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The Great Lakes (sometimes, Laurentian Great Lakes[1]) or the Great Lakes of North America are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or Michigan–Huron), Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume.[2][3][4] The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3).[5] Due to their sea-like characteristics: rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons, the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas.[6] Lake Superior is the largest continental lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country.
The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the last glacial period around 10,000 years ago, as retreating ice sheets carved basins into the land and they became filled with meltwater.[7] The lakes have been a major highway for transportation, migration and trade, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade, and some threaten the region's biodiversity.
Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands.[8] There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called "inland lakes," within the basin.[9] The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined.[10] Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes, New York and Wisconsin two, and the rest one.
Lake Erie | Lake Huron | Lake Michigan | Lake Ontario | Lake Superior | |
Surface area[5] | 9,910 sq mi (25,700 km2) | 23,000 sq mi (60,000 km2) | 22,300 sq mi (58,000 km2) | 7,340 sq mi (19,000 km2) | 31,700 sq mi (82,000 km2) |
Water volume[5] | 116 cu mi (480 km3) | 850 cu mi (3,500 km3) | 1,180 cu mi (4,900 km3) | 393 cu mi (1,640 km3) | 2,900 cu mi (12,000 km3) |
Elevation[11] | 571 ft (174 m) | 577 ft (176 m) | 577 ft (176 m) | 246 ft (75 m) | 600.0 ft (182.9 m) |
Average depth[10] | 62 ft (19 m) | 195 ft (59 m) | 279 ft (85 m) | 283 ft (86 m) | 483 ft (147 m) |
Maximum depth[12] | 210 ft (64 m) | 748 ft (228 m) | 925 ft (282 m) | 804 ft (245 m) | 1,335 ft (407 m) |
Major settlements[13] | Buffalo, NY Erie, PA Cleveland, OH Lorain, OH Toledo, OH | Alpena, MI Bay City, MI Owen Sound, ON Port Huron, MI Sarnia, ON | Chicago, IL Gary, IN Green Bay, WI Sheboygan, WI Milwaukee, WI Kenosha, WI Racine, WI Muskegon, MI Traverse City, MI | Hamilton, ON Kingston, ON Mississauga, ON Oshawa, ON Rochester, NY Toronto, ON | Duluth, MN Marquette, MI Sault Ste. Marie, MI Sault Ste. Marie, ON Superior, WI Thunder Bay, ON |
Notes: | The area of each rectangle is proportionate to the volume of each lake. All measurements at Low Water Datum. |
Source: | EPA[11] |
As the surfaces of Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, and Erie are all approximately the same elevation above sea level, while Lake Ontario is significantly lower, and because the Niagara Escarpment precludes all natural navigation, the four upper lakes are commonly called the "upper great lakes". This designation, however, is not universal. Those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as "the lower lakes", because they are all lower. Sailors of bulk freighters transferring cargoes from Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to ports on Lake Erie or Ontario commonly refer to the latter as the lower lakes and Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior as the upper lakes. This corresponds to thinking of Lakes Erie and Ontario as "down south" and the others as "up north". Vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered "upbound" even though they are sailing toward its effluent current.[14]
Lakes Huron and Michigan are sometimes considered a single lake, called Lake Michigan–Huron, because they are one hydrological body of water connected by the Straits of Mackinac.[15] The straits are 5 miles (8 km) wide[10] and 120 feet (37 m) deep; the water levels – currently at 577 feet (176 m) – rise and fall together,[16] and the flow between Michigan and Huron frequently reverses direction.
Dispersed throughout the Great Lakes are approximately 35,000 islands.[8] The largest among them is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water in the world.[21] The second-largest island is Isle Royale in Lake Superior.[22] Both of these islands are large enough to contain multiple lakes themselves — for instance, Manitoulin Island's Lake Manitou is the world's largest lake located on a freshwater island.[23]
The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway make the Great Lakes accessible to ocean-going vessels.[24] However, shifts in shipping to wider ocean-going container ships — which do not fit through the locks on these routes — have limited container shipping on the lakes. Most Great Lakes trade is of bulk material, and bulk freighters of Seawaymax-size or less can move throughout the entire lakes and out to the Atlantic.[25] Larger ships are confined to working in the lakes themselves. Only barges can access the Illinois Waterway system providing access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, interrupting most shipping from January to March. Some icebreakers ply the lakes, keeping the shipping lanes open through other periods of ice on the lakes.
The Great Lakes are also connected by canal to the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Illinois River (from the Chicago River) and the Mississippi River. An alternate track is via the Illinois River (from Chicago), to the Mississippi, up the Ohio, and then through the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals), to Mobile Bay and the Gulf. Commercial tug-and-barge traffic on these waterways is heavy.[26]
Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie (at Buffalo, New York) and at the south side of Lake Ontario (at Oswego, New York).
The lakes contained in 2009 84% of the surface freshwater of North America;[27] if the water were evenly distributed over the entire continent's land area, it would reach a depth of 1.5 meters (5 feet).[10] The source of water levels in the lakes is tied to what was left by melting glaciers when the lakes took their present form. Annually, only about 1% is "new" water originating from rivers, precipitation, and groundwater springs that drain into the lakes. Historically, evaporation has been balanced by drainage, making the level of the lakes constant.[10] While the lake levels have been preserved, intensive human population growth only began in the region in the 20th century and continues today.[10] At least two human water use activities have been identified as having the potential to affect the lakes' levels: diversion (the transfer of water to other watersheds) and consumption (substantially done today by the use of lake water to power and cool electric generation plants, resulting in evaporation).[28]
The water level of Lake Michigan–Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century,[29] but has nevertheless dropped more than 6 feet from the record high in 1986 to the low of 2013.[30] One newspaper reported that the long-term average level has gone down about 20 inches because of dredging and subsequent erosion in the St. Clair River. Lake Michigan–Huron hit all-time record low levels in 2013; according to the US Army Corps of Engineers, the previous record low had been set in 1964.[30]
The Great Lakes contained around the year 2000 21% of the world's fresh surface water: 5,472 cubic miles (22,810 km3), or 6.0×1015 U.S. gallons (2.3×1016 liters). This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m). Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis.[35]
The total surface area of the lakes is approximately 94,250 square miles (244,100 km2)—nearly the same size as the United Kingdom, and larger than the U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire combined.[36]
The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10,500 miles (16,900 km);[10] however, the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly and is not a well-defined measure (see Coastline paradox). Of the total 10,500 miles (16,900 km) of shoreline, Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles (8,400 km), while the remaining 5,300 miles (8,500 km) are bordered by the United States. Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States, bordering roughly 3,288 miles (5,292 km) of shoreline, followed by Wisconsin (820 miles (1,320 km)), New York (473 miles (761 km)), and Ohio (312 miles (502 km)).[37] Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half-way around the world at the equator.[10]
It has been estimated that the foundational geology that created the conditions shaping the present day upper Great Lakes was laid from 1.1 to 1.2 billion years ago,[10][38] when two previously fused tectonic plates split apart and created the Midcontinent Rift, which crossed the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone. A valley was formed providing a basin that eventually became modern day Lake Superior. When a second fault line, the Saint Lawrence rift, formed approximately 570 million years ago,[10] the basis for Lakes Ontario and Erie were created, along with what would become the Saint Lawrence River.
The Great Lakes are estimated to have been formed at the end of the last glacial period (about 10,000 years ago), when the Laurentide ice sheet receded.[7] The retreat of the ice sheet left behind a large amount of meltwater (see Lake Algonquin and Lake Iroquois) that filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as we know them today.[39] Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion, some higher hills became Great Lakes islands. The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin.
Land below the glaciers "rebounded" as it was uncovered.[40] Because the glaciers covered some areas longer than others, this glacial rebound occurred at different rates.
The Great Lakes have a humid continental climate, Köppen climate classification Dfa (in southern areas) and Dfb (in northern parts)[41] with varying influences from air masses from other regions including dry, cold Arctic systems, mild Pacific air masses from the West, and warm, wet tropical systems from the south and the Gulf of Mexico.[42] The lakes themselves also have a moderating effect on the climate; they can also increase precipitation totals and produce lake effect snowfall.[41]
The most well-known winter effect of the Great Lakes on regional weather is the lake effect in snowfall, which is sometimes very localized. Even late in winter, the lakes often have no icepack in the middle. The prevailing winds from the west pick up the air and moisture from the lake surface, which is slightly warmer in relation to the cold surface winds above. As the slightly warmer, moist air passes over the colder land surface, the moisture often produces concentrated, heavy snowfall that sets up in bands or "streamers". This is similar to the effect of warmer air dropping snow as it passes over mountain ranges. During freezing weather with high winds, the "snow belts" receive regular snow fall from this localized weather pattern, especially along the eastern shores of the lakes. Snow belts are found in Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, United States; and Ontario, Canada.
The lakes also moderate seasonal temperatures to some degree, but not with as large an influence as do large oceans; they absorb heat and cool the air in summer, then slowly radiate that heat in autumn. They protect against frost during transitional weather, and keep the summer-time temperatures cooler than further inland. This effect can be very localized and overridden by offshore wind patterns. This temperature buffering produces areas known as "fruit belts", where fruit can be produced that is typically grown much farther south. For instance, Western Michigan has apple and cherry orchards, and vineyards cultivated adjacent to the lake shore as far north as the Grand Traverse Bay and Nottawasaga Bay in central Ontario. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie have many successful wineries due to the moderating effect, as does the Niagara Peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. A similar phenomenon allows wineries to flourish in the Finger Lakes region of New York, as well as in Prince Edward County, Ontario on Lake Ontario's northeast shore. Related to the lake effect is the regular occurrence of fog over medium-sized areas, particularly along the shorelines of the lakes. This is most noticeable along Lake Superior's shores.
The Great Lakes have been observed to help intensify storms, such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954, and the 2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado, which moved onshore as a tornadic waterspout. In 1996 a rare tropical or subtropical storm was observed forming in Lake Huron, dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone. Rather large severe thunderstorms covering wide areas are well known in the Great Lakes during mid-summer; these Mesoscale convective complexs or MCCs[43] can cause damage to wide swaths of forest and shatter glass in city buildings. These storms mainly occur during the night, and the systems sometimes have small embedded tornadoes, but more often straight-line winds accompanied by intense lightning.
Historically, the Great Lakes, in addition to their lake ecology, were surrounded by various forest ecoregions (except in a relatively small area of southeast Lake Michigan where savanna or prairie occasionally intruded). Logging, urbanization, and agriculture uses have changed that relationship. In the early 21st century, Lake Superior's shores are 91% forested, Lake Huron 68%, Lake Ontario 49%, Lake Michigan 41%, and Lake Erie, where logging and urbanization has been most extensive, 21%. Some of these forests are second or third growth (i.e. they have been logged before, changing their composition). At least 13 wildlife species are documented as becoming extinct since the arrival of Europeans, and many more are threatened or endangered.[10] Meanwhile, exotic and invasive species have also been introduced.
The Great Lakes are an important source of fishing. Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish; there were 150 different species in the Great Lakes.[10] Throughout history, fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes, and have remained one of the key indicators even in the current era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments. According to the bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book, The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book: "The largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 tonnes (66,000 long tons; 74,000 short tons) [147 million pounds]."[44]
By 1801, the New York Legislature found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early 19th century, the government of Upper Canada found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario's tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed, as well, but enforcement remained difficult.[45]
On both sides of the Canada–United States border, the proliferation of dams and impoundments have multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts. Concerns by the mid-19th century included obstructions in the rivers which prevented salmon and sturgeon from reaching their spawning grounds. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25% in general fish harvests by 1875. The states have removed dams from rivers where necessary.[clarification needed][46]
Overfishing has been cited as a possible reason for a decrease in population of various whitefish, important because of their culinary desirability and, hence, economic consequence. Moreover, between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over 9 million pounds (4 million kg).[47] By 1900, commercial fishermen on Lake Michigan were hauling in an average of 41 million pounds of fish annually.[48] By 1938, Wisconsin's commercial fishing operations were motorized and mechanized. generating jobs for more than 2,000 workers, and hauling 14 million pounds per year.[48] The population of giant freshwater mussels was eliminated as the mussels were harvested for use as buttons by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs.[47] Since 2000, the invasive quagga mussel has smothered the bottom of Lake Michigan almost from shore to shore, and their numbers are estimated at 900 trillion.[48]
The influx of parasitic lamprey populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal led to the two federal governments of the US and Canada working on joint proposals to control it. By the mid-1950s, the lake trout populations of Lakes Michigan and Huron were reduced, with the lamprey deemed largely to blame. This led to the launch of the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission.
The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book (1972) noted: "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery."[44] But, water quality improvements realized during the 1970s and 1980s, combined with successful salmonid stocking programs, have enabled the growth of a large recreational fishery.[49] The last commercial fisherman left Milwaukee in 2011 because of overfishing and anthropogenic changes to the biosphere.[48]
Since the 19th century an estimated 160 new species have found their way into the Great Lakes ecosystem; many have become invasive; the overseas ship ballast and ship hull parasitism are causing severe economic and ecological impacts.[50][51] According to the Inland Seas Education Association, on average a new species enters the Great Lakes every eight months.[51]
Introductions into the Great Lakes include the zebra mussel, which was first discovered in 1988,[52] and quagga mussel in 1989. The mollusks are efficient filter feeders, competing with native mussels and reducing available food and spawning grounds for fish. In addition, the mussels may be a nuisance to industries by clogging pipes. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that the economic impact of the zebra mussel could be about $5 billion over the next decade.[53]
The alewife first entered the system west of Lake Ontario via 19th-century canals. By the 1960s, the small silver fish had become a familiar nuisance to beach goers across Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie. Periodic mass dieoffs result in vast numbers of the fish washing up on shore; estimates by various governments have placed the percentage of Lake Michigan's biomass, which was made up of alewives in the early 1960s, as high as 90%. In the late 1960s, the various state and federal governments began stocking several species of salmonids, including the native lake trout as well as non-native chinook and coho salmon; by the 1980s, alewife populations had dropped drastically.[54] The ruffe, a small percid fish from Eurasia, became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior's Saint Louis River within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery.[55] Five years after first being observed in the St. Clair River, the round goby can now be found in all of the Great Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: it preys upon bottom-feeding fish, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a season, and can survive poor water quality conditions.[56]
Several species of exotic water fleas have accidentally been introduced into the Great Lakes, such as the spiny waterflea, Bythotrephes longimanus, and the fishhook waterflea, Cercopagis pengoi, potentially having an effect on the zooplankton population. Several species of crayfish have also been introduced that may contend with native crayfish populations. More recently an electric fence has been set up across the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in order to keep several species of invasive Asian carp out of the area. These fast-growing planktivorous fish have heavily colonized the Mississippi and Illinois river systems.[57] The sea lamprey, which has been particularly damaging to the native lake trout population, is another example of a marine invasive species in the Great Lakes.[58] Invasive species, particularly zebra and quagga mussels, may be at least partially responsible for the collapse of the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron,[59] as well as drastic unprecedented changes in the zooplankton community of the lake.[60]
Native habitats and ecoregions in the Great Lakes region include:
Plant lists include:
Logging of the extensive forests in the Great Lakes region removed riparian and adjacent tree cover over rivers and streams, which provide shade, moderating water temperatures in fish spawning grounds. Removal of trees also destabilized the soil, with greater volumes washed into stream beds causing siltation of gravel beds, and more frequent flooding.
Running cut logs down the tributary rivers into the Great Lakes also dislocated sediments. In 1884, the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste (chips and sawdust) had impacted fish populations.[61]
The first U.S. Clean Water Act, signed by US President Richard Nixon in 1972, was a key piece of legislation,[62] along with the bi-national Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement signed by Canada and the U.S. A variety of steps taken to process industrial and municipal pollution discharges into the system greatly improved water quality by the 1980s, and Lake Erie in particular is significantly cleaner.[63] Discharge of toxic substances has been sharply reduced. Federal and state regulations control substances like PCBs. The first of 43 "Great Lakes Areas of Concern" to be formally "de-listed" due to successful cleanup was Ontario's Collingwood Harbour in 1994; Ontario's Severn Sound followed in 2003.[64] Presque Isle Bay in Pennsylvania is formally listed as in recovery, as is Ontario's Spanish Harbour. Dozens of other Areas of Concern have received partial cleanups such as the Rouge River (Michigan) and Waukegan Harbor (Illinois).[65]
Until 1970, mercury was not listed as a harmful chemical, according to the United States Federal Water Quality Administration. Within the past ten years mercury has become more apparent in water tests. Mercury compounds have been used in paper mills to prevent slime from forming during their production, and chemical companies have used mercury to separate chlorine from brine solutions. Studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency have shown that when the mercury comes in contact with many of the bacteria and compounds in the fresh water, it forms the very toxic, inorganic methyl mercury. This form of mercury is not detrimental to a majority of fish types, but is very detrimental to people and other wildlife animals who consume the fish. Mercury has been known for health related problems such as birth defects in humans and animals, and the near extinction of eagles in the Great Lakes region.[66]
The amount of raw sewage dumped into the waters was the primary focus of both the first Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and federal laws passed in both countries during the 1970s. Implementation of secondary treatment of municipal sewage by major cities greatly reduced the routine discharge of untreated sewage during the 1970s and 1980s.[67] The International Joint Commission in 2009 summarized the change: "Since the early 1970s, the level of treatment to reduce pollution from waste water discharges to the Great Lakes has improved considerably. This is a result of significant expenditures to date on both infrastructure and technology, and robust regulatory systems that have proven to be, on the whole, quite effective."[68] The commission reported that all urban sewage treatment systems on the U.S. side of the lakes had implemented secondary treatment, as had all on the Canadian side except for five small systems.[citation needed]
However, those treatment system upgrades have not, contrary to federal laws in both countries, yet eliminated Combined sewer Overflow events.[citation needed] This describes when older sewerage systems, which combine storm water with sewage into single sewers heading to the treatment plant, are temporarily overwhelmed by heavy rainstorms. Local sewage treatment authorities then must release untreated effluent, a mix of rainwater and sewage, into local water bodies. While enormous public investments such as the Deep Tunnel projects in Chicago and Milwaukee have greatly reduced the frequency and volume of these events, they have not been eliminated. The number of such overflow events in Ontario, for example, is flat according to the International Joint Commission.[68] Reports about this issue on the U.S. side highlight five large municipal systems (those of Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Milwaukee and Gary) as being the largest current periodic sources of untreated discharges into the Great Lakes.[69]
Phosphate detergents were historically a major source of nutrient to the Great Lakes algae blooms in particular in the warmer and shallower portions of the system such as Lake Erie, Saginaw Bay, Green Bay, and the southernmost portion of Lake Michigan. By the mid-1980s, most jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes had controlled phosphate detergents,[70] resulting in sharp reductions in the frequency and extent of the blooms.[citation needed]
In 2013, news of a garbage patch of plastic pollution in the lakes was released.[71]
The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern end of the Niagara River, and became the first known sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on August 7, 1679.[72]
During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Erie Canal opened in 1825.[73] By 1848, with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago, direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes.[74] With these two canals an all-inland water route was provided between New York City and New Orleans.
The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 19th century was transporting immigrants. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their position on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants. After railroads and surface roads developed, the freight and passenger businesses dwindled and, except for ferries and a few foreign cruise ships, has now vanished. The immigration routes still have an effect today. Immigrants often formed their own communities and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity, such as Dutch, German, Polish, Finnish, and many others. Since many immigrants settled for a time in New England before moving westward, many areas on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes also have a New England feel, especially in home styles and accent.
Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks, domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, such as iron ore, coal and limestone for the steel industry. The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines. It was more economical to transport the ingredients for steel to centralized plants rather than try to make steel on the spot. Grain exports are also a major cargo on the lakes.
In the 19th century and early 20th centuries, iron and other ores such as copper were shipped south on (downbound ships), and supplies, food, and coal were shipped north (upbound). Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and the general northeast track of the Appalachian Mountains, railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as Erie, Pennsylvania and Ashtabula, Ohio.
Because the lake maritime community largely developed independently, it has some distinctive vocabulary. Ships, no matter the size, are called boats. When the sailing ships gave way to steamships, they were called steamboats—the same term used on the Mississippi. The ships also have a distinctive design (see Lake freighter). Ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as lakers. Foreign boats are known as salties. One of the more common sights on the lakes has been since about 1950 the 1,000‑by‑105-foot (305-by-32-meter), 78,850-long-ton (80,120-metric-ton) self-unloader. This is a laker with a conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side.[75] Today, the Great Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it once was because of the increased use of overland freight, and a few larger ships replacing many small ones.
During World War II, the risk of submarine attacks against coastal training facilities motivated the United States Navy to operate two aircraft carriers on the Great Lakes, USS Sable (IX-81) and USS Wolverine (IX-64). Both served as training ships to qualify naval aviators in carrier landing and takeoff.[76] Lake Champlain briefly became the sixth Great Lake of the United States on 6 March 1998, when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927. This bill, which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program, contained a line declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. Not coincidentally, this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources.[77] Following a small uproar, the Senate voted to revoke the designation on 24 March (although New York and Vermont universities would continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake).[78]
In the early years of the 21st century, water levels in the Great Lakes were a concern.[79] Researchers at the Mowat Centre said that low levels could cost $19bn by 2050.[80]
The Great Lakes are today used as a major water transport corridor for bulk goods. The Great Lakes Waterway connects all the lakes; the smaller Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the lakes to the Atlantic oceans. Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway, and only operate on the Waterway and lakes.
In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and potash.[citation needed] The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo but most container ships cannot pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years.[citation needed]
The Great Lakes are used to supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in bordering areas. This valuable resource is collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to the lakes, who have agreed to the Great Lakes Compact to regulate water supply and use.
Tourism and recreation are major industries on the Great Lakes.[81] A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes including a couple of sailing ships. Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a U.S.$4 billion a year industry with salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout, bass and walleye being major catches. Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes such as yachting, sea kayaking, diving, kitesurfing, powerboating, and lake surfing.
The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.[82]
From 1844 through 1857, palace steamers carried passengers and cargo around the Great Lakes.[83] In the first half of the 20th century large luxurious passenger steamers sailed the lakes in opulence.[84] The Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company had several vessels at the time and hired workers from all walks of life to help operate theses vessels.[85] Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including Isle Royale, Pelee Island, Mackinac Island, Beaver Island, Bois Blanc Island (Ontario), Bois Blanc Island (Michigan), Kelleys Island, South Bass Island, North Manitou Island, South Manitou Island, Harsens Island, Manitoulin Island, and the Toronto Islands. As of 2007, four car ferry services cross the Great Lakes, two on Lake Michigan: a steamer from Ludington, Michigan, to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan, one on Lake Erie: a boat from Kingsville, Ontario, or Leamington, Ontario, to Pelee Island, Ontario, then onto Sandusky, Ohio, and one on Lake Huron: the M.S. Chi-Cheemaun [86] runs between Tobermory and South Baymouth, Manitoulin Island, operated by the Owen Sound Transportation Company. An international ferry across Lake Ontario Rochester, New York, to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005, but is no longer in operation.
Ship's name | Year built | Nationality | Ship's name | Year built | Nationality | Ship's name | Year built | Nationality | ||
Niagara | 1856 | United States | SS Christopher Columbus | 1892 | United States | SS Eastland | 1902 | United States | ||
Milwaukee Clipper | 1904 | United States | SS Keewatin | 1907 | Canadian | Comet | 1857 | United States |
The large size of the Great Lakes increases the risk of water travel; storms and reefs are common threats. The lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms, in particular in the autumn, from late October until early December. Hundreds of ships have met their end on the lakes. The greatest concentration of shipwrecks lies near Thunder Bay (Michigan), beneath Lake Huron, near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge.
The Lake Superior shipwreck coast from Grand Marais, Michigan, to Whitefish Point became known as the "Graveyard of the Great Lakes". More vessels have been lost in the Whitefish Point area than any other part of Lake Superior.[87] The Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve serves as an underwater museum to protect the many shipwrecks in this area.
The first ship to sink in Lake Superior was Le Griffon, also the first ship to sail the Great Lakes. Caught in a 1679 storm while trading furs between Green Bay and Michilimacinac, it was lost with all hands aboard.[88] Its wreck may have been found recently.[89] The last major freighter wrecked on the lakes was the SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank on November 10, 1975, just over 17 miles (30 km) offshore from Whitefish Point. The largest loss of life in a shipwreck out on the lakes may have been that of the Lady Elgin, wrecked in 1860 with the loss of around 400 lives. In an incident at a Chicago dock in 1915, the SS Eastland rolled over while loading passengers, killing 841.
In August 2007, the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society announced that it had found the wreckage of Cyprus, a 420-foot (130 m) long, century-old ore carrier. Cyprus sank during a Lake Superior storm on October 11, 1907, during its second voyage while hauling iron ore from Superior, Wisconsin, to Buffalo, New York. The entire crew of 23 drowned, except one, a man named Charles Pitz, who floated on a life raft for almost seven hours.[90]
In June 2008, deep sea divers in Lake Ontario found the wreck of the 1780 Royal Navy warship HMS Ontario in what has been described as an "archaeological miracle".[91] There are no plans to raise her as the site is being treated as a war grave.
In June 2010, the L.R. Doty was found in Lake Michigan by an exploration diving team led by dive boat Captain Jitka Hanakova from her boat the Molly V.[92] The ship sank in October 1898, probably attempting to rescue a small schooner, the Olive Jeanette, during a terrible storm. There are no plans to raise the ship as it would quickly deteriorate in open air.
Still missing are the two last warships to sink in the Great Lakes, the French minesweepers, Inkerman and Cerisoles, which vanished in Lake Superior during a blizzard in 1918. 78 lives were lost making it the largest loss of life in Lake Superior and the greatest unexplained loss of life in the Great Lakes.
The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway but the flow is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns. Under the U.S. "Water Resources Development Act",[93] diversion of water from the Great Lakes Basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors through the Great Lakes Commission, which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate large diversions. In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 U.S. gallons (600,000 m3) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries. Public outcry forced the company to abandon the plan before it began. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement[94] and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact[95] that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long-distance ones. The agreements strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin. On December 13, 2005, the Governors and Premiers signed these two agreements, the first of which is between all ten jurisdictions. It is somewhat more detailed and protective, though its legal strength has not yet been tested in court. The second, the Great Lakes Compact, has been approved by the state legislatures of all eight states that border the Great Lakes as well as the U.S. Congress, and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on 3 October 2008.[96]
The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, described as "the largest investment in the Great Lakes in two decades,"[97] was funded at $475 million in the U.S. federal government's Fiscal Year 2011 budget, and $300 million in the Fiscal Year 2012 budget. Through the program a coalition of federal agencies is making grants to local and state entities for toxics cleanups, wetlands and coastline restoration projects, and invasive species-related projects.
In 2006, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) proposed a plan to designate 34 areas in the Great Lakes, at least five miles (8 km) offshore, as permanent safety zones for live fire machine gun practice. In August 2006, the plan was published in the Federal Register. The USCG reserved the right to hold target practice whenever the weather allowed with a two-hour notice. These firing ranges would be open to the public when not in use. In response to requests from the public, the Coast Guard held a series of public meetings in nine U.S. cities to solicit comment. During these meetings many people voiced concerns about the plan and its impact on the environment.[98] On December 18, 2006, the Coast Guard announced its decision to withdraw the entire proposal.[99] Officials said they would look into alternative ammunition, modifying the proposed zones and have more public dialogue before proposing a new plan.[100]
(help)Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Great Lakes. |
Media related to Great Lakes at Wikimedia Commons


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does it go back to their early relationship with their mother? or are thighs just super comfortable? other?
Because it's so soft and comfortable. And we're close to her holy grail.
What's Your Opinion?
Couldn't tell you. I don't.
Oedipal connections have nothing to do with this, it's an expression of intimacy. Plus...a lot of us really, really like to do it.
It has nothing to do with my early relationship with my mom. Thighs are just super comfortable, just like a soft pillow. :-P Besides this, it gives me the excitement of my face close to her vagina. :-P And in this position I can talk to her while looking at her face and boobs ;-)
Can't you just be happy we're doing it? lol
It has nothing to do with my mother. It's a way to be intimate with a girl. Get close to her, look into her eyes, and relax. Do we always have to be in a dominate position, or can't we have that one girl we can be vulnerable to?
love when guys do that :) and I agree with the other users, it's super comfy :p
*puts my head on slippys lap* :-)
^ *shakes head*
LOL :p
We will never post without your permission

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Xanterra Parks & Resorts Sues National Park Service Over Grand Canyon Contracts
Submitted by Kurt Repanshek on October 8, 2014 - 11:10am
Xanterra Parks & Resorts, which operates lodges and restaurants in some of the most iconic national parks in the system, on Wednesday announced it was suing the National Park Service over its handling of concessions contracts on the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park.
Third Drone Pilot Pleads Guilty To Flying Craft In Yellowstone National Park
Submitted by Anonymous on October 3, 2014 - 5:04pm
For the third time in the past month, an owner of an unmanned drone has pled guilty to flying it in Yellowstone National Park, this time over crowds in the Midway Geyser Basin and close to bison.
Polling Shows Most Westerners Approve Of Federal Land-Management Agencies, Oppose Giving Lands Over To The States
Submitted by Kurt Repanshek on September 29, 2014 - 12:17am
A public opinion poll of key Western states has produced somewhat contradictory results when it comes to federal lands in those states. While strong numbers voiced positive views of agencies such as the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service, strong numbers held their state governments in higher esteem than the federal government. Overall, though, a slight majority opposes proposals to turn those federal lands over to the states.
Traveler's View: Fear Mongering On The Public Lands
Submitted by Kurt Repanshek on September 29, 2014 - 12:07am
Confusion, misspoken words, and fear mongering swept the public lands landscape this past week following word that the U.S. Forest Service was planning to squash your right to snap a photo in the woods if you didn't pony up $1,500 for a picture-taking permit. The uproar stemmed from a poorly worded Federal Register notice, and was fanned by media worried about their First Amendment rights and very possibly by federal government critics.
Trails I've Hiked: Lewis Channel Trail At Yellowstone National Park
Submitted by Kurt Repanshek on September 28, 2014 - 12:50am
Late September and early October, they say, are the best times to while your day away hoping to hook into one of the brown trout that call Shoshone Lake in Yellowstone National Park home. And one of the best ways to reach the lake for some fishing is via the Lewis RIver Channel Trail.
Yellowstone National Park Releases 2013 Wolf Report
Submitted by Jim Burnett on September 23, 2014 - 12:40am
Yellowstone National Park has released its annual Wolf Report, which describes the status of wolves in the park and management plans and activities for that species. According to the report, the overall wolf population in the park is up slightly from 2012, similar to previous recent years, and down about 45 percent since 2003.
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- By Jim Burnett
Watch Hawks With A Yellowstone National Park Ranger On Sunday
Submitted by NPT Staff on September 18, 2014 - 12:18am
For a little change of pace in Yellowstone National Park, spend a time this Sunday looking up into the sky.
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- By NPT Staff
There Likely Is A National Park Fee Increase In Your Future...
Submitted by Kurt Repanshek on September 11, 2014 - 12:45am
It very likely will be a bit more costly to enter Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, Yosemite, Acadia, Shenandoah and the other 126 units that charge entrance fees by the time the National Park Service's centennial arrives in 2016, and you also should brace for slightly higher fees to camp, shower, paddle, and participate in boat and cave tours.
Attachment | Size |
jarvis_fee_memo.pdf | 82.66 KB |
Assessing National Park Wilderness On The 50th Anniversary Of The Wilderness Act
Submitted by Kurt Repanshek on September 3, 2014 - 12:49am
It's been 50 years since President Lyndon B. Johnson signed The Wilderness Act into law in 1964, but the question remains: Why has so much land within the National Park System not been designated as wilderness?
Buzzing Drones Lead To Tickets In Yellowstone National Park
Submitted by Ruffin Prevost on September 1, 2014 - 1:20am
Just weeks after a visitor crashed a drone into Yellowstone National Park's largest hot spring, park officials have filed criminal charges against the alleged pilot, and are stepping up their efforts to publicize and enforce a ban on unmanned aerial vehicles in the park.
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- By Ruffin Prevost


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Pronunciation: /inˈten(t)SH(ə)n(ə)l/
Definition of intentional in English:
Done on purpose; deliberate: intentional wrongdoing and harm
More example sentences
- Baker runs at and strikes an opponent in what appears to be a deliberate and intentional act.
- He emphasises that the statutory offence requires a deliberate intentional act.
- It is both intentional and conscious and unintentional and unconscious.
deliberate, calculated, conscious, intended, planned, meant, studied, knowing, willful, purposeful, purposive, done on purpose, premeditated, preplanned, preconceived
rare witting
Mid 16th century (in the sense 'existing only in intention'): from French intentionnel or medieval Latin intentionalis, from Latin intentio(n-), from intendere (see intend).
Words that rhyme with intentional
ascensional, attentional, conventional, declensional, tensional, three-dimensional, two-dimensionalDefinition of intentional in:
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43 | Android HIFI is an AirPlay receiver/server for audio playback. You can stream music to your Android device with it, from AirPlay clients, such as iTunes, iOS, etc. Features: - stream audio from AirPlay clients (itunes, iOS, ...) - be able to adju... | View... |
1 | update: 1.9.4 Beta (Sep 26, 2012) Google TV support (in testing stage) Much appreciated if you could help test it on Google TV, and send feedback to me. | View... |
1 | 1.9 Beta (Sep 17, 2012) improve audio quality improve compatibility with various kinds of AirPlay senders Please purchase the license app if you would like to support the dev. | View... |


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Patech is a skilled Oracle E-Business Suite implementation and Managed Support services provider. In delivering Oracle E-Business systems for over 10 years we have developed a range of value-add solutions that extend the functionality of the Oracle footprint. We know all about Big Data, cloud based services, document management, Business Intelligence and much more. Browse our site, if you have any further questions or can't find what you are looking for please do contact us.
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Yes, that's it! :) Anyhow, please read "Ishmael" by Daniel Quinn. I'm quite positive you'll love it.
You're welcome. The Monkey Wrench Gang is definitely next on my list of books to read. I can't remember if it was that book I read about or one of the environmentalist groups Abbey inspired, but who was it that made fake cracks on dams as a sign of protest? I'm writing a story that had a similar idea where (to make a long story short) there are a couple activists trying to decide whether or not to actually blow up some dams. They do a couple test runs by painting a few dams to look like they'd been destroyed (ie, painting a waterfall through a crack.) It's a work in progress but hopefully it turns out. What kind of stuff do you do to spread the word, so to speak?
Interesting. I'll see what the library has of his and place an order. Derrick Jensen is... not a pacifist, shall we say? He's not the best writer but he has some interesting ideas like:
I haven't actually read any Edward Abbey but I recently read something (A Reenchanted World) that talked about The Monkey Wrench Gang quite a bit. I take it Abbey is worth reading? What about Derrick Jensen?
Pretty much everything in your About Me section tells me you'd enjoy Daniel Quinn. Start with his "Ishmael" and go from there. Your library should have it but I suspect you'll want to own your own copy anyway. Let me know what you think of it if you read it. Nice to meet you.
Thanks for the add. :) Daniel Quinn fan?
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2002 Ford F-250 Super Duty 4dr SuperCab XLT 2WD SB (5.4L 8cyl 6M)
Bought it new. Wanted the 7.3 diesel before the 6.0's came out. Turned out that was the right move! Got 13 to 17 mpg until about 45000 miles. Once past that mileage is 15.5+ in town and 21+ on the highway. Really a great truck! The only repairs have been, center link got sloppy, replaced it, Cam position sensor $30.00 part and 10 minutes to change, and cd changer went bad after 5 years and hard use. Got a replacement cd module that bolts into the radio in 5 minutes. So easy it suprised me. No mechanical problems whatsoever, never dripped a drop of anything. I think i'll keep it!
the full review
2002 Ford F-250 Super Duty 4dr SuperCab XLT 2WD SB (5.4L 8cyl 6M)
7.3 litre diesel w/6-speed manual. The
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another Ford pickup.
the full review
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Syrian opposition chief to meet U.S., Russia and U.N.
MUNICH (Reuters) - The leader of the Syrian opposition was expected to meet U.S., Russian and U.N. officials on Saturday at a Munich conference which may provide a rare chance to overcome differences on how to end Syria's civil war.
U.S. Vice-President Joe Biden, head of the Syrian National Coalition Moaz Alkhatib, U.N. envoy Lakhdar Brahimi and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov held a round of meetings - but apparently not all at the same table, as the opposition had hoped.
Biden lamented the lack of international agreement - between Washington and Moscow in particular - on how to resolve Syria's crisis. But he said nobody could doubt "the increasingly desperate plight of the Syrian people and the responsibility of the international community to address that plight".
Government forces and rebels clashed again in several areas of Syria including around Damascus but there were no reports of casualties, according to activists and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
Biden stressed the need to make the Syrian opposition "more inclusive and cohesive", as dramatised by a challenge on Friday to Alkhatib's authority after he broke ranks to say he would be willing to meet Syrian officials to discuss a transition if political prisoners arrested in the revolt were freed.
The Syrian opposition had raised hopes that there could be three-way or four-way meetings at the Munich Security Conference with the United States, Russia and United Nations on Saturday, but U.N. and Russian officials rushed to play this down.
"Media reports of a meeting in Munich in the format of Lavrov-Biden-Brahimi and Syrian opposition representative Alkhatib do not correspond with reality," Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Gennady Gatilov said.
Russia's Interfax news agency cited a Russian source as saying that Lavrov would meet Alkhatib.
Syrian National Coalition politburo member Sadereddine al Bayanouni from the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, who was part of the Syrian opposition delegation in Munich, told Reuters he would also attend the meeting with Biden.
"We will explain our views to them and see," he said.
Syrian opposition figure Hassan Bali, in Munich as an independent observer, called the meeting with Biden "a big signal from the Americans" that they were upgrading support for the rebels. But there was no immediate word from the U.S. delegation on whether that was the case.
Brahimi told the conference in the southern German city he was pessimistic about the chances of a quick solution.
"I am much more conscious of the difficulties, of the country being broken down day after day, than I am of a solution," he said, speaking at a panel alongside Alkhatib.
Neither the Syrian people nor the countries of the region were able to find a way to end the conflict, Brahimi said, meaning it was up to "the wider international world" and U.N. Security Council members to overcome their divisions on Syria.
"You are the last appeal," he told the conference.
"Please do your job."
One high-level member of the Syrian opposition coalition told Reuters that Russia may be softening towards a meeting with Alkhatib after he said he was willing to hold talks with the government of President Bashar al-Assad.
A Russian diplomatic source did not rule out a meeting taking place "spontaneously" at the weekend Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
If this occurred, it would be the first time the United States and Russia, at loggerheads over whether Assad can have a role in a transitional government, had sat down together with the opposition.
Hassan Bali said such hints at progress might be due to Alkhatib "showing flexibility" regarding Assad and his regime.
But there was no sign at the Munich conference that the U.S. and Russian positions on Assad were getting any closer.
"The persistence of those who say that priority number one is the removal of Assad is the single biggest reason for the continuing tragedy in Syria," said Lavrov.
Biden said the White House was "convinced that President Assad, a tyrant hell-bent on clinging to power, is no longer fit to lead Syrian people and he must go".
Russia, Syria's main arms supplier, has blocked three U.N. Security Council resolutions on the 22-month-old Syrian conflict, which has killed more than 60,000 people.
Lavrov told the Munich conference he believed the biggest threat in Syria was "the possibility that the rebels get hold of the chemical weapons" which he said Assad's government controls. (Additional reporting by Mariam Karouny in Beirut and Myra MacDonald and Alexandra Hudson in Munich; writing by Stephen Brown; editing by Andrew Roche)
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Exclusive - Payment delays dent India's flagship health, AIDS programmes
India's main public health programmes, aimed at millions of rural poor, have been in disarray for months because the government changed the way that over $1.3 billion in funds were distributed, according to data and letters seen by Reuters. Full Article | Graphic: India's health funding
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- City
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- Current: Oneplus One 64GB, Nexus 4 16GB
Had: Sony Xperia Z Ultra, Nokia Lumia 820, Nexus 5, Moto G (2013), Nexus S, Samsung Galaxy Note 1 , HTC Sensation 4g, HTC Inspire 4g, HTC Desire HD, Nexus One
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8 | It was reverted as that's what broke video recording :) I've been using OpenSensation for a month or two now and Ive seen where it came from to where it is now. I can not even think of using any other rom especially Sense as my daily driver bec... | View... |
5 | LordManhattan you know I am a big critic of course such rom will not be to my tasting. to be honest I don't know what the fuss is all about these google roms I installed and I will revert back to sony roms, because this GPE rom its ugly and plain... | View... |
4 | Here is what you need to run and this worked for me so it should work for you as well :) fastboot flash modem NON-HLOS.bin fastboot reboot-bootloader sleep 5 fastboot flash sbl1 sbl1.mbn fastboot reboot-bootloader sleep 5 fastboot flash dbi sdi.m... | View... |
3 | The boot.img included does not contain recovery. Use one from CM or another ROM that does. Sent from my Nexus 5 using Tapatalk Or just install XZU recovery 4 dual recovery. I did and it works fine with gpe rom.... | View... |
2 | Thanks heaps! Are you referring to this one? http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2426739 That's the one :) | View... |


text:
What does ETHICS mean in Unclassified?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ETHICS in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Unclassified terminology in particular.
Find a translation for ETHICS in other languages:
Select another language:
What does ETHICS mean?
- ethical motive, ethics, morals, morality(noun)
- motivation based on ideas of right and wrong
Discuss this ETHICS abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"ETHICS." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/283339>.
ETHICS also stands for:
- Empowerment Through HIV/AIDS Information, Community and Services
- Ethical
- Ethical Technical Human Implementation Of Computer Systems
... see them all »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search Effective Technical And Human Implementation Of Computer Systems on Amazon
- Search Effective Technical And Human Implementation Of Computer Systems on Google


text:
Music Gear News
Lou Reed to appear on 6 Music
He's going to be co-presenting a programme alongside Hal Willner starting later this month, reports the BBC.
"Playing new and older music with the knowledgeable compendium of Hal Willner is a great pleasure," the guitarist has said.
Reed also suggested that music "from hip-hop through to Albert Ayler through to Clara Rockmore" would be being played.
He has released singles such as Walk On The Wild Side in his time while, as a member of The Velvet Underground, he was part of the band behind the likes of Femme Fatale, I Heard Her Call My Name and I'm Sticking With You.
6 Music's head of programmes, James Stirling, has spoken of his "delight" about Reed's programme being broadcast on the station.
The musician has been an inspiration to a lot of the music stars that his station's listeners love, Mr Stirling suggested.
Published by AW.
Posted on 3 Oct 2012 16:50 to category : Band / Celebrity NewsRelated Music News
At the 29th Annual Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame Induction Ceremony which took place at Brooklyn's Barclays Center last night, Joan Jett, Kim Gordon, St. Vincent and Lorde took turns fronting Nirvana.
Damon Albarn has spoken to NME about the future of Blur, dismissing rumours that they won't play together again.
Ableton have released a new short documentary exploring the production of Hendrik Weber, aka Pantha du Prince's collaborative album with The Bell Laboratory.
Dynamic electronic duo, Daft Punk and Grammy award winning sound engineer, Mick Guzauski, have disclosed the secrets of the unique sound of Daft Punk's latest album, Random Access Memories.
Marcus Mumford, lead singer in Mumford & Sons, has been hired as Associate Producer for the soundtrack to the new Coen Brothers movie, Inside Llewyn Davis.
The record for the longest drum session in a retail store was set in New York yesterday by musician and party-devotee Andrew W.K.
Recent Music News
Like the original Uni-Vibe pedal, the EHX Good Vibes modulator pedal uses photocells for a tone response true to the classic design.
From summer, the new worldwide release date for new music will be Fridays.
Available in three colourways, Cherry, Cherry Burst and Tobacco Burst, the monitors feature iconic Gibson Les Paul styling, with a flame maple gloss finish to the arch top front.
Launch your music for less, save on the Novation Launch range!
Ableton have revealed that Live 9.2 is now available.
PRS Guitars are celebrating 30 years with a dedicated website offering stories from the history of Paul Reed Smith guitars and inviting artists and players to share their experiences.


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Fractured minority bloc defeated itself - 0 Comments
Of the Irish it has jokingly been said by members of their own community that they love to fight and hate to win. And of the Palestinians it is frequently observed, again by their own, that they never miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity.
My experience in this mayoral contest has confirmed the belief that we blacks appear to be a combination of the two observations above.


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The Career Wardrobe empowers women to succeed in the workplace by providing women in transition with free professional clothing and educational seminars. www.careerwardrobe.org
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Time Warner Cable's app goes universal
Time Warner Cable released an official iOS app early last year that let subscribers watch live TV. Despite some early issues with channel agreements, the app is still going strong, and appears to be popular with customers. So popular, in fact, that the company has just updated the app to also work with the iPhone and iPod touch, so now no matter what iOS device you have, as long as you're a TWC subscriber, you can tune in to some live television.
The app is called TWC TV, and it's a free download on the App Store. As you might guess, it requires a good, reliable Internet signal, so you'll need a Wi-Fi connection for streaming. You can also browse through program schedules and information, and even set your compatible DVR to grab your favorite shows.
The Time Warner app was a nice surprise when it appeared, and it's one of the best things that old media companies have done to work with iOS. It's good to see that it's not only popular enough to support with an update, but that Time Warner is getting dedicated about making its content available even on Apple's platforms for customers.
Software Updates
more updates- Apple Remote Desktop updated with Yosemite support
- OS X Yosemite 10.10.2, iOS 8.1.3 updates now available
- Sports Illustrated 120 SPORTS channel comes to Apple TV
- Logic Pro X update brings AirDrop support, new effects, tools, and more
- Parallels Access 2.5 released, adds file manager, computer-to-computer remote access
- The Google Translate iOS app is about to get a lot smarter


text:
Veterans Affairs Minister Steven Blaney Speaks At Unveiling Ceremony For New Afghanistan Repatriation Memorial In Trenton, Ontario
The idea for the Afghanistan Repatriation Memorial came about two years ago as a way for everyday Canadians to remember the sacrifices of our Canadian Armed Forces personnel in Afghanistan. The Afghanistan Repatriation Memorial will be a beautiful, permanent memorial honoring our Canadian Armed Forces personnel—the men and women who have sacrificed their lives in the war in Afghanistan. The entire $1.2 million project is being funded solely by Canadians honouring Canadian soldiers through the Give to Honour Those Who Gave campaign, with no government assistance. To date, with the project in its final stages of construction, approximately $800,000 has been raised.
Set in a park-like setting on the beautiful Bay of Quinte and with 8 Wing/CFB Trenton—Canada's largest air force base nearby, the Afghanistan Repatriation Memorial will be a fitting tribute not far from where Canadian repatriation ceremonies occur and at the beginning of our fallen soldiers' journey along the Highway of Heroes, from Trenton to Toronto.
The Afghanistan Repatriation Memorial's design was selected from many entries; each designed to honour our nation's recognition of the loss of sons, daughters, husbands, wives, fathers and mothers. Sadly, 158 Canadian service members have fallen to date in this conflict.
The site of the Memorial will be approached by a walkway from a dedicated parking area off Highway 2, on the east side of Trenton at RCAF Road alongside the base. The monument itself is in a quiet and reflective low-walled area containing two large granite maple leaves—one in red granite inscribed with the Canadian Armed Forces emblem and provincial shields. The other leaf is in black granite etched to depict a family's loss with a solitary soldier in black granite depicting a fallen comrade. This latter maple leaf contains the names of those who have died in the conflict.
The entire site is designed to be reflective and contemplative in character and harmonize with its surroundings.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Current List Price: | KSh17,000,000 |
Lot Size (Sq. Ft.): | N/A |
Address | Westlands Nairobi, Nairobi Area |
MLS Number: | N/A | |||
Bedrooms: | 3 | |||
Full Baths: | 2 | |||
Square Feet: | N/A | |||
On Waiyaki Way, opposite Communication Commission of Kenya (CCK), adjacent to Engen Petrol Station, after Kianda School
Apartment Design
The design is bold and well complemented by excellent finishes and high quality ceramic tiles
The Apartment accommodates sitting cum dinning, fully fitted Kitchen and bedrooms with in-built wardrobes.
The Apartments enjoy Cross Proximity to:
the City Centre
Schools-Kianda School, Westlands Primary, Kenya High School etc.
Shopping Precincts-ABC Place, Sarit
Companies located near the Apartments are:
- Communications Commission of Kenya (directly opposite)
- Safaricom Headquarters (less than 5 minutes drive)
- Deloitte & Touché (a stone throw away)
Key Highlights
- Spacious Living area
- Dining area
- Ensuite Master Bedroom with built-in wardrobes
- Fitted Kitchen with built-in Cupboards
- Superior finishes
- Spacious DSQ-accessible from inside and outside the main house
- Ample parking
- Concrete boundary wall with Electric fencing
* required information


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Wellesley Road, Croydon, CR0 9XY, United Kingdom – Show map
I loved everything about the hotel espically the rooms
United Kingdom
comfortable, clean, friendly, ideally located
United Kingdom
The staff went the extra mile for us. Had a good experience and was great with way I was dealt with. I previously stayed at the Ibis and it was a very bad experience, being at the Jury Inn was much better and nicer. Thank you, a job well done!
United Kingdom
The location. The bar
United Kingdom
The room was a good size with a very comfortable bed.Despite being in the centre of Croydon,the rooms were quiet and we had a good night's sleep.
United Kingdom
it was a relaxed environment
United Kingdom
The location is brilliant, staff were nice and professional
United Kingdom
TV was ok Location
United Kingdom
the hotel is perfect, room as well (its like a studio flat) and facilities are very good
United Kingdom
Room was a good size to allow work and relaxation. Very efficient staff at front desk.
United Kingdom
A 5-minute walk from East Croydon Station, this Jurys Inn is only 20 minutes by train from central London and Gatwick Airport. It boasts a 24-hour reception, bar and restaurant.
The stylish bedrooms at the Jurys Inn Croydon feature crisp white linens, flat-screen TVs and a large work space. The spacious bathrooms feature Spa toiletries.
Breakfast is served in the contemporary restaurant, which also offers an international dinner menu. The bar serves lunch and snacks as well as coffees and drinks.
The Croydon Jurys Inn also provides services such as dry cleaning/laundry. Public parking is available close to the hotel and internet access is available in public areas.
We speak your language! Hotel Rooms: 240, Hotel Chain: Jurys Inns. This property has been on Booking.com since 21 Jul 2009.
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27 properties in Croydon
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510 verified reviews
We verify all reviews from guests who have stayed at Jurys Inn London Croydon. Find out more.
They speak your language!
Jurys Inn London Croydon's staff speak: Spanish, English, German
Booking is safe
When you book with us your details are protected by a secure connection.
Food & Drink
Restaurant, Bar
WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Public parking is possible at a location nearby (reservation is not needed) and costs GBP 6 per day.
Vending machine (drinks), Vending machine (snacks), 24-hour front desk, Express check-in/check-out, Currency exchange, Luggage storage, Laundry, Dry cleaning, Ironing service, Meeting/banquet facilities, Fax/photocopying
Newspapers, Safety deposit box, Non-smoking rooms, Facilities for disabled guests, Lift, Heating, Air conditioning, Designated smoking area
Spanish, English, German
From 14:00 hours
Until 12:00 hours
Cancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type. Please enter the dates of your stay and check the conditions of your required room.
Children and extra beds
All children are welcome.
All children under 12 years stay free of charge when using existing beds.
All children under 2 years stay free of charge for children's cots/cribs.
There is no capacity for extra beds in the room.
The maximum number of children's cots/cribs in a room is 1.
Pets are not allowed.
Cards accepted at this property
Hover over the cards for more info.
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Based on 517 reviews
Value for money
Free WiFi
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Flexistay South Park Aparthotel
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Premier Inn London Croydon Town Centre Situated a 5-minute walk from East Croydon railway station with a 15-minute train service to the heart of London, Premier Inn Croydon Town Centre offers modern, air-conditioned rooms.
Score from 772 reviews
Comfortable bed, good working space in the rooms, central location in Croydon
Avoid the 12th floor - the air con units on the roof are noisy (11th floor and below are fine)
I loved everything about the hotel espically the rooms
The staff went the extra mile for us. Had a good experience and was great with way I was dealt with. I previously stayed at the Ibis and it was a very bad experience, being at the Jury Inn was much better and nicer. Thank you, a job well done!
The location. The bar
We arrived Thursday & went straight out to meet friends. We came back late & tired after our long journey from cornwall. went to bed & when we got up in the morning. Noticed the bed had blood stains. We checked ourselves to see whether we had any cuts. Which we didn't. Then felt sick realising we had slept in a dirty bed. Left it all open so cleaner's could see. & they did change. Also i could not turn shower on or off as it was too stiff. So my husband had to do & then the shower was cold. We eventually complained on the Saturday. Shower was then warm, but still had to get my husband to turn on & off.
The room was a good size with a very comfortable bed.Despite being in the centre of Croydon,the rooms were quiet and we had a good night's sleep.
it was a relaxed environment
room furniture looked very cheap
The location is brilliant, staff were nice and professional
Location, cleanliness , friendly professional staff and , comfortable beds and nice sized rooms
Myself and my partner stayed here with our 3 year old & 9 month baby. Room was lovely, looked fresh & up-to-date all except the bathroom which was a little worn but was clean. The sofa bed was already set up for our 3 year old & although the cot for the baby had been overlooked, a quick phone call to reception soon sorted that. Breakfast in the morning was £10 per adult & the kids ate for free. The choice was amazing - definitely something for everyone. Toast, pastries, cereals, porridge, fresh fruit, cooked breakfast, waffles etc. A huge range of teas to choose from as well as coffee, juice & water. And the staff were very polite & good with the children. We would not hesitate to stay here again & would definitely recommend.
TV was ok Location
No parking no pen and pad in the room noisy airconditioning thin bed cover and short and worn, felt Cold as a result and couldn't sleep,noisy banging noise from cleaners in the next room - was working all night and needed a a short nap,lots of young people - felt like youth hostel and oh the bathroom - you don't get fresh toiletry but the liquid shower gel seemed to have been poured into dusty plastic containers on the wall.if you like a Youth hostel feel then this is definitely for you I stayed in Jurys inn in Bristol about 10 years ago and it seemed ok then
the hotel is perfect, room as well (its like a studio flat) and facilities are very good
Room was a good size to allow work and relaxation. Very efficient staff at front desk.
Wireless Internet did not seem to work from the room
I loved the location. Very close to everything.
I booked two rooms and requested that they be on the same floor. When I checked in I was given one on the 3rd floor and one in the sixth floor. The lady at the check in counter told me that no more rooms were available at all. When we got to the room on the 6th floor the socket for the key card wasn't working so that room was then switched to another room. The new room was also on the third floor, which was surprising because I had requested rooms on the same floor and was flat out lied to by the Pakistani lady ( can't remember her name) that checked us in. She was also not very friendly. The rooms smelled like smoke and liquor and it seems like some sort of spray was used to cover it up. My daughter found hair in her tub before she even used it. The bed frame had stains on it. And one day the cleaning crew didn't even bother to clean our room. Other than the location, Jurys inn sucks!!! It's definitely a one star hotel. NEVER AGAIN!!!
comfy bed and free wifi staff helpful and really clean
roadworks outside hotel drilling till 11pm and noisy heating in room. Made it difficult to get a good nights sleep
This hotel is really professional All staff and manager are really helpful nice and give you a good welcome and more
This stay was my first time visit and I was pleasently surprised to receive a very warm welcome at my arrival in late night hours; something which is not common for most of the hotels, I have been to. Coming to Room, I booked a standard double room but again it was at par with the best of my expectations and in all aspects. Morning Breakfast was again a pleasent surprise. Can rate this property as best of all during my stay at Croydon so far, when it comes to facilities as well as response and friendliness gestures displayed by hotel staff members.
Yet to find anytthing of dislike; going to stay more in coming times.
Breakfast selection. Check in and out very quick. Complimentary glass of wine for guests staying on a Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday.
room and facilities staff food
you need to improve your wifi .....not the free cause its the same in all hotel but your prenium :)
temperature of the room was difficult to control. It was usually too cold
Good en site restaurant
Quite expensive against premier inn - beds are only doubles
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2014 theme garden swap host?
micyreyDecember 31, 2013
hello and happy new year everyone.
is someone planing on hosting this one? I would be happy to do it if needed. this one is one of my favs.
sandlapper_rose(Zone 8)
Michelle, I think it would be wonderful if you could host the swap for us. It's one of my favoirtes as well. With me being sick a lot of this year, I didn't work much in the garden or harvest as many seeds, but I will love to share as much as I can.
At one point I was hoping to offer to host this (I did it twice) but it just didn't work out. We have a new grandbaby due early in the year and I am busy getting ready for the baby shower, etc. Maybe I can be hostess next time around.


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And people like this are theSubmitted by Guest2012 (not verified) on Sat, 10/06/2012 - 7:44am.
And people like this are the ones that the 1% of wealthy people in this country will have to give the money they worked for to so they can have health care coverage under Obama Care. »
Reply |


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License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Deborah Foyle:
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- Dr. Deborah Mhari Foyle DDS, M.Sc, and MS is a female dentist and practices in Periodontics.
- Where does Dr. Deborah M. Foyle practice?
- Dr. Deborah Foyle has 1 office location.
Dr. Deborah Foyle practices Periodontics near Dallas, TX.
See Dallas Dentists.


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£7,250 pcm
5 bedroom house to rent Wellhouse Lane, Bramshill, Hook, RG27
Superbly presented modernised Farmhouse offering flexible accommodation set within beautiful grounds approaching 2 acres. More details ›Added on 27/01/2015 by Hamptons International Lettings, Sunningdale - Lettings. Call: 01344 588044 Local call rate
£8,280 pa
Office to rent Moor Place, Plough Lane, Bramshill, RG27
The premises are situated in a rural location, close to Bramshill Police College. Hartley Wintney is within about 3 miles and Hook is within about 5 miles. First floor offices located in an ATTRACTIVE RURAL SETTING overlooking fields with PARKING AND NO SERVICE CHARGE PAYMENTS. More details ›


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John Morrison of CanadaUpdated September 5, 2000 |
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I have been researching my father side of the family for awhile now. I have gotton back to as far as his grandfather Kenneth Morrison (d-1947)and his wife Eva Hurrell(b-1881,d-1957) their son one of six children John Morrison (b- July 23, 1907,D-sept 2, 1973).Then comes my father one of nine children.His great grandfather came from Isle of Skye and settle in Lac Megantic,Quebec and later the family or next generation moved to manitoba,Canada and later the family spread they all spread over Canada, |
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Project: Recycle Your Cooking Oil
One person's waste is another person's biofuel.
Cooking oil and grease is hard on municipal water sanitation systems and can increase the energy required to treat waste water. It's also hard on your garbage disposal and can build up and cause major problems in your plumbing system. Dispose of used oil responsibly through Montgomery County's cooking and vegetable oil recycling program, where it is reused in animal feed and biofuels. See the Resources tab below.
Montgomery County's cooking grease/oils recycling locations and guidelines: Montgomery County.
There are no incentives for recycling used kitchen oil, but if you do it, you'll eliminate one source of expensive plumbing repairs.
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text: 500 pts Celebrity Trivia <K-Fox VIP What celebrity is now single? Click here to see the answer. Sign in to Participate Category: Trivia Ends: Monday May 13 at 10:59PM CDT Visit our sponsor: Click here to see the answer. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More Ways To Get and Use Points Win a Trip to See Ariana Grande in MiamiAngelina Art Alliance "In the Heat of the Night" TicketsListen & Win Word of the DayWin a $500 Visa Gift CardWin a KitchenAid Stand MixerWin a GoPro HERO4 Starter Bundle


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Research Projects
This is a list of research projects that may have opportunities for undergraduate students. You can browse all the projects, or view only projects in the following categories:
Environmental Science
Design and development of a low pressure drop and low flow rate airflow sensor
Research categories: | Agricultural, Electronics, Environmental Science, Industrial Engineering, Innovative Technology/Design, Mechanical Systems |
School/Dept.: | Agricultural and Biological Engineering |
Professor: | Jiqin (Jee-Chin) Ni |
Preferred major(s): | Agricultural, mechanical, or electronic engineering |
Desired experience: | Laboratory and hands-on experience on mechanical and basic electronic work. |
Number of positions: | 1 |
Measuring low rate of airflow with low pressure drop is important for some high quality research projects. However, commercially available sensors for these measurements are either expensive or not highly accurate. This project will involve designing an innovative airflow sensor that is suitable for low pressure drop (e.g., <50 Pa) and low flow rate (e.g., <50 mL per hour) airflow sensor. The principle of the sensor can be mechanical, electronic, or combination of the both. A workable prototype sensor based on the new design will also be built. The sensor will provide output signals that can be acquired to a computer for on-line and continuous airflow monitoring. The successful design can be disclosed as an invention to Purdue Office of Technology Commercialization.
Enhancing hardwood regeneration with select seedlings, fertilization and deer exclusion
Research categories: | Agricultural, Environmental Science |
School/Dept.: | Forestry and Natural Resources |
Professor: | Michael Jenkins |
Preferred major(s): | Forestry, wildlife, or similar discipline |
Desired experience: | Tree identification (dendrology), forest measurements |
Number of positions: | 1 |
The successful establishment and growth of planted seedlings is critical to forest restoration. Improved techniques are needed to increase the survival of seedlings under intense competition and herbivore pressure. In 2008, a study was initiated to examine the how seedling quality, slow release fertilization, and deer exclusion influence the growth and survival of hardwood seedlings. This study will help managers and landowners better understand the benefits of fencing, fertilization, and genetic improvement on four major timber species (red and white oak, black cherry, black walnut) in hardwood forests. We seek an undergraduate researcher to help remeasure seedlings, analyze data, and prepare a manuscript for publication.
P-Band Satellite Remote Sensing Antenna
Research categories: | Agricultural, Aerospace Engineering, Electronics, Environmental Science, Mechanical Systems, Physical Science |
School/Dept.: | AAE |
Professor: | James Garrison |
Preferred major(s): | AAE,ECE,ME,Physics |
Desired experience: | Basic understanding of electromagnetism is desired, but not required. Experience with electronic hardware, either academically or through extracurricular activities (e.g. amateur radio, robotic competitions, etc … ), is strongly desired. Experience with metal fabrication is also strongly required. |
Number of positions: | 2 |
This project will build an antenna for receiving satellite transmissions in P-band (225-390 MHz). We are using these signals as a source of illumination in a "bistatic" radar configuration, comparing the direct signal observed along a line-of-sight to the satellite, with the scattered signal reflected from the land surface. Theory suggests that we can use this comparison to estimate the water content within the top 1 m of the soil (called the Root-Zone Soil Moisture, RZSM). This is a very important quantity for understanding the transportation of water from the soil into plant roots, and this measurement has applications to monitoring agricultural production and climate change. The project will require the design of an antenna for a specific satellite frequency, based upon an amateur radio handbook. Mechanical design and fabrication is also very important as the antenna will be installed outdoors and must withstand extreme weather (rain, snow, ice), large temperature ranges, and exposure to wildlife.
Quantifying Groundwater/Surface-water Interactions in Tributaries to the Wabash River Using Radon-222 and Other Environmental Isotopes
Research categories: | Environmental Science |
School/Dept.: | College of Science |
Professor: | Marty Frisbee |
Preferred major(s): | EAPS, Hydrology-related, Geology-related |
Desired experience: | Knowledge of hydrology, geology, geochemistry. Experience in field sampling techniques and lab analytical techniques preferred but not required. |
Number of positions: | 1 |
Surface water systems (streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands) are supported by a variety of sources of water representing a variety of flowpaths including overland flow, flow through the soil, flow through shallow bedrock, and deeper groundwater flow. Groundwater is the primary source of baseflow in most forested and pristine watersheds and plays an important role in aquatic ecosystem structure. However, it is very difficult to quantify the role of groundwater in agriculturally dominated watersheds because, in the case of tile-drained watersheds, a portion of the flowpath distribution that would naturally discharge to the surface-water system has been greatly modified and perhaps short-circuited.
In this project, the student will investigate groundwater/surface-water interactions using radon-222 and other tracers across multiple drainage scales in tributaries to the Wabash River in northern Indiana.