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Why does your bird scream or talk quietly, jibber jabber, etc.
Mine does for specific reasons. He speaks quietly when he's content and feeling good, (or sometimes, romantic), he has what I call his 'alarm call'. That is when something is in his territory that he feels should not be there. He has a 'flock call', if he is looking for me, he will do this call. Mostly, these are what I hear during the day. I never hear sounds coming from my bird for no reason. At evening time, when the sun is going down, he will go OFF!! I believe that is to let his flock know where he is, (as though we need help, geez). I also think, in Amigo's case, he's letting all who are in his territory, know that he is there and there will be no trespassing!!
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Mare Miller (05-02-2012) |
Re: Why does your bird scream or talk quietly, jibber jabber, etc.
I think that the mumbles and mutters mean quite a lot, in bird speak, (my opinion) . Living with a free flight bird, I have come to sense that their vocalizations have different meanings for different situations. There is NO mistaking the "alarm" call. I am sorry that I'm not familiar with any bird besides a U2. I'm curious to see how much alike our parrots really are in relation to their calls.
Last edited by Mare Miller; 05-02-2012 at 10:24 PM. |
Re: Why does your bird scream or talk quietly, jibber jabber, etc.
A lot of times, that "jibber, jabber" (at night, particularly), is when they practice words to say. If you listen closely, often you'll hear sounds that seem to be parts of words that they are forming & practicing in their brains. They seem to go over & over what they are trying to say. And after they learn the words, they'll say them to themselves as if to memorize them. I love that!
It is no coincidence that Birds and Angels both have wings! If God made anything more wonderful than Birds, He kept it for Himself! |
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Mare Miller (05-02-2012) |
Re: Why does your bird scream or talk quietly, jibber jabber, etc.
I've never heard Amigo do the jibber, jabber. I remember Molcan2 talking about it with her Moluccan, Rome, and couldn't relate. I was in the pet shop that I buy supplies at, last week, and they had an M2 in there doing THE jibber, jabber!!! I could hear his voice the second I walked into the store. Their voice is amazing! Really different from anything I've ever heard come out of Amigo's beak!
Re: Why does your bird scream or talk quietly, jibber jabber, etc.
My birds feel it's their duty to alert my dog, so he can start barking... The birds hear things ahead of the dog... but, it works...
Lene |
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Mare Miller (05-03-2012) |
Re: Why does your bird scream or talk quietly, jibber jabber, etc.
Codie jibber jabbers for about an hour each day! Its usually early evening time and always when she is in her Cage She also squawks very, very loudly whenever she cant see me!! I am working on that one by trying to ignore her when she does it!
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Mare Miller (05-03-2012) |
Re: Why does your bird scream or talk quietly, jibber jabber, etc.
nut is a quiet bird, she only calls out when she is caged and there is some1 else in the house, in another room, even these are a polite excuse me?? ahem.... type call.
she can also do a quiet high pitch siren scream! when she feels her calls are not being answered, this is rare and only happens when she knows we have guests in another room, and she cannot see/greet them when she is caged, and she knows some1 is leaving, she will say bye bye as we walk out the door, she never says it if person leaving is in the room when content or to greet ppl she likes she mumbles *i love you, i think she thinks saying *i love you, also means she can then go on, to chewing your clothes, zips, buttons etc but what i have noticed is, that when we gather as a family, especially after being out, she will mumble or jibber jabber sounds as if to join in our conversations amigo sounds like he has the life of reily, the kinda life we wish we could provide for our birds |
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Mare Miller (05-03-2012) |
Re: Why does your bird scream or talk quietly, jibber jabber, etc.
I'd agree, Amigo has one lovely lifestyle. Very jealous
Merlin is vocal, but not annoyingly vocal. He does pleasent whistles and chatters away to himself. When he's tired his whistles become low, quiet and drawn out. He does flock call when someone leaves the room, but this usually stops after about 5 mins or so when he realises that we're not coming back for him whilst he screams. He then turns to pleasant whistles and we'll come back to him. He makes a laughing kind of sound whenever we laugh, or he'll do it after we/he has dropped something, it's always very good timing. He also does a clicking noise, which he's learnt from us and he does that often too, just wandering about on the floor and he'll tut tut tut. I can certainly tell what mood he is in from his whistles. + he knows which whistles get him out of trouble! If he's destroying something he'll do his cute, quiet 'wooo' whistles which makes me and my other half melt. Hm, I love Merlin. <3 Just took a short video, he's quite sleepy but he's interested in the camera, so he's tutting and woowooing Last edited by Mayden; 05-03-2012 at 07:01 AM. |
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Re: Why does your bird scream or talk quietly, jibber jabber, etc.
Puffin always starts his day with a practice of his vocabulary and it always starts the same way......as soon as he hears me turn the kettle on it's " dad, I want a cup of tea" then he just goes on and on saying all he knows. As soon as I take his cover off I get a " Good morning" and he jabbers away until I give him breakfast. As soon as I put my foot on the stairs he starts calling " HAYLEY" ( my daughters name) and he continues to call her VERY LOUDLY until she gets out of bed and yells back " I am up!". Through the day he just talks on and off, he has 50 different ways he says " hello" and at night he sits with us watching tv and chats away and this is usually when we notice something new he has learnt.Tonight he new one is " what" and I think so far he has said it 60 times!
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Mare Miller (05-03-2012) |
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Volunteer with Kay Meek
Looking for a fun volunteer opportunity? Kay Meek Centre volunteers serve as ushers, ticket takers,concession and in other support roles for performances at Kay Meek Centre.
Please note: We are currently oversubscribed with Ushers, if you would like to be added to our wait list, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com
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The new video for the summer pump up jam "They Don't Love You No More".
Tag Archives: Rick Ross
Rozay accompanied by: Wale, Gunplay, Rockie Fresh, Fat Trel, Tracy T & French Montana.
Actor Wood Harris makes a cameo in the latest 'Mastermind' visual.
Does Hov take a jab at Drake on Khaled's first single, "They Don't Love You No More"?
New Meek Mill song/video for his upcoming album 'Dreams Worth More Than Money'.
An interview with the man behind Rick Ross' hit "Drug Dealers Dream".
OutKast continues to fulfill their Reunion tour promises.
A must-hear solely for Common's new verse.
For the visuals, Puff Daddy also kicks it in Crenshaw with Snoop Dogg.
Diddy's first single off his upcoming album, Money Making Mitch.
Sans Jay Z, here's the Bawse in a Maybach for his latest video.
August Alsina tells all.
Like the "Drunk In Love" emoji video? Here's the new one for "Sanctified".
@Srirachana reports with the best shows, parties, and new artists we saw at SXSW!
Rick Ross and Jeezy come together for this new video for the track "War Ready" from 'Mastermind'.
Kanye West & Big Sean are surprise guests for "Sanctified" on Arsenio.


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Nick Hornby and 'A Long Way Down'
Nick Hornby talks about his most recent book, A Long Way Down, which is now out in paperback. Many of Hornby's novels have been made into films, including About a Boy and High Fidelity. He also writes "Stuff I've Been Reading," a column for The Believer magazine. This segment originally aired on June 15, 2005.
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"Brilliantly written & narrated"
This was my first Belinda Alexandra book & I am so very impressed I have gotten into her other titles. For me this book gives me strength, no matter what life throws at you, it is nothing the strong girl in this book & her friends are dealt don't take within their stride. A gripping tale of a young Ophan living through the horrors of being wrongly accused in the age of fascism and surviving the war through the eyes of the Florentine Italians. Your credit will not be wasted with this great story.
"Good but a drama and really sad at times"
This is one of my favorite author and probably my favorite narrator. Yet, this book gave me some mixed feelings because it was very sad. There were times I had to speed up the narration to end the overwhelmingly depressing scenes in the book. I must admit I got frustrated by the sequence of bad events throughout the story. The story and plot are solid in this novel; a good set of characters and very interesting with many well researched facts of the time and era of the story is impressive. I enjoyed the book and recommend to all listeners that enjoy long good books.
"Loved it!"
What an amazing story. It had depth of character, many stories intertwined, and wonderful narration. This is the 2nd Belinda Alexandra book I've read. I loved it!
"Long and Gruesome"
This book went into a lot of gruesome detail at times. It wasn't bad and narrator does an awesome job. I love her accent. It wasn't the worst listen but I would have skipped a lot if I were reading a hard copy.
Lady Iris
"Wonderful Historical Fiction"
This book takes you into the time between the 1st World War and the 2nd World War and then into the 2nd World War. However, this is not a war book. The book puts you into the life in Florence through the eyes and experiences of an orphan. There is also the mystery of where Rose came from that is slowly reveled through the book. This is a great read and I very much enjoyed it!
"Wonderful Story"
I love historical fiction and this story was wonderful to listen to. The narration was one of the best I have heard. I would definitely recommend this book.
"Wonderfully complex and compelling"
Firstly I must rave about Caroline Lee as narrator, she's amazing! Her command of Italian names and phrases wowed me with each such word spoken. She has the incredible talent of speaking with the voices of all the characters with such credibility that the narrator disappears and the characters come alive. The best narrator I have ever heard.
The accounts of Italy under Mussolini and during WW II were chilling. I wanted to know more and did some research on my own. We have heard so little of Italy's involvement during the war. This was quite an eye opener.
The scene with Luciano in the tunnel moved me the most. What an incredible story.
The title belies the breadth and depth of the book, but i like its subtlety.
This is by far the best audible experience that I have had and the best book I have every 'read'.
Brava Belinda!
yes, loved listening. couldn't wait to start listening again.
When Luchiano sacrificed himself to save Rosa
no, it took a couple of weeks while commuting in my car. Made the trip faster.
"For those who like "Chick" books."
No. The reviews were misleading and I did not expect this kind of a story and will certainly avoid this author in the future. The narration was good, but I could not finish this weepy, predictible story. It was boring and offers nothing new.
I would never have read the book. Caroline Lee is the only thing worth while about this story
Absolutely not!
Worst choice I ever made.
"Very drawn out..."
The story has a promising beginning, however disappoints in many ways. Many predictable turns in it. Unrealistic in the naivety of the main character who at the same time has abundant knowledge of the world having grown up in a sheltered community of the Monastery with nuns as the only contact.
It attempts at conveying historical events of the Italian involvement in the second world war, but somehow does not ring true.
It is unnecessarily long and boring at times.
I had read 2 other books of this author White gardenia and Wild Lavender. This book has disappointed me in comparison. Lacks the atmosphere of the others.


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It is loud enough it bothers other people eating at the table, even though my mouth is completely closed. The dentist has had me come back twice, for a total of 5 hours, but... READ MORE


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Snowman Toilet Paper Cover Up
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Capital markets
Peet sets the pace with convertible bond
PUBLISHED: 03 Jun 2011 00:06:43 | UPDATED: 06 Jun 2011 08:32:10PUBLISHED: 03 Jun 2011 PRINT EDITION: 03 Jun 2011Australian investors welcomed this year's first local retail convertible bond issue in a deal that offers investors a fixed 9.5 per cent annual yield.
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Does the list above contain your favorite Batman books? I am trying to figure out my own favorite three stories and are looking at friends favorites to help me determine my own.
@SC: Some of these are my favourite Batman books. I just re-read Year One and I think it's really, REALLY well done. But my favourite Batman stories are probably Gotham Central: Half A Life, Batman: Ego, and the whole Batman/Catwoman relationship from Long Halloween to Heart of Hush. While we're exchanging recommendations, which are your favourite Marvel stories? (Journey Into Mystery is up there, yes?)Also, *hugs!
@cosmo111687: Thank you Cosmo - I will be doing some heavy Batman rereading soon, oh and I have not read Year One yet. Plus might be blogging about him (I like Batman sometimes but other times don't, so will try and deconstruct the why and how) Oh Marvel hmm, I am a few months behind on Marvel (and DC) Journey Into Mystery I really liked - I wouldn't recommend its current issues though as its in the middle of a mini cross over and changing creative team and focus soon but Kieron Gillen's first two or three arcs are great. Its new direction seems potentially promising as well, as will focus on Sif and will be written by Kathryn Immonen but you never know. X-Factor I always like as well and its stand alone apart from other books for the most part. Plus PAD has had years on it so it flows really well. Awh thanks and miss you - step into CV when you can for a visit please. Take care!


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nuclear power plants
Japan's Largest Nuclear Power Station Moves to Center of Reactor Restart Efforts
The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant, composed of seven nuclear reactors, is one of the world's largest power stations. Getting all of the reactors at the site online again is emerging as a key priority for the government and for TEPCO which owns and operates the plant.[read more]
Should NRC Spend Time and Money Simplifying Transition to Decommissioning?
In the past three years, five nuclear reactors in the United States have permanently ceased operations and are in the process of transitioning to a decommissioning status. There is not a well defined process for making that transition and for applying appropriate, risk-informed regulations.[read more]
Prevention is Easier and Less Painful Than Cure: Keep Vermont Yankee Operable
For many reasons, including lack of focused attention by some of the people who will be most affected, the Vermont Yankee saga is in the bottom of the ninth, the home team is behind by a run or two, there are two outs, and there is already one strike on the batter at the plate.[read more]
DoE Announces $12.5B in Loans for Advanced Nuclear
The Department of Energy issued a loan guarantee solicitation for $12.5 billion on Wednesday for innovative nuclear projects. This comes on top of $8 billion for advanced fossil energy projects last December, and $6.5 billion for two nuclear reactors in February, the first new to be built in the U.S. in about 30 years.[read more]
Examining the Risks of Nuclear Terrorism
The standard risk analysis algorithm for making risk comparisons is to multiply the severity and magnitude of hazards with their probabilities of occurrence. This algorithm is considered by some to be callous, as it can excessively minimize a dreadful hazard which has a small probability, dooming some to experience it.[read more]
The IPCC's Shifting Position on Nuclear Energy as a Climate Option
The International Panel on Climate Change was formed in 1988 by the UN. Its report on Response Strategies in 1990 seemed fairly neutral about strategies, proposing "[e]xpansion of conventional nuclear power plants" along with "[s]tandardized design of nuclear power plants to improve economics and safety.[read more]
Clean and Reliable, But Not so Cheap: Is the Nuclear Renaissance About to Get a Reboot in the UK?
"Nothing that comes after will be able to detract from the importance of this first great step forward." Here Sir Edwin Plowden is referring not to the UK's latest foray into nuclear power, but rather to the grand opening of Britain's first atomic plant more than half a century previously, in October 1956.[read more]
Britain's First Nuclear Power Plant In A Generation Isn't A Great Deal, But Neither Are The Alternatives
The European Commission announced that Britain's first new nuclear power plant for over twenty years does not violate state aid laws, and it now appears certain that it will be built. Hinkley C has been described as the "most expensive power plant ever built" by the usual assortment of green voices.[read more]
Can Nuclear Energy Secure Financing? Nuclear Power and the Capital Challenge
Quite often we hear about the problem of attracting financing to support new build nuclear projects. While it is easy to agree that financing nuclear projects is a big challenge, in my view difficulty securing financing is not the issue – rather it is a symptom of a number of other very important issues that are the root cause.[read more]
Opportunity to Use Science to Establish Radiation Standards
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPR) to solicit comments from the general public and affected stakeholders about 40 CFR 190, Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Nuclear Power Operations.[read more]
HTR-PM: Nuclear-Heated Gas Producing Superheated Steam
The first HTR-PM (High Temperature Reactor – Pebble Module), one of the more intriguing nuclear plant designs, is currently under construction on the coast of the Shidao Bay near Weihai, China. This system uses evolutionary engineering design principles that give it a high probability of success.[read more]
Floating Nuclear Plants Could Ride Out Tsunamis
When an earthquake and tsunami struck the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant complex in 2011, neither the quake nor the inundation caused the ensuing contamination. Rather, it was the aftereffects, the lack of cooling for the reactor cores due to a shutdown of all power, that caused the harm.[read more]
A Small Bet with Big Stakes
Back in November 2011, I made a bet with economist Geoff Rothwell about the future of nuclear power. By making a bet we weren't trying to trivialize the issue. To the contrary. We had different predictions, and we saw this as a way of standing behind our beliefs, albeit in a modest way.[read more]
Baucus Proposal A Promising Start, But Neglects Existing Nuclear
Last month, Senate Finance Chairman Max Baucus released a new proposal that would replace the forty-two existing energy tax incentives with two "technology neutral" tax credits, one for electricity fuels and the other for transportation fuels.[read more]
Nuclear: Brussels Launches State Aid Probe Into Cameron's Project [VIDEO]
Hughes Belin, leading energy journalist for viEUws - the EU Policy Broadcaster, looks into the merits of the European Commission's decision to open a state aid probe into the new nuclear power project at Hinkley Point C in the United Kingdom.[read more]
Scott Edward Anderson is a consultant, blogger, and media commentator who blogs at The Green Skeptic. More »
Christine Hertzog is a consultant, author, and a professional explainer focused on Smart Grid. More »
Elias Hinckley is a strategic advisor on energy finance and energy policy to investors, energy companies and governments More »
Gary Hunt Gary is an Executive-in-Residence at Deloitte Investments with extensive experience in the energy & utility industries. More »
Jesse Jenkins is a graduate student and researcher at MIT with expertise in energy technology, policy, and innovation. More »
Kelly Klima is a Research Scientist at the Department of Engineering and Public Policy of Carnegie Mellon University. More »
Jim Pierobon helps trade associations/NGOs, government agencies and companies communicate about cleaner energy solutions. More »
Geoffrey Styles is Managing Director of GSW Strategy Group, LLC and an award-winning blogger. More »
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Welcoming new citizens
Flipside: Answers to the immigration test questions
Each year during the week of July 4, the Homeland Security Department's U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services holds ceremonies to honor people who have recently become citizens.
This year, USCIS hosted 150 July 4 citizenship ceremonies for 18,000 people in various locations nationwide -- many of them at prominent national and historic landmarks.
USCIS' Web site features a self-test about U.S. history and government. It notes that the self-test is not the actual test, which a USCIS officer administers, but it can be used as a study guide.
1. How many senators are there in Congress? a. 100. b. 50. c. Based on the size of the population. d. 435.
2. Who said, 'Give me liberty or give me death"? a. George Washington. b. Benjamin Franklin. c. Patrick Henry. d. Thomas Jefferson.
3. What is the basic belief of the Declaration of Independence? a. That there are 50 states in the Union. b. That all men are created equal. c. That George Washington was the first president of the United States. d. That the flag is red, white and blue.
4. How many times may a congressman be re-elected? a. Once. b. There is no limit. c. Four times. d. Six times.
5. Can the Constitution be changed? a. Yes. b. No. c. Yes, but only by the president. d. Yes, but only by the voters.
6. Why are there 100 senators in the Senate? a. Because that is all that fits in the Senate Gallery. b. Because it must have half the number of the representatives. c. Tradition. d. Two from each state.
7. What do the stripes on the flag mean? a. One for each state in the union. b. One for each Article of the Constitution. c. The Cabinet. d. They represent the 13 original states.
8. What are the 13 original states? a. Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Zealand, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Rhode Island, Maryland. b. Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Rhode Island, Maryland. c. Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Rhode Island, Maryland. d. Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Rhode Island, Maryland, Washington, D.C.
9. What are the three branches of our government? a. Democratic, Republican, Independent. b. Department of Justice, Department of State, Department of Defense. c. Legislative, Executive, Judicial. d. Police, Education, Legislative.
10. What is the supreme law of the United States? a. The Declaration of Independence. b. The Bill of Rights. c. The Magna Carta. d. The Constitution.
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The law's certification and approval provisions empower CIOs to end outdated software development projects, says Agilex's Roger Baker.
The new chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee extends an olive branch to the minority, but keeps subpoena power for himself.
FCW investigated efforts by the departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs to improve a joint data repository on military and veteran suicides. Something as impersonal and mundane as incomplete datasets could be exacerbating a national tragedy.
Despite delays, the program is at a critical point for determining the ultimate impact of cloud technology in the government space.
In an interview with FCW, the Department of Veterans Affairs' chief technology officer talks about overhauling the digital experience for VA customers.
The National Information Exchange Model's usefulness extends far beyond its origins in justice and law enforcement.


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Two injured west of Osage in one-vehicle accident
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Two people were taken by ambulance Monday afternoon to a Park Rapids hospital following a one-vehicle accident on Highway 34 west of Osage.
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Good Questions Uncover Client Related Problems
In his book SPIN Selling, Neil Rackham discovered that sellers are fearful of asking problem questions while buyers welcome them. Buyers report that professionals, who ask problem questions seem to understand the business, seem to talk about valuable things and are more interesting.
Apr 20 2004
IRS Awards $7.5 Million to Tax Clinics Assisting Low Income Taxpayers
The National Taxpayer Advocate, Nina Olson, announced that the Internal Revenue Service has awarded $7.5 million in matching grants to Low Income Taxpayer Clinics (LITCs). This amount will fund 135 clinics in 2004.
Apr 19 2004
OpenPages Acquires PwC's Sarbanes-Oxley Software
PricewaterhouseCoopers is getting out of the compliance software business.PwC and compliance platform vendor OpenPages announced last week that OpenPages has acquired the audit firm's software product for Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) compliance. Terms of the deal were not announced.PwC's product, called Internal Controls Workbench (ICW), will become OpenPages ICW. OpenPages already offers SOX Express, and has 50 clients and more than 7,500 users.
Apr 18 2004
2004 Retirement Confidence Survey: Percentage of Americans Saving Stagnant Since 2001
What will it take to get more Americans to save and plan for retirement? Despite a recovering economy and efforts to educate the population about the importance of planning and saving for retirement, the percentage of Americans who say they are saving for retirement remains stagnant.
Apr 14 2004
SOS from Financial Institutions: Stop Excessive Spending on Risk and Compliance!
BearingPoint, Inc., a business consulting and systems integration firm, announced the findings of a survey of leading financial institutions, conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), that found wasteful spending and duplication of efforts around risk management and financial transparency, due to the absence of data standards.
Apr 13 2004
Executive Compensation Emerges as Number One Corporate Governance Issue
Executive compensation has emerged as the top corporate governance issue this proxy season. Compensation panels are being scrutinized at unprecedented levels and shareholders are voting "no" on them when a disconnect between pay and performance is observed."The perceived failure of boards of directors to self-regulate and curtail excessive executive compensation has increasingly angered shareholders and incited dialogue regarding legislation to control compensation," states Bill Ide, Sr.
Apr 13 2004
Spitzer's Office Adds $250 Million to State Coffers
The New York State Attorney General's office has doubled the amount of money it won in fines and restitution last year, thanks to a number of multimillion-dollar settlements with firms on Wall Street.Eliot Spitzer's office won $786 million last year in judgments and settlements — the highest ever — up from $352 million the year before, the Wall Street Journal reported."As a result of the office's activities, more than half a billion dollars will be returned to individual New Yorkers, and another $250 million will go to the state's coffers, which will reduce the tax burden on stat
Apr 13 2004
SEC Rethinking Late Trade Crackdown
The Securities and Exchange Commission may offer alternatives to its plan to stop late trading in mutual funds.While Chairman William Donaldson defended the 4 p.m. "hard close" proposal before the Senate Banking Committee Thursday, he acknowledged the concerns. The SEC has received almost 1,100 formal comments, mostly in opposition, the Chicago Tribune reported.Many investors and retirement plan administrators oppose the plan, which would require all mutual fund trades to be placed with the fund firm — not just brokers — by 4 p.m. Eastern time to receive that day's price.
Apr 12 2004
Analyst Identifies New Ways to Reduce Risk of ID Theft
Billions of dollars -- that's what identity theft costs U.S. businesses and consumers each year. New research clearly demonstrates that online banking, bill payment and statement viewing is one of the best ways businesses and their customers can protect themselves against identity theft. Yet, consumers still believe incorrectly that online financial transactions increase their risk of fraud.
Apr 9 2004
Increases in Audit Fees Not as Sharp as Expected
Companies that feared enormous increases in Sarbanes-Oxley Act-related audit fees can rest a little easier. The huge jump in fees doesn't seem to be materializing in most cases, USA Today reported.Financial Executives International (FEI) reported in February that 321 chief financial officers had predicted audit fee increases of up to 35 percent. Instead, based on a USA Today analysis of data from AuditAnalytics.com of the 100 largest Standard & Poor's 500 that have reported in for 2003, the jump in audit fees is more like 19 percent.
Apr 8 2004
FASB Issues Proposed Stock Option Rule
As expected, the Financial Accounting Standards Board moved yesterday to require employee stock option pay be shown as an expense on company financial statements, beginning next year, the Wall Street Journal reported.FASB has debated the issue for two years and the exposure draft issued yesterday was long awaited. Stock options, which give employees the right to buy company stock at a fixed price within a certain time period, have never been regulated or recognized as a company expense. They are reflected in the footnotes of the company's financial statements.
Mar 31 2004
Coping with Time Pressure in an 'I Want It Now' World
by Dr. Kerry L. JohnsonJohn needed to process the paperwork on 5 more sales by noon and had another 10 issues to iron out in underwriting. He was falling behind in his client calls and couldn't even get the standard paperwork done. His wife was getting ticked at him claiming he wasn't the guy she married. He hadn't spent more than 10 minutes with his kids in the last week. All this and he couldn't even claim he was making more money. John was feeling more stressed as the week went on. It didn't make sense. He should be able to coast a little after all these years.
Mar 30 2004
As Stock-Option Rule Nears, Opponents Turn up Heat
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is soon expected to require companies to expense stock options like other forms of compensation, but opponents are fiercely lobbying Congress to block the new rule.The anticipation of FASB action, which could come this week, has "galvanized the effort" said Jeffrey Peck, a lobbyist and consultant to the International Employee Stock Options Coalition.
Mar 29 2004
Community News
How do we Spread Flexibility in the Workplace?
Despite the desire by many attorneys at some time in their careers to have more flexibility in their working arrangements, particularly now that technology makes it so much easier, decision makers and even the candidates for flexibility themselves resist such arrangements. The deterrents to faster progress are perceived fears and uncalculated costs and benefits.
Mar 29 2004
SEC Investigates Executive Compensation at Tyson Foods
The Securities and Exchange Commission is investigating Tyson Foods Inc., looking into the compensation paid to the company's officers, including Chief Executive Officer John H. Tyson, 50, grandson of the company's founder.The world's largest meat processor acknowledged that the SEC's probe has shifted from informal to formal, Bloomberg reported.According to company filings with the SEC, Tyson received a 2003 salary of $993,590 plus a $2.5 million bonus and $325,286 in "other compensation." He was elected chairman in 1998 and became chairman in 2000.
Mar 29 2004
Community News
IMA Members Win Awards for Top CMA/CFM Scores
The Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) is honoring 18 IMA Members with awards for their superior scores on the Certified Management Accountant (CMA) and Certified Financial Manager (CFM) examinations, during summer 2003.Those who have achieved IMA's global CMA/CFM designations are among an elite group of distinguished managerial finance and accounting professionals who have advanced beyond the practical accounting skill set.
Mar 29 2004
Treasury, IRS Caution Taxpayers about Frivolous Tax Refund Claims on Stock Options
Last week, the Treasury Department and the IRS issued a notice cautioning taxpayers against promoters who purport to offer ways in which the taxpayers can avoid income tax or alternative minimum tax (AMT) from the exercise of stock options.
Mar 28 2004
IRS Says Credit-Counseling Firms May Face Prosecution
IRS Commissioner Mark Everson has threatened criminal prosecution and revocation of tax-exempt status for credit counseling companies that charge high fees and even fail to send money to the creditors of their debt-ridden customers.Everson told a Senate subcommittee on Wednesday that his agency's audits "may very well result in the lifting of some tax exemptions and, in fact, criminal referrals to the Department of Justice." Testifying before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee's investigative panel, Everson said audits on one-third of the $1 billion nonprofit industry should be com
Mar 28 2004
Homeowners Could See New Tax Break on PMI
Congress is considering a new tax deduction for homebuyers who could not afford a down payment amounting to 20 percent of the purchase price.Those homeowners have to pay private mortgage insurance, which banks and lenders charge when the down payment is below the 20 percent threshold. The Associated Press reported that under a tax plan before Congress, millions of lower-income homeowners would be able deduct that cost, which is significant in some cases.For example, the owner of a $160,000 house would pay $50 to $80 every month for private mortgage insurance, also known as PMI.
Mar 26 2004
AOL Launches 'Bill Pay' Service, AOL Personal Users Take Note
America Online, Inc., (AOL) announced this week the launch of AOL(R) Bill Pay, a new service that helps AOL's community of users save time and money with a streamlined way to track and pay bills online as well as manage their personal finances. AOL Bill Pay is more than just a bill payment service; it is a life management tool, according to AOL releases, that interacts with AOL emails, alerts and calendar. For example, alerts can be set up to notify members of large transactions on their credit cards, which may be an early indicator of identity theft or fraud.
Mar 24 2004
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text:
V Magazine's Glowing Spring Affair
V Magazine's Glowing Spring Affair
by Fashion
Like us on Facebook
V Magazine's Glowing Spring Affair
Always innovative and apparently optimistic, V Magazine's Spring '09 issue hits NYC newsstands today. You can't miss the cover — even you vampires out there — because it glows in the dark! A special UV gloss causes the V and the words "V GLOW IN THE DARK" to actually glow. Woah. The issue has an electric/neon theme, thus Natalia Vodianova and up-and-comer hottie Luke Grimes also glow on the cover. Mario Testino shot the cover and Natalia's inside spread "Lights of Spring." Cofounder and editor-in-chief Stephen Gan explains the idea, "Because V needed to lighten up and brighten this Spring, we're in dark times!"
5 years
this isnt robert patison OR edward cullen..lol, he looks like him tho. roberts. or edwards mouth doesnt look like tht. and the eye crease is different.
6 years
Glow in the dark... Interesting. Natalia V. is so beautiful, but that guy is very ugly. This cover would be cool WITHOUT him.
6 years
Haha Rainy, was just about to say he looked a lot like Edward Cullen. Wonder if this is going to be a new hair trend.
Link Love
- Our TV worlds are totally colliding — Lucky
- These birthday gifts are perfect for your Aries BFF — Who What Wear
- Whoa — Cara Delevingne is really into the whole acting thing, huh? — The Cut
- Emma Roberts can't get enough of this leopard coat — InStyle
- What to wear if you aren't digging the whole '70s trend — Racked
- So Bloomingdale's just got its very own . . . dance? — HuffPost Style
- This practical trick will help you stop impulse buying — SheFinds
- This Etsy collaboration is definitely different — Style.com
- All those "new" trends might not be so new after all — Man Repeller
Latest Fashion


text:
Read about Battelle news, people and the latest industry trends. You can learn more about Battelle by following us on Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and YouTube.
Read more on Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News.
Katy Delaney Director, Media Relations Office: 1.614.424.7208 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
T.R. Massey Senior Media Specialist Office: 1.614.424.5544 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Difference between revisions of "Formula One"
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 10:12, 21 October 2005DestinationsThe Formula One racing season changes yearly, but the following Formula One tracks are currently in use. The circuit is about one hour from the city by train.
The Crown Jewel of the Formula One Season. For those on a budget, consider staying in Lyon, and take the train to the circuit. There is a large general admission area called Sector Rocher from which you can see about half of the track, and the large screen on the other side of the harbor; as there is no reserved seating, places fill up early. Unlike at other circuits, the Formula One racing takes place on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday. |


text:
Artist: John Prine
Album: Miscellaneous
Genre: Country
Up in the morning
Work like a dog
Is better than sitting
Like a bump on a log
Mind all your manners
Be quiet as a mouse
Some day you'll own a home
That's as big as a house
I know a fella
He eats like a horse
Knocks his old balls
'Round the old golf course
You oughta see his wife
She's a cute little dish
She smokes like a chimney
And drinks like a fish
There's a big old goofy man
Dancing with a big old goofy girl
Ooh big, it's a big old goofy world
Elvis had a woman
With a head like a rock
I wished I had a woman
That made my knees knock
She'd sing like an angel
And eat like a bird
And if I wrote a song
She'd know ever single word
There's a big old goofy man
Dancing with a big old goofy girl
Ooh big, it's a big old goofy world
Kiss a little baby
Give the world a smile
If you take an inch
Give 'em back a mile
'Cause if you lie like a rug
And you don't give a damn
You're never gonna be
As happy as a clam
I'm sitting in a hotel
Trying to write a song
My head is just as empty
As the day is long
Why it's clear as a bell
I should have gone to school
I'd be wise as an owl
Stead of stubborn as a mule
There's a big old goofy man
Dancing with a big old goofy girl
Ooh big, it's a big old goofy world
Ooh big, it's a big old goofy world
Writer(s): John Prine
Copyright: Weona Music
Lyrics powered by www.musiXmatch.com
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2 | Daddy's Little Pumpkin |
3 | Humidity Built the Snowman |
4 | Jesus the Missing Years |
5 | Space Monkey |
6 | You Got Gold |
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US 8005210 B2 Abstract Modulus scaling applied a reduction techniques decreases time to perform modular arithmetic operations by avoiding shifting and multiplication operations. Modulus scaling may be applied to both integer and binary fields and the scaling multiplier factor is chosen based on a selected reduction technique for the modular arithmetic operation.
Claims(17) 1. An apparatus comprising: an encryption unit to generate an N-bit scaled modulus for a received k-bit generated modulus having an odd value based on a selected one of a plurality of reduction techniques and to perform the selected one of the reduction techniques using the N-bit scaled modulus number, k one of 192, 224, 256, 384 and 521 for an integer field, or k one of 163, 233, 283, 409 and 571 for a binary field, N greater than k, the Most Significant k-bits of the N-bit scaled modulus to store the k-bits of the generated modulus and the N−k Least Significant Bits of the N-bit scaled modulus set to 0; and a memory to store a result of the performing of the selected one of the reduction techniques.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. A method comprising: generating, by an encryption unit, an N-bit scaled modulus for a received k-bit generated modulus having an odd value based on a selected one of a plurality of reduction techniques, k one of 192, 224, 256, 384 and 521 for an integer field, or k one of 163, 233, 283, 409 and 571 for a binary field, N greater than k, the Most Significant k-bits of the N-bit scaled modulus to store the k-bits of the generated modulus and the N−k Least Significant Bits of the N-bit scaled modulus set to 0;
performing, by the encryption unit, the selected one of the reduction techniques using the N-bit scaled modulus number; and
storing, by a processor, in a memory, a result of the performing of the selected one of the reduction techniques.
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. A system comprising: a dynamic random access memory to store data and instructions; and a processor coupled to said memory to execute the instructions, the processor comprising: an encryption unit to generate an N-bit scaled modulus for a received k-bit generated modulus having an odd value based on a selected one of a plurality of reduction techniques and to perform the selected one of the reduction techniques using the N-bit scaled modulus number, k one of 192, 224, 256, 384 and 521 for an integer field, or k one of 163, 233, 283, 409 and 571 for a binary field, N greater than k, the Most Significant k-bits of the N-bit scaled modulus to store the k-bits of the generated modulus and the N−k Least Significant Bits of the N-bit scaled modulus set to 0; and to store a result of the performing of the selected one of the reduction techniques in the dynamic random access memory.
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. The system of
17. The system of
Description This disclosure relates to public key cryptography and in particular to Elliptic-Curve Cryptography (ECC). Public key cryptography is typically used for secure communications over the Internet, for example, to distribute secret keys used in cryptographic algorithms. Public key cryptography is also used in digital signatures to authenticate the origin of data and protect the integrity of that data. Commonly used public key algorithms include Rivert, Shamir, Aldeman (RSA) and Diffie-Hellman key exchange (DH). The public key algorithm may be used to authenticate keys for encryption algorithms such as the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). RSA and DH provide security based on the use of number theory. RSA is based on factoring the product of two large prime numbers. DH is based on a discrete logarithm for finite groups. Typically, public key systems such as RSA and DH use 1024-bit parameters. The Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC) is a relatively new public key algorithm that is based on the arithmetic of elliptic curves. ECC provides the same level of security as RSA and DH but uses parameters having fewer bits than parameters used by RSA or DH. For example, 1024-bit parameters are recommended for the RSA and DH public key algorithms and 160-bit parameters are recommended for the ECC algorithm to authenticate an 80-bit key. 3072-bit parameters are recommended for the RSA and DS public key algorithms and 224-bit parameters are recommended for the ECC algorithm to protect a 128-bit key. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) provides more security than traditional cryptosystems based on integer fields for much smaller key-sizes. It is very efficient from the perspectives of computes, power, storage and bandwidth to transmit keys. It scales much better than the traditional schemes and is therefore likely to gain more popularity with increased need for higher security strengths. Elliptic curves are algebraic/geometric objects that have been extensively studied by mathematicians. These curves can be applied to cryptography by suitably defining the underlying field and constraining the parameters such that the points on the curve form a Group (suggested in 1985 independently by Neil Koblitz and Victor Miller). Elliptic curves for cryptographic applications are defined over prime fields (Galois Field Prime (GFP)) and binary fields (Galois Field Binary (GF2m)) GFP and GF2m both have a finite number of points that form a mathematical Group structure. The points can be operated on by special "addition" or "subtraction" operations. For any two points P1 and P2 in the group: P3=P1+P2 is defined. After point-addition has been defined, the basic building blocks of any cryptosystem are computations of the form Q=[k]P. The operation [k]P may be referred to as scalar point multiplication. This can be defined as P added to itself (k−1) times. Note that 1<=k<ord(P), where "ord" is defined as the order of the element of the group. Given P and [k]P, it is computationally infeasible to recover k. Features of embodiments of the claimed subject matter will become apparent as the following detailed description proceeds, and upon reference to the drawings, in which like numerals depict like parts, and in which: Although the following Detailed Description will proceed with reference being made to illustrative embodiments of the claimed subject matter, many alternatives, modifications, and variations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the claimed subject matter be viewed broadly, and be defined only as set forth in the accompanying claims. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 186-3 describes standard National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) elliptic curves. For example, there are standard NIST ECC curves for prime field sizes of 192, 224, 256, 384 and 521 bits and for binary field sizes of 163, 233, 283, 409 and 571 bits. Modular arithmetic such as modular multiplication (that is, r=x·y mod m) is typically used to perform computations for ECC. Many of the standard NIST field sizes are not a multiple of 8-bits, for example, the NIST P-521 curve is not a multiple of 8-bits. Thus, in a system having a data path that is a multiple of 8-bits modular, multiple shift operations are required to align operands (x, y) and the result of modular multiplication to the data path size. For example, in a system having a 64-bit data path, the alignment of operands requires a significant amount of shifting, which uses a significant number of compute cycles. If the operands are scaled to align the operands to the 64-bit data path, the number of shift operations is reduced but the number of shift operations is still a significant percentage of the compute cycles. For example, if operands A and B are both 300 bits, the product of A×B is 600 bits. In a system with a 64-bit data path, the 600 bit product is not aligned to a 64-bit word. This involves 24 (600−576) single-bit shift vectors in order to align to a 64-bit word which increases the number of compute cycles to perform modular multiplication. An ECC computation involves arithmetic operations on an elliptic curve over a finite field. A finite field consists of a finite set of elements. Addition and multiplication operations may be performed on pairs of field elements. There is one finite field containing q elements if and only if q is a power of a prime number. A prime finite field is a field with q=p, where p is an odd prime. The elements of the prime finite field may be represented by the set of integers {0, 1, . . . , p−1} with addition defined as a+b=r mod p. The "mod p" refers to addition modulo p where r is the remainder when the integer a+b is divided by p. Multiplication is defined as a·b=s mod p. Barrett Reduction is an algorithm (technique) that computes r=x mod m. However, when performing a Barrett reduction in a 64-bit data path with non-binary field sizes, alignments of various subvectors require a significant amount of shifting to align the operands and the result, which is expensive for both run-time and for storing the code required for performing the shifting operations. In an embodiment of the present invention, the number of shifting and multiply operations required for ECC field sizes that are not a multiple of the data path word size are reduced. This results in a significant increase in performance and reduction in program code complexity. An embodiment of the invention may be used for both prime (integer) fields and binary fields and for reduction algorithms such as Barrett reduction or Montgomery Reduction. In another embodiment, the number of shifting and multiply operations may be reduced for modular exponentiation and modular reductions in general such as required in RSA/DSA protocols. Shifting operations are avoided in ECC applications by applying modulus scaling to reduction techniques such as Barrett reduction and Montgomery reduction which are used in modular exponentiation to perform an exponentiation of two numbers modulo a large number, for example,
An exponentiation of x=ge mod m may be computed using a scaled modulus M as follows:
If e is 384 bits long, then are 1.5*384=576 reductions using the scaled modulus. After all reductions have been performed using the scaled modulus M, only one reduction is performed using modulus m to provide x. Thus, performing reductions with respect to a scaled modulus M instead of modulus m, decreases the number of compute cycles by reducing the number of shift operations to align with the data path size. The processor 101 may be any one of a plurality of processors such as a single core Intel® Pentium IV® processor, a single core Intel Celeron processor, an Intel® XScale processor or a multi-core processor such as Intel® Pentium D, Intel® Xeon® processor, or Intel® Core® Duo processor or any other type of processor. The memory 110 may be Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Synchronized Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Double Data Rate 2 (DDR2) RAM or Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) or any other type of memory. The ICH 104 may be coupled to the MCH 102 using a high speed chip-to-chip interconnect 114 such as Direct Media Interface (DMI). DMI supports 2 Gigabit/second concurrent transfer rates via two unidirectional lanes. The ICH 104 may include a storage I/O controller 120 for controlling communication with at least one storage device 112 coupled to the ICH 104. The storage device 112 may be, for example, a disk drive, Digital Video Disk (DVD) drive, Compact Disk (CD) drive, Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID), tape drive or other storage device. The ICH 104 may communicate with the storage device 112 over a storage protocol interconnect 118 using a serial storage protocol such as, Serial Attached Small Computer System Interface (SAS) or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA). The system includes a memory 202 for storing work requests 210 and a state machine (micro engine) 204 which processes the work requests 210. The state machine 204 issues instructions to the PKE unit 208 through a shared memory 206. In one embodiment the state machine 204 may be one of a plurality of micro engines in a processor, for example, a micro engine in an IXP® 2400 processor available from Intel Corporation. The PKE unit 108 offloads computationally expensive operations from the state machine (micro engine) 204. The memory 202 and the shared memory 206 may be Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Synchronized Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Double Data Rate 2 (DDR2) RAM or Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) or any other type of memory. Based on a work request 210 stored in memory, the state machine 204 may offload computationally expensive operations in Diffie-Hellman key exchange, Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) digital signature, Rivest, Shamir, Adleman (RSA) encryption/decryption and primality testing to the PKE unit 208. The PKE unit 108 includes one or more modular math processors (MMP) 218 and a multiplier 216. The PKE unit 208 may perform modular arithmetic on large numbers. An example of a modular arithmetic is a modular exponential operation such as, ge mod m where g is the base, e is the exponent and m is the modulus. The PKE unit 108 performs computationally expensive mathematical computations such as modular exponentiation, division and greatest common divisor (gcd). The PKE unit 108 also includes a multiplier 216, which is shared by the MMPs 218 a, 218 b. In the embodiment shown, the multiplier 216 is a 512×512 multiplier. Each MMP 218 a, 218 b includes a respective input First In First Out (FIFO) 322 and an output FIFO 324. The communication path through each MMP 218 a, 218 b is through the FIFOs 322, 324 by enqueuing data to the input FIFO 322 and dequeuing data from the output FIFO 324. The states of the MMPs 218 a, 218 b are independent from each other and each MMP 218 a, 218 b may be concurrently transferring data to/from shared memory 206 ( The multiplier 216 may be accessed via an internal PKE bus by the MMPs 216 and an arbitration mechanism that includes multiplexers 310, 312, 314 and 316 and associated multiplexer control logic (not shown). As the multiplier 216 is shared by the MMPs 218 a, 218 b, the multiplexer logic controls which MMP 218 a, 218 b is currently using the multiplier 308. Through control logic/program store/sate machine 330, the operand size for each MMP 218 a, 218 b is configurable. In one embodiment the operand size may be configured to be 256 or 512 bits. The type of multiply operation is also configurable. In one embodiment, the type of multiply operation performed by the multiplier 216 for a particular MMP 218 a, 218 b may be unsigned integer or Galois Field (carry-less). Based on the configured operand size and multiply operation for a particular MMP 218 a, 218 b, the MPP 218 a, 218 b operates on the required length result vectors without explicit command encodings. Various programs may be loaded into each of the MMP control stores 300. For example, a program for prime-fields that performs scalar point multiplication that works efficiently for all prime ECC sizes<521 bits may be loaded into the control store 330 of one of the MMPs 218 a, 218 b. The single shared multiplier 216 may work in one mode with MMP 218 a and another mode with MMP 28 b in an interleaved fashion. For example, MMP 218 a may perform a binary ECC operation on 233 bit fields, thus requiring the multiplier to be set in 256 bits, Galois Field ({256b, GF*}) mode. MMP 218 b may be operating on 384-bit prime ECC field, requiring the multiplier to be set in 512 bit, integer ({512b, int*}) mode; these operations are supported concurrently. Furthermore, each MMP may be configured to perform one of a plurality of reduction methods, for example, Barrett Reduction or Montgomery Reduction. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a generic modulus scaling technique is provided for all reduction algorithms that do not require prime values. Modulus scaling is performed instead of operand scaling because as ECC computations involve many operands, operand scaling would have to scale many numbers, whereas modulus scaling applies to one number. Furthermore, shifting operations during the main computations may be avoided and only one slower final transformation to the non-scaled original modulus may be performed. The bit length of operand values a, b and modulus m is k-bits, k may be one of the NIST-recommended field sizes, for example, 192-bits, 224-bits, 256-bits, 384-bits or 521-bits. In one embodiment with a data path size of 64-bits, N is selected to be 512 or 256, that is, a multiple of the data path size (64-bits). The operands (a, b) are treated N-bits by adding 0s to the Most Significant bits (MSB)>k+1 bits of the operands (a, b) to provide N-bit operands (A, B). The modulus (m) is scaled to N-bits by shifting the modulus (m) to the left by N−k bits and clearing the N−k Least Significant bits (LSB) of the N-bit scaled modulus M to '0'. In an embodiment in which N is 512-bits, the modulus m is scaled to 512-bits. In another embodiment in which N is 256-bits, the modulus is scaled to 256-bits. During intermediate stages of computation, the numbers are partially reduced with respect to the scaled modulus. At the very end of the computation, the N-bit result is converted back to k-bits. Modulus scaling is used to scale a modulus (m) having k-bits so that it is aligned with the data path size. The scaled modulus M has N-bits. In one embodiment, the data path size is 64-bit and N is 512-bits or 256-bits. A value K is selected such that:
There are a plurality of known reduction algorithms that are typically used for providing the result of an ECC point operation, for example, Barrett Reduction and Montgomery Reduction. These reduction techniques differ in requirements for the value of the modulus m. For example, Montgomery Reduction requires that the value of the modulus m be odd. However, Barrett Reduction does not place any restriction on whether the value of the modulus m is odd or even. Thus, modulus scaling according to an embodiment of the present invention generates a scaled modulus M dependent on the selected reduction type. The modulus m is a number that is less than N bits in length. To optimize shifting operations, intermediate reductions can be performed modulo a scaled modulus M that is exactly N bits in length. In an embodiment N is 512 bits. A scaled modulus value M is computed based on a selection of a value K (a positive integer) such that:
Thus, intermediate computations (T) are computed using the scaled modulus M and the final result (R) is computed using the modulus m. This can be shown as follows:
Modulus scaling requires the aligning of modulus m to N-bits (that is, the number of bits in scaled modulus M). The alignment is performed by shifting modulus m to the left by a number of bits equal to the difference between the number of bits in scaled modulus M (that is, N-bits) and the number of bits in modulus m (that is, k-bits). The value of modulus m is always odd based on values of m that are defined by NIST for a particular ECC curve. However, when performing modulus scaling to convert the value of modulus m to a value of scaled modulus M by performing bit shift operations, the resulting value of scaled modulus M is even, that is, bit 0 is '0'. After the shift operation is complete, the k-bits of modulus m are stored in the Most Significant Bits of the N-bits of scaled modulus M. Thus, m has been aligned to exactly N-bits. However, as a result of the shift operation, the least significant bits of scaled modulus M are '0' and the value of the scaled modulus M is even. This scaled modulus value M may be used for Barrett Reduction because Barrett does not place any restrictions on whether the value of the modulus is even or odd. However, the scaled value of the modulus, that is, M cannot be used for Montgomery Reduction because Montgomery reduction requires a modulus that has an odd value. At block 500, the k-bits of the modulus m are shifted to the left by 512-k bits to align the modulus m value as shown in At block 502, the type of reduction algorithm selected to be performed is checked to determine if the selected type of reduction algorithm requires an odd modulus. For example, an indication of the type of reduction algorithm to be used may be included in an instruction issued to the MMP 218 a, 218 b ( At block 504, the value of M is known to be even and the value of m is known to be odd. Adding or subtracting an odd number to/from an even number results in an odd number. However, although the value of m is known to be odd, the actual value of m is unknown. Thus, it is not known whether adding m to M may result in a carry which would extend the size of M beyond 512 bits. The value of modulus m is added to the scaled modulus M0 to provide an odd value of scaled modulus M0. Processing continues with block 506. At block 506, as the value of K can be selected to be any number of m such that M=K×m, the number K is initially increased by m to provide an odd number. If this odd number is greater than the number of bits in M, the number K is reduced by 2*m to provide a value that is odd and is less than 512 bits. The value of the scaled modulus M0 is checked to determine if it exceeds 512-bits, that is, if the carry bit at bit 513 is set or clear. If the value of the scaled modulus M1 does not exceed 512-bits, that is, the carry bit is clear, processing continues with block 510. If the result of adding modulus m to the scaled modulus M0 results in the carry bit being set, processing continues with block 508. At block 508, the value of the scaled modulus M1 is greater than 512-bits; the value of modulus m is subtracted from the scaled modulus M0 to provide an odd value of the scaled modulus M that has 512-bits for use as the scaled modulus for Montgomery Reduction. As the result of the add operation resulted in a carry to bit 513, subtract operations are performed to subtract m twice from M1 or to subtract m once from M0, if M0 is available. As the result has already added one m, two subtract operations are required, one to subtract the m that was initially added and another to subtract m from the original value of M, that is, M0. Thus, the value of M is now odd and does not exceed 512-bits. K is selected as K=(2(512−t)−1). This is guaranteed to make the scaled modulus M odd and exactly 512 bits long and can be achieved without multiplication. This assumes that the modulus m is odd, t>1 and t<512. Processing is complete. At block 510, the odd value scaled modulus M1 is selected as the scaled modulus M for Montgomery Reduction. K is selected as K=(2(512−t)+1). This is guaranteed to make the scaled modulus M odd and exactly 512 bits long and can be achieved without multiplication. This assumes that the original modulus m is odd, t>1 and t<512. Processing is complete. At block 512, the even value scaled modulus (M1) is used as the scaled modulus (M) for Barrett Reduction. The value of K can be chosen to make m exactly 512 bits in length. If modulus m is k bits long, then K can be chosen as 2(512−k) for Barrett reduction. Processing is complete. The fields may be integer or binary. For binary fields, there is no carry overflow/underflow, thus, block 510 is never reached. In the embodiment shown, an add operation to add m is performed first with a check for 513-bits, that is, a carry bit. In another embodiment a subtract operation to subtract m may be performed first. However, as the result may only be 511-bits, this condition must be checked because the scaled modulus M must be exactly 512-bits. Checking for a 511 bit condition involves checking the state of bit 512 which is more complicated than the 513-bit case which results in the carry bit being set. If the scaled modulus is 511-bits, further operations may be required to scale the modulus to 512-bits. In other embodiments, the modulus scaling technique may be used for exponentiation or for modular reduction required for DSA where the operand sizes are not multiples of 512 bits. After the modulus and operands have been scaled, modular arithmetic computations may be performed using the values of the scaled modulus (M) and the operands (A, B). During intermediate stages of the computation, the numbers are partially reduced with respect to the scaled modulus (M). At the end of the scalar point multiplication operation, the N-bit result is reduced back to k-bits. By scaling the modulus to a number of bits that is a multiple of the 64-bit data path, the number of shifting operations required to align the operands and to extract the result are reduced. For example, the result of point multiplication (C) of operand A by operand B may be written as follows:
After expanding the operands and result to mod M, the result (R) may be written as follows:
The result R is the remainder upon dividing the product of A×B by M. Having computed R, the result C may be derived from the Result (R) computed using mod M as follows:
The result C is the remainder upon dividing the result R by m. Thus, the scalar operations are performed with modulus M reducing the number of shift operations and the final result is scaled back to modulus m. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that methods involved in embodiments of the present invention may be embodied in a computer program product that includes a computer usable medium. For example, such a computer usable medium may consist of a read only memory device, such as a Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD ROM) disk or conventional ROM devices, or a computer diskette, having a computer readable program code stored thereon. While embodiments of the invention have been particularly shown and described with references to embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of embodiments of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. Patent Citations
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March Moments
Updated: October 19, 2006, 2:29 PM ET
March 1 Baseball: 1969: The Mick calls it quits. Mickey Mantle, the 37-year-old slugger for the New York Yankees, announces his retirement with a total lack of emotion. He has neither a lump in his throat nor a tear in his eye at his press conference in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
"I can't hit any more," says Mantle, whose .245 and .237 averages the last two seasons dropped his career mark to .298. "I feel bad that I didn't hit .300. But there's now way I could go back and get it ...Read full story
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The retired striker now manages in Norway after a lengthy playing career that included a stint in Portugal and he believes players would benefit from time in foreign leagues
Former England striker Brian Deane believes the national team would have more success at international level if more players had experienced life abroad like manager Roy Hodgson.The former Sheffield United, Leeds and Benfica forward scored the Premier League's first ever goal for the Blades and won three Three Lions caps under Graham Taylor, and now manages Norwegian side Sarpsborg 08.
"If you're a player in England and you get the opportunity to go abroad, you should try it," he told The Daily Mail.
9/1 | The Three Lions are 9/1 with BetVictor to beat Montenegro 2-1 on Tuesday night |
He argued: "It definitely gives you more of a presence and improves your mentality. You're confident you can go into any given situation.
"If you play in front of 70,000 at the Stadium of Light, or you go away in the Lisbon derby and score, these are experiences that you bring back with you. As I'm sure they did for Paul Ince, Michael Owen and David Beckham.
"Roy Hodgson has managed all over the world. He will have picked certain things up from all those experiences. He can take a view from outside the box, technically and tactically.
"I think the same thing would apply to players, but until England get more players playing abroad we'll always be pretty much one dimensional when we get to tournaments.
"There's a really small pool of players to choose from at the top clubs," he commented.
"It must be really hard for Roy Hodgson if he's picking players for his England squad and they're not regulars in their team.
"Unfortunately, because the English league pays so well, you don't really get many players trying their hand.
"European players are sceptical about English players because we don't really come out of our own league. In England we embrace foreign players and give them time to settle, whereas you have to hit the ground running when you go abroad. You have to earn respect."


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"I was ecstatic when received my orde earlier than expected, and I was so happy when I opened the package. my business cards were beautiful, professional, and added a bit of my stylish touch to it. I added the pearl shine to my cards which helped them stand out more. Being a new photographer, I'm so excited to pass out my cards to my clients!"
"I love these cards they are exactly what I was looking for and the process was easy with wonderful customer service and prompt processing and shipping!"
"I used a handwritten-style font for the front, and the back I personalized with my email, my job title, and the address of my work. It's great that you can put whatever you want in the blanks provided (or leave some blanks empty). The card is gorgeous. I always get comments about how awesome my business card is. It's unique, but not loud - perfect for a professional environment like law. The card stock is thick and substantial. The ink is high-quality. Everything was accurate. Love these!"
"I love the way these cards turned out. The colors are quite vibrant, and I find the design itself quite classy with a touch of whimsy. The paper quality is really nice, although a few of the card edges did get bent in the packaging which was a bit disappointing. Overall very happy with the cards!"
"I had ordered cards from another company, and was so dissapointed in the quality. Not with Tiny Prints.This card is sturdy (corners don't fray or bend) color is brilliant, and it has impressive quality. It is small, but I have received several compliments on the unique size and style. I love it!"


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Bello lo scenario e ottimi i riflessi, un incantevole luogo dove rilassarsi e perché no, magari pescare! LK Thanks a lot for you visit and welcome comment and like. Happy evening, minu
Hi Minu, you are very welcome and I'm pleased you like this shot. It was a lovely place to walk. Best wishes, Paul
Very nice scenery. Excellent shot. Like 58! Greetings, Attila
Adorjáni Attila
Hi Attila, Thanks for your comment and for Like 58. Best wishes, Paul
Beautiful reflections....
Thank you - regards, Paul
Thank you. Paul
Wonderful shot and reflects Like.Best wishes.Carlos
Carlos Kist
Many thanks again Carlos and glad you like it. Paul
Super reflections on the water
Eco Bawn
Thanks for your visit and all of your remarks. Warm wishes, Paul
Lovely place! Nice reflections. L
Bryan Bredberg
Thanks Bryan glad you like it. Paul
Very nice shot, I invite you to see
Hasan KHANSA
Thank you and kind regards, Paul
There's my dream home, haha! •.•☼ Beautiful Photo ☆´`¸. ´
Thank you for your visit and all of your kind comments. AS for a home in hte summer it may do and the views are superb but oh those winters could be chilly. Regards, Paul
Photo taken in Port of Menteith, Stirling FK8 3RB, UK


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"I was at a family holiday party a few years ago, and we had just finished eating all the delicious food my parents had prepared. I was on my way to the bathroom, when my dad grabbed me and started tickling me. I begged for him to stop, but he wouldn't listen! I was laughing so hard, that I ended up peeing all over him! My whole family was laughing hysterically, my dad was clearly grossed out beyond belief, and I was so embarrassed. Worst of all, my dad tells this story to this day any time I bring a new guy over for dinner..."
Don't Tickle Someone Headed to the Bathroom!
This College Student Is Fighting to Bring Krispy Kreme to Campus
The kids at Auburn are hungry and thirsty, yo.
Friends and Family Give Girl With Cancer an Amazing Sweet 16 Surprise
Abby Snider's parents didn't have the money to throw her a Sweet 16, so her community banded together.
More From Life


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Top nine inkjet multifunction printers
PC World tests and reviews the latest multifunction inkjets. Models start at around $100 and combine a printer, scanner, copier and (sometimes) a fax machine.
These 10 inkjet multifunctions from Canon, HP, and Lexmark range from serviceable low-cost home units to faster and beefier models suitable for small office networks. The prices start at less than $100 and top out between $400 and $500. Considering the features, print quality, and often surprising speed, all of these multifunctions offer a good value. Just be mindful of the differences in their ink costs; if you plan to print a lot of pages, costs can quickly add up.
Our top-rated multifunction is the Canon Pixma MX7600. It's not cheap, but good speed, reasonably priced inks, and great print, scan, and copy quality make it worth the cost. Serious bargain hunters should check out the super-affordable Canon Pixma MP490, though the HP Photosmarts are also well priced and offer better print quality and more affordable ink. For small offices, the HP Officejet Pro 8500 and HP Officejet 6500 have the edge, with fast printing, good quality, and cheap inks, although the feature-rich Lexmark Platinum Pro905 also deserves a close look.
- Canon Pixma MP490
- Canon Pixma MX7600 Inkjet Multifunction Printer
- Canon Pixma MX860 Inkjet MFP
- HP Officejet 6500 Wireless Inkjet MFP
- HP Officejet Pro 8500 Wireless All-in-One Inkjet MFP
- HP Photosmart C6380
- HP Photosmart C8180 All-in-One Color Inkjet MFP
- HP Photosmart Premium TouchSmart Web All-in-One Printer
- Lexmark Platinum Pro905 All-in-One Printer
Windows 7 is suddenly telling users it isn't genuine -- and it has nothing to do with Windows being...
Windows users are reporting significant problems with four more October Black Tuesday patches
The larger design is very welcome, but there's much more to the iPhone 6 than a bigger screen
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Android battery and performance apps can give new pep to devices in Lollipop limbo
The trajectory of Mozilla, from the trail-blazing technologies to the travails of being left in the...
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NSB/AppStudio simplifies development of mobile Web and hybrid apps with a Visual Basic-like,...


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Volume 33, Issue 3, May 2015
Index of content:
- 27th International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference (27th IVNC 2014)
Fiber tip-based electron source
View Description Hide DescriptionThe authors report on the first experimental characterization of a fiber tip-based electron source, where electron emission can be triggered by both electric field and optical excitation. Our approach consists of coating the open aperture of a commercial 100 nm apex size near-field scanning optical microscopy fiber tip with a 10 nm thick tungsten (W) layer, which is back-illuminated by a 405 nm continuous-wave laser beam in the presence of an extraction electric field. Despite the very low optical transmission of the fiber due to the subwavelength aperture size, measurements show a clearly enhanced emission when photoexciting the W layer with respect to pure field emission. The emission response time is slower than the optical trigger time, suggesting that thermal effects are predominant in the studied regime. To back up this hypothesis, the authors fabricated a nanometric thermocouple probe based on a Pt/Au junction and measured the temporal response of the tip temperature. The measured switch-on time for the tip temperature is consistent with the switch-on time of the optically enhanced electron emission.
On the mechanism of improvement of field emission properties of carbon-coated field emitters
View Description Hide DescriptionTo clarify the origin of the superior field emission characteristics of carbon-coated emitters, the authors investigated the field enhancement and the work function of model systems calculated by numerical simulations. They propose that the field enhancement is due to the triple junctions, which are distributed on the surface of the carbon film consisting of sp3 (diamond-like) insulating and sp2 (graphite-like) conducting nanometer-sized grains. The electric field around the triple junction is one order of magnitude higher than at other places. Based on ab initio density functional theory calculations, the authors found that (1) the work functions of diamond and graphite dramatically decrease down to 3–3.6 eV upon hydrogen termination, and (2) the effective work functions of these models decrease to 2–2.5 eV by applying an external electric field of 2.57 × 107 V/cm. They also estimated the field emission current from the potential distribution and the local density of states under the external electric field applied. As a result, the authors found that hydrogen termination significantly increases the field emission current. The results suggest that the triple junction and hydrogen termination are promising candidates as the mechanism of improving the emission of the carbon-coated emitters.
Integration of a MEMS-type vacuum pump with a MEMS-type Pirani pressure gauge
View Description Hide DescriptionThe paper concerns the problems associated with the generation and measurement of vacuum in small-volume microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices. A concept of equipping vacuum MEMS with miniature vacuum pump and gauge has been presented. The ion-sorption vacuum micropump developed by the authors has been integrated with two "external" miniature pressure sensors: a specially developed miniature Bayard-Alpert gauge and a MEMS-type Pirani sensor. The pressure during the pumping process was in-situ measured and co-work of vacuum micropump and sensors has been investigated. The experimental results confirmed good pumping properties of the micropump, but indicated that the work of micropump significantly affects the operation of vacuum sensors and vice versa.
Statistical dispersion of nanocomposite emission parameters
View Description Hide DescriptionA method for studying fluctuations in the microscopic emission parameters of flat multiple-point cathodes has been developed. For field emitters based on polymer/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites, the statistical distribution of the effective heights of emission centers has been obtained. Numerical estimates made using Pearson's chi-squared test confirmed that this distribution is lognormal. For these field emitters, the influence of the emission current on the statistical parameters that describe the emission characteristics is discussed.
Photoemission properties of nanocrystalline diamond thin films on silicon
View Description Hide DescriptionThe authors have built up a dedicated ultrahigh vacuum setup to measure ultraviolet (266 nm photons) photoemission properties of nanocrystalline diamond thin films obtained by chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates. The authors validated their setup by measuring polycrystalline copper quantum efficiency of ∼10−6, which is in good agreement with literature. The authors also measured quantum efficiency of bare silicon (highly p and n doped) and demonstrate strong influence of doping type. The authors then measured quantum efficiency of silicon samples coated with submicron (50 and 100 nm thick) nanocrystalline diamond layers. This coating reveals to have major influence on the photoemission properties when deposited on highly n-doped silicon samples. The authors obtain quantum yield as high as 1.60 × 10−5. The relatively high quantum efficiency of such structure associated with its high stability in air and easy processing make it a good candidate as fast electron source for electron gun based systems such as scanning/transmission electron microscopes or x-ray sources.
Photosensitive field emission study of SnS2 nanosheets
View Description Hide DescriptionSnS 2 nanosheets (SnS 2NSs), synthesized by one-step hydrothermal reaction, are subjected to field emission (FE) studies. For synthesis, specific concentrations of Na2SnO3 and thioamide solutions are used. The FE study is carried out in a planar diode configuration at a base pressure of ∼10−8 mbar. The emission photosensitivity is also investigated by illuminating the specimen with a visible light source. In dark, the turn on field, the electric field required to obtain a current density of 1 μA/cm2, is found to be 5.9 V/μm. Upon illumination, the emitter with visible light, it is found to reduce to 5.0 V/μm. A significant change in the nature of the Fowler–Nordheim plot with light illumination is also observed and has been explained on the basis of photoconductivity. Repetitive switching ON and OFF the light source, at a fixed applied voltage, is found to generate current pulses. The photosensitivity is also studied with various color filters. With the photoswitching and the enhanced field emission properties, it is envisaged that SnS 2NSs possess a potential for optoelectronic applications of field emitters.
Stable, ruggedized, and nanometer-order size transfer mold field emitter array in harsh oxygen radical environment
View Description Hide DescriptionExtremely sharp, uniform, stable, rugged, low operating voltage, and nanometer size molybdenum field emitter arrays (Mo FEAs) were developed by transfer mold fabrication. These can be used in stable and reliable vacuum nanoelectronic devices such as those used in electric propulsion engines and in environmentally demanding applications. Nanometer size transfer mold Mo FEAs were fabricated with base lengths of 36–370 nm. The 36 nm base length transfer mold Mo FEAs are the smallest FEA's ever reported. The tip radii were as sharp as 2.8–3.5 nm. The turn-on fields of the transfer mold Mo FEAs with a base length of 36–370 nm were found to be as low as 9.0–23.6 V/μm for the short anode-to-apex distance of less than 10 μm. These are lower than those of conventional FEA's such as carbon nanotube FEAs, Spindt-type FEAs, and Gray-type FEAs with approximate turn-on fields of 50–600 V/μm. They can thus be used in reliable vacuum nanoelectronic devices. The emission fluctuation of the 36 nm base length transfer mold Mo FEAs without a resistive layer were found to be as low as ±1.6% and this value is the lowest ever reported. Conventional FEAs with and without resistive layers have values of 5%–100% and higher than 100%, respectively. The field emission characteristics of the FEAs have been evaluated by in-situ oxygen radical treatment with a flux of 1015 atoms cm−2 s−1. This value is 107–108 times higher than that of typical low earth orbit fluxes. The environmental characteristics of the transfer mold Mo FEAs were compared with those of transfer mold Ni FEAs. The turn-on fields of the transfer mold Mo FEAs changed slightly from 10.8 to 22.5 V/μm at 1 min from the initiation time. It was almost saturated at 29.4 V/μm upon 5 min of in-situ oxygen radical treatment. A rapid increase in the turn-on field from 14.9 to 59.4 V/μm upon in-situ radical treatment for 3 min was observed for the Ni FEAs. The experimental work functions measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and the work functions calculated by the slope of Fowler–Nordheim plots for the transfer mold Mo FEAs changed slightly from 4.3 to 5.2 eV and from 4.3 to 5.3 eV, respectively, after oxygen radical treatment for 5 min. The calculated work functions are similar to the experimental work functions because the transfer mold Mo FEAs have extremely uniform geometric factors and stable emission characteristics. The emission fluctuation rates determined without the radical treatment of the transfer mold Mo FEAs without a resistive layer were found to be as low as ±1.7%. Even with in-situ radical treatment for 30 min the transfer mold Mo FEAs exhibited remarkably stable emission without spike noise and with fluctuations as low as ±4.5%. Therefore, the extremely stable and nanometer size transfer mold Mo FEAs are expected to be useful in the production of vacuum nanoelectronic devices.
Thermal field forming of Spindt cathode arrays
View Description Hide DescriptionThis paper describes changes observed in the emission from a 100-tip Spindt cathode array operated at emission levels that produced tip self-heating and resulting temperatures sufficient to cause surface self-diffusion. This is the well-known thermal-field-forming effect that can produce smoothing and blunting—or buildup and sharpening—of the emitter tips, depending on whether the surface energy or the electrostatic field energy dominates. Although a greater than 50% decrease in emission current for a set voltage was observed, Fowler/Nordheim analysis of the emission data produced the unexpected result that the field-voltage proportionality factor had increased and the emitting area had decreased.
Mass-spectrum investigation of the phenomena accompanying field electron emission
View Description Hide DescriptionThis work describes the investigation of carbon nanotube-polymeric nanocomposites and other multiple-tip emitters based on a new reflectron-type time-of-flight mass spectrometer specialized for field emission (FE) tasks, as well as a multichannel acquisition system and on-line processing of the current–voltage characteristics and other parameters of flat multipoint field emitters. Evidence concerning the transfer of large molecular clusters of the emitter material to the opposite electrode for as-prepared samples is presented. It is determined that a vacuum discharge phenomenon in the interelectrode gap is accompanied by strong emission of acetylene. It is also shown that the main volatile product in the FE experiment is hydrogen. The CO and CO2 ratio during the FE experiment is not constant, and hence, arises from different processes. These oxygen-containing volatile products in the spectrum are observed for as-prepared samples at the vacuum discharge, and also arise after long-term heating of the anode surface by an electron current.
Modeling of microwave diode on diamond like coating Si cathode
View Description Hide DescriptionMicrowave diode structures were applied to the base of a silicon cathode with diamond like coating (DLC) to theoretically investigate resonant and nonresonant electron emission in the framework of small-signal theory. Negative conductance of the diode with resonant electron emission is caused at first by negative conductivity of the cathode due to resonant electron tunneling and at second an electron delay due to the finite time of an electron dwelling in a quantum well of DLC and its transit in the vacuum transit layer. Thus, its origin is the same as for a semiconductor resonant-tunneling diode and a negative conductivity takes place on a falling part of a resonant dependence of a direct emission current on an electric field. Owing to the sufficiently small electron mass of DLC, the duration of resonant electron emission for the studied diodes is considerably less than the optimal transit time, which is determined by the negative emission conductivity value. Therefore, resonant emission frequency of the diodes noticeably exceeds the optimal transit frequency, and, thus, the diode's frequency spectrum of negative conductance consists of a single band. Maximum negative conductance in the spectrum occurs at a few tenths or a few units of terahertz depending on the values of electric-field and parameters of the cathode coating and transit layer. These values determine the character of electron emission (resonant or nonresonant), negative conductivity, and delays in electron emission and transit. Negative conductance of the diodes with nonresonant emission results from combined delays of electron emission and transit. The delay in electron emission is caused a finite duration of electron tunneling under the vacuum potential barrier of electron affinity in DLC. The barrier is situated in the vacuum layer that is adjoined to the DLC and adjacent to the vacuum layer of electron transit. The delay in electron tunneling is comparable with transit delay for the studied diodes due to the great electron mass in vacuum that results in the multiband spectra of the diodes with nonresonant emission.
Field emission beam characteristics of single metal nanotip cathodes with on-chip collimation gate electrode
View Description Hide DescriptionField-emission and beam collimation characteristics of single metal nanotip devices with double-gate electrodes are studied. Applying a previously developed method to fabricate all-metal double-gate nanotip arrays with a stacked on-chip extraction G ext and collimation G col gate electrodes with the large G col apertures, the authors produced single double-gate nanotip devices and measured their beam characteristics. Excellent beam collimation capability with minimal reduction of the emission current and the enhancements of the current density up to a factor of ∼7 was observed. The results indicate that these single nanotip devices are highly promising for electron beam applications that require extremely high brilliance and coherence.
- 10th International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference (IVESC-2014 )
Photoelectron spectra of finite-thickness layers
View Description Hide DescriptionA method of computing x-ray photoemission spectra in the wide range of energy losses and different sighting angles is presented. Photoemission spectra for layers of finite thickness are investigated. Angular and energy spectra are analyzed using the invariant imbedding principle. They are computed using small-angle approximation and the exact numerical solution of the multiple photoelectron scattering events in solids. The presented methods of x-ray photoemission spectra analysis are compared regarding their efficiencies. Comparison of the exact numerical solution to those based on straight line approximation and small-angle approximation reveals an error in straight line approximation of about 50%. Numerical solutions are compared with the experimental data and Monte-Carlo simulations.


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CW12 Directory ResourceListing Details
Title: | billiard ball set |
URL: | http://fairviewgamerooms.com |
Category: | Blogs: Business |
Description: | Buy foosball and shuffleboard tables, billiard ball sets, chairs, accessories and more from this Springfield, MO game room furniture and supply store. |
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Meta Description: | Purchase everything you need for home game rooms at this Springfield, MO store. They offer billiard ball sets and accessories, foosball and shuffleboard tables and more. |
Link Owner: | Benjamin |
92184 | |
Pagerank: | 0 |


text: Systemax shares soar after 4Q results By: The Associated Press March 9, 2010 Comments Off Shares of Systemax Inc., an electronics retailer, shot higher Tuesday after the company said its fourth-quarter earnings jumped 84 percent. The company said it has benefited from recent acquisitions as well as bargain-hunting holiday shoppers. Janney Capital Markets reiterated a "Buy" rating on the company in a note Tuesday, predicting double-digit revenue ... Subscribe Login Email Address: Password: Already a paid subscriber but not registered for online access yet? For instructions on how to get premium web access, click here.Forgot your password? Print, Digital & Mobile1 Year$129 Digital & Mobile Only1 Month Intro Rate$2.99----------1 Year$99 Digital & Mobile Only1 Month Intro Rate$2.99----------1 Year$99 Print, Digital & Mobile1 Year$129 Print, Digital & Mobile1 Year$129----------Digital & Mobile Only1 Month Intro Rate$2.99----------1 Year$99 Share this:EmailPrintFacebookTwitterGoogle +1 CircuitCity earnings Systemax 4:28 pm Tue, March 9, 2010 The Associated Press