell bundles and systems including a current collector in communication with an electrode thereof
Electrolytic/fuel cell bundles and systems including such bundles include an electrically conductive current collector in communication with an anode or a cathode of each of a plurality of cells. A cross-sectional area of the current collector may vary in a direction generally parallel to a general direction of current flow through the current collector. The current collector may include a porous monolithic structure. At least one cell of the plurality of cells may include a current collector that surrounds an outer electrode of the cell and has at least six substantially planar exterior surfaces. The planar surfaces may extend along a length of the cell, and may abut against a substantially planar surface of a current collector of an adjacent cell. Methods for generating electricity and for performing electrolysis include flowing current through a conductive current collector having a varying cross-sectional area.
Hawkes, Grant L.; Herring, James S.; Stoots, Carl M.; O& #x27; Brien, James E.
Particulate Fouling of HVAC Heat Exchangers Jeffrey Alexander Siegel
Particulate Fouling of HVAC Heat Exchangers by Jeffrey Alexander Siegel B.S. (Swarthmore College.......................................................................................xv CHAPTER 1: PARTICULATE FOULING OF HVAC HEAT EXCHANGERS ....1 1.1 Introduction.......................................................................11 CHAPTER 2: MODELING PARTICLE DEPOSITION ON HVAC HEAT EXCHANGERS
Siegel, Jeffrey
Frequency response analysis of fluid control systems for parabolic trough solar collectors
Previous studies of solar collector fluid control systems have utilized computer simulations of collector and piping dynamics to evaluate stability and response characteristics. To obtain reasonable simulation accuracy requires substantial computer memory and time, and is well beyond the capability of small desk-top computers. Here a linearized steady state frequency response is derived for parabolic trough collectors and for connecting piping, which can be used in standard gain-phase analyses to evaluate system stability and closed loop frequency response. The frequency response characteristics of a typical collector string and piping are used in a gain-phase analysis to get some insight into the effect on system stability of various system parameters such as controller gain, sensor and controller time constants, and sensor location.
Schindwolf, R.
Wind Tunnel Tests of Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors: March 2001--August 2003
Conducted extensive wind-tunnel tests on parabolic trough solar collectors to determine practical wind loads applicable to structural design for stress and deformation, and local component design for concentrator reflectors.
Hosoya, N.; Peterka, J. A.; Gee, R. C.; Kearney, D.
Custom Engineering parabolic glass reflector for the Sandia prototype solar collector
The parabolic glass reflector, designed and constructed by Custom Engineering, Incorporated, is described. A brief summary of its performance as part of the Sandia prototype trough solar collector system is given.
Otts, J.; Sallis, D.
Mechanical development of an actuation system for a parabolic solar trough collector
This thesis documents my personal contribution to the development of a hydraulic-based actuation system for a solar trough collector. The goal of this project was to design the actuation system using hydraulic actuators ...
Carrillo, Juan Felipe (Carrillo Salazar)
Next-Generation Solar Collectors for CSP, Concentrating Solar Power (Fact Sheet)
3M Company is one of the 2012 SunShot CSP R&D awardees for their advanced collectors. This fact sheet explains the motivation, description, and impact of the project.
Investigation of methods to transfer heat from solar liquid-heating collectors to heat storage tanks
A number of possible solutions to the problems of corrosion and freezing in flat-plate collectors are listed and discussed briefly. Specific considerations involved in the choice and definition of these solutions are discussed in greater detail. (MHR)
de Winter, F.
Surface-Modified Copper Current Collector for Lithium Ion Battery Anode
A team of Berkeley Lab researchers led by Gao Liu has developed an innovative approach to improve the adhesion of anode laminate to copper current collectors in lithium ion batteries. This nanotechnology directly addresses delamination of graphite ...
Indoor test for thermal performance of the Sunmaster evacuated tube (liquid) solar collector
The test procedure used and the results obtained from an evaluation test program conducted to obtain thermal performance data on Sunmaster DEC-8 and 8A (modified) solar collector under simulated conditions are described. These tests were made using the Marshall Space Flight Center's solar simulator. A time constant test and incident angle modifier test were also conducted to determine the transient effect and the incident angle effect on the collector. The Sunmaster evacuated tube solar collector is a water working fluid type. The gross collector area is about 17.17 ft/sup 2/ and weight is approximately 65 pounds empty and 90 pounds filled. The overall dimensions are about 48'' x 51.5'' x 7.8''.
Intergrated function nonimaging concentrating collector tubes for solar thermal energy. Final technical report
A substantial improvement in optical efficiency over contemporary external reflector evacuated tube collectors has been achieved by integrating the reflector surface into the outer glass envelope. Described are the design fabrication and test results for a prototype collector based on this concept. A comprehensive test program to measure performance and operational characteristics of a 2 m/sup 2/ panel (45 tubes) has been completed. Efficiencies above 50% relative to beam at 200/sup 0/C have been repeatedly demonstrated. Both the instantaneous and long term average performance of this totally stationary solar collector are comparable to those for tracking line focus parabolic troughs. The yield, reliability and stability of performance achieved have been excellent. Subcomponent assemblies and fabrication procedures have been used which are expected to be compatible with high volume production. The collector has a wide variety of applications in the 100/sup 0/C to 300/sup 0/C range including industrial process heat, air conditioning and Rankine engine operation.
Winston, R
Microscopy investigations of ash and particulate matter accumulation in diesel particulate filter surface pores
There has been increased focus on the environmental impact of automobile emissions in recent years. These environmental concerns have resulted in the creation of more stringent particulate matter emissions regulations in ...
Beauboeuf, Daniel P
Electrically heated particulate filter preparation methods and systems
A control system that controls regeneration of a particulate filter is provided. The system generally includes a fuel control module that controls injection of fuel into exhaust that passes through the particulate filter. A regeneration module controls current to the particulate filter to initiate regeneration after the fuel has been injected into the exhaust.
Evacuated tubular collector utilizing a heat pipe. Final report, August 1-September 30, 1977
The evaluation of three evacuated tubular solar collector designs is reported: heat pipe cusp; counter flow cusp; and counter flow/flat plate. Comparative field testing of 4' x 4' modules was completed for all three designs. Thermal analysis of data shows that the evacuated heat pipe/cusp collector is a viable concept, more suitable for medium to high temperatures and high solar flux intensities.
Ortabasi, U.
Incidence angle modifiers in cylindrical solar collector design. Final report, June 1996--May 1997
This thesis presents an analysis of the thermal performance of cylindrical solar collectors. A major contributor to performance is optics, the principle focus of this work. A tool used to compute the incidence angle modifiers (IAM`s) for cylindrical solar collectors is presented. The Monte Carlo Method is employed in a Fortran 90 computer code to compute the hemispheric IAM`s of cylindrical solar collectors. Using concentric cylinders, the tubes are modeled with and without back plane reflectors of varying size. The computed IAM`s are verified both analytically and experimentally. Outdoor experiments on an array of cylindrical tubes with various back planes and two different tube spacings are described. Agreement with TRNSYS runs in daily energy gain is excellent. Over the 38 data sets, taken on different days, a maximum error of 11.2% is observed, with an average error of 3%. Heat loss tests, used to calculate an overall heat loss coefficient for the collector, are also described. A parametric variation study is used to illustrate the effect of varying many of the collector parameters. This study provides insight into the significant design parameters for cylindrical solar collectors. This insight is used to analyze the effect of these design parameters on the annual energy delivered by the collector. In addition, a simple cost analysis illustrates the benefits of varying the design parameters. The use of this new program and a detailed Life Cycle Cost analysis are the tools needed for optimizing the design of a cylindrical solar collector. 27 figs., 9 tabs.
Ryan, J.P.
Comparison of indoor-outdoor thermal performance for the Sunpak evacuated tube liquid collector
Performance data is provided for current Sunpak production collectors. The effects of an improved manifold are seen from the test results. The test results show excellent correlation between the solar simulator derived test results and outdoor test results. Also, because of different incident angle modifiers, the all-day efficiency of this collector with a diffuse reflector is found to be comparable to the performance with the standard shaped specular reflector.
Measurements of insolation variation over a solar collector field
The experiment described in this report makes observations to determine the direct insolation every 16 sec at corners of a quadrilateral approximately 600 meters in size located near Barstow, California. This size approximates the collector field of the solar power plant to be built near Barstow. Data from the first three months of operation of this experiment indicate cloudy conditions, capable of affecting the operation of a solar power plant, occurred during 15% of the daylight hours of some months. Patterns of insolation variation over the experiment area indicate shadows often exist with dimensions less than the projected size of the collection field for the 10 MW/sub e/ solar thermal power plant. Detailed statistical summaries of four partly cloudy events are included. Rates of insolation change on an individual sensor greater than or equal to 30 Wm/sup -2/ sec/sup -1/ have been observed, but these rate measurements have probably been limited by the response time of the experimental system. Spatial averaging of the measured insolation over the sensor field lowers the rate of insolation change.
Side-by-side comparisons of evacuated compound parabolic concentrator and flat plate solar collector systems
Three liquid-based solar heating systems employing different types of solar collectors were tested side by side near Chicago, Illinois for one year. The three different types of collectors were: a flat plate collector with a black-chrome coated absorber plate and one low-iron glass cover; an evacuated-tube compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) with a concentration ratio of 1.1, oriented with tubes and troughs along a north-south axis; and an evacuated-tube CPC collector with a concentration ratio of 1.3 and one low-iron glass cover, with tubes and troughs oriented along an east-west axis. Results indicate that the flat plate collector system was the most efficient during warm weather, but the CPC systems were more efficient during cold weather, but the CPC systems were more efficient during cold weather, and the CPC systems operated under conditions too adverse for the flat plate collector. The computer simulation model ANSIM was validated by means of the side-by-side tests. The model uses analytical solutions to the storage energy balance. ANSIM is compared with the general simulation TRNSYS. (LEW)
McGarity, A.E.; Allen, J.W.; Schertz, W.W.
Performance of residential solar heating and cooling system with flat-plate and evacuated tubular collectors: CSU Solar House I
Measurements in Solar House I at Colorado State University have provided comparison data on space heating, water heating, and cooling by systems in which flat-plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors were used. Data were procured on 47 days during operation of the flat-plate collector and on 112 days when the house was heated or cooled by the evacuated tube collector system. It was concluded that the system comprising an evacuated tubular collector, lithium bromide absorption water chiller, and associated equipment is highly effective in providing space heating and cooling to a small building, that it can supply up to twice the space heating and several times the cooling obtainable from an equal occupied area of good quality flat-plate collectors, and that a greater fraction of the domestic hot water can be obtained by supplying its heat from main storage. The cost-effectiveness of the system, in comparison with one employing a good flat-plate collector, can be determined when commercial pricing data are made available. A summary of monthly and annual energy use for space heating, domestic hot water (DHW) heating, and space cooling is presented. The collector performance is presented. The first two months of data were obtained with the system employing flat-plate collectors, whereas heating and cooling during the following nine months were supplied by the evacuated tube collector system.
Duff, W.S.; Conway, T.M.; Loef, G.O.G.; Meredith, D.B.; Pratt, R.B.
Methods of determining the fate of radioactive fuels in space power units burned up on re-entry into the earth's atmosphere are reviewed. Particulate characteristics experiments were derived from an analytical study on the ablation of Dlutonium fuel. This study revealed that the particulate size distribution resulting on re-entry burnup is a function of: the fuel form in use and the material velocity and atmospheric density at the time the fuel is exposed. The particulate fate experiments were derived essentially from studies of the effects of thermal and turbulent diffusion, and wind and gravity dispersion on the particulate cloud. The experiments recommended are described. (M.C.G.)
Eight evacuated collector installations. Interim report for the IEA task on the performance of solar heating, cooling and hot water systems using evacuated collectors
The cooperative IEA task on evacuated collector systems includes the following research and development projects: solar heated and cooled single family residences in Japan and the USA, a solar heated single family residence in the Netherlands, a solar heated multi-family unit in West Germany, a solar test facility in the United Kingdom, solar heated and cooled offices in Australia, a solar heated and cooled laboratory in Italy, an industrial process heat application in Canada, a solar heated and cooled university building in the USA and district heating systems in Sweden and Switzerland. The task covers the important evacuated collector applications. The same collectors are used in several installations and nearly all currently available evacuated collectors are used in at least one installation. Exchange of performance results within the task has been greatly enhanced by adoption of a mandatory highly prescriptive common reporting structure. Detailed unambiguous performance comparisons are made which would otherwise be difficult or impractical. This report, the first in a series of reports that will be published through 1986, describes the system and climate at eight of the installations and illustrates and compares seasonal, monthly, daily and hourly performance of the installations in Japan, Sweden, the USA and West Germany.
Duff, W.S.
Participation in multilateral effort to develop high performance integrated CPC evacuated collectors. [Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC)
The University of Chicago Solar Energy Group has had a continuing program and commitment to develop an advanced evacuated solar collector integrating nonimaging concentration into its design. During the period from 1985--1987, some of our efforts were directed toward designing and prototyping a manufacturable version of an Integrated Compound Parabolic Concentrator (ICPC) evacuated collector tube as part of an international cooperative effort involving six organizations in four different countries. This multilateral'' project made considerable progress towards a commercially practical collector. One of two basic designs considered employed a heat pipe and an internal metal reflector CPC. We fabricated and tested two large diameter (125mm) borosilicate glass collector tubes to explore this concept. The other design also used a large diameter (125mm) glass tube but with a specially configured internal shaped mirror CPC coupled to a U-tube absorber. Performance projections in a variety of systems applications using the computer design tools developed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) task on evacuated collectors were used to optimize the optical and thermal design. The long-term goal of this work continues to be the development of a high efficiency, low cost solar collector to supply solar thermal energy at temperatures up to 250{degree}C. Some experience and perspectives based on our work are presented and reviewed. Despite substantial progress, the stability of research support and the market for commercial solar thermal collectors were such that the project could not be continued. A cooperative path involving university, government and industrial collaboration remains the most attractive near term option for developing a commercial ICPC.
Winston, R.; O'Gallagher, J.J.
Spatial and temporal distributions of particulate matter and particulate organic carbon, Northeast Gulf of Mexico
The distribution of particulate matter (PM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) was determined during the Northeast Gulf of Mexico Chemical Oceanography and Hydro-graphy program (NEGOM). The hydrography and physical forcing functions were examined to explain particulate matter distribution. PM and POC were determined for discrete samples, and PM was also compared with in situ beam attenuation measure-ments in order to make estimations of continuous particle concentration profiles. Measurements were made three times per year for three years, during 1997-1998, 1998-1999, and 1999-2000, but only the first two years' worth of results are reported here. PM distributions vary seasonally and interannually. General patterns tend to be fairly consistent spatially and temporally during fall and spring, but intensity changes accord-ing to season. Differences present at the surface appear to be due mainly to riverine input of nutrients and particles from the several major rivers that flow into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Wind-forced circulation appears to be a minor influence on surface particulate distribution. Secondary eddies can have an effect upon distribution, as seen with an anticyclonic feature over the upper slope during Summer 1998 which entrained less saline, high particulate river water offshore. A similar effect was noted during Summer 1999, but to a lesser degree. A shelf edge current associated with anticyclonic flow seems to be a mechanism responsible for the appearance of nepheloid layers on the outer shelf.
Bernal, Christina Estefana
Midtemperature solar systems test facility predictions for thermal performance of the Acurex solar collector with FEK 244 reflector surface
Thermal performance predictions are presented for the Acurex solar collector, with FEK 244 reflector surface, for three output temperatures at five cities in the United States.
Harrison, T.D.
Interferometric study of the natural convection characteristics of flat plate, slat and vee-corrugated solar collectors. Final report
The natural convection heat transfer relations for the heat transfer between absorber and cover plates of solar collectors have been studied. Interferometric techniques were employed to evaluate the local coefficients. Average values were obtained by integration of the local values. The results are presented in terms of correlations between Nusselt number and Grashof number. The investigations were carried out over tilt angles of 45 to 90 degrees. The Grashof number range tested was representative of that existing in flat plate collectors. The various geometrics included large flat enclosures, small aspect ratio enclosures representative of honeycomb or slat collectors, vee-corrugated (vee-grooved) collectors, and compound parabolic concentrators.
El Wakil, M.M.; Mitchell, J.W.
Finite element modeling of concentrating solar collectors for evauation of gravity loads, bending, and optical characterization.
Understanding the effects of gravity and wind loads on concentrating solar power (CSP) collectors is critical for performance calculations and developing more accurate alignment procedures and techniques. This paper presents a rigorous finite-element model of a parabolic trough collector that is used to determine the impact of gravity loads on bending and displacements of the mirror facets and support structure. The geometry of the LUZ LS-2 parabolic trough collector was modeled using SolidWorks, and gravity-induced loading and displacements were simulated in SolidWorks Simulation. The model of the trough collector was evaluated in two positions: the 90{sup o} position (mirrors facing upward) and the 0{sup o} position (mirrors facing horizontally). The slope errors of the mirror facet reflective surfaces were found by evaluating simulated angular displacements of node-connected segments along the mirror surface. The ideal (undeformed) shape of the mirror was compared to the shape of the deformed mirror after gravity loading. Also, slope errors were obtained by comparing the deformed shapes between the 90{sup o} and 0{sup o} positions. The slope errors resulting from comparison between the deformed vs. undeformed shape were as high as {approx}2 mrad, depending on the location of the mirror facet on the collector. The slope errors resulting from a change in orientation of the trough from the 90{sup o} position to the 0{sup o} position with gravity loading were as high as {approx}3 mrad, depending on the location of the facet.
Christian, Joshua M.; Ho, Clifford Kuofei
A solar test collector for evaluation of both selective and non-selective absorbers
A solar test collector was designed for the testing of thermally absorbing coatings under controlled conditions. The design consisted of a collector fed by a controlled temperature fluid within the range of 25 to 90/sup 0/C (77 to 194/sup 0/F). This temperature was maintained by a custom electronic controller. A small variable flow pump circulated water through three collector pipes at selected flow rates. Strip heaters coupled with a differential temperature controller compensated for edge losses associated with small collectors. Detailed design and operation data were presented and three black chrome and one non-selective absorber were analyzed in detail by test collector measurements. Results showed Efficiencies as high as 77% and 75% (..delta..T = 0) were obtained respectively for 1.0 ..mu..m black chrome on copper and nickel plated steel. The lowest loss coefficients were about 3.8 W/m/sup 2/ /sup 0/C for all black chrome/metal surfaces with the highest being 8.4 W/m/sup 2/ /sup 0/C for the black paint/metal sample.
Lampert, C.M.; Washburn, J.
Determining the optical quality of focusing collectors without laser ray tracing
This paper describes a novel alternative to the laser ray trace technique for evaluating the optical quality of focusing solar collectors. The new method does not require any equipment beyond what is used for measuring collector efficiency; it could therefore become part of routine collector testing. The total optical errors resulting from imperfect specularity and from inaccuracies in reflector position or slope are characterized by an angular standard deviation sigma/sub optical/, the rms deviation of the reflected rays from the design direction. The method is based on the fact that the off-axis performance of a concentrator depends on sigma/sub optical/. An angular scan is performed, i.e., the collector output is measured as a function of misalignment angle over the entire range of angles for which there is measurable output (typically a few degrees). This test should be carried out on a very clear day, with receiver close to ambient temperature (if the latter conditions cannot be satisfied, appropriate corrections are necessary). The parameter sigma/sub optical/ is then determined by a least-squares fit between the measured and the calculated angular scan. We tested the method on a parabolic trough collector manufactured by Hexcel, but it is suitable for parabolic dishes as well. The method appears to be accurate enough to determine sigma/sub optical/ within about 10%.
Bendt, P.; Gaul, H.; Rabl, A.
SOLERAS - Solar-Powered Water Desalination Project at Yanbu: Solar-collector field experimental tests
The solar-collection field subsystem of the solar-powered desalination pilot project located at Yanbu in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been operated successfully for two years. It has been demonstrated that during a one-year period, the solar-collector field can, on the average, provide about 2500 kWh of thermal energy a day for days with a daily insolation total greater than 4000 Wh/m/sup 2/. This is a yearlong solar-collector field average efficiency of 22.5%. In Yanbu, from October 1, 1985, until September 30, 1986, there were only 21 days (5.8%) when the daily direct-normal insolation was less than the mid-60% to 70% range with a peak output of 51 kW per solar collector. It has also been demonstrated that the Power Kinetics, Inc., square-dish solar collector has a problem due to the fixed aperture (outboard focus) that seriously hurts the performance of the solar collector during the summer months at this latitude. A location at latitudes greater than +-35/degree/ would see greatly improved daylong summer performance. 4 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Zimmerman, J.C.; Al-Abbadi, N.
Measurements of particulate matter concentrations at a landfill site (Crete, Greece)
Large amounts of solid waste are disposed in landfills and the potential of particulate matter (PM) emissions into the atmosphere is significant. Particulate matter emissions in landfills are the result of resuspension from the disposed waste and other activities such as mechanical recycling and composting, waste unloading and sorting, the process of coating residues and waste transport by trucks. Measurements of ambient levels of inhalable particulate matter (PM{sub 10}) were performed in a landfill site located at Chania (Crete, Greece). Elevated PM{sub 10} concentrations were measured in the landfill site during several landfill operations. It was observed that the meteorological conditions (mainly wind velocity and temperature) influence considerably the PM{sub 10} concentrations. Comparison between the PM{sub 10} concentrations at the landfill and at a PM{sub 10} background site indicates the influence of the landfill activities on local concentrations at the landfill. No correlation was observed between the measurements at the landfill and the background sites. Finally, specific preventing measures are proposed to control the PM concentrations in landfills.
Chalvatzaki, E.; Kopanakis, I. [Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Crete (Greece); Kontaksakis, M. [Municipal Company of Solid Waste Management, Chania 73100, Crete (Greece); Glytsos, T.; Kalogerakis, N. [Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Crete (Greece); Lazaridis, M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Crete (Greece)
Argonne TTRDC - Engines - Emissions Control - Advanced Diesel Particulate
Development of Advanced Diesel Particulate Filtration Systems Development of Advanced Diesel Particulate Filtration Systems The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations require that on-highway diesel vehicles have filtration systems to reduce tail-pipe soot emissions, known as particulate matter (PM). Diesel particulate filtration (DPF) systems are currently the most efficient at directly controlling PM. Argonne researchers, working with Corning, Inc., and Caterpillar, Inc., through a cooperative research and development agreement, are exploiting previously unavailable technology and research results on diesel PM filtration and regeneration processes, aiming to the technology transfer of advanced PM emission control to industry. Argonne's Research In operation of DPF systems, the filtration and regeneration of particulate emissions are the key processes to be controlled for high efficiency. Due to difficulties in accessing the micro-scaled structures of DPF membranes and monitoring particulate filtration and high-temperature thermal processes, however, research has been limited to macroscopic observation for the product.
Automated solar collector installation design including ability to define heterogeneous design preferences
Embodiments may include systems and methods to create and edit a representation of a worksite, to create various data objects, to classify such objects as various types of pre-defined "features" with attendant properties and layout constraints. As part of or in addition to classification, an embodiment may include systems and methods to create, associate, and edit intrinsic and extrinsic properties to these objects. A design engine may apply of design rules to the features described above to generate one or more solar collectors installation design alternatives, including generation of on-screen and/or paper representations of the physical layout or arrangement of the one or more design alternatives. Embodiments may also include definition of one or more design apertures, each of which may correspond to boundaries in which solar collector layouts should comply with distinct sets of user-defined design preferences. Distinct apertures may provide heterogeneous regions of collector layout according to the user-defined design preferences.
Wayne, Gary; Frumkin, Alexander; Zaydman, Michael; Lehman, Scott; Brenner, Jules
Random Deployment of Data Collectors for Serving Randomly-Located Sensors
Recently, wireless communication industries have begun to extend their services to machine-type communication devices as well as to the user equipment. Such machine-type communication devices as meters and sensors need intermittent uplink resources to report measured or sensed data to their serving data collector. It is however hard to dedicate limited uplink resources to each of them. Thus, efficient service of a tremendous number of devices with low activities may consider simple random access as a solution. The data collectors receiving the measured data from many sensors simultaneously can successfully decode only signals with signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) above a certain value. The main design issues for this environment become how many data collectors are needed, how much power sensor nodes transmit with, and how wireless channels affect the performance. This paper provides answers to those questions through a stochastic analysis based on a spatial point process and on simulations.
Kwon, Taesoo
Highly efficient solar collector including means for preventing cover plate fluid condensation
A solar energy collector of low cost and high thermal efficiency is disclosed having a heat trap produced by zigzagging a thin strip of polyethylene terephthalate between opposite sides of the trap while wrapping the strip about rows of dowels positioned at opposite sides of the frame of the solar collector. A window of soda lime glass filters uv radiation to inhibit discoloration of the plastic heat trap walls. An absorber plate having fluid pipes therein is positioned underneath the heat trap and a first layer of fiberglass, and a second layer of polyurethane foam are positioned below the absorber plate. The fiberglass layer prevents overheating of the polyurethane foam layer to in turn inhibit the formation of toxic fluids, which may condense upon the underside of the window to reduce the efficiency of the collector.
Root, E.F.; Kunica, S.; Simmons, H.M.
Particulate Controls for Near-Zero Emissions Plants
This report discusses the ability of current and developing particulate control technologies to meet extremely low, continuous, particulate emission limits. Interest in this topic is due to concerns about the environmental impact of coal-fired power plants and the trend towards lower and lower particulate emission limits proposed by regulators and environmental groups. The report characterizes the capabilities of existing electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and fabric filters (FFs) and identifies several ...
X-Ray Absorption Characterization of Diesel Exhaust Particulates
We have characterized particulates from a 1993 11.1 Detroit Diesel Series 60 engine with electronic unit injectors operated using fuels with and without methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) and overbased calcium sulfonate added. X-ray photoabsorption (XAS) spectroscopy was used to characterize the diesel particulates. Results reveal a mixture of primarily Mn-phosphate with some Mn-oxide, and Ca-sulfate on the surface of the filtered particulates from the diesel engine.
Nelson, A J; Ferreira, J L; Reynolds, J G; Roos, J W
Solar Collector: A Novel Way of Harnessing the Sun's Energy The team analysed the prototype and different design alternatives.The goal of the Solar Collector is to better
Solar Collector: A Novel Way of Harnessing the Sun's Energy Overview The team analysed the prototype and different design alternatives.The goal of the Solar Collector is to better harness the solar in SolidWorks and simulating and analysing the designs in ASAP. Approach · The group visited Solar Dynamic
Demirel, Melik C.
Particulate Measurements and Emissions Characterization of Alternative Fuel Vehicle Exhaust
The objective of this project was to measure and characterize particulate emissions from light-duty alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) and equivalent gasoline-fueled vehicles. The project included emission testing of a fleet of 129 gasoline-fueled vehicles and 19 diesel vehicles. Particulate measurements were obtained over Federal Test Procedure and US06 cycles. Chemical characterization of the exhaust particulate was also performed. Overall, the particulate emissions from modern technology compressed natural gas and methanol vehicles were low, but were still comparable to those of similar technology gasoline vehicles.
Durbin, T. D.; Truex, T. J.; Norbeck, J. M. (Center for Environmental Research and Technology College of Engineering, University of California - Riverside, California)
Performance evaluation of diesel particulate filters on heavy duty vehicles.
??Diesel particulate filters, or DPFs, are exhaust aftertreatment devices used to reduce exhaust emissions from diesel powered vehicles. Typical designs have a wall flow filter� (more)
Rosepiler, Stephen G.
Air Pollution Control Regulations: No. 13 - Particulate Emissions...
Pollution Control Regulations: No. 13 - Particulate Emissions from Fossil Fuel Fired Steam or Hot Water Generating Units (Rhode Island) Air Pollution Control Regulations: No. 13...
TransForum v3n4 - Diesel Particulates
ZEROING IN ON DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS Thick clouds of soot particles no longer billow from new bus and truck exhaust pipes, thanks to today's advanced diesel engines, which...
Transpiration Purging Access Probe for Particulate Laden or
need for sensors that tolerate dirty environments, research is currently active on the patent-pending technology "Transpiration Purging Access Probe for Particulate Laden or...
Effect of Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Particulate Filter Performance
Presents results of tests of ultra-low sulfur diesel blended with soy-biodiesel at 5 percent using a Cummins ISB engine with a diesel particulate filter.
Williams, A.; McCormick, R. L.; Hayes, R. R.; Ireland, J.; Fang, H. L.
Frequency response analysis of fluid control systems for parabolic-trough solar collectors
A linearized steady-state frequency response is derived for parabolic-trough collectors and for connecting piping that can be used in standard gain-phase analyses to evaluate system stability and closed-loop frequency response. The frequency-response characteristics of a typical collector string and piping are used in a gain-phase analysis to get some insight into the effect on system stability of various system parameters such as controller gain, sensor and controller-time constants, and sensor location.
Solar collector/still for salt-water desalination. Final report
A combined in-line solar collector/still for the desalination of salt water was designed, built, and tested on site in the Florida Keys. During the course of the project the basic configuration was modified, as project funds permitted, to enhance performance. This collector/still utilizes sunlight for the direct heating of water and for the heating of air. The heating air is bubbled through the heated water producing desalinated water vapor which is subsequently collected. The result is non-salted water produced using sunlight.
Fonash, R.L.
Reducing heat loss from the energy absorber of a solar collector
A device is provided for reducing convective heat loss in a cylindrical radiant energy collector. It includes a curved reflective wall in the shape of the arc of a circle positioned on the opposite side of the exit aperture from the reflective side walls of the collector. Radiant energy exiting the exit aperture is directed by the curved wall onto an energy absorber such that the portion of the absorber upon which the energy is directed faces downward to reduce convective heat loss from the absorber.
Measured performances of curved inverted-vee, absorber compound parabolic concentrating solar-energy collectors
The design and thermal performance of modified compound parabolic concentrating (CPC) solar-energy collectors are described. The designs incorporate a curved inverted-Vee absorber fin, which allows a reflector of simple geometry to be used. This CPC collector, has exhibited a superior performance to that of a conventional cusp-reflector CPC design, owing to the enhancement of the optical efficiency obtained by eliminating gap optical losses and an enhanced heat removal factor. The consequence upon the performance of a further design refinement, which inhibited the convective heat losses, is also reported.
Norton, B. (Univ. of Ulster at Jordanstown (Ireland)); Prapas, D.E. (Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki (Greece)); Eames, P.C.; Probert, S.D. (Cranfield Institute of Technology, Bedford (England))
Detailed parametric analyses of heat transfer in CPC solar energy collectors
A detailed parametric analysis of heat transfer in compound parabolic concentrating solar energy collectors has been performed, using a unified model for their optical and thermophysical behaviour. The effects of angular inclination and collector acceptance angles on free convection within the cavity are presented. The circumferential variation of local Nusselt number about the absorber is determined. A convective heat transfer correlation is obtained for the average Nusselt number with respect to Grashof number that takes into account acceptance angle and angular inclination. The developed correlation is extended to truncated compound parabolic concentrators.
Eames, P.C.; Norton, B. (Univ. of Ulster (United Kingdom))
Validated, unified model for optics and heat transfer in line-axis concentrating solar energy collectors
A rigorous numerical simulation model for the prediction of the combined optical and thermofluid behaviour of line-axis concentrating solar energy collectors combines two-dimensional steady-state finite element analysis of convective heat transfer and ray-trace techniques. The optical analysis considers both direct and diffuse insolation components and is therefore useful for the analysis of compound parabolic concentrating collectors. Experiments using Mach-Zehnder interferometry indicate a parametric range for which such a two-dimensional representation is valid.
Electrically heated particulate filter with reduced stress
A system comprises a particulate matter (PM) filter comprising an inlet for receiving exhaust gas. A zoned heater is arranged in the inlet and comprises a resistive heater comprising N zones, where N is an integer greater than one. Each of the N zones comprises M sub-zones, where M is an integer greater than one. A control module selectively activates one of the N zones to initiate regeneration in downstream portions of the PM filter from the one of the N zones and deactivates others of the N zones.
Gonze, Eugene V.
Midtemperature solar systems test facility predictions for thermal performance based on test data: Sun-Heet nontracking solar collector
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (SNLA), is currently conducting a program to predict the performance and measure the characteristics of commercially available solar collectors that have the potential for use in industrial process heat and enhanced oil recovery applications. The thermal performance predictions for the Sun-Heet nontracking, line-focusing parabolic trough collector at five cities in the US are presented. (WHK)
Interactions and Implications of a Collector Well with a River in an Unconfined Aquifer with Regional Background Flow
Ranney radial collector wells consist of an array of horizontal lateral wells arranged radially around and connected to the base of a vertical well. They offer numerous advantages over traditional vertical wells with application in both the petroleum industry and hydrologic sciences. This study improved the understanding of the interaction of collector wells and the aquifers/reservoirs they tap by numerically modeling flux exchanges between a collector well and a river in an unconfined aquifer with regional background flow. Modeling demonstrated that flux along each horizontal lateral increased with distance from the vertical well stem following a third order polynomial function. Ultimately these models demonstrated that in the collector well/aquifer/river system, the pumping rate of the collector well was the dominant factor in controlling flux between the river and aquifer under various conditions. This study can be used to project the maximum allowable pumping rate without causing an initially gaining river to become a losing river.
Dugat, William D., IV
Performance characteristics of open-flow liquid desiccant solar collector/regenerator for solar cooling applications. Part 2. System simulation and performance measurements. Final report
This research focussed on the performance and system simulation of an open-flow liquid desiccant solar collector/regenerator.
Wood, B.D.; Siebe, D.A.; Applebaum, M.A.; Novak, K.S.; Ballew, L.M.
Planar fuel cell utilizing nail current collectors for increased active surface area
A plurality of nail current collector members are useful in the gas flow passages of an electrochemical device to optimize the active surfaces of the device and to provide structural support. In addition, the thicknesses of cathode and anode layers within the electrochemical device are varied according to current flow through the device to reduce resistance and increase operating efficiency.
George, Thomas J.; Meacham, G.B. Kirby
Low-cost site-assembled solar collector designs for use with heat pumps
Four low cost solar collector designs have been produced for use in solar assisted heat pump systems. Three principles guided the design: the use of air as the heat transfer medium, the use of on-site easy-to-install construction rather than modularized prefabricated construction, and the collection of solar energy at reduced temperatures.
Andrews, J W; Wilhelm, W
Brief Energy-based control of a distributed solar collector field
Model-based control of the outlet temperature of a distributed solar collector field is studied. An energy-based controller is derived using internal energy as a controlled variable. The controller relies on a distributed parameter nonlinear plant model ... Keywords: Distributed parameter systems, Model-based control, Nonlinear control, Solar power
Tor A. Johansen; Camilla Storaa
A study of the scalability of stop-the-world garbage collectors on multicores
Large-scale multicore architectures create new challenges for garbage collectors (GCs). In particular, throughput-oriented stop-the-world algorithms demonstrate good performance with a small number of cores, but have been shown to degrade badly beyond ... Keywords: garbage collection, multicore, numa
Lokesh Gidra; Ga�l Thomas; Julien Sopena; Marc Shapiro
Collector surface for a microwave tube comprising a carbon-bonded carbon-fiber composite
In a microwave tube, an improved collector surface coating comprises a porous carbon composite material, preferably a carbon-bonded carbon fiber composite having a bulk density less than about 2 g/cc. Installation of the coating is readily adaptable as part of the tube manufacturing process. 4 figs.
Lauf, R.J.; McMillan, A.D.; Johnson, A.C.; Moorhead, A.J.
A SOLAR STILL AUGMENTED WITH A FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR AND A REFLECTOR A. Saleh A. Badran Mechanical Jordan Amman Jordan e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT A solar distillation system was built and tested to study the effect of increasing the solar radiation incident
Variation of collector efficiency and receiver thermal loss as a function of solar irradiance
Efficiency and thermal loss of a parabolic trough concentrating solar collector have been measured for values of solar irradiance between 400 W/m/sup 2/ and 1000 W/m/sup 2/. Both parameters are shown to vary significantly with changing solar irradiance. Significant errors can result from improper use of currently published efficiency data.
ETRANS: an energy transport system optimization code for distributed networks of solar collectors
The optimization code ETRANS was developed at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory to design and estimate the costs associated with energy transport systems for distributed fields of solar collectors. The code uses frequently cited layouts for dish and trough collectors and optimizes them on a section-by-section basis. The optimal section design is that combination of pipe diameter and insulation thickness that yields the minimum annualized system-resultant cost. Among the quantities included in the costing algorithm are (1) labor and materials costs associated with initial plant construction, (2) operating expenses due to daytime and nighttime heat losses, and (3) operating expenses due to pumping power requirements. Two preliminary series of simulations were conducted to exercise the code. The results indicate that transport system costs for both dish and trough collector fields increase with field size and receiver exit temperature. Furthermore, dish collector transport systems were found to be much more expensive to build and operate than trough transport systems. ETRANS itself is stable and fast-running and shows promise of being a highly effective tool for the analysis of distributed solar thermal systems.
Barnhart, J.S.
Qualification test procedures and results for Honeywell solar collector subsystem, single-family residence
The test procedures and results are described in qualifying the Honeywell solar collector subsystem. Testing began in mid-August 1976, and was concluded in late February 1977. Testing was done in the following areas: pressure, service loads, hail, solar degradation, pollutants, thermal degradation, and outgassing. Results from these tests are summarized.
The analysis and comparison of actual to predicted collector array performances
The Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) equation has been the standard tool for the evaluation of collector thermal performance for four decades. This paper presents a technique that applies the criteria of ASHRAE Standard 93-77 to the determination of the HWB ...
W. H. McCumber; M. W. Weston
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF THE INTERSTELLAR COLLECTOR OF STARDUST. A. J. Westphal1 , C. Allen2
]. Approximately 85% of the 1039 cm2 collector area of the Stardust Interstellar tray consists of aerogel tiles incorporation of data from vary- ing heliocentric distances and better understanding of particle size filtering particles >300 nm in size to have hit aerogel and 15 to have impacted the aluminum foil. An important lesson
Experiment study on single-pass photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) air collector with absorber
Problem statement: Solar cell received heat from solar irradiance as well and this will reduce the efficiency of the solar cell. The heat trap at the solar photovoltaic panel becomes waste energy. Approach: The solution for this was by adding a cooling ... Keywords: air collector, photovoltaic thermal, rectangle tunnel absorber, thermal efficiency
Goh Li Jin; Hafidz Ruslan; Sohif Mat; Mohd. Yusof Othman; Azami Zaharim; Kamaruzzaman Sopian
Solar heat collectors. (Latest citations from the US Patent database). Published Search
The bibliography contains selected patents concerning solar heat collector apparatus and systems. Building panels, air conditioning systems, chemical heat pumps, refrigeration systems, and controls are discussed. Applications include residential and commercial building space and water heating, greenhouse heating, and swimming pool heating. (Contains 250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)
George, Thomas J. (Star City, WV); Meacham, G. B. Kirby (Shaker Heights, OH)
In a microwave tube, an improved collector surface coating comprises a porous carbon composite material, preferably a carbon-bonded carbon fiber composite having a bulk density less than about 2 g/cc. Installation of the coating is readily adaptable as part of the tube manufacturing process.
Lauf, Robert J. (Oak Ridge, TN); McMillan, April D. (Knoxville, TN); Johnson, Arvid C. (Lake in the Hills, IL); Moorhead, Arthur J. (Knoxville, TN)
Transpired Solar Collector at NREL's Waste Handling Facility Uses Solar Energy to Heat Ventilation Air
Revised fact sheet describes the transpired solar collector that was installed on NREL's Waste handling Facility (WHF) in 1990 to preheat ventilation air. The electrically heated WHF was an ideal candidate for this technology - requiring a ventilation rate of 3,000 cubic feet per meter to maintain safe indoor conditions.
Design considerations for solar industrial process heat systems: nontracking and line focus collector technologies
Items are listed that should be considered in each aspect of the design of a solar industrial process heat system. The collector technologies covered are flat-plate, evacuated tube, and line focus. Qualitative design considerations are stressed rather than specific design recommendations. (LEW)
Kutscher, C.F. (ed.)
Atomic-absorption analysis in a graphite furnace fitted with a metal ballast collector
One reason for the deterioration in sensitivity in the electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy of petroleum products is the uncontrolled spread and diffusion of the liquid throughout the furnace. This paper describes a metal ballast collector whose wettability and sorptive properties contain the sample and allow for its uniform and controlled evaporation and atomization.
Katskov, D.A.; Vasil' eva, L.A.; Grinshtein, I.L.; Savel' eva, G.O.
Method for removing particulate matter from a gas stream
Particulate matter is removed from a stream of pressurized gas by directing the stream of gas upwardly through a bed of porous material, the porous bed being held in an open ended container and at least partially submerged in liquid. The passage of the gas through the porous bed sets up a circulation in the liquid which cleans the particulate matter from the bed.
Postma, Arlin K. (Benton City, WA)
Discrete-element modeling of particulate aerosol flows
A multiple-time step computational approach is presented for efficient discrete-element modeling of aerosol flows containing adhesive solid particles. Adhesive aerosol particulates are found in numerous dust and smoke contamination problems, including ... Keywords: Aerosols, Aggregation, Particle adhesion, Particulate flow
J. S. Marshall
Final Report: Particulate Emissions Testing, Unit 1, Potomac River
Final Report: Particulate Emissions Testing, Unit 1, Potomac River Final Report: Particulate Emissions Testing, Unit 1, Potomac River Generating Station, Alexandria, Virginia Final Report: Particulate Emissions Testing, Unit 1, Potomac River Generating Station, Alexandria, Virginia Docket No. EO-05-01: TRC Environmental Corporation (TRC) of Lowell, Massachusetts was retained by Mirant Potomac River, LLC (Mirant) to provide sampling and analytical support in completing a Particulate Emission Test of Unit 1 of the Potomac River generating facility. The Test Program at the Potomac facility involved the completion of two series of emissions tests for particulate matter (PM), the first during normal unit operation and the second with the injection of TRONA upstream of hot side ESP fields. All tests were completed while Unit 1 was operating at 90% of full load (84MW)
Final test results for the Schott HCE on a LS-2 collector.
Sandia National Laboratories has completed thermal performance testing on the Schott parabolic trough receiver using the LS-2 collector on the Sandia rotating platform at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility in Albuquerque, NM. This testing was funded as part of the US DOE Sun-Lab USA-Trough program. The receiver tested was a new Schott receiver, known as Heat Collector Elements (HCEs). Schott is a new manufacturer of trough HCEs. The Schott HCEs are 4m long; therefore, two were joined and mounted on the LS-2 collector module for the test. The Schott HCE design consists of a 70mm diameter high solar absorptance coated stainless steel (SS) tube encapsulated within a 125mm diameter Pyrex{reg_sign} glass tube with vacuum in the annulus formed between the SS and glass tube to minimize convection heat losses. The Schott HCE design is unique in two regards. First, the bellows used to compensate for the difference in thermal expansion between the metal and glass tube are inside the glass envelope rather than outside. Second, the composition of materials at the glass-to-metal seal has very similar thermal expansion coefficients making the joint less prone to breakage from thermal shock. Sandia National Laboratories provided both the azimuth and elevation collector module tracking systems used during the tests. The test results showed the efficiency of the Schott HCE to be very similar to current HCEs being manufactured by Solel. This testing provided performance verification for the use of Schott tubes with Solargenix trough collector assemblies at currently planned trough power plant projects in Arizona and Nevada.
Moss, Timothy A.; Brosseau, Douglas A.
Overlap zoned electrically heated particulate filter
A system includes a particulate matter (PM) filter that includes an upstream end for receiving exhaust gas and a downstream end. A zoned heater is arranged spaced from the upstream end and comprises N zones, where N is an integer greater than one, wherein each of the N zones comprises M sub-zones, where M is an integer greater than or equal to one, and wherein the N zones and the M sub-zones are arranged in P layers, where P is an integer greater than one. A control module selectively activates at least a selected one of the N zones to initiate regeneration in downstream portions of the PM filter from the one of the N zones and deactivates non-selected ones of the N zones.
Gonze, Eugene V [Pinckney, MI; Chapman, Mark R [Brighton, MI
Process for producing dispersed particulate composite materials
This invention is directed to a process for forming noninterwoven dispersed particulate composite products. In one case a composite multi-layer film product comprises a substantially noninterwoven multi-layer film having a plurality of discrete layers. This noninterwoven film comprises at least one discrete layer of a first material and at least one discrete layer of a second material. In another case the first and second materials are blended together with each other. In either case, the first material comprises a metalloid and the second material a metal compound. At least one component of a first material in one discrete layer undergoes a solid state displacement reaction with at least one component of a second material thereby producing the requisite noninterwoven composite film product. Preferably, the first material comprises silicon, the second material comprises Mo.sub.2 C, the third material comprises SiC and the fourth material comprises MoSi.sub.2.
Henager, Jr., Charles H. (Richland, WA); Hirth, John P. (Viola, ID)
Measurements in Solar House I at Colorado State University have provided comparison data on space heating, water heating, and cooling by systems in which flat-plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors were used. Data were procured on 47 days during operation of the flat-plate collector and on 112 days when the house was heated or cooled by the evacuated tube collector system. It was concluded that the system comprising an evacuated tubular collector, lithium bromide absorption water chiller, and associated equipment is highly effective in providing solar heating and cooling to a small building, that it can supply up to twice the space heating and several times the cooling obtainable from an equal occupied area of good quality flat-plate collectors, and that a greater fraction of the domestic hot water can be obtained by supplying its heat from main storage. The cost-effectiveness of the system, in comparison with one employing a good flat-plate collector, can be determined when commercial pricing data are made available.
Goals study for technical development and economic evaluation of the compound parabolic concentrator concept for solar energy collector applications
The Argonne National Laboratories, contracted with Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL), to perform a 6 week goal study for the purpose of evaluating the technical applicability and the economic viability of the compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) concept for all solar energy applications except large central power plants. During this period, we studied the use of CPC units in a large number of residential, industrial, and commercial applications. The predicted performance of CPC augmented solar collectors was compared with other available solar collectors. Application of the CPC to on-site power generation using solar Rankine power generation techniques was studied in detail. Techniques and costs for fabricating CPC collectors were studied. Collectors with insulation and with full-surface reflectors were studied along with the use of CPC augmentation for evacuated receivers with selective surfaces. Manufacturing costs are compared with those reported by others. A qualitative comparison was made between the various classes of solar collectors that are either presently available or are expected to become available in the near future. Comparative energy costs for various collectors are discussed based upon the predicted performance and the estimated costs for manufacture. The problems of introducing the CPC, or other advanced technology type of solar collectors, into the U. S. construction and HVAC market are briefly discussed. (auth)
Comparative performance of two types of evacuated tube solar collectors in a residential heating and cooling system. The progress report
Two types of evacuated tube solar collectors have been operated in space heating, cooling and domestic hot water heating systems in Colorado State University Solar House I. An experimental collector from Corning Glass Works supplied heat to the system from January 1977 through February 1978, and an experimental collector from Philips Research Laboratory, Aachen, which is currently in use, has been operating since August 1978. A flat absorber plate inside a single-walled glass tube is used in the Corning design, whereas heat is conducted through a single glass wall to an external heat exchanger plate in the Philips collector. In comparison with conventional flat-plate collectors, both types show reduced heat losses and improved efficiency. For space heating and hot water supply in winter, the solar delivery efficiency of the Corning collector ranged from 49% to 60% of the incident solar energy. The portion of the space heating and domestic hot water load carried by solar energy through fall and winter ranged from 50% to 74%, with a four-month contribution of 61% of the total requirements. Data on the Philips collector are currently being analyzed.
Conway, T.M.; Duff, W.S.; Lof, G.O.G.; Pratt, R.G.
Standard Practice for Exposure of Solar Collector Cover Materials to Natural Weathering Under Conditions Simulating Stagnation Mode
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the exposure of solar collector cover materials to the natural weather environment at elevated temperatures that approximate stagnation conditions in solar collectors having a combined back and edge loss coefficient of less than 1.5 W/(m2 � �C). 1.2 This practice is suitable for exposure of both glass and plastic solar collector cover materials. Provisions are made for exposure of single and double cover assemblies to accommodate the need for exposure of both inner and outer solar collector cover materials. 1.3 This practice does not apply to cover materials for evacuated collectors, photovoltaic cells, flat-plate collectors having a combined back and edge loss coefficient greater than 1.5 W/(m2 �� C), or flat-plate collectors whose design incorporates means for limiting temperatures during stagnation. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard t...
American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia
Experimental analysis of thermal performance of flat plate and evacuated tube solar collectors in stationary standard and daily conditions
New comparative tests on two different types of solar collectors are presented in this paper. A standard glazed flat plate collector and an evacuated tube collector are installed in parallel and tested at the same working conditions; the evacuated collector is a direct flow through type with external compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) reflectors. Efficiency in steady-state and quasi-dynamic conditions is measured following the standard and it is compared with the input/output curves measured for the whole day. The first purpose of the present work is the comparison of results in steady-state and quasi-dynamic test methods both for flat plate and evacuated tube collectors. Besides this, the objective is to characterize and to compare the daily energy performance of these two types of collectors. An effective mean for describing and analyzing the daily performance is the so called input/output diagram, in which the collected solar energy is plotted against the daily incident solar radiation. Test runs have been performed in several conditions to reproduce different conventional uses (hot water, space heating, solar cooling). Results are also presented in terms of daily efficiency versus daily average reduced temperature difference: this allows to represent the comparative characteristics of the two collectors when operating under variable conditions, especially with wide range of incidence angles. (author)
Zambolin, E.; Del Col, D. [Dipartimento di Fisica Tecnica, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova (Italy)
Outdoor test for thermal performance evaluation of the Owens-Illinois Sunpak SEC-601 (air) solar collector
The test procedures used and the test results obtained during the performance of an evaluation test program on the Owens-Illinois Sunpak, model SEC-601, air solar collector under natural outdoor weather conditions are presented. All testing activities were performed on a single module installed on the Marshall Space Flight Center Solar House. The test was performed and the data evaluated according to the methods provided in ASHRAE 93-77 (Method of Testing to Determine the Thermal Performance of Solar Collectors) as applicable to outdoor testing of solar collectors.
Nonimaging solar energy concentrators (CPC's) with fully illuminated flat receivers: A viable alternative to flat-plate collectors
Low-concentration, stationary, nonimaging concentrators (CPC's) with flat receivers illuminated on both sides are considered as viable alternatives to flat-plate solar collectors. Closed-form, analytic formulae are derived for the geometric characteristics of two concentrator types of greatest interest (i.e., stationary collectors for year-round energy delivery), which enable calculations of collectible energy without computer ray-tracing stimulations. The relative merits of these concentrators in terms of energy collection and production costs are assessed with respect to each other as well as to flat-plate collectors.
Gordon, J.M.
Posters Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer Data Analysis Methods
Posters Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer Data Analysis Methods R. O. Knuteson, W. L. Smith, S. A. Ackerman, H. E. Revercomb, H. Woolf, and H. Howell Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin Introduction Data from the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Inter- ferometer (AERI) have been analyzed for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Fourier Transform Data Analysis Tools science team project under the direction of William L. Smith of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The data consist of observations of the downwelling infrared emission at the surface from gaseous atmospheric constituents and from cloud and particulate aerosols. The observations are at 0.5 cm-1 spectral resolution over the
Solar Pilot Plant, Phase I. Preliminary design report. Volume III. Collector subsystem. CDRL item 2
The Honeywell collector subsystem features a low-profile, multifaceted heliostat designed to provide high reflectivity and accurate angular and spatial positioning of the redirected solar energy under all conditions of wind load and mirror attitude within the design operational envelope. The heliostats are arranged in a circular field around a cavity receiver on a tower halfway south of the field center. A calibration array mounted on the receiver tower provides capability to measure individual heliostat beam location and energy periodically. This information and weather data from the collector field are transmitted to a computerized control subsystem that addresses the individual heliostat to correct pointing errors and determine when the mirrors need cleaning. This volume contains a detailed subsystem design description, a presentation of the design process, and the results of the SRE heliostat test program.
Analysis of the influence of geography and weather on parabolic trough solar collector design
The potential performance of single-axis tracking parabolic trough solar collectors as a function of optical energy distribution and receiver size has been calculated for eleven sites using typical meteorological year input data. A simulation based on the SOLTES code was developed which includes the three-dimensional features of a parabolic trough and calculates the thermooptical tradeoffs. The capability of the thermooptical model has been confirmed by the comparison of calculated results with the experimental results from an all-day test of a parabolic trough. The results from this eleven-site analysis indicate a potential performance superiority of a north-south horizontal axis trough and, in addition, a high quality (optical error, sigma/sub system/ less than or equal to 0.007 radian) collector should be of the same geometric design for all of the sites investigated and probably for all regions of the country.
Treadwell, G.W.; Grandjean, N.R.; Biggs, F.
Solar thermal electric power systems with line-focus collectors. Final report
Electric power generation by conventional Rankine cycle heat engines with heat supplied by line-focus solar collectors was investigated. The objectives of the study were: (1) determine which of four types of line-focus solar collectors coupled with turbine-generators of conventional design has the potential to produce low-cost electric power with thermal energy in 100 to 300/sup 0/C range; (2) develop performance and cost relationships for organic Rankine cycle engines for power generation capacities from 3 MW/sub e/ to 300 MW/sub e/; (3) develop conceptual storage units for organic fluid systems. Evaluation procedures and study results and conclusion are presented and discussed in detail. (WHK)
Duff, W.S.; Karaki, S.; Shaner, W.W.; Wilbur, P.J.; Somers, E.V.; Grimble, R.E.; Wilson, H.S.; Watt, A.D.
Discovery of Non-random Spatial Distribution of Impacts in the Stardust Cometary Collector
We report the discovery that impacts in the Stardust cometary collector are not distributed randomly in the collecting media, but appear to be clustered on scales smaller than {approx} 10 cm. We also report the discovery of at least two populations of oblique tracks. We evaluated several hypotheses that could explain the observations. No hypothesis was consistent with all the observations, but the preponderance of evidence points toward at least one impact on the central Whipple shield of the spacecraft as the origin of both clustering and low-angle oblique tracks. High-angle oblique tracks unambiguously originate from a non-cometary impact on the spacecraft bus just forward of the collector.
Westphal, A J; Bastien, R K; Borg, J; Bridges, J; Brownlee, D E; Burchell, M J; Cheng, A F; Clark, B C; Djouadi, Z; Floss, C; Franchi, I; Gainsforth, Z; Graham, G; Green, S F; Heck, P R; Horanyi, M; Hoppe, P; Horz, F P; Huth, J; Kearsley, A; Leroux, H; Marhas, K; Nakamura-Messenger, K; Sandford, S A; See, T H; Stadermann, F J; Teslich, N E; Tsitrin, S; Warren, J L; Wozniakiewicz, P J; Zolensky, M E
Advanced Lithium Battery Cathodes Using Dispersed Carbon Fibers as the Current Collector
To fabricate LiFePO4 battery cathodes, highly conductive carbon fibers of 10-20 m in diameter have been used to replace a conventional aluminum (Al) foil current collector. This disperses the current collector throughout the cathode sheet and increases the contact area with the LiFePO4 (LFP) particles. In addition, the usual organic binder plus carbon-black can be replaced by a high temperature binder of <5 weight % carbonized petroleum pitch (P-pitch). Together these replacements increase the specific energy density and energy per unit area of the electrode. Details of the coating procedure, characterization and approach for maximizing the energy density are discussed. In a side-by-side comparison with conventional cathodes sheets of LFP on Al foil, the carbon fiber composite cathodes have a longer cycle life, higher thermal stability, and high capacity utilization with little sacrifice of the rate performance.
Martha, Surendra K [ORNL; Kiggans, Jim [ORNL; Nanda, Jagjit [ORNL; Dudney, Nancy J [ORNL
Cost-effective solar collectors using heat pipes. Interim progress report No. 2, April 1978-September 1978
Heat pipe fluid-vessel combinations continued to be life tested at design and stagnation conditions for time periods exceeding 14,000 hours. Additional testing was carried out at the lower end of the environment temperature range by freeze-thaw testing of several water heat pipes. Additional fluids search work resulted in developing a procedure to purify trimethylborate. Eight trimethylborate heat pipes were fabricated and installed in a modified GE TC-100 solar panel. Solar performance tests were performed on the heat pipe collector and a standard TC-100 collector. Heat pipe collector performance exceeded 90% of the TC-100. A source of water compatible steel, NP454, was identified as was an experimental tubing manufacturer. The current availability of NP454 and the successful demonstration of antifreeze mechanisms lays the ground work for testing a heat pipe collector using water heat pipes.
Ernst, D.M.
Standard Practice for Exposure of Cover Materials for Solar Collectors to Natural Weathering Under Conditions Simulating Operational Mode
1.1 This practice provides a procedure for the exposure of cover materials for flat-plate solar collectors to the natural weather environment at temperatures that are elevated to approximate operating conditions. 1.2 This practice is suitable for exposure of both glass and plastic solar collector cover materials. Provisions are made for exposure of single and double cover assemblies to accommodate the need for exposure of both inner and outer solar collector cover materials. 1.3 This practice does not apply to cover materials for evacuated collectors or photovoltaics. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Development and fabrication of a concentrating solar collector subsystem (quarterly reports)
Work done from January 1, 1978 through June 30, 1978, including several types of testing and results and evaluation of the structural design of the Northrup ''ML Series'' Concentrating Solar Collector, Model NSC-01-0732 and the Attitude Control System is reported. Efficiency tests, stagnation--defocusing tests, internal vacuum tests, pressure tests, tracking tests, fluttering tests, accelerated swivel and flexible joint life tests, and certification are described.
Unglazed transpired solar collector having a low thermal-conductance absorber
An unglazed transpired solar collector using solar radiation to heat incoming air for distribution, comprises an unglazed absorber formed of low thermal-conductance material having a front surface for receiving the solar radiation and openings in the unglazed absorber for passage of the incoming air such that the incoming air is heated as it passes towards the front surface of the absorber and the heated air passes through the openings in the absorber for distribution. 3 figs.
Christensen, C.B.; Kutscher, C.F.; Gawlik, K.M.
Characterization of crushed glass as a transpired air heating solar collector material
The use of crushed glass matrices as the heat-absorbing media in air heating solar collectors is investigated. An experimantal program was undertaken to characterize the most likely candidate glass types and sizes by measuring pressure drops, optical extinction coefficients, and volumetric heat transfer coefficients. Bed efficiencies were also measured and found to be similar to those expected for screen matrices unless critical amounts of clear glass were used as a top layer, which results in lower efficiency.
Optical performance of the TBC-2 solar collector before and after the 1993 mirror lustering
In 1993, the mirror facets of one of Sandia`s point-focusing solar collectors, the Test Bed Concentrator {number_sign}2 (TBC-2), were reconditioned. The concentrator`s optical performance was evaluated before and after this operation. This report summarizes and compares the results of these tests. The tests demonstrated that the concentrator`s total power and peak flux were increased while the overall flux distribution in the focal plane remained qualitatively the same.
Houser, R.; Strachan, J. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States). Solar Thermal Test Dept.
Collector sealants and breathing. Final Report, 25 September 1978-31 December 1979
The objectives of this program were: (1) to investigate the pertinent properties of a variety of possible sealants for solar collectors and identify the most promising candidates, and (2) to study the effect of breathing in flat-plate, thermal solar collector units. The study involved two types of sealants, Class PS which includes preformed seals or gaskets and Class SC which includes sealing compounds or caulks. It was the intent of the study to obtain data regarding initial properties of candidate elastomers from manufacturers and from the technical literature and to use those sources to provide data pertaining to endurance of these materials under environmental service conditions. Where necessary, these data were augmented by experimental measurements. Environmental stresses evaluated by these measurements included elevated temperatures, moisture, ultraviolet light, ozone and oxygen, and fungus. The second major area of the work involved a study of the effects of materials used and design on the durability of solar collectors. Factors such as design, fabrication, materials of construction, seals and sealing techniques and absorber plate coatings were observed on actual field units removed from service. Such phenomena as leakage, corrosion and formation of deposits on glazing and absorber plate were noted. An evaluation of the properties of several desiccants was made in order to providemeans to mitigate the deleterious effects of water on collector life. Adsorbents for organic degradation products of sealants were also investigated in order to protect the glazing and absorber plate from deposited coatings. Since adsorbents and desiccants in general tend to take up both water and organic decomposition products, relative affinities of a number of these agents for water and for organic compounds were determined . Results are presented in detail.
Mendelsohn, M A; Luck, R M; Yeoman, F A; Navish, Jr, F W
An unglazed transpired solar collector using solar radiation to heat incoming air for distribution, comprising an unglazed absorber formed of low thermal-conductance material having a front surface for receiving the solar radiation and openings in the unglazed absorber for passage of the incoming air such that the incoming air is heated as it passes towards the front surface of the absorber and the heated air passes through the openings in the absorber for distribution.
Christensen, Craig B. (Boulder, CO); Kutscher, Charles F. (Golden, CO); Gawlik, Keith M. (Boulder, CO)
Plasma Aftertreatment for Simultaneous Control of NOx and Particulates
Plasma reactors can be operated as a particulate trap or as a NO{sub x} converter. The soluble organic fraction (SOF) of the trapped particulates can be utilized for the oxidation of NO to NO{sub 2}. The NO{sub 2} can then be used to non-thermally oxidize the carbon fraction of the particulates. This paper examines the energy density required for oxidation of the SOF hydrocarbons and the fate of NO{sub 2} during the oxidation of the particulate carbon. The energy density required for complete oxidation of the SOF hydrocarbons is shown to be unacceptably large. The reaction of NO{sub 2} with carbon is shown to lead mainly to backconversion of NO{sub 2} to NO. These results suggest that the use of a catalyst in combination with the plasma will be required to efficiently reduce the NO{sub x} and oxidize the SOF hydrocarbons.
Penetrante, B.M.; Brusasco, R.M.; Merritt, B.T.; Pitz, W.J.; Vogtlin, G.E.
Ris-R-1053(EN) Particulate Air Pollution with
particulate matter in inner city air. The particle size distribution shows that 92 % of the mass of airborne91 F Main reaction pathways in non sulphur vulcanisation 94 G Flame atomic absorption spectrometer
Mechanical Properties of Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Alloy Matrix Composite
This paper discusses the mechanical properties of Titanium Carbide (TiC) particulate reinforced aluminium-silicon alloy matrix composite. TiC particulate reinforced LM6 alloy matrix composites were fabricated by carbon dioxide sand molding process with different particulate weight fraction. Tensile strength, hardness and microstructure studies were conducted to determine the maximum load, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and fracture surface analysis have been performed to characterize the morphological aspects of the test samples after tensile testing. Hardness values are measured for the TiC reinforced LM6 alloy composites and it has been found that it gradually increases with increased addition of the reinforcement phase. The tensile strength of the composites increased with the increase percentage of TiC particulate.
Sayuti, M. [Faculty of Engineering, Malikussaleh University of Lhokseumawe, 24300 Aceh (Indonesia); Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor (Malaysia); Sulaiman, S.; Baharudin, B. T. H. T.; Arifin, M. K. A. [Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor (Malaysia); Suraya, S.; Vijayaram, T. R.
JV Task 95-Particulate Control Consulting for Minnesota Ore Operations
The purpose of the project was to assist U.S. Steel in the evaluation, selection, planning, design, and testing of potential approaches to help meet U.S. Steel's goal for low-particulate matter emissions and regulatory compliance. The energy-intensive process for producing iron pellets includes treating the pellets in high-temperature kilns in which the iron is converted from magnetite to hematite. The kilns can be fired with either natural gas or a combination of gas and coal or biomass fuel and are equipped with wet venturi scrubbers for particulate control. Particulate measurements at the inlet and outlet of the scrubbers and analysis of size-fractionated particulate samples led to an understanding of the effect of process variables on the measured emissions and an approach to meet regulatory compliance.
Stanley Miller
A process for off-gas particulate removal
This paper describes an off-gas system for the removal of radioactive particulates from a melter for the vitrification of radioactive wastes to form glass waste forms. A diagram is provided.
Analytical methods to evaluate flux distributions from point-focus collectors for solar furnace and dish engine applications.
This paper introduces a new analytical 'stretch' function that accurately predicts the flux distribution from on-axis point-focus collectors. Different dish sizes and slope errors can be assessed using this analytical function with a ratio of the focal length to collector diameter fixed at 0.6 to yield the maximum concentration ratio. Results are compared to data, and the stretch function is shown to provide more accurate flux distributions than other analytical methods employing cone optics.
Khalsa, Siri Sahib; Siegel, Nathan Phillip; Ho, Clifford Kuofei
Copper corrosion and its relationship to solar collectors:a compendium.
Copper has many fine qualities that make it a useful material. It is highly conductive of both heat and electricity, is ductile and workable, and reasonably resistant to corrosion. Because of these advantages, the solar water heating industry has been using it since the mid-1970s as the material of choice for collectors, the fundamental component of a solar water heating system. In most cases copper has performed flawlessly, but in some situations it has been known to fail. Pitting corrosion is the usual failure mode, but erosion can also occur. In 2000 Sandia National Laboratories and the Copper Development Association were asked to analyze the appearance of pin-hole leaks in solar collector units installed in a housing development in Arizona, and in 2002 Sandia analyzed a pitting corrosion event that destroyed a collector system at Camp Pendleton. This report includes copies of the reports and accounts of these corrosion failures, and provides a bibliography with references to many papers and articles that might be of benefit to the solar community. It consolidates in a single source information that has been accumulated at Sandia relative to copper corrosion, especially as it relates to solar water heaters.
Menicucci, David F.; Mahoney, Alan Roderick
Concentrating-collector mass-production feasibility. Volume I. Final report
The Performance Prototype Trough (PPT) Concentrating Collector consists of four 80-foot modules in a 320-foot row. The collector was analyzed, including cost estimates and manufacturing processes to produce collectors in volumes from 100 to 100,000 modules per year. The four different reflector concepts considered were the sandwich reflector structure, sheet metal reflector structure, molded reflector structure, and glass laminate structure. The sheet metal and glass laminate structures are emphasized with their related structure concepts. A preliminary manufacturing plan is offered that includes: documentation of the manufacturing process with production flow diagrams; labor and material costs at various production levels; machinery and equipment requirements including preliminary design specifications; and capital investment costs for a new plant. Of five reflector designs considered, the two judged best and considered at length are thin annealed glass and steel laminate on steel frame panel and thermally sagged glass. Also discussed are market considerations, costing and selling price estimates, design cost analysis and make/buy analysis. (LEW)
Central receiver solar thermal power system. Collector subsystem annual technical progress report
In the Boeing collector subsystem concept, operating with a central receiver installation, circular membrane reflectors formed with aluminized polyester film, direct sunlight to the central receiver. Transparent air-supported plastic enclosures protect the lightweight reflectors from the environment. Reflectors are individually aimed with a 2-axis gimbal, driven by digital-controlled stepper motors. Minicomputers, at various locations in the heliostat field, provide signals to the stepper motors. Additional details of the collector subsystem design for both the Pilot Plant preliminary design (PD) baseline and research experiments is given. As part of this effort, three heliostats and a drive and control assembly are being fabricated and tested to provide design data and verification of the PD. In addition, an extensive evaluation program is being conducted on the key plastic materials used in the protective enclosure and reflector. Performance tests on large-scale heliostats are being conducted at a desert test site in northeast Oregon. Items completed during the past quarter include: fabrication of protective enclosures (domes) and reflectors; installation and initiation of environmental testing of two domes at Boardman, Oregon; and a major portion of assembly/integration tests on the collector subsystem, including domes, reflectors and the drive and control assembly. (WDM)
Evaluating the Performance and Economics of Transpired Solar Collectors for Commercial Applications: Preprint
Using transpired solar collectors to preheat ventilation air has recently become recognized as an economic alternative for integrating renewable energy into commercial buildings in heating climates. The collectors have relatively low installed costs and operate on simple principles. Theory and performance testing have shown that solar collection efficiency can exceed 70% of incident solar. However, implementation and current absorber designs have adversely affected the efficiency and associated economics from this initial analysis. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has actively studied this technology and monitored performance at several installations. A calibrated model that uses typical meteorological weather data to determine absorber plate efficiency resulted from this work. With this model, an economic analysis across heating climates was done to show the effects of collector size, tilt, azimuth, and absorptivity. The analysis relates the internal rate of return of a system based on the cost of the installed absorber area. In general, colder and higher latitude climates return a higher rate of return because the heating season extends into months with good solar resource.
Kozubal, E.; Deru, M.; Slayzak, S.; Norton, P.; Barker, G.; McClendon, J,
SOLERAS - Solar-Powered Water Desalination Project at Yanbu: PKI collectors performance
The seawater desalination pilot plant at Yanbu in Saudi Arabia is a unique experiment in which an indirect bulk freeze desalination process is integrated with a stand-alone solar cogeneration power plant. Thermal energy is stored in molten salt and is converted into shaft power required for primary refrigeration by a conventional steam engine. An absorption refrigeration unit is thermally driven by the exhaust steam of the engine to produce additional refrigeration. Crystallization of water molecules from the brine into essentially pure water ice is accomplished by the freeze desalination process, which employs indirect heat transfer technique. Solar energy concentrated by the dish collector is transferred to a silicone polymer low-viscosity liquid circulated through the receiver, which is a monotube cavity mounted at the concentrator focal area in a stainless steel encased housing. A flux trap mounted at the mouth of the cavity receiver deflects stray radiation into the cavity. This document concerns itself with the solar collector and the solar collector field subsystem and presents the results of scientific investigations during the past 18 months since the plant installation. 13 refs., 206 figs.
Hamad, G.
State emissions limitations for boilers: particulate matter
This document summarizes regulations applicable to boilers as reflected in current state and local air regulations. Not all of these regulations are officially part of Federally-approved State Implementation Plans (SIPs). Several regulations have only recently been adopted by the State and are now undergoing EPA review for incorporation into the SIP. Each summary also contains local regulations more stringent than the State rules. Most local regulations in this handbook are included in the State Implementation Plan. Site-specific emission limits (variances from State limits or limits more stringent than State limits) are not included in these summaries. Appendix A contains maps showing the location of Air Quality Control Regions or other districts by which several States regulate emissions. Appendix B contains a summary of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, which States are required to meet as a minimum. Appendix C contains a description and summary of Federal New Source Performance Standards. Appendix D contains formulas for conversion of emmissions limits expressed in one set of units to the most common units - No. PM/MMBtu. Appendix E contains Figure 2 of ASME APS-1, used for determining particulate emissions limits in some States.
Zone heated inlet ignited diesel particulate filter regeneration
An exhaust system that processes exhaust generated by an engine is provided. The system includes: a particulate filter (PF) that is disposed downstream of the engine and that filters particulates from the exhaust; and a grid that includes electrically resistive material that is segmented by non-conductive material into a plurality of zones and wherein the grid is applied to an exterior upstream surface of the PF.
Cost-effective solar collectors using heat pipes. Interim progress report No. 1, September 1977-March 1978
The objective is the demonstration of high performance, cost effective non-concentrating solar collectors using heat pipes. The end products will be directly applicable for efficient use with absorption and Rankine cycle chillers. Evacuated tubular solar collectors were selected as the only economical non-concentrating approach capable of efficient operation of chillers. The General Electric TC family of collectors was chosen because of their superior performance and compatibility with heat pipe integration. The system was designed and specified. This work included the integration of the heat pipe with the evacuated tubular solar collector and the pumped loop heat removal mechanism. To date, two heat pipe fluid-envelope combinations look attractive: water-aluminum bearing steel and ethanol-low carbon steel. The jury is still out on the ability for the water-aluminum bearing steel to survive freezing cycles and for ethanol-low carbon steel to withstand predicted 400/sup 0/C stagnation temperatures. Full scale cost analysis was not completed for either case. Two 4' x 4' panels, each with ten tubular collectors fitted with heat pipes, were erected at Thermacore to test various aspects of the heat pipe and its integration into the collector-pumped loop system.
NETL: Ambient Monitoring - Southern Fine Particulate Monitoring Project
Southern Fine Particulate Monitoring Project (SRI) Southern Fine Particulate Monitoring Project (SRI) Southern Research Institute (SRI), Birmingham, AL, is operating a research station in North Birmingham for monitoring fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that exists in that part of the Deep South. The station will be a core PM2.5 mass monitoring and chemical speciation station in the nationwide EPA PM2.5 network. As such, it will be a complement and supplement to DOE-NETL's other ongoing projects for monitoring fine particulate matter in the upper Ohio River valley. Locating additional monitoring equipment in the Deep South will fill an important gap in the national particulate monitoring effort. The region's topography, weather patterns, and variety of emission sources may affect the chemical make-up and airborne transport of fine particles in ways that are different than in other parts of the country. The project's results will support DOE's comprehensive program to evaluate ambient fine particulate matter through better understanding of the chemical and physical properties of these materials.
Diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration by electrical heating of resistive coatings
An exhaust system that processes exhaust generated by an engine includes a diesel particulate filter (DPF) that is disposed downstream of the engine and that filters particulates from the exhaust. An electrical heater is integrally formed in an upstream end of the DPF and selectively heats the exhaust to initiate combustion of the particulates within the exhaust as it passes therethrough. Heat generated by combustion of the particulates induces combustion of particulates within the DPF.
Williamson, Weldon S. (Malibu, CA); Gonze, Eugene V. (Pinckney, MI)
Word Pro - Untitled1
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
1985-2010 (Megawatts) Year Coal Petroleum and Natural Gas Total 1 Particulate Collectors Cooling Towers Flue Gas Desulfurization (Scrubbers) Total 2 Particulate Collectors Cooling...
Microwave-Regenerated Diesel Exhaust Particulate Filter
Development of a microwave-regenerated particulate filter system has evolved from bench scale work to actual diesel engine experimentation. The filter system was initially evaluated on a stationary mounted 1.2-L diesel engine and was able to remove a significant amount of carbon particles from the exhaust. The ability of the microwave energy to regenerate or clean the filter was also demonstrated on this engine under idle conditions. Based on the 1.2-L experiments, improvements to the filter design and materials were implemented and the system was re-evaluated on a vehicle equipped with a 7.3-L diesel engine. The 7.3-L engine was selected to achieve heavy filter loading in a relatively short period of time. The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate filter-loading capacity, power requirements for regeneration, and filter regeneration efficiency. A more detailed evaluation of the filter was performed on a stationary mounted 1.9-L diesel engine. The effect of exhaust flow rate, loading, transients, and regeneration on filter efficiency was evaluated with this setup. In addition, gaseous exhaust emissions were investigated with and without an oxidation catalyst on the filter cartridge during loading and regeneration. (SAE Paper SAE-2001-01-0903 � 2001 SAE International. This paper is published on this website with permission from SAE International. As a user of this website, you are permitted to view this paper on-line, download this pdf file and print one copy of this paper at no cost for your use only. The downloaded pdf file and printout of this SAE paper may not be copied, distributed or forwarded to others or for the use of others.)
Nixdorf, Richard D. (Industrial Ceramic Solution, LLC); Green, Johney Boyd; Story, John M.; Wagner, Robert M. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
Participation in multilateral effort to develop high performance integrated CPC evacuated collectors. Final report, July 1, 1986--May 31, 1987
The University of Chicago Solar Energy Group has had a continuing program and commitment to develop an advanced evacuated solar collector integrating nonimaging concentration into its design. During the period from 1985--1987, some of our efforts were directed toward designing and prototyping a manufacturable version of an Integrated Compound Parabolic Concentrator (ICPC) evacuated collector tube as part of an international cooperative effort involving six organizations in four different countries. This ``multilateral`` project made considerable progress towards a commercially practical collector. One of two basic designs considered employed a heat pipe and an internal metal reflector CPC. We fabricated and tested two large diameter (125mm) borosilicate glass collector tubes to explore this concept. The other design also used a large diameter (125mm) glass tube but with a specially configured internal shaped mirror CPC coupled to a U-tube absorber. Performance projections in a variety of systems applications using the computer design tools developed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) task on evacuated collectors were used to optimize the optical and thermal design. The long-term goal of this work continues to be the development of a high efficiency, low cost solar collector to supply solar thermal energy at temperatures up to 250{degree}C. Some experience and perspectives based on our work are presented and reviewed. Despite substantial progress, the stability of research support and the market for commercial solar thermal collectors were such that the project could not be continued. A cooperative path involving university, government and industrial collaboration remains the most attractive near term option for developing a commercial ICPC.
Winston, R.; O`Gallagher, J.J.
Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power System, Phase 1. CDRL Item 2. Pilot Plant preliminary design report. Volume III, Book 1. Collector subsystem
The central receiver system consists of a field of heliostats, a central receiver, a thermal storage unit, an electrical power generation system, and balance of plant. This volume discusses the collector field geometry, requirements and configuration. The development of the collector system and subsystems are discussed and the selection rationale outlined. System safety and availability are covered. Finally, the plans for collector portion of the central receiver system are reviewed.
Hallet, Jr., R. W.; Gervais, R. L.
Ceramic filters for removal of particulates from hot gas streams
The primary goal is to demonstrate the performance of a new ceramic filter in removing particulate matter from hot gas streams produced in advanced coal conversion processes. The specific objectives are threefold: (1) Development of full size ceramic filters suitable for hot gas filtration; (2) Demonstration of ceramic filters in long term (ca. 1000 hrs) field trials; and (3) Development of full-scale hot gas filter system designs and costs. To date, field tests of the ceramic filter for particulate removal have been conducted at seven sites on a variety of gas streams and under a variety of test conditions. In general, the following performance characteristics have been observed: 1. Filtration face velocity (equivalent to an ``air to cloth ratio``) for flue gas tests is comparable to that for pulse jet bags operating at the same pressure drop. In hot gas tests, flow-pressure drop characteristics have been observed to be comparable to those for other ceramic filters. 2. Complete regeneration by a simple backpulse technique is achieved; i.e., no increase in clean filter resistance over repetitive cycles is observed. 3. No plugging of the filter passageways by badly caking particulates is observed. 4. Essentially complete particulate removal, including submicron particulate matter, is achieved.
Goldsmith, R.L.
The primary goal is to demonstrate the performance of a new ceramic filter in removing particulate matter from hot gas streams produced in advanced coal conversion processes. The specific objectives are threefold: (1) Development of full size ceramic filters suitable for hot gas filtration; (2) Demonstration of ceramic filters in long term (ca. 1000 hrs) field trials; and (3) Development of full-scale hot gas filter system designs and costs. To date, field tests of the ceramic filter for particulate removal have been conducted at seven sites on a variety of gas streams and under a variety of test conditions. In general, the following performance characteristics have been observed: 1. Filtration face velocity (equivalent to an air to cloth ratio'') for flue gas tests is comparable to that for pulse jet bags operating at the same pressure drop. In hot gas tests, flow-pressure drop characteristics have been observed to be comparable to those for other ceramic filters. 2. Complete regeneration by a simple backpulse technique is achieved; i.e., no increase in clean filter resistance over repetitive cycles is observed. 3. No plugging of the filter passageways by badly caking particulates is observed. 4. Essentially complete particulate removal, including submicron particulate matter, is achieved.
Assess the Efficacy of an Aerial Distant Observer Tool Capable of Rapid Analysis of Large Sections of Collector Fields: FY 2008 CSP Milestone Report, September 2008
We assessed the feasibility of developing an aerial Distant Observer optical characterization tool for collector fields in concentrating solar power plants.
Jorgensen, G.; Burkholder, F.; Gray, A.; Wendelin, T.
Development of a low-temperature, low-cost, black liquid solar collector. Final report, September 12, 1977-October 31, 1978
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories (BCL) has developed an efficient, low-cost, low-temperature, nonconcentrating, liquid-heating solar collector suitable for use as a thermal energy source for heat pumps or other heating applications. The collector incorporates a black liquid heat transfer medium permitting solar radiation to be absorbed directly by the liquid. Based on detailed measurements of the spectral absorption properties on many black liquids, and on the results of computer analysis of collector performance, it has been shown that the black liquid collector concept has the potential of significantly improved performance compared with an unglazed (i.e., swimming pool type) black-absorber collector of comparable cost.On the other hand, it has the potential of significant cost savings compared with the single-glazed collector of comparable performance. Experimental data obtained on two black liquid collectors constructed during this project closely match the predicted curves obtained from a theoretical computer analysis. Results of the systems analysis studies have shown that the black liquid collector, when used as a heat source for a solar-assisted heat pump, has comparable performance to that of a single-glazed conventional collector but at considerably lower cost. Another important result is that currently available heat pump systems are not ideally matched or compatible with a solar-assisted system. A solar-assisted system will require design of heat pumps which can take advantage of the higher system coefficient of performance (COP) possible with a heat source at elevated temperatures.
Landstrom, D K; Talbert, S G; Stickford, Jr, G H; Fischer, R D; Hess, R E
Non-thermal Aftertreatment of Particulates
Modern diesel passenger vehicles employing common rail, high speed direct injection engines are capable of matching the drivability of gasoline powered vehicles with the additional benefit of providing high torque at low engine speed [1]. The diesel engine also offers considerable fuel economy and CO2 emissions advantages. However, future emissions standards [2,3] present a significant challenge for the diesel engine, as its lean exhaust precludes the use of aftertreatment strategies employing 3- way catalytic converters, which operate under stoichiometric conditions. In recent years significant developments by diesel engine manufacturers have greatly reduced emissions of both particulates (PM) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) [4,5]. However to achieve compliance with future legislative limits it has been suggested that an integrated approach involving a combination of engine modifications and aftertreatment technology [1] will be required. A relatively new approach to exhaust aftertreatment is the application of non-thermal plasma (NTP) or plasma catalyst hybrid systems. These have the potential for treatment of both NOx and PM emissions [6- 8]. The primary focus of recent plasma aftertreatment studies [9-12] has concentrated on the removal of NOx. It has been shown that by combining plasmas with catalysts it is possible to chemically reduce NOx. The most common approach is to use a 2- stage system relying upon the plasma oxidation of hydrocarbons to promote NO to NO2 conversion as a precursor to NO2 reduction over a catalyst. However, relatively little work has yet been published on the oxidation of PM by plasma [ 8,13]. Previous investigations [8] have reported that a suitably designed NTP reactor containing a packing material designed to filter and retain PM can effect the oxidation of PM in diesel exhausts at low temperatures. It has been suggested that the retained PM competes with hydrocarbons for O, and possibly OH, radicals. This is an important consideration in plasma - catalyst hybrid schemes for the removal of NOx employing an NO2 selective catalyst, as the oxidation of PM may deplete the key radicals necessary for NO to NO2 conversion. It was also suggested that where simultaneous NOx and PM removal are required, alternative catalyst formulations may be needed which may be selective to NO rather than NO2.
Thomas, S.E.
Indoor test for thermal performance of the G. E. TC-100 liquid solar collector eight- and ten-tube configuration
The test procedure used and the results obtained from an evaluation test program conducted to obtain thermal performance data on G.E. TC-100 liquid solar collectors, eight- and ten-tube configuration, under simulated conditions are described. These tests were made using the Marshall Space Flight Center's solar simulator. A time constant test and incident angle modifier test were also conducted to determine the transient effect and the incident angle effect on the collector. Performance loss with accessory covers is demonstrated. The G.E. TC-100 evacuated tube solar collector is a water/Prestone/working fluid type with and without manufacturer's accessory manifold. The gross collector area is about 17.4 ft/sup 2/ without manifold and 19.1 ft/sup 2/ with manifold. The eight-tube (S.N. 19965S) uses Alglas reflector material and the ten-tube (Dwg. 298E44261, S.N. 2) uses Coilzac reflector material. The collector weight is approximately 60 pounds empty and 75 pounds with manifold.
Common-Collector Amplifier Example -Summer 2000 R P x y,( )
Common-Collector Amplifier Example - Summer 2000 R P x y,( ) x y. x y Function for calculating parallel resistors. R 1 100000 R 2 120000 R C 0 R E 5600 R S 5000 R L 10000 V p 15 V m 15 V BE 0.65 V T 0.025 99 0.99 r x 20 r 0 50000 v s 1 With v s = 0, the voltage gain is equal to v o. DC Bias Solution V BB
Analytical Approach Treating Three-Dimensional Geometrical Effects of Parabolic Trough Collectors: Preprint
An analytical approach, as an extension of one newly developed method -- First-principle OPTical Intercept Calculation (FirstOPTIC) -- is proposed to treat the geometrical impact of three-dimensional (3-D) effects on parabolic trough optical performance. The mathematical steps of this analytical approach are presented and implemented numerically as part of the suite of FirstOPTIC code. In addition, the new code has been carefully validated against ray-tracing simulation results and available numerical solutions. This new analytical approach to treating 3-D effects will facilitate further understanding and analysis of the optical performance of trough collectors as a function of incidence angle.
Binotti, M.; Zhu, G.; Gray, A.; Manzollini, G.
Obtaining solar collector cover-plate transmissivities from a solar simulator
Transmissivities, as a function of incident solar angle, were experimentally determined for various commercially available cover-plate materials using actual outdoor and indoor simulated solar conditions. The glazing materials tested were float glass, plexiglass, fiberglass, and several window films. Since the optical properties of many of these materials are not readily available, the transmissivities could not be calculated analytically. Therefore, the experimental method proved to be invaluable. Furthermore, transmissivities determined from indoor data were found to be in close agreement with outdoor results, making the simulator a practical tool. The transmissivities determined and the methods provided in this paper can be valuable in the design of solar collectors.
Fintel, B.W.; Jakubowski, G.S.
Approach to make macroporous metal sheets as current collectors for lithium-ion batteries
A new approach and simple method is described to produce macroporous metal sheet as current collector for anode in lithium ion battery. This method, based on slurry blending, tape casting, sintering, and reducing of metal oxides, produces a uniform, macroporous metal sheet. Silicon film sputter-coated on such porous copper substrate shows much higher capacity and longer cycle life than on smooth Cu foil. This methodology produces very limited wastes and is also adaptable to many other materials. It is easy for industrial scale production.
Xu, Wu; Canfield, Nathan L.; Wang, Deyu; Xiao, Jie; Nie, Zimin; Li, Xiaohong S.; Bennett, Wendy D.; Bonham, Charles C.; Zhang, Jiguang
Design approaches for solar industrial process-heat systems: nontracking and line-focus collector technologies
The design methodology for solar industrial process heat systems is described, and an overview is given of the use of solar energy in industry. A way to determine whether solar energy makes sense for a particular application is described. The basic system configurations used to supply hot water or steam are discussed, and computer-generated graphs are supplied that allow the user to select a collector type. Detailed energy calculations are provided, including the effects of thermal losses and storage. The selection of subsystem components is described, and control systems, installation and start-up details, economics, and safety and environmental issues are explained. (LEW)
Kutscher, C.F.; Davenport, R.L.; Dougherty, D.A.; Gee, R.C.; Masterson, P.M.; May, E.K.
Method for dispersing catalyst onto particulate material and product thereof
Relationship between acid content of particulates and rainfall in Bangkok
Rainfall at nine stations in Bangkok, Thailand, varied from pH 5.57 to 6.32, low values compared with cities in North America and Europe. Particulate acid content ranged from 5.38 to 10.15 micrograms per cu meter. Analysis for several ions showed that the concentration of sulfate was the controlling factor in acidity of rain. pH was reduced by 1 unit for each 9.09 micrograms per cu meter acid content of particulates according to a relationship derived in the study: pH = 6.87 - 0.11 (acidity of particulates in micrograms per cu meter). 13 references, 3 figures, 2 tables.
Khan, S.M.
Reasons are reviewed for selection of building shapes which are very unsatisfactory from the viewpoint of making rational use of solar energy for room comfort, and to reduce room heating costs. How to make best direct use of this energy source both by better building design and building installations and more careful control of energy use in towns is examined.
Borasi, V.
Fluidizing a mixture of particulate coal and char
Method of mixing particulate materials comprising contacting a primary source and a secondary source thereof whereby resulting mixture ensues; preferably at least one of the two sources has enough motion to insure good mixing and the particulate materials may be heat treated if desired. Apparatus for such mixing comprising an inlet for a primary source, a reactor communicating therewith, a feeding means for supplying a secondary source to the reactor, and an inlet for the secondary source. Feeding means is preferably adapted to supply fluidized materials.
Green, Norman W. (Pomona, CA)
Research priorities for airborne particulates matter in the United States
Despite substantial progress in reducing air pollution over the past 30 years, particulates remain a poorly understood health concern that requires further study. The article provides a brief overview of the work of an independent National Research Council (NRC) Committee on particulate matter (PM). It highlights the committee's process for developing during its deliberations. It reflects on the committee as a potential model to provide guidance on a broad research area in which findings may have significant policy implications. 13 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Samet, J.; Wassle, R.; Holmes, K.J.; Abt, E.; Bakshi, K. [John Hopkins University (US). Bloomberg School of Public Health
Scale-free Universal Spectrum for Atmospheric Aerosol Size Distribution for Davos, Mauna Loa and Izana
Atmospheric flows exhibit fractal fluctuations and inverse power law form for power spectra indicating an eddy continuum structure for the selfsimilar fluctuations. A general systems theory for fractal fluctuations developed by the author is based on the simple visualisation that large eddies form by space-time integration of enclosed turbulent eddies, a concept analogous to Kinetic Theory of Gases in Classical Statistical Physics. The ordered growth of atmospheric eddy continuum is in dynamical equilibrium and is associated with Maximum Entropy Production. The model predicts universal (scale-free) inverse power law form for fractal fluctuations expressed in terms of the golden mean. Atmospheric particulates are held in suspension in the fractal fluctuations of vertical wind velocity. The mass or radius (size) distribution for homogeneous suspended atmospheric particulates is expressed as a universal scale-independent function of the golden mean, the total number concentration and the mean volume radius. Model predicted spectrum is in agreement (within two standard deviations on either side of the mean) with total averaged radius size spectra for the AERONET (aerosol inversions) stations Davos and Mauna Loa for the year 2010 and Izana for the year 2009 daily averages. The general systems theory model for aerosol size distribution is scale free and is derived directly from atmospheric eddy dynamical concepts. At present empirical models such as the log normal distribution with arbitrary constants for the size distribution of atmospheric suspended particulates are used for quantitative estimation of earth-atmosphere radiation budget related to climate warming/cooling trends. The universal aerosol size spectrum will have applications in computations of radiation balance of earth-atmosphere system in climate models.
A. M. Selvam
Evaluation of the Corning and Philips evacuated tubular collectors in a residential solar heating and cooling system. Final report, 1 May 1976--1 December 1976
The Solar Energy Applications Laboratory of Colorado State University has completed the design, construction, and installation of a complete set of evacuated tubular collectors on a test bed behind Solar House I. The collectors, the Corning evacuated tube collector (December 16, 1976 to December 31, 1977) and the Philips evacuated tube collector (January 16, 1978 to January 31, 1979) are being used sequentially to operate the heating and cooling system of Solar House I. Data are being collected over an entire heating and cooling season and analyses are being performed on these data to provide an evaluation of the two new collectors and comparison with the present conventional collector as part of a residential heating and cooling system that is otherwise identical in every way. This project is significant for several reasons. First, the two high performance collectors operate in conjunction with an advanced ARKLA lithium bromide water chiller. This cooling unit is designed specifically for operation with solar energy systems. For comparative purposes the advanced ARKLA unit will be available for use with the existing conventional flat-plate collector. In addition, comparisons of operating data are being made with Solar Houses II and III, adjacent to Solar House I. Solar Houses II and III have the same thermal load characteristics as Solar House I, but have different solar heating and cooling systems. House II has an air heating collector and pebble-bed storage. House III has an evacuated tube solar collector, and is also coupled with an advanced absorption water chiller unit. The comparative analysis under the same load conditions, provides an exceptional opportunity in evaluating the relative merits of the new collector systems.
Methods for reducing heat losses from flat plate solar collectors: Phase II. Final report, February 1, 1976--August 31, 1977
Improvements to flat plate solar collectors for heating and cooling of buildings were investigated through two parallel studies. The first study, which deals with the free convective heat loss from V-corrugated absorber plate to a plane glass cover, has shown that, for the same average spacing, the free convective heat loss is greater for a V-corrugated absorber plate than for a plane absorber plate. However, provided the average spacing is large enough, the amount of increase is slight. The second study, which deals with the free convective heat loss in a honeycomb solar collector in which the honeycomb consists of a set of horizontal partitions, or slits, has shown that provided the solar collector is tilted to near vertical, such a honeycomb gives equivalent or superior free convective loss suppression than does a square-celled honeycomb having the same amount of material. Correlation equations for the free convective heat loss are given for both studies.
Hollands, K.G.T.; Raithby, G.D.; Unny, T.E.
CONC/11: a computer program for calculating the performance of dish-type solar thermal collectors and power systems
CONC/11 is a computer program designed for calculating the performance of dish-type solar thermal collectors and power systems. It is intended to aid the system or collector designer in evaluating the performance to be expected with possible design alternatives. From design or test data on the characteristics of the various subsystems, CONC/11 calculates the efficiencies of the collector and the overall power system as functions of the receiver temperature for a specified insolation. If desired, CONC/11 will also determine the receiver aperture and the receiver temperature that will provide the highest efficiencies at a given insolation. The program handles both simple and compound concentrators. CONC/11 is written in Athena Extended Fortran (similar to Fortran 77) to operate primarily in an interactive mode on a Sperry 1100/81 computer. It could also be used on many small computers.
Jaffe, L.D.
Atmospheric emissions of one pulp and paper mill. contribution to the air quality of Viana do Castelo
One of the most sensitive environmental impact of the pulp and paper mills is associated with the atmospheric pollution namely with sulphur compounds, particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. The study undertaken aimed to evaluate the influence of one ... Keywords: air pollution modelling, kraft pulp and paper mill, urban air pollution
L�gia T. Silva; Jos� F. G. Mendes
Gamma-analysis of airborne particulates sampled in Youzhno-Sakhalinsk town at March - April 2011
The experience of discovery of the radioactive products which have released into atmosphere of Sakhalin region from Fukushima Daiichi accident is presented. Sampling of airborne particulates and atmosphere fallout was carried out by means of the air ventilation set and horizontal gauze planchs, respectively. The HPGe detector was used for gamma analyses of the airborne samples. Since 23 March we confidently measured 131I in the airborne samples, after 03.04.2011 we also registered a rise of activity 137Cs and 134Cs. 132Te and 132I were discovered in ashen sample of the planch, which had exposed in Youzhno-Kurilk from 14 to 17 March. The effect of the pairs production when in the samples 208Tl presence, which emits gamma-quanta of 2615 keV, causes a rise in apparatus spectra of the peak corresponding to energy 1593 keV, which could be in error ascribed to 140La. It had been experimentally shown that the systematic reduction of 134Cs content in measuring samples due to effect of gamma - gamma coincidence did not exceed 7 % (for the detector and geometry of the measurement used).
E. G. Tertyshnik; V. P. Martynenko; F. A. Andreev; G. B. Artemyev
The experience of discovery of the radioactive products which have released into atmosphere of Sakhalin region from Fukushima Daiichi accident is presented. Sampling of airborne particulates and atmosphere fallout was carried out by means of the air ventilation set and horizontal gauze planchs, respectively. The HPGe detector was used for gamma analyses of the airborne samples. Since 23 March we confidently measured 131I in the airborne samples, after 03.04.2011 we also registered a rise of activity 137Cs and 134Cs. 132Te and 132I were discovered in ashen sample of the planch, which had exposed in Youzhno-Kurilk from 14 to 17 March. The effect of the pairs production when in the samples 208Tl presence, which emits gamma-quanta of 2615 keV, causes a rise in apparatus spectra of the peak corresponding to energy 1593 keV, which could be in error ascribed to 140La. It had been experimentally shown that the systematic reduction of 134Cs content in measuring samples due to effect of gamma - gamma coincidence did no...
Tertyshnik, E G; Andreev, F A; Artemyev, G B
Solar assisted heat pump system with volume solar collector. Technical report
The system uses the attic of the house with a large south facing window as the solar collector. An air-to-water heat pump uses the attic air as a heat source to heat a volume of storage water during the heating season. During the cooling season the attic is ventilated and the heat pump uses the attic air as a heat sink while cooling the storage water. The computer program was developed to include a heat exchanger in the attic which could by-pass the heat pump condenser cooling water, thus permitting direct heat exchange between the attic air and the storage water whenever a favorable temperature existed. The program also accounts for the effect of the incidence angle of insolation and the effect of the number of glass plates on the transmittance and absorptance of the collector and windows. Other refinements include: the use of a sophisticated nighttime setback thermostat, account of internal heat generation and infiltration loss. Among all of the parameter variations, the use of an attic heat exchanger resulted in the maximum savings in the heating/cooling energy consumption of the house. The use of double-glazed windows too, resulted in substantial energy savings. The total energy consumption was found to depend strongly on the infiltration rate. The program was also used to simulate the same system under weather conditions existing at several different geographic areas.
Sabnis, J.S.; Hickox, W.J.; Drucker, E.E.; Ucar, M.; LaGraff, J.E.
Concentrating solar collector system for the evaporation of low-level radioactive waste water
The Los Alamos National Laboratory has recently been awarded a grant under the Solar Federal Buildings Program to design, construct, and operate a high-temperature solar energy system for the processing of low-level radioactive waste water. Conceptual design studies have been completed, and detailed design work is under way for a solar system to produce process heat to evaporate 38,000 gal (143,830 L) of waste water per month. The system will use approximately 11,000 ft/sup 2/ (1022 m/sup 2/) of concentrating parabolic trough collectors operating at about 500/sup 0/F (262/sup 0/C). Construction of the system is anticipated to begin in 1981. Performance optimization of collector array size and configuration, storage medium and capacity, system operation, and control schemes are done using the active solar system simulator in the DOE-2 building energy analysis computer program. Results of this optimization are reported. This project represents a unique application of solar energy to an increasingly significant problem area in the energy field.
Diamond, S.C.; Cappiello, C.C.
Evacuated tubular collector utilizing a heat pipe. Progress report, May 1 1975--August 31, 1975
Research and development activities performed by the Corning Glass Works solar group during the period from May 1, 1975 to August 31, 1975 are reported. The analytical studies encompassed optical modeling of a modified cusp reflector, fresnel losses from tubular enclosures as a function of orientation, preliminary work on a digital Monte-Carlo Ray Tracing Computer Code and the determination of U/sub L/ losses as a function of vacuum level and temperature of the absorber. Compatible enclosure materials, wicks and working fluids were selected to assemble heat pipes for use as solar collector absorbers. Cusp reflectors with good accuracy were fabricated from various commercial bright aluminum sheet and their optical properties determined. Evacuation techniques were developed and special bake-out procedures were worked out to assemble the evacuated tubular collectors. The work on selective coatings narrowed down the field of potential absorber films to ''black chrome'' which has good stability in vacuum and the necessary ..cap alpha../epsilon value. Six different heat pipes and one flow-through absorber were fabricated and were partially characterized for thermal performance. Indoor and outdoor test facilities were completed and calibrated within proposed NBS standards. They are now available for parametric as well as true-life experiments with solar radiation.
Ortabasi, U.; Fehlner, F.P.
Design and test of non-evacuated solar collectors with compound parabolic concentrators
The intermediate range of concentration ratios (1.5X-10X) which can be achieved with CPC's without diurnal tracking provides both economic and thermal advantages for solar collector design even when used with non-evacuated absorbers. The present paper summarizes more than 3 years of research on non-evacuated CPC's and reviews measured performance data and critical design considerations. Concentrations in the upper portions of the practical range (e.g. 6X) can provide good efficiency (40% to 50%) in the 100/sup 0/C to 160/sup 0/C temperature range with relatively frequent tilt adjustments (12 to 20 times per year). At lower concentrations (e.g. 3X) performance will still be substantially better than that for a double glazed flat plate collector above about 70/sup 0/C and competitive below, while requiring only semi-annual adjustments for year round operation. In both cases the cost savings associated with inexpensive reflectors, and the optimal coupling to smaller, simple inexpensive absorbers (e.g. tubes, fins, etc.) can be as important an advantage as the improved thermal performance.
Rabl, A.; O'Gallagher, J.; Winston, R.
Monitoring and Evaluation of the Prototype Surface Collector at Bonneville First Powerhouse in 2000: Synthesis of Results
This report describes research done to evaluate the Prototype Surface Collector at Bonneville Dam, Powerhouse I, on the Columbia River. The surface collector is being evaluated as a means for bringing downstream migrating salmon and steelhead through the powerhouse while avoiding the turbines. The report describes evaluations conducted by PNNL, National Marine Fisheries Service, and various contractors using radio telemetry, hydroacoustics, and computational fluid dynamics models. The evaluation will provide information to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for their 2001 decision on whether to use surface flow bypass or extended-length submersible bar screens for long-term smolt passage at Bonneville Dam.
Carlson, Thomas J
Cost-effective solar collectors using heat pipes. Interim progress report No. 3, October 1978-June 1979
The heat pipe collector system design was re-evaluated as a new system, as compared to previous evaluation where the heat pipe was an interchangeable component in the standard TC-101 system. Collector hardware components were finalized, including production costs. Heat pipe fluid-vessel testing continued indoors and outdoors in the solar panel. A prototpe production processing station has been designed which shows that the labor content of processing individual heat pipes can be reduced to 15 seconds with a total cost of $1.50.
Results of thermal performance evaluation of the Owens-Illinois Sunpak liquid solar collector at indoor conditions
This report provides test results on the thermal performance of an Owens-Illinois Sunpak liquid, evacuated tube, solar collector under simulated conditions. The test was conducted using the Marshall Space Flight Center Solar Simulator in accordance with the test requirements specified in ASHRAE 93-77 (Method of Testing to Determine the Thermal Performance of Solar Collectors) and the procedures contained in MTCP-FA-SHAC-400 (Procedure for Operation of the MSFC Solar Simulator Facility). The tests were performed on a module used on the early demonstration projects. A current production module is undergoing tests with results to be in a subsequent report.
Investigations of ash layer characteristics and ash distribution in a diesel particulate filter using novel lubricant additive tracers.
??Diesel particulate filters (DPF) are currently widely used in various applications as a means of collecting particulate matter in order to meet increasingly stringent particle� (more)
Morrow, Ryan (Ryan Michael)
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program
Atmospheric Observatory (UAO) Pilot Experiment at NYC" - Michael Reynolds, BNL 17:30 "EML Pilot Studies for the Urban Atmospheric Observatory" - Hsi-Na (Sam) Lee, EML 17:40 "A...
The Boulder Atmospheric Observatory
The Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) is a unique research facility for studying the planetary boundary layer and for testing and calibrating atmospheric sensors. The facility includes a 300 m tower instrumented with fast- and slow-response ...
J. C. Kaimal; J. E. Gaynor
Midtemperature solar systems test facility predictions for thermal performance based on test data: AAI solar collector with pressure-formed glass reflector surface
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (SNLA), is currently conducting a program to predict the performance and measure the characteristics of commercially available solar collectors that have the potential for use in industrial process heat and enhance oil recovery applications. The thermal performance predictions for the AAI solar line-focusing slat-type collector for five cities in the US are presented. (WHK)
Midtemperature solar systems test faclity predictions for thermal performance based on test data: Solar Kinetics T-700 solar collector with glass reflector surface
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (SNLA), is currently conducting a program to predict the performance and measure the characteristics of commercially available solar collectors that have the potential for use in industrial process heat and enhanced oil recovery applications. The thermal performance predictions for the Solar Kinetics solar line-focusing parabolic trough collector for five cities in the US are presented. (WHK)
Side-by-side comparisons of evacuated compound parabolic concentrator and flat plate solar collector systems at temperatures of 90 to 100/sup 0/C
This collector system study is an extension of a previous system study in which Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) compared the performance of three solar energy systems operated side by side for over a year. In the present system study, four solar energy systems were operated side by side for part of a year. Two of the collector systems used commercially available compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) collectors, one used a commercially available flat plate collector, and one used an experimental CPC collector built by The University of Chicago. The collectors were mounted in fixed positions; they did not track the sun, and their tilt angles were not seasonally adjusted. All of the collector arrays faced south and were tilted at 42/sup 0/ with respect to the horizon (to match the 42/sup 0/N latitude at ANL). All four collector systems started each day with their storage temperatures at 90/sup 0/C. During the day, each system was operated by its own solar controller. At the end of the day, the tanks were mixed and the temperature changes in the tanks were measured. The change in storage energy was calculated from the temperature change, the heat capacity of the storage system, and the pump energy. 6 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.
Guidelines for Particulate Control for Advanced SO2 Control Processes
To assist utilities in complying with Phase II of the Clean Air Act Amendments, this report delineates the effects of advanced SO2 control technologies on particulate control systems. This guide can prove invaluable to environmental engineers and planners who must select compatible systems and identify sound operating strategies for these technologies.
Economic Evaluation of Particulate Control Technologies: Volume 1: New Units
Baghouses (reverse-gas, shake-deflate, and pulse-jet) and electrostatic precipitators are the principal options for controlling particulate emissions at coal-fired power plants. This report provides the latest cost information and cost models for determining the capital and O&M costs of the two technologies for various design conditions in new units.
Electrically heated particulate filter diagnostic systems and methods
A system that diagnoses regeneration of an electrically heated particulate filter is provided. The system generally includes a grid module that diagnoses a fault of the grid based on at least one of a current signal and a voltage signal. A diagnostic module at least one of sets a fault status and generates a warning signal based on the fault of the grid.
Inductively heated particulate matter filter regeneration control system
A system includes a particulate matter (PM) filter with an upstream end for receiving exhaust gas, a downstream end and zones. The system also includes a heating element. A control module selectively activates the heating element to inductively heat one of the zones.
Gonze, Eugene V; Paratore Jr., Michael J; Kirby, Kevin W; Phelps, Amanda; Gregoire, Daniel J
Electrically heated particulate matter filter with recessed inlet end plugs
A particulate matter (PM) filter includes filter walls having inlet ends and outlet ends. First adjacent pairs of the filter walls define inlet channels. Second adjacent pairs of the filter walls define outlet channels. Outlet end plugs are arranged in the inlet channels adjacent to the output ends. Inlet end plugs arranged in the outlet channels spaced from the inlet ends.
Gonze, Eugene V. (Pinckney, MI); Ament, Frank (Troy, MI)
Electrically heated particulate filter regeneration methods and systems for hybrid vehicles
A control system for controlling regeneration of a particulate filter for a hybrid vehicle is provided. The system generally includes a regeneration module that controls current to the particulate filter to initiate regeneration. An engine control module controls operation of an engine of the hybrid vehicle based on the control of the current to the particulate filter.
Corrosion and degradation of ceramic particulate filters in direct coal-fired turbine applications
High-temperature ceramic filters show considerable promise for efficient particulate removal from coal combustion systems. Advanced coal utilization processes such as direct coal-fired turbines require particulate-free gas for successful operation. This paper describes the various ceramic particulate filters under development and reviews the degradation mechanisms expected when operated in coal combustion systems.
Sawyer, J. (Acurex Corp., Mountain View, CA (US)); Vass, R.J.; Brown, N.R.; Brown, J.J. (Center for Advanced Ceramic Materials, CIT TDC, Virginai Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA (US))
Assessment of Contribution of Contemporary Carbon Sources to Size-Fractionated Particulate Matter and Time-Resolved Bulk Particulate Matter Using the Measurement of Radiocarbon
This study was motivated by a desire to improve understanding of the sources contributing to the carbon that is an important component of airborne particulate matter (PM). The ultimate goal of this project was to lay a ground work for future tools that might be easily implemented with archived or routinely collected samples. A key feature of this study was application of radiocarbon measurement that can be interpreted to indicate the relative contributions from fossil and non-fossil carbon sources of atmospheric PM. Size-resolved PM and time-resolved PM{sub 10} collected from a site in Sacramento, CA in November 2007 (Phase I) and March 2008 (Phase II) were analyzed for radiocarbon and source markers such as levoglucosan, cholesterol, and elemental carbon. Radiocarbon data indicates that the contributions of non-fossil carbon sources were much greater than that from fossil carbon sources in all samples. Radiocarbon and source marker measurements confirm that a greater contribution of non-fossil carbon sources in Phase I samples was highly likely due to residential wood combustion. The present study proves that measurement of radiocarbon and source markers can be readily applied to archived or routinely collected samples for better characterization of PM sources. More accurate source apportionment will support ARB in developing more efficient control strategies.
Hwang, H M; Young, T M; Buchholz, B A
Characteristics of inhalable particulate matter concentration and size distribution from power plants in China
The collection efficiency of particulate emission control devices (PECDs), particulate matter (PM) emissions, and PM size distribution were determined experimentally at the inlet and outlet of PECDs at five coal-fired power plants. Different boilers, coals, and PECDs are used in these power plants. Measurement in situ was performed by an electrical low-pressure impactor with a sampling system, which consisted of an isokinetic sampler probe, precut cyclone, and two- stage dilution system with a sample line to the instruments. The size distribution was measured over a range from 0.03 to 10 {mu}m. Before and after all of the PECDs, the particle number size distributions display a bimodal distribution. The PM2.5 fraction emitted to atmosphere includes a significant amount of the mass from the coarse particle mode. The controlled and uncontrolled emission factors of total PM, inhalable PM (PM10), and fine PM (PM2.5) were obtained. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and baghouse total collection efficiencies are 96.38 99.89% and 99.94%, respectively. The minimum collection efficiency of the ESP and the baghouse both appear in the particle size range of 0.1 1 0 {mu}m. In this size range, ESP and baghouse collection efficiencies are 85.79 98.6% and 99.54%. Real- time measurement shows that the mass and number concentration of PM10 will be greatly affected by the operating conditions of the PECDs. The number of emitted particles increases with increasing boiler load level because of higher combustion temperature. During test run periods, the data reproducibility is satisfactory. 19 refs., 11 figs., 6 tabs.
Honghong Yi; Jiming Hao; Lei Duan; Xinghua Li; Xingming Guo [Tsinghua University, Beijing (China). Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
Simple solar spectral model for direct and diffuse irradiance on horizontal and tilted planes at the earth's surface for cloudless atmospheres
A new, simple model for calculating clear-sky direct and diffuse spectral irradiance on horizontal and tilted surfaces is presented. The model is based on previously reported simple algorithms and on comparisons with rigorous radiative transfer calculations and limited outdoor measurements. Equations for direct normal irradiance are outlined; and include: Raleigh scattering; aerosol scattering and absorption; water vapor absorption; and ozone and uniformly mixed gas absorption. Inputs to the model include solar zenith angle, collector tilt angle, atmospheric turbidity, amount of ozone and precipitable water vapor, surface pressure, and ground albedo. The model calculates terrestrial spectra from 0.3 to 4.0 ..mu..m with approximately 10 nm resolution. A major goal of this work is to provide researchers with the capability to calculate spectral irradiance for different atmospheric conditions and different collector geometries using microcomputers. A listing of the computer program is provided.
Bird, R.; Riordan, C.
Direct-energy-regenerated particulate trap technology. Final report
The objective of this CRADA between Lockheed Martin and Cummins Engine Company was to develop fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (SiC) composite materials for use as diesel engine particulate traps. Chemical vapor deposition techniques were used to partially densify and rigidize a thin fibrous substrate and produce the porous SiC- based filter. Microwave energy was used to directly couple to the deposited SiC to uniformly heat the filter and oxidize the collected carbon particulates. For commercial usage particulate traps must: (1) filter carbon particulates from a high temperature diesel exhaust at an acceptably low backpressure, (2) survive thousands of thermal transients due to regeneration or cleaning of the filter by oxidizing the collected carbon, (3) be durable and reliable over the expected life of the filter (300,000 miles or 10,000 hours), and (4) provide a low overall operating cost which is competitive with other filtering techniques. The development efforts performed as part of this CRADA have resulted in a very promising new technology for Cummins Engine Company. Ceramic fiber based filter papers were developed at Fleetguard, Inc., (a Cummins Subsidiary) and used to produce the spiral wound, corrugated filter cartridges. Optimized SiC coatings were developed at Lockheed Martin which couple with 2.45 GHz microwaves. Prototype particulate filter cartridges fabricated at Fleetguard and rigidized at Lockheed Martin performed well in single cylinder engine tests at Cummins. These prototype filters obtained filtering efficiencies greater than 80% at acceptably low backpressures and could be successfully headed and regenerated using a conventional in-home microwave oven.
Stinton, D.P.; Janney, M.A. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Yonushonis, T.M.; McDonald, A.C.; Wiczynski, P.D. [Cummins Engine Co., Inc., Columbus, IN (United States); Haberkamp, W.C. [Fleetguard, Inc. (United States)
Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Signal in Solar Domain: Impact of Improved Molecular Spectroscopy
Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Signal in Solar Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Signal in Solar Domain: Impact of Improved Molecular Spectroscopy A. P. Trishchenko Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Ottawa, Ontario, Canada B. Hwang Intermap Technologies Corp. Calgary, Canada Z. Li University of Maryland and The Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center College Park, Maryland Introduction Atmospheric correction of satellite measurements is a major step in the retrieval of surface reflective properties. It involves removing the effect of gaseous absorption as well as correcting for the effect of an atmospheric molecular and particulate scattering. In the past few years, there has been significant advancement in our knowledge of the absorbing properties of various atmospheric radiatively active
10-MWe solar-thermal central-receiver pilot plant: collector subsystem foundation construction. Revision No. 1
Bid documents are provided for the construction of the collector subsystem foundation of the Barstow Solar Pilot Plant, including invitation to bid, bid form, representations and certifications, construction contract, and labor standards provisions of the Davis-Bacon Act. Instructions to bidders, general provisions and general conditions are included. Technical specifications are provided for the construction. (LEW)
Coaxial extrusion conversion concept for polymeric flat plate solar collectors. Final technical report, September 30, 1978-December 31, 1979
This study investigated materials and processes for fundamental improvements in flat-plate solar collector cost and performance. The goal was to develop a process for direct conversion of inexpensive raw materials into a completed solar collector unit, without labor intensive assembly operations. It was thought that materials carefully matched to the process and end-use environment would substantially reduce collector costs, as compared to conventional industry practice. The project studied the feasibility of a cost-effective, glazed solar collector, with low labor input, utilizing a coaxial extrusion of compatible polymeric materials. This study evaluated all considered materials for the desired application. In addition, there was a trial extrusion of the leading candidate glazing and absorber materials, which resulted in successfully performing a coaxial extrusion of one cell. At the time the study was conducted, there were no materials available that met the necessary requirements for the specified utilization. It was recommended that, if potentially compatible materials become available, further investigation into the suitability of those materials be researched. Then, if a suitable material was found, proceeding into Phase II would be recommended.
Rhodes, R.O.; Chapman, N.J.; Chao, K.C.; Sorenson, K.F.
Thermal performance evaluation of the Northrup Model NSC-01-0732 concentrating solar collector array at outdoor conditions
The thermal performance tests conducted on the Northrup Model NSC-01-0732 concentrating, tracking solar collector for approximately two months (from the end of August to the first part of October 1979) are described. These tests were made using the Marshall Space Flight Center's Solar House Test Facility.
S O L A R A I R COLLECTORS: How Much Can You S
. . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . ..- a- c I S O L A R A I R COLLECTORS: How Much Can You S a v e ? A p r i l , 1985 DOE/CS/69097--T2 DE85 015762 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi- bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
Cleaning strategies for parabolic-trough solar-collector fields; guidelines for decisions
This report is intended to assist the owner or operator of a parabolic trough solar collector system to decide on a cleaning strategy (equipment, materials, procedures, and schedules). The guidelines are based on information obtained in past research studies, as well as interviews with vendors and users of cleaning and water treatment equipment. The basic procedure recommended utilizes high pressure portable washing equipment. However, since the cleaning problem is so site-specific, no single, detailed approach can be specified. A systematic procedure for evaluating the particular requirements of a site is therefore given. This will allow the solar energy system operator to develop a cleaning strategy which is cost-effective because it is suited to local conditions.
Bergeron, K.D.; Freese, J.M.
Wind effects on convective heat loss from a cavity receiver for a parabolic concentrating solar collector
Tests were performed to determine the convective heat loss characteristics of a cavity receiver for a parabolid dish concentrating solar collector for various tilt angles and wind speeds of 0-24 mph. Natural (no wind) convective heat loss from the receiver is the highest for a horizontal receiver orientation and negligible with the reveler facing straight down. Convection from the receiver is substantially increased by the presence of side-on wind for all receiver tilt angles. For head-on wind, convective heat loss with the receiver facing straight down is approximately the same as that for side-on wind. Overall it was found that for wind speeds of 20--24 mph, convective heat loss from the receiver can be as much as three times that occurring without wind.
Ma, R.Y. [California State Polytechnic Univ., Pomoma, CA (United States). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Tanpopo cosmic dust collector: Silica aerogel production and bacterial DNA contamination analysis
Hydrophobic silica aerogels with ultra-low densities have been designed and developed as cosmic dust capture media for the Tanpopo mission which is proposed to be carried out on the International Space Station. Glass particles as a simulated cosmic dust with 30 \\mu m in diameter and 2.4 g/cm^3 in density were successfully captured by the novel aerogel at a velocity of 6 km/s. Background levels of contaminated DNA in the ultra-low density aerogel were lower than the detection limit of a polymerase chain reaction assay. These results show that the manufactured aerogel has good performance as a cosmic dust collector and sufficient quality in respect of DNA contamination. The aerogel is feasible for the biological analyses of captured cosmic dust particles in the astrobiological studies.
Tabata, Makoto; Yokobori, Shin-ichi; Kawai, Hideyuki; Takahashi, Jun-ichi; Yano, Hajime; Yamagishi, Akihiko
Simulation of a photovoltaic/thermal heat pump system having a modified collector/evaporator
A new photovoltaic/thermal heat pump (PV/T-HP) system having a modified collector/evaporator (C/E) has been developed and numerically studied. Multi-port flat extruded aluminum tubes were used in the modified C/E, as compared to round copper tubes used in a conventional C/E. Simulation results suggested that a better operating performance can be achieved for a PV/T-HP system having such a modified C/E. In addition, using the meteorological data in both Nanjing and Hong Kong, China, the simulation results showed that this new PV/T-HP system could efficiently generate electricity and thermal energy simultaneously in both cities all-year-round. Furthermore, improved operation by using variable speed compressor has been designed and discussed. (author)
Xu, Guoying [School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing (China); Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (China); Deng, Shiming [Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (China); Zhang, Xiaosong; Yang, Lei; Zhang, Yuehong [School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing (China)
Corrosion of current-collector materials in Li-ion cells
The primary current-collector materials being used in lithium-ion cells are susceptible to environmental degradation: aluminum to pitting corrosion and copper to environmentally assisted cracking. Pitting occurs at the highly oxidizing potentials associated with the positive-electrode charge condition. However, the pitting mechanism is more complex than that typically observed in aqueous systems in that the pits are filled with a mixed metal/oxide product and exist as mounds or nodules on the surface. Electrochemical impedance was shown to be an effective analytical tool for quantification and verification of visual observations and trends. Two fluorocarbon-based coatings were shown to improve the resistance of Al to localized pitting. Finally, environmental cracking of copper can occur at or near the lithium potential and only if specific metallurgical conditions exist (work hardening and large grain size).
Braithwaite, J.; Nagasubramanian, G.; Gonzales, A.; Lucero, S.; Cieslak, W.
Flat-plate solar collectors utilizing polymeric film for high performance and very low cost
Polymeric films are used in the construction of the absorber and window portions of a flat plate solar collector. The absorber heat exchanger consists of a channeled liquid envelope constructed using a polymeric film and metal foil laminate. In addition, the composite films and light frame monocoque construction contribute to very light weight and low cost. The use of high-performance polymers permits low-loss designs with high thermal performance. The construction concepts are consistent with high speed mass production and installation with manufacturing cost projections of $15/m/sup 2/. Tests performed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and elsewhere indicate performance potential consistent with applications incorporating solar absorption air conditioning.
Development and analysis of a linearly segmented CPC collector for industrial steam generation
This study involves the design, analysis and construction of a modular, non-imaging, trough, concentrating solar collector for generation of process steam in a tropical climate. The most innovative feature of this concentrator is that the mirror surface consists of long and narrow planar segments placed inside sealed low-cost glass tubes. The absorber is a cylindrical fin inside an evacuated glass tube. As an extension of the same study, the optical efficiency of the segmented concentrator has been simulated by means of a Monte-Carlo Ray-Tracing program. Laser Ray-Tracing techniques were also used to evaluate the possibilities of this new concept. A preliminary evaluation of the experimental concentrator was done using a relatively simple method that combines results from two experimental measurements: overall heat loss coefficient and optical efficiency. A transient behaviour test was used to measure the overall heat loss coefficient throughout a wide range of temperatures.
Figueroa, J.A.A.
Development of sheet molding compound solar collectors with molded-in silvered glass reflective surfaces
An approach to the fabrication of a line-focusng parabolic trough reflector structure which offers the potential of high performance while utilizing mass production type technology with potential for low cost is discussed. The concept is one of a molded structure of fiber reinforced plastic with an integrally molded silvered glass reflective surface. Sheet molding compound (SMC), a mixture of glass fibers and inorganic fillers in polyester resin, has been selected for evaluation as representative of reinforced plastic molding materials. The purpose of the work was to establish the feasibility of molding glass mirrors into SMC structural trough panels. If the effort proved successful, the next stage of development would be demonstration of the structure in a trough collector which incorporates individual SMC reflector panels. The trough has a 2 x 6 m aperture with six individual SMC panels mounted on a torque tube as the main support structure. Results are described. (WHK)
Champion, R. L.; Allred, R. E.
Compact high-flux two-stage solar collectors based on tailored edge-ray concentrators
The recently-invented tailored edge-ray concentrator (TERC) approach permits the design of compact two-stage high-flux solar collectors, with a focusing primary reflector and a non-imaging TERC secondary reflector. We present a new primary reflector shape based on the TERC approach and a secondary TERC tailored to its particular flux map, such that more compact concentrators emerge at flux concentration levels in excess of 90% of the thermodynamic limit. Calculations and raytrace simulation results are also offered which demonstrate that V-cone approximations to a wide variety of TERCs attain the concentration of the TERC to within a few percent. These V-cones represent practical secondary concentrators that may be superior to corresponding compound parabolic concentrator or trumpet secondaries. 13 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.
Friedman, R.P. [Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus (Israel); Gordon, J.M. [Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus (Israel)]|[Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Beersheva (Israel); Ries, H. [Paul Scherrer Inst., Villigen (Switzerland)
Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Solar Radiation Data Manual Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefuleness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply iots endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not
Plasma lighting, fiber optics, and daylight collectors: Toward the next revolution in high-efficiency illumination
Combining three recently marketed innovations may provide the next revolution in illumination, making many other recent advances eventually obsolete. The first is plasma lighting, pioneered by Fusion Lighting Inc. of Rockville, Maryland, and first commercially applied by Hutchins International Ltd. of Mississauga, Ontario. This microwave-generated light source yields very high-quality light with efficacies at or beyond high intensity discharge (HID) lamps. The source uses no mercury, thus eliminating lamp disposal problems, and has no cathode, thereby providing very long lamp life. Using no phosphors, it also has very short start and re-strike periods, and is dimmable. The second innovation is in the distribution of light. Commercial developments in fiber optics and light guides now provide products that transfer light from a remote point and distribute it like standard light fixtures. Advances in fiber optic communications and applications to decorative lighting have supplied relatively economical systems for mounting and directing light from both electric light sources and the sun. The third advance is a result of efforts to harness daylight. Unlike architectural daylighting that directs sunlight into perimeter areas through glazing, daylight collectors are roof-mounted devices that supply light to interior and underground spaces through hollow columns and open chases. Aided by improvements and cost reductions in sun-tracking (i.e., heliostatic) controls that capture and concentrate sunlight, such collectors offer a source of free light to locations that might otherwise never receive it. When combined together, these three options could offer a centralized building lighting system that pipes lumens to distribution devices replacing many existing lamps and fixtures.
Audin, L. [Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States)
Theory and Manufacturing Processes of Solar NanoAntenna Electromagnetic Collectors
DRAFT For Submittal to Journal of Solar Energy - Rev 10.1 ---SOL-08-1091 SOLAR Nantenna Electromagnetic Collectors Dale K. Kotter Idaho National Laboratory Steven D. Novack Idaho National Laboratory W. Dennis Slafer MicroContinuum, Inc. Patrick Pinhero University of Missouri ABSTRACT The research described in this paper explores a new and efficient approach for producing electricity from the abundant energy of the sun, using nanoantenna (nantenna) electromagnetic collectors (NECs). NEC devices target mid-infrared wavelengths, where conventional photovoltaic (PV) solar cells are inefficient and where there is an abundance of solar energy. The initial concept of designing NECs was based on scaling of radio frequency antenna theory to the infrared and visible regions. This approach initially proved unsuccessful because the optical behavior of materials in the terahertz (THz) region was overlooked and, in addition, economical nanofabrication methods were not previously available to produce the optical antenna elements. This paper demonstrates progress in addressing significant technological barriers, including: 1) development of frequency-dependent modeling of double-feedpoint square spiral nantenna elements; 2) selection of materials with proper THz properties; and 3) development of novel manufacturing methods that could potentially enable economical large-scale manufacturing. We have shown that nantennas can collect infrared energy and induce THz currents, and we have also developed cost-effective proof-of-concept fabrication techniques for the large-scale manufacture of simple square loop nantenna arrays. Future work is planned to embed rectifiers into the double-feedpoint antenna structures. This work represents an important first step toward the ultimate realization of a low-cost device that will collect as well as convert this radiation into electricity. This could lead to a broadband, high conversion efficiency low-cost solution to complement conventional PV devices.
Dale K. Kotter; Steven D. Novack
Heat pipes applied to flat-plate solar collectors. Final report
The objective of this program was to analytically and experimentally investigate the use of heat pipes in flat-plate solar collectors. Heat pipes are passive heat transport devices which utilize a closed evaporation-condensation cycle. Because of their high equivalent conductance, they appear to be well suited to transport heat from the solar absorber to an air or liquid distribution system. The program consisted of the following tasks: (I) Configuration Studies, (II) Parametric Performance Studies, (III) Economic Analysis, (IV) System Integration Studies, (V) Submodule Fabrication and Testing (in the laboratory), and (VI) Full-Scale Module Fabrication and Testing (using solar input). An additional Task VII, Feasibility Study of a Stationary Concentrator, was identified during the program and was also completed. In performing Tasks I through IV, various aspects of integrating heat pipes into flat-palte solar collectors were investigated. The results of these tasks were reported in the Annual Progress Report (Ref. 2) dated January 31, 1975. A summary of that program effort is included in the present report. The results of the experimental work conducted under Tasks V and VI are presented in this report. Under Task V, breadboard heat pipes were fabricated from sections of Roll-Bond panels and their heat transfer performance was evaluated in the laboratory. Three complete solar panels, two of which were heat pipe absorbers and one was a Roll-Bond control panel, were fabricated and solar tested during Task VI. Finally, under the new Task VII, a feasibility study of a stationary concentrator using heat pipes as thermal diodes was conducted. Results are presented and discussed.
Bienert, W.B.; Wolf, D.A.
3 3 ARM 2003 Tom Ackerman Chief Scientist Tom Ackerman Chief Scientist ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement WARNING! WARNING! Today is April 1 But that has NO bearing on this message Today is April 1 But that has NO bearing on this message ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Two Topics Two Topics * Status of ARM (quick overview) * Science plan - ARM in the next 5 years * Status of ARM (quick overview) * Science plan - ARM in the next 5 years ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ARM Status - Science ARM Status - Science * Steadily increasing productivity - Poster session - over 220 posters (may need to do something about submissions next year) - Peer-reviewed articles: 2.5 to 3 per year per
Particulate Contamination Within Fusion Devices and Complex (Dusty) Plasmas
Over the past decade, dust particulate contamination has increasingly become an area of concern within the fusion research community. In a burning plasma machine design like the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), dust contamination presents problems for diagnostic integration and may contribute to tritium safety issues. Additionally due to ITER design, such dust contamination problems are projected to become of even greater concern due to dust/wall interactions and possible instabilities created within the plasma by such particulates. Since the dynamics of such dust can in general be explained employing a combination of the ion drag, Coulomb force, and ion pre-sheath drifts, recent research in complex (dusty) plasma physics often offers unique insights for this research area. This paper will discuss the possibility of how experimental observations of the dust and plasma parameters within a GEC rf Reference Cell might be employed to diagnose conditions within fusion reactors, hopefully pr...
Creel, J; Kong, J; Hyde, Truell W
Fluidizable particulate materials and methods of making same
The invention provides fluidizable, substantially spherical particulate material of improved attrition resistance having an average particle size from about 100 to about 400 microns useful as sorbents, catalysts, catalytic supports, specialty ceramics or the like. The particles are prepared by spray drying a slurry comprising inorganic starting materials and an organic binder. Exemplary inorganic starting materials include mixtures of zinc oxide with titanium dioxide, or with iron oxide, alumina or the like. Exemplary organic binders include polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylemethyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate and the like. The spray dried particles are heat treated at a first temperature wherein organic binder material is removed to thereby provide a porous structure to the particles, and thereafter the particles are calcined at a higher temperature to cause reaction of the inorganic starting materials and to thereby form the final inorganic particulate material.
Gupta, Raghubir P. (Durham, NC)
Engines - Particulate Studies - Revealing the True Nature of Diesel
Engine Nanoparticle Research: Revealing the True Nature of Diesel Particulates Engine Nanoparticle Research: Revealing the True Nature of Diesel Particulates Thermophoretic sampling device Argonne's test engine with the thermophoretic sampling device attached. Nanostructure of graphitic diesel soot under high engine load A transmission electron microscope reveals the nanostructures of graphitic diesel soot sampled under high engine loads. Morphology of particles collected from diesel combustion with iso-paraffin-enriched fuel. Morphology of particles collected from diesel combution with iso-paraffin-enriched fuel. Amorphous soot particle collected from biodiesel combustion undera low-temperature condition. Amorphous soot particle collected from biodiesel combustion under low temperature conditions. Researchers have many ideas about how to reduce the soot produced by diesel
Development of A Microwave Assisted Particulate Filter Regeneration System
The need for active regeneration of diesel particulate filters and the advantages of microwave assisted regeneration are discussed. The current study has multiple objectives, which include developing a microwave assisted particulate filter regeneration system for future generation light-duty diesel applications, including PNGV type applications. A variable power 2.0 kW microwave system and a tuned waveguide were employed. Cavity geometry is being optimized with the aid of computational modeling and temperature measurements during microwave heating. A wall-flow ceramic-fiber filter with superior thermal shock resistance, high filtration efficiency, and high soot capacity was used. The microwave assisted particulate filter regeneration system has operated for more than 100 hours in an engine test-cell with a 5.9-liter diesel engine with automated split exhaust flow and by-pass flow capabilities. Filter regeneration was demonstrated using soot loads up to 10 g/liter and engine exhaust at idling flow rates as the oxygen source. A parametric study to determine the optimal combination of soot loading, oxidant flow rate, microwave power and heating time is underway. Preliminary experimental results are reported.
Popuri, Sriram
Containment atmosphere response (CAR) program. Second status report. [HTGR
This report contains a summary of the work performed under the Containment Atmosphere Response (CAR) Program of the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) Safety Research Task since the publication of the previous status report (February 1978). The work concentrated on