text:
Quinn, Anthony 1915-2001Overview
Publication Timeline
Most widely held works about
Anthony Quinn
Most widely held works by
Anthony Quinn
Lawrence of Arabia
by David Lean
104 editions published between 1962 and 2012 in 5 languages and held by 5,296 WorldCat member libraries worldwide The story of T.E. Lawrence, the heroic and troubled man who organized the Arab nations to fight the Turks in World War I and then, having reached a pinnacle of power in Mideast politics, retired to postwar military obscurity
The guns of Navarone
by J. Lee Thompson
58 editions published between 1951 and 2012 in 3 languages and held by 1,987 WorldCat member libraries worldwide A specialized commando team is assembled to destroy the German Army's mighty guns of Navarone, which control a strategic channel in the Aegean Sea
Ox-bow incident
by William A Wellman
21 editions published between 1942 and 2006 in English and Hebrew and held by 1,756 WorldCat member libraries worldwide Fonda, a drifter, tries to intervene when the people of Ox-Bow attempt to hang the men they think are killers
Zorba the Greek
by Mikis Theodorakis
49 editions published between 1964 and 2012 in 5 languages and held by 1,598 WorldCat member libraries worldwide A young British writer moves to Crete to find himself by working in his father's mine, and hires the playful Zorba. He falls in love with a lovely young widow. When she responds to him the townsmen attack her
A walk in the clouds
by Alfonso Arau
30 editions published between 1995 and 2011 in English and Spanish and held by 1,576 WorldCat member libraries worldwide After returning from World War II, a young G.I. finds he has little in common with the wife he left behind. Disillusioned, he heads north to work as a travelling salesman where he meets the daughter of a wealthy vineyard owner. On her way home, she is terrified of what her father will do when he learns she is unmarried and pregnant. The young man gallantly offers to help by posing as her husband for one night, unaware that doing so will change both of their lives forever
La Strada
by Federico Fellini
140 editions published between 1954 and 2014 in 7 languages and held by 1,489 WorldCat member libraries worldwide Giuletta Masina combines comedy and pathos as Gelsomina, the slow witted innocent who falls for an abusive, circus strongman. For a time Gelsomina finds comfort with an irrepressibly funny clown, until Quinn's rage destroy all three
Lust for life
by Vincente Minnelli
19 editions published between 1956 and 2006 in 3 languages and held by 1,302 WorldCat member libraries worldwide Kirk Douglas gives a fierce portrayal as the artist torn between the joyous inspiration of his genius and the dark desperation of his tormented mind
Jesus of Nazareth
by Anthony Burgess
11 editions published between 1983 and 2007 in English and held by 1,146 WorldCat member libraries worldwide A film depicting the life of Christ from birth through resurrection
Road to Morocco
by Road to Morocco (Motion picture)
10 editions published between 1942 and 2008 in English and held by 971 WorldCat member libraries worldwide The lone survivors of a ship wrecked in the Mediterranean, our heroes find themselves in the company of Princess Shalimar (Lamour), who has purchased Bob and plans to make him her husband. This is the third "Road" picture
La strada The road
15 editions published between 1954 and 2006 in 3 languages and held by 966 WorldCat member libraries worldwide A simple waif becomes the assistant to a drunken itinerant circus strongman who fights and kills the gentle tightrope walker she had befriended
The old man and the sea
by Ernest Hemingway
22 editions published between 1989 and 2011 in English and held by 852 WorldCat member libraries worldwide Santiago is an old Cuban fisherman long regarded as the best in the business. Business has been slow lately, and Santiago has gone without a catch for 84 days. His young friend Manolo looks after him, helping him when he comes in from his day on the water. The other fishermen feel Santiago's got the worst luck there is--they are afraid it is catching. The next morning Santiago sets out alone in his little skiff, but doesn't come in at sundown. Santiago has hooked the biggest marlin he's ever seen, and it takes all his strength and considerable willpower to pull it in. After such a titanic struggle, will Santiago have enough left in him to fend off the sharks and scavengers when they come looking for lunch?
Last action hero
by John McTiernan
12 editions published between 1993 and 2014 in English and held by 849 WorldCat member libraries worldwide Young Danny Madigan is a big fan of Jack Slater, a larger-than-life action hero played by Arnold Schwarzenegger. When his best friend Nick, the projectionist, gives him a magic ticket to the new Jack Slater film, Danny is transported into Slater's world, where the good guys always win. One of Slater's enemies, Benedict the hitman, gets hold of the ticket and ends up in Danny's world, where he realises that if he can kill Schwarzenegger, Slater will be no more. Slater and Danny must stop him
by Richard Fleischer
31 editions published between 1961 and 2010 in 7 languages and held by 782 WorldCat member libraries worldwide Pardoned instead of Christ, Barabbas is haunted for the rest of his life. After watching his former lover, Rachel, being stoned to death for her belief in Jesus, Barabbas returns to his life of thievery. Arrested again, he is sent to the sulphur mines and then to gladiator school where he witnesses yet another friend give his life in the name of the Nazarene. It is only at the end, when Barabbas himself faces crucifixion, that he discovers his faith
The shoes of the fisherman
26 editions published between 1968 and 2008 in 3 languages and held by 772 WorldCat member libraries worldwide All eyes are focused on the Vatican, hoping to see the traditional puffs of white smoke that signal the selection of the next Pope. But this time, much more is at stake. The new pontiff may be the only person who can bring peace to a world hovering on the edge of nuclear nightmare
Viva Zapata!
by Elia Kazan
63 editions published between 1951 and 2013 in 7 languages and held by 702 WorldCat member libraries worldwide The life and times of the legendary Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata are brought to the screen in Darryl F. Zanuck₂s powerful production of John Steinbeck₂s screenplay. Marlon Brando gives a stunning portrayal of the outlaw turned revolutionary leader. The film also boasts Anthony Quinn's 1952 Best Supporting Actor OSCAR Winning performance as Zapata₂s brother. Viva Zapata!; is one of the classic political movies and another fi ne example of Brando's genius as a film actor
Jungle fever
by Spike Lee
16 editions published between 1990 and 2007 in English and Multiple languages and held by 680 WorldCat member libraries worldwide An Afro-American architect begins an affair with his working class Italian secretary. Their relationship causes them to be scrutinized by their friends, cast out from their families and shunned by their neighbors in this moving view of inner-city life
14 editions published between 1954 and 2011 in English and No Linguistic content and held by 613 WorldCat member libraries worldwide Ulysses' return from the Trojan Wars sets him upon a legendary adventure. He and his crew sail under the curse of Cassandra, and encounter Circe, the sirens and the cyclops
17 editions published between 1990 and 2007 in 3 languages and held by 610 WorldCat member libraries worldwide A former fighter pilot is irresistibly drawn to the wife of an old friend. When the husband learns of their betrayal, a terrifying cycle of retribution is set in motion
They died with their boots on
by Raoul Walsh
7 editions published between 1941 and 2007 in English and held by 592 WorldCat member libraries worldwide A highly fictionalized account of the life of George Armstrong Custer from his arrival at West Point in 1857 to his death at the battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876. Custer has little discipline at the academy but is prepared to stand up to the senior cadet, Ned Sharp, who makes his life miserable. While there he catches the eye of the commandant, Col. Phil Sheridan and also meets his future bride, Elizabeth Bacon. His wife arranges with Gen. Scott for him to be appointed a Lt. Colonel and given command of the 7th Cavalry. Custer is depicted as a friend of the Indians and fights his old nemesis Ned Sharp, who is taking advantage of them and trying to provoke a war with his own financial gain in mind. Custer dies in the now famous battle on June 25, 1876 at the age of 36
Guadalcanal diary
15 editions published between 1990 and 2014 in English and held by 553 WorldCat member libraries worldwide Follows a devoted platoon of Marines through the terrors of war in the South Pacific more
Audience Level
Related Identities
Associated Subjects
Abused women Adultery African American architects Americans Arabian Peninsula Artists Authors, English Bible.--New Testament Circus performers Fathers and daughters Film adaptations Friendship Gogh, Vincent van, Great Britain Great Britain.--Army Greece--Crete Heroes Impostors and imposture Interracial dating Jesus Christ Lawrence, T. E.--(Thomas Edward), Little Bighorn, Battle of the (Montana : 1876) Love Lynching Manners and customs Man-woman relationships Mexico Middle East Military campaigns Miners Mobs Montana Morocco Motion picture actors and actresses Motion pictures Motion pictures, Italian Odysseus (Greek mythology) Political participation Political science Popes Popes--Election Race relations Revolution (Mexico : 1910-1920) Shipwreck victims Soldiers Stone, Irving, United States Veterans World War (1914-1918) World War (1939-1945)
Alternative Names
Oaxaca, Antonio Rodolfo Quinn 1915-2001
Oaxaca Quinn, Anthony Rudolph 1915-2001
Quinn, Anthony Rodolph Caxaca 1915-2001
Quinn, Anthony Rudolph Oaxaca 1915-2001
Quinn Oaxaca, Antonio Rodolfo 1915-2001
Italian (98) Spanish (36) German (31) French (28) Multiple languages (6) Hebrew (2) Turkish (2) Russian (1) Lithuanian (1) Arabic (1) Finnish (1) Covers


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US Economy Could Withstand Brief Fall Off 'cliff'
Economists note that recipients of unemployment aid tend to spend that money quickly, giving a lift to the economy. The expiration of the extended benefits would cut economic growth by about 0.2 percentage point next year, the Congressional Budget Office estimates.
The gravest scenario would be if the budget talks collapsed, negotiators went home and the tax increases and spending cuts appeared to be permanent.
In that case, Macroeconomic Advisors, a forecasting firm, warns that the Dow Jones industrial average could plunge up to 2,000 points within days. Businesses would turn gloomier in anticipation of Americans paying higher taxes. Retailers would order fewer cars, appliances and clothing. Consumers' confidence would likely plummet, followed by their spending.
The economy would shrink at an annual rate of 0.6 percent in the first three months of 2013, estimates Joel Prakken, an economist at Macroeconomic Advisors. That compares with an estimated 1.9 percent growth rate if a deal is reached.
CBO forecasts that the economy would decline 0.5 percent in the first half of 2013 and fall into recession. The unemployment rate would rise to 9.1 percent from the current 7.7 percent. Most economists are counting on fear of such a disaster to prod Congress and the White House to make a deal. But analysts expect the Social Security tax cut and extended unemployment benefits to end. Those two changes would lower growth by 0.7 percentage point next year, the CBO estimates. Under that scenario, Social Security taxes would revert back to 6.2 percent on the first $110,000 of income, up from 4.2 percent. The increase would cost someone earning $50,000 an extra $1,000 a year, or nearly $20 a week. Some consumers have been getting nervous. Mike Duke, CEO of Wal-Mart Stores Inc., said Tuesday that in a poll last month of the store's shoppers, an overwhelming majority were aware of the threat of high taxes from the cliff. And some said it would lead them to cut back their holiday buying, Duke said. Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, is considered an economic bellwether.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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subset: commoncrawl


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what about what he did vs the SEC? without Sammy playing on the other side as well.
Didn't see the LSU game because I had stuff to do that night, but they literally cannot cover anybody. If their front 4 doesn't get the quarterback to the ground or make him unable to complete passes(which they do more often than not), you can have a field day throwing on them.
Against the only decent secondary from the SEC he played this year, South Carolina, he had 1 catch for 43 yards. That's WITH Sammy playing on the other side. The year before that, he had 24 yards against them.
Don't think Sammy played against Aubbie, but they were so horrible this year that they were all-time bad. Their defense was absolutely pathetic. Shouldn't even be called an SEC team tbh.
All said, once again, wouldn't take him in the first. He's no AJ Green/Megatron/etc.


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A new principal component analysis-based approach for testing "similarity" of drug dissolution profiles.
ABSTRACT A new approach for testing batch "similarity" through comparison of drug dissolution profiles, based on principal component analysis with the establishment of a confidence region (PCA-CR), is presented. The dissolution curves corresponding to three brands each of Furosemide and Acetaminophen tablets, taken as model drugs, were prepared by dissolution measurements at multiple pre-specified time points. Reference and test data were simultaneously subjected to PCA and pairwise comparisons between the dissolution characteristics of lots of the same and different brands were carried out. The comparisons involved plotting the weighed scores of the first two principal components of reference and test lots, while decision about "similarity" was made by checking for inclusion of more than 80% of the tablets of the test lot in the 95% confidence ellipse of the reference samples. Two published datasets were also analyzed in the same fashion and all the results were compared with information provided by the difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factor tests. Unlike the f2 criterion, the proposed method reflects variability within the individual dissolution curves, being also highly sensitive to profile (shape and size) variations. Comparison between the area enclosed by the confidence ellipses of the weighed scores plot and the region obtained from the bootstrap-calculated acceptable values of the corresponding f2 tests suggested that PCA-CR represents, in general, a more discriminating standard.
- Janine Boniatti, Ana Lúcia Pereira Cerqueira, Alexandre Carnevale de Souza, Cristiane Rodrigues Drago Hoffmeister, Maira Assis da Costa, Livia Deris Prado, Leandro Tasso, Helvécio Vinícius Antunes Rocha[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to examine the adhesion of glibenclamide 5 mg tablets to the tools of compression machines. This problem is not commonly reported in the literature, since it is considered as tacit knowledge. The starting point was the implementation of three technical alternatives: changing the parameters of compression, evaluating the humidity of the powder blend and the manufacturer of the lubricant magnesium stearate. The adhesion was directly related to the characteristics of magnesium stearate from different manufacturers, and the feasibility of evaluating powder flow characteristics by different techniques that are not routinely followed in various pharmaceutical companies. In vitro dissolution tests showed that the magnesium stearate manufacturer can influence on the dissolution profile of glibenclamide tablets. This study presented various aspects of tablet adhesion to compression machine punches. Troubleshooting approaches can be, most of times, conducted based on previous experience, or an experimental research needs to be implemented in order to have confident results.Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 09/2013; · 1.00 Impact Factor - [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to prepare lamotrigine (LM) bilayered and single layered floating tablets and to compare their release profiles. LM floating tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Drug, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4M, lactose monohydrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 constitute controlled release layer components and floating layer components includes polymers and sodium bicarbonate. The prepared tablets were evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, floating lag time (FLT), floating time, in vitro buoyancy study, in vitro release studies. The drug-polymer interaction was studied by fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. The FLT of all the formulations were within the prescribed limits (<3 min). When ethyl cellulose was used as floating layer component, tablets showed good buoyancy effect but eroded within 6-8 h. Hence it was replaced with hydroxypropyl cellulose -M hydrophilic polymer, which showed good FLT and floating duration for 16 h. Formulation LFC4 was found to be optimized with dissolution profile of zero order kinetics showing fickian diffusion. A comparative study of bilayered and single layered tablets of LM showed a highest similarity factor of 83.03, difference factor of 2.74 and t-test (P < 0.05) indicates that there is no significant difference between them. Though bilayered tablet possess many advantages, single layered tablet would be economical, cost-effective and reproducible for large scale production in the industry. However, the results of present study demonstrated that the in vitro development of bilayered gastro retentive floating tablets with controlled drug release profile for LM is feasible.International journal of pharmaceutical investigation. 07/2013; 3(3):157-62. - SourceAvailable from: sciencedirect.comHai-yan Li, Xiang-yong Cui, Feng Gao, Peter York, Qun Shao, Xian-zhen Yin, Tao Guo, Zhen Guo, Jing-kai Gu, Ji-wen Zhang[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: It is essential to develop effective methods for the quality control of the traditional medicine with multiple components. However, few researches on the quality control have been conducted to interpret the holistic characteristics of the traditional medicine in terms of dissolution/release. In this study, the multi-component release kinetics of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) dosage forms was characterized and mapped by multivariate analysis techniques in the field of "-omics". The Liuweidihuang pill was used as a model formulation. The multi-component release kinetics of the concentrated and water-honeyed Liuweidihuang pills at rotation speeds of 50 and 100 rpm were analyzed by chemomic release kinetic theory and modified LC/MS/MS method. Mass features of 103 (concentrated pills) and 101 (water-honeyed pills) were selected with a linear correlation coefficient ≥0.99 between mass responses and concentrations. To compose the chemomic standard spectrum, the relative abundance of both mass features was no less than 1% as compared with an internal standard. The correlation coefficients between six samples of various solutions were in line with analytical requirements of precision (r≥0.985). The score plots of principal component analysis showed that the concentrated Liuweidihuang pills presented better chemomic release reproducibility than the water-honeyed pills. Conversely, the impact of rotation speed on the chemomic release was less obvious. The heat maps of hierarchical clustering analysis did not show significant changes in individual clusters of mass features along different time intervals, reflecting the release integrity of the mass features. Therefore, both multivariate analysis methods, the principal component analysis and the hierarchical clustering analysis, seemed to be effective techniques to demonstrate the multiple component release performance of TCM. The research provided the basis of a new strategy for the quality control procedures of the dissolution/release for the traditional medicine and multi-component natural products to address increasing regulatory requirements and scrutiny across the world.Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 08/2011; 1(2):106–114.
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
available at www.sciencedirect.com
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejps
A new principal component analysis-based approach for
testing "similarity" of drug dissolution profiles
Rub´ en M. Maggioa,∗, Patricia M. Castellanoa, Teodoro S. Kaufmana,b,∗∗
aSchool of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
bInstitute of Chemistry of Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 19 December 2007
Received in revised form
14 February 2008
Accepted 20 February 2008
Published on line 4 March 2008
Principal component analysis
Dissolution profiles
Similarity test
Multivariate method
a b s t r a c t
A new approach for testing batch "similarity" through comparison of drug dissolution
profiles, based on principal component analysis with the establishment of a confidence
region (PCA-CR), is presented. The dissolution curves corresponding to three brands each
of Furosemide and Acetaminophen tablets, taken as model drugs, were prepared by disso-
lution measurements at multiple pre-specified time points. Reference and test data were
teristics of lots of the same and different brands were carried out. The comparisons involved
plotting the weighed scores of the first two principal components of reference and test lots,
while decision about "similarity" was made by checking for inclusion of more than 80% of
the tablets of the test lot in the 95% confidence ellipse of the reference samples. Two pub-
lished datasets were also analyzed in the same fashion and all the results were compared
with information provided by the difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factor tests. Unlike the f2
criterion, the proposed method reflects variability within the individual dissolution curves,
being also highly sensitive to profile (shape and size) variations. Comparison between the
area enclosed by the confidence ellipses of the weighed scores plot and the region obtained
from the bootstrap-calculated acceptable values of the corresponding f2tests suggested that
PCA-CR represents, in general, a more discriminating standard.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In vitro dissolution testing is an economic and useful quality
control tool to effectively assure acceptable product quality
during different stages of the development and production of
tablets, capsules and other solid dosage forms (Dressman and
Kramer, 2005). The test enables detection of the influence of
key manufacturing factors including excipients, binder and
mixing effects, as well as granulation procedure and coating
and assuring consistent batch to batch quality of the product.
∗Corresponding author.
∗∗Corresponding author at: School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK
Rosario, Argentina.
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (T.S. Kaufman).
0928-0987/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The dissolution has also been employed in product develop-
ment and during dosage form optimization to assist in proper
formulation selection. In addition, it has served as a means
to compare different formulations (Naylor et al., 1993) and
determine final dissolution specifications for pharmaceutical
dosage forms (Elkoshi, 1999).
The dissolution test has also been used during stability
studies, helping establish shelf life, and it has been recognized
its correlation with drug bioavailability (Williams et al., 1991;
Fassihi and Ritschel, 1993; Munday and Fassihi, 1995; Grundy
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
et al., 1997). As a result, under certain strictly defined condi-
tions, the test can also be employed as a surrogate of in vivo
studies for the assessment of product bioequivalence, helping
to reduce costs by circumventing the need to perform human
volunteer experiments (Leeson, 1995; Yu et al., 1996).
Because it is essential to investigate the drug release
characteristics of pharmaceutical preparations, dissolution
has become highly significant and one of the primary phar-
macopoeial tests that is performed to ensure that tablets,
quality standards.
For a drug product, the curve of the mean dissolution rate
over time is referred to as its dissolution profile. There are
several circumstances under which comparison of the disso-
lution profiles of two solid oral dosage forms is important.
Among them, when an approved formulation is subjected to
a post-approval change due to modifications of some criti-
cal parameters, including manufacturing site, composition,
manufacturing process and batch size. In these cases, FDA
guidances for scale-up and post-approval changes for solid
oral dosage forms (FDA, 1995) require that the dissolution pro-
files of the pre-change and post-change products must be
Another paradigmatic scenario is in the development of
generic preparations. Here, a proprietary product, which has
been available in the market for some time and has a clinically
established efficacy, is selected as a reference against which
to compare the new formulation. Because of the "similarity"
requirement, the generic preparation should be formulated
with its dissolution profile as closely similar as possible to that
of the proprietary product.
In response to the need of assessing "similarity", numer-
ous strategies have been proposed for comparing dissolution
profiles. These, which are divided in ANOVA-based, model-
dependent and model-independent approaches, have been
extensively reviewed (Polli et al., 1996, 1997; O'Hara et al.,
(Mauger et al., 1986; Yuksel et al., 2000) assume the existence
of underlying models, but do not require fitting of a curve.
They test statistical differences of the dissolution profiles in
terms of "shape" and "size" of the curves, providing proba-
bility values related more to statistical equivalence than to
pharmaceutical similarity.
Model-dependent methods rely on curve-fitting proce-
dures, which facilitate data analysis and interpretation
because they describe the dissolution profiles as functions of
a few model parameters that can be determined and statis-
tically compared. In general, however, these are rather rigid
representations, there is no universal model to fit all dissolu-
tion profiles and there are no established criteria to select the
proper mathematical model.
Model-independent methods do not require a precon-
ceived or fitted model. The difference (f1) and similarity (f2)
factors introduced by Moore and Flanner (1996) as mathemat-
widely known examples of the model-independent approach.
This procedure, where the dissolution behaviour of a num-
ber of samples (n) of reference (R) and test (T) products are
compared at t time points (Eqs. (1) and (2)), is being recom-
mended by the FDA Guidance for Industry (FDA, 1995), and
has been accepted by European agencies and other regulatory
bodies (Human Medicines Evaluation Unit, 1999). For testing
purposes, a discriminatory medium can be identified by vary-
ing stirring rate and parameters of the dissolution medium,
including pH, ionic strength, volume, etc.
f1= 100
|Rt− Tt|
f2= 50 log
1 +
(Rt− Tt)2
× 100
Since drug release depends on many variables, such as the
physicochemical properties of the drug, the excipients and
the structural properties of the tablet matrix, an understand-
ing of the complex causalities between different variables and
responses becomes difficult. Therefore, for decision taking, it
approach, in many cases two batches are compared through
ponent at a certain time point. However, this provides less
meaningful conclusions than the independent comparison of
specifications at each of multiple time points or the analysis
of the entire dissolution profile. For such problems, multivari-
ate data analysis is the tool of choice. Multivariate methods
such as principal component analysis (PCA) have been sug-
gested for the evaluation of dissolution profiles (Tsong et al.,
1997; Adams et al., 2001, 2002), while other approaches includ-
ing artificial neural networks with similarity factor (Peh et al.,
2000; Goh et al., 2002, 2003) and Gaussian mixture models (Lim
et al., 2005) as well as partial least squares (Korhonen et al.,
2005), have been proposed as multivariate strategies for the
prediction of dissolution profiles.
Here, we propose the application of PCA with confidence
regions (PCA-CR) as a new and alternative method to com-
pare solid dosage forms dissolution behaviour and decide
about their "similarity". The usefulness of the suggested strat-
egy was demonstrated by comparing different brands and
lots of tablet preparations containing either Furosemide or
Acetaminophen, as models, and also two selected literature
datasets. For assessing the scope and limitations of the pro-
posed approach, the PCA-CR results were confronted in each
case with the conclusions provided by the corresponding f1
and f2factors, taken as reference.
2. Materials and methods
2.1.Equipment, software and reagents
Dissolution tests were performed with a Hanson SR8-Plus
dissolution test station configured as USP-apparatus II (pad-
dle). The amounts of drug dissolved were determined in 1-cm
quartz cells, employing a Shimadzu UV-1601PC spectropho-
tometer interfaced to a computer running UV-Probe software
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
v. 2.00. Determinations were carried out against a blank of
dissolution medium, on filtered samples suitably diluted with
dissolution medium, by comparison with standard solutions
containing known concentrations of the corresponding ana-
lytes. All the reagents employed were of analytical grade;
double distilled water was employed as solvent. All the com-
putations were performed in Matlab v. 5.3 (Natwick, MA); the
Matlab scripts are freely available from the authors.
2.2.Tablet preparations and dissolution conditions
All the brands and lots of Furosemide and Acetaminophen
drug products used met the pharmacopoeial specifications for
weight variation, content uniformity and assay.
Eight lots corresponding to three different brands of tablet
products (40mg) were studied. Each product was randomly
labelled with a specific letter for identification, designating
with A1the reference lot of the innovator product. The release
characteristics were determined at 37±0.5◦C, using the pro-
cedure of the "Dissolution Test 1" of USP 30 (USP Convention,
2007). The medium was 900ml of Phosphate buffer (0.05M, pH
5.8) and the stirring rate was 50rpm. One tablet was used in
each vessel, and each test comprised two runs of six tablets
yielding a total of 12 tablets per lot (FDA, 1995). During each
experiment, aliquots of 3ml were removed at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 26 and 30min, filtered and suit-
ably diluted with medium. The amount of drug dissolved was
determined from the absorbances of the samples at 274nm.
Each dissolution curve contained a total of 17 time points.
and brand A was used as the reference product (innovator).
The other brands were each randomly designated with letters
37±0.5◦C in 900ml of Phosphate buffer (0.05M, pH 5.8), using
a slight modification (stirring rate was 30rpm) of the USP 30
procedure in order to increase selectivity. One tablet was used
in each vessel, and each test comprised two runs of six tablets
yielding a total of 12 tablets per lot (FDA, 1995). Aliquots of
3ml were removed at 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 45 and 60min,
dissolved was determined at 243nm. Each dissolution curve
contained 10 time points.
Data taken from the following sources were employed: (a)
Tsong and Hammerstrom (1994): dissolution curves of three
approved batches and a new test batch (12 tablets each, deter-
mined at 7 time points). (b) Shah et al. (1998) and Ma et al.
(2000): data of a pre-change lot and five post-change lots (12
tablets each, determined at 4 time points).
Literature data
and the PCA algorithm
18.104.22.168. Factors f1and f2as estimators of difference and sim-
ilarity. Eqs. (1) and (2) correspond to the difference (f1) and
similarity (f2) factors, respectively (Moore and Flanner, 1996).
Theoretical background of the f1and f2estimators
The f1 index computes the absolute cumulative differences
between drug release in reference and test samples, relative
to the drug dissolved in the reference sample. Therefore, the
value of this parameter, which is proportional to the average
difference between both profiles, depends on which sample is
taken as reference. Acceptable values of f1are 0≤f1≤15.
On the other hand, f2is a logarithmic function of the recip-
errors at all points, and is a measure of the degree of similar-
ity in the percent rate of drug release between two dissolution
profiles. The f2values are independent from the sample taken
as reference, and they range between 0 and 100, with a higher
number indicating better similarity between profiles. Accept-
able values are 50≤f2≤100, which is considered equivalent
to a difference in approximately 10% between the dissolution
profiles being compared (Shah et al., 1998).
126.96.36.199. Principal component analysis. The principles underly-
ing PCA have been extensively discussed elsewhere (Wold et
al., 1987); the following is a brief description of this multivari-
ate method.
Given matrix X(p×t), where each row contains t different
pieces of information gathered from p objects, the column
mean centred data matrix Xc can be obtained by subtract-
ing the row vector containing the mean values of its columns
(Xm), from each row of the original matrix (X).
In turn, Xc can be decomposed into the product of an
orthogonal matrix U, a diagonal matrix S and another orthog-
onal matrix V (Eq. (3)), where U S VTrepresents the singular
value decomposition (SVD) of Xc (Manly, 1986).
Xc(p×t)= U(p×t)S(t×t)VT
(t×t)(p > t) (3)
matrix and represents the projections of the data on the PCs;
therefore, similar samples are represented by similar scores.
On the other side, the diagonal matrix S(t×t)contains the
singular values, which are the square roots of the eigenval-
ues associated to the corresponding PCs (eigenvectors). These
diagonal terms reflect the dynamics of the dissolution; there-
fore, the largest eigenvalues correspond to the dimensions
that explain larger amounts of variance of the dataset. Matrix
T(t×t)known as the weighed (unnormalized) score matrix, is
the product between U and S (T=U·S). Finally, the loadings
matrix V(t×t)contains in its columns the weights contributed
by the original variables (eigenvectors) to the PCs.
Outlier detection was performed by means of Hotelling's test
(Jackson, 1991). For that purpose, the test was implemented
for each dataset, according to Eq. (4), where ?xis the mean
of the data and S−1
matrix SXX(Eq. (5)). The required Mahalanobis distance was
calculated according to Eq. (6), where q is the number of dis-
solution curves in the reference and test lots (Section 2.2.9),
and was compared with the corresponding Chi square value
at a 99% confidence level and t (number of data points per
Detection of outliers
XXis the inverse of the data covariance
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
curve) degrees of freedom.
P[y = (x − ?x)TS−1
XX(x − ?x) < yp] = 1 − ˛
SXX= (t − 1)−1· XcXcT
q(x − ?x)TS−1
XX(x − ?x) < ?2
As the principal components (PCs) are weighed in decreas-
ing order of variance coverage, the variation of the dataset
can be conveniently expressed in terms of a small number of
significant variables, while the remaining variables (residual),
contain mostly noise. Thus, the reconstructed data matrix X*c
can be obtained (Eq. (7)) by employing a reduced number (r<t)
of PCs.
Selection of the optimum number of principal
X∗c(p×t)= U∗
[r ≤ p − 1(p ≤ t)andr ≤ t(p > t)]
(r×t)= T∗
The number of significant PCs to be retained (r) can be
obtained by different means, including cross-validation, set-
ting a threshold to the minimum variance explained, or
evaluating the residuals between Xc and X*c. Observation of
the shape of the PCs also constitutes a useful hint. In this
work, X*c was reconstructed from matrices U*, S*and V*
with an increasing number of PCs, until the optimum num-
ber of factors, yielding the error matrix E (Eq. (8)) similar to
instrumental error, was obtained. Two PCs were found to sat-
isfactorily reconstruct the original dataset in the four studied
E(p×t)= Xc(p×t)− X∗c(p×t)
In order to test the hypothesis of similarity, the 95% a confi-
dence region (˛=0.05) was drawn for each pair of lots being
compared, taking into account the variability of the weighed
scores data of the reference lot. This confidence ellipse was
obtained from Hotelling's test (Eq. (6)) and plotted according
to Eq. (9), where d1and d2are eigenvalues of SXX, while w1
and w2are elements of matrix w = B(x − ?x); the rows of B are
eigenvectors of SXX. w1and w2provide information related to
the orientation of the ellipse, which axes' lengths are defined
by (d1?21−?, r)0.5and (d2?21−?, r)0.5, respectively. The degrees of
freedom (r) of the ?2equal the number of the selected PCs
(Section 2.2.6).
Confidence regions
< 1
= 1 − ˛
The mean vector of data a(1×t)(dissolution profile) of the refer-
ence lot was successively transformed into a new vector d(1×t)
by replacing some of its items with artificial data containing
deviations able to originate f2values around 50. This proce-
dure was repeated a number of times, and in each case the
Bootstrapping procedure for finding the f2≤50
values of f2and the PCs of the artificial dissolution curve were
calculated (Efron and Tibshirani, 1986, 1993; Shah et al., 1998;
Adams et al., 2001). Plots of the f2=50 ellipses (enclosing the
f2≤50 region) are shown in the graphics.
Given the data matrices A(q×t)and B(q×t), containing the dis-
solution curves of q tablets each corresponding to the lots of
dosage forms to be compared, taken at the same t time points,
the following five steps are proposed to be sequentially carried
Procedure for the comparison of dissolution profiles
(a) Detect outliers in the individual datasets, employing
Hotelling's test (Section 2.2.5).
(b) Construct the matrix X(2q×t), which contains the data of A
and B (2q=p, see Section 126.96.36.199); mean-center (column-
wise) this matrix and carry out the SVD operation on the
resulting matrix Xc(2q×t)(obtain matrices U, S and V).
(c) Select the number of PCs to be retained (Section 2.2.6) and
compute matrix T∗
(d) Draw the 95% confidence region (Section 2.2.7), in order to
test the hypothesis of similarity.
(e) Decide about "similarity", based on the inclusion of the
test data (>80%) in the confidence ellipse of the reference.
3.Results and discussion
Characteristic features of the proposed PCA-CR
The proposed approach for the assessment of "similarity"
through the PCA-CR analysis of dissolution curves entails five
steps, including (a) detection of outliers in reference and test
data matrices; (b) construction and column mean centering
of a single data matrix containing both data of reference and
test samples, which is submitted to a SVD operation; (c) selec-
tion of the number of PCs to be retained; (d) plotting of the
weighed scores of reference and test lots, and drawing of the
95% confidence region based on scores plot of the reference
lot; (e) "similarity" decision making based on the percentage
of test samples included in the above confidence region.
These sequential steps constitute the appropriate means
for pre-processing, analyzing and visualizing the data, also
establishing a convenient approach for final decision taking.
Hotelling's test represents a useful strategy for outlier detec-
tion, helping to avoid inclusion of dissolution curves with
exceptionally high variability. On the other hand, PCA is a
mathematical procedure that allows the representation of a
complex set of multivariate data with a reduced number of
new and uncorrelated variables (PCs), which are linear combi-
nations of the original data. In the proposed method, joining
reference and test datasets and carrying out the SVD on a
single matrix allows the optimization of system parameters
leading to an improved projection of the test data in the
reference–test joint data space; therefore, misadjustements
model, are avoided.
By discarding feature elements with low variability, PCA
allows data visualization and the discovery of hidden trends
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
in fewer dimensions. The PCs are ordered according to their
ability to explain data variability, and in the selected examples
discussed below, plot of the weighed scores of the first two PCs
is proposed, as these allow satisfactory reconstruction of the
original data matrix. This approach is much simpler than that
proposed by Tsong et al. (1997), which employs all the PCs for
After some trial and error experiments, and taking into
account that "similarity" is a property of the lot and not of
the individual tablets, for decision taking, the following cri-
terion was adopted "test lots are considered to be 'similar' if
they contain more than (the arbitrarily chosen value of) 80%
of their tablets (Chen and Tsong, 1997) inside of the 95% con-
fidence region of the reference lot". The ">80%" requirement
takes into account test data variability, while the 95% confi-
dence ellipse considers variability of the weighed scores in
the reference lot.
In order to assess the usefulness of the proposed method,
the dissolution curves of Acetaminophen and Furosemide
tablets, and two datasets selected from the literature, were
individually analyzed by the PCA-CR methodology and com-
pared with the information provided by the f1/f2 criteria.
Results for each set of data are presented below and discussed
3.2. Dissolution of Furosemide tablets
Eight lots of Furosemide tablets, corresponding to three differ-
ent brands, A (lots A1, A2and A3), B (lots B1, B2and B3) and C
(lots C1and C2), were studied, with brand A being the inno-
vator. The mean percentages of drug released over a 30-min
period are depicted in Fig. 1.
The individual profiles of the eight lots complied with the
FDA requirements for the evaluation of similarity and differ-
Fig. 1 – Dissolution profiles of eight lots of Furosemide
tablets, corresponding to three different brands (A, B and C);
for the sake of clarity, error bars (<20% for the first time
points; <10% at time points above 6min) were omitted.
ence; i.e., the tablets dissolved less than 85% of their active
principle in the first 15min, the data coefficient of variation
(CV%) was less than 20% for the first time points, being less
than 10% for the remaining time points (≥6min) and the
overall CV% was less than 15%. The corresponding f1and f2
values were calculated, employing data acquired at 2, 7, 12,
18 and 26min, taking care that no more than one time point
(26min) corresponded to more than 85% of dissolved drug.
For the sake of the analysis, all of the possible pairwise lot
comparisons were carried out, with the results consigned in
Table 1.
From the data of Table 1, it follows that when compared
against A1, both additional lots of tablets of brand A (A2and
Table 1 – Results of the pairwise comparison of eight lots of Furosemide tablets, employing the difference (f1) and
similarity (f2) criteriaa
aLetters designate different brands; numbers differentiate between different lots of the same brand. Non-complying figures are shown in
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Fig. 2 – Weighed scores plot for the PCA-based pairwise comparison between dissolution data of reference (?) and test (?)
lots of Furosemide. (a) A1–A2; (b) A1–B1; (c) A1–B2; (d) A1–C1; (e) A1–C2; (f) C1–C2; (g) B2–C1; (h) B3–C1; (i) B3–C2. The 95%
confidence region (—), as well as the f2=50 ellipse (–+–) and the means of the PC scores of the reference (?) and test (?) lots
are also shown.
A3) exhibited acceptable difference (2.7 and 2.8) and similar-
ity (78.0 and 78.4) results; analogously, the parameters for the
three lots of brand B (f1=3.7–6.5 and f2=63.5–77.0) indicated
suggested that tablets of brand B were similar among them
and with brand A. On the other hand, although complying
with the requirements for similarity when compared against
the tablets of brand A, brand C exhibited a different range of
towards non-compliance when analyzed against the data of
lot B1 (f1=9.2–11.2 and f2=51.3–56.2). This trend was more
clearly evidenced when they were tested against lots B2and
B3, furnishing in some cases non-complying values. Interest-
ingly, both lots of brand C demonstrated to be similar to each
other (f1=2.6, 2.7 and f2=81.1). Among the tested lots, both
f-factors allowed to arrive at the same conclusion, except in
the case of the B2–C1comparison, where the f1estimator sug-
gested "similarity", while its f2counterpart indicated that the
lots were not similar.
To evaluate the performance of the PCA-CR method,
Hotelling's test was run and, since no outliers were detected,
the weighed scores of the first two PCs of pairs of Furosemide
lots were plotted, with selected results shown in Fig. 2. Each
coordinates of the mean values of the weighed scores of the
would exhibit f2=50, calculated employing the bootstrapping
technique, are also included (Shah et al., 1998).
The images clearly show that lots A2, B1and B2can be con-
of lot B2falls out of the 95% confidence region (Fig. 2c). On the
other hand, and contradicting f1/f2predictions, non-similarity
between A1 and both batches of brand C tablets is evident,
despite of the fact that C1and C2exhibit similarity to each
other (Fig. 2f). However, since in the A1–C1comparison only
four tablets of the test lot fall outside of the 95% confidence
ellipse, should a multiple stage acceptance rule be in practice
(Tsong et al., 1995; USP Convention, 2007), lot C1could per-
haps be considered for a second stage. This instance, while
representing a less demanding standard than the single stage
PCA-CR method, may still be more discriminant than the f1/f2-
criteria. As expected, comparison between lots B and C clearly
evidenced non-similarity despite that some of the observed f2
values (>45) were relatively close to the lower acceptable limit.
The similarity and difference factors appear to be simple
and easy to be calculated; perhaps this is the key for their
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
adoption by the industry, despite that they impose restric-
tions to the quality of the data to be used (not more than one
point above 85% dissolution and specific limits to the CV% at
different points of the dissolution profile), and their outcome
exhibit some dependence upon the number and position of
time points employed (Polli et al., 1997). The similarity func-
tion f2has been severely criticized by several authors (Eaton
et al., 2003) arguing that it also lacks statistical justification
(Tsong et al., 1996; Shah et al., 1998; Ma et al., 1999; Chow and
Shao, 2002), and performs unnecessary use of the logarithmic
reciprocal square root transformation, which makes its statis-
tical distribution very complicated and almost intractable (Liu
et al., 1997).
Contrarily, the proposed PCA-CR method offers a sim-
ple graphical and analytical way to decide about similarity,
employing sound mathematical and statistically based proce-
dures. In addition, it is able to make use of all the available
data points, regardless the amount of drug dissolved and data
ter appreciation of the dissolution behaviour of the lots being
The PCA-CR results for lots A and B showed good agree-
ment with the outcome of the corresponding determinations
of f1and f2; however, both methods provided different conclu-
sions for the comparison between lots A and C. In the f-test,
brand C exhibited compliance but f1(>6.0) and f2values (<60)
were observed to fall in a different range than those of brands
A and B. This borderline compliance of both lots of brand C
in the f2-test and non-compliance with the PCA-CR method
reflects the fact that the latter method represents a slightly
rigorous standard than the f-based approach, being perhaps
anticipating non-similarity, as detected when brands B and C
were compared.
Both the f-based and the PCA-CR methods revealed a closer
likelihood of brand C towards brand A than with regards to
brand B. In fact, the f-based A–C comparison suggested "sim-
ilarity", while the B–C comparison indicated "non-similarity"
in the B1/B2–C1/C2cases; analogously, in the case of the PCA-
CR counterpart, while concluding for "non-similarity" in every
in the A–C comparisons (Fig. 2c and d) than in the B–C com-
parisons (Fig. 2g–i). On the other hand, as in the f-based
comparison, both lots C – of analogous shape and size – were
considered similar to each other, despite not being able to
achieve "similarity" with the A1reference lot.
Interestingly, significant correlations were obtained when
the number of data points left out of the confidence ellipses
related to the f-factors, the PCA-CR represents a more rigorous
standard, being devoid of some of their major drawbacks.
3.3.Dissolution of Acetaminophen tablets
Fig. 3a displays the dissolution profiles of three different
brands of Acetaminophen tablets, and Table 2 contains the
f1/f2values of all possible brand-to-brand comparisons, pre-
pared with data taken at 6, 10, 14, 30 and 45min.
According to the f-criteria, only brands A and B should be
considered "similar". After running the outlier detection test
and demonstrating the suitability of all the dissolution curves,
Fig. 3 – (a) Dissolution profiles of three different brands of
Acetaminophen tablets. (b) Dissolution profiles of three
standard lots (A1–3) and a new lot (B). Data were taken from
Tsong and Hammerstrom (1994). For the sake of clarity,
error bars (<10% at all the time points) were omitted.
it was observed that this result was in perfect agreement with
the conclusions emerging from application of the proposed
PCA-CR method (Fig. 4a).
Regarding brand C, it exhibited non-complying f1 and f2
values, with the data suggesting a possible borderline situa-
tion for the B vs. C comparisons (f1=15.2 and 17.7; f2=47.4).
Although the latter seemed amenable for a second stage test-
ing, in case of employing a multiple stage acceptance rule
scores plot demonstrated beyond doubt that brand C was
unable to achieve the "similarity" requirements at this stage
(Fig. 4c), not qualifying for further "similarity" testing. The
same "non-similarity" conclusion was obtained after compar-
ing brands A and C (Fig. 4b). For the sake of discussion, the B–A
about "similarity" agrees with the f-based prediction, owing
to different data variability within the reference brand (B), the
test brand (A) exhibits two borderline dissolution curves.
Interestingly, areas of the 95% confidence ellipses not
always were smaller in size than areas enclosed by the
f2=50 ellipses, calculated under bootstrap assistance. This is
because, unlike the f2procedure, the size of the confidence
ellipses is related to the variability of the data in the reference
samples as well as to size and shape of the dissolution curves.
Table 2 – Results of the pairwise f1/f2comparison of
three lots of Acetaminophen tabletsa
aNon-complying figures are shown in italics.
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
Fig. 4 – Scores plot for PCA-based pairwise comparison between dissolution data of reference (?) and test (?) brands of
Acetaminophen tablets. (a) A–B; (b) A–C; (c) B–C; (d) B–A. The 95% confidence ellipses (—), the region enclosing acceptable f2
(≤50) values (–+–) and the means of the PC scores of the reference (?) and test (?) brands, are also shown.
3.4.Dissolution data of Tsong and Hammerstrom
in different cases for dissolution profile comparisons (Chen
and Tsong, 1997; Tsong et al., 1997). All of the f1/f2possible
pairwise comparisons between the three standard lots (A1–A3)
and a fourth lot (B) are consigned in Table 3. The results indi-
cate that the lots have "similar" dissolution characteristics,
whichever of them is taken as reference. Noticeably, however,
the f2values for test lot B against the lots A are in a markedly
against each other (90.3–94.6).
No outlier curves were found in the dataset. Plots of the
weighed scores of the first and second PCs of the three pre-
approved batches (A1, A2and A3) and test batch B are depicted
Table 3 – Results of the pairwise comparison of standard
lots A1, A2and A3, and a new lot (B), employing the f1
and f2criteria
in Fig. 5. Here, all the PCA-based comparisons of the former
demonstrated their similarity, despite that the A1–A2compar-
ison plot exhibited two tablets of the test lot out of the 95%
confidence ellipse and those of A2–A3and A1–A3showed one
tablet each, out of the confidence region.
On the other hand, pairwise comparison of batches A1
and A2 with test batch B, revealed that the latter could
not be considered "similar" to any of the former two, sur-
prisingly complying with similarity requirements only with
batch A3, mainly due to its particular data variability. Despite
that the f1/f2 criteria suggest similarity between all of the
dissolution profiles, this is somehow in agreement with con-
clusions reached by Tsong and co-workers on the grounds
of Mahalanobis distance-based multivariate region specifi-
cation criteria (Chen and Tsong, 1997), and on the basis of
confidence intervals of the characteristic parameters (˛ and
ˇ) of a Weibull curve fit (Tsong et al., 1997). The bootstrap-
calculated acceptable values of the corresponding f2 test
the f2factor estimation also supports the conclusion of lot
The graphical result of the A1–A2comparison (and those
of A2–A3 and A1–A3 to a minor extent) can be attributed
to higher tablet data variability within the latter lot, com-
pared with the reference. Since the lengths of the axes of
the ellipse are related to the eigenvalues of the covariance
matrix, the confidence region is sensitive to variability of
the reference data; therefore, it should be made possible for
some samples of the test lot to remain outside the confidence
region due to their own (and sometimes higher) variability,
as proposed.
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
Fig. 5 – PCA-based comparisons [reference (?) and test (?)] between standard batches A1, A2and A3, as well as with a new
test batch (B). Data were taken from Tsong and Hammerstrom (1994). (a) A1–A2; (b) A2–A3; (c) A1–A3; (d) A1–B; (e) A2–B; (f)
A3–B. Confidence ellipse of 95% (—), the f2=50 ellipse (–+–), and the means of the PCs of the reference (?) and test (?) lots are
also shown.
To take into account data variability is another important
feature of the PCA-CR method, in sharp contrast with the f2
criterion, which is a function of mean differences, and has
been criticized for not computing variability within the test
and reference data. Not without reason, authors have recom-
of the individual profiles are very different (Saranadasa and
Krishnamoorthy, 2005).
Considering that the confidence region in the proposed
method represents a tighter standard than the f1/f2indicators,
the allowance of up to 20% of the samples to fall outside of the
95% confidence ellipse represents a compromise which trans-
forms the proposed PCA-CR method into a less restrictive tool
and a test procedure with pharmaceutical significance, still
remaining diagnostic of "similarity".
al. (1998)
Pre- and post-change dissolution data of Shah et
The dissolution data of one pre-change and five post-change
batches are shown in Fig. 6a, with the f1/f2results of the post-
change batches against the pre-change sample consigned in
Table 4. Many results (three out of five for f1and four out of
five for f2) seem to be borderline (f1>13 or f2<60). However,
despite the differences among the curves and according to
the f-criteria, all of the post-change batches comply with the
requirements for "similarity".
In their study of this dataset employing bootstrap tech-
niques, Ma et al. concluded that, depending on the estimators
employed, only batch B or batches B and E could be consid-
ered "similar" to the pre-change batch A (Ma et al., 2000). The
PCA-CR analysis of the data was run after assuring absence of
outliers. Interestingly, however, this revealed that even batch
B does not met the "similarity" requirements, displaying five
out of its 12 data points out of the confidence ellipse.
Closer inspection of the dissolution curves of batches A
and B indicated that the CV% of the curves of batch B at
the different time points (10.6, 9.9, 5.7 and 1.6%) were differ-
ent from those of the reference batch, being data dispersion
of the latter comparatively smaller (6.7, 4.8, 3.8 and 2.9%).
Tentatively, this can provide an explanation to the PCA-CR
Table 4 – Comparison of the dissolution profiles of
pre-change batch A with five post-change lots, according
to the f1/f2criteria
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
Fig. 6 – (a) Dissolution profiles of (A) pre-change batch; (B) post-change batch 1; (C) post-change batch 2; (D) post-change
batch 3; (E) post-change batch 4; (F) post-change batch 5. Data were taken from Shah et al. (1998). (b–f) PCA-based
comparisons [reference (?) and test (?)] between pre-change batch A and post-change batches 1–5, respectively. The 95%
confidence ellipses (—), the f2=50 ellipses (–+–), and the means of the PCs of the reference (?) and test (?) lots are also shown.
non-similarity result, on account of the sensitivity of the
method to data variability, particularly in the reference lot.
Indeed, the multivariate test allows to conclude that despite
the seemingly analogous shapes of the reference and test pro-
files, the individual dissolution curves in both batches being
compared behave different, hence, "similarity" criteria could
not be reached.
When dissolution profiles of pre-change batch A and post-
change batch E were compared, it was evident that except for
the first time point (where batch E also exhibits considerably
less drug dissolved than batch A), both have similar CV% (15.0,
4.8, 3.8 and 2.8% for batch E); however, since PCA-CR is sensi-
tive to shape and size of the dissolution curves (Adams et al.,
2001), batch E was also correctly interpreted by the multivari-
ate method as possessing a "non-similar" profile.
3.6.Method flexibility
The need for counting at least 80% of the test tablets (Chen
and Tsong, 1997) inside of the 95% confidence ellipse of the
reference lot constitute arbitrary criteria for assessing "simi-
larity", which relate to the strictness of the proposed method
with regards to decision taking. In this sense, PCA-CR repre-
sents a more rigorous standard than the f-based comparison.
However, the proposed approach is flexible enough, so these
proposed specifications do not rule out alternative combina-
tions of confidence levels for the ellipses and number of test
tablets allowed to remain outside of the confidence region,
which might be set according to the experience or specific
needs. Boostrap studies are suitable means to provide evi-
dence for this fine-tuning of the method.
In summary, the use of the weighed scores plot of the rele-
vant principal components of the dissolution curves with 95%
confidence regions (PCA-CR) has been proposed as a new and
alternative strategy for the comparison of in vitro dissolution
profiles of tablet preparations. The results observed with this
multivariate approach exhibited good qualitative correlation
with the f1and f2values computed from the dissolution pro-
files; however, conclusions regarding profile similarity were
not always coincident.
This was mainly due to the facts that the proposed method
is more discriminating, taking into account data variabil-
ity within the reference lot in order to build the confidence
ellipses. Variations within the test lot, as well as shape and
size of the dissolution curves have also influence on the final
Unlike the f1/f2 methods, based on comparison of data
means, the use of confidence ellipses built upon PC values
of the individual tablet dissolution curves of the reference set
allows a simple and rapid graphic assessment of data distri-
bution. In addition, the proposed approach does not impose
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european journal of pharmaceutical sciences 3 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 66–77
restrictions to useful data in terms of their variability and
number of allowed time points above a given degree of disso-
lution; making use of the all the available information, avoids
data-dependent outcomes, a characteristic feature of the f-
based methods.
Compared to previously reported PCA-based methodolo-
gies, the SVD operation carried out on a single matrix
containing test and reference data allows the optimization of
system parameters in such a way that an improved projec-
tion of the test data in the joint reference–test data space is
The use of boostraping techniques for the representation
of the f2=50 frontiers in the PCA scores' space, and their
comparison with the region enclosed by the 95% confidence
ellipses clearly demonstrated the relationship between the
official and the proposed methodologies, revealing the poten-
tial of PCA-CR under the proposed conditions, as a stricter but
still useful tool for providing pharmaceutically sound results
in the assessment of "similarity" between different batches of
the same product, or products of different brands containing
the same active ingredient.
The proposed approach is dependable, it can be eas-
ily implemented and profile comparison results are quickly
obtained; with minor modifications, it could also be adapted
to a multiple stage acceptance rule, as given in the USP.
The authors gratefully acknowledge CONICET, ANPCyT and
UNR. R.M.M. is also thankful to CONICET for his fellowship.
is also acknowledged.
Adams, E., De Maesschalck, R., De Spiegeleer, B., Vander Heyden,
Y., Smeyers-Verbeke, J., Massart, D.L., 2001. Evaluation of
dissolution profiles using principal component analysis. Int. J.
Pharm. 212, 41–53.
Adams, E., Walczak, B., Vervaet, C., Risha, P.G., Massart, D.L., 2002.
Principal component analysis of dissolution data with
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Healthcare Information Governance: Big Picture Predictions and Perspectives Topics: Health Information Governance As the volume and variety of information in the healthcare industry continues to grow, the need for Information Governance is paramount. To help health systems make progress on their IG journey, we have created this eBook that features the predictions and perspectives on Health Information Governance from leading industry experts. Both those from within the healthcare industry and those with a cross-industry perspective provide their views on critical IG-related challenges, and strategies to accelerate the journey to IG.
What is Return on Information? Information Economics is managing and leveraging information created and received by an organization with a view to the bottom line. Every business needs an enterprise-wide information strategy that aims to reduce risk, ensure compliance, lower costs, and now – with the emergence of big data - prepare for analytics. Information Economics provides a comprehensive and collaborative strategy to help organizations optimize information value and limit risk at every stage from the initial creation of records and information through their active life and secure destruction.
Perfecting The Backup-Archive Balance Topics: Data Backup and Archiving If there's one universal truth that pervades all organizations, no matter the size, sector, or specialty, it very well may be this: Data growth is a force to be reckoned with.
7 Steps to Optimizing Your Print and Fulfillment Program Topics: Marketing Fulfillment: Best Practices To make changes that bring long-lasting value and accelerate business results, you need to optimize print and fulfillment operations so that they run as efficiently and strategically as possible.
The Cost of Inertia: Insight from the Iron Mountain Data Protection Predictors Study The modern data protection landscape is changing at an unprecedented pace. Data is growing exponentially, new and evolving regulations are appearing all the time, litigious activities are increasing and not a week goes by without news of a natural disaster or other emergency severely impacting a location – and the lives of the people living and working there. Clearly in such an environment, being able to protect your data is more important than ever.
The Future of Data Protection HighlightsPredictions From Your Peers Topics: Data Backup and Archiving | Offsite Tape Vaulting | Disaster Recovery Iron Mountain asked more than 200 IT professionals from a wide variety of businesses and industries to help predict the future of data protection. The results were illuminating.
Digitize Your Workflow To Streamline Your Process Topics: Paper to Digital Records management is transitioning to digital-based management and technology solutions. The speed of this transition will vary from company to company, but its inevitability is certain: Organizations are experiencing dramatic growth in digital records, dictating that future solutions will be digital.
How to Derive Significant Business Value Through Companywide Records Management Regulatory compliance and defensibility can be achieved only if policy is consistently applied and controls are built into day-to-day operations across the enterprise. Most companies recognize the importance of applying consistent records management policies and procedures. They also recognize that an enterprisewide approach is required to deal with the dramatic growth of electronic records and the increasing possibility that data critical to running the business could be isolated in disconnected silos.
How to Reduce Costs and Lower Risks by Reframing Your Approach to Managing Legacy Paper Records Failure to properly manage legacy paper records can be both costly and risky for any business. Keeping records for too long increases storage and discovery costs, and exposes the company to compliance and security risks. Conversely, destroying records too soon can create additional problems related to compliance and litigation.
Why It's Critical to Begin the Process of Unifying Physical and Electronic Records—Now! The need to unify the management of physical and electronic records is becoming critical, due in large part to the explosive growth in electronic records. According to research, the amount of data being created and stored is doubling every two years and has already reached staggering proportions.


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Please join author Thien Pham, the acclaimed illustrator of Gene Yang's Level Up, as he talks about and discusses his graphic novel Sumo. His new book follows Scott, a washed-up football player who abandons his old life, his old name, and even his old hair color, and becomes an aspiring sumo wrestler. Pham's graphic novel is highly poetic and structured to echo the slow build and sudden clash of a sumo match. A book sale and signing will follow the program.
This author event will be in English only.
Upcoming Events
- Starring San Francisco
- Tuesday, March 3, 2015North Beach, North Beach Meeting Room
- Author Talk: Working Stiff
- Wednesday, March 4, 2015Mission Bay, Mission Bay Program Room
- Radar Reading
- Thursday, March 5, 2015Main Library, Latino/Hispanic Rms A & B


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Takuatung, Phang Nga 82140
Location:Phang Nga, Natai Beach
Hotel category:
Summary of 4 reviews : | 6.5 |
Room : | |
7.0 | |
Facilities : | |
6.5 | |
Service : | |
5.5 | |
Location : | |
6.5 |
Each character in the resort Ranyatavi's name has a meaning. Rest and Relax, Affection, Nature, Yacht, Appetite, Tranquility, Atmosphere, Vacation and Itinerary. Located on Natai Beach in Phang Nga, this is the ideal accommodation for travelers who love a peaceful and private environment. The resort occupies a great spot on the sandy beach next to the transparent Andaman blue sea.
The rooms at Ranyatavi Resort are designed in a modern Thai style and decorated by a professional team. For the guests' comfort, international standard amenities are provided in all rooms. Many activates can be enjoyed at the resort, and the facilities include swimming pool, gym fitness, spa and massage.
I and my girlfriend stayed 7 nights in the Hotel. The Location itself and facilities are nice, pool as well. The beach is nearly all yours; the water is proper and clear. Rooms are pretty OK, but could be modernized (90 s TV!). My biggest critics goes to the FOOD as starting with a so called breakfast which is simply a joke for European customers like me (I m French & Austrian) not wanting to eat toasts and eggs every single morning, an over sugared fruit juice, as I do only eat sweat in the morning for breakfast. The first (arrival) dinner of the week was a pretty bad experience, the fish & Chips of my girlfriend was made of 90% of some kind a bread and "panade" and the other remaining 10% of as I guess a fishy mash paste ! My Thai Beef Curry was OK but compared to the same dish somewhere else it was a bit borrowing and deceiving. Due to that it was the one and only Dinner we had at the Hotel. Try to avoid Chinese New Period (as we found out that is not a good Timing if you want to have a silent & quite time) as several Chinese guests (the wide majority of guests of our weekly stay at Ranyatavi) could be perceived as quite loud/unbehaved for some European customers. In conclusion, the Hotel itself is allright, the FOOD is NOT, if you are motorized you can enjoy severals small real Thai food in some kilometres distance for example in Koi Kloi and discover the great Region of Phangnga (which we did on the motorbike and really enjoyed it) If the purpose of your holiday, is to enjoy a comfortable stay at the Hotel between beach / pool / hotel restaurant & bar and this back and forth than this place is definitely not for you. Lucky us we can do both ;-) The Hotel is not really worth the 4 *** Star, expecting good food for this Hotel category! Conclusion: We had in the past much better Hotels for the same price or even cheaper in Thailand.
Reservation service:
written by: Stephane moliner
We love this hotel. It s a bit far away from everything, but as we travel by car no problem. The rooms are lovely in a beautiful green setting, with the leelevadee flower trees everywhere. Breakfast a bit poor. The beach is spacious en no other hotels near! Service is lovely, the staff is really friendly.
Reservation service:
Easy booking, good price.
written by: HIEMSTRA
A really nice hotel, but the food was double prices from every where else we been in Thailand. It was also located 50km from Phuket and 50km from KhaoLak and almost nothing in between.
Reservation service:
written by: Persson
Great location but no restaurants around. Breakfast is served on the table as there were almost no guests beside us. Rooms were not prepared, staff was not friendly and inattentive.
Reservation service:
written by: Dr. Gerald Kusche
Let your mind flow with the deep blue sea of the
Andaman and experience true relaxation on the unspoiled soft white
sand of Natai beach, Phang Nga Natai beach is the new location for travelers who love a peaceful and private place. It is a very nice place for swimming with a sandy beach and transparent Andaman blue sea which is a pleasurable journey for nature lovers. RANYATAVI RESORT, the excellent element of relaxation and the best private retreat of Natai beach, just 20 minutes in the North of Phuket International Airport. You can enjoy every moment with your family, friends and your loved ones with our warm hospitality and courtesy during your stays at RANYATAVI RESORT. |
We offer 16 villas type and 36 deluxe rooms decorated uniquely and elegantly in
Thai style with private balconies or garden terrace to relaxing in a quiet environment.
Deluxe Room (30 rooms, size: 46 sq.m.)
3-storey building, with choices of King size bed or twin 4-feet bed.
Ground floor rooms boast a private garden bath, while the upper floor
rooms provide a spectacular view of the sunset from the balcony. |
Deluxe Scenery Room (6 rooms)
At the sea-facing corner of 3-storey building, the rooms offer a fantastic sunset panorama
over the Andaman from an extra space balcony. |
Garden Villa
Elegant airy villas, that you can share the pleasure of sunset and bring
you closer to the enchanting nature fantasize your holidays with your
companion. |
Grand Seaview Villa (8 villas, 53 sq.m.)
Private paradise facing free-form swimming pool and Jacuzzi at the beachfront
where you can have true relaxation rejuvenating your holidays. |
Thai House (1 unit)
Relaxing days in the 2 storey Thai House with Thai teak decoration, an outdoor bathtub and opened living area on the ground floor. |
Beachfront Jacuzzi Villa (1 Bedroom) (1 unit)
Enjoy with family and friends at the beachfront, Thai teak décor and Jacuzzi & private gazebo. |
The restaurants services and appearance were well appointed.
There are 2 panoramic sea view restaurants, Paprika (250 sq.m. top view)
and Screw Pina (150 sq.m. beachfront) which served Thai and International
cuisine. Thereafter, chill your memorable night at our romantic bar
"Galanga" Paprika Restaurant - All day dining with Thai & International Cuisines Opening Hours: 07:00 - 23:00 Hrs. Breakfast Time 07: 00 - 10:30 Hrs. Screw Pina Restaurant - Lunch & Dinner at beach front Opening Hours: 09:00 - 22:00 Hrs. Pool Bar - Snacks, drinks or lunch at pool side Opening Hours: 09:00 - 18:00 Hrs. Galanga Lounge - Drinks, Movies & Music at our romantic pub Opening Hours: 19:00 - 24:00 Hrs. |
Galanga | Paprika |
Pool Bar | Screw Pina |
Besides the perfect combination of our uniquely decoration
and the international standard amenities provided in all rooms, other
facilities and services are prudently offered under the environmental
and healthy concern. Guest Activities - Make the most of your holidays and enjoy the wide range of leisure activities offered at the Ranyatavi Resort, Phang Nga. Marching Sea Turtles - Our unspoiled white sand beach and crystal clear water is the right natural environment for sea turtles to lay their eggs on a moonlit night in February. You can see them march into the sea during April when the eggs hatch. Thai Cooking - If you would like to find out about Thai Culture or discover the secrets of Thai cooking, join our Thai Cooking Presentation. Thai food is internationally famous. Whether chili-hot or for the milder taste bud harmony is the guiding principle behind each dish. Thai cuisine is essentially a marriage of centuries-old Eastern and Western influences harmoniously combined into something unique. You can learn and test Thai cooking style with our Award winning executive chef. Thai Garland Demonstration - Garland or "Puang ma lai" in Thai, is used as an offering in Buddhism religious ceremony. However, it is now becoming part of home's or car's decoration. It can be a beautiful gift for many occasions. Garlands bring luck and are used by most Thais to avoid misfortune. Vegetable and Fruit Carving Demonstrations - One particularly delightful aspect of Thai cuisine and the reflection of a more leisured age is the art of carving fruit and vegetables. In the fruit carver's skilled hands using a small and very sharp pointed knife, an ordinary papaya or pumpkin is turned into a bouquet of flowers, a radish becomes a tiny rabbit or daisy or a carrot or a rare orchid. |
is located at Natai Beach, Kok Kloy, Phang Nga, 27 kms north of Phuket
International Airport or 800 kms. from Bangkok. There are 4 ways to
reach here. By plane Flying to Phuket International Airport from your destination, or catch a flight from Bangkok which departs every hour from 7.00 a.m. to 9.20 p.m., flying time is 1 hour 20 minutes. Then take a car towards the north of Phuket island, we are 20 minutes from the airport. (Airport transfer service is available upon request) By Car
By Coach There are daily air-conditioned coaches departing from Southern Bus Terminal in Bangkok, either choose Bangkok-Phang Nga or Bangkok-Phuket to arrive at Kok Kloy station in approximately 12 hours. Cy Train Take the train to Suratthani and catch 2 hours coach or car to Kok Kloy. |
Distance from RANYATAVI to the below destinations.


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October 3-5, 2014
Texas Motor Speedway
3545 Lone Star Circle, Fort Worth, TX 76177
Event Contact Information:
- Goodguys Office Phone: (925) 838-9876
- Texas Motor Speedway Phone: (817) 215-8500
- Texas Motor Speedway Official Website
- Click Here For A Facility Map (PDF)
Event Hours:
- Friday, October 3 - 8:00am to 5:00pm
- Saturday, October 4 - 8:00am to 5:00pm
- Sunday, October 5 - 8:00am to 3:00pm
Spectator Pricing | Online Pre-Sale* | At The Gate |
General Admission (ages 13+) | $17.00 | $20.00 |
Kids (ages 7-12) | $6.00 | $6.00 |
Kids (ages 6 & under) | N/A | Free |
Parking | Free | |
Military Personnel | Show your active or retired military ID for $5 off your General Admission ticket! | |
* Online discount ends at Midnight the day before the event. |
Show Features
- Over 2,500 Rods, Customs, Classics, Muscle Cars and Trucks thru '72
- All American Sunday
- Goodguys Autocross
- Cruise The Texas Motor Speedway Track In Your Vehicle - get your track cruise ticket at registration
- Team Texas NASCAR Stock Car Rides (additional fee required)
- Vendor & Manufacturer Exhibits
- Swap Meet
- AutoTrader Classics Cars 4 Sale Corral
- Live Entertainment with the Rafter Rattlers
- Goodgals Arts & Crafts Gallery
- Model & Pedal Car Show
- Free Kids Entertainment - Revell Model Car Make n' Take, PPG Kids Coloring Contest, Clowns & More!
- Complimentary Guest Shuttles provided from spectator parking
Download the full Weekend Happening's Schedule (PDF)
Cruises & Parties
- Saturday Night Track Cruise - 5:00pm to 8:00pm
- Sunday Afternoon Track Cruise - Noon
Special Awards
- 2014 Goodguys / Street Rod Headquarters Truck of the Year Early Finalist
- 2014 Goodguys / LMC Truck Parts & Accessories Truck of the Year Late Finalist
- 2014 Goodguys / Hemmings Muscle Machines Muscle Car of the Year Finalist
- 2013 Goodguys / Grundy Worldwide Insurance Muscle Machine of the Year Finalist
- PPG Dream Car
- Builder's Choice
Special Parking Areas
- Ya Gotta Drive Em'
- Homebuilt Heaven presented by Speedway Motors
- Mighty Muscle
- Builder's Choice
- YoungGuys/Gals presented by Jet-Hot Performance Coatings
- Trick Truck Corral
- Deuce Doin's
- All American Sunday
Goodguys AutoCross
- Friday 10/3 – 9:00am to Noon & 1:00pm to 4:00pm
- Saturday 10/4 - 9:00am to Noon & 1:00pm to 4:00pm
- All American Sunday 10/5 - 8:00am to Noon
- Click Here For More Details About Goodguys AutoCross
"Show & Shine" Pre-Registration
For all vehicles 1972 and older, we offer the opportunity for you to participate in and display your vehicle at the show with a "Show & Shine Registration" good for all three days of the event. Your registration comes with space to display your vehicle as well as a Goodguys Goodie Bag, Tickets to the event, Children's Passes, the chance to participate in Goodguys AutoCross, win a Goodguys Award and more!
To display your vehicle in our Show & Shine, you need to be a Goodguys Member. If you're currently a Goodguys Member, you can display your vehicle all three days of the show for just $55.
Not a Goodguys member? No problem! You can sign-up to become a member for as little as $20 (Silver Membership) or $35 (Gold Membership). Your Goodguys membership not only gets you 12 monthly digital or hard-copy issues of the Goodguys Gazette Magazine, it also gets you loads of exclusive Goodguys Members-Only benefits and perks including discounts on car registrations and merchandise, access to the Goodguys "Good Deals" Member Discount Program, a personalized ID card and more! CLICK HERE TO BECOME A MEMBER or call (925) 838-9876.
- Online Pre-Registration has closes for this event. Please see At Event Registration information below.
** Please Note: The final day to pre-register online for this event is 9/19/14 (2 weeks prior to the event).
"All American Sunday" Pre-Registration
For the car guys and gals who own a vehicle newer than our traditional 1972 cut-off date, we offer the "All American Sunday Registration" for all years of American made and/or powered vehicles on Sunday, October 5 only. Your registration comes with space to display your vehicle on Sunday only as well as a Goodguys Goodie Bag, 2 adult weekend tickets to the show, Children's Passes, the opportunity to participate in Goodguys AutoCross, a chance to win a Goodguys Award and more!
If you are a Goodguys Member, you can pre-register to display your vehicle at our All American Sunday, online or by phone at (925) 838-9876 beginning 1/1/14 and before 9/19/14 or you can register on the Sunday of the event at the DWF Marriott Hotel & Golf Club, located at 3300 Championship Parkway in Fort Worth, TX between the hours of 7am to Noon for just $30.
Non-Members can only register their vehicle for our All American Sunday on the Sunday of the event at the DWF Marriott Hotel & Golf Club, located at 3300 Championship Parkway in Fort Worth, TX, between the hours of 7am to Noon. Registration for non-members is just $40 ($30 with the discount coupon below). ($30 with the discount coupon below). CLICK HERE TO BECOME A MEMBER or call (925) 838-9876.
- Click Here For More Information About All American Sunday
- Click Here For An At-Event $10 OFF All American Sunday Coupon
* Please Note: Online Pre-Registration closes at midnight on 9/19/14 (2 weeks prior to the event)
"At-Event" Vehicle Registration
If you miss the Pre-Registration cut-off date for this event, which is 9/19/14, don't worry… you can still register your vehicle the weekend of the show at host hotel, the DWF Marriott Hotel & Golf Club, located at 3300 Championship Parkway in Fort Worth, TX, during the following hours:
- Thursday 10/2 - 10:00am to 6:00pm
- Friday 10/3 - 7:00am to 6:00pm
- Saturday 10/4 - 7:00am to 3:00pm
- Sunday 10/5 - 7:00am to noon
If you would like to sell automotive parts or memorabilia in the Swap Meet or a vehicle in the AutoTrader Classics Cars 4 Sale Corral, please contact the Swap Meet Director for this event using the information below:
Jeff Johnson
P.O. Box 21311
Columbus, OH 43221
(614) 268-1181
- Click Here To Download A Registration Form (PDF)
- Click Here For More Information About Goodguys Swap Meets & Cars 4 Sale Corral
Local Hotels
Goodguys has partnered with many quality and convenient local area hotels to provide travelers discounted nightly rates. Space is limited so book your rooms today!
Local Attractions
Make a vacation out of your trip to a Goodguys show by exploring and experiencing the many great local attractions, sporting events, museums, gardens and restaurants in the surrounding area.
Model & Pedal Car Show
If you are interested in participating in the Model & Pedal Car show, please contact Scott Henkes at (972) 979-0168.
Goodgals Arts & Crafts Gallery
If you are interested in selling in the Goodgals Arts & Crafts Gallery, please contact:
Craig Meier
(972) 953-8509
Onsite RV camping is available for $35.00 per night. Campsites open on Wednesday, October 1st at 12:00pm and include water and electricity and are first come, first serve. CASH ONLY please.
Event Scooters will provide the scooter rental service for this event. You can make reservations by calling (567) 674-8729 or on their website by clicking here.
Media Inquiries
For all media inquiries, please contact Betsy Bennett at (503) 246-0237 or e-mail her here.
Important Reminders
Online Pre-Registration closes at midnight on 9/19/14 (2 weeks prior to the event).
No golf carts or motorized conveyances are allowed! Exceptions will be made for disabled participants with single-person conveyances only.
No pets, cans, bottles, bicycles, scooters or roller/inline skates are allowed on grounds.


text:
Brainerd woman injured in 2-vehicle crash
Brainerd woman injured in crash
A 24-year-old Brainerd woman was injured Tuesday in a two-vehicle crash at Southwest Fourth and Laurel streets, the Brainerd Police Department reported.
Stephanie Mayo was taken to Essentia Health-St. Joseph's Medical Center in Brainerd, where she was treated and released.
The other driver, Dominic Hanson, 36, Baxter, was not injured.
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