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Justice investigating IRS targeting of tea party
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The Justice Department is opening a criminal investigation of the Internal Revenue Service just as another probe concludes that lax management enabled agents to improperly target tea party groups for extra scrutiny when they applied for tax exempt status.
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My recent blog about SANAA and their winning of the Pritzker Prize gave rise to contradictory reactions: those who thought I was dissing the winners, and thus felt that I was shaming my name, as one put it (I guess at least it means I have a name); and those who thought I was being too positive about what the reader thought was a maker of "artsy fartsy non aspiring work." My first reaction was that you cannot please everyone, but then I gave a lecture last Thursday at the University of Ohio in Athens, showing a wide variety of contemporary art and architecture, and one of the faculty present asked, "Is there anything you do not like?"
Well, yes. There are the neo-classicists and their nostalgia, the blobist without brains, and formerly good architects who just churn out boxes now, whether Renzo Piano, Norman Foster, or Daniel Libeskind. There are those who lose themselves so much in eco-technology or in community action that the point of using architecture to transform our physical world through its means (space, building, shelter) disappears. Above all else, there are that vast majority of architects who do not think, but use up our natural resources and pollute our landscape with blandness masquerading (often with columns or applied angles) as architecture.
Beyond that, if somebody manages to wrest something like a critical alternative to what we know out of the deadening processes of construction today, hey, I am all for it. It does not happen nearly enough. Moreover, I do not think there is a style for our times, so I cannot make a strong argument for either exposed girders or splines, all-white walls or almost nothing. I can only say that we should be modernists, that is to say, that we should seek to represent the modern world in which we live, instead of running away from it. To create such critical representations would seem to be our foremost task in architecture.
But that is vague, I admit, and so I work on a case-by-case basis. I do like a lot of what I go looking for, and I like telling people about what I have found. And what excites me most is when I can't quite figure something out or, what is even better, when I know that my critical tools are not quite adequate to describe a particular piece of architecture. Then I know that the architect is pushing beyond the affirmation of what we already know, beyond the unthinking creation of housing for our institutions, and into the realm where we might be able to re-imagine our world.
I have that sense often when I encounter SANAA's work. I do not like it in a visceral way, but I think there is something strangely beautiful going on there. An anonymous commenter points out that the New Museum is not the only place where you emerge out of the elevator to find yourself in a gallery. The same is true at the Whitney and the Museum of Arts and Design, both in New York, he or she points out. I agree — it is one of the things I love about the Whitney. But the experience at the New Museum is fundamentally different. Partially, it is exactly the "low budget crap" quality that is so startling, as there is nothing about the finishes to make you feel as if you have arrived at an important place. It is also the scale of the gallery, which is tall without soaring, large without expansion, and in general just, well, there. In other words: it doesn't behave the way we think great architecture should, at least in terms of the ways in which we have trained our eyes to see and which ultimately go back at least to the teachings of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
I would dismiss this as a case apart, if SANAA did not manage to produce in every building I have ever visited, not the "Oh, wow!" moment I usually look for, but rather a "Oh, now what?" moment. It is a kind of negative strategy that I readily admit I have not yet figured out, and that part of me thinks it might all just be a clever act of obfuscation and elision, but that keeps startling me because it makes me question my own preconceptions.
So, I will not either proclaim SANAA to be our salvation, nor will I condemn them as incapable of making great form. I will instead continue to be intrigued, and ask you to tell me what you do or do not think works about their work. I am sure that we can figure this out sooner or later — if SANAA doesn't stay one step ahead of us. And this blog will not become a defender of one style, or one approach or the other. I will keep looking and wondering, writing, and asking of architecture that it help rebuild our world in a better way.
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The Pirates warmed up for road games at West Virginia and North Carolina with a 29-24 victory against Division I-AA Appalachian State. Also of note is East Carolina's Nov. 5 game against Virginia Tech at Greenville. Thanks to Michael!
The Fighting Illini produced a two-sided poster this year. The top image is the front of the poster, showing Memorial Stadium and the 2009 schedule. The back shows the 15 members of the senior class. Thanks to Victor!


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US 5750591 A Abstract A denture adhesive with significantly improved hold performance is comprised of the mixed partial salts of polymethyl vinyl ether maleic acid. At least one of said salts comprises zirconium while a second salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium, zinc, magnesium, iron, strontium and mixtures thereof. Optionally, a tripartite salt formulation may be prepared utilizing sodium, lithium or potassium. The adhesives are formulated in a standard pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle comprised of waxes, oils, colorants, viscosity modifiers and the like as is known in the art. The denture adhesive may be formulated as a paste, powder or liquid which has rapid absorption characteristics for faster swelling softening and superior coalescence.
Claims(13) 1. A mixed partial salt of a lower alkyl vinyl ether maleic acid copolymer comprising the repeating structural unit: ##STR2## where R represents a C1 -C5 alkyl radical and n is an integer greater than 1.0 representing the number of repeat occurrences of this structural unit in a molecule of this copolymer and wherein n is a value such that the specific viscosity of this copolymer is greater than 1.2, the specific viscosity being measured in MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) at 25� C., said partial salts containing at least one cation consisting of zirconium and a second cation selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, strontium, iron and mixtures thereof.
2. The mixed partial salt of claim 1 wherein R is methyl.
3. The mixed partial salt of claim 2 further comprising a third cation selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium and mixtures thereof.
4. The mixed partial salt of claim 3 wherein said third cation is sodium.
5. An improved denture adhesive comprising the mixed partial salts of claims 1, 3 or 4.
6. The improved denture adhesive of claim 5 further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, waxes, oils, preservatives, flavoring agents, viscosity modifiers, sweeteners, colorants and mixtures thereof.
7. The improved denture adhesive of claim 5 formulated as a paste, powder, or liquid.
8. An improved denture adhesive comprising an effective amount of a mixed partial salt of a polyalkyl vinyl ether maleic acid wherein at least 1 of said cations is zirconium and a second cation is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, strontium, iron, zinc and mixtures thereof.
9. The mixed partial salt of claim 8 further comprising a third cation selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium and mixtures thereof.
10. The mixed partial salt of claim 9 wherein said third cation is sodium.
11. The improved denture adhesive of claim 10 further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, waxes, oils, preservatives, flavoring agents, viscosity modifiers, sweeteners, colorants and mixtures thereof.
12. The improved denture adhesive of claim 11 formulated as a paste, powder, or liquid.
13. A method for securing dentures and other dental protheses to the gums of the oral cavity using the adhesive of claims 7 or 12.
Description This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/607,975, filed Feb. 29, 1996 abandoned. The present invention relates generally to denture adhesives for affixing dental prosthesis to oral tissues of the jaw and upper mouth regions in humans. A high quality denture adhesive should exhibit several desirable characteristics and functionalities. One such attribute is that it should quickly generate tacky, uniform and viscous mucilages upon contact with saliva so that the denture will be held in place as soon as it is seated in the mouth over the gums. It is also highly desirable that the mucilage possesses sufficient cohesive strength to withstand the stress of mastication and provides a cushion between the denture and its supporting gums or tissues during mastication. The denture fixative must also exhibit sufficient resistance to degradation under the environmental temperature and pH changes which occur in the oral cavity during such common actions as drinking hot beverages such as coffee or tea, cold beverages and highly acidic foods. Traditionally, adherent paste and powders used to secure dentures within the mouth were prepared from such materials as finely powdered natural gums, i.e., karaya, acacia or tragacanth gum. These materials have the particular property of swelling to many times their original volume upon the addition of water to form a gelatinous or mucilaginous mass. Denture adhesive powders may be a combination of one or more natural gums, generally flavored with pleasant tasting volatile oils. Many other additives may also be included such as antiseptics, stabilizers, bactericides, special deodorants, plasticizing agents, fillers, coloring agents, and the like. Paste forms of denture adherents, prepared from finely ground particles of the natural gums dispersed in a paste base, are also available and may be used instead of powder compositions. In any event, when wet with water, the natural gum in either the paste, powder or liquid formulation expands to become a viscous gel which acts as a cushion and as an adherent between the denture plate and the gum tissue. Denture adhesive paste formulations have also been developed which are comprised mainly of natural or synthetic polymer materials suspended in an anhydrous oleaginous vehicle system comprising mineral oil and petrolatum. The petrolatum is added to thicken the formulation consistency to that of a paste which is extrudable from tubes. These formulations necessarily must be viscous to prevent syneresis or phase separation because the solid adhesive particles are merely suspended in the oily vehicle. High viscosity, on the other hand may also result in thick formulations which can make the paste somewhat difficult to squeeze out from the tube. Historically, a denture adhesive paste is made by preparing a base and mixing the base with other components which will provide sufficient adhesion with adequate cohesive strength to hold the dentures in place. This adhesive paste must be non-toxic and non-irritating to oral tissues since they are in direct contact with the tissues and the dental prostheses. For a denture adhesive to be practical and provide comfort, it must not have an unpleasant odor and must have a pleasant taste and aroma. It also must exhibit adequate stability and quickly hydrate when in contact with the oral mucosa. It must also provide sufficient tack, develop high cohesive strength and it must be durable. In addition to all of the above, product appearance, taste and the ease of application of the product are also significant factors. The dental adhesive composition must not only hydrate when contacted with oral fluids in order to form both a cushion and a cohesive seal with the oral tissues of the maxillary arch or inner surface of the mandibular arch, but it must also at the same time not be soluble when exposed to these same fluids such as saliva and the various foods and beverages that are exogenously introduced into the mouth. Many efforts are constantly being made to develop improved denture fixative compositions. Both natural and synthetic hydrophilic polymers have been employed either singly or in combination in liquid, powder, paste or film formulations. U.S. Pat. No. 3,003,988 to Germann et al. describes a denture adhesive composition in which the denture fixative is a mixed partial salt containing calcium cation and alkali or quaternary ammonium cation of a lower alkyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride type copolymer or its partial lower alkyl esters. Since then, many different denture compositions using this copolymer were disclosed as effective denture adhesives either in improved vehicles or in combination with other water soluble polymers or additives. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. U.S. Pat. No. 4,373,036 to Chang et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,528 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,569,955 to Dhabhar et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,247 to Haldar et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,391 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,571 to Kumar et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,924 to Tazi et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,387 to Schobel et al., all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,742 to Lokken discloses and claims a denture adhesive comprised of a major amount of gum base consisting of natural and synthetic gums, isobutylene/isoprene rubber, petrolatum waxes, polyethylene and mixtures thereof. The gum base is combined with a hydrophilic polymer such as methacrylic acid esters and carboxymethyl cellulose and the like to form the adhesive which may include other excipients such as plasticizers, tackifiers, sweeteners, flavors and the like to modify the adhesives sensory and Theological characteristics. Many derivatives of a lower alkyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride copolymer or maleic acid copolymer other than the sodium and the calcium partial salts mentioned above have been disclosed as effective denture adhesive compositions. U.S. Pat. No. 4,521,551 to Chang et al. teaches and claims various denture fixative compositions comprising a water soluble partially neutralized alkyl vinyl ether maleic acid/anhydride copolymer and at least one hydrophilic polymer such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide or hydroxypropyl guar. When contacted with saliva, said composition develops a high degree of tack and viscous mucilage which readily spreads over the denture-mucosal interface so as to fill the gaps between the dentures and gum and provides a suction-type seal. U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,571 to Kumar et al. describes a denture adhesive composition consisting of petrolatum, natural and synthetic oils, waxes, vegetable oil waxes and the like. The useful oils mentioned include mineral oil, vegetable oils such as corn, soy bean, cottonseed, castor, palm and coconut oils and animal oils such as fish oil and oleic acid. In general, the oils are incorporated in amounts of about 1.0% to about 30.0% by weight of the total denture adhesive composition with amounts of from about 20% to about 25% being preferred. An optional component in the formulation of the invention is the use of fumed silica in the amount of from about 0.5% to 6.0%. U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,387 to Schobel et al. discloses a denture adhesive base composition with an anhydrous mixture of cationic derivatives of guar gum, a mixed sodium/calcium salt of methyl vinyl ether maleic anhydride and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Fumed silica is disclosed as an optional additive in the formulation of the adhesive. The paste base material also includes a selected group of natural and synthetic oils and mixtures thereof. At least one paste base material is selected from the group consisting of petrolatum, synthetic oils and mixtures thereof. U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,630 to Shah et al. teaches an effective denture fixative composition comprised of the zinc or strontium partial salts of a lower alkyl vinyl ether and maleic acid copolymer wherein the zinc and strontium cations are "unmixed" with any other cations or ester functions in the copolymer salt. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,604 to Holeva et al. discloses zinc or strontium partial salts of a lower alkyl vinyl ether and maleic acid copolymer, wherein the zinc and strontium are "mixed" with calcium cations and optionally sodium cations in the copolymer salt. U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,616 to Rajaiah et al. further teaches mixed salts of sodium, iron, strontium and zinc cations of a lower alkyl vinyl ether and maleic acid copolymer as effective denture fixatives. And in a similar disclosure, U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,414 to Pelah et al., describes the use of a trivalent metal salt such as aluminum in combination with a calcium and/or sodium cation which when reacted with a lower alkyl vinyl ether and maleic acid copolymer forms an effective denture fixative composition. U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,170 to Keegan discloses and claims a denture adhesive base composition comprised of a substantially anhydrous mixture of methyl vinyl ether-maleic acid copolymer, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and an ethylene oxide polymer. A denture adhesive compound of this base is also disclosed which optionally includes hydroxy-propyl methylcellulose. The composition allegedly provides superior adherent properties over prolonged periods of time and adverse conditions. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,616 to Rajaiah et al. discloses and claims novel denture stabilizing compositions that allegedly exhibit improved hold. The compositions consist of specific mixed partial salts of a lower alkyl vinyl ether-maleic acid copolymer wherein 15%-40% of the functional groups of the acid polymer exist as the free carboxylic acid and the remainder are substituted with 0.1% to 80% strontium cations and/or 0.1% to 65% zinc cations. These re-mixed partial salts are then combined with a water-sensitive polymeric material such as natural gums, synthetic polymers, polysaccharides and cellulose derivatives to form the stabilized adhesives. However, in spite of the vast number of adhesive compositions developed by and existing in the prior art, many of which are commercially available in one form or another, consumer preference studies have indicated that hold performance of a denture adhesive is still the single most important attribute of the adhesive and many consumers feel there still exists room for improvement. The denture adhesive compositions of the present invention afford excellent adhesion of the dentures to the oral tissues of the gums and jaw regions of the mouth with excellent cohesive properties and a high degree of tack to prevent denture sliding. The composition possesses a soft, pasty texture with a very pleasant taste and mouthfeel. The present invention is an improved denture adhesive comprising the mixed partial salt of a lower alkyl vinyl ether-maleic acid copolymer wherein at least one cation is zirconium and a second cation is selected from the group consisting of calcium, zinc, magnesium, strontium, iron and mixtures thereof. Optionally, a third cation such as sodium or potassium may also be present. Many of the presently commercially available dental adhesive paste consist of a dispersion of water sensitive polymer particles in a hydrocarbon vehicle. The mixed partial zirconium salts of the lower alkyl vinyl ether-maleic acid copolymers of the present invention provide a denture adhesive base that can be formulated into a superior dental fixative as the salt particles enable the adhesive to absorb moisture more rapidly in the mouth than the prior art adhesives have been able to do. More rapid water absorption results in faster particle swelling, faster particle softening and a greater degree of coalescence. These characteristics and properties allow the composition to form a continuous adhesive gel that spreads uniformly throughout the dental plate for superior adhesion and performance. Generally the denture adhesive compositions of this invention will also include sodium carboxymethylcellulose which increases the rate of water absorption. The lower alkyl vinyl ether maleic acid copolymer from which the mixed partial salts are derived is a polymer backbone of the following structural unit: ##STR1## where R represents a C1 -C5 alkyl radical, n is an integer greater than 1.0 and represents the number of repeat occurrences of this structural unit in a molecule of the copolymer. The number of structural units (n) in the copolymer molecule is also that which will give the compound a specific viscosity of more than 1.2 as determined in MEK at 25� C. The mixed partial salt of the lower alkyl vinyl ether maleic acid copolymer is comprised of two or more cations, at least one being zirconium (Zr). The second cation is selected from the group consisting of calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr) or iron (Fe). The mixed partial salt may be a dual salt, i.e. zirconium and calcium or zirconium and magnesium or, optionally, may include a third alkali metal salt i.e., sodium (Na) or potassium (K), etc., and thereby comprise a tripartite mixed partial salt such as the zirconium-calcium-sodium or the zirconium-magnesium-sodium salt of the lower alkyl vinyl ether maleic acid copolymer. The mixed partial zirconium and calcium, magnesium, zinc etc., salts of the polymethyl vinyl ether maleic acid copolymer are prepared by the step-wise addition of the carbonates, oxides or hydroxides of the respective metal to the vinyl ether maleic acid copolymer in an aqueous solution at elevated temperatures with agitation. Preparation of the polymethyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer is specifically set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,490 to Pelah et al. which is hereby incorporated by reference. The polymethyl vinyl ether maleic anhydride copolymer is also commercially available under the trade name GANTREZ� AN from ISP, Wayne, N.J. Specifically, the polymethyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer is first dissolved in water at elevated temperatures of from about 75� C. to about 100� C. and stirred until complete dissolution occurs. At this point the anhydride form of the polymer converts to the acid. Hydrous zirconium carbonate is added and stirred for a sufficient period of time to insure complete and uniform dispersion and reaction with the copolymer. Next a slurry of calcium hydroxide in water is added in a likewise fashion and agitation is continued. If the sodium tripartite salt is prepared, a solution of sodium hydroxide is added and heating and stirring are continued until the partial salts of the copolymer form which result in a viscous solution. The viscous solution is then poured into trays and dried under elevated temperatures to yield the solid partial zirconium, calcium and sodium copolymer salt product. The mixed partial zirconium with magnesium and/or sodium salts can be made similarly with magnesium oxide, sodium hydroxide, etc. replacing calcium hydroxide. The copolymer salt is then formulated into an adhesive paste or powder using ingredients known in the art including sodium carboxymethylcellulose, waxes, oils, preservatives, flavoring agents, colorants, sweetening agents, viscosity modifiers and the like. The waxes useful in the present invention comprise both natural and synthetic waxes and include, without limitation, animal waxes such as beeswax, lanolin and shellac wax, vegetable waxes such as carnauba, candelilla and bayberry waxes and mineral waxes such as petroleum including paraffin, and microcrystalline waxes. The oils useful in the invention include without limitation mineral oil, vegetable oil such as corn, soybean, cottonseed, castor, palm and coconut oils and animal oil such as fish oil and oleic acid. Flavoring agents well known to the denture adhesive art may be added to the compositions of the instant invention. These flavoring agents may be chosen from synthetic flavor oils and/or natural oils derived from plants, leaves, flowers, fruits and combinations thereof. Representative flavor oils include: spearmint oil, menthol, cinnamon oil, oil of wintergreen (methylsalicylate) and peppermint oils. Also useful are artificial, natural or synthetic fruit flavors such as citrus oil including lemon, organte, lime and grapefruit, and fruit essences including apple, strawberry, cherry, grape, pineapple and so forth. The flavoring agent may be liquid, spray dried, encapsulated, sorbed on a carrier and combinations thereof. A preferred flavoring agent is peppermint oil, commercially available from Rose Mitchum. The amount of flavoring agent utilized may vary depending on such factors as flavor type, adhesive formulation and strength desired. In general, amounts of about 0.01% to about 5.0% by weight of the total denture adhesive composition are usable, with amounts of about 0.05% to 0.15% being preferred. Preservatives which may be used in the denture adhesive formations of the invention include those known antimicrobial agents conventionally employed in the art, such as benzoic acid and sodium benzoate; the parabens; sorbic acid and sorbates; propionic acid and propionates; acetic acid and acetates; nitrates and nitrites; sulfur dioxide and sulfites; antibiotics; diethyl polycarbonate and phosphates. The parabens include the methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben are the preferred preservatives of the invention, preferably utilized in amounts of about 0.03% to about 0.6% by weight of the total denture adhesive composition. The denture adhesive compositions may also include the use of sweeteners well known in the art. The sweetening agent may be selected from a wide range of materials including water-soluble agents, water-soluble artificial sweeteners, and dipeptide-based sweeteners, including mixtures thereof. Without being limited to particular sweeteners, representative illustrations encompass: A. Water-soluble sweetening agents such as monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides such as xylose, ribose, glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, dextrose, sucrose, sugar maltose, partially hydrolyzed starch, or corn syrup solids and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, maltitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate and mixtures thereof. B. Water-soluble artificial sweeteners such as the soluble saccharin salts, i.e. sodium or calcium saccharin salts, cyclamate salts, acesulfame-K, sucralose and the like, and the free acid form of saccharin. C. Dipeptide-based sweeteners such as L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester and materials described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,491,131, L-D-aspartyl-N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-thietanyl-D-alaninamide hydrate) and the like. In general, the amount of sweetener will vary with the desired amount of sweetener selected for a particular denture adhesive formulation. This amount may be about 0.001% to about 5% by weight of the final denture adhesive composition when using an easily extractable sweetener. The colorants useful in the present invention include the pigments such as titanium dioxide, and may also include dyes suitable for food, drug and cosmetic applications. These colorants are known as F.D. & C. dyes. The materials acceptable for the foregoing spectrum of use are preferably water-soluble. Illustrative examples include indigo dye, known as F.D. & C. Blue No. 2, which is the disodium salt of 5,5'-indigotindisulfonic acid. Similarly, the dye known as F.D. & C. Green No. 1, comprises a triphenylmethane dye and is the monosodium salt of the 4- 4-Methyl-p-sulfobenzylamino) diphenylmethylene!- 1-(N-ethyl-N-P-sulfobenzyl)-2 5-cyclohexadienimini!. A full recitation of F.D. & C. and D. & C. colorants and their corresponding chemical structures may be found in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, Volume 5, at pages 561-595. The vehicle viscosity modifiers useful herein include polyethylene, its derivatives and petrolatum. When a mineral oil vehicle is employed, polyethylene is used as a thickening agent to provide a "synthetic petrolatum" vehicle, and thus is used to adjust the extrusion (application) properties of the finished composition. Polyisobutylene may also be used in conjunction with polyethylene to further enhance the viscosity properties of the vehicle. Alternatively, a stock petrolatum, with or without mineral oil, may be employed depending upon the specific handling qualities which are desired in the final product. The remaining aqueous phase viscosity modifiers useful in the present invention (sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, etc.) belong to the gum block of the denture adhesive. These agents have some impact on the extrusion qualities of the adhesive, but generally they are functionally dormant until they are activated by saliva in the mouth. In a preferred aspect of the invention, the denture adhesive base composition may further include at least one paste base material selected from the group consisting of petrolatum, natural and synthetic oils and mixtures thereof. The denture adhesive composition may be in the form of a paste, liquid, or powder mixture. The means for preparing such formulations is well known in the denture adhesive art. The following examples are provided to better describe and set forth ways in which to prepare the denture adhesive compounds of the present invention. They are for illustration purposes only however, and it is recognized that minor changes and variations may be made to these compositions not contemplated herein. To the extent that any such changes do not materially affect the chemical make-up or functionality of the final product, such changes are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the invention as recited by the claims that follow. A mixed partial zirconium, calcium and sodium salt of polymethyl vinyl ether maleic acid (GANTREZ� AN 169 acid) was prepared by adding GANTREZ� AN169 198 g. to 2800 ml. of vigorously mixed deionized (DI) water. The mixture was heated to 90� C. and held at this temperature during the remaining additions. When the copolymer solution became clear, it was maintained at 90� C. for one hour with continued mixing. Then a slurry of hydrous zirconium carbonate 14.1 g. in 350 ml of DI water was added to the polymethyl vinyl ether-maleic acid solution and the reaction mixture was mixed for 0.5 hour. A slurry of calcium hydroxide 42.3 g. in 300 ml. of DI water was added gradually to the acid solution and the reaction mixture was again mixed for another for 0.5 hr. Finally, a solution of sodium hydroxide, 15.2 g. in 300 ml. of DI water was added to the acid solution and the reaction mixture was mixed for 0.5 hour. The resulting solution is translucent with precipitation. While maintaining batch temperature and mixing speed, the solution of the partial salt is discharged into trays and dried in a 55� C. oven until testing indicated the salt was dry. The salt was milled and then used to make a denture adhesive paste formulation. The paste adhesive was evaluated in a subjective test for adhesive performance. The test results presented in Table I show this salt (salt No. 3) containing 10% zirconium tested superior to a prior art sodium and calcium salt prepared in Example 2. A mixed partial sodium and calcium salt of polymethyl vinyl ether maleic acid of the prior art was prepared following the method of example 1. The raw materials employed are shown below: ______________________________________DI Water 3750 ml.Polymethyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride 216.8 g.(GANTREZ � AN 169)Calcium hydroxide 24.0 g.Sodium hydroxide 11.1 g.______________________________________ The salt was evaluated by a subjective performance test after having been converted into adhesive paste as is known in the art. The comparative results are shown as salt No. 4 in Table I. Two partial zirconium polymethyl vinyl ether maleic acid salts were prepared by the method of Example 1 except that only hydrous zirconium carbonate (no calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide) was used. ______________________________________ Salt #1 Salt #2______________________________________DI water 3750 ml. 3750 ml.GANTREZ � AN 169 280.2 g. 260.4 g.Hydrous Zirconium Carbonate 29.8 g. 39.6 g.______________________________________ A translucent salt solution was obtained when completed. These salts, after conversion into paste adhesive, were also evaluated by the subjective performance test as shown in Table I (salts 1 and 2). A mixed partial zirconium, calcium and sodium salt of polymethyl vinyl ether maleic acid was prepared following the method of Example 1. The raw materials employed are shown below: ______________________________________DI water 3750 ml.Polymethyl vinyl ether maleic anhydride 208.5 g.(GANTREZ � AN 169)Calcium Hydroxide 44.7 g.Hydrous Zirconium Carbonate 14.7 g.Sodium Hydroxide 32.1 g.______________________________________ The resulting salt solution was clear. After drying the solution, the salt was milled, and then employed in the preparation of the same denture adhesive paste formula used in the previous examples. The paste adhesive was evaluated in the subjective test for adhesive performance. The test results presented in Table I show the formulation containing the additional 10% zirconium (salt No. 5) tested superior to a prior art sodium and calcium salt described in Example 2. TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Subjective Test Results for Experimental Paste Adhesives ContainingPartial Gantrez SaltsMetal Ion Degree ofSubstition Gantrez Salt Activebased on Method of Synthesis Subjective Test ResultsSalt % % % Salt Solution on Paste Adhesive# Zirconium Calcium Sodium Appearance Hydration Adhesion Cohesion__________________________________________________________________________1 10 -- -- Translucent -- Fair Poor2 20 -- -- Translucent -- Fair Poor3 10 45 45 Translucent with Good Good V. Good Precipitation4 -- 70 10 Translucent with Good Fair Fair Precipitation5 10 45 30 Clear Good V. Good Good__________________________________________________________________________ Patent Citations
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Brain Training: Dr Kawashima's How Old Is Your Brain Nintendo DS 10 New from £10.64 Free delivery Available used from £1.67
5 I like this game!Posted: 12/04/2009I found this very interesting to play and to see what things iam good at and what im weakest at. I love the word game where you have to say the colour rather than the word and i make sure i do the training everyday/. Have always been rubbish at maths and i can see this helping me to improve! my brain age has gone down already and ive only had it a week.The suduko i am addicted to! i hadn't ever played before but once i did i couldn't put it down!Would recommend this game to anyone that likes testing themselves and who like maths or wants to improve their maths skills.
2 oh dear oh dearPosted: 12/04/2009I borrowed this game off a friend and thank god i only borrowed it!would of been very disappointed if i had of spent of money on this!I love the tv show but this game was very boring. I won the biggest amount within about 10 mins and after that theres nothing to do- it just so tedious. Theres a 3 box trick game as well which is the most annoying thing ever and totally pointless.Good for the first 5 mins- luckily i could pass it back to my friend!Don't buy this game, it would be a big mistake!
4 A tad disappointedPosted: 06/04/2009this game is good- i like the 3 lifelines you get and you can do fastest finger first which is good fun.It's a fun game to begin with- but i found the questions for £500, £1000 a bit too difficult and the only way i could move up the money ladder was when i got a repeated question!you also have to be careful when selecting your answer A, B, C, or D cause it sometimes knocks the one next to it and you end up selecting the wrong answer- but this can be avoided by using the buttons instead of the stylus.A fun game, you'll like it if your a fan of the tv show.
5 Excellent- hours of fun!Posted: 06/04/2009my dad bought this game yesterday and i didnt like the look of it to begin with- but i had a go and now he's not getting it back! so addictive ive been playing it all day while he's been at work lolyou can play against each too which is fun! would recommend its an excellent price for getting 42 games in one!
5 a film you'll want to watch again and againPosted: 07/10/2007i love this film so much, i think the love it shows between molly and sam is amazing as well as the danger side which gives it a twist. It's very well cast, and its one i can curl up on the sofa and watch again and again. You really want to buy it, your missing out if you dont!i personally think its more of a ladies love film, however doesn't mean to say the lads wont like it!
5 Brilliant, a must have!Posted: 07/10/2007ive been watching friends for years, and collected every single one on Video before they released DVD. I then bought this box set, and omg how amazing! it is a case well worth keeping for years to come, and every series has extras like bloopers and things which makes it even more worth havingthe only tiny downside is because the discs are double sided, they're not printed on, so you have to make double sure you the put the correct disc in the correct case otherwise they can become muddled very easily! but if your careful enough it shouldnt be a problem.Buy it! you wont regret it!
Keane: Live At The O2 (Deluxe Packaging) DVD 1 New from £24.61 Free delivery Available used from £11.72
5 Keane live at the 02- absolutely amazing!Posted: 07/10/2007Haven't seen the DVD itself yet- but i was there too right on the front row, and omg how fabulous it was. Ive seen them live a few times, and if your a big fan this DVD is a must have! they pull out the best performances everytime, and the atmosphere is just electric.


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People Pets
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Hotel San Gian - St. Moritz
Via San Gian 23 - St. Moritz
1-877-662-6988Free breakfast and guest rooms with premium bedding are among the extra touches that make for a comfortable stay at this St. Moritz spa hotel which is situated in Sankt Moritz-Bad. San Gian is also near a train station.
This 4-star St. Moritz hotel has 2 restaurants serving breakfast, lunch and dinner so there's no need to worry about dining options on this trip. If you are in need of rest and relaxation you can find massage/treatment rooms, a sauna and a steam room on offer. Guests can also enjoy drinks as there is a bar/lounge.
Multilingual staff can provide tour/ticket assistance, express check-in and express check-out. The front desk is open during limited hours and you will also find free newspapers and a safe in the lobby. Free Wi-Fi is provided. The hotel has conference rooms available for hire. Other amenities include a train station pick-up service, dry cleaning/laundry, an elevator (lift), laundry facilities and shopping on site.
These reviews have been left by customers who actually stayed at this hotel
Check Availability at Hotel San Gian
Breakfast at Hotel San Gian
A free buffet breakfast is available between 7:30 AM and 10 AM.
Hotel Facilities at San Gian
- Bar
- Laundry service
- Lift/elevator
- Room service - limited hour
- Shops in the hotel
- Pets accepted
- Entire property is non-smoking
- Laundry room
- Personal newspapers
- Multilingual staff
- Newspapers
- Front desk - safety deposit box
- Luggage room
- City tour
- Shuttle service
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
- Free parking
- Shuttle service from and/or to the railway station
- Sauna
- Steam bath
- Massages
- Spa/Wellness Centre
- Meeting Room
- Conference room
- Internet/Email services
- Ski room
Know before you go
- This property offers transfers from the airport and train station (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details 24 hours prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- Reservations are required for massage services. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- A resort fee is included in the total price displayed.
- Up to 2 children 6 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
Check-in: between 2 PM and 11 PM.
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
City tax and/or any other fees charged by the hotel
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Airport shuttle fee: CHF 650 per vehicle (one way)
- Self parking fee: CHF 20 per night
- Pet fee: CHF 20.00 per pet, per day
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the hotel:
- Tourism fee: CHF 3.45 per person, per night
The charges below are included in your overall room price:
- Resort fee
- Breakfast
- Spa access
- Fitness center access
- Nearby fitness center access
- Internet access
- Newspaper
- Parking
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Renovation and closures
The property is closed between 15 October and 18 December.Hotel San Gian is also known as
San Gian Hotel
San Gian St Moritz
San Gian Hotel reviews
- March 2014
- Venere Guest
- Not Specified
- Switzerland
Loading reviews in other languages...
- August 2012
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Italy
San Gian Hotel reviews by TripAdvisor
Room Details
Book your spa accommodation at San Gian, offering 50 guest rooms with climate control. Guests can unwind at the end of a long day and enjoy flat-screen televisions with satellite channels. Corporate travelers visiting the St. Moritz area will benefit from free wired and wireless high-speed Internet access as well as desks, complimentary newspapers and phones.
For comfort and convenience, each guest room comes with a separate sitting area. A good night's sleep in comfortable beds with premium bedding will have visitors waking up refreshed and well-rested throughout their vacation or business trip. Private bathrooms are outfitted with rainfall showerheads, bathrobes and slippers. Minibars, coffee/tea makers and hair dryers can be found in each room to accommodate basic traveling needs. Additional guest comforts include soundproofing, safes and blackout drapes/curtains.
Bathroom toiletries are provided free of charge. A turndown service is available.
Accommodation Services
- Telephone
- Mini bar
- Extra beds
- Coffee and tea maker
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Soundproof rooms
- Hairdryer in each room
- Safe
- Desk
- Individually controlled air conditioning
- Satellite TV
- High speed Internet access
- Wireless Internet access
Distances from Hotel San Gian
Heilbad Medical Wellness - 0.2 km / 0.1 miSignal Gondola - 0.2 km / 0.1 mi
San Karl St. Moritz-Bad Church - 0.5 km / 0.3 mi
Segantini Museum - 0.9 km / 0.6 mi
Engadiner Museum - 1 km / 0.6 mi
Lake St. Moritz - 1.2 km / 0.7 mi
Berry Museum - 1.3 km / 0.8 mi
Chesa Futura Building - 1.6 km / 1 mi
St. Moritz Leaning Tower - 1.7 km / 1.1 mi
Kulm Golf Course - 2.1 km / 1.3 mi
Corviglia Ski Resort - 2.8 km / 1.8 mi
Staz Lake - 3.1 km / 1.9 mi
Surlej Gondola - 3.7 km / 2.3 mi
Muottas Muragl - 4.5 km / 2.8 mi
Bellavita Pool and Spa - 5.4 km / 3.4 mi
The preferred airport for San Gian is Zurich (ZRH) - 144.6 km / 89.8 mi.
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 mile and kilometer.
Transportation services Hotel San Gian
- Shuttle service
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
- Free parking
- Shuttle service from and/or to the railway station
We have the accommodation you need, all over the world
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[Note: If you're not one for battling through long paragraphs of words, try our casual setting, which features a much easier opponent: a video synopsis.]
Like many 2D fighters, BlazBlue relies upon several staples of the genre, such as super moves (called Distortion Finishes in the game) and guard break maneuvers. However, other additions help spice things up, such as the ability to roll out of an attack, the parry-like system that opens up an attacking enemy for a combo, and the Drive button.
The game utilizes a four-button scheme -- players have three different standard attack buttons, and one Drive button. The Drive button is specific to each character, and usually employs said character's special weapon. Just pressing the button is a special move in and of itself most of the time, but when combined with the other buttons, you can come up with some pretty sick combos rather easily. There's also an Easy Special mode that allows you to perform a Distortion Finish with the press of a button, but that should only be used if you're the worst at fighting games.
One of the major additions to this console port of the arcade fighter is the Story mode. It's full of long-winded, convoluted monologues and unless you like going through pages and pages of text, this likely won't be the game's highlight for you. It's nothing more than each character explaining their motives in the most boring way possible, going somewhere, talking to somebody, then fighting them. However, during Carl Clover's storyline, something happened that I would've appreciated seeing more of. When he's about to fight Rachel, she turns off his automaton sister, leaving him with only a small portion of his moves to use. This meant adopting a different strategy, on the fly, which really threw me a curveball. It seemed like Arc System Works could have employed more of these kinds of scenarios to spice things up and make the Story mode a viable way to play, but as it is, it's fairly hollow.
Another area Arc System Works did a good job was in is balancing the characters. Each character is incredibly unique, and keeps the button-mashers at bay because no two characters can be played in the same way. It's this variety that keeps the game fresh and means that no single strategy will dominate. Unless you're playing online, anyway, in which case you could just use v-13 and spam projectiles like everyone else in the world. Let's hope they find it in their hearts to balance her out.
BlazBlue will easily establish itself as a fun and frenetic fighter during your first play session, as it did with me. It's a solid 2D fighter that, while failing to turn the genre on its head, manages to feel fresh and new. If you like your fighting games to be a bit more fast-paced, then BlazBlue is going to bring the good times.


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Others::Others > 2M Tetrix Collection 2.5e US
2M Tetrix Collection 2.5e USA superb collection of 30 great Tetris clones. Appealing high quality graphics. Company: 2M GamesPlatform: Win95,Win98,WinME,WinNT 4.x,WinXP,Windows2000 Size: 7843 KB Price: USD $19.95 Release Date: 2005-01-26 Screenshot URL: http://www.2mgames.com/imagesTetrix/screenshot01.jpg Category: Others::Others Play 30 great Tetris clones like Tetrix and Pentix but also original variations like Tricolorix or Crazy Numerix with special blocks options (Bombs, Color Switcher). Appealing high quality graphics. Full color and full size window mode. Skin your game with themes that display original blocks, nice effects and animations. High quality sounds fx and entertaining musics. Detailed scoring system including many bonus. Online help. Related keywords: tetris tetrix pentix game games puzzle puzzles arcade clone brick bricks bubble bubbles block blocks 2M Tetrix Collection Related Titles: We buy any car 2.0 - Keep an eye on your childrens internet activity with our FREE keylogger!Lexilogos arabic keyboard 1.0 - Lexilogos arabic the virtual arabic keyboard with transliteration Clavier arabe co 1.0 - Clavier arabe co the virtual arabic keyboard to write arabic Google Sniper 3.0 - Before Google Sniper 3 there was just Google Sniper. Genius Connect - Notes 184.108.40.206 - Sync Outlook or Exchange Notes to any SQL Database Ricks Yellow Page Scraper 1.0 - Rick?s YellowPages.com Scraper gets information based on your search criteria an Titan Browser 1.0 - Titan Browser is a browser that combines a minimal design... SatelliteDirect TV for PC 2014.419 - Watch over 3,500 TV channels on your laptop or desktop PC anytime. Karusela 1.0 - Karusela Site Viewer is a fast windows app that will keep you up to date with us Recover Doc Document 5.3 - Recovery for Doc files to repair damage data of word file via Word File Recovery FBmatic Free Facebook Marketing Software 1.0.1 - Finally... A Legitimate Work Smart - Not Hard Software to Automate facebook PC Optimizer 1.0 - PC Optimizer is a free tool that will help you clean and optimize your PC. |
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A California man who tried to travel to Syria last year has been charged with attempting to join the so-called Islamic state militant group, US prosecutors announced Wednesday. Adam Dandach, 21 -- also known as Fadi Fadi Dandach -- was charged with trying to provide support to a foreign terrorist group and making a false passport application statement to facilitate terrorism, they said. If convicted of all the charges, Dandach could face up to 25 years in prison. When arrested Dandach told FBI agents that he was traveling to Syria "for the purpose of pledging his alliance and assistance to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS," according to court documents.