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US 4563836 A Abstract An insect feeding station having a unitary base portion formed from a deformable material such as a plastic material, the base portion having a poison at the central area and ridges forming guide and baffle means to guide insects from the periphery of the station to the central poison area and to prevent probing of the poison from outside the station, and optionally, a partially or totally transparent cover. The station may have also a contrasting color under the poison to make removal of the poison easily detectable when at least a part of the cover is transparent.
Claims(13) 1. An insect feeding station for administering poison to insects comprising a base portion and a cover, said base portion comprising a floor, an outer wall having a plurality of openings, an inner wall spaced apart from said outer wall and having a plurality of openings, said inner wall openings being offset in a horizontal plane from said outer wall openings, said inner wall forming an inner compartment for said poison, and means on the interior of said outer walls for guiding insects toward said openings in said inner walls, said base portion being formed as a unitary piece from a flat deformable sheet of material.
2. The insect feeding station of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said cover is transparent for viewing said poison.
3. The insect feeding station of claim 1 comprising means to affix said station to a vertical surface.
4. An insect feeding station for administering poison to insects comprising a base portion and a cover, said base portion being formed as a unitary piece, said base portion having a center area containing a poison, and a plurality of walls leading from the periphery of said base portion to said center area, said walls being spaced apart to define passageways from said periphery to said center area, each of said walls comprising an outer circumferential portion and an inwardly curved portion defining said passageways such that a direct line into said passageway from the periphery will abut said inner wall portion preventing direct line passage to said center area, said base portion being formed from a flat deformable sheet of material.
5. The insect feeding station of claim 4 comprising means to affix said station to a vertical surface.
6. The insect feeding station of claim 4 wherein said sheet of material is a plastic material.
7. The insect feeding station of claim 4 wherein said poison is a bait mixture of food and poison.
8. The insect feeding station of claim 7 wherein said bait mixture is a solid mixture affixed to the floor of said inner compartment.
9. The insect feeding station of claim 8 comprising a contrasting color beneath said bait.
10. The insect feeding station of claim 4 wherein at least a portion of said cover is transparent for viewing said poison.
11. The insect feeding station of claim 10 comprising a contrasting color beneath said poison.
12. The insect feeding station of claim 11 wherein said base portion and cover are transparent plastic and said contrasting color is provided by a backing sheet affixed to the lower side of said base portion.
13. The insect feeding station of claim 8 wherein said base is formed from a plastic having a color which contrasts with the color of the poison.
Description This application is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 476,976, filed Mar. 25, 1983, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part, of application Ser. No. 251,672, filed Apr. 6, 1981, now abandoned. This invention relates to a device for destroying insects. It more particularly relates to an insect feeding station whereby poison may be administered to insects without endangering children or domestic animals, and having means to guide insects to the poison, which may be readily and inexpensively formed from deformable materials such as plastic, by well known thermoforming, vacuum forming or injection molding methods. Various types of devices have been known in the prior art for destroying insects. In some devices, the insects are trapped in the device after entering, either by mechanical construction, or by sticking to a gummy substance. In either instance, the device is soon full and useless. In devices which contained a poison, it was easy to shake out loose poison, or probe through openings to reach the poison, thus making them a danger to children or small domestic animals. In addition, prior devices are generally of a construction that the interior of the device is difficult to view so that it is not readily ascertainable whether insects are using the device or how much poison has been used. It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide an insect feeding station which is not dangerous to children. A further object is to provide an insect feeding station in which it is readily possible to detect the use of the poison. Another object is to provide an insect feeding station which is easily and inexpensively formed from deformable materials by known methods. Another object is to provide means to guide insects toward the poison in an insect feeding station. These and other objects of the invention will become apparent as the description thereof proceeds. The objects of this invention may be attained and the disadvantages of the prior art devices overcome by the use of the present invention. The invention has a base portion for carrying the poison and a cover. The base portion has outer case walls having a plurality of openings and has a poison located at the center of the case. The outer case may be of any configuration, e.g., round, square, or rectangular. The base has inner guide and baffle walls leading from the openings up to the poison and the walls are so positioned that a probe cannot contact the poison if thrust into any of the outer wall openings. The base is formed as a unitary piece from a deformable material such as a plastic by known methods. One method for forming the base is from a flat sheet of plastic which is either thermoformed or vacuum formed over a suitably designed mold to form the ridges which act as guide and baffle walls, and the central poison area. It is also possible to form the base by injection molding of a molten plastic into a suitably designed mold. The cover of the device is also formed in like manner as a unitary piece which is attached to the top of the device. The cover is permanently affixed to the base and, optionally has at least a part which is transparent so that the poison is visible through the cover. The poison is preferably of the type known as bait, i.e., it is a mixture of slow acting poison and some food material attractive to insects, such as flour, molasses, peanut butter or the like. The bait is preferably of a paste like or solid consistancy. Thus, insects are attracted to the device, eat the bait and leave the device to die elsewhere. The bait may be a molded shape, e.g., a flat wafer affixed to the floor of the inner compartment. It is also a part of this invention, when at least a part of the cover is transparent, to have a contrasting color beneath the bait, so that it is readily visible in darkened areas. As bait, is removed by insects, the contrasting color underneath becomes visible and provides an indication whether insects are using the station and how much bait has been used. The contrast between the bait and the background may be accomplished in a number of ways. A contrasting color may be coated in the inside of the poison area before the bait is placed. The base may be of a transparent material, and a contrasting color backing sheet may be applied to underside of the base. Another method is to form the entire base portion of the station from a plastic which is of a color that contrasts with the bait. The invention may be better understood by reference to the drawings in which FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of the insect feeding station of the invention with parts of a transparent cover broken away, showing an embodiment of the invention having guide and baffle walls, FIG. 2 is a top plan view of an embodiment of FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is a view in elevation of the embodiment in FIG. 1, FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a plurality of insect feeding stations made from a single sheet of plastic material, FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 represent embodiments of the insect feeding station similar to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 respectively, with alternative guide and baffle means, and FIG. 8 shows a cross-section taken along the lines 8--8 of FIG. 6, with an alternative floor construction of the base. Referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 the insect feeding station of the present invention comprises a base portion 10 and cover 12. The base portion is formed from a suitable plastic, and may be transparent plastic but need not be transparent. Base portion 10 has outer casing wall 14 with openings 16, a floor 18, inner compartment walls 20 with openings 22. Inner compartment wall 20 forms an inner compartment 24. Bait 26 is affixed to floor 18 in inner compartment 24. When at least a part of cover 12 is transparent, as shown, the floor of inner compartment 24 may be coated with a contrasting color layer before affixing the bait. Alternatively, a contrasting color may be provided by having base 10 formed of a transparent plastic and affixing a backing sheet 29 of a contrasting color. Another method for providing a contrasting background beneath the bait is to mold the entire base 10 from a plastic material of a contrasting color. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3, the inner surface of the outer casing wall 14 is curved inwardly at 30 to guide insects entering openings 16 towards openings 22 into the inner poison compartment 24. This is done to prevent an insect from entering at one outer opening 16, and wandering randomly along the inner wall and out the next opening 16. Cover 12 extends to the periphery of outer casing walls 14 to close the base portion 10 and may also be formed from a sheet of plastic. Cover 12 may have at least a portion which is transparent (or the entire cover may be transparent, as shown) so that bait 24 may be readily seen and is permanently affixed to base 10 as by adhesive or any suitable means. As illustrated, the insect feeding station may be flat on a floor or other desired area. Insects may enter the device through openings 16 and are guided by curved walls 30 to offset openings 22 to reach bait 24 in the inner compartment, and may leave through the same openings. The consumption of bait 24 may be viewed through transparent cover 12, and be readily visible due to contrasting background 29 under the bait. Although insects may easily reach the bait, it will be readily apparent in FIG. 1 that a probe placed in any opening 16 in the outer casing wall 14 will not enter the inner compartment wall 20 due to offset openings 22 in wall 20. Thus, the bait is safe from inquisitive children. The device could also be mounted on vertical surfaces by means of double sided adhesive tape (see FIG. 8) on the lower surface 29 of base portion 10. Since bait 24 is affixed to the floor of the inner compartment, it will not be disturbed and will remain in the same position within the device. FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 illustrate an embodiment of the invention which is essentially similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 in base structure of the device. The outer case walls 32 are elongated and curved inwardly towards the center poison area 26 to provide guide walls 34. The extended walls 32 form a plurality of openings 36. A cover 12 extends to the outer ends of walls 32. Insects entering openings 36 will be guided along walls 34 to poison 26. The walls 34 have a curvature such that a probe thrust into any opening 36 cannot contact poison 26. When a part, or all, of cover 12 is transparent, poison 26 is placed over a contrasting color material, as in the embodiment of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, so that poison 26 is visible through the cover. FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the device of FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 wherein the base 10 is vacuum formed from a flat sheet of plastic, to form walls 32 and 34. As shown, the floor 18 rises from the periphery of the device so that the central area forms a depression 36. This is advantageous when the poison or bait 26 is in the form of a melt, since it can be poured into the depression and allowed to solidify. As shown, vacuum forming leaves hollow areas 38 beneath the base and the backing layer 29 serves to close the lower base area and also to stiffen the device. Backing 29 may have a cut out in the center for attaching a two sided adhesive tape 40 with a peel off layer 42 to the lower surface of base 10. Thus, by removing layer 42, the device may be affixed to a vertical surface by adhesive tape 40. This is a preferred arrangement of the adhesive mounting, since the device will be completely flush with the surface, and insects will not have a tendency to crawl under the device instead of into it, as might occur when the adhesive is mounted on the bottom of backing 29. FIG. 4 illustrates the formation of a plurality of insect feeding stations from a single sheet of plastic 43. Sheet 43 is vacuum formed over a suitable mold to form a plurality of base units 10, each of which then is filled with poison 26, and provided with a cover 12. Score lines 44 are provided to make separation of the individual feeding stations easy. A single backing sheet may be attached to the sheet 43 after vacuum forming. This method of forming the insect feeding stations is particularly useful when it is desired to market a number of devices as a unit, so that the customer may separate them and use as required. It will be seen that the present invention provides an insect feeding station for administering poison to insects, particularly crawling insects which has means to guide insects to the poison and entry baffle system so that children cannot probe the bait containing compartment, and whereby, optionally, signal is provided allowing the ready detection of the removal of poisonous bait, even in dimly lit areas and without removing the device. The device is also simple and inexpensive to manufacture. Patent Citations
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Title: | The Latest On Effortless Advice In pizza stone |
URL: | http://csmd.kaist.ac.kr/xe/index.php?mid=equipment&document_srl=45468 |
Category: | Computers & Internet: World Wide Web: Domain Name Registration |
Description: | Punch the dough down and re-knead for about 30 seconds. To create the Pizza Maker, Breville teamed up with world-champion pizza chef Pete Evans. If you have a bread machine to use, all you have to do is add the ingredients and convert it on. |
Meta Keywords: | delicacy, Erewhon, motionless |
Meta Description: | One of my boyfriend's favorite kinds of homemade pizza is my double meat and double cheese pizza. But those are not very convenient for most people to have in your kitchen. |
Link Owner: | Amelia Boudreaux |
58049 | |
Pagerank: | N/A |

subset: commoncrawl


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By CloudCommons 2012 | Article Rating: |
November 15, 2012 09:41 AM EST | Reads: |
5,749 |
Watch CloudViews Unplugged!
Watch the November episode of CloudViews Unplugged – a monthly video blog analyzing the top cloud news stories.
Cloud News
Oracle is acquiring Instantis, a cloud-based and on-premise project portfolio management (PPM) solution, according to this GigaOM blog. Oracle plans to use Instantis capabilities with its Fusion and Primavera applications.
Recent forecasts on enterprise software and cloud computing reveal that analytics, mobility, security, and integrating legacy systems are influencing IT buyer's decisions, according to this Forbes article. The article rounds up ten of the latest predictions on market growth and trends.
Amazon opened a new data center in Sydney, Australia, according to this InformationWeek article. The data center will lower latency for the 10,000 AWS customers in Australia and New Zealand.
In the November episode of CloudViews Unplugged, Andi Mann and George Watt of CA Technologies wrap up the latest cloud news in 10 minutes. They discuss how cloud is morphing healthcare, the increase in cloud adoption among government and educational institutions, a new survey that reveals CFOs see quantifiable cloud benefits and more.
Featured Content
Gartner Report: Hype Cycle for Big Data, 2012
Big data is one of the most hyped terms in the market today. The first Big Data Hype Cycle helps enterprises develop strategies to address the growing business need for insight from datasets of increasing volume, velocity and variety. You can read the full report compliments of Smart Enterprise.
Feature Article
What do Sandy, Netflix and CIMI have in common?
By Marvin Waschke, CA Technologies
Watching hurricane Sandy from a safe distance reminded me that our online culture is vulnerable to a long list of threats: floods, wind storms, wild fires, cyber-attacks can all turn our wonderful handhelds, laptops, and desktops into useless bricks of plastic and steel. Disasters are inevitable, but planning and preparedness can reduce or avoid the damage.
The cloud presents both new opportunities for failover and disaster recovery and new challenges when disaster strikes. Enterprises today have plans to failover to a cloud if their data center is compromised. Many individuals already benefit from cloud backup services that automatically backup their disks and restore them in a few clicks. Read the full article.
Cloud Views
Where is the cloud headed in 2013? In this Wired blog, Brian Patrick Donaghy details four predictions on where the cloud market is heading, including cloud will move into early majority state in the U.S., local cloud networks will emerge and community cloud will advance.
Is the U.S. government falling behind in its cloud adoption? In this InfoWorld blog, David Linthicum suggests that the government needs to start picking up the pace when it comes to cloud adoption.
Which cloud deployment model is right for you? In this Wired blog, Ken Copas discusses the various cloud models, including public and private clouds, and reveals which deployment might be right for your company.
Trend Watch
Facebook announced a new open-source data-processing tool set, Corona, which is designed to meet the massive scale of social media, according to this ReadWrite article. Facebook has the largest Hadoop cluster in the world at 100 petabytes and the big data tool is designed to meet some of the challenges Facebook encountered while using Hadoop on such a large scale.
Is managing the BYOD trend distracting CIOs from the true power of mobile applications? In this Forbes blog, Dan Woods suggests that CIOs' BYOD strategy shouldn't be solely focused on making sure devices are safe, secure, and manageable. They also need to pay attention to the potential for mobile applications to improve productivity.
Upcoming Cloud Events
- AWS re:Invent: November 27-29, Las Vegas, NV
- Gartner Application Architecture, Development & Integration Summit: November 27-29, Las Vegas, NV
- IEEE CloudCom 2012: December 3-6, Taipei, Taiwan
- UP 2012 – Cloud Computing Conference: December 12, San Francisco, CA
Read the original blog entry...
Published November 15, 2012 Reads 5,749
Copyright © 2012 SYS-CON Media, Inc. — All Rights Reserved.
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CloudCommons is an independent online community of IT professionals, analysts, technology providers, and industry experts. Members can ask questions, learn from experts, and find the latest cloud-related news. Cloud Commons offers a forum to contribute and discuss best practices and successes, as well as research vendor solutions. Sponsored by CA Technologies, Cloud Commons has been growing steadily since its launch in May of 2010.
Hosted on Cloud Commons is the Service Measurement Index (SMI). Led by Carnegie Mellon University, SMI encompasses a growing consortium of members. SMI compiles user-submitted ratings of cloud services and scores them relative to other services of the same type. Ratings include metrics such as: quality, agility, risk, cost, capability, and security.
ThisWeekInCloud is Cloud Commons weekly newsletter listing the industry events we felt worthwhile reading about. Read them here or subscribe to have it delivered to you inbox as email or as RSS Feed.
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In her session at @ThingsExpo, Jocelyn Scheirer, CEO & Founder of Bionolux, will discuss ho... Mar. 2, 2015 12:00 AM EST Reads: 3,005 |
By Elizabeth White Roberto Medrano, Executive Vice President at SOA Software, had reached 30,000 page views on his home page - http://RobertoMedrano.SYS-CON.com/ - on the SYS-CON family of online magazines, which includes Cloud Computing Journal, Internet of Things Journal, Big Data Journal, and SOA World Magazine. He is a recognized executive in the information technology fields of SOA, internet security, governance, and compliance. He has extensive experience with both start-ups and large companies, having been involved at the beginning of four IT industries: EDA, Open Systems, Computer Security and now SOA. Mar. 1, 2015 04:00 PM EST Reads: 1,301 |
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12 Comments | Add Yours
MOD MOD MOD Is eyeshadow waterproof? Can a concealer be used as eyeshadow? Also, I know that eyeshadow is different shades but can you just buy eyeshadow that's your skin color and put it on? Btw, I'm buying a concealer that's one shade lighter than mine (to cover up my mole) , will that look okay on my face? or not. Also, what goes with cookie monster blue shorts, and what goes with baby blue tights?
Hey girlie,
I would recommend using an eyeshadow brush (or the applicator that comes with eyeshadow, or a Q-tip) rather than your finger to decrease the oil around your eye so it will stay longer and you won't break out. Most eyeshadows aren't waterproof unless they say they are, but you can extend their wear by using an eyeshadow primer. I wouldn't recommend using a concealer as an eyeshadow, because concealers tend to be thicker than what you need for your lids. If you want a natural look, you don't have to buy something that's your exact skin color—ask the salespeople to help you find natural palettes that will enhance your natural tones! And they're experts in beauty, so they'll be able to help you find the perfect shade and consistency of concealer. Don't feel the need to hide your beauty mark, though! They are iconic symbols of beauty, and many people use makeup to fake having beauty marks, so if you have one it makes you special! As for the blue outfits, you could go with a neutral like white, black or beige to make the blues pop, or you could go for color blocking and wear a bright, colored top, whatever suits your style!
by azuki on 7/26/2013 12:49:52 AM
Mod, I'm going shopping w/ my friend on Saturday and I need a lot of stuff for school, but I only get $35 plus some of my own money. How can I stretch this and get as much stuff as possible? Thanks!
Hey girl,
Luckily there are lots of summer sales going on. You can pick up summery pieces that you can work into a fall wardrobe. Be sure to buy staples that will work in a lot of outfit combinations (think basic colors, maybe a cardigan or school-appropriate skirt and a new backpack). Have fun shopping!
by whatwhat on 7/16/2013 10:43:53 AM
mod mod mod Do you know any places where I could buy a cute, comfy and cheap bathrobe? thanks
You could definitely try Aerie or a department store like Macy's. You might have better luck online shopping too.
by fieldhockey001 on 7/16/2013 8:49:23 AM
I'm obsessed with tribal prints!!!!
by Jules1399 on 7/15/2013 7:41:21 PM
Hey girlie, all of these small problems that seem so big right now won't seem so bad when you look back on them years from now. And dealing with them now will make a stronger person. I'm sure you're not fat or ugly. Maybe boys don't ask you out because they're afraid of being rejected. If you need someone to call and talk to, search teen hotline in your area. Most states or cities have some kind of anonymous hotlilne for teens for you to call and talk to someone.
by bribri4ever on 7/15/2013 3:30:17 PM
by i love home alone on 7/15/2013 2:01:56 PM
MOD MOD MOD the only thing is, on my previous question, is that my parents are super strict. i cant do anything unless i am with them and my dad makes me golf for 4 hours a day. its kind of hard to have free time to do stuff.
I totally understand. Talk to your parents about how you're interested in some back-to-school shopping. Since it's still summer, you'd be giving them plenty of notice- and explain how you're short on cash and unsure how you'd earn any extra money. If they see your side of the story, they'll probably be willing to help or at least willing to help you find a side job (or decrease the golfing time) so you have some extra time and money to spend however you'd like. Make it clear that you're not asking for an allowance- just curious about extra help in turn for some earnings. Talking it out so that you're all on the same page is always the best way to go.
Good luck!
by i love home alone on 7/15/2013 1:04:24 PM
MOD MOD MOD so my mom makes me buy my clothes now and i dont have a job, so when i buy something its birthday or Christmas money. i do chores but i dont get paid, she just expects me to do them. I need school and golf clothes but i am almost out of money. what do i do??
Your best option is to find ways to make money outside of the house, especially if an allowance isn't in the cards. You could give your neighbors a call and offer to work for them- yard work (like gardening), babysitting, pet sitting or mowing the lawn are great options. Charge a reasonable rate, and you're sure to find business and earn some cash. Then there's always the option of getting crafty. If you're into making jewelery, hair wraps or nail painting, you could set up a table at your local pool with a poster board sign to advertise. Check out GL's Make Money articles for extra ideas: http://www.girlslife.com/tag/make-more-money.aspx
by i love home alone on 7/15/2013 12:04:23 PM
MOD MOD MOD Thanks Lauren T. I can't wait! I love sushi
by redvelvetluv on 7/14/2013 9:39:07 PM
MOD MOD MOD One day this week maybe tomorrow I'm going to this Japanese buffet with my parents and sis and her GF I was wondering how this outfit sounded? a coraly red and white striped peplum top that flares out at the bottom it also has a black bow ribbon at the back of the neck a Jean skirt that's ripped at the bottom a pair of tan sandals with black flowers running up the bands and this bronze coin necklace the coin has my zodiac sign on it does this sound ok or is it too much?
Hey girlie, that sounds like a nice outfit. It'll look nice without being overly fancy.
by redvelvetluv on 7/14/2013 9:03:29 PM
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When we learned of these majestic creatures, what else could we do? Such potential!
The Mihradhz shrieked, with a sound like fingernails on slate, as it was dragged headlong into our world by a greedy and uncaring spellcaster whose only desire was to defeat his rivals.
Steel is the herald of dawn. Steel is the slayer of tyrants. Steel is the bringer of liberty. Steel shall prevail.
- First encountered during the Green War, leading to the loss of Castle Marcharin at the culmination of the Druid's Seige
Disagreements between the tribes are sometimes settled with Megamothoid battles, and during war they are almost always used.
The Shambler is not a subtle foe. It bursts onto the scene like an elephant-sized lion to trample and smash it's foes…
The final creation of Albert Uhrzeit, commonly named the Lord Chronomancer in popular literature, the Void Golem is the ultimate expression of his mastery over the stuff of time and space itself.
The Master walked over to the strange symmetrical mechanism. He flipped it over… The sands of the hourglass began to flow and it whirred to life. "One hour," said The Master, "Practice."
A powerful golem of Tar and Sand, ideal for pulverizing one's foes.
The engines and playthings of the artificer kings.
Kazarad the lich watched his minons strip the slain adventurers of their gear, and he being the meticulous type, the gear was sorted into piles. One of larger piles was a heap of iron spikes. "Why do they all carry those damn things? What am _I_ supposed to with all of those? "
Then a moment of inspiration stuck him…..
I'm beging to wonder if there can be victory? Please don't let this go on…
Memoirs of the Nameless soldier
It sees you, can you see it? Even when the room is lit?
Funny how those shadows twist, as though the room were filled with mist.
But theres no mist, the room is clear! About now, you should start to fear.
clear your mind, take a last breath. For in a second, you'll meet with death.
Pembridge Maccadia, the Mindless Ruler, the Crafter of Graf Malin, sacrificed his very life to destroy a nation. A breathing, living machine with the heart of blades, a testament to his loathing of Man. His hatred for his own people…
Stone Gauntlets crafted from the hands of a Stone Golem that are both beneficial and a burden to the user…
Masters have come and gone, but Honest Wrekk has always been around.
A vicious murder happens in a town that the party happens to pop in at. Under heavy suspicion as they are strangers, the party is forced to discover the perpetrator or have their reputations blackened, especially as more and more murders occur in the town, and mysteriously stop and restart when the party leaves to go kill off that evil necromancer who kidnapped the princess.
The only problem is that a demon, possessing one of the party, is the perpetrator. And the demon makes no signs that its living in the PC's head.
In fact, for all the party knows (except for the possessed person's), their companion is an evil murderer.
Do they try and execute their friend as he's a vicious murderer, and no evidence points to demonic posession? Or do they flee town with him, trusting him, and have their reputations destroyed?


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States See Fewer Requests for Hunting Licenses
The number of people who hunt wildlife is falling, as more people choose to take pictures of animals. However, it's hunting and fishing licenses that pay for wildlife management. NPR's Robert Smith explains states will have to change how they manage public lands.
Copyright © 2003 NPR. For personal, noncommercial use only. See Terms of Use. For other uses, prior permission required.
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Tour de Hills: Bike ride will support vital research
Australia Day Honours: Professor's work leads to giant strides in medicine
Pack a healthy lunch box
Pre-breakfast exercise helps with weight loss and insulin resistance, study finds
Getting up and at 'em may mean more than just extra hours in your day.
Model Farms High School says 'hi'
RSL rallies to support Maddie
. . . and he should have very good teeth
Westmead to handle any NSW Ebola cases
Tattoos a mark of the times but is permanent beautiful?
Lindy Alexander The tattoo industry is expanding about 4.7 per cent a year.


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Recent Tweets
#DYK Mr. Cool Ice Cream has been serving cool treats since 1986? #FlashbackFriday http://t.co/FST5H8GlTT
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#DYK Surrey Youth Orchestra will take you through Space and Time? Read hear to learn more: http://t.co/pvK0mzPESp
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Kansas Legislature kicking off second half of annual session
Kansas legislators are returning to the Statehouse for the second part of their annual session.
Kansas legislators are returning to the Statehouse for the second part of their annual session.
Kansas is planning a series of public meetings across the state this month to set regional water supply goals and priorities.
An off-duty deputy was shot and critically wounded when he walked into a convenience store early Wednesday during a robbery.
Back onto the temperature roller coaster we go with snow chances today.
Target Corp. plans $2 billion in cost cuts over the next two years through corporate restructuring and other improvements.
KSN is tracking another round of winter weather for Wednesday.
More than 70 passengers aboard an Asiana Airlines flight that crashed in San Francisco two years ago have reached a settlement.
Millions of people may have been left vulnerable to hackers while surfing the web on Apple and Google devices.
Students in one Connecticut high school were subjected to a poem that their superintendent and some parents call "highly inappropriate".
In celebration of Hubble's anniversary, educators want you to vote for the best at hubble25th.org
Netflix is paying $12 million for the international rights to "Beasts of No Nation."
Kansas beat West Virginia 76-69 on Tuesday night for the Jayhawks' 11th consecutive Big 12 championship.
Amanda is wanted by the Sedgwick County Sheriff's Office for Probation Violation for Burglary and Theft.
After Tuesday's Primary Election Night in Sedgwick County, the votes have been tallied and voters have spoken.
A Las Vegas hospital mistakenly sent two stillborn babies wrapped in linens to a laundry facility, leading to a surprise for the cleaners.


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By Val Bourne
Dahlias are flamboyant Mexican beauties and I wouldn't be without them because they flower continually from July until the frosts intervene as long as you deadhead them. They also thrive in dry summers.
'Ken's Choice' was one of the stars of an RHS Wisley Trial back in 2005, and this newly-bred dahlia gained an AGM.
Buy tubers now, plant in April (under cover) but don't place outside until mid-May or later to avoid cold shocks.
Ideally your plants should be only six inches high when planted, or less. But always stake as you plant using three canes. Then stand back and wait for the floral fireworks!
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Experience some of the world's most magnificent horticultural locations, including South Africa, Madeira, Canary Islands, Greece and the UK.
The aim of Saga Respite for Carers Trust is to give carers a break, by providing hundreds of free holidays a year for carers and their companions.
Escape to the country with every modern comfort. We've found a wonderful new way of life!
Get out and about this spring with £10 off English Heritage membership. Enter code SG15W at checkout.


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Open AccessThis article is
MDPI and ACS Style
- freely available
- re-usable
Nutrients 2013, 5(6), 2128-2143; doi:10.3390/nu5062128
Flavonoids and Asthma
Received: 1 April 2013 / Revised: 3 May 2013 / Accepted: 15 May 2013 / Published: 10 June 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Respiratory Disease)
Abstract: Asthma is a chronic disease, characterized by airway inflammation, airflow limitation, hyper-reactivity and airway remodeling. It is believed that asthma is caused by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The prevalence of allergic diseases, including asthma, has increased worldwide during the past two decades. Although the precise reasons that have caused this increase remain unknown, dietary change is thought to be one of the environmental factors. Flavonoids, which are polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites ubiquitously present in vegetables, fruits and beverages, possess antioxidant and anti-allergic traits, as well as immune-modulating activities. Flavonoids are powerful antioxidants and anti-allergic nutrients that inhibit the release of chemical mediators, synthesis of Th2 type cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, and CD40 ligand expression by high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor-expressing cells, such as mast cells and basophils. They also inhibit IL-4-induced signal transduction and affect the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into effector T-cells through their inhibitory effect on the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Various studies of flavonoids in asthmatic animal models have demonstrated their beneficial effects. The results of several epidemiological studies suggest that an increase in flavonoid intake is beneficial for asthma. Moreover, clinical trials of flavonoids have shown their ameliorative effects on symptoms related to asthma. However, these human studies are currently limited; further validation is required to clarify whether an appropriate intake of flavonoids may constitute dietary treatment and for part of a preventive strategy for asthma.
asthma; diet; flavonoids; prevention; treatment and management
This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Export to BibTeX | EndNote
MDPI and ACS Style
Tanaka, T.; Takahashi, R. Flavonoids and Asthma. Nutrients 2013, 5, 2128-2143.
AMA StyleTanaka T, Takahashi R. Flavonoids and Asthma. Nutrients. 2013; 5(6):2128-2143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanaka, Toshio; Takahashi, Ryo. 2013. "Flavonoids and Asthma." Nutrients 5, no. 6: 2128-2143.
Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland
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"These cookies are so easy to make, you'll probably crumble! You can use any flavor cake mix you like for these cookies. The possibilities are endless!"
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Creamy, comforting potato soups will warm you up.
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A quick and easy way to bake cookies using a package of cake mix.
These lemony cookies put a delicious twist on basic cake mix.
So easy to make, sugar cookies make perfect treats any time of year!


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Narrow your search
The next evolution in wireless networking holds promises of self-driving cars and movies that download in the blink of an eye. 5G is big at this year's Mobile World Congress, but don't expect it until 2020.
With tried and true hardware inside the bulb, strong performance on the Wink platform and the promise of additional hub options in the near future, this $15 smart bulb is a smart bet for connected lighting.
The color-changing Misfit Bolt is a smart LED built to work seamlessly with Misfit's activity trackers.
D-Link shows that it's taking home automation seriously at CES 2015 with a new $80 hub and an assortment of compatible accessories.
These low-cost bulbs definitely merit consideration, especially if you've already bought into Wink. We aren't sure we'd outfit a whole house with them, though.
While local storage fans will like Oplink's "Cloud-free" approach, its comparatively low-resolution cameras and high monthly fees make it tough to recommend.
The Wi-Fi enabled outlet will give Siri command over anything with a plug.
An Oculus Rift VR headset and a 4G network in Spain let CNET's Roger Cheng control earth-moving heavy equipment in Sweden.
August's new Connect Bluetooth-to-Wi-Fi bridge gives the August Smart Lock remote access capabilities and easier interaction with other connected household devices.
GE will expand its smart range offerings beyond expansive built-in doubles with a new line of Profile freestanding ovens that you can control from your phone.


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App of the Week: Hotel Tonight
November 19, 2014Hotel Tonight aims to help users "plan less and live more."
Customer Data at Denihan's Service
February 10, 2014The boutique hotel chain uses analytics to quickly cull and act on customer feedback, and target guests with super-relevant offers.
Q&A: John Greenleaf, Global Head, DoubleTree
September 01, 2013Greenleaf reflects on his experience in the hospitality industry and cites a considerable customer service faux pas to avoid.
DoubleTree's Tasty Rebrand
September 01, 2013The hotel chain spices up its global marketing with local flavor.
Art Series Hotels' Guests Can Overstay Their Welcome
August 01, 2013What if you didn't have to leave your hotel room at check-out until the next guest had actually arrived. Naked Communications made that dream a reality.
Which Hotel Marketer Puts the Luxe in Deluxe?
August 01, 2013Staying in a luxury hotel like the Ritz-Carlton or the Four Seasons is about one thing: the experience. The question is, who has the sleekest marketing?
Customer Satisfaction Shifts in Travel and Leisure Vertical
June 19, 2013Overall customer satisfaction with airlines and restaurants improve, while hotels remain stable according to a new report.
Marriott Events Blend Service and Style
June 01, 2013The hotel brand reimagines the guest experience for its "masterblender" customers.
Sitting in the Marriott Lobby at 1:15 A.M.
April 09, 2013Customer service is marketing—without it, there won't be any customers to service.
Casino and hotel giants fail to take advantage of their direct and online marketing strategies
April 01, 2012MGM Resorts and Caesars Entertainment on the Vegas strip are in the business of getting you to have fun, let loose and spend.
Hard Rock Hotel & Casino launches revamped rewards program
March 23, 2012The Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas launched a revamped rewards program designed to provide consumers with points and prizes for activities including gaming, dining and clubbing, said company CMO Brian Bork. The program was designed by L.A.-based agency Meat and Potatoes, Hard Rock Hotel & Casino's AOR.
Ritz-Carlton CMO reinvents luxury
December 01, 2011Once Chris Gabaldon, chief sales and marketing officer of The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. starts talking about his brand, it's hard for him to stop. He gets on a roll, effusing about how the company has navigated the recession, or its recent brand repositioning, or the launch of its loyalty program, The Ritz-Carlton Rewards. Gabaldon's enthusiasm is, as they say, contagious.
Ritz-Carlton launches $10M repositioning campaign
September 16, 2011The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. launched a $10 million advertising campaign on Sept. 16 to spread awareness of its new brand positioning. The Marriott-owned hotel chain created the effort, which includes direct mail, email, social media and banner ads, with Los Angeles-based agency Team One.
June credit spending increases 8.8%: report
July 12, 2011The amount of money spent at US merchant locations increased by 8.8% in June, compared with the prior year, according to First Data Corp.'s SpendTrend analysis for the month. The report measured credit, signature debit, PIN debit, EBT cards and checks spending.
Bermuda resort to launch multichannel fall campaign with new AOR Merge
June 24, 2011Cambridge Beaches Resort & Spa will launch a campaign this fall using direct mail, email, social media and banner ads, said Michael Winfield, president and CEO of the company. The Bermuda resort is working with Merge Consumer Marketing, which it selected last month as its AOR after an RFP process that included five agencies.
MGM Resorts rolls out loyalty program with data-fueled acquisition campaign
March 01, 2011MGM Resorts International launched a campaign promoting its revamped loyalty program, which offers four tiers of reward options based on customer behavior.
David Godsman of Starwood Hotels and Jeff Ragovin of Buddy Media
October 16, 2010Shahnaz Mahmud speaks with David Godsman, VP of global Web at Starwood Hotels, and Jeff Ragovin, chief revenue officer of Buddy Media, at DMA 2010
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Found with BQ biking the entire Fond du Lac to Rosendale Mascoutin Trail. Quick multi-stage cache along the trail. Nice to mix things up a little. TFTC
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January 22, 2015
Investigators nab iPad thieves when selfies appear on owner's iCloudThe men appeared in the photos displaying money they are also accused of taking from the victim - Full Story |
January 21, 2015
Police: Snapchat message sparked stabbing, leaving teen deadThe teen is charged as an adult with murder and possession of a knife - Full Story |
January 18, 2015
Video: Del. cop knows how to 'Shake it Off' in viral clipA video of a bald and burly Delaware police officer enthusiastically lip-syncing to Taylor Swift's "Shake it Off" is getting global attention - Full Story |
January 15, 2015
Pittsburgh chief won't tweet after anti-racism sign flapChief has asked for a city investigation to determine if he broke regulations by retweeting a picture of him holding a sign saying, "I resolve to challenge racism @ work" with the hash tag "end white silence" - Full Story |
January 14, 2015
Man threatens Ill. officer in rap video, arrestedFaces felony charges after police say he threatened an officer by name on a rap video posted to Facebook - Full Story |
January 13, 2015
Facebook launches Amber Alerts to help find missing childrenFacebook users in the U.S. will soon receive Amber Alerts to help find missing children who may be located near them - Full Story |
January 08, 2015
Texas cop shot in face during standoff recoveringA Texas police officer shot in the face during a standoff Tuesday is recovering after undergoing jaw reconstruction surgery - Full Story |
January 02, 2015
Instagram becomes treasure trove of evidence for Fla. copsRecent South Florida cases stemmed from photos or video posted on Instagram, the fast-growing social media site - Full Story |
January 02, 2015
St. Louis man charged with threatening police on TwitterJason Valentine, 35, faces 10 felony counts of making a terrorist threat after several tweets in which he mentioned "Kill a Pig Night" - Full Story |
December 30, 2014
Teen arrested over replica gun pointed at cop carMontrae Toliver, 17, was arrested Monday for allegedly making a terroristic threat after posting a picture with the caption, 'Should I do it?' - Full Story |


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Narrow your search
Using the share extension on iOS 8, you can now upload a file to your Dropbox account from anywhere on iOS.
Cloud locker service Disney Movies Anywhere on the Vudu platform next week, joining similar service Ultraviolet.
Just pair your Disney account with your Google Play account to score this rare movie freebie.
It may have been released last year, but with more apps than any of the alternatives, the best search and the fastest, easiest-to-use interface, the Roku 3 still outdoes any other video streamer.
Homeboy has a different take on home security than its power-adapter-reliant DIY camera competition.
This solar-powered 3D printer fits in a suitcase and can replicate itself or print parts to build an even larger 3D printer.
LG's Music Flow speakers and sound bar connect with an app that can be controlled by an IM app, for no earthly reason.
The most expensive version could snag around 10,000 in unit sales this year and account for less than 1 percent of all Apple Watch sales, analyst Gene Munster says.
The Brooklyn-based startup is offering a solution for off-the-grid travelers who need low-cost connectivity for their smartphone -- and it doesn't rely on satellites.
It fits on your iPhone and works with any credit card reader: the Loop ChargeCase really works, but it's a bit clunky. Watch us pay for snacks.


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DepEd to schools: Keep graduation rites simple
MANILA, Philippines -- Education Secretary Armin Luistro urged school heads to keep graduation rites cheap and simple this year, reminding them that fees related to the ceremony are not allowed.
"I would like to reiterate DepEd (Department of Education) Order No. 8, series of 2005 which prohibits the collection of any graduation fees or any kind of contribution for the graduation rites. I will hold responsible all school heads and DepEd personnel who will violate this," Luistro said in a statement.
"The significance of the event should not be overshadowed by pomp, pageantry and unwarranted spending," he added.
He said, though, that contributions for the yearbook, graduation attire and venue are allowed, but these should be voluntary.
"In graduation, we want to be reminded of what our learners gained during their stay in school -- their sense of community and personal responsibility," Luistro said, adding that graduation rites should be "solemn, focused on the students and their parents, and not a venue for political forum."
Graduation rites in all public elementary and secondary schools are set on March 28 and 29 this year.


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Availability Your dates are available
Villa | 3 bedrooms | sleeps 8
Key Info |
Aeropi villa 1 lies in the sky near the beach
Ano Verga is a unique little settlement only 21 km from Kalamata. It located in the first peak of Taygetos at 1000 meters altitude. The combination of the short distance from the Messinian Gulf and the high altitude offers a uniquely spectacular phenomenon. The view is breathtaking and simultaneously flooded with a feeling of calm. The dry climate is cool even the hottest days of the heat wave.
Here one can enjoy the mountain fresh air and oxygen and within 20 minutes to descend to his swim in the sea, in one of the many fabulous beaches of the municipality Kalamata (beach of Santava ca. 12 km).
On the village square they have every year local festivities on the 14th and 15th of August.
Ano Verga is the starting point for hiking paths leading to the top of Taygetos Mountain. Also it is ideal for Paragliding. Just outside off Ano Verga is the launching point for Paragliders and the landing point on the beach in Kalamata.
The village has 2 taverns with Greek traditional meals. The one tavern is located just below Villa Aeropi, the second tavern ca. 500 m away.
It is advised that you have purchased the basic supplies needed, since the village is only offers charm and pure Greek traditional mountain nature. The next Minimarket is located in Megali Mantinia (ca. 7 km), Supermarket (17 km).
Aeropi villa built in 2010 it consists of two floors and is literally perched on the slope.
The ground floor has a modern kitchen (fridge, water boiler, microwave, oven, dishwasher, coffee machine, toaster) with a dining area and a spacious living room (with convertible sofa that sleeps 2 adults), fireplace, TV, DVD Player, shower/WC and balconies with panoramic view over the Messinian Gulf. Central heating is charge available.
On the first floor there are three bedrooms (2 bedrooms with double beds that share balcony with panoramic view, 1 with 2 single beds) and a bathroom/WC. Central heating is charge available like the laundry washing.
All windows and balcony doors have fly screens and free internet Wi-Fi.
The pool area with sun beds is located just across the street.
The sweet-water of the pool, infinity edge pool (9m x 4 m) is located just below the houses, divided by the small village road from the houses. This infinity pool appears to swimmers as an extension of the sea. Sun beds, shower and a small playhouse for children are free. Pool towels are not provided.
The villa offers bed linen, pillows and towels, no breakfast or any food supply.
One parking spot is free every time.
Size | Sleeps up to 8, 3 bedrooms |
Nearest beach | Santava 12 km |
Will consider | Long term lets (over 1 month) |
Access | Car essential |
Nearest Amenities | 17 km |
Nearest travel links | Nearest airport: Kalamata 32 km |
Family friendly | Great for children of all ages, Suitable for people with restricted mobility |
Notes | No pets allowed, Yes, smoking allowed |
Features and Facilities
Luxuries | Internet access, Sea view |
Pool | Private outdoor pool (unheated) |
General | TV, Wi-Fi available |
Standard | Kettle, Toaster, Iron |
Utilities | Dishwasher, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge |
Rooms | 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms of which 2 Family bathrooms |
Furniture | 1 Sofa beds, Single beds (2), Double beds (2), Dining seats for 8, Lounge seats for 6 |
Other | Linen provided, Towels provided |
Outdoors | Private outdoor pool (unheated), Balcony or terrace, Private garden |
Access | Parking |
About this location
The Messenia Region
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RIYADH (Bloomberg) -- Saudi Arabia is not expected to make "sharp" cuts to its crude production in November and December, Al Rajhi Capital said.
"Any meaningful decline in the kingdom's oil production will take place only when the majority of Libyan oil production comes back and Iranian oil production starts rising," the investment arm of the nation's biggest bank by market value said in an emailed report today.
Saudi Arabia is burning more fuel oil at power plants instead of crude this year, "which means that the seasonality impact on crude production will be smaller in winter," the investment bank said.
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Private Tour: Venice Half-Day Walking Tour
Reviewed by: Daniel C, October 2014
To walk the back streets with a local, gives you great perspective on the city. We then went back to areas we were interested in seeing more of
Reviewed by: Matthew M, October 2014
I don't think we would have enjoyed Venice,if we had not taken this tour. So much history would have been lost just walking on our own. The best tour person we had in all of Europe.
Reviewed by: Juliette S, October 2014
Very worth getting a private walking tour of this fabulous city. The tour guide was on time and very helpful. Very informative. Loved it!
Reviewed by: Susan G, October 2014
So glad we sprang for this three hour tour on the first full day of our trip. It gave us an excellent orientation to Venice, and confidence to later navigate the backstreets and see more on our own. Our guide, Stefania, was terrific - gracious and knowledgable - a Venice native - who showed us sights, and gave us recommendations, of places we would never have otherwise seen. A highlight was a stop in a local cantina for local wine and snack. Highly recommended!
Reviewed by: Paul J, August 2014
A terrific guide. Very family friendly. Gave a TERRIFIC tour. Full of annecdotes, and interesting stories for the children. I myself learned a LOT! Great job!
Reviewed by: Frank, July 2014
We were in Italy for two weeks and this was by far the best tour. Our guide Barbara was excellent. She was very knowledgeable and was a pleasure to be with. She went at our pace, told us stories not just facts, asked us what we wanted to do and was just generally very accommodating. We saw a lot and it gave us the opportunity to really know Venice which helped us to navigate during the rest of our stay in Venice. Well worth the money.
Reviewed by: Karan P, June 2014
Barbra was wonderful!!!! and so happy to be sharing her hometowns history. My husband said she showed
him all of the non-normal sights and eateries. She was fun, happy and easy person to talk and walk with.
I can't wait to go back and we will be looking forward in hiring Barbra again.


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Texas A&M Aggies
Print without images
Friday, June 20, 2014
Aggies land top-flight 2016 OT Little
By Sam Khan Jr.
As if four commitments in a week and two in one day wasn't enough, Texas A&M made yet another recruiting splash on Friday. And it might turn out to be its biggest in recent weeks, both figuratively and literally.
The Aggies landed the commitment of one of the premier prospects in the 2016 class, Allen (Texas) High School offensive tackle
Greg Little
"I'm just ready," Little said. "I feel comfortable with A&M."
A 6-foot-6, 280-pound prospect, Little is one of the most coveted prospects in his class, holding offers from each of the power-five conference schools in Texas (Baylor, Texas, Texas A&M, Texas Tech and TCU), half of the SEC (Auburn, Florida, Georgia, LSU, Ole Miss, Tennessee and A&M) and other notable out-of-state programs such as Michigan, Notre Dame and USC.
Little is the second prospect in the 2016 class to commit to the Aggies, joining Silsbee (Texas) High School offensive tackle
Patrick Hudson
Proximity to his home in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex was a big factor for Little, as was everything else the Aggies had to offer.
"It's close to home, SEC, great coaching staff," Little said. "Coach [Kevin] Sumlin is a great guy and I feel comfortable being there."
Pairing Little with the 6-5, 330-pound Hudson gives the Aggies an impressive start to their offensive line recruiting in the 2016 class and is evidence of the Aggies' continued success on the recruiting trail. Little is the ninth prospect to commit to Texas A&M in the last month, dating to 2015 linebacker
Riley Garner
's pledge on May 21.
And Little will have familiar company in Aggieland: his high school teammate five-star 2015 quarterback
Kyler Murray
Ācommitted to the Aggies on May 28.
"It did [factor in] a little bit -- he's my teammate and everything -- but at the end of the day, it was my decision," Little said.
Little, who was recruited by Aggies receivers coach David Beaty and offensive line coach B.J. Anderson, said the other primary contender for his services was LSU. One factor in his decision was the fact the Aggies have sent an offensive linemen into the first round of the NFL draft in each of the last two years and are likely to do it a third year in a row when senior offensive tackle
Cedric Ogbuehi
, an Allen High School graduate himself, enters the draft next May.
"That's a big thing," Little said. "They have a lot of guys going to the league, especially my own Allen Eagle, Cedric Ogbuehi."
Little, who is coming off a state championship with the Eagles, hopes the winning ways continue when he gets to Aggieland.
"That's the big thing -- winning," Little said. "I win a lot in high school, so winning in college will be a big thing for me."


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Cytochrome P450 | |||||||||
Cytochrome P450 Oxidase (CYP2C9) | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | p450 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF00067 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR0011 | ||||||||
SCOP | 2cpp | ||||||||
SUPERFAMILY | 2cpp | ||||||||
OPM superfamily | 41 | ||||||||
OPM protein | 2bdm | ||||||||
Cytochrome P450 | |||||||||
Cytochrome P450 Oxidase (CYP2C9) | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | p450 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF00067 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR0011 | ||||||||
SCOP | 2cpp | ||||||||
SUPERFAMILY | 2cpp | ||||||||
OPM superfamily | 41 | ||||||||
OPM protein | 2bdm | ||||||||
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) belong to the superfamily of proteins containing a heme cofactor and, therefore, are hemoproteins. CYPs use a variety of small and large molecules as substrates in enzymatic reactions. They are, in general, the terminal oxidase enzymes in electron transfer chains, broadly categorized as P450-containing systems. The term P450 is derived from the spectrophotometric peak at the wavelength of the absorption maximum of the enzyme (450 nm) when it is in the reduced state and complexed with CO.
CYP enzymes have been identified in all domains of life - animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea, and even in viruses.[1] However, the enzymes have not been found in E. coli.[2][3] More than 21,000 distinct CYP proteins are known.[4]
Most CYPs require a protein partner to deliver one or more electrons to reduce the iron (and eventually molecular oxygen). Based on the nature of the electron transfer proteins, CYPs can be classified into several groups:[5]
The most common reaction catalyzed by cytochromes P450 is a monooxygenase reaction, e.g., insertion of one atom of oxygen into the aliphatic position of an organic substrate (RH) while the other oxygen atom is reduced to water:
Genes encoding CYP enzymes, and the enzymes themselves, are designated with the abbreviation CYP, followed by a number indicating the gene family, a capital letter indicating the subfamily, and another numeral for the individual gene. The convention is to italicise the name when referring to the gene. For example, CYP2E1 is the gene that encodes the enzyme CYP2E1 – one of the enzymes involved in paracetamol (acetaminophen) metabolism. The CYP nomenclature is the official naming convention, although occasionally (and incorrectly) CYP450 or CYP450 is used. However, some gene or enzyme names for CYPs may differ from this nomenclature, denoting the catalytic activity and the name of the compound used as substrate. Examples include CYP5A1, thromboxane A2 synthase, abbreviated to TBXAS1 (ThromBoXane A2 Synthase 1), and CYP51A1, lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, sometimes unofficially abbreviated to LDM according to its substrate (Lanosterol) and activity (DeMethylation).[6]
The current nomenclature guidelines suggest that members of new CYP families share >40% amino acid identity, while members of subfamilies must share >55% amino acid identity. There are nomenclature committees that assign and track both base gene names (Cytochrome P450 Homepage) and allele names (CYP Allele Nomenclature Committee).
The active site of cytochrome P450 contains a heme iron center. The iron is tethered to the P450 protein via a thiolate ligand derived from a cysteine residue. This cysteine and several flanking residues are highly conserved in known CYPs and have the formal PROSITE signature consensus pattern [FW] - [SGNH] - x - [GD] - {F} - [RKHPT] - {P} - C - [LIVMFAP] - [GAD].[7] Because of the vast variety of reactions catalyzed by CYPs, the activities and properties of the many CYPs differ in many aspects. In general, the P450 catalytic cycle proceeds as follows:
S: An alternative route for mono-oxygenation is via the "peroxide shunt": Interaction with single-oxygen donors such as peroxides and hypochlorites can lead directly to the formation of the iron-oxo intermediate, allowing the catalytic cycle to be completed without going through steps 2, 3, 4, and 5.[10] A hypothetical peroxide "XOOH" is shown in the diagram.
C: If carbon monoxide (CO) binds to reduced P450, the catalytic cycle is interrupted. This reaction yields the classic CO difference spectrum with a maximum at 450 nm.
Human CYPs are primarily membrane-associated proteins[13] located either in the inner membrane of mitochondria or in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. CYPs metabolize thousands of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Some CYPs metabolize only one (or a very few) substrates, such as CYP19 (aromatase), while others may metabolize multiple substrates. Both of these characteristics account for their central importance in medicine. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are present in most tissues of the body, and play important roles in hormone synthesis and breakdown (including estrogen and testosterone synthesis and metabolism), cholesterol synthesis, and vitamin D metabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes also function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
The Human Genome Project has identified 57 human genes coding for the various cytochrome P450 enzymes.[14]
CYPs are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism, accounting for about 75% of the total metabolism.[16] Most drugs undergo deactivation by CYPs, either directly or by facilitated excretion from the body. Also, many substances are bioactivated by CYPs to form their active compounds.
Many drugs may increase or decrease the activity of various CYP isozymes either by inducing the biosynthesis of an isozyme (enzyme induction) or by directly inhibiting the activity of the CYP (enzyme inhibition). This is a major source of adverse drug interactions, since changes in CYP enzyme activity may affect the metabolism and clearance of various drugs. For example, if one drug inhibits the CYP-mediated metabolism of another drug, the second drug may accumulate within the body to toxic levels. Hence, these drug interactions may necessitate dosage adjustments or choosing drugs that do not interact with the CYP system. Such drug interactions are especially important to take into account when using drugs of vital importance to the patient, drugs with important side-effects and drugs with small therapeutic windows, but any drug may be subject to an altered plasma concentration due to altered drug metabolism.
A classical example includes anti-epileptic drugs. Phenytoin, for example, induces CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Substrates for the latter may be drugs with critical dosage, like amiodarone or carbamazepine, whose blood plasma concentration may either increase because of enzyme inhibition in the former, or decrease because of enzyme induction in the latter.[citation needed]
Naturally occurring compounds may also induce or inhibit CYP activity. For example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices, including bergamottin, dihydroxybergamottin, and paradicin-A, have been found to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of certain medications, leading to increased bioavailability and, thus, the strong possibility of overdosing.[17] Because of this risk, avoiding grapefruit juice and fresh grapefruits entirely while on drugs is usually advised.[18]
Other examples:
A subset of cytochrome P450 enzymes play important roles in the synthesis of steroid hormones (steroidogenesis) by the adrenals, gonads, and peripheral tissue:
Humans have 57 genes and more than 59 pseudogenes divided among 18 families of cytochrome P450 genes and 43 subfamilies.[25] This is a summary of the genes and of the proteins they encode. See the homepage of the Cytochrome P450 Nomenclature Committee for detailed information.[14]
Family | Function | Members | Names |
CYP1 | drug and steroid (especially estrogen) metabolism, benzo(a)pyrene toxification | 3 subfamilies, 3 genes, 1 pseudogene | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 |
CYP2 | drug and steroid metabolism | 13 subfamilies, 16 genes, 16 pseudogenes | CYP2A6, CYP2A7, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2F1, CYP2J2, CYP2R1, CYP2S1, CYP2U1, CYP2W1 |
CYP3 | drug and steroid (including testosterone) metabolism | 1 subfamily, 4 genes, 2 pseudogenes | CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A43 |
CYP4 | arachidonic acid or fatty acid metabolism | 6 subfamilies, 12 genes, 10 pseudogenes | CYP4A11, CYP4A22, CYP4B1, CYP4F2, CYP4F3, CYP4F8, CYP4F11, CYP4F12, CYP4F22, CYP4V2, CYP4X1, CYP4Z1 |
CYP5 | thromboxane A2 synthase | 1 subfamily, 1 gene | CYP5A1 |
CYP7 | bile acid biosynthesis 7-alpha hydroxylase of steroid nucleus | 2 subfamilies, 2 genes | CYP7A1, CYP7B1 |
CYP8 | varied | 2 subfamilies, 2 genes | CYP8A1 (prostacyclin synthase), CYP8B1 (bile acid biosynthesis) |
CYP11 | steroid biosynthesis | 2 subfamilies, 3 genes | CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2 |
CYP17 | steroid biosynthesis, 17-alpha hydroxylase | 1 subfamily, 1 gene | CYP17A1 |
CYP19 | steroid biosynthesis: aromatase synthesizes estrogen | 1 subfamily, 1 gene | CYP19A1 |
CYP20 | unknown function | 1 subfamily, 1 gene | CYP20A1 |
CYP21 | steroid biosynthesis | 2 subfamilies, 1 gene, 1 pseudogene | CYP21A2 |
CYP24 | vitamin D degradation | 1 subfamily, 1 gene | CYP24A1 |
CYP26 | retinoic acid hydroxylase | 3 subfamilies, 3 genes | CYP26A1, CYP26B1, CYP26C1 |
CYP27 | varied | 3 subfamilies, 3 genes | CYP27A1 (bile acid biosynthesis), CYP27B1 (vitamin D3 1-alpha hydroxylase, activates vitamin D3), CYP27C1 (unknown function) |
CYP39 | 7-alpha hydroxylation of 24-hydroxycholesterol | 1 subfamily, 1 gene | CYP39A1 |
CYP46 | cholesterol 24-hydroxylase | 1 subfamily, 1 gene | CYP46A1 |
CYP51 | cholesterol biosynthesis | 1 subfamily, 1 gene, 3 pseudogenes | CYP51A1 (lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase) |
Many animals have as many or more CYP genes than humans do. For example, mice have genes for 101 CYPs, and sea urchins have even more (perhaps as many as 120 genes).[26] Most CYP enzymes are presumed to have monooxygenase activity, as is the case for most mammalian CYPs that have been investigated (except for, e.g., CYP19 and CYP5). However, gene and genome sequencing is far outpacing biochemical characterization of enzymatic function, although many genes with close homology to CYPs with known function have been found.
The classes of CYPs most often investigated in non-human animals are those either involved in development (e.g., retinoic acid or hormone metabolism) or involved in the metabolism of toxic compounds (such as heterocyclic amines or polyaromatic hydrocarbons). Often there are differences in gene regulation or enzyme function of CYPs in related animals that explain observed differences in susceptibility to toxic compounds (ex. canines inability to metabolize xanthines such as caffeine). Some drugs undergo metabolism in both species via different enzymes, resulting in different metabolites, while other drugs are metabolized in one species but excreted unchanged in another species. For this reason, one species reaction to a substance is not a reliable indication of the substances effects in humans.
CYPs have been extensively examined in mice, rats, dogs, and less so in zebrafish, in order to facilitate use of these model organisms in drug discovery and toxicology. Recently CYPs have also been discovered in avian species, in particular turkeys, that may turn out to be a great model for cancer research in humans.[27] CYP1A5 and CYP3A37 in turkeys were found to be very similar to the human CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 respectively, in terms of their kinetic properties as well as in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1.[28]
CYPs have also been heavily studied in insects, often to understand pesticide resistance. For example, CYP6G1 is linked to insecticide resistance in DDT-resistant Drosophila melanogaster[29] and CYP6Z1 in the mosquito malaria vector Anopheles gambiae is capable of directly metabolizing DDT.[30]
Microbial cytochromes P450 are often soluble enzymes and are involved in diverse metabolic processes. In bacteria the distribution of P450s is very variable with many bacteria having no identified P450s (e.g. E.coli). Some bacteria, predominantly actinomycetes, have numerous P450s (e.g.,[31][32]). Those so far identified are generally involved in either biotransformation of xenobiotic compounds (e.g. CYP105A1 from Streptomyces griseolus metabolizes sulfonylurea herbicides to less toxic derivatives,[33]) or are part of specialised metabolite biosynthetic pathways (e.g. CYP170B1 catalyses production of the sesquiterpenoid albaflavenone in Streptomyces albus,[34]). Although no P450 has yet been shown to be essential in a microbe, the CYP105 family is highly conserved with a representative in every streptomycete genome sequenced so far ([35]). Due to the solubility of bacterial P450 enzymes, they are generally regarded as easier to work with than the predominantly membrane bound eukaryotic P450s. This, combined with the remarkable chemistry they catalyse, has led to many studies using the heterologously expressed proteins in vitro. Few studies have investigated what P450s do in vivo, what the natural substrate(s) are and how P450s contribute to survival of the bacteria in the natural environment.Three examples that have contributed significantly to structural and mechanistic studies are listed here, but many different families exist.
The commonly used azole class antifungal drugs work by inhibition of the fungal cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase. This interrupts the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, a component of the fungal cell membrane. (This is useful only because humans' P450 have a different sensitivity; this is how this class of antifungals work.)[39]
Significant research is ongoing into fungal P450s, as a number of fungi are pathogenic to humans (such as Candida yeast and Aspergillus) and to plants.
Cunninghamella elegans is a candidate for use as a model for mammalian drug metabolism.
Plant cytochromes P450 are involved in a wide range of biosynthetic reactions, leading to various fatty acid conjugates, plant hormones, defensive compounds, or medically important drugs. Terpenoids, which represent the largest class of characterized natural plant compounds, are often substrates for plant CYPs.
The remarkable reactivity and substrate promiscuity of P450s have long attracted the attention of chemists.[40] Recent progress towards realizing the potential of using P450s towards difficult oxidations have included: (i) eliminating the need for natural co-factors by replacing them with inexpensive peroxide containing molecules,[41] (ii) exploring the compatibility of p450s with organic solvents,[42] and (iii) the use of small, non-chiral auxiliaries to predictably direct P450 oxidation.[citation needed]
InterPro subfamilies:
Clozapine, imipramine, paracetamol, phenacetin Heterocyclic aryl amines Inducible and CYP1A2 5-10% deficient oxidize uroporphyrinogen to uroporphyrin (CYP1A2) in heme metabolism, but they may have additional undiscovered endogenous substrates. are inducible by some polycyclic hydrocarbons, some of which are found in cigarette smoke and charred food. These enzymes are of interest, because in assays, they can activate compounds to carcinogens. High levels of CYP1A2 have been linked to an increased risk of colon cancer. Since the 1A2 enzyme can be induced by cigarette smoking, this links smoking with colon cancer.[citation needed]
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Two Bedroom 1.5 Bath - The Beechwood | $1595 - $1605 | 1.5 Bathrooms | 978 Sq. Ft. |
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Property Features
- Property Overview
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- Local Schools
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Arbors, The in Santee, CA
Come Home to The Arbors located in Santee, CA where we offer spacious 2 bedroom 1/2 bath Townhomes and our 2 & 3 bedroom apartments. We offer amenities such as full size washer/dryer hookups, central air and heat, ceiling fan, wood burning fireplaces, 2 pools and 2 spas. Some of our apartments come with 1 car garage included plus an assigned parking space. We are centrally located, close to shopping, schools, parks and easy access to freeways. We offer maintenance service 24/7 to take care of your needs as well as courtesy patrol. Call The Arbors today for your personal tour.
Special Features
- 2 & 3 Bedroom Apartments and 2 Bedroom Townhomes
- Recreation Area
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- 2 Pools and 2 Spas
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- Near Shopping
- Near the Freeway for your convenience
- Cat & Dogs (up to 25lbs) Welcome
- Private Garages and Carports Available
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Additional Information
Year Built: 1985
Apartments in Community: 214
Apartment Amenities
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- Gas Utilities Included
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- Washer Dryer Hookup
- Window Covering
Local Schools
- Rio Seco Elementary School
- Santana High School
We believe school data to be accurate, but do not guarantee that. Please be sure to verify where your children will attend school before making your housing decision.
Pet Policy
Cats & Dogs (up to 25lbs) Welcome. Pet deposit $500 (up to 2 PETS) $30 pet rent per pet. The above information is general in nature and for promotional purposes only. Accuracy of the information is not guaranteed, including but not limited to apartment size, layout, features, amenities, location, common areas, parking, or neighborhood. Please contact leasing personnel for further information
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From Highway 52 exit Mast Blvd. to Magnolia Park Drive(about 3 miles). Go right at Magnolia Park Drive. We Are On the right. From Highway 125 N. Go right on Mission George Rd (about 2.5 miles). Turn left on Cuyamaca. Right on Mast Blvd. Right at Magnolia Park Dr. Rental office is on the right. From Highway 67 exit Prospect to Magnolia Ave. (North). Continue to Mast Blvd, turn left. Left on Magnolia Park Dr. Rental office is on the right.
As you search for your perfect apartment, please keep in mind that rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability are very fluid in the apartment industry. Based on many factors, the rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability can actually change not just daily, but hourly, if not even more quickly. While our advertisers do take steps to keep their information current, the rental rates or availability you may find here now at ForRent.com may not be the same as when you contact the communities.
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Prior to Xavier...Third-Team All-District 2008 and 2009...two-time Most Valuable Player at Stebbins High School...club played club soccer for the Ohio Premier Eagles...Personal...a nursing major with a minor in sign language...born March 15, 1994 in Abillene, Texas...daughter of Nancy and Vince Schuster...has a younger brother, Michael.
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