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Hawaiian | |
ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi | |
Region | Hawaiʻi, concentrated on Niʻihau and Hawaiʻi |
Ethnicity | Native Hawaiians |
Native speakers | 2,000 (1997)[1] to 24,000+ (2006–2008)[2] |
Latin (Hawaiian alphabet) Hawaiian Braille | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Hawaiʻi |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | haw |
ISO 639-3 | haw |
Glottolog | hawa1245 [3] |
Hawaiian | |
ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi | |
Region | Hawaiʻi, concentrated on Niʻihau and Hawaiʻi |
Ethnicity | Native Hawaiians |
Native speakers | 2,000 (1997)[1] to 24,000+ (2006–2008)[2] |
Latin (Hawaiian alphabet) Hawaiian Braille | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Hawaiʻi |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | haw |
ISO 639-3 | haw |
Glottolog | hawa1245 [3] |
The Hawaiian language (Hawaiian: ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi)[4] is a Polynesian language that takes its name from Hawaiʻi, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is an official language of the state of Hawaii. King Kamehameha III established the first Hawaiian-language constitution in 1839 and 1840.
For various reasons, including Territorial legislation establishing English as the official language in schools, the number of native speakers of Hawaiian gradually decreased during the period from the 1830s to the 1950s. Hawaiian was essentially displaced by English on six of seven inhabited islands. In 2001, native speakers of Hawaiian amounted to under 0.1% of the statewide population. Linguists are worried about the fate of this and other endangered languages.[5][6]
Nevertheless, from circa 1949 to present day, there has been a gradual increase in attention to and promotion of the language. Public Hawaiian-language immersion preschools called Pūnana Leo were started in 1984; other immersion schools followed soon after. The first students to start in immersion preschool have now graduated from college and many are fluent Hawaiian speakers. The federal government acknowledged this development. For example the Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 changed the names of several national parks in Hawaiʻi observing the Hawaiian spelling.[7]
A pidgin or creole language spoken in Hawaiʻi is Hawaiian Pidgin (or Hawaii Creole English, HCE). It should not be mistaken for the Hawaiian language nor for a dialect of English.
The Hawaiian alphabet has 13 letters, five vowels (long and short) and eight consonants, one of them being a glottal stop (called ʻokina in Hawaiian).
The Hawaiian language takes its name from the largest island, Hawaii (Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian language), in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed, originally from a Polynesian language of the South Pacific, most likely Marquesan or Tahitian. The island name was first written in English in 1778 by British explorer James Cook and his crew members. They wrote it as "Owhyhee" or "Owhyee". Explorers Mortimer (1791) and Otto von Kotzebue (1821) used that spelling.[8]
The initial "O" in the name is a reflection of the fact that unique identity is predicated in Hawaiian by using a copula form, o, immediately before a proper noun.[9] Thus, in Hawaiian, the name of the island is expressed by saying O Hawaiʻi, which means "[This] is Hawaiʻi."[10] The Cook expedition also wrote "Otaheite" rather than "Tahiti."[11]
The spelling "why" in the name reflects the [hw] pronunciation of wh in 18th century English (still in active use in parts of the English-speaking world). Why was pronounced [hwai]. The spelling "hee" or "ee" in the name represents the sounds [hi], or [i].[12]
Putting the parts together, O-why-(h)ee reflects [o-hwai-i], a reasonable approximation of the native pronunciation, [o hɐwɐiʔi].
American missionaries bound for Hawaiʻi used the phrases "Owhihe Language" and "Owhyhee language" in Boston prior to their departure in October 1819 and during their five-month voyage to Hawai'i.[13] They still used such phrases as late as March 1822.[14] However, by July 1823, they had begun using the phrase "Hawaiian Language."[15]
In Hawaiian, ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi means "Hawaiian language", as adjectives follow nouns.[16]
Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family.[17] It is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such as Marquesan, Tahitian, Māori, Rapa Nui (the language of Easter Island), and less closely to Samoan and Tongan.
According to Schütz (1994), the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 AD[18] followed by later waves of immigration from the Society Islands and Samoa-Tonga. Their languages, over time, became the Hawaiian language within the Hawaiian Islands.[19] Kimura and Wilson (1983) also state, "Linguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands."[20]
The genetic history of the Hawaiian language is demonstrated primarily through the application of lexicostatistics, which involves quantitative comparison of lexical cognates, and the comparative method.[21][22]
Lexicostatistics is a way of quantifying the degree to which any given languages are genetically related to one another.[23][24] It is mainly based on determining the number of cognates (genetically shared words) that the languages have in a fixed set of vocabulary items which are nearly universal among all languages.[23] The so-called "basic vocabulary" (or Swadesh list) amounts to about 200 words,[25] having meanings such as "eye", "hair", "blood", "water", and "and."[26] The measurement of a genetic relationship is expressed as a percentage.[23][27] For example, Hawaiian and English have 0 cognates in the 200-word list, so they are 0% genetically related. By contrast, Hawaiian and Tahitian have about 152 cognates in the list, so they are estimated as being 76% genetically related.[28]
The comparative method is a technique developed by linguists to determine if two or more languages are genetically related, and if they are, the historical nature of the relationships.[21][29] For a given meaning, the words of the languages are compared.[30] Linguists observe:[31]
In this method, the definition of "identical" is reasonably clear, but those of "similar" and "dissimilar" are based on phonological criteria which may require professional training to fully understand and which can vary in the contexts of different languages. Basically, a sound's manner and place of articulation, and its phonological features, are the main factors considered in investigating its status as "similar" or "dissimilar" to other sounds in a particular context. For example, /b/ and /m/ are both voiced labial sounds, but one is a stop and the other a nasal. When linguists find in compared languages that compared words of the same or similar meaning contain sounds which correspond to one another, and find that these same sound correspondences recur regularly in most, or in many, of the comparable words of the languages, then the usual conclusion is that the languages are genetically related.[32][33]
The following table, Decimal Numbers, provides a limited data set for ten meanings. The Proto-Austronesian (PAN) forms are from Li (2004:4). The asterisk (*) is used to show that these are hypothetical, reconstructed forms. The Tagalog forms are from Ramos (1971), the Tongan from Churchward (1959), and the Hawaiian from Pukui & Elbert (1986). In the table, the year date of the modern forms is rounded off to CE 2000 to emphasize the 6000-year time lapse since the PAN era.
Decimal numbers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
PAN, circa 4000 BC | *isa | *DuSa | *telu | *Sepat | *lima | *enem | *pitu | *walu | *Siwa | *puluq |
Amis | cecay | tusa | tulu | sepat | lima | enem | pitu | falu | siwa | pulu' |
Tagalog | isá | dalawá | tatló | ápat | limá | ánim | pitó | waló | siyám | sampu |
Ilocano | maysá | dua | talló | uppát | limá | inném | pitó | waló | siam | sangapúlo |
Cebuano | usá | duhá | tuló | upat | limá | unom | pitó | waló | siyám | napulu |
Chamorro | maisa/håcha | hugua | tulu | fatfat | lima | gunum | fiti | guålu | sigua | månot/fulu |
Malagasy | isa | roa | telo | efatra | dimy | enina | fito | valo | sivy | folo |
Malay | satu | dua | tiga | empat | lima | enam | tujuh | lapan | sembilan | sepuluh |
Javanese | siji | loro | telu | papat | limo | nem | pitu | wolu | songo | sepuluh |
Fijian | dua | rua | tolu | vā | lima | ono | vitu | walu | ciwa | tini |
Tongan | taha | ua | tolu | fā | nima | ono | fitu | valu | hiva | -fulu |
Sāmoan | tasi | lua | tolu | fā | lima | ono | fitu | valu | iva | sefulu |
Māori | tahi | rua | toru | whā | rima | ono | whitu | waru | iwa | tekau (archaic: ngahuru) |
Tahitian | hō'ē | piti | toru | maha | pae | ōno | hitu | va'u | iva | 'ahuru |
Marquesan | e tahi | e 'ua | e to'u | e fa | e 'ima | e ono | e fitu | e va'u | e iva | 'onohu'u |
Hawaiian | kahi | lua | kolu | hā | lima | ono | hiku | walu | iwa | -'umi |
Note 1. For the number "10", the Tongan form in the table is part of the word /hoŋo-fulu/ ('ten'). The Hawaiian form is part of the word /ana-hulu/ ('ten days'), however the more common form used in counting and quantifying is /ʔumi/, a different root.
Application of the lexicostatistical method to the data in the table will show the four languages to be related to one another, with Tagalog having 100% cognacy with PAN, while Hawaiian and Tongan have 100% cognacy with each other, but 90% with Tagalog and PAN. This is because the forms for each number are cognates, except the Hawaiian and Tongan words for the number "1", which are cognate with each other, but not with Tagalog and PAN. When the full set of 200 meanings is used, the percentages will be much lower. For example, Elbert found Hawaiian and Tongan to have 49% (98 ÷ 200) shared cognacy.[34] This points out the importance of data-set size for this method – less data, cruder result; more data, better result.
Application of the comparative method will show partly different genetic relationships. It will point out sound changes,[35] such as:
This method will recognize sound change #1 as a shared innovation of Hawaiian and Tongan. It will also take the Hawaiian and Tongan cognates for "1" as another shared innovation. Due to these exclusively shared features, Hawaiian and Tongan are found to be more closely related to one another than either is to Tagalog or PAN.
The forms in the table show that the Austronesian vowels tend to be relatively stable, while the consonants are relatively volatile. It is also apparent that the Hawaiian words for "3", "5" and "8" have remained essentially unchanged for 6000 years.
For Hawaiian language history before 1778, see Family and origin above.
In 1778, British explorer James Cook made the first reported European contact with Hawaiʻi, beginning a new phase in the development of Hawaiian. During the next forty years, the sounds of Spanish (1789), Russian (1804), French (1816), and German (1816) arrived in Hawaiʻi via other explorers and businessmen. Hawaiian began to be written for the first time, largely restricted to isolated names and words, and word lists collected by explorers and travelers.[36]
The early explorers and merchants who first brought European languages to the Hawaiʻian islands also took on a few native crew members who brought the Hawaiian language into new territory.[37] Although there were not enough of these Hawaiian-speaking explorers to establish any viable speech communities abroad, they still had a noticeable presence. One of them, a boy in his teens known as Obookiah (ʻŌpūkahaʻia), had a major impact on the future of the language. He sailed to New England, where he eventually became a student at the Foreign Mission School in Cornwall, Connecticut. He inspired New Englanders to support a Christian mission to Hawaiʻi, and provided information on the Hawaiian language to the American missionaries there prior to their departure for Hawaiʻi in 1819.[38]
In 1820, Protestant missionaries from New England arrived in Hawaiʻi, inspired by the presence of several young Hawaiian men, especially Obookiah (ʻŌpūkahaʻia), at the Foreign Mission School in Cornwall, Connecticut. The missionaries began to learn the Hawaiian language so that they could form relationships with the locals and publish a Hawaiʻian Bible. To that end, they developed a successful alphabet for Hawaiian by 1826, taught Hawaiians to read and write the language, published various educational materials in Hawaiian, and eventually finished translating the Bible. Missionaries also influenced King Kamehameha III to establish the first Hawaiian-language constitutions in 1839 and 1840.[citation needed]
Adelbert von Chamisso might have consulted with a native speaker of Hawaiian in Berlin, Germany, before publishing his grammar of Hawaiian ("Über die Hawaiische Sprache") in 1837.[39] When Hawaiian King David Kalākaua took a trip around the world, he brought his native language with him. When his wife, Queen Kapiʻolani, and his sister, Princess (later Queen) Liliʻuokalani, took a trip across North America and on to the British Islands, in 1887, Liliʻuokalani's composition Aloha ʻOe was already a famous song in the U.S.[40]
In 1834, the first Hawaiian-language newspapers were published by missionaries working with locals. The missionaries also played a significant role in publishing a vocabulary (1836)[41] grammar (1854)[42] and dictionary (1865)[43] of Hawaiian. Literacy in Hawaiian was widespread among the local population, especially ethnic Hawaiians. Use of the language among the general population might have peaked around 1881. Even so, some people worried, as early as 1854, that the language was "soon destined to extinction."[44]
The increase in travel to and from Hawaiʻi during the 19th century introduced a number of fatal illnesses such as smallpox, influenza, and leprosy, which killed large numbers of native speakers of Hawaiian. Meanwhile, native speakers of other languages, especially English, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, and Ilokano, continued to immigrate to Hawaiʻi. As a result, the actual number, as well as the percentage, of native speakers of Hawaiian in the local population decreased sharply, and continued to fall throughout the nineteenth century.[citation needed]
As the status of Hawaiian dropped, the status of English in Hawaiʻi rose. In 1885, the Prospectus of the Kamehameha Schools announced that "instruction will be given only in English language" (see published opinion of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Doe v. Kamehameha Schools, case no. 04-15044, page 8928, filed August 2, 2005). Around 1900, students began to be punished for speaking Hawaiʻian in schools,[45] and the number of native speakers of Hawaiian diminished from 37,000 at the turn of the twentieth century to 1,000 today; half of these remaining are now in their seventies or eighties (see Ethnologue report below for citations).
There has been some controversy over the reasons for this decline. One school of thought claims that the most important cause for the decline of the Hawaiian language was its voluntary abandonment by the majority of its native speakers. According to Mary Kawena Pukui, they wanted their own children to speak English, as a way to promote their success in a rapidly changing modern environment, so they refrained from using Hawaiian with their own children.[46] The Hawaiian language schools disappeared as their enrollments dropped: parents preferred English language schools. Another school of thought emphasizes the importance of other factors that discouraged the use of the language, such as the fact that the English language was made the only medium of instruction in all schools in 1896 and the fact that schools punished the use of Hawaiian (see "Banning" of Hawaiian below.) General prejudice against ethnic Hawaiians (kanaka) has also been blamed for the decline of the language.
A new dictionary was published in 1957, a new grammar in 1979, and new second-language textbooks in 1951, 1965, 1977, and 1989. Master's theses and doctoral dissertations on specific facets of Hawaiian appeared in 1951, 1975, 1976, and 1996.
According to Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Elbert in the definitive Dictionary, kaona (kao-na)[47] is a "Hidden meaning, as in Hawaiian poetry; concealed reference, as to a person, thing, or place; words with double meanings that might bring good or bad fortune." Pukui lamented, "in spite of years of dedicated work, it is impossible to record any language completely. How true this seems for Hawaiian, with its rich and varied background, its many idioms heretofore undescribed, and its ingenious and sophisticated use of figurative language." On page xiii of the 1986 Dictionary she warned: "Hawaiian has more words with multiple meanings than almost any other language. One wishing to name a child, a house, a T-shirt, or a painting, should be careful that the chosen name does not have a naughty or vulgar meaning. The name of a justly respectable children's school, Hana Hauʻoli, means happy activity and suggests a missionary author, but among older Hawaiians it has another, less 'innocent' meaning that should not concern little children. A Honolulu street (and formerly the name of a hotel) is Hale Leʻa 'joyous house', but leʻa also means orgasm."
Understanding the kaona of the language requires a comprehensive knowledge of Hawaiian legends, history and cosmology.
The law cited as banning the Hawaiian language is identified as Act 57, sec. 30 of the 1896 Laws of the Republic of Hawaiʻi:
The English Language shall be the medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools, provided that where it is desired that another language shall be taught in addition to the English language, such instruction may be authorized by the Department, either by its rules, the curriculum of the school, or by direct order in any particular instance. Any schools that shall not conform to the provisions of this section shall not be recognized by the Department. [signed] June 8, 1896 Sanford B. Dole, President of the Republic of Hawaiʻi
This law established English as the medium of instruction for the government-recognized schools both "public and private". While it did not ban or make illegal the Hawaiian language in other contexts, the implementation of it in the schools it had far reaching effects. Those who had been pushing for English only schools took this law as licence to extinguish the native language at the early education level. While the law stopped short of making Hawaiian illegal (which was still the dominant language spoken at the time), many children who spoke Hawaiian at school, including on the playground, were disciplined. This included corporal punishment and going to the home of the offending child to strongly advise them to stop speaking it in their home. Moreover, the law specifically provided for teaching languages "in addition to the English language," reducing Hawaiian to the status of a foreign language, subject to approval by the Department. Hawaiian was not taught initially in any school, including the all-Hawaiian Kamehameha Schools. This is largely due to the fact that when these schools were founded, like Kamehameha Schools which was founded in 1887 (nine years before this law), Hawaiian was being spoken in the home. Once this law was enacted, individuals at these institutions took it upon themselves to take it a step further by enforcing a ban on Hawaiian. Beginning in 1900, Mary Kawena Pukui, who was later the co-author of the Hawaiian–English Dictionary, was punished for speaking Hawaiian by being rapped on the forehead, allowed to eat only bread and water for lunch, and denied home visits on holidays.[48] Winona Beamer was expelled from Kamehameha Schools in 1937 for chanting Hawaiian.[49]
Hawaiian-language newspapers were published for over a hundred years, through the period of the suppression. Very few pro-Hawaiian papers made it through the period of the overthrow of the kingdom and the subsequent Act 57. Most papers that survived that period had a distinctly pro-U.S.Annexation perspective. Pukui & Elbert (1986:572) list fourteen Hawaiian newspapers. According to them, the newspapers entitled Ka Lama Hawaii and Ke Kumu Hawaii began publishing in 1834, and the one called Ka Hoku o Hawaii ceased publication in 1948. The longest run was that of Ka Nupepa Kuokoa: about 66 years, from 1861 to 1927.
In 1949, the legislature of the Territory of Hawaiʻi commissioned Mary Pukui and Samuel Elbert to write a new dictionary of Hawaiian, either revising the Andrews-Parker work, or starting from scratch.[50] Pukui and Elbert took a middle course, using what they could from the Andrews dictionary, but making certain improvements and additions that were more significant than a minor revision. The dictionary they produced, in 1957, introduced an era of gradual increase in attention to the language (and culture).
Efforts to promote the language have increased in recent decades. Hawaiian-language "immersion" schools are now open to children whose families want to introduce Hawaiian language for future generations.[51] The ʻAha Pūnana Leo's Hawaiian language preschools in Hilo, Hawaii, have received international recognition.[52] The local National Public Radio station features a short segment titled "Hawaiian word of the day" and a Hawaiian language news broadcast. Honolulu television station KGMB ran a weekly Hawaiian language program, ʻĀhaʻi ʻŌlelo Ola, as recently as 2010.[53] Additionally, the Sunday editions of the Honolulu Star-Advertiser, the largest newspaper in Hawaii, features a brief article called Kauakukalahale written entirely in Hawaiian by teachers, students, and community members.
Today, on six of the seven permanently inhabited islands, Hawaiian has been largely displaced by English, and the number of native speakers of Hawaiian is under 0.1% of the state-wide population. Native speakers of Hawaiian who live on the island named Niʻihau have remained fairly isolated and have continued to use Hawaiian almost exclusively.[54]
Niihau is the only area in the world where Hawaiian is the first language and English is a foreign language. Because of many sufficiently marked variations, Niihau people, when visiting or living in Honolulu, substitute the Oahu dialect [sic] for their own – apparently easy to do – saying that otherwise people in Honolulu have trouble understanding them. Niihau people speak very rapidly; many vowels and entire syllables are dropped or whispered.[55]
The isolated island of Niʻihau, located off the southwest coast of Kauai, is the one island where Hawaiian is still spoken as the language of daily life.[54] Children are taught Hawaiian as a first language, and learn English at about age eight. Reasons for the language's predominance on this island include:
Native speakers of Niʻihau Hawaiian have three distinct modes of speaking Hawaiian:
The last mode of speaking may be further restricted to a certain subset of Niʻihauans, and is rarely even overheard by non- Niʻihauans . In addition to being able to speak Hawaiian in different ways, most Niʻihauans can speak English as well.
Elbert & Pukui (1979:23) states that "[v]ariations in Hawaiian dialects have not been systematically studied", and that "[t]he dialect of Niʻihau is the most aberrant and the one most in need of study". They recognized that Niʻihauans can speak Hawaiian in substantially different ways. Their statements are based in part on some specific observations made by Newbrand (1951). (See below, Processes, under Phonology.)
Hawaiians had no written language prior to western contact, except for petroglyph symbols. The modern Hawaiian alphabet, ka pīʻāpā Hawaiʻi, is based on the Latin script. Hawaiian words end only[56] in vowels, and every consonant must be followed by a vowel. The Hawaiian alphabetical order has all of the vowels before the consonants,[57] as in the following chart.
Aa | Ee | Ii | Oo | Uu | Hh | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Pp | Ww | ʻ |
/a/ | /e/ | /i/ | /o/ | /u/ | /h/ | /k~t/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /p/ | /v~w/ | /ʔ/ |
This writing system was developed by American Protestant missionaries during 1820–1826.[58] It was the first thing they ever printed in Hawaiʻi, on January 7, 1822, and it originally included the consonants B, D, R, T, and V, in addition to the current ones (H, K, L, M, N, P, W), and it had F, G, S, Y and Z for "spelling foreign words". The initial printing also showed the five vowel letters (A, E, I, O, U) and seven of the short diphthongs (AE, AI, AO, AU, EI, EU, OU).[59]
In 1826, the developers voted to eliminate some of the letters which represented functionally redundant allophones (called "interchangeable letters"), enabling the Hawaiian alphabet to approach the ideal state of one-symbol-one-phoneme, and thereby optimizing the ease with which people could teach and learn the reading and writing of Hawaiian.[60] For example, instead of spelling one and the same word as pule, bule, pure, and bure (because of interchangeable p/b and l/r), the word is spelled only as pule.
However, hundreds of words were very rapidly borrowed into Hawaiian from English, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and Syriac.[61][62][63] Although these loan words were necessarily Hawaiianized, they often retained some of their "non-Hawaiian letters" in their published forms. For example, Brazil fully Hawaiianized is Palakila, but retaining "foreign letters" it is Barazila.[64] Another example is Gibraltar, written as Kipalaleka or Gibaraleta.[65] While [z] and [ɡ] are not regarded as Hawaiian sounds, [b], [ɹ], and [t] were represented in the original alphabet, so the letters (b, r, and t) for the latter are not truly "non-Hawaiian" or "foreign", even though their post-1826 use in published matter generally marked words of foreign origin.
ʻOkina (ʻoki 'cut' + -na '-ing') is the modern Hawaiian name for the symbol (a letter) that represents the glottal stop.[66] It was formerly known as ʻuʻina ('snap'[67][68]).
For examples of the ʻokina, consider the Hawaiian words Hawaiʻi and Oʻahu (often simply Hawaii and Oahu in English orthography). In Hawaiian, these words can be pronounced [hʌˈʋʌi.ʔi] and [oˈʔʌ.hu], and can be written with an ʻokina where the glottal stop is pronounced.[69][70]
As early as 1823, the missionaries made some limited use of the apostrophe to represent the glottal stop,[71] but they did not make it a letter of the alphabet. In publishing the Hawaiian Bible, they used it to distinguish koʻu ('my') from kou ('your').[72] In 1864, William DeWitt Alexander published a grammar of Hawaiian in which he made it clear that the glottal stop (calling it "guttural break") is definitely a true consonant of the Hawaiian language.[73] He wrote it using an apostrophe. In 1922, the Andrews-Parker dictionary of Hawaiian made limited use of the opening single quote symbol, called "reversed apostrophe" or "inverse comma", to represent the glottal stop.[74] Subsequent dictionaries have preferred to use that symbol. Today, many native speakers of Hawaiian do not bother, in general, to write any symbol for the glottal stop. Its use is advocated mainly among students and teachers of Hawaiian as a second language, and among linguists.[75]
The ʻokina is written in various ways for electronic uses:
Because many people who want to write the ʻokina are not familiar with these specific characters and/or do not have access to the appropriate fonts and input and display systems, it is sometimes written with more familiar and readily available characters:
A modern Hawaiian name for the macron symbol is kahakō (kaha 'mark' + kō 'long').[79] It was formerly known as mekona (Hawaiianization of macron). It can be written as a diacritical mark which looks like a hyphen or dash written above a vowel, i.e., ā ē ī ō ū, and Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū. It is used to show that the marked vowel is a "double", or "geminate", or "long" vowel, in phonemic terms.[80]
As early as 1821, at least one of the missionaries, Hiram Bingham, was using macrons (and breves) in making handwritten transcriptions of Hawaiian vowels.[81] The missionaries specifically requested their sponsor in Boston to send them some type (fonts) with accented vowel characters, including vowels with macrons, but the sponsor made only one response and sent the wrong font size (pica instead of small pica).[74] Thus, they could not print ā, ē, ī, ō, nor ū (at the right size), even though they wanted to.
Due to extensive allophony, Hawaiian has more than 13 phones. Although vowel length is phonemic, long vowels are not always pronounced as such,[80] even though under the rules for assigning stress in Hawaiian, a long vowel will always receive stress.[82][83]
Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
Nasal | m | n | ||
Plosive | p | t ~ k | ʔ | |
Fricative | h | |||
Sonorant | w ~ v | l |
Hawaiian is known for having very few consonant phonemes – eight: /p, k ~ t, ʔ, h, m, n, l, w ~ v/. It is notable that Hawaiian has allophonic variation of [t] with [k],[84][85][86][87] [w] with [v],[88] and (in some dialects) [l] with [n].[89] The [t]–[k] variation is quite unusual among the world's languages, and is likely a product both of the small number of consonants in Hawaiian, and the recent shift of historical *t to modern [t]–[k], after historical *k had shifted to [ʔ]. In some dialects, /ʔ/ remains as [k] in some words. These variations are largely free, though there are conditioning factors. /l/ tends to [n] especially in words with both /l/ and /n/, such as in the island name Lānaʻi ([laːˈnɐʔi]–[naːˈnɐʔi]), though this is not always the case: ʻeleʻele or ʻeneʻene "black". The [k] allophone is almost universal at the beginnings of words, whereas [t] is most common before the vowel /i/. [v] is also the norm after /i/ and /e/, whereas [w] is usual after /u/ and /o/. After /a/ and initially, however, [w] and [v] are in free variation.[90]
Hawaiian has five short and five long vowels, plus diphthongs.
Short | Long | |||
Front | Back | Front | Back | |
Close | i | u | iː | uː |
Mid | ɛ ~ e | o | eː | oː |
Open | ɐ ~ ə | aː |
Hawaiian has five pure vowels. The short vowels are /u, i, o, e, a/, and the long vowels, if they are considered separate phonemes rather than simply sequences of like vowels, are /uː, iː, oː, eː, aː/. When stressed, short /e/ and /a/ tend to become [ɛ] and [ɐ], while when unstressed they are [e] and [ə]. /e/ also tends to become [ɛ] next to /l/, /n/, and another [ɛ], as in Pele [pɛlɛ]. Some grammatical particles vary between short and long vowels. These include a and o "of", ma "at", na and no "for". Between a back vowel /o/ or /u/ and a following non-back vowel (/a e i/), there is an epenthetic [w], which is generally not written. Between a front vowel /e/ or /i/ and a following non-front vowel (/a o u/), there is an epenthetic [j] (a y sound), which is never written.
Ending with /u/ | Ending with /i/ | Ending with /o/ | Ending with /e/ | |
Starting with /i/ | iu | |||
Starting with /o/ | ou | oi | ||
Starting with /e/ | eu | ei | ||
Starting with /a/ | au | ai | ao | ae |
The short-vowel diphthongs are /iu, ou, oi, eu, ei, au, ai, ao, ae/. In all except perhaps /iu/, these are falling diphthongs. However, they are not as tightly bound as the diphthongs of English, and may be considered vowel sequences. (The second vowel in such sequences may receive the stress, but in such cases it is not counted as a diphthong.) In fast speech, /ai/ tends to [ei] and /au/ tends to [ou], conflating these diphthongs with /ei/ and /ou/.
There are only a limited number of vowels which may follow long vowels, and some authors treat these as diphthongs as well: /oːu, eːi, aːu, aːi, aːo, aːe/.
Ending with /u/ | Ending with /i/ | Ending with /o/ | Ending with /e/ | |
Starting with /o/ | oːu | |||
Starting with /e/ | eːi | |||
Starting with /a/ | aːu | aːi | aːo | aːe |
Hawaiian syllable structure is (C)V. All CV syllables occur except for wū;[91] wu occurs only in two words borrowed from English.[92][93] As shown by Schütz,[61][94][95] Hawaiian word-stress is predictable in words of one to four syllables, but not in words of five or more syllables. Hawaiian phonological processes include palatalization and deletion of consonants, as well as raising, diphthongization, deletion, and compensatory lengthening of vowels.[85][96] Phonological reduction (or "decay") of consonant phonemes during the historical development of the language has resulted in the phonemic glottal stop.[97][98] Ultimate loss (deletion) of intervocalic consonant phonemes has resulted in Hawaiian long vowels and diphthongs.[98][99][100][101]
Hawaiian is an analytic language with verb–subject–object word order. While there is no use of inflection for verbs, in Hawaiian, like other Austronesian personal pronouns, declension is found in the differentiation between a- and o-class genitive case personal pronouns in order to indicate inalienable possession in a binary possessive class system. Also like many Austronesian languages, Hawaiian pronouns employ separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguish singular, dual, and plural. The grammatical function of verbs is marked by adjacent particles (short words) and their relative positions to indicate tense–aspect–mood.
Some examples of verb phrase patterns:
Nouns can be marked with articles:
ka and ke are singular definite articles. ke is used before words beginning with a-, e-, o- and k-, and with some words beginning ʻ- and p-. ka is used in all other cases. nā is the plural definite article.
To show part of a group, the word kekahi is used. To show a bigger part, you would insert mau to pluralize the subject.
This site was designed to provide quick and easy access to real property tax assessment records and maps for properties located in the County of Hawaiʻi and related general information about real property tax procedures.
Over the last decade, there has been an attempt by many well-meaning locals (Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian) to use substitute characters when true diacriticals aren't available. ... This brings me to one of my pet peeves and the purpose of this post: misuse of the backtick (`) character. Many of the previously-mentioned well-intentioned folks mistakenly use a backtick to represent an ʻokina, and it drives me absolutely bonkers.
Laʻakea Community formed in 2005 when a group of six people purchased Laʻakea Gardens.
Hawaiian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
Hawaiian language test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator |


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+ - Ask Slashdot: Best drone for $100-$150
andyring (100627) writes "With Christmas fast approaching, and me being notoriously hard to buy for, I thought a camera drone would be great to suggest for Christmas. But the options are dizzying, and it's nearly impossible to find something and know it'll be decent. What are /.ers suggestions/recommendations/experiences with a basic camera drone in the $100-150 range? Looks like all of them do video but I'm more interested in high-res stills although that may be a moot point. Your ideas?"

subset: commoncrawl


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Chanel Holiday 2007 Noel Collection
To ring in the new year with glitz and glamour, Chanel Beauté designers Dominique Moncourtois and Heidi Morawetz have created a makeup collection in light, sparkling shades reminiscent of the winter sun. The formulas all have satin and iridescent characteristics to them, which leaves your skin looking radiant and golden. All products are currently available in stores and online.
I have most of these products so once I have the chance to review them, I'll share a review. For a detailed list of all of twelve of the pretty products in the Chanel Noel Holiday 2007 Collection, read more
- FACE: Poudre Universelle Libre Loose Powder in Mereille (a light beige with gold flecks).
- CHEEKS: Irrèelle Blush Silky Cheek Color in Neroli Rose (a soft sparkling baby pink).
- EYES: Les 4 Ombres Quadra Eye Shadow in Radiant Gems (four shadows in silver, bronze, rose and white iridescent) and Ombre D'eau Single Eye Shadow in Vague (silver pink).
- LIPS: Two Lèvres Scintillantes Lip Glosses in Rose Crystal (silver pink) and Bronze Crystal (sheer shimmery gold), Two Rouge Double Intensity Ultra Wear Lip Colors in Violet Sapphire (bronze pink) and Amber (bronze taupe) and a Rouge Allure Luminous Satin Lip Color in Dazzling, (a light, coral red).
- NAILS: Three Le Vernis Nail Polish in Dèlice (iridescent peachy pink), Pèpite (silver pink) and Dazzling (coral, red).
7 years
wow, really pretty pink colors. I'll have to find something like it at the drug store though
7 years
i want that necklace! anyway..i treated myself to the merveille powder this weekend and i must say i don't regret it! its sparkly and very festive. theres lots of powder in there so itll last you forever. im starting to get hooked on chanel makeup...now im just debating what i should try next.
7 years
I love this look and the necklace; I just wish that I could afford all those new products.
7 years
um...it's very...pink. Not sure how I feel about that. I'm pink enough already.
7 years
I have the Violet Sapphire UW lip color. It looks very orangey and odd inside the tube but I promise when you put it on it is very bronzey pinkey red! BEAUTIFUL color, most flattering on warmer toned skin with blonde or brunette hair.
7 years
I am completely addicted to the Ombre D'eau Eye Shadow!!! But I don't see the new color online. When is it going to be out??? Don't tease me!
Link Love
- Stop tugging on your eyelid to put on liner, and read this — SheFinds
- Hair accessories are making a big comeback this Fall — Allure
- Beauty products from Shark Tank we actually want to buy — The Gloss
- Rocking fake lashes could be as easy as putting on eyeglasses — HuffPost Style
- Makeup methods for masking a nasty cold — Byrdie
- The brush you need for artfully applied eyeliner — Beauty High
- This new body wash alleviates flu symptoms — Teen Vogue
- Quick techniques that will totally revamp your look — Daily Makeover
Latest Beauty


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Army of Darkness
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Evil Dead 3, only more giggles than gore..... 6.3/10 stars.
2 years ago


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Expedite your search for Debora Rodrigues that you are looking for by scanning our people search tools. PeopleFinders.com has an information database to help you find a person based on age, past residences, relatives, aliases, and more. Debora Rodrigues was born in 1962 and is 52 years old. Known relatives include Jeffrey D Padgett.
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Security researchers from Google Security recently discovered a vulnerability with the Heartbeat extension (RFC6520) to OpenSSL's Transport Layer Security (TLS) and the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocols. According to open source reports, the vulnerability has existed within certain OpenSSL frameworks since at least 2012. The Heartbeat extension is functionally a "keep-alive" between end-users and the secure server. It works by sending periodic "data pulses" of 64KB in size to the secure server and once the server receives that data; it reciprocates by re-sending the same data at the same size. The out-of-bounds "read" vulnerability exists because the Heartbeat extension in OpenSSL versions 1.0.1 through and 1.0.2-beta (including 1.0.1f and 1.0.2-beta1) do not properly validate the data being sent from the end-user. As a result, a malicious actor could send a specially-crafted heartbeat request to the vulnerable server and obtain sensitive information stored in memory on the server. Furthermore, even though each heartbeat only allows requests to have a data size limited to 64KB segments, it is possible to send repeated requests to retrieve more 64KB segments, which could include encryption keys used for certificates, passwords, usernames, and even sensitive content that were stored at the time. An attacker could harvest enough data from the 64KB segments to piece together larger groupings of information which could help an attacker develop a broader understanding of the information being acquired.
Tag Archive for Department of Homeland Security
Department of Homeland Security
DHS National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center DDoS Quick Guide
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Counterterrorism Center
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI-NCTC Bulletin: Fake Help Desk Scams an Ongoing Problem
Law enforcement continues to see reporting of malicious cyber actors using fake help desk scams, also known as technical support scams. These scams, if successful, seek to compromise and take control of computer systems. Malicious cyber actors send users an e-mail or they make cold calls, purportedly representing a help desk from a legitimate software or hardware vendor. The malicious cyber actors try to trick users into believing that their computer is malfunctioning—often by having them look at a system log that typically shows scores of harmless or low-level errors—then convincing them to download software or let the "technician" remotely access the personal computer to "repair" it.
Department of Homeland Security
(U//FOUO) DHS Infrastructure Protection Report: Higher Education Institutions
The higher education community in the United States consists of more than 11,000 higher education institutions that collectively serve more than 17 million students, employ more than 3.4 million faculty and staff, and have combined budgets approaching $360 billion. Higher education institutions range in size from small institutions with fewer than 100 students to large universities with tens of thousands of students and faculty occupying campuses the size of a small town or city. Institution grounds are generally open-access, with varying levels of security within the campus.
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Counterterrorism Center
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI-NCTC Bulletin: Building Security Measures May Hinder Emergency Response Efforts
Facility security measures, such as interior control points or exterior barriers, may require first responders to adjust normal protocols and procedures to operate rapidly during emergencies. The timeline below is an overview of attacks and plots against US-based facilities with varying levels of security. The diversity of tactics and targets used underscores the need for interagency exercises and training that incorporates multiple scenarios to account for building security measures likely to be encountered.
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Counterterrorism Center
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI-NCTC Bulletin: Extortion Schemes Use Telephony-Based Denial-of-Service Attacks
Since at least January 2012, criminals are using telephony-based denial-of-service (TDoS) combined with extortion scams to phone an employee's office and demand the employee repay an alleged loan. If the victim does not comply, the criminals initiate TDoS attacks against the employer's phone numbers. TDoS uses automated calling programs—similar to those used by telemarketers—to prevent victims from making or receiving calls.
Feds Tell Law Enforcement to Look Out for Dead Body Bombs
In the first weeks of 2013, police officers were combing through a bloody scene in the Indian state of Jharkhand where a dozen security personnel had died in a shootout with local rebels. The Naxalite fighters, who promote a Maoist ideology through their ongoing guerrilla conflict with the Indian government, had killed the men, including five Central Reserve Police Force members, in a gun battle days before. When local villagers and police tried to remove the bodies, a bomb went off killing four more people. After the incident, a group of doctors in nearby Ranchi were performing an autopsy on one of the bodies when they encountered something metal lodged inside the body. A bomb squad was called in and an explosive device triggered by shifts in pressure that had been sewn into the police officer's body was successfully defused.
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI Bulletin: Improvised Explosive Device Concealed in Human Remains
Department of Homeland Security
(U//FOUO) DHS Bulletin: Self-identified Anarchist Extremists Target Urban Gentrification Sites with Arson
This Note analyzes the recent use of arson by anarchist extremists targeting urban development sites they describe as negatively impacting lower income residents through "gentrification." This information is provided to enable federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial law enforcement; first responders; and private sector security officials to identify, preempt, prevent, or respond to intentional acts targeting urban development sites by anarchist extremist campaigns.
New York
(U//FOUO) New York State Department of Health Superstorm Sandy Response After Action Report
Superstorm Sandy, a late-season post-tropical cyclone and the tenth storm of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, swept through the Caribbean and up the East Coast of the United States in late October 2012. The storm left 42 dead in New York State (NYS), thousands homeless and millions without power. Superstorm Sandy began as a tropical wave in the Caribbean on October 19, 2012. It quickly developed into a tropical depression and then a tropical storm in six hours. It quickly moved north, then turned northwest within the next week, making landfall on October 29, 2012 striking near Atlantic City, New Jersey with winds of 80 miles per hour. At one point, Superstorm Sandy's hurricane force winds (74 mph) extended up to 175 miles from its center and tropical storm force winds (39 mph) out to 485 miles. A full moon made high tides 20 percent higher than normal, amplifying Superstorm Sandy's storm surge.
Department of Homeland Security
DHS National Incident Management System: Intelligence/Investigations Function Guidance and Field Operations Guide
This document includes guidance on how various disciplines can use and integrate the I/I Function while adhering to NIMS concepts and principles. It includes information intended for the NIMS practitioner (including the Incident Commander/Unified Command [IC/UC]) that assists in the placement of the I/I Function within the command structure; provides guidance that may be used while implementing the I/I Function; and has an accompanying Intelligence/ Investigations Function Field Operations Guide (I/I FFOG). While this document provides an example of the I/I Function at the Section level, the IC/UC has the final determination of the scope and placement of the I/I Function within the command structure. The guidance provided in this document is applicable for both domestic incidents that use conventional unclassified information (e.g., open source information, criminal histories, medical records, or educational records) and terrorism incidents where information is often classified and requires the use of national intelligence capabilities.
Department of Homeland Security
(U//FOUO) DHS Bulletin: Cyber Criminals Combine Tactics for Extortion
This Note describes a new combination of tactics by cyber criminals that disrupts telephone systems of targeted organizations. This information is provided to assist and inform the Department and federal, state, local, territorial, tribal, and private sector partners in mitigation efforts regarding criminal activity that could affect their operations.
Department of Homeland Security
(U//FOUO) DHS National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC) Capabilities Guide
The National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC) Resource and Capabilities Guide is intended to enhance cross-sector cyber security efforts and collaboration by better informing our cybersecurity and communications partners of the NCCIC's tools, assets, and collaboration mechanisms offered. This guide also identifies the Center's resources and capabilities as well as describes the processes for accessing NCCIC information portals and products, incident reporting systems, and relevant point of contact information for our community of partners.
Department of Homeland Security
DHS National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center Bulletin: Destructive Malware
As related to malware which may exhibit a potentially destructive capability, organizations should increase vigilance and evaluate their capabilities encompassing planning, preparation, detection, and response for such an event. Destructive malware presents a direct threat to an organization's daily operations, directly impacting the availability of critical assets and data. In addition, the response required for such an event can be extremely resource intensive.
Department of Homeland Security
DHS National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center Bulletin: Cryptolocker Ransomware
The following product is a coordinated effort between NCCIC, U.S. Secret Service and The Cyber Intelligence Network (CIN), provided to assist in prevention, detection and mitigation of a new ransomeware campaign. Ransomware is malware that restricts access to infected computers and requires victims to pay a ransom in order to regain full access. Cryptolocker is particularly interesting in that it functions by encrypting victims computer files with a combination of RSA-2048 and AES-256 encryption. Once encrypted, victims are provided a window of time in which they can pay the actors to receive the key needed to decrypt their files.
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI Bulletin: Compromises of Official Social Media Accounts Spread Disinformation
Malicious cyber actors have used compromised social media accounts to spread disinformation about alleged emergencies and attacks, most prominently through Twitter. Because it is difficult to determine the authenticity of a tweet, we anticipate malicious cyber actors will continue to seek to exploit Twitter and other social media platforms used by news organizations and public safety agencies to propagate disinformation.
Feds Say Possession of "Large Amounts" of Weapons May Indicate Terrorist Activity
A joint bulletin issued in early August by the Department of Homeland Security and FBI warns state and local law enforcement agencies to look out for people in possession of "large amounts" of weapons and ammunition, describing the discovery of "unusual amounts" of weapons as a potential indicator of criminal or terrorist activity.
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR) Bulletin: Weapons Discovery
Possession of large amounts of weapons, ammunition, explosives, accelerants, or explosive precursor chemicals could indicate pre-operational terrorist attack planning or criminal activity. For example, in preparation for conducting the July 2011 attacks in Norway, Anders Behring Breivik stockpiled approximately 12,000 pounds of precursors, weapons, and armor and hid them underground in remote, wooded locations.
Department of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR) Initiative Annual Report 2012
Over the past year, the NSI PMO has continued its implementation efforts and outreach to NSI stakeholders to help ensure that law enforcement and homeland security partners are afforded another tool to help identify and prevent terrorism and other related criminal activity. The ongoing collaboration among DOJ, DHS, the FBI, SLTT partners, and the National Network of Fusion Centers has strengthened, allowing the NSI to expand its nationwide information sharing capability. As of March 2013, 73 fusion centers have met the requirements outlined by the NSI PMO to be fully NSI-Operational—an increase of 5 centers from the same time last year—and all 78 fusion centers now maintain the capability to contribute and share suspicious activity reports through the Shared Space or eGuardian. This expansion of the NSI has allowed the Federated Search Tool to be accessed by more trained users—increasing the number of searches to more than 76,400—and more than 25,900 Information Sharing Environment (ISE)-SARs had been submitted and shared by the end of March 2013. Further, with the support of the National Network of Fusion Centers, 46 states and the District of Columbia are participating in statewide implementation of the NSI; implementation efforts are currently under way in Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands to ensure a strengthened nationwide capacity for sharing ISE-SAR information.
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI Joint Intelligence Bulletin: Nairobi Mall Attack and Al-Shabaab Threat
This Joint Intelligence Bulletin (JIB) provides information on the 21 September 2013 attack in Nairobi, Kenya likely conducted by al-Shabaab—an al-Qai'da linked militant group based in Somalia. This JIB examines the ongoing incident and provides background on the threat from al-Shabaab. This JIB also highlights protective measures that can assist in mitigating threats in the United States using similar tactics and is provided to support the activities of FBI and DHS and to assist federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government counterterrorism and law enforcement officials, as well as first responders and private sector security officials to deter, prevent, preempt, or respond to terrorist attacks in the United States or overseas targeting US interests.
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI Fire Line Bulletin: Reporting Suspicious Activity
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI Suspicious Activity Reporting Bulletin: Sabotage/Tampering/Vandalism
Terrorists may engage in sabotage, tampering, or vandalism as part of an attack or to gain access to restricted areas, steal materials, or provoke and observe security responses. For example, the 1Oth edition of al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula's Inspire magazine suggests torching parked vehicles and causing automobile accidents by using lubricating oil or nails driven through wooden boards as simple tactics to cause both casualties and economic damage.
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI Bulletin: Impersonation Using Uniforms and Credentials
Impersonation by assuming the identity, behavior, or appearance of first responders can allow terrorists access to restricted or secure locations, including the scene of emergencies when unchallenged. This access can allow terrorists the ability to conduct pre-operational surveillance or carry out a primary attack or a secondary attack against first responders. The method of impersonation may not be limited to the use of uniforms, clothing, badges and identification; civilian vehicles may be accessorized to appear as legitimate emergency vehicles.
Department of Homeland Security
DHS Inspector General Report: Additional Oversight Needed of Operational Use of Social Media
DHS and its operational components have recognized the value of using social media to gain situational awareness and support mission operations, including law enforcement and intelligence-gathering efforts. However, additional oversight and guidance are needed to ensure that employees use technologies appropriately. In addition, improvements are needed for centralized oversight to ensure that leadership is aware of how social media are being used and for better coordination to share best practices. Until improvements are made, the Department is hindered in its ability to assess all the benefits and risks of using social media to support mission operations.
Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(U//FOUO) DHS-FBI Bulletin: Threats to Mobile Devices Using the Android Operating System
Android is the world's most widely used mobile operating system (OS) and continues to be a primary target for malware attacks due to its market share and open source architecture. Industry reporting indicates 44 percent of Android users are still using versions 2.3.3 through 2.3.7-known as Gingerbread-which were released in 2011 and have a number of security vulnerabilities that were fixed in later versions. The growing use of mobile devices by federal, state, and local authorities makes it more important than ever to keep mobile OS patched and up-to-date.


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Beautiful vintage pieces impeccably presented. The collection is comprised of things from 1880 to 1980 and include designers from Azzedine Alaia to Chloé YSL. The purple flower print gown from 1930 is too beautiful for words...
Friday, April 4, 2008
Dulcinée New York
Posted by Vain and Vapid at 1:14 PM
Labels: Vintage Fashion, Vintage Shopping
4 comments:
- P.Y.T. said...
That bra! It's all great, but that thing is too cute.
- April 5, 2008 at 12:14 AM
- Jessie Cacciola said...
pretty. I'm loving old stuff right now.
- Jessie - - April 5, 2008 at 11:59 AM
- Joanna Goddard said...
omg, what a brilliant find! i live in ny but didn't know about this place. amazing. thank you!
- April 8, 2008 at 11:37 AM
- DESIGN DIG said...
that gown in the first image would make such a beautiful wedding dress!
- April 10, 2008 at 11:59 PM
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This past weekend, we had a user who was locked out of WordPress Admin panel of their site. While we had written numerous articles covering each specific issue, we realized …
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Join our network of non-profits, companies and individuals who believe social change can happen through design.
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Nisrine Boukhari is a mixed media and installation artist based in Vienna. In her work, she uses concepts of psychogeography (the study of the laws and specifics effects of the geographical environment on the emotions and behavior of individuals) to explore our relationship to inner and domestic spaces. Principles of 'colour and light therapy' often underline the interactive nature of her installations. With a characteristic economy of means (her work often builds on the recurrence of mundane objects, such as ropes, post-it notes or sheets of copier paper), Nisrine creates sensorial and participatory installations which engage the body as well as the mind. Nisrine Boukhari (b. 1980) studied Sculpture at the University in Damascus and prepares for her Ma in social design in Vienna University. She had artist residency in Delfina Foundation/London, in Art Omi in NYC and many other residencies also, she exhibited her work internationally and locally (AllArtNow festival for Contemporary arts, Traces, Magnetism, Here I Stand). In 2008, she participated in one of Triangle workshop (Shatana) Jordan, in Amsterdam Biennial in 2009 and got the honorable award in Asian Art Biennale of Bangladesh. Her work has been selected for exhibitions like young and radical, React Feminism, Arab Short Film and sanctioned array http://nisrineboukhari.com/
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AllArtNow organization / one of the co-founder .
AllArtNow is considered to be the first independent collective space in Syria for visual arts, multimedia and contemporary arts. Founded in 2005, the initiative aims to create greater opportunities for emerging Syrian artists and the development of the contemporary arts practice in Syria by creating exchange and open windows with other countries. A neglected house in the old city of Damascus serves as AllArtNow's laboratory for art: it is a hub for emerging artistic practice and serves as a meeting point for local and international artists to exchange creative ideas and form collaborations. To date, AllArtNow has succeeded in creating opportunities for artists in Syria and abroad. In the last year, AllArtNow has been selected to participate in many international events, and it has produced the first contemporary art festival in Damascus.
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plugins Mobile Partner has several plugins integrated, which are mostly not activated by default. Some can be enabled by editing the file C:\Program Files\Mobile Partner\config\PluginsConfig.xml. PluginsConfig.xml The file is build in the XML-format and consits generally of four sections:
voice-call plugin Since only some Huawei devices support voice-calling, this plugin can only be used properly if supported by your hardware. Currently the following devices are confirmed to support voice calls:
customization / operator branding As mentioned above, the file C:\Program Files\Mobile Partner\SysConfig.dat sets an operator ID, which will determine if Mobile Partner is operator-branded or not. An operator branding is defined by some ID, which is "O2_C40" in this case: [customize] operator=O2_C40 simtype=SIM/USIM uimtype=UIM While the unbranded version set the operator ID to "common": [customize] operator=common simtype=SIM/USIM uimtype=UIM This operator ID is already important during installation of branded versions of Mobile Partner, since the data.bin file (can be opened with WinRAR), which is part of the setup files, contains a folder named by the operator ID. This folder (e.g. "O2_C40") contains dozens of files, which will be installed instead of the common files, which would be installed for an unbranded version. However branded setup files do also contain the common files, so one could modify the SysConfig.dat file inside the data.bin file in order to make setup install an unbranded verison. How to Use an STK Function???? The Mobile Partner supports the SIM Application Toolkit (STK) functions. I The STK functions are supplied by the network service provider. Procedure Step 1 Choose Tools > Sim Toolkit. Step 2 Select the required STK function IF ANY IDEA ABOUT STK FUNCTION FEATURE PLEASE SHARE. version numbering theme Any idea on how the system of the version numbering theme? Please share your thoughts! |
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Latest page update: made by Chris_M
, Jul 24 2011, 1:20 PM EDT
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Started By | Thread Subject | Replies | Last Post | ||
edbz | writing plugins for mobile partner | 0 | Mar 14 2012, 1:16 AM EDT by edbz | ||
Thread started: Mar 14 2012, 1:16 AM EDT
How can i get started with writting my own plugins for mobile partner, i see some isp have their own plugins in thir custom versions, e.g a menu where you can buy and check data directly from a dashboard?
any info is highly useful. |
hanu_blr | enable signal strength/cellid, ip add/dns name under diagnosis plugin | 5 | Dec 8 2010, 2:34 AM EST by fakiro | ||
Thread started: Aug 29 2010, 7:17 PM EDT
set to true to get the corresponding item to wrk under diagnosisconfig.xml. the info will seen under tools->diagnostics->
<tab name="Network status" show="true" resourceID="IDS_TAB_NETWORK_STATUS"> <item name="Network name" show="true" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_NETWORK_NAME"/> <item name="Network type" show="false" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_NETWORK_TYPE"/> <item name="Signal strength" show="true" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_SIGNAL"/> <item name="RSSI" show="true" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_RSSI"/> <item name="RSQUAL(BER)" show="true" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_BER"/> <item name="RSCP" show="false" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_RSCP"/> <item name="Ec/Io" show="false" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_ECIO"/> <item name="Ec/No" show="false" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_ECNO"/> <item name="Cell ID" show="true" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_CELLID"/> <item name="LAC Code" show="false" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_LACCODE"/> <item name="CS network registration" show="true" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_CS_REG"> .... <item name="IP address" show="true" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_IP"/> <item name="DNS server" show="true" resourceID="IDS_ITEM_DNS"/> I was thinking, is there a way to display the ip/dns address in the status bar, currently signal strength icon + provider name is displayed, then a saparator, then current upload and download and then a saparator. have to experiment and findout. mouseover the signal icon, show a signal strength in % via tool tip.
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hanu_blr | fix the main window resize problem under XFramePlugin\config.xml | 0 | Aug 29 2010, 7:32 PM EDT by hanu_blr | ||
Thread started: Aug 29 2010, 7:32 PM EDT
under sysconfig, if its a common device. width and height, splash screen can also be disabled, setting flase, and timeout too.
<windowsize name="xframe" width="550" height="500" minwidth="495" minheight="415"/> <function> <splash>true</splash> <splashscreenstoptime>3</splashscreenstoptime> under customize if its specific to ur provider <customize name="Safaricom_C94"> <windowsize name="xframe" width="500" height="550" minwidth="495" minheight="415"/> <function> <splash>true</splash> <logolink>true</logolink> <logourl>www.safaricom.co.ke</logourl> |
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text:
From hokey ads in the 70's that promoted recycling and diversity to being one of the first CPG companies to introduce recycled content into packaging in the early 90's, Coke has always recognized their connection to consumers and the communities around them. Throughout the world.
However, these praiseworthy elements have for a long time been mired by scandal, with lawsuits like this one contributing to the conventional wisdom that large, multinational corporations destroy local economies, communities, and habitats. And with an increasing preponderance of the latter, up until recently, many said the company had lost its way. Click to continue reading »


text:
Damn uncommon pokemon Huntail/Gorebyss
A ban for comparing
I use Huntail and Gorebyss .-.
Banned for not
Idk, I've only played one 3rd gen game, and my memory is foggy, so...
Banned for not using them, I guess
Who knows
And I like both of them...meh
Banned for not liking eels
Banned for...not disliking them or liking them
Banned because I haven't been here for awhile...
Banned for shouting.
Banned for not noticing.
Banned because nearly every banner of yours goes to youtube.


text:
Heard Island volcano news & activity updates
Fri, 5 Dec 16:15
Thermal anomalies on the E flank were detected during 1-2 Dec on NASA satellite data (VIIRS). satellite images during 2-30 November. ...mais
Tue, 27 May 15:50
Some activity has probably resumed (or continued) at the remote volcano. The latest MODVOLC images show a significant hot spot at the summit crater. ...mais
Fri, 10 Jan 10:24
Mon, 23 Dec 08:50
Hot spots at Mawson Peak volcano remain visible on satellite imagery, but there are no indications of lava flows. What typo of activity IS currently present on the volcano's summit is unknown.
Fri, 6 Dec 15:30
A hot spot at the summit crater is visible on MODIS satellite data, suggesting resumed or ongoing activity of some sort (small lava dome, lava lake?).
Thu, 14 Nov 11:51
A thermal hot spot was visible on satellite data from 9 Nov, suggesting that some activity continues or has resumed at the remote volcano.
Thu, 3 Oct 16:06
Another hot spot is visible on current satellite data, suggesting some sort of activity occurring at Dawson's Peak crater (perhaps a small lava lake or strombolian activity).
Tue, 10 Sep 13:22
A strong hot spot remains visible at Dawson Peak on Heard island, suggesting that volcanic activity (perhaps in the form of a small lava lake in the crater) continues. No ash plumes or significant degassing plumes have otherwise been detected on satellite data.
Thu, 1 Aug 08:34
Recent satellite images suggest that a lava lake is most likely currently active in the summit crater of Mawson Peak. ...mais
Thu, 25 Jul 14:23
A single hot spot is again visible at the summit crater. It is not known what activity exactly occurs there, but it could be that there is a small lava lake or strombolian-type activity from the crater at Dawson Peak.


text:
Allscripts Healthcare Solutions is enacting a shareholder rights plan — or "poison pill" — to help it ward off an opportunistic takeover bid, even before an offer emerges.
Carl Icahn's Icahn Enterprises has withdrawn a$1.73 billion hostile bid for Commercial Metals after less than 40 percent of the scrap metals giant's shareholders tendered their shares.
Commercial Metals landed on the trader radar after the Fast Money pros spoke with billionaire investor Carl Icahn about his hostile $1.8 billion bid to buy the company.
Seasonal uptick in steel stocks makes it worth looking at for December, Fast Money pros say.


text:
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Lionbridge, Leapforce, Butler Hill, WFL
Is there only these four rating companies!? I have been working for Lionbridge however my contract has come to an end. Leapforce never replied to my application. I live in Germany and Butler Hill don't seem to have any vacancies for Europe at the moment (I applied but received no reply). Work Force Logic apparently only accept US workers. I had been relying on Lionbridge to pay the bills for university. I have quite a bit of debt and the flexibility and steady pay of this were amazing. I'd really like a similar job if anybody knows of one. There seems to be very few proper companies like this who have a proper pay rate and everything. I tried transcription but it wasn't for me. I'd do phone work but obviously I don't live in the US and I don't have a landline! All the other options like blogging or opening a shop or using affiliate marketing aren't for me either. After studying I'm too exhausted and uncreative to do anything like that. I really enjoyed the working for Lionbridge because you just stuck to the rules and they pay was really good. I'm so frustrated!
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I can't fgiure out why these companies make it so hard for experienced raters whose contracts have expired in the past to ever work for them again, even if they were exemplary raters.
Last edited by WAHSon; 11-13-2011 at 02:49 PM. |
those are the majors. There is some similar work on mturk and elance, but expect it to pay a fraction of what LB, BH, and LF pay.
I saw some on Clickworker too, but the system is buggy and I'll be surprised if I get paid for the $3 worth of work I did before their system crashed lol.
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I currently live in Norwalk and work in Manhattan for a hedge fund.
I'm very ambitious and my career and future are very important to
me so I work hard and like to play hard, think you can hang? I like
to stay active, whether going to the gym or playing sports (I enjoy
playing basketball, golf, tennis, flag football, snowboarding and
just about anything else that keeps me active and competing). I
enjoy going out to dinner, going out with friends and occasionally
cooking a nice meal and watching a movie. I'm easy going, fun,
honest and caring. I feel it's important to be honest to people and
tell people how it is (I don't like to beat around the bush). At
the same time I get satisfaction with making people around me
happy. One thing I have no patience for however is stupidity, it
doesn't matter how good someone looks because the looks will fade
eventually however the stupidity will be with them forever. Lastly
I love animals (especially dogs) even though I don't currently have
any. Any other questions feel free to ask.
Join OkCupid
Find better matches with our advanced
matching system
—% Match
—% Enemy
33 • Norwalk, CT • Man
I'm looking for
- Women
- Ages 21–34
- Located anywhere
- For new friends, long-term dating, short-term dating
My Details
- Last Online
- Today – 5:26am
- Orientation
- Straight
- Ethnicity
- White
- Height
- 5′ 11″ (1.80m)
- Body Type
- Athletic
- Diet
- —
- Smokes
- When drinking
- Drinks
- Socially
- Drugs
- Never
- Religion
- Christianity, but not too serious about it
- Sign
- Pisces, but it doesn't matter
- Education
- Graduated from university
- Job
- Banking / Finance
- Income
- Rather not say
- Status
- Single
- Type
- —
- Offspring
- —
- Pets
- Likes dogs
- Speaks
- English (Fluently)
Similar Users
What I'm doing with my life
Don't overthink this one; tell us what you're doing day-to-day.
Working for a hedge fund in Manhattan and hopefully one day running
one of my own.
I'm really good at
Go on, brag a little (or a lot). We won't judge.
Making the best of any situation. Being an honest person and a good
The first things people usually notice about me
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
I'm very unselfish (almost to a flaw) - I like to make people happy
and at times will go out of my way to do so. I'm an honest and
caring person but I have a difficult time dealing with stupidity.
Favorite books, movies, shows, music, and food
Help your potential matches find common interests.
Books:Liars Poker, The Big Short
Movies: Wall Street, The Game, Hangover, Old School,
Music: I like all types of music-but mostly hip hop and rock, especially when I'm working out.
Food: Italian and Chinese
Movies: Wall Street, The Game, Hangover, Old School,
Music: I like all types of music-but mostly hip hop and rock, especially when I'm working out.
Food: Italian and Chinese
The six things I could never do without
Think outside the box. Sometimes the little things can say a lot.
Family, friends, sports/gym, sleep/my bed, music, tv.
I spend a lot of time thinking about
Global warming, lunch, or your next vacation… it's all fair game.
My future - I try not to look back on my past too much, only to
learn and grow from it (its important to me that I learn from my
On a typical Friday night I am
Netflix and takeout, or getting your party on — how do you let loose?
Going out with friends or taking it easy and watching a movie.
The most private thing I'm willing to admit
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
You have to ask to find out.
You should message me if
Offer a few tips to help matches win you over.
If you want to meet someone who is honest, fun, caring and will
always show you a good time send me a message.


text:
StartUpHire is the place to find Memory System Architect jobs. Review the list of Memory System Architect career opportunities to the left. These Memory System Architect jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
You can refine your job search for Memory System Architect career opportunities by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options.
Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more Memory System Architect jobs, or sign up for an email alert (link below) to receive periodic updates on new Memory System Architect jobs.
More information about this job Overview DataDirect Networks (DDN.com) is a world leader in massively scalable storage. We are the leading provider of data storage and processing solutions and professional services that enable content-rich and high-growth IT environments
2/6/2015 Santa Clara, CA Save This JobExperience Level: 8 ? 10 years Role: Individual contributor Location: Milpitas, CA Job Description: Work with the rest of architecture team and customers to define solutions in Networking, Storage, multimedia or other applications. Contribute to product requirements
1/4/2015 Milpitas, CA Save This JobEngineer The FutureSpaceX is a U.S.-based advanced technology company founded by residing CEO and CTO, Elon Musk. Founded in 2002, SpaceX builds rockets and spacecraft from the ground up, including cutting edge electronics, software, vehicle structures, and engine systems. The
1/17/2015 Seattle, WA Save This JobThe Business Systems Manager is responsible for all facets of Violin?s business software systems including: partnering with users to identify, evaluate, and implement solutions that leverage technology to meet the needs of the business; ensuring stability and continuing
1/5/2015 Santa Clara, CA Save This JobAcquia Cloud is looking for senior software engineers to help build its cloud platform as a service on distributed systems and cluster computing technologies. Acquia Cloud is a enterprise grade Platform as a Service (PaaS) hosted entirely on Amazon Web Services. We are one of
2/12/2015 Burlington, MA Save This JobALTIERRE POWERING A RETAIL REVOLUTIONAltierre is a leading provider of wireless dynamic pricing solutions for large retail chains. Implementing price changes is a multi-billion dollar problem for retailers around the globe. Altierre?s integrated wireless platform is a
1/14/2015 San Jose, CA Save This JobJob Specification Principal Engineer Inphi Corporation, SCL Inphi Background Inphi Corporation, a high-speed analog semiconductor company, is the market leader in data transport and signal integrity solutions from fiber to memory. We address the bandwidth, capacity and
2/12/2015 Santa Clara, CA Save This JobID 2015-1699 # of Openings 1 Job Locations US-UT-Salt Lake City Category Information Technology More information about this job: Who We Are: Are you passionate about technology ? especially Windows Servers, networking and virtualization? Then we have a job for you! CHG
2/16/2015 Salt Lake City, UT Save This Job


text:
Narrow your search
This tiny charger can power a wide range of laptops, thanks to its interchangeable tips.
Google begins building its Dart programming language directly into Chrome, hoping a multilingual future will speed up Web apps. But what if Dart apps only work in Chrome?
Google's Dart language alternative to JavaScript inches forward as it earns the right to face standards-deciding body ECMA.
Not everybody likes Google's JavaScript competitor for Web programming, but Mixbook's CEO and lead developer are betting a multimillion-dollar revenue stream on it.
In Windows 10, Microsoft's browsers -- both IE and Spartan -- will get the tech Firefox uses to speed up Web-based games. And that's a challenge to Windows itself.
The all-purpose app for text, video, and voice chat can now detect when people are trying to find each other in the real world and then help them meet up. Also new: stickers, video filters, and bigger ambitions at Google.
How it shakes out will profoundly affect the way we all use computing devices, warns high-profile developer Tim Bray. And should we cede so much control to Apple and Google?
The programming language for Web sites and Web apps is less complex and therefore easier to develop, Chrome programmers argue at Google I/O.
Whoever becomes Mozilla's permanent boss must figure out how to promote the Firefox technology, decide whether reliance on Google is a good thing, and set the right balance between idealism and pragmatism.


text:
Eat healthy and exercise eventually your body will give out
Im giving it a try i feel closer to death everyday lol
Shoot yourself in the temple!
You wanna kill yourself so bad? I got one better for you but Its worse than killing yourself I bet you anything you can't do it.

Just Simply Stop. Stop Everything. Don't get out your bed tomorrow, don't go to work, don't answer the phone, don't eat, don't wash, don't speak, just lie there in your bed without water or entertainment until you eventually waste away. Its a slow easy death. At least this way you can see what its like. Because it'd be messed up to kill yourself thinking it will solve whatever problem and then you have to deal with the same bull just in a different form.
there may be no problem at all, just be ready with living is enough
I have a reason for you to stay. Becuase I love you(not in a creepy i just met you but want to be with you way but I love you as a person). I want you to stay. Your parents time will come. God remebers all the ups and down. *karma* :)
i'd listen to this girl
show em you can do better its in out nature to improve so dont give up just yet :/
talk 2 me i have been were ur at hole so deep u think u will never get out,u will though
gun ... why are so many ppl asking this question? i mean in your honest opinion? does it have something to do with the holiday season and a feeling of extra loneliness?
a gun may kill you. and may be not, **** for brains. how to do it for real not take a pot shot and hope not to end up like a
"quad" the rest of your life.
Think of the people ull be hurting. Your friends and family, whether they show it enuf or not, love you. I don't know you but i do know how sad people get when someone takes their life. Especially young people like urself. You may think noone cares, and that may be why u feel this way, but I'm sure they care more than u know. Reach out to someone you know & talk about it. That's prolly why ur on here in the first place. Ur 19 & the world is a big place you have yet to see. I hope you find happiness! :)
they have a company ,that sorta assists in helping those that need help ,to stop the pain ,,i watched it on tv last week ,just need some basics ,
hi dear.. hope m not too late to answer this quetion. why not come for a short break to singapore? my place. safest place on earth :) . a short break will give you an answer perhaps..
I do not have any underlying reasons foe wishing to end my life. I simply an old may who wishes to end my life before someone else decides for me. When I decide, what os the best method?
http://www.experienceproject.com/abbreviated_terms .php No I won't call you stupid but rather uninformed that self harm topics are not allowed at Q&A Home forum board and is an automatic article 11 Violation .

EP Support Volunteer Paschar
He'll is a good place you should go to level 4 you'll eat worms for the rest of your life
Please read the EP Posted URL and be advised that you have placed your user account at risk of deletion .
Drinking bleach isn't very delightful to the taste buds but quick.
bullet to the brain.

or swallow all the pills in a bottle
TO live or not to live - that is the quiestion

BTW, if u wanna die so badly, atleast donate organs that aleast ur death will save other people who wants to live.

IF u are that sad, and thnking that the world is bitchy -LET ME TELL U - it is.

But if u wanna to give up, do the research by urself , Don't make people here

to be responsiable ,and encorage u to do it.

search it by urself ==
You not going to do it, because it's the once that never speak about it that actually go through with it. By going online with this is just to see what reaction you will get. You will life to tell your story here on EP.
what if it gets better, and one day you can wake up and go to sleep every day knowing that you are truly happy? you have to be alive to experience that. that's all i'm going to say, unless you want to message me, you can if you want of course. it really is just a permanent solution to a temporary problem.
Stupidity. It kills more people than heart disease, cancer and STDs combined :)
Dont die. Please dont die.
Someone email the local authorities so this chick doesn't do anything stupid.
Fine. Google "exit bag" adios.
A thick rope and about a 20 foot fall, later dumb@ss question!!!
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text:
Why can't I make more than one purchase a day?
View Single Post
Career Officer
Join Date: Jun 2012
Posts: 1,454
# 1
Why can't I make more than one purchase a day?
It's a long story but I recently came upon some extra money. I figured, why not put $100 into my account in case there's something cool I want?
Well, I was able to make a SINGLE $50.00 transaction. The second one declined.
YES, I called the bank and they said nothing as wrong and it *should* work fine. They refreshed my card just in case, but I'm probably not going to try again.
I get that PWE thinks everyone is a liar and a theif, given the way they make us wait 24 hours for the zen we purchase. But if they want our money so badly, wouldn't it be easier to let us make multiple (or larger) purchases? Why is is limited, and why is my money not good enough when they're so notorious for bleeding their players dry?


text:
ROCKSTAR wheels are On Sale
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Rockstar Wheels are one of the most well recognized wheels on the road today, and of all wheel brands and styles is also one of the most purchased. Rockstar Rims are a part of the Wheel Pros Brands. A hallmark feature of the Rockstar Wheels is the recognizable star in the center. Rockstar Rims have set the design trend for great looking Truck, Jeep and SUV wheels.
Rockstar Rims are available in both black and chrome rim finishes and are available in a variety of styles and sizes. Own a dually truck? No problem! Rockstar offers Dually versions of their wheels too! The legendary Rockstar XD775 is about to be joined by a New Rockstar, the XD811. Click the image below to see the new Rockstar XD811 Wheel.
Image(s) may not reflect the product(s) being sold. New Customer Service Hours: Mon - Th: 7:00am - 11:00pm EST Fri: 7:00am - 7:00pm EST Sat-Sun: 8:00am - 7:00pm EST If you have any questions just give us a call: 813-769-2451 **UNLIKE OUR COMPETITION WE HAVE NO HANDLING FEES OR HIDDEN CHARGES**


text:
A bloc of 42 island nations said the European Union is backtracking on agreements made at the last round of United Nations climate talks in Durban, South Africa, threatening the environmental integrity of an eventual treaty.
Islands that are most vulnerable to rising oceans are seeking an insurance program to protect against damage related to climate change, adding to pressure on industrial nations to increase aid committed to fight global warming to more than $100 billion a year.
Envoys at United Nations global warming talks are working on streamlining their negotiation process for the first time in at least six years, a step toward drafting a treaty by 2015 mandating more greenhouse-gas limits.
The Maldives, Kiribati and Tuvalu risk extinction from rising seas because nations aren't stepping up commitments to cut greenhouse gases, a bloc of 43 island countries said as United Nations climate talks began in Mexico.
Global warming concerns are being pushed down the political agenda by the European debt crisis and U.S. economic slump, reducing the chance for an accord limiting climate change this week.
International efforts to curb global warming are moving so slowly that that delegates from both rich nations and poorer ones are expressing frustration with the process.
The world's richest and poorest countries are divided over whether to create a new fund to help vulnerable nations such as Bangladesh, Kenya and the Philippines cope with loss and damage caused by climate changes.


text:
Murder, She Wrote: Season 5, Episode 19Double Exposure (30 Apr. 1989)Jessica encounters a man in Boston whom she is convinced is her neighbor from years back, but when the man denies it--and his wife claims the man is dead--Jessica recruits Harry McGraw to dig to the bottom of the mystery. Director:Anthony Pullen Shaw (as Anthony Shaw) |
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text:
Address: 11411 West Baseline Road, Little Rock, AR, 72209 Phone: +1 501 455 3750 Website Address: http://www.funtrackersfuncente..
Challenge your friends to a go-kart race or have a ton of laughs at the bumper boats. You can also test your batting average at the batting cages. Raining? Not to worry; just visit the arcade for your favorite video games, skeeball, pool tables and mini basketball. Group specials and birthday party packages are available.


text:
In his usual form, former U.N. weapons inspector Scott Ritter told a packed crowd at the Oriental Theater in Denver to stop whining about corporate media and become their own intelligence operatives. We the people have the same resources and tools that intelligence networks rely heavily on; it�s called �Google� he said.
In his hilarious analogy, the American people like baby birds wait each night in front of their television sets for the corporate news bird to land in their living room and lovingly puke down our necks with that day�s regurgitated news. Suggesting that as our own intelligence operatives we can�t allow CNN, FOX, NBC, and ABC to edit and cherry pick information, but ask questions and find the answers ourselves.
In that vein TruthAlliance.net Editor Jason Charles had a few questions for Mr. Ritter which he graciously allowed us to film. We explored 3 topics, if the Bush admin got its way in the mid-east what would it look like, how can these dis-separate yet justice driven revolutions in America unite, and his amazing thoughts on a new, fully empowered investigation into the cause of 9-11.
He asked, �Did Bush and Cheney Plan the demise of the building? Was this a terrorist attack by Al-Qaeda? Or was it something in between? Well frankly we don�t know.� How important is this to establishing justice? Mr. Ritter seems to think it is an �absolute requirement to know what happened on 9-11
By: Illuminated1234
In: Other
Tags: Ron Paul, Huckabee, Mitt Romney, Hillary Clinton, Obama, Rudy Giuliani. John McCaim, Republican, Candidates, Election, CNN, Fox News, Debate Polls, Polls, President, race,
Views: 4634 | Comments: 15 | Votes: 6 | Favorites: 1 | Shared: 0 | Updates: 0 | Times used in channels: 3
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Obama Admits: �They Don�t Poll Ron Paul�
Ron Paul Votes Not Counted In New Hampshire District
Ron Paul Smashes Record With $6 Million Plus Haul
Ron Paul Wins, Luntz loses
Interview with Romney pushes radio DJ to support Ron Paul
Ron Paul is leading in the national polls! ...33%
Karl Rove Worried About Ron Paul "Momentum"
Ron Paul "Victorious" in Louisiana Caucus
Ron Paul Cut from Debates
★ Ron Paul Revolution! ★
Ron Paul supporters protest his exclusion from FAUX NEWS forum
Ron Paul sign spotted at Rose Bowl Parade on NBC 1/1/2008


text:
Definition of superheaters
plural of superheater 1
The word "superheaters" uses 12 letters: A E E E H P R R S S T U.
No direct anagrams for superheaters found in this word list.
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Words within superheaters not shown as it has more than seven letters.List all words starting with superheaters, words containing superheaters or words ending with superheaters
All words formed from superheaters by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: su up pe er rh he ea at te er rs
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