text: DIABETES TECHNOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS Volume 13, Number 11, 2011 Editorial ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/dia.2011.0104 Glycemic Variability: Measurement and Utility in Clinical Medicine and Research—One Viewpoint David Rodbard, M.D. O ne cannot control average glucose levels unless one first reduces glycemic variability! This sounds intuitively obvious1,2 and can also be demonstrated rigorously, mathe- cose distribution in many circumstances, it is often possible to transform the glucose scale so that it becomes nearly sym- metrical and nearly Gaussian.2 Kovatchev et al.21 used a matically.3 If the mean glucose level were 100 mg/dL but the transformation designed to impart symmetry to the glucose SD were 40 mg/dL, one could predict that there would be an distribution, and this in turn provides the foundation for the unacceptable incidence of severe hypoglycemia even though Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI) and the High Blood Glucose the mean glucose is in the euglycemic range. Clinicians must Index (HBGI), which were later combined into the Average understand glycemic variability both qualitatively and Daily Risk Range (ADRR) and the Blood Glucose Risk Index quantitatively and endeavor to reduce that variability before (BGRI).21,24,25 Rodbard26–28 sought to find a simpler mathe- trying to reduce the mean level of blood glucose. This applies matical expression. Use of log(Glucose + constant), where to blood glucose as measured by self-monitoring of blood the constant might be a small value such as 15 mg/dL, glucose (SMBG), laboratory measurements of venous samples or (Glucose + constant)(1/n) [e.g., use of the fourth root of or arterial blood, and interstitial glucose as measured by (Glucose + constant)] dramatically reduces the asymmetry of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). When titrating a the glucose distribution. (Asymmetry is quantified by skew- medication such as basal insulin, it is essential to know the ness, or skew, readily calculated in spreadsheets and statistics between-day (within-subject) variability in fasting plasma packages.) He also attempted to find a simpler mathematical glucose to be able to set the target glucose level appropriately expression to express the risk of hypoglycemia and hyper- so that risk of hypoglycemia is at an acceptable level. Un- glycemia than the LBGI and HBGI, leading to development of fortunately, these estimates of glycemic variability are rarely the Hypoglycemic Index and Hyperglycemic Index.26–28 obtained. Glycemic variability also serves as one facet of the Using a related approach, Hill et al.29 obtained the input from quality of glycemic control—another reason to quantify gly- a wide range of clinicians regarding their subjective numerical cemic variability. estimates of the deleterious effects or hazards of hypo- and Theoretical and preclinical studies suggest the possibility hyperglycemia and then created a mathematical expression that glycemic variability might contribute to the risk of com- (again, closely related to a log scale) to describe that rela- plications in diabetes.1,4–10 This hypothesis remains contro- tionship. They used that scale to derive a score to assess the versial and will remain an active area of research.11–20 quality of glycemic control for SMBG data, and this has sub- The above three considerations—the requirement to sequently been applied to CGM data.30,31 The methods of achieve good control, the desire to assess quality of glycemic Kovatchev et al.,21,24 Clarke and Kovatchev,25 Rodbard,26–28 control, and the plausible link to complications1,4–20—provide and Hill et al.29 result in a similar transformations of the a major impetus for development, testing, and application of glucose scale, to the extent that it is likely to be extremely methods to quantify glycemic variability. difficult to differentiate among these three alternatives.32 If the distribution of blood glucose were Gaussian or (Rodbard26,27 provides a series of methods because he allows ''normal''—a symmetrical bell-shaped curve with completely the users to change parameters that control the relative defined mathematical properties—then characterization of weights given to hypo- and hyperglycemia. Kovatchev has variability would be simple: we could just use the SD. How- also modified his original method to attempt to make it more ever, glucose distributions come in a wide variety of shapes, appropriate to assess diabetes during pregnancy [see Zisser usually ''skewed to the right.'' Several authors2,21–26 have et al.33].) proposed use of methods that are not dependent on the as- Theoretically, these three approaches—{HBGI, LBGI, sumption of normality (e.g., use of the maximum, minimum, ADRR, BGRI}, {Hypoglycemia Index, Hypoglycemia Index, 75th and 25th percentiles, and the interquartile range [IQR], Index of Glycemic Control}, and {Glycemic Risk Assessment where IQR is the difference between the 75th and 25th per- Diabetes Equation (GRADE), GRADEhypoglycemia, centiles). However, if the distribution were Gaussian, then GRADEhyperglycemia}—should be superior to simple use of the there would be a simple relationship between the IQR and SD: percentages of glucose values within specified ranges (e.g., IQR = 1.35 · SD.2 Because of the consistent shape of the glu- < 70, 70–180, and > 180 mg/dL). The indices retain the use of a Biomedical Informatics Consultants LLC, Potomac, Maryland. 1 2 EDITORIAL continuous scale for glucose so that glucose values of 69 and index of stability of the glucose pattern: the SD of [Observed 71 mg/dL are regarded as nearly equivalent rather than in glucose at any given time of day for each of the days in the separate qualitative categories. These indices also deal ap- series]/[Predicted glucose at the corresponding time of day, propriately with the fact that values of 40 and 69 mg/dL based on the average glucose at that time of day, for all of the should be given very different scores and not be labeled days in the series].) Each of these five measures can be ex- simply as ''hypoglycemia'' or '' < 70 mg/dL.'' pressed as a percentile score relative to a defined patient sample.28 To assist the clinician with the interpretation of measures of One can then calculate the average of the percentile scores for glycemic variability, we need to have ''normative'' or ''refer- each of these five criteria to obtain an overall score. This score ence'' data. Data on normal individuals, as reported by Mazze provides an overall ''Index of Glycemic Variability,'' an IGV. et al.23 and Zhou et al.,34 are helpful in setting a baseline. Other combinations of indices could potentially be used. The However, these values are so far removed from what is ob- SD of the five percentile scores provides a measure of the served in patients with diabetes that they have only minimal concordance of the individual components of this index. relevance. (One can use these values to evaluate changes in Researchers using CGM have been trying to obtain the patients with diabetes, for example, addressing the question: ''best'' overall index of glycemic variability for some time. We ''What percentage of the difference between his or her initial would all like to have one such measure rather than the sev- value and the center of the range for normal subjects [without eral just mentioned or more than 20 others that have been diabetes] has a patient achieved in response to therapy?'') We described (e.g., continuous overall net glycemic action need to be able to assess the observed variability in a large [CONGAn], mean of daily differences [MODD], mean am- population (or populations) of people with diabetes. Even a plitude of glucose excursions [MAGE], mean absolute glucose reference sample based on 50–100 subjects can be helpful. The change [MAG]) and still others that can be readily imagined physician can then compare any given patient with other (e.g., various measures of postprandial excursions). It remains patients with the same type of diabetes being treated in the to be seen just how much weight should be given to each of same office, clinic, or institution and determine whether the these parameters. Until we have much more extensive data, patient is doing better or less well than average. With a larger the methods to combine information from the various indices data set, one can divide the population into four or five or parameters will remain arbitrary. There is no one unique groups—quartiles or quintiles.28 When using quartiles, we answer. Nevertheless, based on clinical research studies, we might designate the four categories as ''much better than av- may be able to identify systems for weighting of the criteria so erage'' (Excellent), ''better than average'' (Good), ''somewhat as to generate the best predictors for specified clinical events less well than average'' (Fair), and ''much less well than the or complications, for example, macrosomia in offspring of average'' (Poor). Criteria for such ratings can be developed for mothers with diabetes, ''oxidative stress,'' and macrovascular different subsets of patients. Because most measures of gly- or microvascular complications. cemic variability change systematically with mean glucose There is usually a very strong correlation of the magnitude level and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) level, criteria can be of glycemic variability, irrespective of how it was measured, developed for multiple ranges for mean glucose or A1C levels. with the mean glucose value and with A1C. This makes it When we apply this type of analysis to a group of patients difficult to distinguish between the biological effects of mean with diabetes, we obtain an empirical basis for interpretation glucose and the biological effects of glycemic variability. of measures of glycemic variability.28 This analysis needs to When looking for such effects, we must use a multivariate or be repeated for multiple subsets of patients, preferably using multiple regression model,13 for example, larger and more comprehensive patient samples from a de- fined population (e.g., all patients with type 2 diabetes being Biological effect or pathophysiological effect ¼ treated within a specified healthcare system, clinic, or aca- a þ b (mean glucose) þ c (glycemic variability) demic setting). Small clinical organizations can also collect and analyze these kinds of data by adopting the same kinds of Several groups have developed computer programs and approaches as used by clinical chemistry laboratories to es- spreadsheets to calculate glycemic variability. These include tablish reference ranges. We can convert all of the different methods for calculation of MAGE,35,36 software called a ''Gly- types of measurements of glycemic variability into percentiles Culator,''37 and spreadsheets to calculate various types of relative to a defined patient population, expressing them on a SDs,30,31 among others. It is hoped that this should lead to some simple consistent numerical scale from 0 to 100%. (This is degree of standardization and reduce the risk of errors in the similar to ''marking on the curve'' for test results in academic computations. Furthermore, it should facilitate examination of settings.) We can then calculate averages of any selected set of the relationships among these parameters, several of which are parameters. highly correlated and redundant.26,27,30,31,35 For example, there is a very high degree of correlation of both MAGE and MODD with the SD.19,26,27,30,31,35 If that is indeed the case, then one An ''Index of Glycemic Variability'' could potentially simply use the SD and values derived from it We seek to be able to combine information from several such as the percentage coefficient of variance or the J index38 measures of glycemic variability, specifically, (1) the overall or rather than going to the trouble of making additional calcula- total SD of glucose, SDT, (2) the SD of glucose within days, SDw, tions such as the MAGE or MODD. However, the various (3) the SD of daily means, SDdm, (4) the SD between days (for parameters can behave differently under some conditions.17 glucose at a specified time of day) after correction for the Only some parameters changed significantly when a CGM variation in the daily mean glucose, SDb / dm, and (5) a mea- / device was changed from masked to unmasked mode,30,31 only sure of the stability of the glucose pattern by time of day over some parameters appeared to be correlated with coronary ar- the course of a week. (For example, one can use the following tery calcification in a preliminary study of patients with type 1 EDITORIAL 3 diabetes,16 and only one parameter was reported to be a cor- 2. Rodbard D: Optimizing display, analysis, interpretation and relate of cardiovascular death.17 It remains to be seen which utility of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) data for will prove to be most informative. management of patients with diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Tech- Research into the methods for measurements of glycemic nol 2007;1:62–71. variability is still in its infancy. However, considerable progress 3. Rodbard D: Predicting the risk of hypo- and hyperglycemia has been made. There are a plethora of measures of glycemic by time of day, date, and day of the week—new methods for variability, and the number continues to grow.1,4–9,39–43 We calculation and graphical display [abstract 491-P]. Diabetes need to examine the interrelationships of these variables to 2010;59(Suppl 1):A132. identify the ones that provide the most useful information. We 4. Kilpatrick ES: Arguments for and against the role of glucose variability in the development of diabetes complications. need to make these parameters more clinically useful, by pro- J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009;3:649–655. viding reference ranges for defined types of patients (defined 5. Weber C, Schnell O: The assessment of glycemic variability by type of diabetes, type of therapy, degree of glycemic control and its impact on diabetes-related complications: an over- by the ''gold standard'' A1C).28 Data reduction needs to be fully view. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009;11:623–633. automated, whether the glucose data are generated from 6. Hirsch IB: Glycemic variability: it's not just about A1C SMBG, CGM, or hospital-based systems. Computer outputs anymore! Diabetes Technol Ther 2005;7:780–783. need to be standardized, and percentile scores must be pro- 7. Hirsch IB, Brownlee M: The effect of glucose variability on vided for each parameter and for selected combinations or the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. averages of parameters, and compared with appropriate ref- Diabetes Care 2007;30:186–187. erence populations. For care of patients, each patient can serve 8. Brownlee M, Hirsch IB: Glycemic variability: a hemoglobin as his or her own control, and one can examine longitudinal A1c-independent risk factor for diabetic complications. changes in terms of the whole gamut of parameters: A1C, JAMA 2006;295:1707–1708. fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose, and measures of 9. Schisano B, Tripathi G, McGee K, McTernan PG, Ceriello A: glycemic variability such as postprandial excursions, SDT, co- Glucose oscillations, more than constant high glucose, in- efficient of variation (%CV), SDw, SDb, SDdm, SDhh:mm, SDws1, duce p53 activation and a metabolic memory in human MAGE, MODD1, CONGAn, MAG, and finally IGV. endothelial cells. Diabetologia 2011;54:1219–1226. It would be helpful if manufacturers of glucose meters and 10. Siegelaar SE, Holleman F, Hoekstra JB, Devries JH: Glucose sensors would generate these parameters in their routine data variability; does it matter? Endocr Rev 2010;31:171–182. processing software so that clinicians and researchers alike will 11. Siegelaar SE, Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL, Hoekstra JB, become more familiar with them and be able to learn from Devries JH: Glucose variability does not contribute to the experience which parameters are most helpful and informative development of peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes: data from the DCCT. Diabetologia 2009;52: when following an individual patient. It is hoped that these 2229–2232. additional analyses would be presented in a standardized 12. Siegelaar SE, Kulik W, van Lenthe H, Mukherjee R, Hoekstra format in terms of terminology, symbols, sequence, color JB, Devries JH: A randomized clinical trial comparing the coding, and layout of tables and graphs, so that physicians and effect of basal insulin and inhaled mealtime insulin on glu- other caregivers will not be faced with a confusing variety of cose variability and oxidative stress. Diabetes Obes Metab outputs and a resulting information overload. Administrators 2009;11:709–714. could potentially use these parameters to assess the perfor- 13. Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL: The effect of glucose mance of physicians and of the quality of care for their patient variability on the risk of microvascular complications in type populations. The data can be valuable in the context of the 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1486–1490. design, performance, and analysis of clinical research studies. 14. Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL: Effect of glucose vari- ability on the long-term risk of microvascular complications Note Added in Proof in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1901–1903. ¨ 15. Bragd J, Adamson U, Backlund LB, Lins PE, Moberg E, Several relevant studies have appeared subsequent to Oskarsson P: Can glycaemic variability, as calculated from submittal of this article. Monnier et al.39 and Qu et al.40 have blood glucose self-monitoring, predict the development of demonstrated empirically that several measures of glycemic complications in type 1 diabetes over a decade? Diabetes variability are correlated with the risk of hypoglycemia, as Metab 2008;34:612–616. expected theoretically.3 Dalfra et al.41 reported relationships ` 16. Snell-Bergeon JK, Rodbard D, Roman R, Garg S, Maahs D, between macrosomia in offspring of diabetic mothers and Schauer I, Bergman B, Kinney GL, Rewers M: Glycaemic various measures of glycemic variability. Hill et al.42 report variability and coronary artery calcium: the Coronary Artery values for GRADE and several other measures of variability Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Study. Diabet Med 2010; in nondiabetic subjects (cf. also 23,34,28). Marling et al.43 de- 27:1436–1442. scribe two new methods to characterize glycemic variability, 17. Siegelaar SE, Kerr L, Jacober SJ, Devries JH: A decrease in one of which appears to be essentially interchangeable with glucose variability does not reduce cardiovascular event the 'mean absolute glucose (MAG) change' when observa- rates in type 2 diabetic patients after acute myocardial in- farction: a reanalysis of the HEART2D study. Diabetes Care tions are equally spaced (cf. 17). 2011;34:855–857. 18. Monnier L, Colette C: Glycemic variability: can we bridge References the divide between controversies? Diabetes Care 2011;34: 1. Cameron FJ, Baghurst PA, Rodbard D: Assessing glycaemic 1058–1059. variation: why, how and when? Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2010; 19. Borg R, Kuenen JC, Carstensen B, Zheng H, Nathan DM, 7(Suppl 3):432–444. Heine RJ, Nerup J, Borch-Johnsen K, Witte DR; ADAG Study 4 EDITORIAL Group: HbA1c and mean blood glucose show stronger as- plicated by diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2010; sociations with cardiovascular disease risk factors than do 4:1368–1373. postprandial glycaemia or glucose variability in persons 34. Zhou J, Li H, Ran X, Yang W, Li Q, Peng Y, Li Y, Gao X, with diabetes: the A1C-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) Luan X, Wang W, Jia W: Establishment of normal reference study. Diabetologia 2011;54:69–72. ranges for glycemic variability in Chinese subjects using 20. Standl E, Schnell O, Ceriello A: Postprandial hyperglycemia continuous glucose monitoring. Med Sci Monit 2011;17: and glycemic variability: should we care? Diabetes Care CR9–CR13. 2011;34(Suppl 2):S120–S127. 35. Baghurst PA: Calculating the mean amplitude of glycemic 21. Kovatchev BP, Otto E, Cox D, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke excursion from continuous glucose monitoring data: an W: Evaluation of a new measure of blood glucose variability automated algorithm. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011;13:296– in diabetes (ADRR). Diabetes Care 2006;29:2433–2438. 302. 22. Mazze RS, Lucido D, Langer O, Hartmann K, Rodbard D: 36. Fritzsche G, Kohnert KD, Heinke P, Vogt L, Salzsieder E: Ambulatory glucose profile: representation of verified self- The use of a computer program to calculate the mean am- monitored blood glucose data. Diabetes Care 1987;10:111–117. plitude of glycemic excursions. Diabetes Technol Ther 23. Mazze RS, Strock E, Wesley D, Borgman S, Morgan B, Ber- 2011;13:319–325. genstal R, Cuddihy R: Characterizing glucose exposure for 37. Czerwoniuk D, Fendler W, Walenciak L, Mlynarski W: individuals with normal glucose tolerance using continuous GlyCulator: a glycemic variability calculation tool for con- glucose monitoring and ambulatory glucose profile analysis. tinuous glucose monitoring data. J Diabetes Sci Technol Diabetes Technol Ther 2008;10:149–159. 2011;5:447–451. 24. Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA, Young-Hyman 38. ´ Wojcicki JM: ''J''-index. A new proposition of the assessment D, Schlundt D, Clarke W: Assessment of risk for severe hy- of current glucose control in diabetic patients. Horm Metab poglycemia among adults with IDDM: validation of the low Res 1995;27:41–42. blood glucose index. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1870–1875. 39. Monnier L, Wojtusciszyn A, Colette C, Owens D: The con- 25. Clarke W, Kovatchev B: Statistical tools to analyze contin- tribution of glucose variability to asymptomatic hypoglyce- uous glucose monitor data. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009;11 mia in persons with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther (Suppl 1):S45–S54. 2011;13:813–818. 26. Rodbard D: Interpretation of continuous glucose monitoring 40. Qu Y, Jacober S, Zhang Q, Wolka L, DeVries JH: The effect of data: glycemic variability and quality of glycemic control. glucose variability on the rate of hypoglycemic events. Ab- Diabetes Technol Ther 2009;11(Suppl 1):S55–S57. stract 478-P. Diabetes 2011; 60(Suppl 1):A133. 27. Rodbard D: New and improved methods to characterize 41. ` Dalfra MG, Sartore G, Di Cianni G, Mello G, Lencioni C, glycemic variability using continuous glucose monitoring. Ottanelli S, Sposato J, Valgimigli F, Scuffi C, Scalese M, La- Diabetes Technol Ther 2009;11:551–565. polla A: Glucose variability in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetes 28. Rodbard D: Clinical interpretation of indices of quality of Technol Ther 2011;13:853–859. glycemic control and glycemic variability. Postgrad Med 2011; 42. Hill NR, Oliver NS, Choudhary P, Levy JC, Hindmarsh P, 123:107–118. Matthews DR: Normal reference range for mean tissue 29. Hill NR, Hindmarsh PC, Stevens RJ, Stratton IM, Levy JC, glucose and glycemic variability derived from continuous Matthews DR: A method for assessing quality of control glucose monitoring for subjects without diabetes in different from glucose profiles. Diabet Med 2007;24:753–758. ethnic groups. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011 Jun 29. [Epub 30. Rodbard D, Bailey T, Jovanovic L, Zisser H, Kaplan R, Garg ahead of print, PMID: 21714681] S: Improved quality of glycemic control and reduced gly- 43. Marling CR, Shubrook JH, Vernier SJ, Wiley MT, Schwartz cemic variability with use of continuous glucose monitoring. FL: Characterizing blood glucose variability using new Diabetes Technol Ther 2009;11:717–723. metrics with continuous glucose monitoring data. J Diabetes 31. Rodbard D, Jovanovic L, Garg S: Responses to continuous Sci Technol 2011;5:871–878. glucose monitoring in subjects with type 1 diabetes using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily Address correspondence to: injections. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009;11:757–765. David Rodbard, M.D. 32. Rodbard D: A semilogarithmic scale for glucose provides a Chief Scientific Officer balanced view of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. J Dia- Biomedical Informatics Consultants LLC betes Sci Technol 2009;3:1395–1401. Potomac, MD 20854-4721 33. c Zisser HC, Biersmith MA, Jovanovi LB, Yogev Y, Hod M, Kovatchev BP: Fetal risk assessment in pregnancies com- E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com This article has been cited by:


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Mark Cavendish's Olympic bid fails as Alexandre Vinokourov wins gold
Mark Cavendish's Olympic gold medal bid ended in disappointment as Alexandre Vinokourov of Kazakhstan won the men's road race.
Cavendish finished 29th after his Great Britain team-mates failed to reel in a late breakaway in the 250km race that finished on The Mall.
"The British team were a victim of their own success. The same tactics worked at the World Championships [where Cavendish won gold]. Then, in the Tour de France, Cavendish battered them on the Champs Elysees in Paris. There were eight riders helping in Copenhagen, just four today. While four people can influence a race, they cannot control it. The problem is nobody wanted to ride against Cavendish on the Mall because they knew they would come second. The team did everything they could, other riders did not contribute to the race and they missed out too. Andre Greipel is the second best sprinter in the world but he and his German team sat back."
Vinokourov sprinted clear of Colombia's Rigoberto Uran in the final stages of an eventful race.
Norway's Alexander Kristoff pipped the rest of the breakaway pack to bronze.
Cavendish, who finished near the front of the main peloton, refused to blame his team-mates, who included 2012 Tour de France champion Bradley Wiggins and runner-up Chris Froome.
"We rode the exact race we wanted to ride," Cavendish told BBC Radio 5 live. "We controlled it with four guys for 250km and we couldn't do any more. We are human beings.
"There was a group of 22 who got away and we couldn't pull them back. The four guys who ran all day couldn't do it.
"I can be proud of how the lads rode today. I'm proud of my country because there was incredible support. The guys are sat there, they are spent. They have got nothing left in the tank. It's incredible to see what they gave for the cause."
Team GB's race strategy was simple: get Cavendish to Buckingham Palace within striking distance and let the Manx Missile demonstrate his finishing prowess.
It was a plan that worked beautifully at the World Championships in Copenhagen last year.
But there were two flaws with the plan: one, everybody else knew it; and two, this time the 27-year-old Brit only had four support riders to pace him to the end, not seven.
What gave Cavendish - and the millions of British fans watching on the course and at home - so much hope, however, was the fact that this team was undoubtedly the best Britain had fielded at an Olympic road race.
With Tour de France champion Bradley Wiggins, Tour runner-up Chris Froome, seasoned campaigner David Millar and national champion Ian Stannard riding for the world champion, Cavendish's claims that this was a "dream team" were not unfounded.
Yet it was not enough. With almost every other nation in the race desperate to avoid a sprint, Team GB were always going to struggle to keep the 144-strong field together.
A pattern was set from start of the race when, after the riders had avoided an errant dog, 12 men from as many countries jumped clear to form the first breakaway.
Among this group were dangerous riders such as Australian veteran Stuart O'Grady, Slovenian star Janez Brajkovic and versatile Dutchman Lieuwe Westra - and they soon built their lead to six minutes.
But with half the 250km distance completed, Team GB seemed comfortable at the front of the chasing group.
It was at this point that the nature of the race changed ever so subtly, but ever so significantly.
First, Italy's Vincenzo Nibali broke away, dragging two Belgians and a Dutchman with him. The threat to Cavendish did not seem obvious, because the time gaps looked manageable, but the danger grew as more riders infiltrated this group.
Vinokourov facts
- Grand Tour wins: 2006 Vuelta a Espana
- Stage wins: Tour de France - 4, Vuelta a Espana - 4,
- Doping ban: Two years from 2007
- Retirements: In 2007 after doping ban and in 2011 after breaking his leg during Tour de France
With the final lap of Box Hill completed, Cavendish looked fresh. A fast and flat 30-mile dash back to London lay ahead of him and expectation of a first British gold medal at London 2012 grew.
But the lead group was now 30-strong, the original dozen and Nibali's chasers, and when Belgian one-day specialist Philippe Gilbert sprang clear, panic set in.
Gilbert had gone too early, but Fabian Cancellara, a silver medallist in this event from Beijing, was far too strong a rider to be two minutes clear with 20 miles to go.
But the Swiss star made a critical mistake on a corner coming out of Richmond Park and his race was done. By this stage, so was Froome's and it suddenly became clear that there would be no grandstand finish for Cavendish and Team GB.
The remaining leaders now started to eye each other and it was Vinokourov, who completed a two-year drugs ban in 2009, and Uran who grabbed the initiative with a smart burst through Putney.
The last five minutes of the race were an anti-climax for most of the spectators but a masterclass in racing from "Vino".
Uran, a team-mate of Cavendish at Sky, was completely outfoxed by the Kazakh in the sprint and had to settle for silver.
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text:
Great sex does more than blow your mind—it's good for your heart, your head and your beauty.
You can chow down on those Cheetos as long as you log an extra 30 minutes on the treadmill, right? Um, no. Sorry to burst your caloric-counting bubble, but it's not so simple.
"Calories in versus calories out" has become a sort of one-size-fits-all mantra for those wanting to fit into that one-size-too-small dress. This widespread theory has bred a generation of calorie-counting devotees that can rationalize eating anything as long as they keep below their daily calorie limit—or put in extra time at the gym.
COLUMN: All Foods Aren't Created Equal, from Dr. Oz and Dr. Roizen
Out of the calorie-obsessed culture sprouted the uplifting idea of "everything in moderation," which may have started as a way to help people feel less obsessed with food, but has spiraled into a free pass to "treat yourself" to a supersized ice cream sundae every week.
What's the Deal?
"Caloric theory is woefully inadequate and dramatically incomplete," says Marc David, an expert in nutritional psychology and founder of the Institute for the Psychology of Eating in Boulder, Colo. "In the way nutritional science understands calorie burning as it relates to weight, it's very primitive."
Though David admits there are useful aspects to the theory, he believes that it oversimplifies the understanding of weight. "The mass media wants to make it 'Here's what everybody should do and here is the simple answer," says David. "But weight is much more complex and involves many other factors."
One problem with counting calories is that you are (wrongly) assuming that all calories are created equal. Eating fewer calories won't do your health any favors if all those calories come from reduced-fat potato chips and Tasti D-Lite.
MORE: Are Low-Fat Foods Making You Fat?
A study conducted at Harvard School of Public Health focused on which diet and lifestyle factors prevent weight gain in the first place. "We found that the conventional wisdom to focus only on total calories, or even on total fat or sugars, will be less effective than focusing on the quality of the overall diet," says lead author of the study Darius Mozaffarian, M.D., a cardiologist and epidemiologist at Harvard Medical School in Boston.
The results showed that, when it comes to losing weight, it's actually more about quality than quantity when it comes to what you put in your mouth. "Eating more of several specific foods was actually associated with relative weight loss," says Dr. Mozaffarian. "This indicates that the path to eating fewer calories is not to simply count calories, but to focus on consuming a more healthy diet in general."
Great sex does more than blow your mind—it's good for your heart, your head and your beauty.
Highlight your eye color. Flaunt your body shape. Harness your confidence. Take our quizzes to better know yourself and get science-based, individualized advice to embrace your true beauty.
Great sex does more than blow your mind—it's good for your heart, your head and your beauty.
Take QuizGood sleepers are beautiful, happier and enjoy better sex. Learn how to be better rested.
Take QuizLearn why your hair does what it does, and get styling and product tips to make it do what you want.
Take QuizIf shopping for eye makeup is one big guessing game, find your best colors here.
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text:
When you start falling
Who's gonna catch ya
I'm willing to bet ya
It will be me
Who's gonna love ya
Like there's no other
Search and discover
It will be me
When all the others
Have gone and hurt you
Who won't desert you
It will be me
Weighing the options
So much to think of
But when you think love
It will be me
You may not see it now
Love is strange that way
But someday, somewhere
Baby somehow
When you've been broken
And dreams don't oblige ya
Who's that beside ya
Oh it will be me
You may not see it now
Love is strange that way
But someday, somewhere
Baby somehow
Who'll be your only
True romancer
You know the answer
It will be me
What will it take to
Bring you to your senses
And finally convince you
It will be me
Writer(s): Gordon Scott Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick
Copyright: Sondance Kid Music, Polygram Int. Publishing Inc., Sell The Cow Music, Warner-tamerlane Publishing Corp.
Lyrics powered by www.musiXmatch.com
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Faith Hill Lyrics provided by SongLyrics.com
1 | Come Home |
2 | Come Home (Single) |
3 | Dearly Beloved |
4 | Way You Love Me (Love To Infinity Remix) |
5 | Like We Never Loved At All - (With Tim McGraw) |
6 | Love Is The Foundation |
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text:
Brian T. Regan Appointed To ESSA Bancorp, Inc.'s Board Of Directors
ESSA Bancorp Inc. (the "Company") (NASDAQ Global Market SM "ESSA") the holding company for ESSA Bank & Trust (the "Bank") announces the appointment of Brian T. Regan to the Boards of Directors of the Company and Bank. The appointment was made effective at a regularly scheduled Board of Directors' meeting of the Company held on Tuesday, March 22, 2011. "Brian's education, experience and commitment to community make him a valuable addition to our Board," said John E. Burrus, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company.
Regan is a shareholder with the certified public accounting firm of Regan, Levin, Bloss, Brown & Savachak, P.C. ("RLB"). He began his accounting career in the banking profession with MidLantic National Bank. Later, he joined the tax department of the accounting firm of KPMG. Regan now leads the team at RLB firm serving the Eastern Pennsylvania region. "Brian has a great deal of community banking experience. We look forward to him joining our Board," said Gary S. Olson, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company.
Regan is a graduate of The University of Scranton with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Accounting. Active in his community, he is a board member for the Northampton County Meals on Wheels, Past President of Estate Planning Council of the Lehigh Valley, Board Member of PICPA Multi-Tax Committee, Executive Committee Member of the Minsi Trails Council 2004 and a member of the AICPA and PICPA. He is also a member of the Bethlehem Rotary Club, Treasurer for the University of Scranton Alumni Society, Lehigh Valley Chapter, and Finance Council at Assumption B.V.M. Church in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
ESSA Bank & Trust, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ESSA Bancorp, Inc., has total assets of over $1.0 billion and is the leading service-oriented financial institution headquartered in the Greater Pocono, Pennsylvania region. The Bank maintains its corporate headquarters in downtown Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania and has 17 community offices throughout the Greater Pocono and Lehigh Valley areas in Pennsylvania. In addition to being one of the region's largest mortgage lenders, ESSA Bank & Trust offers a full range of retail and commercial financial services. ESSA Bancorp, Inc. stock trades on The NASDAQ Global Market
SM under the symbol "ESSA."
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text:
- Publisher: MumboJumbo
- Release Date: August 2009
- Also On: 3DS, PC
- Summary:
- Genre(s): Puzzle
- Cheats: On GameFAQs
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 5 out of 5
Mixed: 0 out of 5
Negative: 0 out of 5
Jun 26, 2011Luxor on the iPhone is everything we hoped it would be and more. It's currently the best marble-popper on the App Store.
Jun 26, 2011Speaking of bragging rights: MumboJumbo has earned some for delivering a great rendition of its marble-matching hit, which marries the tried-and-true puzzle approach with great visuals and sharp touch-screen controls.
Jun 26, 2011For less than a dollar, there really aren't too many better experiences out there.
Jun 26, 2011Luxor is an enjoyable game of marble-shooting match-three, but it doesn't quite compare to its companions in the genre.
Jun 26, 2011Luxor is another solid marble shooter, but we still have yet to experience a marble shooter that has captured our hearts forever.


text:
Maura Wolfson-Foster
I am grateful to you for sharing your visions & inspiring mine ~
Photographer Walker Evans once said, "Stare. It's the way to educate your eyes. Pry, Listen, Eavesdrop. Die knowing something. You are not here long."
Find me at: http://www.flickr.com
Steve Carell
6 Sep 2011 — 88 views, 27 favorites, 16 comments
Hot! In "Photo Challenge: Give Me a Sign"
Carpe diem - for all my JPG friends xo
1 Aug 2011 — 119 views, 27 favorites, 27 comments
Hot! In "Photo Challenge: Chillin'"
Full Moon Luau
19 Jun 2011 — 136 views, 25 favorites, 33 comments
Hot! In "Photo Challenge: Windows to the Soul"
Collections are a JPG+ feature. You must be a JPG+ member to create new collections and to add photos to collections.
Sign up for JPG+ to start using collections now!
Q: So how many issues of JPG magazine were produced?
A: Do you know?


text:
Updated 04/02/2013
It tries too hard to be hip and cool, but this neighborhood hangout is a lot of fun. The crowd is less casual than others in the Castro, though no one will judge you for wearing Chuck Taylors. Blackbird serves up a good selection of craft beers, along with seasonal cocktails. The chipotle Bloody Mary is a must-try.


text:
"Jesus Christ, whatta whore!"
-Jesus Christ
I've wished for a lot of things, but I've never previously wished to be a soccer ball. 'Til now.
Hi fat cunt, the name of a men's magazine doesn't make you sound like a real man. :) Try F.A.T. instead – Fucking Abhorrent Twat, that would fit you like a (humongous) glove. :)
It looks like its in heat.
The last name cracks me up so bad.
These shots aren't helping stop the giggles either.
a little bit butterface, but I wouldn't mind my face being that soccer ball. Love the taste of moist sweaty panties.
Wait.. why is this person significant?
Which one of your fat chins are you talking from now? :)
she wants to impress cristiano ronaldo.
Spank and eat.
Aww! Paula LaBaredas is fornicating with a soccer ball! I wonder what their baby is going to look like!


text:
Ceylon: Island that Changed |
What people are saying - Write a review
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National Economy | 50 |
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text:
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Discover what to do, where to stay and what to see in New York City with our planning tool.
NYC is the place for inquisitive minds looking for new things to see, hear, taste and learn.
Enjoy the Mets' and Yankees' openers, Armory Arts Week, the Tribeca Film Festival and more.
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New York City is made up of five boroughs: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens and Staten Island. Each one has enough attractions—and enough personality—to be a city all its own. Learn more about them with this guide.
Unless you're a guest of the Ace Hotel, no reservations are accepted—but it's worth a shot to see if you can snag a stool or bar table at this happening seafood brasserie. Ken Friedman and April Bloomfield (The Spotted Pig, The Breslin) are the golden-touch team behind it. The earlier, more formal incarnation of John Dory was in Chelsea; this version is snazzy and relaxed. The menu concentrates on small plates rather than full-blown meals, for instance, an extensive raw bar, oysters Rockefeller, burrata with trout caviar and oyster pan roast with uni crostini. Expert cocktails via Sasha Petraske (Milk & Honey) and wines on tap are highlights of the beverage program. The basement kitchen offers a chef's table that can seat 12.
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text:
Timo Weiland Spring 2013 | Runway
Timo Weiland Spring 2013
There was a new maturity in the Spring 2013 show Alan Weckstein and Timo Weiland designed for Weiland's namesake label, a joint men's and women's collection that drew inspiration from the oft-referenced artwork of Keith Haring.
Fashion visits and samples from Haring's opus frequently, and sometimes literally, but these young designers didn't claim any of the artist's graffiti images for their own. Instead, they let Haring's use of black and white inform the beginning of their collection, pairing staples like a white baseball jacket with a dark blue button collar shirt, and drawing a dark gray line along the sleeves of a simple long-sleeved cotton t-shirt.
While the men's looks stuck with a sporty theme that touched militarism — at times incorporating floral prints and jackets and pants in olive drab — the women's clothing evolved into a sophisticated selection of garments that employed multicolored stripes and herringbone prints to allude to Haring's graffiti. A beige coat was accented with a zoomed-in version of the suiting pattern in neon yellow, while a white-and-gold cocktail dress was elevated with an attached black tulle halter and a crystal-studded collar.
- This model's been missing from Fashion Week! — Style.com
- Marc Jacobs said what about young designers?! — The Cut
- Why, yes, we want a Chanel bag made out of Rice Krispies — HuffPost Style
- Miley Cyrus forgot an article of clothing again, but blame it on Tom Ford — InStyle
- It's OK to be preppy and still love leather — Racked
- We're looking forward to the tour costumes from this stylish duo — SheFinds
- Clémence Poésy shows us what it's like to be a Chloé girl — Who What Wear
- Read this before you nix your tights in the cold — Lucky
- What happens when a pair of very chic women wear Crocs . . . — Man Repeller


text:
Showing 289-345 of 345 items
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The Brown Pub
The Brown Pub is a favorite hang out for college students and locals. Stop by and check us out anytime! We have a full lunch menu plus daily specials. We also offer the full menu for dinner with weekend specials. There is a fully stocked liquor store inside the bar.
CITY: Hinckley
J&K Half Moon Tavern
J&K Half Moon Tavern staff will know you by name by the time you finish your meal. We strive to give you that true midwestern hospitality. Come in for our famous Oyster Sunday, or one of our many other specials! We take your dining experience to the next level. Try us out today!
CITY: Hinckley
Stone Mill Museum
Built in 1856, the Stone Mill was originally used to produce flour. In 1965, the building was deeded to the Sandwich Historical Society. The building itself is a museum exhibit which includes the original beams and support posts made of 125 year old timber. The historical society first opened the museum to the public in 1969 and now includes three floors of exhibits. Among the exhibits are fire fighting equipment, antique car, furniture, signage, photos and many other items from the area's past. The museum is open every Sunday, 1-4pm during warm months (April to October).
CITY: Sanwich
Phillips Park Golf Course
The state-of-the-art golf course boasts modern features like "USGA" Greens, multiple tees, larger greens, strategically placed bunkers and water hazards, cart paths, a driving range and a three hole Junior Course. The new driving range has both "All Weather Teeing Surface" for inclement weather and a massive grass tee for a more realistic feel. Phillips Park Golf Course is a quality championship caliber golf course. With three sets of tees, the golf course ranges from 4,760 yards to 6,200 yards, providing a wide range of challenge for varying abilities.
CITY: Aurora
Esther's Place - A Fiber Arts Studio
Handmade items from local wool - classes, gifts and more. Bed and breakfast service available.
CITY: Big Rock
Heritage Hall & Chapel on the Green
Dating back to 1855, the chapel is Kendall County's oldest church building and is adorned with stained glass windows and a restored 1899 pipe organ.
CITY: Yorkville
Larson's Family Farm
Visit the Larson Family Farm for some old fashioned country fun. In the fall, the farm offers pumpkins and gourds, hay rack rides and fall home decor. Come to the farm to cut your own Christmas tree. The venue is available for special event rentals. They offer evening bonfires on fall weekends and host school groups during weekdays.
CITY: Sanwich
John Lithgow at Paramount Theatre
The Tony®, Emmy® and Golden Globe® Award winning actor offers a touching and humorous reflection on storytelling as the tie that binds humanity. Invoking memories of his grandmother and father before him, Mr. Lithgow traces his roots as an actor and storyteller, interspersing his own story with two great stories that were read to him and his siblings when they were children. STORIES BY HEART provides ample evidence of the power of storytelling, the magic of theatre, and the talents of one of our greatest actors.
CITY: Aurora
6 - 7
Retreat to the Rock
This event was founded in 1989 by Roseann Rossi and Pat Picco, two Christian women in the Illinois Valley who had a desire to use our beautiful Starved Rock State Park for the glory of God. They invited several women from various Christian churches to pray for guidance and come to meetings in their homes if they felt led to be involved in forming an interdenominational Christian women's retreat. Thus, Retreat to the "Rock" was birthed. Twelve ladies from various churches and backgrounds prayed, visited other retreats and called upon Winsome Women retreat from Winona Lake, Indiana to help them get started. Ethel Anderson, an officer from that retreat, was the first speaker for Retreat to the "Rock". Judy Dagraedt, a local woman with a beautiful music ministry led the music. The twelve founding members of the Retreat to the "Rock" board met and prayed fervently for the retreat, placing ten dollars a meeting in an offering to get the group started. From this humble beginning, God has used this retreat for years to proclaim His Word, bring salvation to the lost, and encourage and comfort His people. The retreat offers Bible based teaching, a variety of workshops, praise and worship, a prayer room, warm fellowship, an abundance of delicious food, and the wonderful ambiance and luxury of Starved Rock Lodge. Many women return year after year, using the retreat for a reunion of friendships, girls' night out or just good old fashioned R&R. All leave blessed.
CITY: Utica
Pilobolus at the Paramount Theatre
You've seen them…you just might not have known it. They stunned the world at the Academy Awards with their shape-shifting performance behind the screen. They've done numerous car commercials that leave your jaw on the ground. They've been on Conan, Oprah and over 100 other TV shows. They're the dance group that defies gravity, taxes muscles beyond conceivable limits and adds an element of unforgettable beauty through dancing. All of this from a group whose name means "a phototropic fungus that thrives in farmyards." Seeing is believing. See Pilobolus.
CITY: Aurora
22 - 24
Fabulous Vegas Guys
Sit back and enjoy all that Las Vegas has (and had) to offer with The Fabulous Vegas Guys! From the Rat Pack and Elvis to Neil Diamond and everything in between! Mixing comedy, great music and dead-on impressions, this is truly a must see show! Matinee shows include lunch and show at $32.00 a person. Evening shows include wine tasting, dinner and show at $37.00 per person. For more information or to book, call 815-220-7386.
CITY: Utica
Breakfast with the Easter Bunny
Join us in the Great Hall of the Lodge at 8:30am for a breakfast buffet followed by Magic by Cory and an "egg"citing egg hunt at Fox Ridge plus a visit from the Easter Bunny himself. Reservations are required. There is only one seating time for this event. Adults: $13.50, Children 10 and under: $9.95. For more information and to make reservations, call 815-220-7386.
CITY: Utica
30 - 31
Rock Around the Clock (Patty Waszak)
Direct from her Smokey Mountain theater in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee: we present Patty Waszak. Patty combines a wide variety of music along with comedy and audience participation. She is a singer, comedienne, musician. Enjoy all of those upbeat toe tappers people know and love! Matinee shows include lunch and show at $32.00 a person. For more information or to book, call 815-220-7386.
CITY: Utica
Poi Dog Pondering at the Paramount Theatre
POI DOG PONDERING comes back to their suburban home-away-from-home in Aurora for one night only. It's Frankie, Susie, Max, Dag, Ted and the rest of the POI family together for a sensory-overload experience. Plus, they're bringing some very special and talented guests to join them on the enormous Paramount stage. If you've seen POI at the Paramount, then you know exactly why they sell out here every year. If you've never seen POI DOG PONDERING live, then now is the time to experience these amazing artists.
CITY: Aurora
Cotton Patch Gospel
Phil Kaufman brings to life the Book of Matthew in this one-man show which was originally written by Tom Key and adapted by singer/songwriter Harry Chapin. Kaufman plays more than two instruments at one time and over 20 characters! 100% of show proceeds donated to world hunger organizations worldwide. Matinee shows include lunch and show at $32.00 a person. For more information or to book, call 815-220-7386.
CITY: Utica
Legacy Girls - 50's, 60's Review
Take a trip back to the '50s & 60s and get ready to rock the songs that shaped the decades! From the Supremes to the Chordettes and the Beatles to Elvis Presley, The Legacy Girls will bring their own sassy style to all of your favorites. Matinee shows include lunch and show at $32.00 a person. For more information or to book, call 815-220-7386.
CITY: Utica
David Sedaris at the Paramount Theatre
David Sedaris is one of America's preeminent humor writers. Just check out any of his New York Times bestsellers including Let's Explore Diabetes with Owls, Me Talk Pretty One Day, Dress Your Family in Corduroy and Denim and When You Are Engulfed in Flames – which is just a partial list of his works that have sold over 7 million copies. But there's nothing like seeing and hearing this one-of-a-kind artist in person share stories, observations, works-in-progress and readings from some of his pieces.
CITY: Aurora
Windy City Soaring
Windy City Soaring Association is a non-profit organization (club) dedicated to the promotion and enjoyment of soaring (flying sailplanes aka gliders). Based at Hinckley Airport (0C2) in the friendly village of Hinckley IL, situated about fifty miles West of the hustle and bustle of downtown Chicago.
CITY: Hinckley
Kauffman Turkey Farm
Kauffman Turkey Farms is one of the last remaining independent family owned and operated turkey farms with its own dressing plant in the country. Providing fresh dressed turkeys to the Northern Illinois area for over 80 years. These big, beautiful tom turkeys are some of the thousands that are range grown here on the Kauffman Turkey Farm. The turkeys are grown from one day of age until they are dressed in the farm's federally inspected plant. They raise their birds with the emphasis on quality. This means that the turkeys grow more slowly and develop a richer flavor and denser texture.
CITY: Waterman
Johnny K's
Here at Johnny K's, we take pride in serving only the finest quality ingredients at generous portions. Enjoy the various attractions inside our dining room while you wait for your delicious meal.
CITY: Sandwich
BBQ Express
Started as a Trolley Trailer, now moved into a permanent location in Somonauk. 30 years in the food and beverage industry has provided them with the experience needed to offer excellent service and an undeniably mouth-watering menu using the freshest ingredients and a 4th generation BBQ recipe! everything from our famous Pulled Pork BBQ down to the handmade Creamy Coleslaw. Come experience their flavors that are BBQ Express!
CITY: Somonauk
Marie Louise Olmstead Memorial Museum
Tours by appointment Some describe this museum as a "hidden gem" because of their display of local, cultural, natural and prehistoric history for lower DeKalb and upper LaSalle Counties.
CITY: Somonauk
5-B's Catering
Since 1979, 5-B's has served over a million meals in the Greater Chicago Area and surrounding suburbs. This long tradition of food service has allowed them to be a part of many special events and activities. Through these events they've have met wonderful people and grown in their desire to serve their customers with the best food around with service that is second to none. Their style of food and service can be defined as a taste of old fashioned home cooking with a country flair. Their specialty is outdoor grilling, but their menu can accommodate any tastes or style. Whether your event is large or small, the staff will work with you to formulate the best food and presentation to meet your needs and exceed your expectations.
CITY: Waterman
Brother's Restaurant and Lounge
Brother's has been a community icon for over forty years. "The Home of the Beef Roll!"
CITY: Sandwich
Bull Moose Bar & Grille - Culinary Champion!
Winner of the Aurora Area's Best Burger Competition Bull Moose offers an inventive menu, with fresh, quality ingredients offered at affordable prices. The Bull Moose has taken on a Cheers-type atmosphere, becoming the local meeting place in town. The spectacular bar provides a great place for afternoon drinks or late night partying. •Award-winning Burgers •Unique Sandwiches •An array of Appetizers •Steaks & Ribs and other delicious entrees •Homemade Soups & Desserts •Great place for both Lunch & Dinner •A Full-service Bar & an Outdoor Patio •Wireless Internet & an ATM •Daily Specials & a NEW Lunch Specials Menu •Dine-In & Carry-Out
CITY: Sandwich
Gonzo's Pizzeria
Gonzo's has been open since December of 2007 in Sandwich, IL. Offering the 50 year old recipe of Gary "Gario" Schaefer the ONE and ONLY Gario!! Offering Carry out, dine in and Delivery service to surrounding areas.
CITY: Sandwich
Stone Mill Museum
A four-floor large museum located in a former stone mill, including items from the area and a room dedicated to Native America artifacts. A 24' long mural depicts the different eras of Indians and a buffalo hide nearby showing life of an Indian tribe. Open Sundays 1-4 pm from April to October. Tours by appointment.
CITY: Sandwich
Knuckle Hedz
Great food, casual atmosphere and fun crowd. CLOSED MONDAY, open at 2 pm on TUESDAY, otherwise open daily at 11:30 am and serving lunch.
CITY: Sandwich
Pub West Pizza
Pub West has established a strong reputation for quality and value making it a local favorite, and a desired destination for west suburban Chicago. They offer great burgers with the toppings that will tantalize your taste buds. They have over 35 different burger varieties! More in the mood for Pizza? Order your favorite toppings for Delivery*, Take out or Eat-In
CITY: Waterman
Nel's Catering
Family owned and operated since 1982, Nel's Catering is known locally for it's excellent food at fair prices. Nel's Catering is known for their potato salad and Italian Beef Sandwiches, but they carry a large variety of salads and meat choices in the deli. They will cater to your needs and ideas. No job is too big or too small. They can create menus to match your tastes and themes.
CITY: Somonauk
Flewellin Memorial Library
Aside from offering patrons an impressive collection of books, audio books, DVDs, and magazines the library also provides copy and fax machines, public use computers, and educational programs.
CITY: Shabbona
Shabbona-Lee-Rollo Historical Museum
Hours: Tuesday and Thursday: 9:00am-11:30am & 12:30pm-3:00pm; Saturday: 9:00am-11:00am This museum holds a large collection of historical information pertaining to the surrounding communities. Admission is free.
CITY: Shabbona
The Hinckley Cafe
We provide a cozy cafe feeling with daily specials and homemade soups. Friendly staff in a family atmosphere. A must have in our place is the best cup of coffee you will get in Hinckley.
CITY: Hinckley
Brian's Pizza
Newly remodeled with a fresh look. Brian's Pizza offers the best pizza around with fresh ingredients and custom dough and sauce made fresh daily. They have 2 I-pads loaded with games for kids to have fun and play for free while parents sit back, relax and enjoy themselves while watching their favorite sports team on our 65 in. T.V. and sip on their favorite spirits. Brian's Pizza also works with the local schools on a "Book It" program to get kids more involved with reading. Meet your goal and get a free personal pizza and a picture with Tony on our Wall of Fame!!
CITY: Hinckley
Pub West Pizza
Pub West has established a strong reputation for quality and value making it a local favorite, and a desired destination for west suburban Chicago. They offer great burgers with the toppings that will tantalize your taste buds. They have over 35 different burger varieties! More in the mood for Pizza? Order your favorite toppings for Delivery*, Take out or Eat-In.
CITY: Waterman
Gene's Carry Out
Breakfast– offered all day long! Lunch– lunch and daily specials available every day! Dinner– ask about the chicken specials for families and parties! Coffee– fresh brewed regular and decaf and they also serve hot chocolate and cappuccino!
CITY: Sandwich
Santa Fe Restaurant
A family owned and operated restaurant since 1981, with locations in Glen Ellyn and Sandwich, Illinois. They specialize in delicious, authentic Mexican food, and our Margaritas have been voted the best Margaritas in DuPage county for almost 30 years!
CITY: Sandwich
Bull Moose Bar & Grille
At the Bull Moose Bar & Grille, their culture is driven by the cheerful, enthusiastic, dedicated staff. They provide a historic setting incorporating a 1893 Pullman Palace Car Company dining car used by President Roosevelt in his 1912 political campaign. They offer an inventive menu, with fresh, quality ingredients offered at affordable prices. The Bull Moose has taken on a Cheers-type atmosphere, becoming the local meeting place in town. The spectacular bar provides a great place for afternoon drinks or late night partying.
CITY: Sandwich
Brenda's Frozen Custard
Frozen Custard, Burgers, Dinners, Fast Food, Hot Dogs and Sandwiches
CITY: Sandwich
South Moon BBQ
Come enjoy a craft beer with your BBQ! Now offering the largest selection of Craft Beers.
CITY: Hinckley
AC Rock
Chicago's premier a Capella quartet, singing classic rock favorites from the 50's and on in stunning vocal harmony, without instrumental accompaniment.
CITY: Sandwich
Retrospective - Simon & Garfunkel Tribute Band
AJ Swearingen's warm baritone and Jonathan Beedle's soaring tenor combine to capture the essence and magic sounds of Simon and Garfunkel's classic rock.
CITY: Sandwich
Shania Twain & Cher Tribute
She looks and sounds exactly like Shania...but, wait....is that Cher? Kelly Smith is the premier Shania and Cher Tribute artist in the country.
CITY: Sandwich
Tumbleweed - Eagles Tribute
A tribute to the Eagles and classic rock from the 60's until today including other legendary artists.
CITY: Sandwich
Pamela Welcome as Harriet Tubman
Celebrate Women's History Month - Fundraiser for the Sandwich Opera House Pamela Welcome holds a B.A. degree in Acting and Directing from Northern Illinois University. She has performed in many diverse theatrical productions with roles ranging from 'Mama', in "A Raisin' In The Sun"; 'Sister Margaret', in "The Amen Corner"; 'Jo Jo LaMotte', in "Agatha Christie Made Me Do It"; and 'Mrs. Mercy Croft', in "The Killing of Sister George", to name a few. Mrs. Welcome has also done numerous training films and some voice over and commercial work. She currently performs Black Women In History - featuring Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth and a WWII Riveter/Welder. These programs are performed periodically for libraries, women's groups, churches and historical organizations. Pamela is married with two children, Joseph and Briana. General Admission - $10
CITY: Sandwich
Almost Elton John
Craig A Meyer is the legendary premier Elton John Tribute act. Celebrating the music, character, charisma and costumes of Sir Elton John.
CITY: Sandwich
Celtic Harpist, Kim Robertson with Brett Lipshutz
Celebrate St. Patrick's Day with Traditional Celtic and folk music. Enjoy music from Celtic Harpist, Kim Robertson with Brett Lipshutz who will be playing the flute and tin whistle. This performance is supported by Arts Midwest Touring Fund, a program of Arts Midwest, which is generously supported by the National Endowment for the Arts with additional contributions from the Illinois Arts Council.
CITY: Sandwich
2 - 3
Midwest Morel Fest
Learn, hunt and buy morel mushrooms during Ottawa's Annual Midwest Morel Fest. This unique festival offers 'everything mushrooms for the morel enthusiast to the curious observer! All events take place at Jordon Block Park (Main & Rt 23/71N). Saturday, enjoy a large variety of handcrafted Vendors, Home Brewers Tasting Tent and Competition, Food and Music. And don't forget Morel University where you can learn to identify morels then take off for a guided hunt. We have set aside land just for you! Sunday's championship hunt boasts the largest cash purse in the nation. Both hunts have limited availability.
CITY: Ottawa
Featuring steel drums, incredible percussion, great vocals, blue man style performance pieces and more high energy fun performed with an exotic twist.
CITY: Sandwich
Canal Alliance Congress
August 24, 2014 marked 30 years since the Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor had been signed into existence by President Ronald Reagan. The theme for our 3rd Annual Canal Alliance Congress during this anniversary year is "Looking Back, Looking Forward." We will be looking back at the founding of the national heritage corridor and past projects and how they are doing today. Then we will look forward at projects in the works and only dreamed of, to envision what the Canal Corridor will be like in the future. There are a variety of sections, including panel discussions, pecha kucha presentations (pecha kucha is a presentation with 20 seconds per slide for 20 slides), and networking breaks, as well as an hour lunch. Reservations required.
CITY: Channahon


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Mold Craft Casting & Jigging Lure Kit
Sale price: Clearance price: Starting at: Sale starting at: Clearance starting at: Reg. price:
This highly versatile Mold Craft Casting and Jigging Lure Kit includes an outstanding assortment of Mold Craft's most effective casting and jigging lures. There are two each of three sizes of super-durable American made powder coated jig heads, plus an assortment of six each of 7" and 10" eels and 8" Casta Hoo for a total of 24 pieces in a reusable lure bag.
- Two 3/8-oz., 5/0 Mustad® jigheads
- Two 3/4, 7/0 Mustad jigheads
- Two 1-1/2-oz., 8/0 jigheads
- Six 7" eels
- Six 10" eels
- Six 8" Casta Hoo
- Reusable lure bag


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Subtotal |
$85.50 |
The contrast of your personalized colors on an ornate emblem offers a pretty prelude to your elegant wedding theme. Simple yet stunning, this Wedding Place Card from our Royal Emblem design suite is an exceptional way to flaunt your regal sense of style!
This Place Card design features a folded layout for easy display on your reception tables. Personalize the front and back with your own choice of colors, fonts, and wording. This design is also available in coordinating Table Numbers.
Layout Number |
Size |
RECB-12004 | 3.5" x 2" (folded) |


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this just in just back from training and our first trail ride 3 Attachment(s) Well i got my boy back from training about a month ago and we have been spending lots of time in the round pen..sooo we took a nice 2 hour trail ride the other day..all we did was walk at a very nice pace and i walked most of it(did not want to over work him). just wanted to get him out and see new things..we had so much fun..he is 3 will be 4 in january so we have many more trail rides ahead of us just wanted to share a few pics |
I know I'm kind of late replying, but what is that thing on his head?? Some kind of hackamore? |
it is a nylon side pull if you attach the reins on the sides or a bosel is you attach underneath i just do not have the reins hooked to it.. it kinda like have a halter and lead ropes is how my trainer explained it to me..It what she gave me to use when i got him home..at home i use a snaffle but this is what i brought for the day he likes it better. |
^^ Oh, ok. Never seen that before..Cool :) REALLY PRETTY HORSE! |
Thats great you both did well. Sounds like he is going to be a fine trail horse. Its a real challenge getting them exposed to everything the world has in it, isn't it?:lol: |
Sounds like you two had a great experience! :D |
I used a hackamore like yours,me and my horse love it. |
Quick question - The second horse in your picture ... does that rider have the saddlebag UNDER the saddle? |
It works, dosen't it? |
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Just a few random thoughts
• Had a great weekend with the family
• Just signed some papers for a litttle something that's coming down the road (won't reveal until the time is right!)
• I ended up purchasing the painting that I did with my son's class. I couldn't part with it so I overbid everyone to get it. This way I get to help out the school and we get to keep the painting. I'm happy!
• I have A LOT of work to do this week so I may not be posting much in the next few days.
• Still coming up with more ideas for my cards; still working on the website. Trying to still meet my self-imposed deadline of November.
• So the curiousity is killing me here...who's reading all this? Comments anyone? ;)
5 comments:
I've stumbled upon your website before. It must've been someone's link page, I can't remember. Then I saw you again after signing on SB. I read quite a few blogs, just too shy to comment.
I think we're kind of on the same road, except you're many months ahead and also one kid ahead. LOL
You have great work in your portfolio. Your logo work is awesome, simple and gets identity across.I'm reading for the first time. I saw'r that you had a link to my site (tracking system, but don't worry - all I see is the referring link of someone who visits).
You should show off the logos. Unless they're not to be revealed yet for some reason. Logo design is a special skill that not many people get the hang of, so to get this sorta honour is a pretty sweet deal. Congrats!Thanks for the visit and comments Jeope! I'm not sure if you know but I'm PZ01 over at H-Lounge. I love your illustrations and feel they make mine look like I'm a kindergartener!!! ;)
You're right about the logos. I've been meaning to post them but something always comes up. Will try to post them over the weekend.


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Coverage: ESPN/WatchESPN
9:00 PM ET, March 6, 2013
AT&T Center, San Antonio, TX
Top Performers
Chi: M. Belinelli 21 Pts, 2 Reb, 7 Ast
SA: T. Duncan 18 Pts, 10 Reb, 1 Ast, 1 Stl, 5 Blk
SAN ANTONIO, TX - MARCH 6: Head Coach Gregg Popovich of the San Antonio Spurs speaks with Patty Mills #8 during a game against the Chicago Bulls on March 6, 2013 at the AT&T Center in San Antonio, Texas. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, user is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. Mandatory Copyright Notice: Copyright 2012 NBAE (Photos by D. Clarke Evans/NBAE via Getty Images)


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Tim Collins left Wednesday's Cactus League game against the Rangers with left elbow soreness.
Yovani Gallardo was hit around on Wednesday against the Rangers, allowing four runs in 1 2/3 innings.
Peter O'Brien went 2-for-3 with an RBI single in a win over the Rockies Wednesday.
Rubby De La Rosa struck out two over two scoreless innings of work in his Cactus League debut against the Rockies Wednesday.
Colby Lewis took a drubbing in Wednesday's Cactus League opener, allowing six runs in one inning of work.
Avisail Garcia walked, doubled twice, knocked in a run, and scored a run in three at-bats as the White Sox earned a 6-4 victory over the Dodgers on Wednesday.
Zach Putnam was sidelined Wednesday with a stomach ailment.
Joc Pederson singled, doubled, and scored a run in two at-bats in Wednesday's Cactus League opener.


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Posts Tagged ulv communications department
Mimi's perfect fit
Radio broadcast major Mimi Assefa tells the tale of her catwalk career.
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Books, beauty and cowboy boots
Amanda Gomez balances La Verne student life and her western upbringing.
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Getting it all on film in La Verne and beyond
Five-time Emmy nominee Bill Neill has deep roots in La Verne.


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- Conference date: 11–15 May 2009
- Location: Albany (New York)
Characterization of semiconductor thin films has long been determined by a number of traditional surface analysis techniques; Auger, ESCA/XPS, SEM‐EDS and SIMS to name only a few. Depth profiles, contamination in the thin film or quantitative stoichiometry are specific application examples that predicate the technique best suited for the analysis need. The evolution of photovoltaic (PV) thin film compositions with new chemistries and growing importance of atomic layer deposition (ALD) for semiconductor and nanoscale applications provide a sustaining need for thin film analyses along with an avenue for new analytical tools.
In this paper we will discuss the applications of two non‐traditional material analysis techniques for the semiconductor and PV applications, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (RF GD‐OES) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICP‐MS). Depth profiles are available via both techniques with the ability to analyze monolayers (single nm) as well as analysis in the bulk (μm thickness). Depth resolution capabilities allow analysis without surface equilibrium issues seen with other techniques. In addition, the charging effect that can cause issues with electron and ion beam techniques is avoided with RF GD‐OES and LA ICP‐MS, and thus analysis of both conductive and non‐conductive materials is very straight‐forward.
Contaminant analysis in thin films is very straight‐forward and elements across the periodic table are analyzed in a simultaneous mode with both techniques. Detection limits to part‐per‐billion levels can be achieved and quantitation at low concentrations up to 99% achieved with LA ICP‐MS. Lastly, t will be discussed that for some thin film applications, LA ICP‐MS and RF GD‐OES provide advantages over more traditional techniques, and these aspects as well as complementary features will be discussed.
Key Topics
- Materials analysis
- 6.0
- Solar energy
- 4.0
- Semiconductor thin films
- 3.0
- Semiconductors
- 3.0
- Atomic layer deposition
- 2.0
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Likes Given
dgasmd liked post by jameswilson29 On thread : Do dock lines go with the boat?Your situation illustrates the need to define exactly what you are buying, and how a list of excluded items isn't clear enough. On the contract I used for my own purchase in Va./Md., you can see...Liked On: 05-15-2013, 10:41 AM
Posted On: 05-14-2013, 01:35 PMdgasmd liked post by jimgo On thread : Do dock lines go with the boat?Is this a one-of-a-kind boat? If not, tell him that unless he performs under the contract, you'll be stopping payment on the check. There are too many other boats for sale out there.Liked On: 05-15-2013, 10:40 AM
Posted On: 05-14-2013, 01:27 PMdgasmd liked post by DRFerron On thread : Do dock lines go with the boat?If the dock lines were not included in the list on the contract, I would think you have cause to push back. After all, that's the point of making a list of things that don't stay with the boat. ...Liked On: 05-15-2013, 10:39 AM
Posted On: 05-14-2013, 01:22 PMdgasmd liked post by benesailor On thread : Look at that!!!!! The Greek are crazy..or BraveSee how stable that ship was? Watch for the camera shake or the side rail movement. Talk about precision, looks like a daily occurrence. See how fast everyone moved? and the vehicle traffic? ...Liked On: 05-10-2013, 07:06 PM
Posted On: 05-08-2013, 07:51 PMdgasmd liked post by Classic30 On thread : What do you do on a rainy day in paradise?You could always go for a swim... it doesn't rain underwater. ;)Liked On: 01-29-2013, 07:56 PM
Posted On: 01-24-2013, 08:50 PMdgasmd liked post by Zanshin On thread : What are your other passions?Some of my other methods of getting rid of disposable time & income (hobbies) in pictures...Liked On: 01-24-2013, 12:11 PM
Posted On: 01-24-2013, 08:10 AMdgasmd liked post by rockDAWG On thread : Boat Cards: Pompous & Anal or A Good Idea?Pompous is a strong word, but a boat card is not my cup of tea. Likewise, I don't name my cars either. I use business cards in my profession, but that is for business. Cruising is for pleasure; it...Liked On: 01-22-2013, 06:04 PM
Posted On: 01-21-2013, 02:47 PMdgasmd liked post by Melrna On thread : Need a Bahamas Cruise ItineraryBahamas in the summer. As a local, I am not sure you can do the Abacos without Rush, Rush Rush. You can leave from Ft Lauderdale and ride the GS to Memory Rock and than cut over as others have...Liked On: 01-06-2013, 11:20 PM
Posted On: 01-06-2013, 04:55 PMdgasmd liked post by PorFin On thread : How do I know how much I need?dg, There's plenty on the net about this -- but it'll take a good bit of time to wade through it all. As you can guess, your numbers will depend on what you've got on the boat. The best...Liked On: 12-20-2012, 12:28 AM
Posted On: 12-19-2012, 11:52 PMdgasmd liked post by bigdogandy On thread : Local boat buying assistanceI'm up for helping anyone with this on the Florida east coast between Daytona and Ft. Pierce....contact via Sailnet PM is good.Liked On: 10-14-2012, 10:58 AM
Posted On: 02-26-2012, 08:07 PMdgasmd liked post by Stumble On thread : The iPad thread! who uses an iPad for sailing?Apparently Brookhouse is taking orders for the imux, but for some reason their website has it listed as not being sold. Honestly though if I was going to redo this set up I would switch to...Liked On: 09-24-2012, 03:44 PM
Posted On: 05-23-2012, 05:07 AMdgasmd liked post by smackdaddy On thread : The iPad thread! who uses an iPad for sailing?Ladies and drunks, welcome to Sextant 9.0! Yeah baby!Liked On: 09-24-2012, 03:42 PM
Posted On: 05-23-2012, 12:14 AMdgasmd liked post by rhr1956 On thread : Pictures of your boatHere is my other boat...sorta...I chartered it for a week in BVI. Was sweet...http://i1217.photobucket.com/albums/dd392/rhr1956/BVI%20Honeymoon/43489400.jpgLiked On: 09-17-2012, 03:19 PM
Posted On: 08-11-2012, 05:02 PMdgasmd liked post by Bene505 On thread : Hurricane is a comin, now what???In case you are interested, a good site for tracking hurricanes is here: Hurricane Spaghetti Models / Spaghetti Charts / Tropical Forecast / Hurricane Charts Models / Tropical Update...Liked On: 08-23-2012, 06:41 PM
Posted On: 08-23-2012, 01:08 PMdgasmd liked post by wingNwing On thread : American cruisers seem really out of shapeIs the US subsidizing the wrong foods? Probably. You can pay more money to buy healthier food now, or pay the doctor bills later -- personal choice in action, right? ...Liked On: 08-10-2012, 11:55 AM
Posted On: 08-10-2012, 10:26 AM
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Author of fiction books....Books about life with a twist of fantasy. Diverse stories with a distinctive flair.
Marcia has written stories all her life and wrote her first novel, Soul Search, in 1997. Her books are varied in their subjects, but consistent in their appeal. Marcia's background is as wide and varied as her books. She was born in New Jersey, but raised in Houston, Texas. She has lived in New Mexico, New Orleans, Dallas, and Austin. She began her working career in the design drafting industry and spent many years designing everything from chemical piping to bakery equipment. She taught AutoCAD at several technical schools and supported herself many times by designing custom homes. After marrying her husband, she joined him in a landscape business in Houston, which she currently runs along with her husband of 8 years, Richard.With such a varied background Marcia has many experiences to use to create her stories. Even though most of her fiction has some element of fantasy in it, she bases the characters and circumstances around true events and people.
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About the Blogger
Tim Race
Tim Race began his career in paint technology with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, where he was nicknamed "Paint Dude" by his future wife. He later served as a consultant, working for Corrosion Control Consultants and Labs and independently. Race received the SSPC Technical Achievement Award in 1998 and was named an industry Top Thinker by JPCL in 2012. After 30 years in the industry, he is now enjoying retirement and letting his wife do the heavy lifting.
Tuesday, December 4, 2012
Tap ... tap … tap...
Between the years of 1660 and 1664, my ninth great-grandfather Andries Rees was repeatedly dragged before the magistrate in the Dutch colony of Nieuw Amsterdam. The charge was tapping on Sunday.
Employed as a soldier by the Dutch West India Company, Andries arrived in the colony around 1650. His tapping establishment was located just below the fortified wall that we now know as Wall Street.
Sometime after the Dutch capitulation to the British in 1665, Andries and his wife Celitje gave up tapping and soldiering and moved up the Hudson River Valley.
The verdant valley was populated with Dutch farming families named Roosevelt, Van Buren, Fonda, etc.—the descendants of whom would become American presidents and movie actors. My more pedestrian Rees ancestors eventually Anglicized the family name to the like-sounding Race.
Tinkering and Tapping
My own tapping tradition began on a Sunday in the cargo hold of a Greek-owned oil tanker. It was my first day on the job as a consultant, and my new boss was tinkering with a procedure that we would soon refer to as the tapping test.
Amtec Consultants
To perform the tapping test, we used a painter's 5-in-1 tool to tap the painted surface. Tap, tap, tap. What we were looking for was brittle failure of the coating.
Brittle coating failure speaks to the mechanical properties of the coating. The test can also be used to evaluate the relationship between the mechanical properties of the coating and the surface preparation.
The more brittle the coating and the smoother the steel substrate, the more likely it is that the tap test will cause the coating to delaminate. Brittle coating failure is typically a response to an external force, such as impact or flexure, applied to the coating.
Brittleness Basics
The degree of brittleness of a coating often depends on formulation factors. Specific coating types are known to be more brittle than others. Plasticizers are typically added to coatings to compensate for an inherent brittleness.
Brittleness can also be a function of the conditions under which a coating is cured. Curing epoxy coatings at low temperatures or with poor ventilation may result in a film with poor mechanical properties. Often times, the poor mechanical properties manifest as film disbondment.
More often than not, these disbondment failures are subsequently evaluated using the standardized pull-off adhesion test. This can lead to confusion, because the results are often uniformly excellent or randomly poor/excellent. How come?
There are two problems with using tensile adhesion tests if the underlying cause of failure is a brittle coating.
First is the fact that a tensile adhesion test is not intended to evaluate the effects of shear force. If the test is done correctly, the force is applied in the vertical direction with little or no shear. Mechanical stresses applied to a coating in service are just not well replicated by a tensile adhesion test.
When a steel substrate flexes, the force applied to the coating is parallel to the surface. Random poor/excellent tensile adhesion results often result when inferior test equipment or poor technique result in the sporadic introduction of shear stress in addition to tensile stress.
The second reason why pull-off adhesion may fail to identify or diagnose brittle coating failure is the fact that the force is applied slowly. Brittle failure is initiated when the stress is applied rapidly, such as when a stone impacts the coating or when the substrate flexes.
Failure Finesse
And hence the tap test, an ingenuous non-standardized method that can be used to rapidly assess the mechanical properties of a coating.
In the hands of an experienced evaluator, it can be used to identify incipient brittle failure or to diagnose one possible cause of a coating disbondment failure. If brittle failure has been diagnosed, then the investigator will know what factors need to be addressed in their failure analysis.
Just don't confuse the test with the recreational tapping that my ancestor performed as a public service to the residents of Nieuw Amsterdam.
Comment from David Zuskin, (12/13/2012, 6:04 AM)
A 5 in 1 scraper has at least three surfaces that could be used for the tapping test: the butt of the handle, the sharp corner of the scraper blade and the opposite side flat edge of the scraper blade. Which area do you use?
Comment from Tim Race, (12/13/2012, 11:47 AM)
David - you can use either the sharp corner of the scraper blade or the opposite side flat edge of the scraper blade.
Comment from Tom Schwerdt, (12/17/2012, 11:51 AM)
Tapping can be quite useful for a fairly rapid qualitative evaluation of a large painted surface or structure, especially for isolating scattered or patchy failure. The variation in sound, bounceback of the tool and marring of the surface are all telling characteristics when tapping. In addition to the brittle failure described in the article, other failure modes such as overly soft areas can readily be identified by this method.
Comment from Tim Race, (12/18/2012, 8:14 AM)
Tom - good points and I am glad to see that others are also doing this.
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