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On October 7th, 2012 CE, an anonymous poster on 4chan's /x/ board posted an image with a pecilular message, which resembeled that of the Cicada 3301 puzzle that happened earlier in the year. http://wiki.n0v4.com/index.php/3301:Cicada
- /x/ thread on 7th oct 2012 http://boards.4chan.org/x/res/11082090
- <@anonen> heres a thread from may where nobody solved it http://archive.foolz.us/tg/thread/19059615/
- <@anonen> and heres something from months ago http://coderedd.net/r/AskReddit/comments/sfkx0/this_was_posted_in_4chan_can_anyone_solve_this/
- this was created in april 2012 so seems a genuine solution
- http://pastebin.com/78WFUV2e
- it leads to this: http://i.imgur.com/a9a1W.jpg
This thread seems to say someone solved the key3301 puzzle image number 2 and the answer was apple. We are working on cracking the code to see if this is correct, and if so, what follows.
Latest activityEdit
- List of URL's Used in Solving
edited by Bakpak2hvy - List of URL's Used in Solving
created by Bakpak2hvyNew page: Below is a list of URL's key3301 has mentioned that may be beneficial in the solving of the puzzle. key3301 people feel free to contribute. ... - Key3301 Wiki
edited by Bakpak2hvyAdded photo: - Key3301 Wiki
edited by A Wikia contributor - Key3301 Wiki
edited by A Wikia contributorSummary: Describe your topic: - Key3301 Wiki
edited by Bakpak2hvyEdited the section: key3301 - Key3301 Wiki
edited by Bakpak2hvy


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PlantFiles: Arrowwood, Southern Arrowwood, Roughish Arrowwood
Viburnum dentatum 'Little Joe'
Family: Adoxaceae (a-dox-AY-see-ee) (Info) Genus: Viburnum (vy-BUR-num) (Info) Species: dentatum (den-TAY-tum) (Info) Cultivar: Little Joe Additional cultivar information: (aka Little Joe, KLMseventeen) Hybridized by Roy Klehm One member has or wants this plant for trade. Category: Height: Spacing: Hardiness: Sun Exposure: Danger: Bloom Color: Bloom Time: Foliage: Other details: Soil pH requirements: Patent Information: Propagation Methods: Seed Collecting: | Click thumbnail to view: By ViburnumValley |
No details have been posted.
This plant has been said to grow in the following regions:
Poplar Grove, Illinois
Georgetown, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky

subset: commoncrawl


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Sedu Revolution Compact StylerPyeDual Voltage IssueAfter buying the flat iron, I just found out the dual voltage is 110-220v. I plan to bring it with me to Malaysia which power supply is 240v. Will this flat iron work in Malaysia? Do I need a convertor?Reply to this post
Mar 1, 2014Link to this post-
VivianYes It ShouldI used it in Australia and Fiji which are both 240v and worked fineMay 19, 2014Link to this post
Sedu Revolution Pro Tourmaline Ionic 400...SamaherInternational Use??is it meant to be used out side america ?Reply to this post
cuz i ordered the t3 featherweight and i really liked it but it stopped working on my 3d use and when i contacted the company they told me its not made for certain plugs or something,,bottom line its not for international usage so is this going to work fine or what?May 25, 2013Link to this post
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- Griotte Dessert
Packaging design proposal for boxes of chocolates - Griotte Dessert is one of the famous products of ex-Yugoslavian and now Croatian market. It is basically a sour cherry in alcohol and something creamy inside chocolate cover. But, you know, if you are acquainted with it from early childhood (when you were not allowed to eat it because it contains real alcohol and thus it became object of desire), then it is so much more. And in my opinion it tastes much better than similar western products.
The product held same packaging design for ages and was ran over by time more than a few times.
While I was working in big Croatian advertising agency (Imago reklamna agencija) we were assigned to do a makeover of this famous product. It all died out before it was born, I guess client's decision makers couldn't make such big leap at that time. But I'm still satisfied with my vision of it, although I must say it has been recently redesigned and it looks nice and contemporary.


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1966 Chevrolet II Nova SSIf you love to tinker buy a classic car restore it turn it into a hot rodOr keep it original... More
1969 Mercedes-Benz 280SE Sun roof, 3 owners...I purchased car in 1980 from American Service Center, Arlington Va,,which has done majority of service....one lady before me...original... More
A 1967 Triumph TR4A IRS. During the period 1993-96 underwent a partial restoration which included: Rebuilt Front and Rear Suspension Rebuilt IRS Live Axle Rebuilt Hydraulic Systems... More
Chevrolet corvair Cabriolet 1966 with works to do Good running and driving Chevrolet Corvair Cabriolet 1966. Brakesystem was revised. Car needs works. Mainly cosmetic works.... More
1961 MGA that is a good car for a minor restoration. The car is in the very desirable triple black - black exterior, black... More
Here's a pretty original California black plated bubbletop. This one is equipped with Premium Rocket 394 V-8, Hydra-Matic transmission, power windows, wonder-bar radio, power... More
1968 Mustang High Country Special This is a very rare Mustang that Colorado Ford dealers promoted into "High Country Specials" in 1968. Only 251 of... More
Original owner 1961 Ford Galaxie Sunliner Convertible 125,399 miles original parts (except for plastic back window and generator). 175 hp 292-V8, manual 3 sp... More
1960 Bentley S2 Left Hand Drive '60 Bentley S2 Left Hand Drive, 2 tone dark blue with light blue, navy blue interior, A/C, upgraded to... More
1966 Chevrolet Impala SS, This ALL original 1966 Impala SS has been owned by it's 2nd owner since 1968!! This is a Arizona car... More
1968 Chevrolet Corvette Convertible 327 '68 Chevrolet Corvette Convertible, 327, matching numbers, red with black interior, lots of potential, excellent original car needing only light cosmetics. For... More


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03865 Home Prices & Values
Zillow Home Value Index
The Zillow Home Value Index is the median Zestimate valuation for a given geographic area on a given day. Learn more
- 7.7% 1-year change
- 1.7% 1-year forecast
The median home value in 03865 is $224,100. 03865 home values have gone up 7.7% over the past year and Zillow predicts they will rise 1.7% within the next year. The median list price per square foot in 03865 is $148, which is higher than the Plaistow average of $138. The median price of homes currently listed in 03865 is $264,900 while the median price of homes that sold is $186,533.
Mortgage delinquency is the first step in the foreclosure process. This is when a homeowner fails to make a mortgage payment. The percent of delinquent mortgages in 03865 is 4.4%, which is lower than the national value of 6.4%. With U.S. home values having fallen by more than 20% nationally from their peak in 2007 until their trough in late 2011, many homeowners are now underwater on their mortgages, meaning they owe more than their home is worth. The percent of 03865 homeowners underwater on their mortgage is 21.4%, which is the same as Plaistow at 21.4%.
Read moreRelative ZHVI
- +03865 Market Overview
Data through Jan 31, 2015
1-yr forecast
The Zillow Home Value Forecast is Zillow's prediction of what the Zillow Home Value Index will be one year from now. Learn more(Jan 31, 2016)
- $264,900 Median listing price
- No recent data Median sale price
03865 Market Health
Data through Jan 31, 2015
The Market Health Index illustrates the current health of a region's housing market relative to other markets across the country. The Market Health Index is based on up to 10 metrics including those capturing the past and projected evolution of home values, the prevalence of foreclosures, foreclosure re-sales, negative equity and delinquency, as well as whether homes are currently selling faster or slower than in the past.(Dec 31, 2014)
- No data Average days on Zillow
- 21.4% Homes with negative equity (16.9% US Avg) (Sep 30, 2014)
- 4.4% Delinquent on mortgage (6.4% US Avg) (Sep 30, 2014)
Listings & Sales
Data through Jan 31, 2015
- $148 Median list price / sq ft
- No recent data Median sale price / sq ft
- No data Listings with price cut
03865 Rentals
Data through Jan 31, 2015
Zillow Rent Index
The Zillow Rent Index is the median Rent Zestimate valuation for a given geographic area on a given day. Learn more
Breakeven horizon
The breakeven horizon is the number of years after which buying is more financially advantageous than renting. Learn more(Jun 30, 2014)
- No data Rent list price
- No data Rent list price / sq ft


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The most important modifiable risk factors associated with bone mass are hormonal status, physical activity, and nutrition. Nonmodifiable factors, such as hereditary and familial factors, have a strong influence on bones, especially on the spine and less so on the femoral neck (Kelly and Eisman, 1992; Krall and Dawson-Hughes, 1993; Sambrook et al., 1993). The impact of these risk factors extends throughout an individual's life.
Individuals are thought to attain their peak bone mass in the age range of military recruits, although the timing may vary by skeletal site. For example, peak bone mass in the hip is achieved by age 16 years (Weaver, 1997). In a group of females aged 11 to 32 years, 92 percent of the maximal total-body bone mass observed was present by age 18, and 99 percent was present by age 26 (Teegarden et al., 1995). Bone mass, which may continue to accumulate upto age 30, may be adversely affected by inadequate calcium intakes during adolescence and early adulthood. Achievement of an insufficient peak bone mass is considered one of the major risk factors for subsequent development of osteoporosis (Lu et al., 1994; Recker et al., 1992; Teegarden et al., 1995). Among young adults, skeletal mass is generally greater in males than in females, and greater in blacks than in whites. In addition, bone loss begins at an earlier age in females than in males, and although onset of loss in females begins before menopause, the rate of skeletal loss in some females is distinctly accelarated the first five years after menopause (Dawson-Hughes et al., 1990). Consequently, net skeletal mass is lowest in the menopausal white female, which increases the predisposition to skeletal fracture.
It is unclear whether increasing calcium intake in children and adolescents will have an impact on peak bone density or future risk of fracture. However, it has been demonstrated that
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Bone Health and Risk Factors
The most important modifiable risk factors associated with bone mass are hormonal status, physical activity, and nutrition. Nonmodifiable factors, such as hereditary and familial factors, have a strong influence on bones, especially on the spine and less so on the femoral neck (Kelly and Eisman, 1992; Krall and Dawson-Hughes, 1993; Sambrook et al., 1993). The impact of these risk factors extends throughout an individual's life.
Individuals are thought to attain their peak bone mass in the age range of military recruits, although the timing may vary by skeletal site. For example, peak bone mass in the hip is achieved by age 16 years (Weaver, 1997). In a group of females aged 11 to 32 years, 92 percent of the maximal total-body bone mass observed was present by age 18, and 99 percent was present by age 26 (Teegarden et al., 1995). Bone mass, which may continue to accumulate upto age 30, may be adversely affected by inadequate calcium intakes during adolescence and early adulthood. Achievement of an insufficient peak bone mass is considered one of the major risk factors for subsequent development of osteoporosis (Lu et al., 1994; Recker et al., 1992; Teegarden et al., 1995). Among young adults, skeletal mass is generally greater in males than in females, and greater in blacks than in whites. In addition, bone loss begins at an earlier age in females than in males, and although onset of loss in females begins before menopause, the rate of skeletal loss in some females is distinctly accelarated the first five years after menopause (Dawson-Hughes et al., 1990). Consequently, net skeletal mass is lowest in the menopausal white female, which increases the predisposition to skeletal fracture.
It is unclear whether increasing calcium intake in children and adolescents will have an impact on peak bone density or future risk of fracture. However, it has been demonstrated that
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increasing calcium intake from food sources (from 900 to 1500 mg daily) prevents bone loss from the spine in premenopausal women (Baran et al., 1990)
Peak bone mass is most often measured and referred to as bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2)1 because of the strong correlation between BMD and bone strength (Bouxsein and Marcus, 1994; Moro et al., 1995). Many studies have found associations between low BMD and history of previous fracture (Gluer et al., 1996; Honkanen et al., 1991). However, these studies are difficult to interpret because immobilization and inactivity following a fracture may have contributed to the reduced BMD as noted by several investigators (Henderson et al., 1992; Kannus et al., 1994). Those individuals with a tibial fracture who were immobilized for longer periods (mean of 27 weeks) had a deficiency in bone density at a mean of 9 years following the fracture (Kannus et al., 1994). Thus, it is not clear whether low BMD led to the fracture or resulted from the fracture.
Prospective studies have also found a relationship between increased fracture risk and low BMD (Kelsey et al., 1992). Low bone mineral content (BMC) or BMD as measured by either procedure involving radiation (such as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry [DXA], single photon absorptiometry [SPA], or radiographic absorptiometry) or ultrasound is significantly associated with an increased risk of future fracture in older women as illustrated in a recent meta-analysis (Marshall et al., 1996). The majority of studies of fracture risk and BMC have been completed in older, often postmenopausal, women; few studies have investigated young adults. The number of published reports comparing the relationship of BMD to the incidence of stress fractures is comparatively fewer than for complete fractures. In a 12-mo prospective study, stress fracture occurrence was associated with low BMD in female, but not male, athletes (Bennell et al., 1996). A longitudinal study conducted in 1,319 recruits at the Naval Health Research Center in conjunction with Johns Hopkins University found a lower BMD of the tibia and femur (using DXA) in recruits who sustained stress fractures (n = 59) during basic training compared with those recruits without stress fractures (Beck, 1997; Shaffer, 1997). Bone strength index2 also was found to be lower in recruits with fracture compared with those without fracture. Another important predictor of fracture risk is the rate at which bone is being lost (Beck, 1997). The faster bone is lost, the more likely it is that undue mechanical stress can lead to fracture. The rate at which bone is lost is, in itself, an independent risk for fracture, as documented by studies of states of rapid bone loss such as those that occur after organ transplantation (Shane et al., 1997).
Bone mineral density is bone mineral content, which is the amount of mineral at a particular skeletal site, divided by the area of the scanned region. BMD and bone mineral content are both measured by a variety of related technologies including dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.
Bone strength index is based on the observation that the resistance of a bone to bending and twisting is directly related to the section modulus as measured by DXA and inversely related to bone length (Selker and Carter, 1989).
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Kimmel and coworkers enrolled 3,300 female soldiers in a prospective study designed to determine predictors of stress fracture during basic combat training. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the bone (measurement using ultrasound techniques) was measured at baseline in all female soldiers and at the time of initial presentation with possible fracture. There were 338 soldiers with stress fractures. Fitness level at baseline, smoking history, and BUA were independent predictors of stress fracture risk, and those soldiers who developed fractures were found to have a greater decrease in BUA earlier in basic training than did soldiers who did not develop fractures. This decline in BUA during basic training indicates that soldiers respond to the additional bone stresses during this period with increased bone turnover, which causes transiently downward adjustment in bone strength due to an expansion of the remodeling space (Kimmel, 1997). Although BUA has been found to predict fracture risk in a group of individuals, current methodology cannot adequately assess individual risk for stress fracture due to its low sensitivity and specificity.
As noted earlier, it is important to correlate results from bone imaging with clinical symptoms when diagnosing stress fractures. Other measures and techniques may be useful in the prediction of fracture risk, including the measurement of bone markers and bone mass.
Bone Markers
Bone markers are useful as indices of the dynamic processes of bone formation (osteocalcin, skeletal alkaline phosphatase, and type 1 procollagen carboxy-terminal extension peptide) and bone resorption (urinary hydroxyproline, total pyridinolines, and N-telopeptide) (Kleerekoper, 1997). They are helpful in gauging the extent of bone turnover, the net result of these two processes. Because high bone turnover in the adult is always associated with a net negative calcium balance, elevated bone markers usually signify bone loss. They can be useful as an adjunct to direct bone mass measurement, which is a static index. Recent studies suggest that bone markers may, in fact, be an independent predictor of bone loss and can be correlated with fracture risk. In addition, bone markers are used to monitor the course of therapy for osteoporosis. For instance, substantial reduction in markers of bone resorption with antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis (e.g., estrogen, bisphosphonates, calcitonin) predicts subsequent increases in bone mass as determined by direct measurement.
The major limitations to the widespread use of these assays are the assays themselves, population variables, and day-to-day variability in the measurements. For changes to be helpful clinically, the results must exceed baseline values in general by greater than 30 percent. Nevertheless, bone markers are likely to become more useful as assay methods and collection procedures become more standardized.
Local events such as trauma, fragility, and stress fracture will increase bone remodeling at sites so challenged. The clinical presentation of stress fracture represents the cumulative effects
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of excess, repetitive mechanical forces applied to sites in the skeleton that are not competent to withstand such forces. The stress fracture is likely to be preceded by attempts at repair of the subclinical microdamage. Such repair mechanisms would involve activation of the remodeling processes normally associated with bone turnover. Using measurement of bone markers to detect these attempts at microrepair before fracture occurs has potential clinical value. However, it remains highly speculative whether such early events could be detected with the assays currently available, and it is unclear how such measurements would do more than call attention to such stresses on the skeleton. Such early indications of excessive mechanical stress would not necessarily eventuate in a clinical stress fracture.
Bone Mass
Of the wide variety of techniques available to measure bone mass, DXA is the most frequently used method, measuring total body as well as specific regions of bone. Since DXA involves measurement in only two dimensions, it does not provide a true estimate of density, the three-dimensional measurement (Beck et al., 1997). Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) is one method that measures true volumetric bone density, but it is limited in other ways (e.g., accuracy and radiation exposure). Methods employing ultrasound technology, still in the developmental phase, measure not only bone quantity, but also may incorporate a component of bone quality into the measurement (Kimmel et al., 1997). Thus, none of the current technologies—DXA, peripheral DXA (pDXA), QCT, peripheral QCT (pQCT) or ultrasound—can be used to screen for stress fractures. They are useful for bone density assessment, but there is scant literature to support the relationship between various levels of bone density and the risk of stress fractures.
Genetic Markers
An area of active investigation is a search for specific genes responsible for processes involved in the establishment of peak bone mass in youth and the progressive loss of bone mass with aging. Thus far, a number of candidate genes have been proposed. These include genes for the vitamin D receptor, the estrogen receptor, type 1 collagen, and IGF-1. The studies, which are still far from conclusive (Sambrook et al., 1996), nevertheless point clearly to a disorder that is likely to be polygenic, with a variety of genes contributing importantly to the osteoporotic process. Thus, each recruit brings to the field a different susceptibility to this condition and potentially a different susceptibility to fracture.
Adequate intakes of calcium and vitamin D are essential for optimizing bone health (IOM, 1997). Additionally, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride play a key role in the development and maintenance of bone. Other nutrients may have biological significance in the development and maintenance of bone, such as the microminerals copper, zinc, manganese, and boron and the
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vitamins C and K. However, calcium remains the most critical nutrient for bone development; the majority of the body's calcium resides in bone.
The recent Institute of Medicine Panel on Calcium and Related Nutrients used the maximal retention of calcium approach (the mathematical model that predicted the lowest level of calcium intake that maximized the amount of calcium retained in the body) for determining the adequate intake (AI) for calcium. This approach was used because increased calcium retention can be equated with higher bone mass as over 99 percent of total body calcium is found in bone (IOM, 1997, p. 4-13). The AI for calcium was an experimentally derived, approximate, group mean value for calcium that appears to support maximal calcium retention. An AI was considered for calcium, rather than an estimated average requirement (EAR3), due to: (1) uncertainties in the methods inherent in balance studies that were used to form the basis of the maximal retention model, (2) the lack of concordance between observational and experimental data, and (3) the lack of longitudinal data that could be used to verify the association of the experimentally derived calcium intakes for maximal retention with the rate and extent of long-term bone loss and its clinical sequelae, such as fracture (see IOM, 1997, p. S-4). The AI for calcium is 1,300 mg/d for 14 to 18 year olds and 1,000 mg/d for 19 to 30 year olds.
No consistent association has been found between the occurrence of stress fracture and calcium intake in either athletes or military recruits, possibly due to the relatively high calcium intakes in both groups (Bennell et al., 1996; Schwellnus and Jordaan, 1992). However, nutritional surveys of military women, as described in Table 2-1, reveal a wide range of calcium intakes that tend to be consistently lower in a number of different military facilities than the Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs). One study in athletes found that calcium intakes greater than 800 mg/d were protective against stress fractures (Myburgh et al., 1990). Other investigators have found no association between stress fracture occurrence and calcium intakes of 1,100 mg/d (Bennell et al., 1996). Another study found no reduction in stress fractures in a group of military recruits given supplemental calcium, compared with those not receiving supplements, although the number in the supplemented group may have been too small to detect an effect (Schwellnus and Jordaan, 1992).
It is not known if dietary calcium requirements are increased during intense physical training. Decreased BMC was reported in trained male athletes in one report (Bilanin et al., 1989). Klesges et al. (1996), in a study of 11 National College Athletic Association Division I basketball players, reported a 6.1 percent decrease in total body BMC between the preseason and late summer, despite a mean intake of approximately 2,000 mg /d of calcium. The investigators attributed this loss of bone to negative calcium balance resulting from high calcium losses through sweat (mean of 247 mg/d). Although there was no control group in this study, a significant increase in BMC was observed the following year when the players were supplemented with varying doses of calcium (500–2,000 mg/d) and vitamin D (400–560 IU/d). The level of supplementation was matched to the degree of bone loss observed during the previous year. No
The EAR is the nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement defined by a specified indicator of adequacy in 50 percent of the individuals in a life-stage and gender group.
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TABLE 2-1 Military Nutritional Surveys: Mean Nutritional Intake of Female Soldiers
Dining Hall
Hawaii 1985 n = 36
Bolivia 1990 n = 13
West Point 1979–1980 n = 54
Ft Jackson 1988 n = 40
West Point 1990 n = 86
Ft Jackson 1993 n = 49
Ft Sam Houston 1995 n = 50**
Energy, kcal
Protein, g
Carbohydrate, g
Fat, g
Calcium, mg
Phosphorus, mg
Magnesium, mg
Iron, mg
* Military Recommend Dietary Allowance for moderately active military women aged 17–50 years.
** Officer basic training.
SOURCE: Adapted from King (1993).
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other studies of calcium balance during intense physical activity could be identified. Loss of calcium through sweat has previously been reported to be low (40–144 mg/d) (Charles et al., 1991). The factorial approach4 was used for estimating calcium requirements in adults aged 19 to 30 years (IOM, 1997) based on sweat losses obtained from a group of sedentary healthy volunteers (Charles et al., 1983), which averaged 63 mg/d over a 7-d period for both males and females. It is not known what the effects of prolonged, intense physical activity; stress; and altered eating patterns may have on calcium status in military women. Thus, further studies are needed to determine if physically active military women are at increased risk of not meeting their requirements for calcium due to increased loss of calcium in sweat.
Increased intakes of protein, sodium, and caffeine have been suggested to adversely affect calcium balance and optimal bone health (IOM, 1997, p. 4-4 to 4-5). However, there are no reports of an increased risk of stress fracture with increased intake of these food components or decreased intake of the other key bone-related nutrients (phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium, and fluoride).
Fat mass contributes to bone mineral mass, and thus to fracture risk, through at least two mechanisms. First, fat mass, through its influence on total body weight, has a trophic effect on bone mineral. Greater body fat and weight are linked with heavier skeletal mass, independent of gender or age (Chen et al., 1997), although fat mass or adipose tissue is not a main bone density determinant in young women. Second, fat mass or more specifically adipose tissue, is an important site of estrogen production in postmenopausal women (Rebuffe-Scrive et al., 1986). Estrogens positively influence bone mineral mass and density.
A well-established relationship also exists between skeletal muscle and bone mineral mass. In a classic study, Doyle et al. (1970) observed a significant correlation in human cadavers between vertebral bone mass and corresponding muscle. and Cohn (1975) extended these studies by demonstrating strong correlations at all ages between total body potassium, a measure of body cell mass, and total body calcium, a measure of bone mass. Burr (1997) examined the biomechanical link between skeletal muscle force or tension and corresponding bone mineral mass or density. According to Frost (as quoted by Burr), "voluntary muscle forces … dominate a bone's postnatal structural adaptations to mechanical usage." This link represents the classic biological relationship, "form follows function." These forces on bone are mainly transmitted by skeletal muscle tension and are not solely related to body weight. Forces generated by skeletal muscle tension and are not solely related to body weight. Forces generated by skeletal muscles appear to extend beyond generalized bone mineral effects; actual bone morphology and geometry are, to some extent, shaped by forces generated by skeletal muscles. Finally, as an example of the strong skeletal muscle–bone mineral association, quadriceps and hamstring skeletal muscle strength independently predict humerus and spine bone mineral density after controlling for such other relevant factors as
"[A] more traditional factorial approach for estimating calcium requirements is to sum calcium needs for growth (accretion) plus calcium losses (urine, feces, and sweat) and adjust for absorption. Using this method, estimates for calcium requirements for adolescent girls and boys [aged 9–18 years] are 1,276 and 1,505 mg (31.9 and 37.6 mmol)/d, respectively" (IOM, 1997, p. 4–26). For females aged 19 to 30 years, the estimated requirement would be 1,393 mg (34.8 mmol)/d and for males, 1,437 mg (35.9 mmol)/d.
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body weight (Brukner, 1997). Skeletal muscle strength-force relations are thought to influence bone mineral mass and density, although additional research on this topic is needed (Burr, 1997). Thus, fat mass and skeletal muscle mass, two body composition components extrinsic to the skeleton, appear to have important influences on the growth, mass, shape, geometry, and strength of bone.
Physical activities that generate a large muscle force can cause stress fractures at selected anatomic locations. For example, pelvic stress fractures involving the public rami that are often observed in women are thought to be related to excessive generated skeletal muscle force. Similarly, rowers and paddlers often suffer rib stress fractures (Matheson et al., 1987b). A related problem may occur in individuals who have a discrepancy in leg length. Discrepancies in contraction of skeletal muscles may cause an asymmetric load on bone that can produce a stress fracture (Matheson et al., 1987a). Several factors related to skeletal muscle mass and strength also favor inordinate bone loading and hence set the stage for stress fractures. Bones are encased in skeletal muscle, and muscles insulate bone and absorb mechanical loading. Muscle resists mechanical stress on bone, particularly some muscles that resist bending and torsion. For example, the tensor faciae latae muscle in the leg tends to resist bending of the femur and may transmit stresses resulting from bending (i.e., where bone is weaker to axial compression) at sites where the bone is stronger. Moreover, those individuals who have weaker muscles may fatigue more easily. The person's musculoskeletal system thereby has a reduced ability to resist continued bending and loading stresses. Inadequate skeletal muscle mass or strength may therefore favor transmission of unduly large forces to bone and thus permit development of stress fractures. In favor of this hypothesis, Brukner (1997) and Beck et al. (1996) observed reduced calf girth in women who suffered stress fractures during basic combat training. Although the conclusion is not clearly documented, smaller male soldiers are at greater risk of stress fracture than are larger male soldiers, and this increased risk may stem from either their reduced skeletal muscle mass or poorer physical conditioning.
Numerous cross-sectional studies in athletes have supported an association between BMD and long-term exercise behaviors (see review article, Suominen, 1993). In general, the increases in BMD appear to be specific to the regions that are being loaded (Alfredson et al., 1996; Taafe et al., 1997), and the effect appears to be long term (Etherington et al., 1996).
Although the concept that weight-bearing activity determines the shape and mass of bone is generally accepted, results from controlled trials of physical activity in nonathletes are not consistent. A recent review of prospective trials of predominantly older women showed that a beneficial effect of increased activity on BMD was observed in those groups of individuals consuming a mean calcium intake greater than 1,100 mg/d of calcium. Results of trials in groups of individuals consuming less than 1,100 mg/d tended to show no benefit of activity on BMD (Specker, 1996). No prospective controlled study specifically designed to test the hypothesis that calcium intake modifies the bone response to activity has been reported.
The term fitness has several meanings. In the first context, fitness refers to the level of cardiorespiratory reserve (aerobic capacity), and in the second, it refers to a more general readiness to participate in physical activity. The latter context includes adaptations such as muscular strength,
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skill development, and musculoskeletal readiness. From the previous section on pathophysiology of stress fractures, it is clear that to avoid cumulative microdamage to bone, the rate of loading must closely match the rate of remodeling. However, unlike a low level of aerobic fitness in which the person is simply unable to complete a physical task at a higher intensity until metabolic and cardiorespiratory adaptations are sufficient, even sedentary people can tolerate a large volume of cyclic loading to their skeletal system for a period of several weeks before symptoms of stress fracture occur. The architectural adaptations to bone that permit cyclic loading at higher levels of physical activity are not required in the first few weeks of training, and any excessive strain produced during this early phase does not impair a person's ability to participate until such time as the cumulative stress produces clinically obvious symptoms. Thus, to attain fitness, a training program must include a history of sufficient loading and remodeling within bone if stress injuries and fractures are to be prevented during periods of intense training.
The mechanical and cellular response of bone to loading is based on four factors: (1) the number of strain cycles experienced by the bone (volume of training, total cumulative load), (2) the frequency of strain cycles or load per unit time (the intensity, pace, time for recovery), (3) magnitude of strain of each load cycle (factors that affect shock absorption and shock attenuation include muscular strength and endurance, footwear, and lower extremity alignment factors), and (4) duration of each strain cycle (terrain, lower extremity alignment).
From a clinical perspective, there are five factors that contribute to stress fracture occurrence.
Training errors are increases in physical activity (loading) at a rate that exceeds the bone's rate of remodeling. The expression "too much too soon" includes all components of training such as volume, intensity, pace, and recovery. This is the single factor most likely to cause a stress fracture in a nonelite, recreational athlete or a recruit in basic military training (Matheson et al., 1987a).
Muscle fatigue is also an important factor. Attenuation of ground reaction forces principally through eccentric contraction of muscle minimizes the load transmitted directly to bone. If muscle fatigue occurs during an exercise bout, bone will experience a greater load. Clinical measurement of muscular strength does not measure muscle fatigue, which is the metabolic capability to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) continuously through oxidative phosphorylation at the rate required to sustain a given workload. Resistance to fatigue only occurs through sport-specific training, and muscular adaptations that provide enhanced oxidative capacity take from 8 to 16 weeks to develop fully (Matheson et al., 1987a).
Lower extremity alignment predisposes a person to the development of stress fractures. High arched, pes cavus-style feet absorb less shock, while pes planus ("flat foot") feet transmit more force to the tibia. Genu varum (angled inward or knock-kneed) and valgum (angled outward or bowlegged), excessive Q angles (the angle of intersection between the direction of pull on the patella by the quadriceps muscles and the direction of resistance by the patellar tendon), leg length discrepancies, and femoral neck anteversion are all associated with variations in gait that can influence the distribution of forces to bone in the lower extremity (Matheson et al., 1987a).
Terrain influences force delivered to bone in two ways. Hard surfaces require greater shock absorption by lower leg muscles, and cambered or uneven surfaces require compensatory muscular contractions that alter the balance of loading between the two lower extremities.
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Equipment, particularly footwear, can influence the load delivered to bone both with respect to shock absorption and whether the design accommodates the foot type and lower extremity alignment. Guidelines for selecting appropriate footwear are provided in the Army's Physical Fitness Training manual (FM 21-20, 1992), and recruits are often provided assistance in making the correct selection based on a screening exam they receive in their unit.
A well-designed shoe (flexible soles, shock absorbing, good arch and heel support) can assist in reducing the number of lower limb injuries arising from sport and training activities. However, it has been reported that a training shoe is rarely implicated in a stress fracture injury (Nike, 1987). In the military, the general trend has been to employ athletic shoes rather than boots for physical training sessions, particularly for running, at least during the early stages of recruit training. Current U.S. Army training policy (Bentley, 1978) allows running shoes rather than military combat boots to be worn during training runs. This policy has been supported by a study in New Zealand Army recruits (Stacy and Hungeford, 1984). These investigators found that total injuries were reduced from 85 per 100 to 52 per 100 recruits by eliminating running in boots during the first 5 weeks and by gradually introducing boots progressively over this period. Comparisons between training shoes and combat boots have shown that boots are almost 50 percent worse in rear foot shock absorption, 100 percent less flexible, and 200 percent less shock absorbent in the forefoot (Cavanagh, 1980). Approximately one-third of the recruit's training time is spent in a running shoe (personal communication, L. Tomasi, Ft. Benning, 1998).
Because injuries can be caused by running on hard surfaces, soldiers should, if possible, avoid running on concrete. Asphalt surfaces provide more cushioning than concrete. Soft, even surfaces are best for injury prevention such as grass paths, dirt paths, or park trails. However, with adequate footwear and recovery periods, running on roads and other hard surfaces should pose no problem. Fine-tuning of athletic footwear to specific foot types can also be helpful. The high arch, rigid, pes cavus foot benefits from a flexible shoe with a curved last and excellent shock-absorbing characteristics. The flexible pes planus style of foot benefits from a straight-sole shoe with a stiff heel counter that provides motion control.
Several investigators have shown an increase in BMD with oral contraceptive use in premenopausal women (Fortney et al., 1994; Goldsmith and Johnston, 1975; Lindsay et al., 1986; Recker et al., 1992; Shargil 1985) and past use in postmenopausal women (Enzelsberger et al., 1988; Goldsmith and Johnston, 1975; Kleerekoper et al., 1991; Kritz-Silverstein and Barrett-Connor, 1993), while others have failed to detect a beneficial effect on bone in premenopausal (Hall et al., 1990; Hreshchyshyn et al., 1988; Mazes and Barden, 1991; Murphy et al., 1993; Volpe et al., 1993) and postmenopausal women (Hreshchyshyn et al., 1988; Murphy et al., 1993). This discrepancy in results can be explained, at least in part by different dosages and durations of pill use, varying ages of the population, varying lengths of follow-up, insufficient sample size, inadequate control for confounders, and different bone sites and techniques for measurement of BMD (DeCherney, 1996; Garnero et al., 1995).
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Consistent evidence supports a causal relationship between estrogen deficiency and osteoporosis and the efficacy of estrogen replacement therapy in reducing bone loss after cessation of ovarian function following oophorectomy, premature ovarian failure, and menopause (Mehta, 1993). However, important differences in the formulation of drugs, dosage, and regimen exist among studies evaluating hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives use.
In retrospective epidemiological studies, women who used oral contraceptives for greater than 10 years had the greatest protection against low BMD (Enzelsberger et al., 1988; Kleerekoper et al., 1991). In a cross-sectional study of premenopausal women taking 30 µg ethinyl estradiol for a mean duration of 6.7 years, all markers of bone formation (serum osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, C-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen) and resorption (pyridinoline cross-linked peptides) were decreased (Garnero et al., 1995). However, total body BMC and BMD, and lumbar spine, total hip, and distal radius BMD did not differ between oral contraceptive users and nonusers.
During the 20 years that combined estrogen-progestagen preparations have been used, the dosage has been modified to reduce side effects and complications. Most compounds now include 35 µg or less of estrogen and varying amounts of progestagen. The advent of very low dose oral contraceptives (< 20 µg/d) has reduced the thrombotic complications.
Progestogenic components of oral contraceptives may have a positive impact on BMD, although evidence is less conclusive. Progestational agents such as Norethindrone have estrogen-like properties and interact with androgen receptors. Urinary calcium excretion was reduced and bone mass was stabilized or increased with use of certain progestational agents alone or in combination with estrogen (Riis et al., 1990; Stevenson et al., 1990; Surrey et al., 1990).
Exogenous estrogen-progestagen hormones given to women of reproductive status may positively affect peak bone mass reached in adulthood and the rate of premenopausal bone loss, both of which are important for future fracture risks. In contrast, long-acting progestagens used alone may have a detrimental effect on BMD. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera), an injectable long-acting progestagen, inhibits gonadotropin secretion and results in a relative estrogen-deficiency state. Disruption of menstrual cycling is common, with an incidence of 55 percent amenorrhea after 12 months of treatment and 68 percent after 24 months. In a cross-sectional study, 30 women using Depo-Provera for more than 5 years had decreased BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck compared with premenopausal women not using the preparation (Cundy et al., 1991).
A 6-mo prospective, randomized trial comparing Depo-Provera with subdermal implanted progestin levonorgestral treatment (Norplant) was conducted in 22 premenopausal women, ages 20 to 45 years (Naessen et al., 1995). Forearm BMD increased 2.9 percent with Norplant and was stable with Depo-Provera treatment. Depo-Provera increased bone turnover, and Norplant increased bone formation as evidenced by increased serum alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and estradiol. The duration of the trial may not have been long enough to observe the adverse effects of Depo-Provera that have been seen in other studies.
Thus, the data suggest there are no detrimental effects of oral estrogen-containing contraceptives on bone health, and in fact, they may afford protection from loss of bone in some women. Because of the small, but significant increased risk of breast cancer with unopposed estrogen therapy, estrogen-progesterone replacement therapy combinations should be used. The use of various estrogen analogs such as Droloxifene or Raloxifine, which antagonize the oncogenic
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effect of estrogen, offer promise for future research. Not enough is known yet about whether progestational agents, when used alone for contraception, will lead to bone loss.
Both smoking and alcohol are moderately associated with increased risk of fracture (Slemenda et al., 1989). Smoking is associated with lower body weight, earlier menopause, and lower postmenopausal estrogen levels, factors that each carry a risk of stress fractures (Heaney, 1996). The results of a recent meta-analysis noted an increased risk of hip fracture with cigarette smoking in postmenopausal women, which increased with increasing age (Law and Hackshaw, 1997). However, fracture risk did not increase with smoking in premenopausal women, and smokers were found to have similar BMD to nonsmokers.
In a study of women during Army BCT, Westphal et al. (1995) noted that the consumption of alcohol appeared to be an independent risk factor for injuries, as a significant dose response was found for time-loss injuries in women who successively reported more days of alcohol consumption compared with nondrinkers. It is not known what percentage of these injuries were due to stress fractures and whether they might have been related to alcohol consumption. Alcohol abuse impairs the absorption, utilization, storage, and excretion of nutrients, which, in combination with inadequate intake, results in nutritionally compromised conditions. Excess alcohol consumption is often associated with low dairy food intake and, additionally, is a cause of hypercalciuria (Heaney, 1996). It is likely that high blood alcohol levels are directly toxic to osteoblasts (Laitinen and Valimaki, 1991). Increased alcohol use been shown to be marginally associated with increased risk of fracture (Slemenda et al., 1992).
In a study performed by McDermott (1996), a survey was conducted in 1,000 premenopausal military women to assess dietary calcium intakes, physical activity, and habits affecting skeletal health. In a subset of 90 women who completed bone density testing by DXA, the attainment of peak bone mass was unaffected by history of smoking, alcohol, and caffeine use during high school.
Stress fracture represents the cumulative effects of repetitive mechanical loading at a rate greater than that of osteoblastic new bone formation. Disruption of this remodeling balance leads to symptomatic microfracture, which if untreated, may progress to complete fracture.
Measurements of bone mass or density are predictive of fracture risk in postmenopausal women, but data on the relationship between BMD and stress fracture are less plentiful. Current methods for the assessment of bone mass presently are not suitable to screen for stress fractures. Preliminary data suggest that the mean BMD of military recruits who suffer a stress fracture is lower than that of recruits not suffering a stress fracture (Beck, 1997). In addition, elite athletes with stress fractures have lower BMD than athletes without stress fractures (Bennell et al., 1996). However, both the fracture and nonfracture groups of military recruits and athletes had BMD measurements within the normal range. Moreover, except for rare instances where stress fractures result from an underlying metabolic bone disorder, there currently is no evidence that
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the risk of developing osteoporosis is increased in individuals who previously suffered a stress fracture.
Fat mass and skeletal muscle mass have important influences on bone that affect its growth, total mass, shape, geometry and strength. While skeletal muscles insulate bone and absorb mechanical loading, excessive muscular development can generate large muscle force and may cause stress fractures at selected anatomic locations.
Regular participation in physical activity develops muscular strength, skill and readiness. The rate of loading must closely match the rate of bone remodeling in order to prevent injuries and stress fractures during BCT. Muscle fatigue, lower extremity alignment, terrain, and equipment are other key factors that contribute to the occurrence of stress fractures (Matheson et al., 1987a).
Other factors that may influence the risk of stress fractures are exogenous estrogen-progestagen hormones given to women of reproductive age. These synthetic hormones may positively affect peak bone mass reached in adulthood and the rate of postmenopausal bone loss, both of which are important risks for future fracture. In contrast, long-acting progestagens may have a detrimental effect on BMD (Naessen et al., 1995).
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Trees were uprooted, roofs were damaged and at least one house sustained major structural damage in northern Farmington.
Updated: August 13, 2010, - 01:59 PM
A look at the reasons behind the credit crunch, with pithy anecdotes and stories.
Updated: January 30, 2010, - 10:53 PM
The defense contractor appointed John Shroyer interim CEO and said it would search for a successor inside and outside the company.
Updated: November 12, 2009, - 05:51 AM
Kate Kelly falls short on analysis, but her account of Bear Stearns' collapse paints rich and revealing profiles of the people behind the company.
Updated: May 15, 2009, - 08:48 AM
These images from "The Polaroid Book" show some of the images held in Polaroid's corporate art collection.
Updated: April 24, 2009, - 11:33 AM
This comprehensive look at Sherman's march to the sea is based on the letters of those who were there.
Updated: October 10, 2008, - 01:03 PM
It's been a good year to be in the food, fuel and fertilizer businesses. Just ask the MacMillans.
Updated: March 06, 2008, - 09:01 PM
The St. Louis Park money-transfer specialist, pursued by a hostile suitor, also disclosed a paper loss of $860 million on mortgage-backed securities.
Updated: January 15, 2008, - 12:16 AM
Despite a settlement in the UnitedHealth Group Inc. stock-option case this month, a federal judge in Minneapolis ruled Wednesday that about $800 million worth of former CEO William McGuire's options will remain frozen for now.
Updated: December 26, 2007, - 11:38 PM
A patchwork of small, personal stories stitches together Minnesota's social history.
Updated: December 11, 2007, - 10:14 PM


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ARISE! for Women- Wavering Faith in the Midst of the Storm
in Religion
ARISE! for Women with host Dr. Lila Robinson, Felicia Jones, Sandra Wilkes and guests that will discuss topics and issues relevant to women worldwide. ARISE! for Women is committed to training, equipping and transforming the lives of women through the Word, Prayer and Teaching that impact and transform lives.
Real Women, Real Issues, Real Solutions.
This Week: Many women have found themselves on a sinking ship in the midst of the storm. Strong, Godly women have had their faith challenged others are struggling to gather their strength. What do We Do when our Faith is Wavering and Weak in the Midst of the Storm? How do we walk through the Storms of life challenges as we face some difficult moments in our lives? The answer to these questions and more on ARISE! for Women
Women of the Bible with Ridiculous Faith
in Radio
Show: DanaPspeaks Talk Radio
Host: Dr. DanaP
Time: 11:30 est
Subject: Women of the bible who had ridiculous faith
Scriptures: Matthew 9:20-22; Hebrew 11:31; 2 Corinthians 5:7
Join in with Dr. Dana talking about women in the bible who had ridiculous faith. Do you trust God for everything in your life? Are you looking for a road map to learn how other women found the principles to activating their faith? Tune in to hear what Dr. Dana and her special guest have to say about "ridiculous faith"
Website: http://www.danapspeaks.net
in Women
We are back! In ths show we talk about the importance of creating a relationship with one's own sexuality and how that relates to sprituality. We'll talk about how sexuality is different after menopause, the importance of self pleasuring, sensuality and opening up to your sexuality as it exists now! We'll also share some things that you can do to find your sexuality again after menopause and establish a sexual relationship with yourself.
Hope for Women Magazine: A Celebration of Diversity and Faith
in Lifestyle
Today on FOXOLOGY TODAY I talk with Angelia White, CEO and Publisher of Hope for Women Magazine! A true inspiration of her own heart, the magazine covers an array of topics and concerns specifically designed to make us all brighter, better and bolder as women. I hope you'll tune in! Showtime is 6:30PM EST. Click to listen or call 646.716.9749.
About Today's Guest
Angelia Whtie's axiom "Live, Dream, Inspire" is what motivated her in 2000 to embark on an extraordinary journey to create a lifestyle magazine for diverse women of faith - a magazine that speaks to all women from all walks of life. What began as a simple idea blossomed into an amazing faith-defining endeavor. In 2005, with strong faith and determination, her vision evolved into the reality of Hope for Women Magazine.
Created to exemplify the fellowship of women, Hope for Women Magazine delivers passionate and creative coverage about health and wellness, fashion, beauty, family and relationships, faith and arts, and entertainment. Hope embraces and celebrates the diversity of women, while providing the inspiration, support and information that most women want to live a purpose-filled life.
For additional information, visit www.hopeforwomenmag.com.
Two women with ridiculous faith
in Radio
Scriptures: Joshua 1-2; Matthews 9:20-22, Hebrew 11:31; Galatians 6: 7-8; 2 Corinthians 5:7
Host: Dr. DanaP
Time: Every Saturaday at 11:00 a.m.
The two women with ridiculous faith with Rahab and the Women with the blood issue. Join in with Dr. DanaP and Sis. Becky
Website: http://www.danapspeaks.net
Sometimes You Just Have To Take A Leap Of Faith
in Entrepreneur
Lisa Montalva had to fall down in order to wake up. Literally, Tune in and hear the details of her journey from major record label executive to CEO & Founder of Women Owned Business Club.
The Women Owned Business Club (WOBC) is a woman owned business and social networking organization, created due to the need of cost effective advertising and promotional services. The Women Owned Business Club has evolved into an online social media platform designed for women owned businesses and women in business. At WOBC members receive services that are necessary in helping them brand their business. "It only takes a little effort to make a big change."
Lisa, a Mom and entrepreneur, is the epitome of a woman who perseveres against all odds.
Tune in and be inspired!
Now Faith by Co-Pastor Tomica Long
in Christianity
"Now Faith" by Co-Pastor Tomica L. Long, is a communication of faith in action.
Scripture: Hebrews 11
Music: "Sovereign God" by Maurette Brown Clark
Music: "Through Christ" by William Mc Dowell
in Women
Welcome to Women Making Sense of Sex (and everything else) at 60! In this episode, join my co-host Iris Bieri and in a lively conversation about the changes that we women face after menopause and as we enter into our 60's. What makes this time unique for us?
Our bodies are changing radically and we are no longer oriented towards having children and being in relationship. We are also facing the loss of our roles as mothers, sexual partners (for some of us) wives, and for some of us we are facing retirement and or the loss of our careers. We are entering into a time when many things that we have hooked our identity on to are changing and we are faced with "now what?" and "who am I?".
Many of us feel alone in this and isolated. That is why we're talking about this! So, join us and other women in this candid open conversation about what goes on beneath the surface and feel connected to the rhythme of your natural blueprint. Nothing is wrong with you! It is just time to step fully into your changes and embrace your authenticity.
This show is also great for you younger women wondering what you have to look forward to as you move through into maturity!
World of Faith Outreach Ministries -God's Wisdom
in The Bible
Listen to this powerful message from Pastor Kim Bost of World of Faith Outreach Ministries. It is life-changing!
Activating Your Faith
in Christianity
We will be talking about how to walk in activated faith. Having the true ability to completly trust in God and his promises.
Entrepreneurship Requires Faith
in Christianity
Anyone who has owned their own company knows how much faith is required to make it day to day, especially in the early stages of growth. In today's episode, I'd like to talk about how it's so important to ask God for help when it comes to launching a new company.
Biblical Faith Is Not A Force
in Christianity
In this segment I will be talking about Biblical faith. What is it really? I will also be talking about and exploring an aberrant teaching about something called the "force of faith" and why it is dangerous and considered a misunderstanding about Biblical faith. Could this way of believing ruin your image of God and distort the one true God of the Scriptures? I will also be covering a brief overview about Systematic Theology and Biblical Theology and why they play a major role in knowing Scripture rightfully. Tune in this Thursday evening at 8 PM EST. Blessings In Christ! Hosted by Peter Jannetti.
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Originally written on
Beyond The Buzzer
Last updated 11/9/14
"They're very spectacular. They're fun to watch. There's no question about it," Bryant said Thursday before going a step further. "They have higher jumpers than Showtime, though."
…Bryant deemed the Clippers championship-worthy.
"Oh, for sure. They're definitely one of the top contenders," he said, crediting Chris Paul and Blake Griffin.
"[Paul] is extremely competitive. I think that became infectious. Blake is too, though," Bryant said. "It starts with those two guys and then they added a bunch of guys that are extremely chippy and feisty."
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- Poll of the Day
- Partners
- More Financial News
Jan. 20, 2015, 5:21 pm EST – The markets remained mixed on Tuesday as traders anticipate the Bank of Japan decision on Wednesday morning and the European Central Bank decision on Thursday.
Jan. 14, 2015, 5:29 pm EST – Stocks continued to fall Wednesday even though income, job creation and consumer confidence are on the upswing, showing that U.S. consumers can't carry the global economy themselves. More
Jan. 13, 2015, 5:32 pm EST – Tuesday morning rally dissolves as crude oil once again turns Wall Street into a horde of pessimists. More
Jan. 13, 2015, 9:32 am EST – Gold and silver stocks continue to consolidate and prepare for major upside moves in the near future. More
Jan. 12, 2015, 5:09 pm EST – Another major dip in oil prices sent most of the stock market packing Monday, though new opportunities are arising in precious metals. More
Jan. 9, 2015, 2:27 pm EST – The unemployment is rapidly approaching the Fed's long-term targets, which means interest rates will have to rise sooner or later. More
Jan. 8, 2015, 5:28 pm EST – The Fed announced more news today, reassuring investors that the punch bowl won't be pulled away just yet. More
Jan. 8, 2015, 9:27 am EST – Precious metals are on the move, with gold and silver threatening to break up and out of a multi-month basing pattern. More
Jan. 7, 2015, 5:30 pm EST – Despite the bounce in stocks, bonds, credit and currencies were not singing the same tune, and instead continued to warn of deeper woes. More
Jan. 6, 2015, 5:17 pm EST – Equities face their worst losing streak in more than a year as oil prices continued to plunge Tuesday. Now in question: high-yield bonds and even the global economy. More


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Funky Freshwater Fish
January 15, 2015We're all familiar with the common bass and trout living in our rivers and lakes. But the underwater freshwater world gets wackier than those basic swimmers.
Inspirational Leadership on the Rio Grande/Bravo
January 07, 2015Joe Sirotnak, a federal botanist in Big Bend National Park, and his colleagues are focused on restoring and protecting the Rio Grande/Bravo River. This involves removing invasive plants that threaten the natural environment, re-vegetating tributaries that fuel the river, and coordinating crews to help with all these processes.
Saving the Finless Porpoise
September 30, 2014Protecting the current population of the Yangtze finless porpoise in limited reserves is not enough. We need to restore wetlands, work with farmers and fishers, and help industrial parks improve their water efficiency and reduce pollution all along the Yangtze River.
Say No to Don Sahong Dam
September 12, 2014Buddhist monks, community mobilizers, youth and various organizations rallied together against a backdrop of boats bearing banners asking Mega First to stop the controversial Don Sahong dam on the Mekong River on Sept. 11, 2014.
Reusing Water to Nourish Nature
August 28, 2014One of the goals for the partnership between WWF and The Coca-Cola Company is to measurably improve environmental performance across the Company's value chain, including working with bottlers such as Cervecería Hondureña.
Weather Stations for Conservation
August 25, 2014WWF and The Coca-Cola Company, are trying to make sure today's farmers to apply environmental knowledge to farming. Agricultural runoffs like pesticides, fertilizers and topsoil are some of the greatest threats to the Mesoamerican Reef, the second-largest reef in the world.
4 Species Impacted by Dams
August 14, 2014Many freshwater species depend on free-flowing rivers to complete their life cycles, and in some systems, those species make up critical parts of people's diets. Here's a look at five important species impacted by dams.
Discovering Lake Niassa
June 09, 2014A WWF team, in collaboration with scientists from the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, is using underwater cameras as part of a pilot study to establish a baseline of the fish diversity of the Lake Niassa Partial Reserve.
Celebrating Migratory Fish
May 30, 2014In China, rapid development is affecting the Chinese sturgeon, one of the four indicator species WWF is watching as a sign of the Yangtze River's overall health.
New Dam on Mekong River Could Doom Irrawaddy Dolphins
May 22, 2014An estimated 85 critically endangered Irrawaddy dolphins cling to survival in a stretch of the mighty Mekong River between Cambodia and Laos—exactly where Mega First Corporation Berhad is scheduled to begin construction of a massive dam in a few months.
Global Freshwater Conservation Gains Momentum Among UN Countries
May 21, 2014Thirty-five member countries of the United Nations have now officially agreed to common guidelines for sharing and managing freshwater resources that cross international borders.
Irrawaddy Dolphins: The Smiling Faces of the Mekong
April 17, 2014Irrawaddy dolphins are an unusual species with small populations found in Southeast Asia. WWF works with local communities to develop fishery management zones to help sustain the fish population and conserve the species.
Changing a River's Trajectory
April 15, 2014WWF and partners are working to restore a section of the Rio Grande/Bravo along the US-Mexico border. The river's water is already 150% over-allocated and the onset of climate change has led to serious drought.
Transforming the Future of Fresh Water
April 08, 2014AWS and its standard will help drive water management coordination globally, but also in regions and—most importantly—in river basins. It will make water stewardship something that's real and not just a concept. That's why we at WWF are so excited to see it launch.
What to Do on World Water Day
March 18, 2014About 70% of the Earth's surface is covered in water. Though it seems abundant, just 1% of world's water is fresh (not salty) and available (not frozen). And that mighty 1% is under threat.
But we all can do something to help fresh water.
Depending on Clean Water: Five Freshwater Animals
March 13, 2014WWF understands the importance of clean and healthy freshwater ecosystems for a thriving planet. So who are these animals that live in and around freshwater?
Innovative Freshwater Partnership and Pilot Project Launch in China
February 11, 2014On January 14, WWF, The Coca-Cola Company and the Hunan Province in China announced a landmark partnership focused on the Liuyang tributary that will help ensure the Yangtze River, the third longest river in the world, becomes a healthy, resilient freshwater basin.
Creating a Ripple Effect
September 12, 2013Can young people change the world? Madison Higbee and siblings Tyler, Wesley, and Nathan Newman of Canton, Georgia think so.
Two Indus River Dolphin Calves Rescued in Eastern Pakistan
July 16, 2013Two stray Indus River dolphin calves trapped in a canal in eastern Pakistan were rescued by a joint team of WWF and the Sindh Wildlife Department and released safely nearly 50 miles downstream.
Ushering in a future of cooperation and water security
March 22, 2013Karin Krchnak, director of WWF's Freshwater Program, journeyed by canoe down the Rio Grande through Big Bend National Park, witnessing firsthand the power of partnership in finding a solution to maintaining abundant sources of clean water.
Rare Dolphin Offered a Second Chance
November 15, 2012There are fewer than 100 Irrawaddy dolphins in the Mekong River of Southeast Asia, and researchers fear the numbers are shrinking even further. But now the dolphins may have something to smile about. In September local government agencies in Cambodia agreed to work with WWF to conserve dolphins and minimize or eliminate deaths from gillnets.
The Mighty Mekong at Risk
November 07, 2012The Mekong River's spectacular biodiversity, rich fisheries and the livelihoods of millions are all at grave risk after the government of Laos broke ground on November 7, 2012 on a massive hydropower dam. The Xayaburi dam will be the first dam to span the entire mainstem of the lower Mekong River—home to more than 1100 freshwater fish species.
A River's Powerful Lesson
Freshwater problems are particularly acute in the Himalayas where an unprecedented amount of development in Tibet is causing pollution to water sources. During the conference, the monks and nuns brainstormed ideas on how to protect their own water sources from threats.
Crowdsourcing for Conservation
WWF and six other NGOs announced the Freshwater Fish BioBlitz on February 2, 2014. This new digital platform enables anyone with a camera to contribute to freshwater conservation.


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Sep. 28, 2009, 10:14 AM
So i am training for IHSA and i have been told i have a very "eventer" jumping and riding seat. I half seat through XC and in stadium so i get that, but im not sure how different my jumping seat is from regular "hunt/eq" seat. I tend to not give as big of a release going XC (big enough fo my horse. i dont catch here in the mouth) but in stadium i really give her her head because she isnt as excited... anyway my question is should my xc course look likeim riding and equatation round?


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There are 2 schools in zipcode 95117, CA, serving 428 students.
Minority enrollment is 53% of the student body, which is more than the CA state average of 43%.
The student:teacher ratio of 9:1 is lower than the state private school average of 12:1.
95117, California Schools
- School Location Students Grades
San JosePrimary Plus School
3500 Amber Dr
San Jose, CA 95117
(408)248-2464322 students | Gr. NS-4 -
San JoseWest Valley Middle School
801 Hibiscus Ln
San Jose, CA 95117
(408)985-2138106 students | Gr. 5-8
Zipcode Statistics
About This Zipcode (95117) | Zipcode Statistics | (CA) State Statistics |
Population (Approximate) | 30,067 people | 36,395,123 people |
Age 25+ w/College Degree | 43% | 32% |
Median Household Income | $64,009 | $56,166 |
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Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain
Article first published online: 29 MAR 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.x
© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Additional Information
How to Cite
Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Kan, E. and Sowell, E. R. (2012), Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain. Developmental Science, 15: 516–527. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 18 JUN 2012
- Article first published online: 29 MAR 2012
- Received: 23 June 2011 Accepted: 30 January 2012
Socioeconomic disparities in childhood are associated with remarkable differences in cognitive and socio-emotional development during a time when dramatic changes are occurring in the brain. Yet, the neurobiological pathways through which socioeconomic status (SES) shapes development remain poorly understood. Behavioral evidence suggests that language, memory, social-emotional processing, and cognitive control exhibit relatively large differences across SES. Here we investigated whether volumetric differences could be observed across SES in several neural regions that support these skills. In a sample of 60 socioeconomically diverse children, highly significant SES differences in regional brain volume were observed in the hippocampus and the amygdala. In addition, SES × age interactions were observed in the left superior temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting increasing SES differences with age in these regions. These results were not explained by differences in gender, race or IQ. Likely mechanisms include differences in the home linguistic environment and exposure to stress, which may serve as targets for intervention at a time of high neural plasticity.


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Commercial Services and Supplies
Company Overview of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH Richard C. Henriques Jr.*
Chief Financial Officer | 18 18 |
*Data is at least as current as the most recent Definitive Proxy.
MOST CONNECTED PEOPLE TO Richard C. Henriques Jr.
Name | Relationships |
David Westbrook Anstice | 135 Relationships |
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Keith S. Manchester | 23 Relationships |
Donald Gordon Jewell | 20 Relationships |
Satoshi Yamamoto | 17 Relationships |
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What does EN mean in Suppliers?
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- en, nut(noun)
- half the width of an em
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Please complete the MLP Troubleshooting Questionnaire to help us resolve your issues. Allow 24 to 48 business hours for us to resolve your issues and reply.
Below are two common screen captures of error messages received while trying to log into MyLabsPlus.
If you have either of these messages, or something similar, it can be resolved by clearing the browsers cache files, deleting all cookies and restarting your computer.
If you need help deleting your browsers cache or cookies, open the PDF below. The PDF contains instructions to the most commonly used browsers and their versions.
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If this message is encountered use the MLP Troubleshooting Questionnaire immediately making sure to mention that it was the BLTI-SSO error.
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We are from Montreal Quebec and we enjoy city and camping vacations. We are active swing dancers and community organizers.
Sylwia has completed online and offline ID verification.
Nous avons accueilli la famille de Sylwia et une famille d'amis à notre chalet de Chéribourg. Ils se sont bien amusés dans la neige, si on se fie au tunnel et glissage laissée sur le terrain ! Ce sont des gens gentils que nous recommandons sans hésiter.
Sylwia and her family were wonderful guests! Easy to reach and communicate with, met on a timely manner, clean, respectful, and appreciative of the space. I wouldn't hesitate to welcome them back anytime! Highly recommend Sylwia to other hosts who wish to share their space.
Sywia and family are great guests, lots of communication and left the place in fine shape. I would recommend them as a guest for sure!


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text: 8 of us travel to Wellsboro for an annual bicycle trip. We stayed at the Hotel Manor, so ate there for breakfast, lunch and dinner several times over our 4 night stay. Food was always hot and good. Portion sizes and selection were not the value as we'd hoped or found in other Wellsboro... read more


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Are Greek gods just automatically camptastic? The Immortals looks like it will push mythological glitter to its absolute limits — but there's been a long history of insanely goofy movies about Hercules, Zeus, Perseus and other Hellenistic bruisers. » 11/08/11 10:02am 11/08/11 10:02am
You've already admired Ray Harryhausen's breathtaking stop-motion animation and creature design in films like The Golden Voyage Of Sinbad and Jason And The Argonauts. But now, if you're in London, you can see his incredible work up close and personal. » 6/30/10 6:20am 6/30/10 6:20am


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Here's a bunch of the cutest little chipboard bunnies just waiting to adorn all your Easter scrapping projects! This is a great kit, packed with lots of fun embellishments and beautiful papers! Kit contents (all created at 300 dpi): 40 papers (12 x 12 in), 55 elements (17 chipboard bunnies, 6 chipboard flowers, 4 raffia bows, 4 raffia ribbons, 2 satin bows, 3 satin ribbons, 3 single photo frames, 2 multi photo frames, 1 set of bunny ears, 2 easter wordarts, 4 chipboard embellishments, 1 set of bunny footprints, 5 label holders, 1 screw)
Please note: These products have been repacked to reflect my designer name change from Deli Scraps to Carin Grobe Design. The content of the kits is unchanged.
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Blea Water Cleft | IV 4 | ||
130m. 130m. 400m. left of Birkett's Gully are gullies leading up from right to left. There is an obvious cleft. Climb up this chimney up and exit after 12m. Continue up the easier line of ice and snow gullies above to finish below the cairn on Mardale Ill Bell. © ROCKFAX FA. D.Scott, P.Braithwaite 29/Dec/1996 Submit a new photo of this climb. | |||


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Married Love
And Other Stories
From the critics
Community Activity
Add a CommentIn these 12 short stories, Hadley is able to communicate everything about her characters within the story. Her stories are understated and address class and family. Recommended.
Bad sign when you start skimming most of the last stories. Good character descriptions but hollow stories not ending up anywhere - endings very unsatisfying.


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Viewster AG
Gegründet: März 2007
Viewster's video on demand service in the cloud.
VIEWSTER is a video on demand service from VIEWSTER Ltd., Switzerland. VIEWSTER offers an attractive choice of up-to-date feature films, series and film star interviews, all viewable at any time on up to five different devices of your choice.
Milestones / News
25.04.2013 |
09.04.2013 Viewster bolsters TV offering with The Inbetweeners and Hundreds of More Great Titles |
25.03.2013 |


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Shopping Cart
After a passionate public encounter with a mysterious and very sexy biker, big girl Kelly Saunders finds herself on the ride of her life. Her 'Knight on shining armor' — Rick Knight, heir to a motorcycle legacy — whisks her away from her soul-sucking corporate job to Las Vegas, where she finds the road to love is treacherous.
As urgent business matters demand more and more of Rick's attention, Kelly is left to wonder about the future of their relationship. A ruthless betrayal throws her life into turmoil, and a devastating discovery threatens to pull them apart. Is their love just so much Vegas glitter or is it strong enough to survive beyond the dazzling lights of Sin City?
Vegas Knights is the much-anticipated novel-length sequel to Knight Fall, available for just 99 cents at all e-tailers. The books can be read on their own or in sequence.
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Brittany Connors put down some roots in Ledyard a year ago when she and her boyfriend, Matt Robinson, purchased a home in town.
Connors strengthened those ties even more Tuesday when she was named Ledyard High School's new softball coach.
"My boyfriend's daughter (Ava) goes to school (in town)," Connors said. "We plan on being there forever, so it just felt like it was meant to be.
"I'm really excited to take over the Ledyard program and what they have. There's a lot of exciting things there."
Connors, a Waterford High graduate, spent the previous two seasons at St. Bernard School. She replaces Ray O'Donnell, who coached the program the previous 12 years.
"Brittany brings energy and passion for the sport of softball and her enthusiasm for competition is clearly evident," Ledyard athletic director Jim Buonocore said. "Brittany's teams at St. Bernard have been extremely aggressive in their approach to the game and fundamentally sound in all phases. She has a clear understanding of the role academics and athletics plays in helping our students become fully educated adults.
"She will be a wonderful role model for our student-athletes and an outstanding addition to our athletic department at Ledyard High School."
"It's definitely bittersweet because I loved the girls and my assistant coach (Nikki Nelson) and the parents (at St. Bernard) were amazing," Connors said. "But I think it's the right move for me."
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What does RB mean in General?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand RB in the Business field in general and in the General terminology in particular.
Find a translation for RB in other languages:
Select another language:
What does RB mean?
- rubidium, Rb, atomic number 37(noun)
- a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali metal group; burns in air and reacts violently in water; occurs in carnallite and lepidolite and pollucite
Discuss this RB abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"RB." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 3 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/127578>.
RB also stands for:
... and 105 more »
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Alternative search:
- Search Room Booking on Amazon
- Search Room Booking on Google


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Organically grown almonds. Packaged in the same facility as peanuts, tree nuts, soy, and milk products.
Nutrition Facts
Serving size 30g (~1.1 oz.)
Amount per serving | |
Calories | 190 |
Calories from Fat | 150 |
Total Fat | 17g | 26% |
Saturated Fat | 1.5g | 8% |
Cholesterol | 0mg | 0% |
Sodium | 0mg | 0% |
Total Carbohydrate | 6g | 2% |
Dietary Fiber | 3g | 12% |
Sugars | 2g | |
Protein | 6g |
Vitamin A | 0% |
Vitamin C | 0% |
Calcium | 10% |
Iron | 6% |
Store in a cool dry place for up to 6 months. It is ok to refrigerate.
Found In
Gluten-free (728) Salt-free (165) Unsalted (61) Nut Butter (17)
Country of origin: United States


text: Normal and Abnormal Puerperium Liu Wei Department of Ob & Gy Ren Ji hospital Normal Puerperium • Definition 1. The time from the delivery of the placenta through the first few weeks after the delivery. 2. 6 weeks in duration. 3. By 6 weeks after delivery, most of the changes of pregnancy, labor, and delivery have resolved and the body has reverted to the nonpregnant state. Normal Puerperium • The relevant anatomy and physiology in the puerperium 1. Reproductive organs 1) Uterus 1000g → 50-100g The endometrial lining rapidly regenerates (16 days) The placental site undergoes a series of changes in the postpartum period Normal Puerperium 2) Cervix it never returns to the nulliparous state. the external os is closed to the extent that a finger could not be easily introduced. 3) Vagina shrinks to a nonpregnant state resolution of the increased vascularity and edema occurs by 3 weeks the vaginal epithelium appears atrophic on smear. This is restored by weeks 6-10. Normal Puerperium 4) Perineum swelling and engorgement are completely gone within 1-2 weeks the muscle tone may or may not return to normal, depending on the extent of injury. 5) Ovaries ovulate as early as 27 days after delivery (not breastfeed ); 12 weeks (most); 7-9 weeks (mean). the suppression of ovulation due to the elevation in prolactin Normal Puerperium 6) Breasts Lactation can occur by 16 weeks' gestation. Lactogenesis is initially triggered by the delivery of the placenta (E↓P↓and prolactin). the prolactin levels decrease and return to normal within 2-3 weeks (not breastfeeding) The colostrum初乳(the first 2-4 days) The milk continues to change throughout the period of breastfeeding to meet the changing demands of the baby. Normal Puerperium 2. Systemic change 1) Cardiovascular system Blood volume returns to nonpregnant levels by the tenth days of puerperium Cardiac output ↑(immediately after delivery) → slowly declines→ reach late pregnancy levels 2 days postpartum→ normal 2-6 weeks. 2) Hematologic changes Hemoglobin concentration↑on the first postpartum days Several clotting factors (fibrinogen) ↑on the first days Normal Puerperium • Manifestation 1.Fever (24 hours) 2.Pain (uterine contraction) 3.Sweat 4.Lochia 恶露 a large amount of red blood initially flows from the uterus as the contraction phase rapidly occurs. (5 weeks) lochia rubra; lochia serosa (brownish red, with a more watery consistency); lochia alba (yellow) Normal Puerperium • Management 1. 2 hours after delivery Bleeding Uterine contraction HR and Bp and R and T 2. 1 weeks after delivery Bleeding Normal Puerperium 3. Emiction and defecate 4. Lochia 5. Episiotomy and Laceration 6. Breast Puerperal Infection • Puerperal Infection any bacterial infection of the genital tract after delivery. Incidence: 6%. The most important cause of maternal death. • Puerperal Morbidity temperature 38.0℃ or highter, the temperature to occur on any 2 of the first 10days postpartum, exclusive of the first 24 hours, and to be taken by mouth by a standard technique at least four times daily. Puerperal Infection • Risk factors 1. PROM 2. Anemia 3. Hemorrhage 4. EP and CS 5. Placenta retain Puerperal Infection • Common pathogens 1.Aerobes Group A, B, and D streptococci溶血性链球菌 Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli大肠 杆菌, Klebsiella克雷伯氏菌 Staphylococcus aureus葡萄球菌 Puerperal Infection 2. Anaerobes Petococcus species消化球菌 Petostreptococcus species消化链球菌 Bacteroides fragilis group脆弱类杆菌 Clostridium species梭状芽孢杆菌 3. Other Chlamydia trachomatis沙眼衣原体 Mycoplasma species支原体 Puerperal Infection • Manifestation Acute vulvitis vaginitis and cervicitis Uterine infection Adnexal infections Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎 Sapremia 败血症 Puerperal Infection • Diagnosis History Physical examination and PV Lab finding Differential diagnosis Puerperal Infection • Treatment 1. Nutrition: anemia prevention 2. Antimicrobial treatment broad-spectrum, high dose, long time 3. Drainage 4. Treatment of thrombophlebitis Late Postpartum Hemorrhage • Definition Uterine bleeding by 24 hours after delivery. • Etiology Placenta or membrane or decidua retain Abnormal redintegration Infection Problems of incision END


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What does NSBP mean in Community?
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NSBP also stands for:
- National Scenic Byways Program
- National School Breakfast Program
- National Small Business Pooling
- National Society for Black Physicists
- National Society of Black Physicists
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Aug 07, 2012, 03:02 PM | |
Seaplane kit debate
Hello, all. I'm in the market for a midsize (this means about 36"-50" to me) single-engined waterplane kit. I considered adding floats to my 50" cub, but I'm looking for something really unique, and it's time I built another plane anyway. I've narrowed down my search to 3 planes I've found, all of which are pretty similar, but none of them has a whole lot of documentation out there. They all have some positive remarks online, and youtube videos galore, but this will be the first comparison (that I've found anyway.) If anyone has had experience with any of these kits, shout out and let me know how you like em'!
They are (da-da-dumm...) The Herr aqua star. The alien aircraft dragon seaplane (it's worth mentioning that this plane and the aqua star were both designed by Tom Herr, but for different companies.) And, last but not least, the house of balsa float plane .10. All of them are thin-hulled seaplanes with tip floats and the engine mounted in a pod above the fuse. The Herr and house of balsa planes are designed for gas, but I hear that they can be converted for electric, and the dragon is electric by design- I'll build either way, but I think that for a seaplane gas would be a prudent choice. Going to the lake means I don't want to have to fly for 15 minutes and leave (with a battery that needs to be recharged) and if the engine gets wet there's no ESC to fry. I'm leaning heavily toward the Herr aqua star, because it obviously has byfar the best looks, and is supposedly very spirited with a cheap .049, whereas the house of balsa flier needs a .10. There are rumored ROW problems, but the chine rails Herr now recommends are supposed to fix this. Other than these thoughts, I don't know yet- I would actually really like to see some really harsh arguing about them, because only in a debate will we see people really pointing out their pros and cons. If you have any other ideas of waterplanes that might fit my bill, please don't hesitate to point them out here- but I want a good old-fashioned balsa kit, not some pinko ARF. Alright, let's begin! |
Aug 08, 2012, 09:45 AM | |
You might like to look at this kit from Britflight . We have two in the Club here and they fly very well indeed off grass or water (or snow, presumably!).
If you are feeling adventurous and can build from plan, then try Ivan Pettigrew's Seagull from his plans page here.. I've also seen his fly and can vouch for it's performance. Edit for pictures Mike ImagesView all Images in thread |
Aug 10, 2012, 12:28 PM | |
Pook: Electric for me, it's been decided. Even old timers at the field agree- and they usually scoff at my electric fallacies.
Lind: I think that a lot of aqua stars were built either before word of the now-recommended chine rail mod took off, or the builders just never implemented them, not knowing about the rails or thinking them an unneeded complication. Either that, or they were given too much power- Herr says that even a .061 engine is a little too much. A .10 (or brushless equivalent) would actually ruin its performance. Sensitive little airplane. |
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Tory Burch 'Brooklyn' Dress & Accessories
Master the little black dress.'Brooklyn' Surplice Sheath Dress
- Item #584532
Details & Care
- The beginnings of a pretty peplum graces the front of a pleated-shoulder sheath while dainty layers trace every edge.
'Everly' Pump
- Item #567843
Details & Care
- Chic black and white defines a feminine twist on a menswear-inspired wingtip.
'Robinson' Dome Satchel
- Item #582819
Details & Care
- An elegantly arched top line brings ladylike chic to a smart Saffiano satchel finished with polished gold accents.