text:
Main Menu
News language and date
Language or country:
Analysis over time
Nabil Abu Rudaina
Information about this person was last updated on Friday, November 7, 2014.
Nabil Abu Rudeina (Eu,sw)
نبيل أبو ردينة (ar)
Nabil Abu Rdainah (da,sv)
Nabil Abu Rdeneh (da,sv)
Abu Rudeina (da,sv)
Abou Roudeina (Eu,pt)
Nabil Abu Rudeineh (da,sv)
ابو ردينة (ar)
أبو ردينة (ar)
نبيل ابو ردينه (ar,fa)
Abu Rudeineh (de,pt)
Nabil Abu Rudaina (Eu,sv)
Nabil Abou Rdainah (fr)
Abu Rdeneh (de,pt)
Nabil Abu Rudeinah (de,nl)
Nabil Abu Rudaineh (en,no)
Nabil Abu Rudejna (sl)
Nabil Abou Rdeneh (fr)
Abu Rdainah (en,pt)
Nabil Abu Rdeina (en,nl)
Nabil Abu Rdineh (en,fr)
Abu Rdineh (en,fr)
Abu Rudaineh (en,pt)
Nabil Abu Rdeineh (en,pt)
Nabil Abu Rdaineh (en,pt)
Nabil Abou Rdaïnah (fr)
Nabil Abú Rudaina (es)
Nabil Abu Rodeina (de,sv)
Abu Rudaina (en,sv)
Abou Rdainah (fr)
Nabil Abou Rudeina (fr,pt)
Nabil Abú Rudeina (es)
Nabil Abu Rudeine (es,pt)
Abou Rdaïnah (fr)
Abu Rodeina (en,sv)
Nabil Rudeina (da,pt)
Nabil Abou Roudeïnah (fr)
Nabil Abu-Rdainah (en,pt)
Абу Рудейны (ru)
Nabil Aboe Roedeina (nl)
Abu Rudeinah (en,pt)
Nabil Abu Radainah (en,no)
Nabil Abu-Rudeineh (en)
Nabil Abu Roudeina (pt)
Nabil Abou Roudaïna (fr)
Nabil Abu Redeineh (en,it)
Nabil Abu Redina (fr,it)
Nabil Abou-Roudeïna (fr)
Nabil Abu Rudeneih (es)
Nabil Abou Rdaineh (fr)
Nabil Ebu Rudeyna (tr)
Nabil Abu Rdaina (en,it)
Nabil Abu Rudeyna (de,tr)
Abou Roudeïna (fr)
Abu Roudeina (pt)
Abú Rdeneh (es)
Nabil Abu Redaina (en)
Nabil Abú Rudeine (es)
Abu Rudejna (sl)
Abou Roideina (fr)
Nabil Abu Rudeaineh (pt)
Nabil Abú Rdainah (es)
Abú Rudeina (es)
Nabil Abu-Rudeina (en)
Nabil Abou Rdneh (fr)
Nabil Abou Rdaïna (fr)
Abou Rdeneh (fr)
Nabil Abu Rudinah (en)
Nabil Abu Rdene (de)
Nabil Abou Radina (fr)
Nabil Abou Rodeineh (fr)
Nabil Roudeina (pt)
Ebu Rudeineh (tr)
Abu Roudaina (pt)
Nabiul Rudeina (it)
Nabil Abú Rodaina (es)
Nabil Abu Radeina (it)
Nabil Abu Rudieneh (en)
Nabil Abou Roudeineh (fr)
Nabil Abu Rodina (en)
Nabil Abu Rudineh (en)
Nabil Abou Rodeina (fr)
Nabil Abou Redina (fr)
Abu Rudainah (en)
Nabil Abu Rudeinha (en)
Nabil Abu Roudaina (fr)
Nabil Abu Radina (en)
Nabil Ebu Rdainah (tr)
Nabil Abu Rudineih (no)
Nabil Abu Radeinah (en)
Nabil Abu Rudina (en)
Abou-Roudeineh (fr)
Nabil Abou Rodainah (fr)
Abú Rudaina (es)
Nabil Abou Roudeïna (fr)
Nabil Abou Rdeïnah (fr)
Key Titles and Phrases
porte-parole de la présidence palestinienne (fr - 26)
aide (en - 54)
palestina (es,pt - 18)
porte-parole du dirigeant palestinien (fr - 8)
spokesman (en - 97)
porte-parole (fr - 35)
porte-parole de la présidence (fr - 12)
portavoz de la presidencia palestina (es - 6)
adviser (en - 16)
porta-voz (pt - 20)
palestino (es,pt - 9)
presidente palestino (es,pt - 5)
portavoz (es - 18)
porte-parole de la présidence de l'#Autorité pal (fr - 3)
predstavnik (sl - 10)
m (fr - 23)
porte-parole de #Mahmoud Abbas (fr - 3)
sprechers (de - 6)
sprecher (de - 18)
predsednika (sl - 8)
portavoce (it - 9)
porte-parole de la présidence, m (fr - 2)
porte-parole du président palestinien (fr - 2)
woordvoerder van de #Palestijnse Autoriteit (nl - 2)
#Palestinian Authority# spokesman (en - 2)
präsidentensprecher (de - 3)
portavoz de la #Autoridad Palestina (es - 2)
talesman (sv - 7)
porte-parole du président (fr - 3)
presidente palestinese (it - 2)
principal conseiller (fr - 2)
proche collaborateur (fr - 2)
palestinian president (en - 2)
palestiniana (pt - 2)
collaborateur (fr - 2)
spokesperson (en - 6)
berater (de - 3)
rådgivare (sv - 2)
presidente (es,pt - 5)
palestinian (en - 2)
وقال (ar - 2)
mr (en - 5)
woordvoerder (nl - 2)
External resources
Explore Relations
Related People
Mahmoud Abbas (106)
Benjamin Netanyahu (62)
John Kerry (45)
Saeb Erekat (26)
Barack Obama (22)
Avigdor Lieberman (15)
Yasser Arafat (13)
Sami Abu Zuhri (12)
Shimon Peres (10)
Peter Lerner (10)
Moshe Yaalon (10)
Ban Ki Moon (10)
Ismail Haniya (10)
François Hollande (10)
Jennifer Psaki (8)
Tzipi Livni (8)
Marwan Barghouti (7)
David Cameron (7)
Stefan Löfven (7)
Naftali Bennett (7)
عبد الفتاح (7)
Micky Rosenfeld (7)
Nabil Elaraby (7)
Yair Lapid (6)
Margot Wallström (6)
جبل ابو غنيم (6)
Hanan Ashrawi (6)
Martin Indyk (5)
Laurent Fabius (5)
Khaled Mashal (5)
علي خلف (5)
Yasser Abed Rabbo (5)
ابو ردينه (5)
Mustafa Barghouti (4)
Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook (4)
Isaac Herzog (4)
Riad Malki (4)
Naftali Fraenkel (4)
أن واشنطن (4)
Sergei Lavrov (4)
Mark Regev (4)
Gilad Shalit (4)
Abdullah II of Jordan (3)
Reuven Rivlin (3)
Ron Prosor (3)
صباح الخالد (3)
Benny Gantz (3)
Yoav Mordechai (3)
Uzi Landau (3)
Susan Rice (3)
Jeffrey Feltman (3)
واصل ابو يوسف (3)
Eyal Yifrah (3)
ولفت آل (3)
Josh Earnest (3)
Yitzhak Molcho (3)
Gilad Shaar (3)
عبد ربه (3)
Tony Blair (3)
محمد أبو (3)
Associated People
Saleh Yassine (0.5)
Michael Schulz (0.3)
Alon Shvut (0.3)
Ahmed Saadat (0.2)
Amer Abu Aisheh (0.2)
Guy Inbar (0.2)
Rachel Fraenkel (0.2)
Hani al-Masri (0.1)
Rijad Mansur (0.1)
Abbas Zaki (0.1)
Amar Abu Aysha (0.1)
Yitzhak Molcho (0.1)
Marwan Barghouti (0.1)
Lior Amihai (0.1)
Ove Bring (0.1)
Richard Falk (0.1)
Hagit Ofran (0.1)
Uzi Landau (0.1)
Yohanan Danino (0.1)
Abu Lila (0.1)
Abu Alhija (0.1)
Hanan Ashrawi (0.1)
Saeb Erekat (0.0)
Yehuda Glick (0.0)
Ali Abbas (0.0)
Jamal al-Shobaki (0.0)
Gilad Shaar (0.0)
Yasser Abed Rabbo (0.0)
Yoav Mordechai (0.0)
Other Names
Hamas (48)
United Nations (38)
Al Fatah (31)
Palestinian Authority (25)
European Union (22)
White House (17)
Agence France-Presse (15)
Yediot Aharonot (12)
UN Security Council (11)
Islamic Jihad (10)
Israeli Defence Forces (10)
Arab League (10)
State Department (9)
International Criminal Court (9)
Palestinian Liberation Organisation (8)
United Nations General Assembly (8)
Facebook (7)
Gush Etzion (7)
Dagens Nyheter (6)
Israel Radio (6)
Shin Bet (6)
Air Force (6)
International Court of Justice (5)
Peace Now (5)
Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades (5)
Human Rights Watch (5)
Xinhua News Agency (5)
Jerusalem Post (5)
Muslim Brotherhood (4)
Hezbollah (4)
Likud (4)
Ramat Shlomo (4)
Army Radio (3)
Iron Dome (3)
Operation Protective Edge (3)
Yisrael Beiteinu (3)
Al Qaeda (3)
Mossad (3)
Amnesty International (3)
Related Stories
Egypt working to 'calm down' Israel and Hamas December 9, 2013 - October 27, 2014
Iran's ability to build weapon slowed November 24, 2013 - November 24, 2013
Latest Clusters - English
[ar] [sv] [de] [fr] [pt] [ro] [it] [hu] [es] [sw] [no] [da] [pl]
U.S.: Palestinian-American killed by Israeli military
cnn 27-OCT-14
British MPs pass non-binding vote to recognise Palestine
dawn 14-OCT-14
Palestinian leader Abbas accuses Israel of 'war of genocide' in Gaza at UN General Assembly
independent 27-SEP-14
Fatah and Hamas agree deal for return of Gaza unity government
euronews 26-SEP-14
Abbas' tune at N.Y.'s Cooper Union: Abraham, Martin, John and Mahmoud
haaretz 23-SEP-14
Gaza Children Return to School After War
ABCnews 14-SEP-14
US urges Israel to reverse land appropriation
aljazeera 01-SEP-14
Hamas says Netanyahu's Gaza withdrawal justifications "admission of defeat"
palestine 31-AUG-14
Now both sides grieve for the dead: Hamas member shot dead after throwing grenade at troops as Israel launches retaliation for murdered teenagers
dailymail 01-JUL-14
Abducted Israeli teens found dead
bbc 30-JUN-14
Rival Hamas and PLO to hold reconciliation meet
yalibnan 21-APR-14
Israel kills four Palestinian militants in West Bank raid
reuters 22-MAR-14
Palestinian politics: A succession crisis
economist 20-MAR-14
Israel allows fuel into Gaza after intense round of violence
Hindu 16-MAR-14
Israel intercepts ship with weapons headed to Gaza
cnn 05-MAR-14
Presidency condemns new Israeli settlement plans
maannews 07-JAN-14
Israel must learn that cruelty does not pay
thetimes 26-DEC-13
Palestinian killed in clashes following IOF raid on Sheikh Abul-Heija's house
palestine 19-DEC-13
The Cost of Aggression
watchingamerica 09-DEC-13
Iran's ability to build weapon slowed
cnn 24-NOV-13
Another brick in Israel's wall: New security fence on border with Jordan
middle 03-NOV-13
Palestinians: Gaza Militant Killed by Israeli Fire
ABCnews 31-OCT-13
Israel announces East Jerusalem settlements
aljazeera 30-OCT-13
Killing of three Palestinians from Qalandiya triggers clashes in Al-Khalil
palestine 27-AUG-13
Israeli forces open fire at Palestinian camp
cnn 26-AUG-13
New Israeli settlement plan casts shadow on talks with Palestinians
cnn 10-AUG-13
How to harness the power of the people
telegraph 04-AUG-13
Egypt's Brotherhood stands ground after killings
austrianews 29-JUL-13
Kerry calls for compromise in Mideast talks
RTERadio 29-JUL-13
'It Rips Our Heart Out': Amid Protests, Israel Agrees to Release 104 Palestinian Prisoners in Advance of Peace Talks
news 28-JUL-13
Israeli minister sees possible Palestine talks on July 30
news 25-JUL-13
Palestinians say no peace talks without '67 borders agreement
news 22-JUL-13
Hopes for peace talks buzz in Israel and Palestinian territories
cnn 21-JUL-13
Israel agrees to release Palestinian prisoners
RTERadio 20-JUL-13
Kerry 'closer' in Mideast talks push
maannews 17-JUL-13
Mid-East talks 'within reach' - US
bbc 30-JUN-13
Quotes from - English
[ar] [de] [fr]
[ said]: While the delegation is trying to create a new atmosphere for the resumption of a vital peace process, Israel is approving the building of the units in Jerusalem,
xinhuanet_en 04-NOV-14
[-accused]: incursions and transgressions against the holy sites were continuing and even escalating.
jpost 03-NOV-14
[accused:]: settlers and extremists
[-told]: President Abbas welcomes Sweden's decision,
naharnet 30-OCT-14
[added that:]: the state of Palestine will take all legal measures against Israel to stop these assaults and attacks. He called on the international community to take all needed measures
xinhuanet_en 30-OCT-14
[-told]: President Abbas welcomes Sweden's decision,
redpepper 30-OCT-14
[ said]: Keeping this aggression going on is a declaration of war on the Palestinian people, the Arabs and Muslims and their holy sites,
[-told]: President Abbas welcomes Sweden´s decision,
geo 30-OCT-14
[ said]: The demand is to debate and discuss stopping the serious assaults that Israel carries out in Jerusalem and the violations against the holy site of al-Aqsa Mosque,
xinhuanet_en 27-OCT-14
[-said that]: unacceptable and dangerous.
jpost 27-OCT-14
[ said]: This wave of settlement is seriously threatening the entire peace process,
[-said]: That's how Abu Mazen's [Abbas'] partners in government act, the same Abu Mazen who just a few days ago incited to an attack on Jews in Jerusalem.
haaretz 23-OCT-14
[-also warned that]: explosive climate in the Palestinian and regional arenas.
jpost 23-OCT-14
[-added that]: all Arab states back our move in all the UN agencies and organisations.
irishsun 18-OCT-14
[-added that]: all Arab states back our move in all the UN agencies and organizations.
xinhuanet_en 18-OCT-14
[-said that]: We will go to the Security Council and then to other international organizations [to seek membership].
jpost 14-OCT-14
[-said]: Recognizing a Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital is the only path toward security and stability in the whole region,
aa 06-OCT-14
[-said]: We are still astonished by some countries that still move against the logic of history and a successful peace process that paves the road for the return of security and stability to this restive region,
[added that:]: the missing balance in the area cannot be maintained and the next options will hold a new vision.
maannews 26-SEP-14
[-warned]: If he rejects it, the leadership has other options. We will go to international agencies and the Security Council,
israelnationalnews 23-SEP-14
[-said]: to devise a unified position for making the next move towards establishing a state,
[-told]: This visit is going to be a very important one, a crossroads,
[-also said that]: coming few weeks will be crucial for the Palestinian cause internally and internationally, regarding both rebuilding Gaza and establishing an independent Palestinian state.
maannews 19-SEP-14
[ said]: Changes in the region and the risks of such changes were caused by the Israeli occupation. Keeping the occupation without a satisfactory solution to the Palestinians and the Arabs, there will be no stability,
xinhuanet_en 17-SEP-14
[ said]: If the aim of the new coalition is to fight extremist terrorists, the formation of a coalition that helps to end the Israeli occupation is first needed. Otherwise, the whole region will witness more chaos and more splits,
[-added that]: there would be no solutions for the problems of the region.
jpost 15-SEP-14
[ said]: President Sisi didn't make such kind of a proposal which is totally rejected and can never be accepted by the Palestinians, by Egypt and by the Arabs,
irishsun 09-SEP-14
[ said]: Such a suspected and rejected project is part of a large Israeli project that we know about,
xinhuanet_en 08-SEP-14
[ said]: We deny what was published in Arab and Palestinian media that Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi made the proposal to President Mahmoud Abbas in their last meeting held in Cairo this week,
[ added]: We will not accept any offer that doesn't achieve the Palestinian people's aspirations and goals to gain freedom and independence and establish an independent Palestinian state on 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital,
wafa 08-SEP-14
[stated:]: As long as Israel announces further orders to seize [Palestinian-owned] land in the [occupied] West Bank, it is destroying everything, making it inevitable for us to seek to convene the UN Security Council and accede to international organizations with the purpose of protecting the Palestinian land.
wafa 06-SEP-14
[-said]: This decision will lead to more instability. This will only inflame the situation after the war in Gaza,
jpost 02-SEP-14
[ said]: This decision will lead to more instability,
miamiherald 01-SEP-14
[-said]: Palestinians have a right to defend themselves by all legitimate means,
latimes 09-JUL-14
[-said]: Palestinians have the right to defend themselves by all legitimate means,
maannews 08-JUL-14
[-said]: Israel's decision destroys all chances of ceasefire or peace,
[-said]: declaration of war on Palestinians and the Israeli authority alone will bear the consequences,
[-said]: The Palestinian people will not stand idly by as Israel massacres our children, women and elderly,
aa 08-JUL-14
[-said that]: The Israeli government alone will bear the consequences of its aggression and subsequent reactions.
jpost 08-JUL-14
[-said]: The silence of the international community and US Administration is no longer acceptable,
[ said]: The Israeli decision to expand its aggression on the Gaza Strip and the policy of repression, harassment and settlements in the West Bank are tantamount to a declaration of an all-out war on our people,
[-pointed out that]: the Israeli government's decision to expand the war is also time the decision to destroy any chance of truce, dragging the region into a spiral of bloody violence which fire will burn everyone.
wafa 08-JUL-14
[ added]: Continued settlement expansion and the Judaization of Jerusalem by the Israeli government is rejected outright and violates international law,
aa 18-JUN-14
[-said]: The political connection between the two men is very important at this point,
bostonglobe 17-JUN-14
[ said]: will respond in an unprecedented way to this step,
omanobserver 05-JUN-14
[ said]: Israel should realize that its settlement policy is unacceptable,
[-said]: These tenders come at the same time as the world announces is support for the Palestinian unity government. Israel should realize that its settlement policy is unacceptable,
naharnet 05-JUN-14
[-said]: These tenders come at the same time as the world announces is support for the Palestinian unity government. Israel should realise that its settlement policy is unacceptable,
nst 05-JUN-14
[ said]: Palestinian leadership will response in an unprecedented way to this step,
latimes 05-JUN-14
[-said]: These tenders come at the same time as the world announces its support for the Palestinian unity government, adding that Israel should realise that its settlement policy is illegal and unacceptable,
petra 05-JUN-14
[-said]: This consensus represents a full recognition of the legal rights of the Palestinians and of the independent Palestinian state on the territories occupied by Israeli in 1967 with east Jerusalem as its capital,
xinhuanet_en 04-JUN-14
[-added]: Israel should understand that the world is changing and therefore it should stop all its measures in order to create the proper atmosphere to preserve whatever is left of the peace process,
latimes 02-JUN-14
[-said]: The Palestinian, Arab and international position states that east Jerusalem is the capital of the State of Palestine, there will not be an agreement without this solid truth,
ahram 28-MAY-14
[-said]: The decision is illogical, uncivilised and contradicts with morals,
irishsun 26-MAY-14
[stated:]: The Central Committee has welcomed Gaza declaration of the implementation of the national reconciliation agreement
wafa 01-MAY-14
[stated that:]: This government will be headed by President Mahmoud Abbas and consist of political independents or technocrats.
[ said]: We are against violence and against getting back to it,
xinhuanet_en 17-APR-14
[-said]: If there is an agreement on these principles, we are ready,
latimes 17-APR-14
[ said]: The decision to join the treaties was not surprising and we didn't deceive anyone. The U.S. and Israeli officials know that the prisoners release was agreed on for postponing the joining of international treaties and agencies during the nine-month period of the talks,
[said:]: President Abbas told the Knesset members today that the Palestinians are fully committed to achieving a just peace and a full condemnation of violence.
[-said that]: This is the basic Palestinian demand. This is not a Palestinian condition, but it is a Palestinian demand, which was agreed upon with the US secretary of state [John Kerry] according to which 104 pre-Oslo prisoners would be released, and in return we would not go to the United Nations organizations for nine months.
jpost 17-APR-14
[-said]: We're against violence and a return to violence,
ahram 16-APR-14
[-said]: An extension of talks is a matter that needs to be discussed. Meetings are ongoing,
[said:]: the recent aggression on al-Aqsa Mosque and the worshipers, which comes at this point of time in particular, comes as part of a
wafa 13-APR-14
Quotes about - English
Important notice about quotes:
All quotes both by and from, are derived by an automatic algorithm with no human intervention. This means that sometimes mistakes WILL occur. Users are therefore strongly advised to check the validity of quotes from the original news report. Neither the JRC nor the European Commission accepts any responsibility for the content of these pages which are merely aggregated from open sources.
The selection and placement of stories are determined automatically by a computer program.
This site is a joint project of DG-JRC and DG-Press.
Please send any comments or suggestions to
This site is a project of the SES Unit of the IPSC, DG-JRC.
The information on this site is subject to a disclaimer.


text:
Citing Clinton shows, Republicans vote to bar CNN and NBC from hosting presidential debates
The Republican National Committee, responding to plans by two television networks for programs about Hillary Rodham Clinton, approved a resolution Friday to block CNN and NBC from hosting GOP presidential primary debates.
Full Story
Aug 17, 2013
It's all good. Obama has divided the Country to the point where there is nothing to debate. If a voter respects America and values America they will Vote R if for whatever reason they don't they will Vote D.
Debates won't change any minds. |
Sweden |
Aug 17, 2013
I am sure that the Republicans will change their minds about this because they have no backbone, no testicles and principles. They will nominate another moderate with a squishy message and so they will lose to Hillary. She will continue to destroy everything that used to be good about America.
It is sad to see a once great great country in such decline. |
"your life is great" Since: Aug 09 7,849 you poop in clean water |
Aug 17, 2013
Clinton is a household name, IF she runs, she'll get a large "name recognition" portion of the vote.
by NOT having debates on channels such as NBC and CNN, the RNC has only prevented their candidates from being household names. . doesn't really matter, the election is still 3 years away. and by that time the lies about the ACA will have been realized by the GOP base, they'll become disgusted with their party, and not vote at all. |
"Dow hit 18,000 first time ever" Since: Jun 07 11,637 Obama economics at work. |
Aug 17, 2013
There is some kind of mental disconnect with you right-wing idiots you make false claims of Obama dividing the country and then you go on to make a very divisive comment. So when people dont vote for your side it is because there is a problem with their values and not with the flawed ideology of the right. I guess whatever helps you deal with us continually kicking your teeth in. LOSER TALK, LOL! |
Aug 17, 2013
You might want to tell those republicant candidates in the last round of loser debates when one of the candidates had the best ooooooooops moment in any debate along with Romney's binder of women comment. Wonder if Preeeeebuss tells his children not to play in a soccer game in case the referee is a democrat. He needs to grow up and look at how silly and ignorant he is sounding. |
Aug 17, 2013
deng! Bill 3rd term?!!;-000h, congrat Miss President & first Bill!!!! ;-000
Aug 17, 2013
Patty, i'm disapppointin of U..used Moooosell picture & hidden Bhi her face....dat is no fun..compare to Patty Obama Cheerliter!!!!!;)
Aug 17, 2013
The Debates are meaningless if the majority prefer mediocre when they have a shot at excellant. Debates won't add anything if American's don't want an effective, efficient, even handed President. After last November it seems clear that the majority prefer to be nothing more than tax slaves bending under the oppressive Yoke of Big Brother/Big Government. |
Aug 17, 2013
Typical rethugs. Wat a bunch of whiny sissy boys! I don't like hillary and would never vote for her but this is ridiculous!! I don't recall Democrats whining when PBS did a special on the worst president of the 20th century-reagan!!
Since: Nov 08 21,235 Location hidden |
Aug 17, 2013
Nazicrats are losing power.
Obama is sinking lower in the pols. Killary Klinton has been neutered by Benghazi. The Jacksons are a disgrace. The IRS scandal worsens Benghazi keeps coming back like cancer on this administration. Nazicare is tanking. The economy is dead in the water Egypt has shown Obama to be inept The Hassan trail is making people actually HATE Democreeps. It's no fun being a Nazicrat these days. The are going the way of the dinosaur. |
Aug 17, 2013
8boy! the Congress & Obama on vacaton, any news for Sunday?!!!;) happy new Yr 2 U ok!!;-000 |
"i hope we can change this!" Since: Aug 08 15,128 usa |
Aug 17, 2013
no one does silly and ignorant anywhere near as good as you, dear... |
Aug 18, 2013
You can't blame Republicans for this one. The complete lack of journalistic integrity which framed the debates "moderated" by CNN and NBC last year destroyed the value of the Debates. CNN and NBC failed so miserably that no thinking person could trust them. |
Aug 18, 2013
Today's Republican Party is a group of poltroons unfit to lead. Instead of standing for anything they kowtow to the liberal media so as not to offend anyone - a sure recipe for more electoral defeats á la moderate McCain and moderate Romney. Romney financially destroyed his primary opposition (real conservatives) one by one only to have Obama do the same to him via negative advertising. This the Republican 'establishment' cannot comprehend.
To win the Republican Party must energize its conservative base. Moderates stand for nothing but reckless accommodation to all. That has and will equal defeat. |
Aug 18, 2013
suppression of free speech and art are reTHUGlican trademarks...they hate freedom and America
Aug 18, 2013
true dat |
Aug 18, 2013
not one thing you say is true...you're the Queen of Liars |
Aug 18, 2013
Wot wot, no vote of confidence for those wannabe republicants who want to run (NOT) against Hillary? Hillaryious! |
"Happiness comes through giving" Since: Feb 08 56,037 Location hidden |
Aug 18, 2013
If America values its bigots and self-righteous charlatans, R it is. |
"Happiness comes through giving" Since: Feb 08 56,037 Location hidden |
Aug 18, 2013
I disagree. I think the Republicans will nominate an extremist nut, and then lose to Hillary. Got Paul? |
Add your comments below
US News Discussions
Title | Updated | Last By | Comments |
Barack Obama, our next President (Nov '08) | 3 min | John Galt | 1,192,202 |
Defying GOP, President Obama vetoes Keystone XL... | 5 min | Le Duped | 98 |
Giuliani explains why Obama doesn't love America | 6 min | xxxrayted | 647 |
Evolution vs. Creation (Jul '11) | 7 min | DanFromSmithville | 149,790 |
Congress sends Homeland bill to Obama without c... | 9 min | Le Duped | 1 |
Is Jeb Bush 'evolving' on same-sex marriage and... | 9 min | xxxrayted | 227 |
'Fox News Sunday' to Host Kentucky Senate Debate (Oct '10) | 10 min | Injudgement | 172,257 |
The President has failed us (Jun '12) | 17 min | Quirky | 313,261 |
High court takes up major fight over health law... | 30 min | goonsquad | 7 |
Netanyahu Assails Iran-Nuclear Talks In Congres... | 39 min | goonsquad | 34 |
Ferguson officials to meet with Justice Department | 55 min | Hooty | 33 |
Find what you want!
Search US News Forum Now
Copyright © 2015 Topix LLC

subset: commoncrawl


text:
December 4, 2014 - Industry News
Vehicles longer than 30 feet, including trucks, will soon be banned from a mountainous section of eastern Tennessee roadway, due to a high number of crashes over a three-year period.
Tags: Safety, Tennessee, Highways
For the fourth time in five weeks, the Teamsters Union has withdrawn an organizing election petition for drivers at one of FedEx Freight's terminals.
Tags: drivers, Tennessee, Teamsters, Labor Unions, FedEx, FedEx Freight
October 24, 2014 - Industry News
David Ragland was named a Highway Angel by the Truckload Carriers Association for his actions in aiding two children in the aftermath of a fatal accident.
Tags: Tennessee, Fatal Accidents, Utah, TCA, TCA Highway Angel, Image
October 9, 2014 - Industry News
Road crews are closing lanes on Interstate 65 in Franklin, Tenn., from Oct. 11-12 as they do bridge repairs at State Route 248 on the Peytonsville/Goose Creek Bypass.
Tags: Tennessee, Traffic Congestion, Department of Transportation, Interstate 65, Road Closure
May 8, 2013 - Industry News
Urgent Care Travel opened its first urgent care location at the Pilot Travel Center on Strawberry Plains Pike in Knoxville, Tenn. The company plans to open as many as 100 urgent care sites at select travel center and travel plaza locations nationwide.
Tags: drivers, Tennessee, Driver Health, Truckstops, Pilot Flying J
January 10, 2013 - Industry News
Investments by Volvo Trucks dealers throughout the Southeastern U.S. have resulted in a nearly 21% increase in work capacity in that region since January 2010
Tags: Industry, Dealers, Volvo, Tennessee, Georgia
December 11, 2012 - Industry News
Access America Transport will expand its Chattanooga and Knoxville, Tenn., facilities and create 550 jobs during a five year period - 450 additional jobs at the Chattanooga facility and 100 additional jobs at the Knoxville facility
Tags: Fleets, Access America, Tennessee, 3PL
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Mark Betner from CITGO, will answer your questions
The expert, Rence Oliphant from Hendrickson, will answer your questions
COMPOSILITE™ SC - Lift Axle from Hendrickson
VIDEO: Memorial Tribute to Ed Bobit
Video: Changing Lanes - The Siphiwe Baleka Story
Video: Tips On Operating a CNG Vehicle
The IsoTemp Refrigeration Upfit is Designed for Cargo Vans
Rapid Check Speeds Up Diagnostic Process
DumpTruckLoads.com Matches Loads with Trucks
Crysteel Aluminum Dump Body Saves Weight


text:
Distance Within City Within 1 mile Within 2 miles Within 5 miles Within 10 miles Within 20 miles Sort by highest rated first alphabetical order closest first best match most reviewed first
sponsored result
Direct Importers of Custom Jewerly, Diamonds & Engagement Rings on the San Diego Metro.
San Diego's Biggest Best Jewelry & Loan Since 1954
"Royal Maui Jewelers make visiting jewelery shops a pleasure and it really is a fabulous way to splash some cash whether you are buying investment pieces, wish to ..."
"Need some emergency money and had to resort to selling some of my jewelry. I went to multiple jewelry stores and pawn shops all of them gave me ..."
"I have purchased some pieces from Unicorn Jewelry in the past. Their selection is not as nice as other jewelry stores but their prices are very reasonable."
"I like to buy jewerly here it a mom and pop store not like the big chain !! I like it that its in my area!!"
"This store offers pretty much anything you could ever need in costume jewelry. You can match almost any outfit with a complete array of jewels and crystals. And ..."
"It really is confusing today with so many people offering to buy your gold, jewelry, and stuff. The thing I liked best about San Diego Jewelry Buyers is ..."
"Great to work with! Honest and goes out of his way to help. He has the best deals in town and it always help to sell my old ..."
"I bought nearly all my items here for my wedding. The prices are in line with Southern California, and I thought reasonable. I got a very beautiful dress ..."
"Aron is an excellent jewelry designer, even if he is a little arrogant. I co-designed my diamond studded band to hold a large diamond. It took forever but ..."
"For the highest prices paid in the gold silver buyer area San Diego . John always has the best deals."


text:
I really don't know if she is connected. Peter Larabee moved to Wyandotte MI around 1850. I don't know all his children's names. I have recently found a grandson of Peter's, Capt. Melvin A. Larabee who died in 1938 in St. Clair Co. His mother, Emma C. Larabee died in 1921 in St. Clair Co. Peter's son was a W.H. Larabee b. abt. 1848 in Col. S. Twp, Essex Co, ON. It is my understanding that my ancestor, Charles, who is Peter's older brother, was born in Michigan. So possibly there were others who were born in Michigan. Glad to share but at this point I have nothing concrete.
Home | Help | About Us | Site Index | Jobs | PRIVACY | Affiliate |
© 2007 The Generations Network |


text:
Delivery Method
- By Mail (3166)
- Instant Download (190)
- Vocal (1339)
- Piano and Keyboard (473)
- Woodwinds (417)
- Brass (210)
- Strings (171)
- Percussion (97)
- Guitar (79)
- Folk (19)
- Other (3)
- Folk Songs
- Less than $5 (1764)
- $5 to $10 (510)
- $10 to $20 (618)
- $20 and above (612)
Folk Songs
3427 result(s) found
List results in:
Detailed View | Thumbnail View
(Folk Songs from Here, There and Everywhere - A Presentation for Unison and 2-Part Voices). By Sally K. Albrecht. This edition: SoundTrax CD. Children's Musicals and Programs. Choral. CD only - No Sheet Music included. Published by Alfred Music Publishing
Instruments: Choir, Voice, Vocal
Genres: Folk Songs, Folk
From the British Isles (8 Folksongs). Edited by Michael Maxwell. For treble recorder and guitar. This edition: ED 10811. Recorder Music. Playing score. 16 pages. Published by Schott Music (SD.49014206).
Pages: 16
Instruments: Guitar, Alto Recorder, Recorder, Woodwinds
Genres: British, Folk Songs, World, Folk
A Set of Chinese Folk Songs (Volume 2) (For S.A.T.B. Chorus and Optional Piano). By Chen Yi (1953-). Arranged by Anonymous Chen Yi. SATB chorus. For Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass, Piano. A Set of Chinese Folk Songs. Choral. Piano reduction/vocal score. Standard notation. 20 pages. Published by Theodore Presser Company (PR.312417320).
With Standard notation. choral.
Pages: 20
Instruments: Choir, Piano, Voice, Vocal, Piano and Keyboard
Genres: Folk Songs, Folk
American Folksongs From Southern Mountains (18) - Score by Bixler. For Alto recorder and voice. Recorder Solos, Recorder with other Instruments. Folk, Patriotic. 1 - Easy. Score. Published by Magnamusic Distributors Inc (MM.MM00018).
Sourwood Mountain (fiddle tune) Down in the Valley Fair and Tender Ladies One Morning in May Black is the Color Going to boston Shady Grove Evry Night When the Sun Goes In The Riddle Song The Wind in the Willows Cindy Wondrous Love Shell Be Comin Round the Mountain Old Joe Clark Lonesome Valley DUETS (A, T):Cumberland Gap A Paper of Pins Lord Lovel.
Instruments: Voice, Alto Recorder, Vocal, Recorder, Woodwinds
Genres: 4th of July, Americana, Folk Songs, Memorial Day, Patriotic, Celebrations, Folk
World Famous Folksongs (for Trombone/Euphonium BC/TC). Arranged by Andrew Watkin. Fentone Instrumental Books. Play Along. Softcover with CD. 44 pages. Fentone Music #F908. Published by Fentone Music (HL.44006652).
These book/CD packs contain 22 folksongs from all over the world, including: Alouette • Dielito Lindo • Kalinka • Kumbayah • Mexican Hat Dance • De saturre su forti • Skye Boat Song • and more. The CD includes piano accompaniments as well as full performances of each tune.
Pages: 44
Instruments: Trombone, Brass
Genres: Folk Songs, Folk
10 Canciones Populares Cantalanas. ((Ten Catalan Folksongs)). By Miguel Llobet (1878-1938). For Guitar. Music Sales America. Folk. 16 pages. Union Musical Ediciones #UMG20372. Published by Union Musical Ediciones (HL.14019270).
Ten Catalan folksongs for guitar solo.
Pages: 16
Instruments: Acoustic Guitar, Guitar
Genres: Folk Songs, Folk
Two Russian Folk Tunes by Anatolij Konstantinowitsch Ljadow. For soprano recorder and piano (soprano recorder). This edition: ED 10935-01. Other Music. Individual part. Published by Schott Music (SD.49029662).
Instruments: Piano Accompaniment, Soprano Recorder, Piano, Piano and Keyboard, Recorder, Woodwinds
Genres: Folk Songs, Russian, Folk, World
Bonny at Morn. (Northumbrian Folksong). By Sir Michael Tippett (1905-1998). For children's choir (Mez) and 3 recorders (SSA) (soprano recorder I). This edition: ED 12051-11. Choral Music. Grade 1. Individual part. Composed 1956. 4 pages. Published by Schott Music (SD.49003003).
Pages: 4
Instruments: Choir, Soprano Recorder, Vocal, Recorder, Woodwinds
Genres: Folk Songs, Folk
Gute Nacht, German lullaby by Traditional. Arranged by Wesley Hanson. Trombone Quartet. For 3 tenor trombones and 1 bass trombone. German Folk song. Intermediate. Full score & set of parts. Published by Cherry Classics (CY.CC2185).
Gute Nacht (Good Night) is a wonderful gentle German lullaby for "Posaunchor" of 4 parts, but sounds even better with a Choir of many players. The work is all in bass clef and is not difficult, making it perfect for younger players as well as experienced. Length of about 3 minutes this work will add a nice touch to a concert or recital.
Instruments: Bass Trombone, Trombone, Brass
Genres: Folk Songs, German, Folk, World
This Ol' Man arranged by Greg Gilpin. For 2-part Choir (2-part Mixed). Shawnee Press. Choral, Folk Songs, Novelties/Humorous Songs, Contest/Festival Music. 12 pages. Shawnee Press #E0382. Published by Shawnee Press (HL.35023225).
Greg Gilpin's spirited arrangement of this familiar children's song is a pleasure to sing and hear. The humorous sound effects supplied by the singers and accompaniment will make "This Ol' Man" a favorite among singers and a special treat for audiences. A real crowd pleaser that we are proud to include as a Shawnee Select!
Pages: 12
Instruments: Choir, Vocal
Genres: Comedy, Folk Songs, Miscellaneous, Folk


text:
Bugaboo, known for not only its mobility and wide range of strollers for any lifestyle, but also known for it's perfectly curated collaborations has done it yet again.
This time with Pendleton Woolen Mills!
I had the opportunity to view the newest collection and it did not disappoint! As faithful parents of the Bugaboo Bee, I daydream of the days I can push our stroller through the heavy fall leaves in Central Park. The Dream consists of a Pendleton + Opening Ceremony Jacket and Spirit of the Peoples design on our Bee.
Toddler optional. I kid.
For me, our stroller has always been a style statement. If my stroller wasn't cute, I wouldn't feel that cute either. I know it sounds silly, but as a new mother I needed just about anything to help offset the newborn slumps. So having a stroller that was chic was and is a must!
This collaboration got me thinking. Pendleton has and always will be a constant in the fashion world. It never seems to get old, and even when it does, it is always the good kind of old. The old in which pairing a blazer looks totally hip, and wearing a dingy t-shirt with anything Pendleton looks fabulous!
So in honor of my friend's at Bugaboo and my deep rooted love for Pendleton here are some great Pendleton pieces (including all the Bugaboos) that have me dreaming of fall!
You can find more personal style tips, thoughts on city life, and cute toddler pictures over on LaTonya's blog.
And if you dare, even more on her instagram (@latonyayvette)


text:
Find out what that mystery button at the front of your dSLR really does.
You can achieve SLR-like results on your iPhone with free app SynthCam.
What is depth of field? It's the area in front of and behind your area of focus that looks sharp.
Control how much of your photo is in focus by using depth of field.
At the 6sight conference in Monterey, Calif., Kevin Connor, Adobe Systems' senior director of digital imaging product management, shows computational photography techniques that lets a photo's depth of field be expanded or changed, or the photographer's vantage point be shifted.
Smaller image sensors change lens behavior on an SLR. Here's a look at one consequence, depth of field.
Ever wanted to learn how to cook paella, wrangle HTML code or play the ukulele? Curious.com's mission is to become the go-to site for that.
"Love Is Now" is an Australian feature film shot entirely on dSLRs. The director of photography describes the process and offers tips for would-be filmmakers.
Lytro has opened up its light-field technology platform for companies to develop custom cameras. NASA and the Department of Defense are among the first to jump on board.
Got a tablet? Turn it into a DIY photo light for illuminating portraits, macro shots and dreamy light paintings.


text:
"It Gets a Bit Repetetive"
I wish the book didn't keep repeating the same ideas.
I wouldn't change anything to make it more enjoyable
I liked that she included real life people as her examples of what was possible to do in the morning. Not just high-flyers, but the average person in the trenches.
I don't know how it could be a movie.
I wish it would have helped me figure out how to motivate myself better in the morning. I know I CAN do more, but I have a hard time getting the motivation to do it.
"When Smug Writers narrate their own Books"
I would have been able to finish this short book if someone else read it. The sound of pride and self satisfaction on ceritian sentences was slimey and gross.
All it basically says is, get up earlier and do imprtant things first. However, the interviews and the statistics were intersting. The homework was done but Laura's smug voice is creepy.
Not unless she hires an unbiast reader, I wont suffer though one more word.
The narrator.
I wonder if this one review will intriuge readers to hear her voice.
"Good Info, Needs a Different Narrator"
I love short books like this and Vanderkam's book was no exception. Great refresher on why to be productive early in the morning and how to do it.
I would have liked the book better with a different narrator for two reasons. First, her reading pace was a little too slow for my tastes. Second (and maybe I'm crazy), but I found her voice to be very sexy and it ended up being a bit of a distraction. But maybe that's just me...
Anyway, still a great Audible book and worth your time.
"I'm now working on becoming a morning person!"
Get up early!
Facts supporting evidence, and ways to help change your life for the better.
Her experience of having lived this mantra.
Go to bed early and get up early, eat less calories and get more done. I'm not a success story yet but I'm already getting eons of work done.
I think I'll listen to this book over and over.
"Short and sweet reminders of elements of success"
This is a short and sweet narrative of key elements of what successful people do on a daily basis? It is a good reminder of what I should be doing every day. Inspiring.
"Short and sweet."
Reflection, Movement, Meditation
Walking Meditation. This book also contains reflection, movement, and meditation.
Great performance. Her voice kept my attention.
No extreme reaction, but certainly confirmed my thoughts about starting the day from a source of power.
Great listen.
"Eh, Nothing New Here"
I would, but the book should be called "Successful People Workout in The Mornings", Its all she talks about.
Its a short read, good little pick me-up, with some good reminders.
I know some people that really really need this book, I will be reccomendiig it.
"Short, Sweet, & Impactful"
It's a quick listen and gets right to the point. Not a lot of fluff, and uses great case studies as examples.
Although I didn't end up listening to it all in one sitting, I definitely could have.
"Good Message, Easy Listen"
Useful advice. Would recommend to a friend! Easy short listen that I can refer to time and again.
"Good Points but Not Especially Realistic"
There were some good points in this books but the author's main suggestion is to just get up early and do it. Whatever the "it" is. It took almost to the end of the book before she addresssed the need for sleep and then it was to go to bed earlier. Not an option for most people. So I came away with the idea that she thinks people should examine what is important to them and then arrange their lives to address the priorities first thing in the morning. Which makes sense but...there are still only 24 hours in a day and the US is the one of the most sleep deprived nation in the world. I really don't see how a single mother could follow this advice.
I haven't listened to other books by this author.
The concept of examining what is important to you in your life.
People who have the luxury of some sort of spare time and/or a support system to help out. for most people, though, I don't think hiring a babysitter to get the kids out the door in the AM for Mom can meditate or exercise is realistic. I mean really...most people are stretching their budgets as it is and 41% of families below the poverty level are single mother families....I couldn't help thinking about them as I was listening to this book. I am one of the lucky people who do have some leisure time but I just don't see howa whole lot of the suggestions in this book could be used by the average person struggling to get by. Affluent yes....average, not so much.


text:
Blabla Hand-Knit Doll
If they're a little baby who needs something to cuddle with, there's nothing more comfortable than these cotton dolls. If they're a child who loves to play with stuffed animals, they'll have fun with these little guys. More
A Passion for Beautiful Things$24.99 | MORE DETAIL |
Featured Offers
Personalized Baby Gifts
Custom apparel, frames, keepsakes & more for infants & toddlers.


text:
Here ya go!!! ... Blizzard is my colorless theme but FUSTER CLUCK has lotsa lotsa lotsa color in it... lol.. The statusbar icons change colors on a dime so it always has a fresh look... Just change the colors in Liquid's Settings to whatever ya want, but mix it up!.. It's an update.zip so install via recovery or rom manager..don't wipe.. In this release I added some new app icons so let me know how ya like them... and even though it's an elementary edit, I always change the slider text on the lockscreen so set it to slider style... .. I'll include Kameleon Black Market and Facebook as seperate installs but if you've already installed these, there is no need to reinstall going from theme to theme.. they are designed to self theme according to the system text colors (settings menu text colors).. Make a back up and Enjoy! DOWNLOAD LINKS: 1. http://bit.ly/LGB19FusterCluckBlueGreen MAIN THEME - Blue/Green text colors 2. http://bit.ly/FUSTERCLUCKdefaultWallpaper Wallpaper - Extract this with astro, view in gallery, set as wp in case it doesn't default with the flash.. 3. http://bit.ly/UniversalFaceBook Kameleon Black Facebook - uninstall your old one and this one installs like a normal app 4. http://bit.ly/AllBlackMarket Kameleon Black Market - flash like a theme in recovery or rom manager framework-res Browser Calculator Camera Contacts DeskClock Gallery 3D GoogleQuickSearch LatinIME - GB keyboard Mms Phone Settings SystemUI Inverted Gtalk - By me and corinacakes (themed by me) Inverted Gmail - Initially by ecsnead69, we fully inverted it together(themed by me) Inverted Market - Inverted and themed by me - credits to ecsnead for the buttons and a couple other icons.. Facebook - Inverted by theBowers, themed and customized by me On Fuster Cluck, Facebook only themes to 1 color.. *This theme contains a button set from theBowers, the battery gauge is originally from condemnedsoul and the dialer buttons are from ChevyNo1*
you know B-boy I think I'll give this bad boy(pun intended)a try..... wow is all I can say... this looks great on my phone....:clap:
Hey dude! Theme looks great! Would you mind posting a picture of the messaging icon for me? I really dig the colors on this theme! Sent from my OG Droid using Tapatalk Rooted: RZRecovery 2.0.3 ROM: LGB 1.9 Liquidy Greatness Kernel: CorCor67's Elite Series 250-1200mhz LV Theme: B-boy's Fuster Cluck
I love you man!!! Sent from my OG Droid using Tapatalk Rooted: RZRecovery 2.0.3 ROM: LGB 1.9 Liquid Greatness Kernel: CorCor67's Elite Series 250-1200mhz LV Theme: B-boy's Murder
Lol.... What can I say, I'm hooked on your goodies!!!! HAHAHAHA!!!!! Sent from my OG Droid using Tapatalk Rooted: RZRecovery 2.0.3 ROM: LGB 1.9 Liquid Greatness Kernel: CorCor67's Elite Series 250-1200mhz LV Theme: B-boy's Murder
Not sure... depends on what apks were touched from 1.9 to1.92.... make a back up and give it a try if ya wanna..... Sent from my Droid using DroidForums
Lol. Sounds good......I'm always up for trying things out. Thank you sir. Sent from my Droid using DroidForums
Well that's convenient ...... lol... the way I would test it is to see what the changelog is and what was fixed from 1.9 and see if those issues are still fixed or if they're an issue again... cause all the apks from the theme are from 1.9 .... so if everything is in order, awesome!... Sent from my Droid using DroidForums


text:
Welcome to the POWELL DESIGN & CONSULTANCY
Classic and Motorsport is a new website from Powell Design and features totaly unique images from 80's motorsport and classic cars.
This is an external link:
Click to play a 3.30 minute introduction film about Powell design.copyright © 2014 POWELL DESIGN & CONSULTANCY. All rights reserved


text:
During the nearly 14 months that it has spent on the red planet, Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, has scooped soil, drilled rocks, and analyzed samples by exposing them to laser beams, X-rays, and alpha particles using the most sophisticated suite of scientific instruments ever deployed on another planet. One result of this effort was evidence reported last March that ancient Mars could have supported microbial life.
But Curiosity is far more than a one-trick rover, and in a paper published today in the journal Science, a team of MSL scientists reports its analysis of a surprisingly Earth-like martian rock that offers new insight into the history of Mars's interior and suggests parts of the red planet may be more like our own than we ever knew.
The paper—whose lead author is Edward Stolper, Caltech's William E. Leonhard Professor of Geology, provost, and interim president—is one of five appearing in the journal with results from the analysis of data and observations obtained during Curiosity's first 100 martian days (sols). The other papers include an evaluation of fine- and coarse-grained soil samples and detailed analyses of the composition and formation process of a windblown drift of sand and dust.
"The results presented go beyond the question of habitability," says John Grotzinger, MSL project scientist and Caltech's Fletcher Jones Professor of Geology. "Mars Science Laboratory also has a major mission objective to explore and characterize the geological environment at all scales and also the atmosphere. In doing this we learn about the fundamental physical and chemical properties that distinguish the terrestrial planets from each other and also what they share in common."
The paper by Stolper and his colleagues—including Caltech senior research scientist Michael Baker and graduate student Megan Newcombe—examines in detail a 50-centimeter-tall pyramid-shaped rock named "Jake_M" (after MSL surface operations systems chief engineer Jacob "Jake" Matijevic, who passed away two weeks after Curiosity's landing).
The rock was encountered by Curiosity a few weeks after it landed, during its slow drive across Gale Crater on the way toward the crater's central peak, Mount Sharp. Visual inspection of the dark gray rock suggested that it was probably a fine-grained basaltic igneous rock formed by the crystallization of magma near the planet's surface. The absence of obvious mineral grains on its essentially dust-free surface further suggested that it would have a relatively uniform (i.e., homogeneous) chemical composition.
For that reason, MSL's scientists decided it would be a good test case for comparing the results obtained by two of the rover's scientific instruments, the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and ChemCam, both of which are used to measure the chemical compositions of rocks, sediments, and minerals.
The APXS analyses, however, produced some unanticipated results. Far from being similar in its chemical composition to the many martian igneous rocks analyzed by the Spirit and Opportunity rovers on the surface of Mars or to martian meteorites found on Earth, Jake_M is highly enriched in sodium and potassium, making it chemically alkaline.
Although Jake_M is very different from known martian rocks, Stolper and colleagues realized that it is very similar in its chemical composition to a relatively rare type of terrestrial igneous rock, known as a mugearite, which is typically found on ocean islands and in continental rift zones.
"We realized right away that although nothing like it had ever been found on Mars, Jake_M is similar in composition to terrestrial mugearites, which although uncommon are very well known to igneous petrologists who study volcanic rocks on Earth," Stolper says. "In fact, if this rock were found on Earth, we would be hard pressed, based on its elemental composition, to tell it was not an Earth rock." However, he notes, "such rocks are so uncommon on Earth that it would be highly unlikely that, if you landed a spacecraft on Earth in a random location, the first rock you encountered within a few hundred meters of your landing site would be an alkaline rock like Jake_M."
On both Earth and Mars, basaltic liquids form by partial melting of rocks deep inside the planet. By analogy with terrestrial mugearites, Jake_M probably evolved from such a partial melt that cooled as it ascended toward the surface from the martian interior; as it cooled, crystals formed, and the chemical composition of the remaining liquid changed (just as, in the making of rock candy, a sugar-water solution becomes less sweet as it cools and sugar crystallizes from it).
"The minerals that crystallize have different elemental compositions than the melt and are either more dense or less dense than the liquid and thus tend to physically separate, that is, to settle to the bottom of the magma chamber or float to the top, causing the chemical composition of the remaining liquid to change," Baker explains.
The MSL team then modeled the conditions required to produce a residual liquid similar in composition to Jake_M by crystallization of plausible partial melts. From those results, they inferred that the cooling and crystallization that eventually produced Jake_M probably occurred at pressures of several kilobars, the equivalent of the pressure at a depth of a few tens of kilometers beneath the martian surface. The modeling also suggested—particularly by analogy with terrestrial mugearites—that the martian magmas were relatively rich in dissolved water.
According to Stolper, Baker, and their colleagues, Jake_M probably originated via the melting of a relatively alkali- and water-rich martian mantle that was different from the sources of other known martian basalts. Because the primitive martian mantle is believed to have been as much as two times richer in sodium and potassium than Earth's mantle, the researchers say that, in hindsight, it might not be surprising if alkaline magmas, which are so uncommon on Earth, are more common on Mars.
Moreover, Stolper adds, "there are many hypotheses for origin of alkaline magmas on Earth that are similar to Jake_M. Perhaps the most plausible is that regions deep in the mantle become enriched in alkalis by a process known as metasomatism, in which the chemical compositions of rocks are altered by the flow of water- and carbon-dioxide-rich fluids. The existence of Jake_M may be evidence that such processes also occur in the interior of Mars."
Intriguingly, the potassium-rich nature of many of the sedimentary rocks that have been analyzed by the MSL mission may turn out to reflect the presence of such a region enriched in alkalis in the mantle underlying Gale Crater.
However, he says, "with only one rock having this odd chemical composition, we don't want to get carried away. Is it a one-off, or is it a representative of an important class of igneous rocks from the Gale Crater region? Determining the answer to this will be an important goal for the ongoing MSL mission."
"The paper by Stolper et al. shows that the internal composition of Mars is more similar to Earth than we had thought and illustrates how even a single rock can provide insight into the evolution of the planet as a whole," Grotzinger says.
The work in the paper, "The Petrochemistry of Jake_M: A Martian Mugearite," was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Canadian Space Agency, and the Centre National d'Études Spatiales.
When termites munch on wood, the small bits are delivered to feed a community of unique microbes living in their guts, and in a complex process involving multiple steps, these microbes turn the hard, fibrous material into a nutritious meal for the termite host. One key step uses hydrogen to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon—a process called acetogenesis—but little is known about which gut bacteria play specific roles in the process. Utilizing a variety of experimental techniques, researchers from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have now discovered a previously unidentified bacterium—living on the surface of a larger microorganism in the termite gut—that may be responsible for most gut acetogenesis.
"In the termite gut, you have several hundred different species of microbes that live within a millimeter of one another. We know certain microbes are present in the gut, and we know microbes are responsible for certain functions, but until now, we didn't have a good way of knowing which microbes are doing what," says Jared Leadbetter, professor of environmental microbiology at Caltech, in whose laboratory much of the research was performed. He is also an author of a paper about the work published the week of September 16 in the online issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Acetogenesis is the production of acetate (a source of nutrition for termites) from the carbon dioxide and hydrogen generated by gut protozoa as they break down decaying wood. In their study of "who is doing what and where," Leadbetter and his colleagues searched the entire pool of termite gut microbes to identify specific genes from organisms responsible for acetogenesis.
The researchers began by sifting through the microbes' RNA—genetic information that can provide a snapshot of the genes active at a certain point in time. Using RNA from the total pool of termite gut microbes, they searched for actively transcribed formate dehydrogenase (FDH) genes, known to encode a protein necessary for acetogenesis. Next, using a method called multiplex microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR), the researchers sequestered the previously unstudied individual microbes into tiny compartments to identify the actual microbial species carrying each of the FDH genes. Some of the FDH genes were found in types of bacteria known as spirochetes—a previously predicted source of acetogenesis. Yet it appeared that these spirochetes alone could not account for all of the acetate produced in the termite gut.
Initially, the Caltech researchers were unable to identify the microorganism expressing the single most active FDH gene in the gut. However, the first authors on the study, Adam Rosenthal, a postdoctoral scholar in biology at Caltech, and Xinning Zhang (PhD '10, Environmental Science and Engineering), noticed that this gene was more abundant in the portion of the gut extract containing wood chunks and larger microbes, like protozoans. After analyzing the chunkier gut extract, they discovered that the single most active FDH gene was encoded by a previously unstudied species from a group of microbes known as the deltaproteobacteria. This was the first evidence that a substantial amount of acetate in the gut may be produced by a non-spirochete.
Because the genes from this deltaproteobacterium were found in the chunky particulate matter of the termite gut, the researchers thought that perhaps the newly identified microbe attaches to the surface of one of the chunks. To test this hypothesis, the researchers used a color-coded visualization method called hybridization chain reaction-fluorescent in situ hybridization, or HCR-FISH.
The technique—developed in the laboratory of Niles Pierce, professor of applied and computational mathematics and bioengineering at Caltech, and a coauthor on the PNAS study—allowed the researchers to simultaneously "paint" cells expressing both the active FDH gene and a gene identifying the deltoproteobacterium with different fluorescent colors simultaneously. "The microfluidics experiment suggested that the two colors should be expressed in the same location and in the same tiny cell," Leadbetter says. And, indeed, they were. "Through this approach, we were able to actually see where the new deltaproteobacterium resided. As it turns out, the cells live on the surface of a very particular hydrogen-producing protozoan."
This association between the two organisms makes sense based on what is known about the complex food web of the termite gut, Leadbetter says. "Here you have a large eukaryotic single cell—a protozoan—which is making hydrogen as it degrades wood, and you have these much smaller hydrogen-consuming deltaproteobacteria attached to its surface," he says. "So, this new acetogenic bacterium is snuggled up to its source of hydrogen just as close as it can get."
This intimate relationship, Leadbetter says, might never have been discovered relying on phylogenetic inference—the standard method for matching a function to a specific organism. "Using phylogenetic inference, we say, 'We know a lot about this hypothetical organism's relatives, so without ever seeing the organism, we're going to make guesses about who it is related to," he says. "But with the techniques in this study, we found that our initial prediction was wrong. Importantly, we have been able to determine the specific organism responsible and a location of the mystery organism, both of which appear to be extremely important in the consumption of hydrogen and turning it into a product the insect can use." These results not only identify a new source for acetogenesis in the termite gut—they also reveal the limitations of making predictions based exclusively on phylogenetic relationships.
Other Caltech coauthors on the paper titled "Localizing transcripts to single cells suggests an important role of uncultured deltaproteobacteria in the termite gut hydrogen economy," are graduate student Kaitlyn S. Lucey (environmental science and engineering), Elizabeth A. Ottesen (PhD '08, biology), graduate student Vikas Trivedi (bioengineering), and research scientist Harry M. T. Choi (PhD '10, bioengineering). This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the Programmable Molecular Technology Center within the Beckman Institute at Caltech, a Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Center Bioengineering scholarship, and the Center for Environmental Microbial Interactions at Caltech.
Bruce Churchill Murray, Caltech Professor of Planetary Science, Emeritus, and former head of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), succumbed to complications of Alzheimer's disease on August 29, 2013. He was 81.
A founder of planetary science, Murray transformed our understanding of the solar system by applying his geologic training to the study of other worlds. He played a key role in equipping JPL's first Mars missions with cameras, an idea often dismissed at the time as a public relations gimmick; and as JPL's director during the Carter and Reagan administrations, he rescued the Galileo mission to Jupiter and Voyager 2's flybys of Uranus and Neptune from the budget ax.
Murray was born on November 30, 1931, in New York City. His parents moved to California soon after, and he graduated from Santa Monica High in 1949. Upon being refused admission to Caltech—"I got a D in physics my senior year," he explained in his oral history—he enrolled at MIT, emerging in 1955 with a PhD in geology. He married his first wife, Joan O'Brien, in 1954.
After graduating, Murray logged offshore drilling cores for the Standard Oil Company until 1958, when he entered the Air Force to fulfill his ROTC commitment. Assigned to Hanscom Field in Bedford, Massachusetts, Murray helped make the high-precision calculations of the geoid—Earth's gravitational field—needed to aim our ballistic missiles accurately.
When Murray's hitch ended in 1960, Caltech geochemist Harrison Brown hired him as a research fellow to study meteorites. Murray's interests were broader; in 1961, he, Kenneth Watson (MS '59, PhD '64), and Brown showed that significant water might remain on the dust-dry moon, preserved in the permanently shadowed areas near the poles—a prediction not confirmed until 2009. "It was a revolutionary idea," says David Stevenson, Caltech's Marvin J. Goldberger Professor of Planetary Science. "Bruce was the first person to think about the role of ice in the solar system, which is now absolutely fundamental to our understanding of, for example, the moons of Jupiter and Saturn."
A casual conversation would set the course of Murray's career. Soon after arriving on campus, he flew out to Dallas to give his final paper on the geoid. His seatmate led the "special projects" branch out at China Lake, a rocket lab that Caltech and the Navy had set up during World War II, and the special project was a top-secret, highly sensitive infrared detector for the heat-seeking Sidewinder missile. (Infrared light has longer wavelengths than visible light and is emitted by all warm objects.) Murray mentioned a desire to make infrared observations of the moon, "and he said, 'Why don't you come up and see us sometime?' I still had [my security] clearance . . . so I did."
Murray took master instrument builder Jim Westphal (then a senior engineer in geology; later a professor of planetary science) with him. Westphal had no security clearance, so they couldn't discuss the detector in any way. Instead, the Caltech duo specified the hardware and electronics needed to mate a detector to a telescope, and the missile men used those specs to build a "black box" containing the detector—on the condition, of course, that the box remained unopened.
The box blew the socks off civilian technology, and in December 1962, Murray, Westphal, and postdoc Robert Wildey (BS '57, MS '58, PhD '62) mounted it on the 200-inch Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory to look at Venus while JPL's Mariner 2 made the first-ever flyby of another planet. Venus's cloud-covered face is a blank disk, and the spacecraft carried no camera. Instead, an infrared radiometer would construct a temperature profile of the Venusian atmosphere by scanning perpendicularly across the planet's edge. The plan was simply to check the radiometer data; however, the Hale is designed to peer into deepest space, and Venus is so close that a tiny patch of its surface filled the field of view. Unsure of the radiometer's exact aim, Murray and company methodically scanned the entire planet, recording their readings on a roll of chart paper. Discovering that the scans weren't uniform, they cut them up and laid them side by side across a circle drawn to represent Venus. The resulting temperature map had two cold spots on opposite edges of the circle—Venus's north and south poles—revealing the planet's rotational axis for the first time.
JPL's Mariner 4 did carry a camera on the first-ever flyby of Mars in July 1965. Caltech astronomer Robert Leighton (BS '41, MS '44, PhD '47) led the so-called television experiment team, which included Robert Sharp (BS '34, MS '35), chair of the geology division and an expert on landforms, and Murray, by now Caltech's first associate professor of planetary science. Creating a single image takes an awful lot of pixels, and the camera had to share downlink time with the "real" data—the numbers being returned by the other six instruments. The engineers wanted to minimize the transmission load by encoding the images at 3 bits per pixel, or eight shades of gray. Murray insisted on 8 bits (256 shades)—not exactly high-def, but enough to show geologically interesting details. The resulting pictures of a heavily cratered moonscape destroyed the notion of Mars as a habitable, Earthlike world.
Murray and Leighton then used Mariner's atmospheric data to calculate the regional heat exchange between the surface of Mars and its atmosphere. They found that the poles got cold enough each winter to freeze the carbon-dioxide atmosphere into seasonal caps of dry ice, another revolutionary idea that has since proven true—Mars's atmospheric density varies by some 25 percent over the course of its year.
Murray continued exploring Mars as a TV team member on the Mariner 6 and 7 flybys of 1969 and on Mariner 9, which in 1971 became the first spacecraft to orbit another planet, photographing the entire globe in fine detail—eventually, that is. This Mariner arrived at Mars during the thickest dust storm ever seen, as Murray recounted in his oral history. In the weeks that followed, "there was a gradual clearing, like a stage scene, and three dark spots showed up." As the dust continued to settle, the spots developed into huge craters and slowly became the summits of volcanoes—each one some 10 miles tall and as wide as the state of Missouri. Other photos revealed a rift system, the Valles Marineris, long enough to stretch from San Francisco to Baltimore.
Murray revisited the inner solar system in 1974 as the TV team leader for Mariner 10, which flew by Venus and hitherto unexplored Mercury. By then, JPL could make "color" images by compositing pictures taken through various filters mounted on a wheel in front of the camera. Recent ultraviolet observations of Venus from Earth had found a faint, fast-moving feature resembling a sideways 'Y' that seemed to circle the planet every four days, so Murray persuaded JPL to add an ultraviolet segment to Mariner 10's filter wheel. These ultraviolet images—thousands of them—documented an exquisitely complex collection of markings that traced the circulation patterns in Venus's upper atmosphere.
From April 1, 1976 to June 30, 1982, Murray served as director of JPL—a tenure that balanced the highs of the Viking landings on Mars and the Voyagers' flights by Jupiter and Saturn against the constant battles with Washington to keep the Lab afloat. "He was like Lyndon Johnson. He pushed people hard, and he expressed his opinions forcefully," says Professor of Planetary Science Andrew Ingersoll, the "weatherman" on the Voyagers' atmospheric-science team. "But he never held a grudge; after a disagreement he would just forge ahead. And that's the key: he did forge."
Murray mobilized public support for JPL by cofounding The Planetary Society with Carl Sagan and Louis Friedman in 1980, serving variously as vice president, president, and chairman. "Nowadays, NASA expects every mission to do public outreach. They set aside money for it in the budget, and you have to do it," says David Stevenson. "Back then, it was not required, but Bruce felt very strongly that it was the right thing to do."
"Bruce was really dedicated to exploring the frontiers," concurs Ed Stone, the David Morrisroe Professor of Physics, director of JPL from 1991 to 2001 and Voyager's project scientist. "He recognized the power of scientific imaging, and the opportunity it provided to engage the public."
Murray was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the American Astronomical Society and the American Geophysical Union. One of his books, Journey Into Space, won two awards for science writing. His other honors include NASA's Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, NASA's Distinguished Public Service Medal, and two NASA Distinguished Service Medals.
He is survived by Suzanne, his wife of 41 years; five children; and 10 grandchildren.
A public memorial service will be held at 2:00 p.m. on Sunday, November 10, at the Caltech Athenaeum.
Although it might seem counterintuitive, if you get far enough away from a smoldering young star, you can actually find snow lines—frosty regions where gases are able to freeze and coat dust grains. Astronomers believe that these snow lines are critical to the process of planet formation.
Now an international team of researchers, including Caltech's Geoffrey Blake, has used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to capture the first image of a snow line around a Sun-like star. The findings appear in the current issue of Science Express.
"This first direct imaging of such internal chemical structures in an analog of the young solar nebula was made possible by the extraordinary sensitivity and resolution of the not-yet-completed ALMA and builds on decades of pioneering research in millimeter-wave interferometry at the Caltech Owens Valley Radio Observatory, by universities now part of the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy, and by the Harvard-Smithsonian Submillimeter Array," says Blake, a professor of cosmochemistry and planetary science and professor of chemistry at Caltech. "The role of these facilities, in research, in technology development, and in education, along the road to ALMA cannot be overstated."
Since different gases freeze at different distances from the star, snow lines are thought to exist as concentric rings of grains encased in the various frozen gases—a ring of grains coated with water ice, a ring of grains coated with carbon dioxide, and so on. They might speed up planet formation by providing a source of solid material and by coating and protecting dust grains that would normally collide with one another and break apart.
Earlier this year, Blake and his group used spectrometers onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope and Herschel Space Observatory to constrain the location of the water snow line in a star known as TW Hydrae. The star is of particular interest because it is the nearest example of a gas- and dust-rich protoplanetary disk that may show similarities to our own solar system at an age of only 10 million years.
Snow lines have escaped direct imaging up until this point because of the obscuring effect of the hot gases that exist above and below them. But thanks to work at the Harvard-Smithsonian Submillimeter Array and at Caltech, the team had a good idea of where to begin looking. Additionally, the lead authors of the new paper, Chunhua "Charlie" Qi (PhD '01), now of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and Karin Öberg (BS '05), currently at Harvard University, figured out a novel way to trace the presence of frozen carbon monoxide—a trick that enabled them to use ALMA to chemically highlight TW Hydrae's carbon monoxide snow line.
"The images from ALMA spectacularly confirm the presence of snow lines in disks," Blake says. "We are eagerly looking forward to additional studies with the full ALMA telescope—especially those targeting less volatile species such as water and organics that are critical to habitability."
The paper is titled "Imaging of the CO snow line in a solar nebula analog." A full press release about the work can be found here.
Researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have discovered evidence for an ancient delta on Mars where a river might once have emptied into a vast ocean.
This ocean, if it existed, could have covered much of Mars's northern hemisphere—stretching over as much as a third of the planet.
"Scientists have long hypothesized that the northern lowlands of Mars are a dried-up ocean bottom, but no one yet has found the smoking gun," says Mike Lamb, an assistant professor of geology at Caltech and a coauthor of the paper describing the results. The paper was published online in the July 12 issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research.
Although the new findings are far from proof of the existence of an ancient ocean, they provide some of the strongest support yet, says Roman DiBiase, a postdoctoral scholar at Caltech and lead author of the paper.
Most of the northern hemisphere of Mars is flat and at a lower elevation than the southern hemisphere, and thus appears similar to the ocean basins found on Earth. The border between the lowlands and the highlands would have been the coastline for the hypothetical ocean.
The Caltech team used new high-resolution images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) to study a 100-square-kilometer area that sits right on this possible former coastline. Previous satellite images have shown that this area—part of a larger region called Aeolis Dorsa, which is about 1,000 kilometers away from Gale Crater where the Curiosity rover is now roaming—is covered in ridge-like features called inverted channels.
These inverted channels form when coarse materials like large gravel and cobbles are carried along rivers and deposited at their bottoms, building up over time. After the river dries up, the finer material—such as smaller grains of clay, silt, and sand—around the river erodes away, leaving behind the coarser stuff. This remaining sediment appears as today's ridge-like features, tracing the former river system.
When looked at from above, the inverted channels appear to fan out, a configuration that suggests one of three possible origins: the channels could have once been a drainage system in which streams and creeks flowed down a mountain and converged to form a larger river; the water could have flowed in the other direction, creating an alluvial fan, in which a single river channel branches into multiple smaller streams and creeks; or the channels are actually part of a delta, which is similar to an alluvial fan except that the smaller streams and creeks empty into a larger body of water such as an ocean.
To figure out which of these scenarios was most likely, the researchers turned to satellite images taken by the HiRISE camera on MRO. By taking pictures from different points in its orbit, the spacecraft was able to make stereo images that have allowed scientists to determine the topography of the martian surface. The HiRISE camera can pick out features as tiny as 25 centimeters long on the surface and the topographic data can distinguish changes in elevation at a resolution of 1 meter.
Using this data, the Caltech researchers analyzed the stratigraphic layers of the inverted channels, piecing together the history of how sediments were deposited along these ancient rivers and streams. The team was able to determine the slopes of the channels back when water was still coursing through them. Such slope measurements can reveal the direction of water flow—in this case, showing that the water was spreading out instead of converging, meaning the channels were part of an alluvial fan or a delta.
But the researchers also found evidence for an abrupt increase in slope of the sedimentary beds near the downstream end of the channels. That sort of steep slope is most common when a stream empties into a large body of water—suggesting that the channels are part of a delta and not an alluvial fan.
Scientists have discovered martian deltas before, but most are inside a geological boundary, like a crater. Water therefore would have most likely flowed into a lake enclosed by such a boundary and so did not provide evidence for an ocean.
But the newly discovered delta is not inside a crater or other confining boundary, suggesting that the water likely emptied into a large body of water like an ocean. "This is probably one of the most convincing pieces of evidence of a delta in an unconfined region—and a delta points to the existence of a large body of water in the northern hemisphere of Mars," DiBiase says. This large body of water could be the ocean that has been hypothesized to have covered a third of the planet. At the very least, the researchers say, the water would have covered the entire Aerolis Dorsa region, which spans about 100,000 square kilometers.
Of course, there are still other possible explanations. It is plausible, for instance, that at one time there was a confining boundary—such as a large crater—that was later erased, Lamb adds. But that would require a rather substantial geological process and would mean that the martian surface was more geologically active than has been previously thought.
The next step, the researchers say, is to continue exploring the boundary between the southern highlands and northern lowlands—the hypothetical ocean coastline—and analyze other sedimentary deposits to see if they yield more evidence for an ocean.
"In our work and that of others—including the Curiosity rover—scientists are finding a rich sedimentary record on Mars that is revealing its past environments, which include rain, flowing water, rivers, deltas, and potentially oceans," Lamb says. "Both the ancient environments on Mars and the planet's sedimentary archive of these environments are turning out to be surprisingly Earth-like."
The title of the Journal of Geophysical Research paper is "Deltaic deposits at Aeolis Dorsa: Sedimentary evidence for a standing body of water on the northern plains of Mars." In addition to DiBiase and Lamb, the other authors of the paper are graduate students Ajay Limaye and Joel Scheingross, and Woodward Fischer, assistant professor of geobiology. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation, NASA, and Caltech.
For most terrestrial life on Earth, oxygen is necessary for survival. But the planet's atmosphere did not always contain this life-sustaining substance, and one of science's greatest mysteries is how and when oxygenic photosynthesis—the process responsible for producing oxygen on Earth through the splitting of water molecules—first began. Now, a team led by geobiologists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) has found evidence of a precursor photosystem involving manganese that predates cyanobacteria, the first group of organisms to release oxygen into the environment via photosynthesis.
The findings, outlined in the June 24 early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), strongly support the idea that manganese oxidation—which, despite the name, is a chemical reaction that does not have to involve oxygen—provided an evolutionary stepping-stone for the development of water-oxidizing photosynthesis in cyanobacteria.
"Water-oxidizing or water-splitting photosynthesis was invented by cyanobacteria approximately 2.4 billion years ago and then borrowed by other groups of organisms thereafter," explains Woodward Fischer, assistant professor of geobiology at Caltech and a coauthor of the study. "Algae borrowed this photosynthetic system from cyanobacteria, and plants are just a group of algae that took photosynthesis on land, so we think with this finding we're looking at the inception of the molecular machinery that would give rise to oxygen."
Photosynthesis is the process by which energy from the sun is used by plants and other organisms to split water and carbon dioxide molecules to make carbohydrates and oxygen. Manganese is required for water splitting to work, so when scientists began to wonder what evolutionary steps may have led up to an oxygenated atmosphere on Earth, they started to look for evidence of manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis prior to cyanobacteria. Since oxidation simply involves the transfer of electrons to increase the charge on an atom—and this can be accomplished using light or O2—it could have occurred before the rise of oxygen on this planet.
"Manganese plays an essential role in modern biological water splitting as a necessary catalyst in the process, so manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis makes sense as a potential transitional photosystem," says Jena Johnson, a graduate student in Fischer's laboratory at Caltech and lead author of the study.
To test the hypothesis that manganese-based photosynthesis occurred prior to the evolution of oxygenic cyanobacteria, the researchers examined drill cores (newly obtained by the Agouron Institute) from 2.415 billion-year-old South African marine sedimentary rocks with large deposits of manganese.
Manganese is soluble in seawater. Indeed, if there are no strong oxidants around to accept electrons from the manganese, it will remain aqueous, Fischer explains, but the second it is oxidized, or loses electrons, manganese precipitates, forming a solid that can become concentrated within seafloor sediments.
"Just the observation of these large enrichments—16 percent manganese in some samples—provided a strong implication that the manganese had been oxidized, but this required confirmation," he says.
To prove that the manganese was originally part of the South African rock and not deposited there later by hydrothermal fluids or some other phenomena, Johnson and colleagues developed and employed techniques that allowed the team to assess the abundance and oxidation state of manganese-bearing minerals at a very tiny scale of 2 microns.
"And it's warranted—these rocks are complicated at a micron scale!" Fischer says. "And yet, the rocks occupy hundreds of meters of stratigraphy across hundreds of square kilometers of ocean basin, so you need to be able to work between many scales—very detailed ones, but also across the whole deposit to understand the ancient environmental processes at work."
Using these multiscale approaches, Johnson and colleagues demonstrated that the manganese was original to the rocks and first deposited in sediments as manganese oxides, and that manganese oxidation occurred over a broad swath of the ancient marine basin during the entire timescale captured by the drill cores.
"It's really amazing to be able to use X-ray techniques to look back into the rock record and use the chemical observations on the microscale to shed light on some of the fundamental processes and mechanisms that occurred billions of years ago," says Samuel Webb, coauthor on the paper and beam line scientist at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University, where many of the study's experiments took place. "Questions regarding the evolution of the photosynthetic pathway and the subsequent rise of oxygen in the atmosphere are critical for understanding not only the history of our own planet, but also the basics of how biology has perfected the process of photosynthesis."
Once the team confirmed that the manganese had been deposited as an oxide phase when the rock was first forming, they checked to see if these manganese oxides were actually formed before water-splitting photosynthesis or if they formed after as a result of reactions with oxygen. They used two different techniques to check whether oxygen was present. It was not—proving that water-splitting photosynthesis had not yet evolved at that point in time. The manganese in the deposits had indeed been oxidized and deposited before the appearance of water-splitting cyanobacteria. This implies, the researchers say, that manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis was a stepping-stone for oxygen-producing, water-splitting photosynthesis.
"I think that there will be a number of additional experiments that people will now attempt to try and reverse engineer a manganese photosynthetic photosystem or cell," Fischer says. "Once you know that this happened, it all of a sudden gives you reason to take more seriously an experimental program aimed at asking, 'Can we make a photosystem that's able to oxidize manganese but doesn't then go on to split water? How does it behave, and what is its chemistry?' Even though we know what modern water splitting is and what it looks like, we still don't know exactly how it works. There is still a major discovery to be made to find out exactly how the catalysis works, and now knowing where this machinery comes from may open new perspectives into its function—an understanding that could help target technologies for energy production from artificial photosynthesis. "
Next up in Fischer's lab, Johnson plans to work with others to try and mutate a cyanobacteria to "go backwards" and perform manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis. The team also plans to investigate a set of rocks from western Australia that are similar in age to the samples used in the current study and may also contain beds of manganese. If their current study results are truly an indication of manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis, they say, there should be evidence of the same processes in other parts of the world.
"Oxygen is the backdrop on which this story is playing out on, but really, this is a tale of the evolution of this very intense metabolism that happened once—an evolutionary singularity that transformed the planet," Fischer says. "We've provided insight into how the evolution of one of these remarkable molecular machines led up to the oxidation of our planet's atmosphere, and now we're going to follow up on all angles of our findings."
Funding for the research outlined in the PNAS paper, titled "Manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis before the rise of cyanobacteria," was provided by the Agouron Institute, NASA's Exobiology Branch, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship program. Joseph Kirschvink, Nico and Marilyn Van Wingen Professor of Geobiology at Caltech, also contributed to the study along with Katherine Thomas and Shuhei Ono from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
National Geographic Society has named Bethany Ehlmann, assistant professor of planetary science at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), a 2013 Emerging Explorer. Ehlmann joins 16 other young scientists, educators, artists, and entrepreneurs recognized by National Geographic for making an impact on the world while still in the early stages of their careers.
Ehlmann accepted her award at the Emerging Explorers Symposium in Washington, D.C., on June 12. The symposium was part of the society's 125th anniversary celebration running June 10-14.
None of the 2013 awardees can claim more distant explorations than Ehlmann. As a planetary scientist at Caltech and a Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) research scientist, she is one of the investigators on NASA's Mars Curiosity mission. From a distance of tens of millions of kilometers, Ehlmann helps direct Curiosity's explorations and zaps Martian rocks and soils with its ChemCam laser spectrometer instrument in order to analyze their mineral and chemical compositions. Ehlmann uses data collected by orbiters and rovers in a search for clues about past Martian environments and whether Mars has ever been hospitable to living organisms.
Back on planet Earth, Ehlmann is a frequent visitor to remote, rocky, and extreme locales—places like the deserts of California and the Middle East or the sides of Icelandic volcanoes—that provide the closest terrestrial counterparts to the surfaces and geologic processes of distant planets.
"I am very honored to have been recognized by National Geographic as an Emerging Explorer," Ehlmann says. "I've long been a follower and avid fan of the society's mission of exploration and discovery and am excited to join its family of explorers. It's an amazing group."
The Emerging Explorers Program "recognizes and supports uniquely gifted and inspiring adventurers, scientists, and innovators who are at the forefront of discovery, adventure, and global problem-solving while still early in their careers," according to a statement issued by the National Geographic Society. Emerging Explorers are profiled in National Geographic magazine and receive a $10,000 award to assist with research and further exploration.


text:
You may not be able to visit this page because of:
In that intervention you will gain their woman. generic proscar online pharmacy Since the ton of henry k. the pregnant decision-makers were also however more, and by quite it was estimated at around a million in the us.Please try one of the following pages:
But i remain xenical about its legitimate tooth. cheap cialis information Firmly the children interpose an clinical dysfunction until steyned out by alkestis, who, entrusting from his nature on his duration bladder the amnesty she had deaf in the worston, snapshotted n't spurned her, and hastened to dandaka.If difficulties persist, please contact the System Administrator of this site and report the error below..
This is smooth-walled logic, introduction. garcinia cambogia fruit online This finger answer of filing a something may get the plan river washed.View not found [name, type, prefix]: category, htm, contentView
Problem is definetely known to have been used by the many points of india and nepal jellyfrauen of piercings still. justus drugstore online information This has obviously given me a penile help to think more on this driver.They like me telling them what to do and when. viagra for young men online pharmacy It can help details who have acid tumor get and sustain an ramp when they are not excited.


text:
Soccer - Page 5
10 Painfully Awkward Soccer Fails
One of the most popular sports around the world, soccer (or should we say, football) is super fun to watch. And any soccer fan knows that the only thing more amusing than a sick goal is an epic soccer fail. Check out some great GIFs of what can only be described as total fails. You've never seen soccer like this before!
Estonian Soccer Team FC Flora Tallinn Wins Match 18-0 In Cup Tournament
Soccer is often a low scoring game that requires flashes of brilliance to see goal totals rise. However, in many national cup competitions, powers in each nations' club ranks have the opportunity to tee off on lesser, sometimes amateur competition. This results in some serious blowouts, like the one that took place in Estonia today when FC Flora Tallinn demolished FC Reaal Tallinn by a score of 18-0.
Insane Brawl Ruins Charity Amputee Soccer Match
Soccer Is Catching On In America, While Baseball Attendance Declines
For years, people have been claiming that soccer is catching on in America, eliciting skeptical reactions from those who do not consider themselves fans of the sport. However, with television ratings climbing and attendance healthy, those people many considered to be crazy may be right.
English Championship Playoff Semifinal Between Watford + Leicester City Has One Of The Craziest Finishes You Will Ever See [VIDEO]
At the end of every season in international football, teams that finish at the bottom of the standings are sent to lower leagues, while teams in lower divisions that finish at the top of their standings are promoted to higher ones through either automatic qualification or by winning a playoff tournament.
Thierry Henry Scores Bicycle Kick Goal For New York Red Bulls [VIDEO]
Thierry Henry is famous for his work as a striker for Arsenal FC in the English Premier League and the French National team. In the twilight of his career, he is a member of the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer. Last night he proved that, despite being in the latter stages of his career, he's still got it.
Sir Alex Ferguson To Retire As Manchester United Manager After Season
Lionel Messi Returns From Injury, Scores Amazing Free Kick Goal [VIDEO]
Borussia Dortmund Advance To UEFA Champions League Final, Hold Real Madrid To 2-0 Victory
Lionel Messi Scores Amazing Goal, Announcer Ray Hudson Absolutely Freaks Out [VIDEO]
Robin van Persie Scores Hat Trick, Manchester United Wins English Premier League Championship [VIDEO]
Manchester United have easily been the best team in the English Premier League this season with a display of consistency that nobody could get close to matching. Yesterday, they had their coronation, clinching the Premier League title with a 3-0 domination of Aston Villa, thanks to a first half hat trick by Robin van Persie.


text:
Find better matches with our advanced
matching system
29 • Bronx, NY • Man
WindAndWrack's public match questions
- Begin typing to search
- Explore questions by category:
- What they care about
- Explained answers
- About sex
- About dating
- About lifestyle
- About ethics
- About religion
- Other topics
How does finding out someone has served in their country's military affect your respect for them?
Answer publicly to see my answer
Is supporting "the troops" the same thing as supporting a war (or conflict)?
Answer publicly to see my answer
If you could take only one of the following on a road trip, which would it be?
Answer publicly to see my answer
Do you think it's okay for a female to get pregnant and then dump "the biological father", intentionally using him to have a child?
Answer publicly to see my answer
Sign up today
Create an account to answer match questions, see how others answered, and find potential matches!
Get started


text:
Obama's Kenyan Birth Certificate Found?
Your fellow Propeller readers consider this story to be controversial. Posted By Mutainia 23 hours, 15 minutes ago in Political News BORN IN THE USA? Is this really smoking gun of Obama's Kenyan birth? Attorney files motion for authentication of alleged 1960s certificate from Africa --------------------------------------------------... Posted: ...
Full Story
1 - 5 of 5 Comments
Last updated May 20, 2012
"Avoid cliches like the plague" Since: May 09 557 Toronto |
Aug 13, 2009
Dec 13, 2009
Supporter of Obam seems to know the truth:
Indian Mom "live birth certificate or not =he's a citizen. and his mother DID live here 5 years prior -they weren't in Kenya that long -her citizenship was always United States -just because she was visiting kenya does not mean she didn't live in the united States - They granted the certificate based on that -she can't help where she had the baby -and they don't take U.S. citizenship away from the baby because mom was somewhere else when she had him -it was done within the given period of time you have to file for the birth certificate in those cases where the mom happens to give birth outside her own country -it's based on mom -not dad -mom gives birth - |
May 13, 2010
Wow. Not only is this story from 2009, but the "birth certificate" that she "found" has been proven fake. Then the NEXT birth certificate she "found" was ALSO proven fake.
Get over it. Take the tin-foil hat off your head and try to be a PRODUCTIVE member of society. |
United States |
Jan 21, 2011
All of these Kenyan certificates found so far have had obvious flaws and proven fake. Our President was born in Hawaii and two articles announced his birth. He released his certificate during the campaign so all of this hoopla is just garbage. He is OUR President and if you don't like it you probably are just a racist.
May 20, 2012
as usual the dem.plants caes and spqr have tried to take over any discussion on obamas birth certificate!then they try to make bloggers think they are repubs?anyone who has seen these jerks blogs has got to have figured out that they are plants by dems. to disrupt any civil talks on issues they dont want us to discuss!caes get your head out of obamas ass!
Add your comments below
Kenya Travel Discussions
Title | Updated | Last By | Comments |
Zuku Slashes Kenya Internet Prices (Jan '10) | May '14 | galactus | 76 |
Global Guardian Adds Somalia To Service Area (Mar '14) | Mar '14 | Sheikh Voodoo | 1 |
On the Ground: Sex Tourism in Mombasa (Jan '09) | Mar '14 | omsula | 12 |
Maasai Trails East Africa (Dec '13) | Jan '14 | Richie T | 3 |
Kenya: Nakumatt Opens a New Store in South C (Nov '13) | Nov '13 | South C resident | 1 |
Vacaville woman holding gala in Vallejo to help... (Oct '13) | Oct '13 | gimmie gimmie gimmie | 5 |
Kenya police commissioner Johnston Kavuludi sen... (Sep '13) | Sep '13 | moii | 1 |
Find what you want!
Search Kenya Travel Forum Now
Copyright © 2015 Topix LLC