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Release Date: 2011 | Tracklist
Probably wrote too much about this and rambled way too fucking much but this is awesome.
Digging: Imperial Triumphant - Abyssal Gods
Album Rating: 3.5 | Sound Offsweet too tired to read but yea
Digging: Steven Wilson - Hand. Cannot. Erase.
Also, this isn't to take anything away from someguest's really well-written review, it's just that I've had this written for awhile, and despite having the same rating I had some other things to say.
to all corners of the universe,
Taken at face value, this interludes are mere filler;
Digging: The Prodigy - Music for the Jilted Generation
Album Rating: 5.0kill people burn shit fuck school
Digging: Marina and The Diamonds - Froot
Thanks Someguest, I appreciate it. Fixed that too, thank you : ] And hi acad?
Album Rating: 3.5 | Sound Offschools a job and you dont get paid
Album Rating: 5.0^TITRA
Album Rating: 5.0i like tesseract a lot less than i thought i did
I don't like Cynic, should I still check this out?
agh. this just doesn't work for me. sorry. feels like the cynic equivalent of Ghost (the devin townsend project), only cynic is always better than DT so of course this is alright.
But Ghost was still way better than Deconstruction
Album Rating: 5.0no decon >>> ghosst dueh
Album Rating: 5.0decon has the farting sounds it rules
DT sounds like shit all the time guys decon = ghost
so wrong
Album Rating: 3.5 | Sound Offbalcaen is gay
Album Rating: 5.0balcaen is the kinda guy who pees sitting down
Album Rating: 3.0oh man
Album Rating: 3.5 | Sound Offbalcaen is dumb
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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Town Square
SMCSO Deputy Eric Merti R.I.P.
Original post made by Michael G. Stogner, another community, on Jan 31, 2013
He was killed in motorcycle crash in Burlingame.
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A proposal for Monday Night's Office Cap Discussion
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subset: commoncrawl


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If you're planning a visit to the Katherine region, chances are you're thinking of the possibilities of the great outdoors. And you're right – the options are endless. Take time to relax or seek out adventure of all kinds on land, water or from the air.
Cast your line for that prized barramundi along the Daly, Roper, Victoria or McArthur Rivers. Hire your own boat, or join a guided tour. Swim beneath stunning cascades, in thermal springs and fresh pools in the area's numerous national parks and reserves. Hop on board a river cruise along the Katherine River. Head out in time to view the sunset and learn about local indigenous history and culture.
Jump aboard a canoe for your own sight-seeing tour through the world-famous Katherine Gorge. Drift along the river, watch out for local wildlife, and navigate the gentle rapids with your paddle. Get your camp-fire songs ready for overnighting in national parks, snuggling down in your swag beneath the stars. Put your adventurous side, and your stamina, to the test by hiking the multi-day Jutbula Trail that winds its way through spectacular Nitmiluk National Park. Head out for an easier, but no less-rewarding day walk, stopping for picnicking and wildlife spotting at your own pace.
Cut a trail across Australia from the south through the Red Centre to the Top End on the Ghan, one of the continent's most incredible train journeys. Alight at Katherine, and experience the extraordinary scenery along the way. Take to the sky on a helicopter tour or scenic flight to view Arnhem Land, fly above the towering cliffs of Katherine Gorge, over wending rivers, spotting wildlife and unique geographical features along the way.
Slideshow controls have visual effect only.
Keen bushwalker? Intrepid explorer? This is bushwalking paradise. No matter your fitness there's the perfect walk waiting for you in Katherine.
Find a quiet spot on the sand or red dirt, roll out your swag, and lay down beneath countless twinkling stars – this is camping Outback style.
Keen to try your luck on the famous Daly River or Katherine's Gulf Region? Find out the best places to cast a line and get tips on how to get there.
Discover Katherine's unique geographic gifts from winding rivers, waterfalls and ocean to vast deserts and plunging gorges – an adventurer's playground
Soar above great tracts of spectacular scenery in a light aircraft or witness the magnificent Katherine Gorge from the cockpit of a helicopter.
Jump aboard the Ghan as it cuts through the continent, visiting Katherine and some of the Territory's most spectacular destinations along the way.
Trawl along Katherine River through Nitmuluk National Park and take in the dramatic scenery as you move deeper into the stunning Katherine Gorge.
Push off from the river bank, fasten your lifejacket, and get your paddles going for an unforgettable journey through stunning landscapes.
Need to cool off after a hard day exploring the Katherine wilderness? From waterholes to hotel pools, find the best places to have a swim.
In a region as diverse as Katherine, the options for serious fun are endless. Join a cruise, camp beneath the stars or walk with experienced guides.
Choose from a range of fishing guided tours and head off in search of that mighty barra.
Join a 4WD tour and embark on a journey through the red desert sands and rugged gorges of the Australian Outback, sleeping beneath the stars at night.
Tackle the spectacular landscapes of the Katherine region and try your hand at canoeing, four-wheel driving, fishing and camping.
These links display recommendations about the current location. this information has been stored under tabs. The first tab contains the recommendated places to go. The second tab contains the recommendated things to do. The third tab contains the recommendated tours. The fourth tab contains the events. The fifth tab contains the accomodation.
Low Level Nature Reserve - Katherine & Surrounds
Sweetwater Pool - Katherine & Surrounds
Nitmiluk National Park (Katherine Gorge) - Katherine & Surrounds
Jatbula Trail - Katherine & Surrounds
Joe Creek Picnic Area and Nawulbinbin Walk - Katherine & Surrounds
Escarpment Walk - Katherine & Surrounds
Scene Everything - Katherine & Surrounds
DAR01 Darwin Scenic Tour - Katherine & Surrounds
Scene it up to Kakadu - Katherine & Surrounds
KTH04 Nitmiluk Gorge and Katherine River - Katherine & Surrounds
Nabilil Dreaming Sunset Cruise - Katherine & Surrounds
Thirteen Gorges Helicopter Flight - Katherine & Surrounds
Daly Waters Pub Outback B and S Ball - Katherine & Surrounds
Barunga Festival - Katherine & Surrounds
Katherine Fringe Festival - Katherine & Surrounds
Daly Waters Campdraft, Rodeo and Gymkhana - Katherine & Surrounds
Walking with Spirits - Katherine & Surrounds
Katherine Prize - Art and Craft Awards - Katherine & Surrounds
Shady Lane Tourist Park - Katherine & Surrounds
Beagle Motor Inn - Katherine & Surrounds
Mataranka Cabins and Camping - Katherine & Surrounds
Maud Creek Lodge - Katherine & Surrounds
Bullo River Station - Katherine & Surrounds
Daly Waters Historic Pub - Katherine & Surrounds


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good to see u still working on the bike. i love the shifter dude that is way way cool. wish i could say i have made the same progress on mine but been busy with other things so on the back burner she goes. i want to take yours for a spin when done i like it a lot
Just ran across your build here. Sorry, My Bad!! I really like were you are going with this and the frame being soooo loooww!! 8) I love it! No speed bumps for you my friend. Keep up the great work, can't wait to see more! :mrgreen:
well since i noticed someone wondering if id ever finish this in another thread...... last month i got some chain finally :lol: maybe next month ill toss a seat and some bars at it :lol: oh....the only parts that are staying is the chain(im guessing half link will like it)/chainring(thanks again kota!)/wheels/tires/and forks
Doh!!! How did I miss this one? Looks great, really like the flowing lines on the frame, and nice choice of wheels/tires, gives it a real tough look IMO. Cant wait to see it done.
thanks just flash rust....no gloves worn yet plus lots of rain and humidity(fwiw i work fast when people toss money my way ) some metal prep and a scuff pad will make short work of it before it sees primer&paint... ohhhh....i forgot to mention why im not running a 1" pitch chain on this one! is about what my other club member had to say when he saw this :lol: so no skip~link just a half link
the bike looks great love the wide wheels. oh and dude you wanna see rust look at mine my garage is well lets just say damp this time of year :shock:
got my seat mounted and started tossing bars at it(still not sure if im making some or if ill scrounge what i have around yet....got 3 more pairs to play with) to figure out where i want my hands and see what kind of stem ill need..... with some tweeking these may work....
what....you think id make a bike that i couldnt ride? dont mind the stem....i was just trying to figure out the exact reach i wanted dont know if that picture helps but its quite comfortable(its only about 7-8" longer than a schwinn canti frame with 26" wheels)....i did my homework and actually thought about what i wanted before i started with the steel :shock: once its all solid ill get a riding video up if i can talk the wife into taking one
Not as long as I thought. Hard to judge by the pics. Was just hoping you wouldn't put some sort of beach/cruiser bars on it.


text:
Supplements help prevent grass tetany
Grass tetany is a metabolic disorder of cattle related to a deficiency of magnesium (Mg). Early lactation cows are the most susceptible, with older cows considered more susceptible than those with their first or second calves. The logic is that older cows seem less capable of mobilizing Mg reserves from the bones than their younger counterparts.
Read more Read it in print


text:
Cosmic Conflict
Cosmic Conflict (Videopac) | |
Developer(s) | Philips |
Publisher(s) | Philips |
Platform(s) | Odyssey²/Videopac |
Release date(s) | 1978 [1] |
Genre(s) | Scrolling shooter |
Mode(s) | Single player |
Distribution | 1 Videopac Cartridge |
Cosmic Conflict from 1978 is one of the games for the Philips Magnavox Odyssey², a console from the 1970s in the 8-bit home video game console era. The game was a 2D shooter that allowed one or more players along with one choosable skill level to play. The plotline for the game was very basic (as with many games of the period), in which the player was a commander of the Centurion, an Earth Federation starship that guards a remote corner of the galaxy and defend against the alien invasion fleet trying to enslave Earth. In the end, the game did not sell as well as Atari, though it did do somewhat well in Brazil and Europe.
Cosmic Conflict is a first person, one skill level scrolling shooter in 2D perspective (similar to such other games as Star Fox). In the game, the player must travel through a space-themed environment filled with colorful planets in the background. The player must travel within the Centurion and shoot different enemies. The player's score depends upon how many enemies the player is able to shoot.
External links[edit]
This shoot 'em up video game article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |


text:
Performance golf ball fitting focuses on finding the best ball for your game and lowering your score.
Titleist offers the most precise club fitting experience in the game.
Need to customize headwear, gloves, bags, or golf balls?
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Posted: June 15, 2014
After just triple bogeying the par 5 14th at We-Ko-Pa Saguaro course, I was pretty bummed but ready to take a cut at the 216 yd 16th hole. I hit my shot well, just right of the flag and it started to come back left with the wind and I didn't think much of it. Eventually I lost sight of the ball and just heard it hit the ground which sounded like the green. I said that it sounded like it was on and one of my partners said that it sounded like it went long. We drive up and I start looking all over for my ball. I must have spent 3 minutes looking all around the green and in the desert. While I'm about to drop a ball to play, my partner walks up and says that there is a ball in the hole. Sure enough, it is my Titleist V1x sitting there, in the hole, logo up. Nearly all of my golfing friends have a hole in one and it has been a running joke that I hadn't had one yet. Now, I can say that I'm "part of the club" and I couldn't be happier.
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Tag: halo effect
Switcher Profile: Apple's 'halo effect' claims former editor of Windows Magazine
Cult of Mac writer Mike Elgan recently detailed the years-long process that convinced him to switch to the Mac. His story is fairly typical of many switchers: Once a die-hard PC evangelist, his first Apple product was the iPod, which he appreciated for its ease of use. The iPhone eventually con...
Mac usage surges amongst University of Virginia freshmen since 2004
According to the University of Virginia's Information Technology and Communication (ITC), which services the IT needs for most of the campus, 43 percent of first-year students at its residence halls during 2009 were using a Mac. The figure represents a continuation of a five-year trend that's seein...
iPad stealing sales of e-readers and portable game consoles
In a balky economy with limited opportunities for people to spend discretionary income on electronics, it's not surprising that a purchase of one device -- an iPad, for example -- might keep a person from purchasing an e-reader device like an Amazon Kindle or a portable game console. A report re...
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- Parallels Access 2.5 released, adds file manager, computer-to-computer remote access
- The Google Translate iOS app is about to get a lot smarter


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Newly remodeled 3 bedroom, 2-bathroom home in North Columbus. This home is clean and ready to move-in, with a 7 year young roof. Private backyard perfect for family and friends. Large bedrooms, and a large kitchen with bar. Breakfast room with French doors to the large covered patio. Complete with blinds throughout home. Master bathroom features garden tub and separate shower. Great Home. Great Location. Great Price all at a great time to buy!
Public Facts: As provided by County Assessor and Recorder offices. May not reflect recent additions or improvements. If you see any errors, the best way to get the records updated is to contact your local county records office. If any of the information in this section conflicts with property information provided by a listing agent or broker, agent-provided information should be deemed more reliable.
Population 34,544 | Median Household Income $70,778 | Median Years In Residence 7 |
Median Homeowner Age 35 | Households with Children 48.25% | Percent of Homes Rented 27.68% |
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Erin Jones
In.Mode Marketing, LLC
email@example.com (mailto:erin@
A New Brand Extension of Fashionable Footwear
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The spring BootDazzles too! collection will transform footwear to its most fabulous with style selections that include "Cleo", a vibrant violet floral, "Helen", a sassy flash of feathers, and "Sher", a beautiful crystal confection in white (brides, bridal party participants and wedding guests, take note!). And we'd be remiss if we didn't break down the popular perception that BootDazzles too! is only for footwear: a number of these dazzling designs can be removed from their boot/shoe strap and affixed onto bracelets, handbags, headbands, necklaces, you name it.
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Hey all. I've been doing extract and steeping for about a year now, and just yesterday put my first all grain batch in the fermenter. I made a white IPA, splicing recipes for a wit and american style IPA and when I went to check in it this morning, I had about 5" worth of sediment at the bottom if the carboy! This is easily 1/4 of the batch! Is this normal? And if so, do I filter this out when I rack to secondary? Any help is much appreciated. -shipwreck jonny Sent from my XT907 using Home Brew mobile app
Did you vorlauf until clear? That should help. Then what's the amount of hops you used? It'll be fine but if you want to rack to secondary, just put your racking cane above the trub, as you should anyway because it clogs easily. The recipe sounds yummy though.
I did, both after mash out and after sparging. The sediment is super fine and I didn't notice until it began to settle. I used a total of 2oz of Centennial and 1.5oz of Australian Galaxy, with plans to dry hop 2oz of whole Amarillo. I mashed 7 lbs of Belgian pils, 4 lbs of white wheat malt, 1 lb of flaked wheat and 1/2 lb of flaked oats for 60minutes @ 152° during the boil, I added lemon grass, sweet orange peel and crushed pink pepper corns. The sediment isn't hop residue; its 5" of cloudiness the likes of which I haven't seen before. Is it normal? Do I filter it out completely? Sent from my XT907 using Home Brew mobile app
Some of it could be yeast already. You're okay, that's the biggest point to make. You rack on top of the trub anyway.
Rgr. WILCO. Sent from my XT907 using Home Brew mobile app
I think you are seeing a bunch of break material. When you were doing extract batches there probably wasn't as much of it because it settled out when the extract was made. Don't worry about it, when the yeast are done you won't even see it.
Having just racked a pale, I have what looks like 50% trub. I know it's not. I think it's cold break. I lost over 1/2 gallon to trub in the kettle so I know I don't have 1.75 gallons of trub in the fermenter. I agree, cold break is a likely culprit.
Thanks, all. Good to know. Sent from my XT907 using Home Brew mobile app
Now that fermentation has kicked in, all that sediment is being circulated around. I'm betting she's gonna clean up nicely. Sent from my XT907 using Home Brew mobile app


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US 8155898 B2 Abstract A method is provided for accomplishing energy changes for a power converter to minimize an impact of a disturbance. The power converter includes energy storage and switches. The method comprises determining a nature of the disturbance, evaluating an amount of energy to be added or removed from the internal storage, and computing operating times of the switches to minimize the impact of the disturbance on outputs of the power converter.
Claims(16) 1. A method for determining energy changes using a power converter to minimize an impact of a disturbance, the power converter having energy storage elements and switching elements, the method comprising:
determining a nature of the disturbance;
evaluating an amount of energy to be added or removed based on the disturbance determination; and
based on the evaluated amount of energy to be added or removed, determining an operating sequence of the switching elements using a computer processor, wherein the operating sequence provides a sequencing of the switching elements, and switching times and operating durations of each of the switching elements in the power converter based on available energy levels of the energy storage elements before and during the addition or removal of the evaluated amount of energy, thereby minimizing the impact of the disturbance on outputs of the power converter.
2. The method according to
determining which ones of the internal storage elements to utilize; and
determining whether an operating status of each of the switches switching elements associated with the internal storage elements determined to be utilized need to be modified.
3. The method according to
determining that augmenting the power converter with a load is needed for energy removal.
4. The method according to
augmenting the power converter with an additional path between the input and the output of the power converter.
5. The method according to
6. The method according to
7. The method according to
determining a post-disturbance steady state current and current ripple band, and wherein the operating sequence serves to reach the post-disturbance steady state current.
8. The method according to
determining a post-disturbance steady state voltage and voltage ripple band, and wherein the operating sequence serves to reach the post-disturbance steady state voltage.
9. A non-transitory computer storage readable medium comprising instructions which when executed by a computer system causes the computer to implement a method for determining energy changes using a power converter to minimize an impact of a disturbance, the power converter having one or more energy storage elements and switching elements, the method comprising:
determining a nature of the disturbance;
evaluating an amount of energy to be added or removed based on the disturbance determination; and
based on the evaluated amount of energy to be added or removed, determining an operating sequence of the switching elements, wherein the operating sequence provides a sequencing of the switching elements, and switching times and operating durations of each of the switching elements by the power converter based on the available energy levels of the energy storage elements before and during the addition or removal of the evaluated amount of energy, thereby minimizing the impact of the disturbance on outputs of the power converter.
10. The non-transitory computer storage readable medium according to
determining which ones of the internal storage elements to utilize; and
determining whether an operating status of each of the switching elements associated with the internal storage elements determined to be utilized needs to be modified.
11. The non-transitory computer storage readable medium according to
determining that augmenting the power converter with a load is needed for energy removal.
12. The non-transitory computer storage readable medium according to
augmenting the power converter with an additional path between the input and the output of the power converter.
13. The non-transitory computer storage readable medium according to
14. The non-transitory computer storage readable medium according to
15. The non-transitory computer storage readable medium according to
determining a post-disturbance steady state current and current ripple band, and wherein the operating sequence serves to reach the post-disturbance steady state current.
16. The non-transitory computer storage readable medium according to
determining a post-disturbance steady state voltage and voltage ripple band, and wherein the operating sequence serves to reach the post-disturbance steady state voltage.
Description The present invention claims priority to a Provisional Patent Application No. 60/807,411, filed in the United States Patent Office on Jul. 14, 2006, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein to the extent permitted by law. The invention relates to power converters and, more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for providing an extremely fast response in switching power converters. Conventional switching dc-dc converter controls are typically limited to bandwidths that are a fraction of their switching frequency. Even advanced geometric controls are generally limited by an internal slew rate of the dc-dc converter, which represents a maximum rate of change of a signal at any point in the dc-dc converter. In conventional switching dc-dc power converters, performance is constrained by the designer to conform to models used for control analysis and design. Averaging methods, for example, presuppose switching action that is much faster than system dynamics. Small-signal models, which must be based on averaging methods since dc-dc converters can not be linearized, typically support designs for dynamic response only up to a fraction of the switching frequency. Conventional controls use the switch duty ratio as the actuation process for closed-loop control. As is well known, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) process is a convenient way to interface a duty ratio controller with a switching converter. Disturbances, such as line and load changes, cannot be addressed more quickly than the dynamic limitations of these controllers. Geometric controls, in contrast, work directly with dynamics. Burns et al., in �Analytic Derivation and Evaluation of a State�Trajectory Control Law for DC-to-DC controllers,� published in Record, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1977, and Bass et al., in �State-Plane Animation of Power Electronic System: A Tool for Understanding Feedback Control and Stability,� published in Proceedings, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, 1980, introduced several types of geometric controls for dynamic behavior. Mossoba et al., in �Null Audio Susceptibility of Current Mode Buck Converters: Small Signal and Large Signal Perspectives,� published in Proceedings, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2003, introduced designs that yield deadbeat responses to line disturbances for some classes of converters. Modern needs for fast dynamic performance are generally motivated by fast microprocessor loads. In typical implementations, the dynamic response is enhanced by raising the switching frequency or using multiphase designs. Beyond small-signal methods, Sanders, in �Design of Ceramic-Capacitor VRMs (Voltage Regular Module) with Estimated Load Current Feedforward,� published in Proceedings, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2005, showed how to apply controls that enhance dynamics, while other researchers have concentrated on the implementation of active filters for this purpose. Converter slew rates limit the ultimate performance of known geometric controls. Since voltages and currents are subject to pre-determined limits in a converter, the rates of change of inductor currents and capacitor voltages are limited in well-defined ways. Obviously the dynamic response of a converter can be enhanced with smaller inductors and capacitors and higher switching frequencies, but other design considerations and losses place practical limits on this strategy. In the end, dynamic response of any dc-dc converter is limited by physical design considerations and constraints. As such, a tradeoff is typically considered, e.g., an inductor selected to achieve a certain ripple current inherently limits the rate of change of the load current. In addition, fast dc-dc dynamic performance is crucial for supplying clean power to dynamic loads. This is a particular concern in low-voltage digital systems, such as microprocessors, in which fast, high-current load steps can lead to significant transients. A transient, which is a response to an imposed change, called a disturbance, is a signal that takes time to recover to the desired value, and may overshoot or undershoot the desired steady-state values. These transients often are dominated by the need to change energy stored in the power converter inductor. Disturbances have become more and more significant with higher demands from modern processors. In the literature, a number of solutions have been proposed for reducing load-induced transients at different system levels. At the top system level, a bulk supply powers multiple loads. At the bottom system level, converters deliver power in cascade with voltage regulator modules (VRM) and point-of-load (POL) converters. A typical method to improve transient response at both system levels is to increase values of capacitance, either in the power stage or in output filters at the final load. Generally, filters need to carry the nominal power of the system and must store enough energy storage to handle worst-case load steps. However, this method tends to reduce closed-loop bandwidths and may produce voltage spikes induced by resonant loops between the output filter, supply, and conductors leading to POL converters. Distributed power architectures, when they apply, resolve some of these issues. In a typical distributed architecture, power supplies are split into smaller modules and placed near the loads. This strategy may reduce the source-to-load impedance and the required energy storage capacity. These smaller modules regulate independently and are controlled to reject local load disturbances to the extent possible in conventional control designs. A design challenge is to reject disturbances without sacrificing bandwidth, i.e., prevent load or line changes from affecting the output, while at the same time supporting fast changes to the output voltage and current. These have presented counteracting goals in the prior art. Moreover, most controllers typically operate without knowledge of corresponding loads, which is information that could provide advantages for controllers intended to improve transient response. The opportunity for operating with knowledge of load behavior is increasing, as more intelligent loads enter use. Efforts to reduce energy consumption and manage heat have led to a new class of deterministic loads. Even with substantial load knowledge, performance may be limited by the power converter topology. Storage elements create bottlenecks that limit converter performance. For example, in a buck converter topology, all energy must first pass through the inductor and exit through the load. Any change that requires more stored energy must first increase the inductor energy, while any change that requires less energy uses the load to remove the excess. Various alterations to the basic dc-dc topologies have been suggested to circumvent this issue. Current sharing with interleaved or parallel converters reduces the inductance of the converter and increases conduction paths to the output. Parallel converters provide advantages similar to distributed power architectures mentioned earlier, but they share a single regulation point. Another alteration involves bypassing storage elements. This can increase power flow and, thus, dynamic response at the load. Added conduction paths have been proposed and given names such as active clamps, single shot transient suppressors (SSTS), and active filters. The addition of linear regulators in parallel with the output is equivalent to the active clamp approach. Conduction path alteration only needs to handle transient power, but does not fundamentally alter stored energy. In the sense the altered paths do not provide explicit dynamic control of stored energy changes, their impact on transient response is indirect. Therefore, a need exists for a method and apparatus for providing fast converter controls that directly manage changes in stored energy. Methods based on geometric control techniques need to be enhanced with converter augmentation to circumvent dynamic limits to fast transient response, thereby overcoming the problems noted above and others previously experienced. These and other needs will become apparent to those of skill in the art after reading the present specification. The foregoing problems are solved and a technical advance is achieved by the present invention. A method is provided for accomplishing fast energy change for a power converter to minimize an impact of a disturbance. The power converter includes energy storage and switches. The method comprises determining a nature of the disturbance, evaluating an amount of energy to be added or removed from the internal storage, and computing operating times of the switches to minimize the impact of the disturbance on outputs of the power converter. In an advantageous aspect, the method determines which ones of the internal storage elements to utilize, and whether a status of each of the switches associated with the internal storage elements determined to be utilized need to be modified. In another advantageous aspect, the method determines that augmenting the power converter with a load is needed for energy removal. In another advantageous aspect, the method determines an operating sequence of the switches. In another advantageous aspect, the method augments the power converter with an additional path between the input and the output of the power converter. In another advantageous aspect, the path augmentation of the power converter provides energy removal and improves a response time to the disturbance. In another advantageous aspect, the additional path provides a parallel phase of the power converter configured for low energy storage and for managing energy during transients resulting from the disturbance. In another advantageous aspect, the method determines a post-disturbance steady state current and current ripple band, and determines an operation sequence to reach the post-disturbance current ripple. In still another advantageous aspect, the method determines a post-disturbance steady state voltage and voltage ripple band, and an operation sequence to reach the post-disturbance voltage ripple. Other systems, apparatus, methods, features, and advantages of the present invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate an implementation of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the advantages and principles of the invention. In the drawings: Reference will now be made in detail to an implementation consistent with the present invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or like parts. Hereafter, it would be recognized that a practical dc-dc converter has an output ripple band, a tolerance range around the intended output voltage. While many power supply specifications treat average behavior and ripple behavior separately, here the ripple behavior is taken as a limiting factor. If an output voltage remains within its ripple band during converter operation, then the converter can be said to be delivering nominal output. If an output voltage remains within its ripple band in response to a disturbance, the transient response can be said to have been annulled. A new class of controls introduced herein begins with geometric control techniques and enhances them with converter augmentation to circumvent dynamic limits. Examples are provided of buck and boost converters that have null response in the sense of ripple band to large-signal load and line changes. Even the boost converter, with its non-minimum phase operation, can respond to fast load steps without any output disturbance outside the ripple band with the methods of the present invention. An ultimate limit of the new control techniques is inherently governed by the speed with which a disturbance or change in operation can be detected and analyzed�typically much faster than other aspects of a converter. As soon as the converter control is �aware� of a disturbance, the converter control can begin an operating sequence and compute subsequent action that responds to this disturbance with no output effects outside the ripple band. Boost, buck-boost, boost-buck, and other converter configurations with internal energy storage elements need to change their internal stored energy in response to line or load disturbances. Buck converters need to change stored energy levels in response to load disturbances. Energy changes imply slew rates: inductor current changes driven by voltage differences or capacitor voltage changes driven by current differences. Now referring to As an example for a sample application, let the basic boost converter 100 be a 3 volts (V) to 12 V dc-dc converter switching at 200 kHz, with a load power range of 1 watt (W) to 12 W. Let the inductor L 104 have an inductance of 20 microhenries (μH) and the capacitor C 110 have a capacitance of 200 microfarads (μF). Without loss of generality by ignoring losses and switch drops, a transition from 3 W to 12 W in the desired load may take the inductor current from 1 ampere (A) to 4 A, and the stored energy from 10 microjoules (μJ) to 160 μJ. Only the input level of 3 V may be available to force a current increase, and the slew rate limit is 150 kA/s. As such, even under best-case conditions, it will take 20 μs to raise the current as required, i.e., four full switching periods. To circumvent dynamic limits and steady-state performance tradeoffs, converter augmentation adds degrees of freedom that support fast energy changes. The augmentation circuits of this invention are somewhat like snubbers, which are simple electrical circuits used to suppress (�snub�) electrical transients. Snubbers are frequently used with an inductive load where a sudden interruption of current flow may lead to a sharp rise in voltage across the device creating the interruption. This sharp rise in voltage might lead to an undesired transient or permanent failure of the controlling device. The method of the invention is similar in principle to a snubber: redirect energy flows during a short interval to improve system-level performance. Converter augmentation is an important step but may also be insufficient. As such, geometric control designs are introduced herein to work with augmented converters to substantially minimize or even null disturbances. Large line and load steps are considered for buck and boost converters, and in each case techniques are provided to show how to respond within output voltage ripple limits. In the case of snubbers, augmented converters may use either lossy or energy recovery techniques. Small dc-dc converters usually are best served by lossy designs since they are simple and easy to implement. At higher power levels, augmentation can be implemented with energy recovery to enhance system efficiency. A problem to be considered is whether digital-based control techniques, combined with augmentation, can substantially minimize or even completely cancel line and load step disturbances in basic dc-dc converters. Since a converter always has output ripple, a response that remains within ripple limits before, during, and after a large-signal transient disturbance can be said to represent a null response in which the large disturbance is completely cancelled. There are many ways to augment converters. For example, during an operation of the basic boost converter 100, one may be tempted to use some a higher voltage auxiliary supply, and switch over to it briefly to increase the slew rate. This strategy is possible in applications such as personal computers in which other supply levels are present, but only provides limited improvement. Another tempting approach is to provide alternative energy paths with separate converters. A switch that provides an energy path across a flyback converter can deliver energy directly from input to output, but compromises the advantages of the converter topology. As know in the art, a flyback converter is a dc-dc converter with a galvanic isolation between the input and the output(s). More precisely, the flyback converter is a buck-boost converter with the inductor split to form a transformer, so that the voltage ratios are multiplied with an additional advantage of isolation. The augmentation forms to be discussed hereafter are configured to preserve the converter topology, although this is not a limiting factor of the methods of the invention. To formulate the preferred embodiment of the invention, the following constraints are imposed:
As will be seen, given these constraints, solutions exist that can deliver null response to disturbances. As is well known, techniques to change energy levels on a dynamic basis need to either inject or remove energy, and there can be associated losses or complexities associated with energy recovery. Consider again the basic boost converter 100 of In a conventional small-signal closed-loop design, this extra energy removal can result in a gradual process of energy removal over many cycles as the control system (not shown) connected to the basic boost converter 100 makes a dynamic transition from one steady state to another steady state. However, in a geometric controller, this process is accelerated by decreasing the boost converter 100 net input energy for a time until nominal load power consumes the excess stored amount. A faster control can take one of the following response techniques to disturbances: 1. Turn off the active switch q1 106 and wait for a specific or predetermined time until the energy of the inductor L 104 reaches a new target value. If the output capacitor C 110 is large enough to absorb the extra energy without moving outside the specified ripple band, this simple technique leads to null response without augmentation. 2. Augment with extra elements that can recover some of the inductor energy and deliver it back to a source. 3. Analogous to a lossy snubber, augment with extra load to dissipate the excess energy. 4. Augment with a parallel phase designed for low energy storage, and use it to manage energy during transients. The first technique can be limited by slew rates. The second technique can take the form of a separate converter to deliver energy from the inductor L 104 to the load R 112, a set of switches to reverse the inductor current back into the source, or added switched capacitor arrangements. Hereafter, only the third and fourth techniques are considered, but still other techniques based on various known energy-recovery snubber circuits can be applied to convert lossy approaches into energy recovery methods. The augmentation methods of the present invention are arranged as follows:
Now referring to The case of a null response to a step in line voltage in the buck converter 200 depicted in To illustrate the problem, let the inductor L 204 have an inductance of 2 μH, the capacitor C 210 have a capacitance of 1800 μF, the load resistance R 212 have a resistance of 0.1., the input voltage Vin be equal to 12 V, and choose an output reference Vref=5 V (not shown) at the load resistance R 212 for the buck converter 200. A switching frequency of 100 kHz is used, and switch q1 206 is modeled as a substantially ideal switching element. In A null response can be generated with a few computations if the disturbance is sensed. Before the line step, the input voltage Vin is 12 V and the output Vref is 5 V. The average inductor current is 50 A with this load of 0.1Ω. A linear ripple approximation can be used to show that the pre-disturbance ripple current is about 14.58 A peak to peak, with a minimum of 42.71 A at the instant of time the active switch q1 206 turns on and a maximum of 57.29 A when the switch q1 206 shuts off. An input voltage sensor can track the input, and can detect the 14 V input voltage after the step change. Linear ripple shows the new steady-state ripple at a current of 16.07 A peak to peak, with a minimum of 41.96 A and a maximum of 58.04 A. The converter 200 can recover to steady state if the current at a time of 90 us is this new minimum, 41.96 A. Since the ripple is linear and the slopes are easy to find, it is straightforward to compute that this objective is achieved if the switch q1 206 turns off at 83.75 μs. As such, a controller (not shown) associated with the buck converter 200 can make use of about 1.75 μs to sense the state change and compute this result. The associated control performance is shown in A useful tool for evaluation of performance is a phase-plane plot, as in A disturbance due to a line step decrease is handled in the same manner: the disturbance is sensed, and a new switch time is computed to bring the current as close as possible to the computed new limit cycle. In the example of However, if instead the disturbance occurs too late in a cycle to support exactly the right time, then three situations can be identified:
The first situation has been addressed in the example of In all these situations (and including line decreases), real-time calculation can identify the right switching time to null the response. No converter augmentation was required, but voltages and slopes were needed for the algorithm of the controller. As such, a digital process can monitor operation continuously, and compute the switching time for each cycle. The process can be difficult in an analog setting since numerical estimates of minimum and maximum ripple currents are needed in the computation. However, since ripple can be well-represented as piecewise linear, the arithmetic involved is simple and direct, and there are no apparent barriers to real-time implementation. Fast response of the buck converter 200, for example, to load steps is a topic of wide interest, given extreme requirements of modern microprocessors. In contrast to the line step case, a load step affecting the buck converter 200 requires a change in stored energy in the inductor element L 204. This means that the buck converter 200 may need to be augmented to provide extra energy sink and source paths to deliver a fast response. As an example, an augmented buck converter 600 is shown in As shown in The resistor Rs 618 and its associated switch qs 620 provide an energy delivery path to the load that allows it to be supported during times when the inductor energy is to increase. The resistor Rd 614 provides a parallel sink path to decrease the inductor energy while minimally or even without disturbing the output. Let us consider first a load decrease with the same parameters as used in At the instant the disturbance is detected, the controller shuts off the active switch q1 606 and turns on the switch qd 616 to initiate energy reduction. The current is 49.71 A at 82 μs, and needs to drop as much as 30 A. The slew rate is limited, however, since the output voltage is to stay constant and the active switch qd 606 is off. The inductor voltage is −5 V, and its current falls at a rate of 2.5 A/μs. By the end of the first cycle, the current should decrease by 20 A to 29.71 A. This is still too high, so the action needs to continue in the second cycle. The next current target becomes a current of 12.71 A at a time of 100 μs. The switch qd 616 is kept on for 9.9 μs during this process rather than 10.5 μs to account for energy needed in the output capacitor. To reach a current level of 12.71 A, the active switch q1 606 is turned on at 90 μs and off at 91.33 μs. Results of this technique are illustrated in the time domain graph of A buck converter load increase needs the resistor Rs 618 to be brought on rather than the resistor Rd 614. In this case, a strategy is to supply the extra current in the larger load while the active switch q1 606 stays on to increase the inductor stored energy. In this case, the load steps from 0.1Ω to 0.05Ω at a time of 82 Ωs. When this load change is detected, the active switch q1 606 is held on for the duration of the period and the switch q1 620 also switches on. In the 8 μs that remain in the period, the current increases by 28 A. But since the load increase is 50 A, the result is insufficient at 90 μs. The operation should be computed to reach the correct current at 100 μs. The average inductor energy is to increase from 2.5 mJ to 10 mJ, so 7.5 mJ must be injected into the inductor L 604. The new load is using energy at the rate of 500 W, but immediately after the load step the buck converter 600 is operating to deliver 250 W. As such, the resistor Rs 618 delivers energy around the inductor L 604 to the load. If its value and switch timing are selected properly, the output capacitor C 610 is kept charged and prevent significant voltage excursion during the process. Thus, an obvious choice is to deliver the entire extra 50 A around the inductor L 604, which needs the resistor Rs 618 to be equal to 0.14Ω. However, this evaluation may be too approximate and may cause an excessive voltage swing. Instead, a more complete analysis, based on average values and linear ripple, during the interval from 82 μs to 90 μs, can be obtained, as follows:
During the cycle from 90 μs to 100 μs, the objective is to switch so as to reach the new minimum current, 92.71 A, at t=100 μs. The current at 90 μs is 77.71 A in this analysis. This current value is less than the final current target value of 92.71 A. The energy that still needs to be added to the inductor L 604 is about 2.56 mJ. The correct current value can be achieved if the active switch q1 606 shuts off at 96.67 μs. What about energy injection? If the shut-off time is at 96.67 μs, the switch q1 606 will be on 2.5 μs longer than in steady state. The inductor L 604 is charged for an extra 2.5 μs and avoids discharge for an extra 2.5 μs. The extra net energy into the inductor L 604 is 7 V�77.71 A�2.5 μs+5 V�77.71 A�2.5 μs, or 2.33 mJ. The deficit is 0.23 mJ. If Rd 616 is kept on for a brief additional time, then the inductor L 604 delivers 5 V�42.5 A�t extra to the load, so 0.23 mJ requires 1.08 μs. The entire operating sequence for this example is as follows:
The augmented response process introduces some losses. For the load increase example, the loss in Rs 618 is about 2.7 mJ per event. For this 500 W converter, up to 2000 events per second can be handled before there is a one point decrease in system efficiency. The resistor Rs 618 can be replaced with a switched capacitor arrangement or separate power converter to reduce losses. Boost converters and related circuits have an inherent non-minimum phase behavior, which thus cannot be eliminated while maintaining the same topology. The reason is that energy flow proceeds in a step-wise manner: When the active switch q1 606 is on, energy is delivered to the input inductor, which is also decoupled from the load. When the active switch q1 606 is off, energy can be transferred to the load. Any increase in energy delivery to the load requires a time interval in which the load is served only by the capacitor C 610, and therefore by a storage element with decreasing energy. There is always a delay involved in altering the energy flows. As is well known, this behavior imposes limits on dynamic response. The only reasonable prior known way to enhance dynamics is to increase the switching frequency. Augmentation under the constraints stated above can not violate the boost topology. However, augmentation methods that provide ideal response still can be arranged. In the boost converter 100, line increases and load decreases both require removal of energy from the inductor L 104. Analogously to the buck converter 600, this can be accomplished by turning off the active switch q1 106 such that the inductor L 104 is connected to the output, and augmenting the load with a separate resistor to absorb the excess energy. Line decreases and load increases, which require energy to be added to the inductor L 104, are more problematic for the boost converter 100. Given that topology violations are ruled out in the preferred embodiment, energy increase requires the active switch q1 106 to turn on, which decouples the load. How can the load be maintained during the energy increase process? One reasonable solution is to use a second boost converter phase, with oversized capacitor and essentially no load. In steady state, this phase acts only to maintain the desired output voltage on its capacitor, plus a small extra voltage to account for possible equivalent series resistance (ESR) drop. When a transient is detected that requires an energy increase, an additional switch can connect this second phase of the boost converter in parallel with the boost converter 100. As such, the extra capacitance maintains the load during the energy increase process, then the second phase of the boost converter goes back off line. A basis for using a second phase of the boost converter rather than simply increasing the output capacitance is that the separate second phase does not compromise dynamic performance in any manner. Furthermore, the extra second phase can use low-cost conventional capacitors. There is no need for low ESR or other special properties since the phase acts only briefly and will not see polarity changes across the corresponding ESR. Now referring to The boost converter 1100 is augmented for a line increase situation. For example, consider a case in which the rated power is 12 W, the converter 1100 is designed for 5 V to 12 V voltage step-up, and switches at a fixed frequency of 100 kHz. The output ripple band is 3%�a width of 0.36 V. The parameter values given achieve slightly less than 0.3 V peak-to-peak output ripple at nominal load. The load augmentation resistor Rd 1114 can be pre-selected or the effective resistance can be set through the use of fast PWM in the augmentation switch qd 1116. Now consider the operating sequence for a line step disturbance, with infinite slew rate, from 5 V to 6 V at time t=42 μs:
In Let Rd 1114 have a resistance of 10Ω. While the control sequence is active, this disturbances pulls out additional energy at a rate of 14.4 W or 0.144 mJ per cycle. To remove energy equal to 0.176 mJ, the resistor Rd 1114 needs to be connected for 12.2 μs. The actual time needed, however, is significantly less since the capacitor C 1110 gives up energy to the load during this process and needs to be restored. An estimate suggests that about 30 mJ should be left available for this purpose. Thus, the energy to be removed is closer to 0.144 mJ and may take about 10 μs to happen. The peak-to-peak ripple current before the line step is 146 mA and becomes 150 mA after the step disturbance. Based on linear ripple, the current at time 42 μs can be computed to be equal to 2.38 A. Since the active switch q1 1106 remains on the full cycle, through 50 μs, the current continues to fall to reach 2.14 A. To eliminate the disturbance transient, the current needs to drop to a minimum of 1.93 A at time of 60 μs. This will be accomplished if the active switch q1 1106 turns on at 50 μs and then off at 51.47 μs. To draw out the excess energy, the extra 10Ω load will be connected until the time of 52 μs. During this process, the augmented boost converter phase 1128 connects a five times large capacitor to the output to prevent excessive voltage excursion. For a line decrease from 6 V to 5 V, it is necessary to add energy to the inductor L 1104. With the 6 V input, the inductor current is at 1.99 A at t=42 μs, but needs to reach 2.33 A at the beginning of a period. When the input changes to 5 V, the inductor at 25 kA/s when the active switch q1 1106 is on. If the active switch q1 1106 is left on to the end of the period, the current remains low at 2.19 A. As in the line increase case, more control may need to be performed during the next cycle to reach 2.33 A at 60 μs. This will be the case if the active switch q1 1106 turns off at 58.2 μs. No experienced designer would try to apply a boost converter to a fast load step (especially an increase) because of the slow dynamics. To illustrate the methods of the present invention, the long-felt need to produce a boost converter with fast load step response is to be carried out: the boost converter 1100 is subjected to a load step to 200% with unlimited slew rate, while the input voltage is 5 V. The rated ripple band is set at 2%. The augmentation is an additional boost phase with a high capacitance. In this case, the inductor average current must increase from 2.4 A to 4.8 A. Since the slew rate limit is just 25 kA/s, the active switch needs to stay on for 96 μs to bring the current up. During this interval of nearly ten periods, the load must be held up by the extra capacitance. Since this time duration is about 40 times the steady-state interval, the capacitor Caug 1126 need to be about 40 times the nominal value to support this extreme change. The strategy in this example proceeds as follows:
As stated above, effective transient suppression methods need to distinguish between voltage ripple and disturbances, quantities that both depend on the connected load. The energy storage in a power converter depends on desired voltage and current ripple. When ripple has a fixed amplitude and frequency, the converter is said to have reached steady-state operation. As discussed above, a transient is a signal in response to a disturbance that overshoots or undershoots desired steady-state values. Further, transients are characterized by settling time, which is the duration between steady-state operations, and peak overshoot and undershoot, the amount voltages exceed the desired ripple band. Disturbances can occur at least at three locations in a power converter. The change can occur within the control when a reference change is initiated or from an unintended measurement spike, at the system input from a change in line voltage, and at the output side from fixed or varying loads connecting and disconnecting from the bus. Hereafter, load-induced transients, modeled as discrete resistive steps, are discussed, and the techniques presented can also apply to control or input disturbances. Power supplies for multiple loads typically implement single or multiple voltage regulators to sustain a bus voltage. When various loads connect or disconnect from the bus, energy storage elements become imbalanced and produce output transients. Load steps as modeled here contain both timing and resistance information. Timing is defined as the instance knowledge and the extent by impedance knowledge. This simplistic view about a load creates four possible scenarios, which are as follows:
Impedance knowledge provides the information necessary for calculating steady state values, important for the design of high performance geometric controllers. Instance knowledge indicates when model estimates must change and when transients begin. Examples where such knowledge is available are given herein with particular emphasis on extreme cases, A and D. The last case D, in which both impedance and instance are known at the instant of disturbance and a transient is handled immediately and precisely, is ideal. Many high-performance control schemes rely on knowledge about the system and implement some system parameters or entire estimated models generated on or offline. Although power converters rarely make use of load knowledge and may seem blind when it comes to identifying loads, realistic converters have access to some basic knowledge related to the design process. All converters can handle a maximum power output, which determines a minimum load resistance. Thus all converters are intended to operate over a known range of possible loads and have two design options. Control can either be designed for a single load impedance, with stability ensured for the range of possible impedances, or the controller can identify the load and adjust accordingly. With geometric control and corresponding switching surfaces, adjustment becomes a feasible option. Geometric control directs state trajectories with a switching surface that separates the state plane into on and off regions. Hysteresis control, for example, uses a switching surface based on a single measurement to achieve desired steady-state operation. Other switching surfaces can be selected to achieve a specific transient performance. High-performance controls can be implemented with complicated surfaces constructed from load-dependent system parameters. Some impedance knowledge is necessary for designing higher-order surfaces for geometric controllers, and for identifying transients in augmented converter control. Power converters function as piecewise-linear (PWL) systems. It is challenging to find the load impedance of a converter since the converter changes structure for different switch configurations. Fast-switching converters behave as single input single output (SISO) systems, and their average models can be linearized to support known identification schemes, such as recursive least-squares. Typical estimation schemes estimate a model from previous samples and need a persistent input excitation to identify parameters. When sampling is faster than the switching frequency, each switch action provides a persistent excitation and each PWL system can be identified. Regardless of the identification method, there are two counteracting goals in transient suppression. A first goal, handling disturbances, implies identifying system parameter changes quickly. This is difficult, and in addition the control actions change the system. A second goal, fast parameter convergence, implies spectrum-rich input disturbances, but these create more transients. Identification schemes can greatly benefit from external knowledge, as will be discussed in later cases. Without full load knowledge some sacrifices must be made. One identification method is to consider any voltage outside the maximum load ripple band to be a transient. This creates three geometric regions. The middle region is centered about the desired output voltage with a height equal to the maximum possible ripple. The lower region contains voltage undershoots, experienced when the load increases and the POL converter needs more power. The upper region classifies voltage overshoot, experienced when the load decreases and the POL converter is attempting to deliver too much power. This simple scheme identifies both instance knowledge and the sign of the impedance change. These two items provide information necessary to activate the damper resistors on the augmented converter. This scheme has been tested in hardware and compared against the standard topology Now referring to The performance of the augmented buck converter 1700 was tested in hardware and compared to a standard buck converter. All control code and switching signals were generated on a F2812 DSP target for Simulink�. All the converters underwent a reference step at 10 ms, followed by a 1-to-50Ω load decrease at 60 ms, and finally a 50-to-1Ω load increase at 110 ms. The voltage error and location of the geometric regions controlled the switching signals into qD1 and qD2. The voltage output was compared to open-loop and proportional-integral (PI) feedback loop responses, as shown in While knowing everything about a load is ideal, it may not be practical, especially for more complicated loads and systems. Consider a computer power system with all its peripherals and processors. These items are electrically connected to the motherboard, which has instance knowledge from clock and data signals but lacks impedance knowledge. While the controller can try to identify the load, this takes time, which is where the external instance knowledge provides a key advantage. Instance knowledge can reduce load identification time and handle transients before they reach steady state. Most identification methods use previous input and output samples to create an estimated model. When loads change, the estimated model becomes invalid and must be recalculated. The time lost in refilling the buffer with valid samples is time lost in reacting to transients. However, instance knowledge immediately indicates invalid model estimates and can trigger the loading of more relevant samples, such as those measured when that load was last enabled. If the converter had future reference knowledge, it could precharge the inductor and reduce rise time by an order of magnitude. Impedance knowledge provides the means to identify transients by providing a way to compute the new steady-state operating point. Modern digital systems provide opportunities for sending load information to POL converters. Inexpensive microcontrollers and their rich communication options have greatly aided this task. Although the controllers have available communication channels, it is not clear how the channels can be used for interaction with a power converter. Most loads are unintelligent in the sense that they change without identifying information or prior notice. However, with modest effort, a designer or local controller can identify possible load impedance changes in advance. Load-enabling pulses can identify the instance. The advantage of impedance and instance knowledge will be demonstrated by applying the correct damper resistance value, without analog measurements, at the moment of disturbance, such that the disturbance is completely eliminated. Consider a system in which a central controller manages deterministic loads. An example could be a servo-controlled manufacturing process, where a central control is responsible for precisely timing each motor position and activation sequence. Instance knowledge comes from the central controller, since it enables the loads. Impedance knowledge could come from measurements taken beforehand or from servo datasheets. A known impedance and instance scenario was created in hardware to demonstrate how the augmented converter 1700 can harness knowledge and null load-step induced transients. A standard and augmented buck with identical L and C were compared by stepping in 5 or 50Ω loads after 5 ms and observing their output voltage transients. Both converters operated in open-loop in the sense that the active switch, q1, had a constant duty cycle, and both had an unregulated 10 V output. The damper resistors RL1 to RLN of the augmented converter 1700 were adjusted with load-dependant switching functions calculated from known loads. The rising (falling) edge of load-enable switch qL1 (qLN) provided instance information for the damper resistors RL1 to RLN. Damper switch qD2 was driven with a decaying duty-cycle ramp and initialized by the rising edges of the 50Ω load-enable signals. The ramp initial duty cycle depended on load size; its decay depended on subsequent load step and resistor dissipation limits. The ramp function was simple and worked well in canceling transients; better suited ones may reduce ripple. The same damping procedure was applied to qD1 for high-to-low resistance steps. The ac-coupled output voltage for the 5-to-50Ω load step is shown in shown in The damper resistor solution is advantageous for relatively infrequent load steps, since paths need only handle peak power ratings rather than continuous ratings. This leads to a more compact solution than using passive filters. The disturbance frequency becomes both a limiting factor and an important design specification. Damper resistors RL1 to RLN also work for variable input and output voltages and have higher temperature tolerances than most passive clamps. When load steps are frequent, damping resistors reduce converter efficiency since they dissipate energy when active. A lossless alternative would replace damper resistors with a tank circuit when load changes are fast and frequent, or with a low-power dc-dc converter when slow and infrequent. Energy storage elements define performance bottlenecks in power converters. The need to change energy storage levels causes load-induced voltage transients. Even the most aggressive control schemes cannot circumvent fundamental limitations in basic converter topologies. The present invention shows how to add current routes around storage elements with augmented converters. Added conduction paths could compensate load power. Boost and buck topologies were compared to conventional converters as examples. Sufficient load knowledge allowed the controller to identify a load change and completely cancel voltage overshoots. Thus, a combination of energy path augmentation and geometric control has been shown to provide the possibility of null response to line or load changes. Geometric controls based on switch timing and energy requirements offer dynamic performance far beyond those imposed by the switching frequency. While various embodiments of the present invention have been described, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the present invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. Patent Citations
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Apple Notebooks Apple's notebook computers including MacBook Pro, MacBook, MacBook Air, PowerBook, and iBook. |
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Hey Guys,
I have a previous version of the Macbook Pro 15", and i mainly use it for music production. Recently i've been trying to use the camera to take shots and videos in iPhoto. And every time i try to do that i get a black screen with a small picture of the camera in the middle that has a cross line on it. I think it means that the camera is not working or is not available. Now i tried to use it with iPhoto, skype and other programs and it still does not work. Is there some ways i can find out what the problem with this is? Also i have attached a photo of what appears to give u guys a better idea of what i mean. Kind regards, Shervin. |
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Model Name: MacBook Pro Model Identifier: MacBookPro4,1 Processor Name: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor Speed: 2.4 GHz Number Of Processors: 1 Total Number Of Cores: 2 L2 Cache: 3 MB Memory: 2 GB Bus Speed: 800 MHz Boot ROM Version: MBP41.00C1.B03 SMC Version (system): 1.27f2 does this help?? |
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Forecast: Mostly sunny skies and mild temps this week
KNOXVILLE — Mild temperatures and clear skies are expected across East Tennessee for much of the week.
Today will be sunny with a high near 63 degrees in Knoxville. A few clouds and a calm wind could blow through tonight with an overnight low around 42.
Tuesday will be partly sunny with a high of about 62. A 20 percent chance of showers is expected overnight, with mostly cloudy skies and a low around 40.
Sunny skies return Wednesday, with a high near 62. Skies will remain mostly clear into the evening, with a low around 35.
Thanksgiving Day will be sunny, with a high near 63 in Knoxville. The low should dip to around 36 on Thursday night.
A 20 percent chance of rain returns Friday, which otherwise will be mostly sunny with a high near 61.
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I finished up this Peacock painting just before coming down to Florida for the winter. I was especially attracted to the idea of painting a Peacock since the shape of the plumage lends itself nicely to round Trivets, Centerpieces and Coasters. And I have been on a bit of a blue streak lately so I thought I'd put together a little side show of some of the items that you will see if you stop by one of my Florida shows. Blue Flag Iris I frequently get requests for specific images for my Trivets, Placemats and Coasters. One of the suggestions I have been getting quite a bit lately is for Irises. The Blue Flag Iris is a native wildflower of Maine and in early summer it is abundant in and around the fields and homes of Rangeley. So I decided to do a painting of a trio of wild Blue Flag Irises since I had a lot of subjects in the area to study. I just finished the painting today and will have it available at shows and in the Store very soon. I hope you like it.
Yarmouth Clam FestivalThanks to all who organized and volunteered at the 2014 Yarmouth Clam Festival this year. The weather was great & spirits were lively. This longstanding event is a wonderful summer celebration of art, craft, music, family and community. It is great fun to see the kids marching, bikers racing, and the men and women singing in barbershop, folk and rock groups. For more on the show see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfDW23ggrC0&feature=youtu.be. For those of you who stopped by my booth... thank you. And a special thanks to all the volunteers who helped unload and pack up the Jeep! A few of my items were sold out at the show but see the Store tab for today's inventory update. Also, I've posted my show schedule for the rest of the summer and fall on the Shows tab. I hear that "ice out" has finally happened in Rangeley, Maine! Headed back up there soon. Can't wait!
Since winter is pretty much over in Maine now and I'll soon be headed up north with the herons, I thought I'd do a painting of one of my favorites, the Great Blue Heron. The heron will be available in the Store soon along with the Snowy Owl and the Passion Flower paintings that I recently posted. Hope you like them.
My last note was in early January. Seems like a long time ago. I had to put a hold on most activity (including painting and shows) during the winter but I'm now happy to report that my recovery from back surgery is going well. I just started working again and wanted to share a few new paintings that I recently completed and to let you know that I will be back on the road doing craft and art shows this summer. One is of a snowy owl that a friend and I saw on a drive in Massachusetts in January. There was a report that a number of snowy owls were up on the north shore and so we headed up there to see them. Fortunately, a very nice photographer was also there tracking them and shared a few of her photos with me that I used for the painting. I will be printing this image and a painting of a passion flower to represent the spring. They will be available at upcoming shows and online soon.
I am usually headed south about this time of year for the winter and spring shows in Florida. Unfortunately, this year I will not be able to make it due to medical reasons. My online Store, however, will be open and I will be adding new items as soon as possible.
Cheers, Dan There is still time to dress up your table for the Holidays. My Holiday designs work great as a plant or candle holder, tray, serving plate or centerpiece for hot dishes. The Poinsettia, Ornament, and Peppermint designs also make great gifts....including the traditional Fruitcake Table Saver. And this one you don't actually have to eat! All items have been marked down for the holiday season and are being offered at my reduced "Show Prices", approximately 20% less than my regular internet prices. I am also offering Free Shipping on all orders of $75 or more. See a few of the holiday designs below and the Products and Store sections for other holiday ideas. Cheers, Dan A lot of folks have asked me recently if I had a dragonfly image in my product line. Although I had thought about it many times I had not yet painted a dragonfly so I decided to try my hand at it recently. It was an interesting challenge: the iridescent body and transparent wings, the amazing large eyes and the stained glass like wings. It was also interesting to paint this "symbol of change" as I used a few new techniques in the painting. I will have the image available on placemats, trivets and coasters in Dover, New Hampshire this weekend at the Apple Harvest (October 5). If you are in the area please stop by Booth #80 on Central Avenue. Hope to see you there.
One of the reasons I started writing these blog notes was to chronicle some of my experiences in selling my craft. This weekend I had a chance to do a show on the beautiful historic property at the Hamilton House in South Berwick, Maine (www.HistoricNewEngland.org) and it has been a pleasure. Since I set up on Friday night I was able to get there early on Saturday morning before things started and walk around the property a bit. The walk down to the show in the early morning, dew still on the ground, was beautiful...and full of promise. I actually saw a bald eagle fly overhead! What a way to start the day! I explored other parts of the estate...all before 10 AM! Although the craft show itself got off to a slower start than expected it was certainly a good day for looking on the sunny side. |


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Pronunciation: /ˈherōən/
Definition of heroin in English:
A highly addictive analgesic drug derived from morphine, often used illicitly as a narcotic producing euphoria.
- Alternative name: diacetylmorphine; chemical formula: C17H17NO(C2H3O2)2
Example sentences
- Any person trying heroin or any addictive drug for the first time knows that it can hook you.
- Caffeine is addictive and hooks you in the same way as amphetamines, cocaine and heroin.
- Yes, the use of heroin and harder drugs has also risen steadily there over a similar period.
Late 19th century: from German Heroin, from Latin heros 'hero' (because of its effects on the user's self-esteem).
The similarity in spelling between heroin and hero (Middle English) is not accidental. The name of the drug is a German word formed in the late 1890s from Latin heros 'hero', in reference to its effects, for the feelings of euphoria it can produce meant that in early tests users reported that they felt 'heroic'. Hero itself in an early Greek word.
Words that rhyme with heroin
heroineDefinition of heroin in:
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Follow Gossip Girl
Freshman Roomies?
Around the Web
Oh, it's so ON!
I honestly don't think any criticism over someone of Leighton's structure is necessary. The girl is tiny, and whenever I see someone knock her weight or what not, it only makes me wonder if there's a SIF hovering over the keyboard that typed that response. Trust me, snide jealousy isn't appealing at all. With that said, I think both actresses in this screen shot are lovely and cannot wait for the season premiere :)!
blair looks GORGEOUS in this picture. i just wish she wore some of her more interesting headbands again...maybe one that was a different color than the dress but somehow matchedit anyway? i miss all of her headbands...
Mina that's really mean. Leighton/Blair looks gorgeous no matter what!!
eww, Blair's chubby arms and the worst thing is they just keep getting bigger in every new pic*disgusting*
Im still not buying into the whole Blair Waldorf in dorm deal. She is a Waldorf after all. Very un-Blair like.
- Photo Credit:
- Pending
- Show:
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- Gossip Girl Season 3 Episode 2: "The Freshmen"
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Gossip Girl Season 3 Episode 2 Quotes
Every fall confident high school seniors transform into nervous college freshmen. They leave their parents' homes for the hallowed halls of higher education. Like any new venture, the new journey represents opportunity to conquer new territory. Or to be a little less lonely. But just because the opportunity presents itself doesn't mean everyone is ready to take it.
Gossip Girl
- Permalink: Every fall confident high school seniors transform into nervous ...
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Blair: I feel like I got off on the wrong foot here and I'd like to start again. So, thanks for bringing me Humphrey.
Dan: Yeah, well, I'd like to think that if I needed it, someone would do the same for me, although let's be honest, we both know it wouldn't be you. Oh ... no headbands in college.
- Permalink: No headbands in college.
- Added:
Gossip Girl Season 3 Episode 2 Music
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Good Girls Go Bad | Cobra Starship | iTunes | |
Hot Mess | Cobra Starship | iTunes | |
Embers (as Made Famous By Just Jack) | Hip Stars, Inc. | iTunes |


text:
Instead of gearing itself up for a busy and challenging homestretch, the Fayetteville-Manlius boys lacrosse team instead spent most of its week in mourning.
The deaths of senior classmates Kevin Goich Jr. and Joshua Davis forced the team to switch up much of its schedule. It postponed last Tuesday's game with Corcoran, then moved up its game at Cicero-North Syracuse 24 hours.
So the Hornets and Northstars faced each other Thursday night. And the time it took for F-M to focus on the game may have made the difference in a 13-12 loss to the Northstars.
CNS, having gained more confidence from a 14-7 rout over Baldwinsville two nights earlier, took charge in the first quarter, blanking F-M and building a 5-0 lead.
F-M finally got on the board in the second period, but spent the game's middle stages in a tense exchange with the Northstars, and still found itself in an 11-6 deficit by the time the final period got underway.
All of a sudden, the Hornets began to surge, leading to a furious charge down the stretch. It got six goals and pulled within one, but could not quite tie things up to force overtime.
Greg Gilroy, with four goals and one assist, led the comeback attempt, often fed by Matt Taylor, who had five assists to go with his single tally.
Anthony Krizman finished with three goals, as Blair Hanson found the net twice. Dave Gilmore and Matt Kutzer also had goals. Steve Ianzito (three goals) and Jeff Gilbert (four assists) led the CNS attack, and Jamie Praino's 14 saves made a crucial difference, too.
After this, the Hornets (8-3) turn its attention to Tuesday night's showdown with archrival West Genesee at Coyne Field.
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Stock Building Supply To Present At Robert W. Baird 2013 Industrial Conference
RALEIGH, N.C., Nov. 1, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Stock Building Supply Holdings, Inc. (Nasdaq:STCK), a large, diversified lumber and building materials distributor and solutions provider that sells primarily to new construction and repair and remodel contractors, today announced that Jeff Rea, Chief Executive Officer, and Jim Major, Chief Financial Officer, are scheduled to present at the Robert W. Baird Industrial Conference at The Four Seasons Hotel, in Chicago, IL on Wednesday, November 6, 2013 at 1:00 pm eastern time.
Internet users can listen to a real-time audio broadcast of the presentation, or an archived recording, on the Stock Building Supply Investor Relations website: ir.stocksupply.com.
About Stock Building Supply
Stock Building Supply operates in 20 metropolitan areas in 13 states primarily in the South and West regions of the United States. Today we serve our customers from 66 strategically located facilities. We offer over 39,000 products including lumber and lumber sheet goods, millwork, doors, flooring, windows, structural components, engineered wood products, trusses, wall panels and other exterior products. Our customer base includes production homebuilders, custom homebuilders and repair and remodel contractors.CONTACT: Investor Relations Contact Stock Building Supply Holdings, Inc. Mark Necaise or Solebury Communications Group LLC Richard Zubek (919) 431-1133
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Message Subject
Should christians who spot the deceptions and know the truth start telling everyone about it?
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If you haven't even the Reverence Unto The Father to capitalize your spelling of Christian(s), then it says volumes about you...
What the fuck do you think you Know that is Of-HIM?
You are deceived, unworthy, and truly lost in your own carnal-heart. Only Relationship With The Father Can Deliver you from your darkness and Unto HIS Will and Guidance.
You think you've seen deception? Your heart, all Christians hearts, must be ReNewed By The Father before you Know the deception you've lived under. Ezekiel 36 Witnesses that to Be In HIS Accord you must be Born-Again...
26. A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you: and I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you an heart of flesh.
27. And I will put my spirit within you, and cause you to walk in my statutes, and ye shall keep my judgments, and do them.
Until you are able to Trust God Fully with every aspect of your life and surrender control of your life Unto The Father's Will and Guidance, you are nothing to HIM and Know nothing Of-HIM...
Think about that you deluded ingrate...
Lester 27121970
Just as the Republicans stand up there saying "Thank you God" as pretend Christians and give themselves away by declaring "WE built this" in the next breath, so too does your anger and hostility.
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