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US 4505125 A Abstract Presented is a control device which may be added to an already existing air conditioning refrigeration system, or which may be built into the air conditioning refrigeration system at the factory and which monitors the temperature and pressure of a refrigerant flowing in the refrigeration system to determine increases or decreases in the ratio of pressure change to temperature change above or below a predetermined and desirable super-heat temperature for the particular system involved. The increase or decrease of this super-heat beyond predetermined upper and lower limits deactivates the refrigeration system so as to prevent damage thereto.
Claims(11) 1. Apparatus for quantitatively monitoring the amount of super-heat contained in the refrigerant vapor of an air conditioning refrigeration system and locking-out the refrigeration system in response to sustained variation of the super-heat above or below predetermined quantitative limits defining a "deadband" for longer than selected intervals, comprising:
(a) means for independently sensing the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant vapor and reflecting the sensed values of the temperature and pressure as values of electrical resistance; (b) a power supply adapted to provide a predetermined regulated output; (c) a bridge circuit connected to said power supply and to said temperature and pressure sensors and responsive to said values of electrical resistance and calibrated to balance said values of electrical resistance to produce a predetermined electrical output signal correlated quantitatively to said super-heat; (d) a preamplifier connected to receive said predetermined electrical output signal from said bridge circuit; (e) an integrator circuit connected to receive the output signal of the amplifier and adapted to produce either a positive or negative output when said super-heat varies from said predetermined value; (f) a pair of comparator circuits connected to receive the output from said integrator circuit and adapted to produce an output signal through one or the other of two output circuits depending upon whether the output from said integrator is positive or negative and of a predetermined value; and (g) lock-out means responsive to variations in said bridge circuit output above or below said predetermined quantitative limits whereby lock-out timing becomes a function of the amount that said predetermined quantitative limits of super-heat are exceeded. 2. The combination according to claim 1, in which an adjustable start-up timer is provided operatively associated with said integrator circuit and adapted to disble the integrator circuit for a selected predetermined start-up interval when the super-heat varies in value above or below said predetermined limits during the start-up interval.
3. The combination according to claim 2, in which said start-up timer is adjustable to disable the integrator circuit from one to fifteen minutes after start-up of the system.
4. The combination according to claim 1, in which said electrical resistance values reflected by said temperature and pressure sensors vary at different rates, and said bridge circuit includes adjustment means for calibrating the bridge to accommodate the different rates to provide a balanced output from said bridge.
5. The combination according to claim 1, in which said bridge circuit includes a pair of set point adjustment means, a ratio adjustment means for calibrating the bridge circuit in relation to the values of electrical resistance reflected by said temperature and pressure sensors, and a throttling range adjustment means cooperatively related to provide a 7.5 VDC output from said bridge circuit when the inputs to the bridge circuit are balanced.
6. The combination according to claim 1, in which said integrator circuit provides a zero output when the output from said bridge is balanced at 7.5 VDC.
7. The combination according to claim 1, in which said integrator circuit includes means for accommodating a four volt input differential "deadband" from said preamplifier without triggering said integrator into a conductive mode.
8. The combination according to claim 1, in which said bridge circuit includes a set point adjustment means for setting the lower limit of said super-heat value and a set point adjustment means for setting the upper limit of said super-heat value.
9. The combination according to claim 1, in which said two output circuits energized by said output signal from said pair of comparator circuits include a pair of amplifiers.
10. The method of controlling an air conditioning refrigeration system having a compressor unit to prevent the passage of liquid refrigerant into the compressor unit of said system comprising the steps of:
(a) monitoring the temperature and pressure of the gaseous refrigerant at a point in the system between the evaporator and compressor unit to ensure the presence of super-heat in said gaseous refrigerant and generating separate electrical signals correlated to the parameter being sensed; (b) conditioning said separate electrical signals to produce a single electrical output signal balanced to compensate for inherent differences of signal generation of said separate electrical signals; (c) amplifying said single electical output signal; (d) integrating the single electrical output signal to accommodate a range of variations in said output signal between predetermined positive and negative limits correlated to an acceptable range of variations in temperature and pressure of said gaseous refrigerant to produce an integrated output signal that is either positive or negative and of a finite value; and (e) applying said integrated output signal to interrupt operation of the air conditioning refrigeration system when the finite value thereof exceeds a predetermined limit correlated to the presence or absence of a predetermined value of super-heat in the gaseous refrigerant. 11. Apparatus for quantitatively monitoring the amount of super-heat contained in the refrigerant vapor of an air conditioning refrigeration system and locking out the regrigeration system in response to sustained variation of the super heat above or below predetermined quantitative limits defining a "dead band" for longer than selected intervals, comprising:
(a) means for independently sensing the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant vapor and reflecting the sensed values of the temperature and pressure as values of electrical resistance; (b) a power supply adapted to provide a predetermined regulated output; (c) a bridge circuit connected to said power supply and to said temperature and pressure sensors and responsive to said values of electrical resistance and calibrated to balance said values of electrical resistance to produce a predetermined electrical output signal correlated quantitatively to said super heat; (d) timer means responsive to variations in said bridge circuit output; and (e) lock-out means connected to said bridge circuit and responsive to variations in said bridge circuit output above or below said predetermined quantitative limits whereby lock-out timing becomes a function of the amount that said predetermined quantitative limits of super-heat are exceeded. Description This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 228,590, filed Jan. 26, 1981. 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to control devices for air conditioning refrigeration systems and particularly to a device that monitors the super-heat contained in a refrigerant to control operation of the compressor if the super-heat contained in the refrigerant either exceeds or falls below predetermined limits. 2. Description of Prior Art It is believed that the prior art related to this invention may be found in Class 62, sub-classes 149, 158, 208, 209, 227 and 228. A search through the class and sub-classes indicated has revealed the existence of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,913,347; 3,047,696; 3,400,552; 3,729,949; 3,303,663; 3,803,864; 3,786,650; 3,130,558; and 3,791,165. In refrigeration systems there is a so called "suction line" which runs from the evaporator to the compressor. This line normally returns the heat-laden refrigerant in gaseous form from the evaporator to the compressor. The line is so arranged that the refrigerant gas is warmed a few degrees as it picks up heat through the walls of the tubing. Heat may be applied to the tubing in various ways, such as by running the suction line through a heat exchanger so as to draw heat from the high pressure and relatively "hot" liquid refrigerant prior to its presentation to the expansion valve in the system. This method achieves the double function of adding "super-heat" to the refrigerant gas returning through the suction line to the compressor, and "sub cooling" the high pressure relatively "hot" liquid refrigerant prior to passage through the expansion valve. Super-heat may thus be defined as the heat contained in a refrigerant gas beyond the amount required to maintain its boiling point. Since super-heat causes a rise in temperature of the refrigerant gas in its return to the compressor, it is sensible heat. The fact that super-heat can be sensed or detected by the "sensing element" of an instrument is relied upon in U.S. Pat. No. 3,047,696 in which it is recognized that the thermostatic expansion valve which releases high pressure liquid refrigerant in a controlled manner into the relatively low pressure space provided by the evaporator normally controls the super-heat of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator. The super-heat control device disclosed by this patent is related to the control of the air conditioning system of an automobile, and teaches that with the particular refrigerant disclosed by this patent the normal level of super-heat in the suction line is approximately 23� F. The patent discloses that when the super-heat exceeds about 60� F., this is an indication that the refrigerant charge has been lost in the system. Accordingly, under normal conditions, such a loss of refrigerant can cause extensive damage to the compressor if the compressor is not shut down. According to the invention disclosed by this patent, when the exceedingly high super-heat is detected, an electrical circuit is closed which has the effect of blowing a fuse which results in deactivating the compressor unit. To close the electrical circuit, this patent discloses a device that utilizes differential pressure between suction line refrigerant and a second refrigerant which is responsive to the increase in temperature of the suction line refrigerant gas to shift the position of a diaphram carrying an electrical contact. U.S. Pat. No. 3,130,558 recognizes the destructive effect of a slug of liquid refrigerant admitted to the input port of the compressor. Since most liquids, including liquid refrigerants, are not compressible, and since a compressor is intended to be a vapor pump dependent for its operation upon the elasticity of the vapor it is compressing, the admission of an incompressible slug of liquid refrigerant to the input port of the compressor will obviously result in damage to the compressor. This patent teaches a system for protecting the compressor from such a slug of liquid refrigerant which involves sensing the temperature of the refrigerant in the suction line and applying this temperature to the expansion valve in such a way that liquid refrigerant is normally admitted to the evaporator under controlled conditions that insure that the temperature of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator contains the requisite amount of super-heat. This interrelationship of temperature of the refrigerant gas as it leaves the evaporator, and control of the expansion valve in relation thereto, is almost universally used in air conditioning refrigeration systems. This patent goes one step further and includes in the suction line a control device including a diaphram enclosed within a housing. Movement of the diaphram in one direction effects closing of electrical contacts which activate a solenoid valve arranged in a bypass line to permit the passage of high pressure and relatively "hot" refrigerant gas to be admitted to the suction line, thereby adding "super-heat" to the refrigerant gas returning to the compressor and eliminating the possibility of a slug of liquid refrigerant damaging the compressor. Movement of the switch-controlling diaphram in one direction is influenced by the pressure within the suction line, as balanced by an appropriate spring, and movement in the opposite direction is influenced by the expansion of an appropriate second refrigerant in the space above the diaphram, expansion of the second refrigerant being controlled by the temperature of the refrigerant gas returning through the suction line to the compressor. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,303,663 and 3,400,552 both relate to apparatuses for controlling the charging of a refrigerant into an operating refrigeration system. Both utilize the pressure and temperature characteristics of the returning suction line refrigerant gas for control purposes. U.S. Pat. No. 3,686,892 teaches the concept of utilizing the temperature of the refrigerant gas returning to the compressor to actuate a switch which in turn energizes a wire heater which in turn opens a thermally responsive fuse to de-energize the compressor circuit. U.S. Pat. No. 3,729,949 relates to the use of a plurality of movable switch elements that are responsive to temperature and pressure to control the charging of a refrigeration system with an additional charge of refrigerant. U.S. Pat. No. 3,786,650 relates to an air conditioning control system in which the expansion valve is controlled in such a manner as to permit maximum cooling capacity of the refrigeration system upon start-up, particularly when the space being cooled is particularly warm, such as the inside of an automobile that has been in the sun. When a reduced ambient temperature is attained, or when a reduced suction line temperature is attained, the expansion valve is automatically re-set to its normal operating parameters. U.S. Pat. No. 3,791,165 also relates to a charging method and apparatus for a refrigeration system and is specifically applicable to a refrigeration system having a fixed restriction refrigerant expansion valve. Proper operation of such a refrigeration system is achieved by adding or removing refrigerant to the system to attain a preselected super-heat temperature of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator coil as determined by comparing the pressure and temperature of such refrigerant gas. U.S. Pat. No. 3,803,863 relates to a system for controlling a refrigeration compressor which involves monitoring the super-heat contained in the refrigerant gas returning to the compressor, monitoring the temperature of the space to be cooled as compared with a set point, generating separate electrical signals correlated to the super-heat temperature and the differential between the set point and the space temperature, and utilizing these signals to produce a modulating signal for regulating the compressor operation in the refrigeration system. U.S. Pat. No. 3,803,864 also relates to an air conditioning control system which utilizes a normally constant pressure expansion device for admitting liquid refrigerant to the evaporator but which is adapted to adjust the expansion device to maintain a relatively high evaporator pressure during the time that the temperature in the space to be cooled is being reduced to its desired level. When the space temperature has reached the desired level, the expansion device then reverts to its normal operation. U.S. Pat. No. 3,803,865 utilizes two vacuum control valves, one in the feed line between the condensor and the evaporator and another in the suction line between the evaporator and the compressor. The vacuum port of the first mentioned valve is connected to the suction line while the suction port of the second valve is connected through appropriate conduit to the induction system of an automotive engine. Application of suction to the second valve results in a pneumatic signal being transmitted to the first valve to increase the control point at which the evaporator pressure is controlled. Lastly, U.S. Pat. No. 3,913,347 relates to a mechanically operated switching arrangement controlled by pressure of refrigerant in the suction line on the one hand, and by pressure as it is related to the temperature of the refrigerant gas in the suction line on the other hand. Pressure responsive bellows are opposed to each other and each is in contact with a lever pivoted in such a manner to open or close or neutralize a pair of contacts, depending upon the differential in pressure as exerted directly by the pressure of the suction line and the pressure exerted by heating an appropriate refrigerant by means of the heat contained in the refrigerant gas. From the above prior art it will be apparent that there have been many different mechanical devices utilized that respond directly to variations of pressure of the refrigerant gas in the suction line, and which respond to variations in pressure in an auxiliary bulb containing an appropriate refrigerant gas and responsive to temperature variations of the refrigerant gas in the suction line. Most of these devices, as indicated in the patents discussed above, are mechanical devices with the disadvantages inherent in such mechanical device, such as slow response time, different characteristics because of inability to maintain manufacturing tolerances, and space limitations that preclude many of these cumbersome mechanical devices to be retro-fitted to existing equipment. Accordingly, it is one of the principal objects of the present invention to provide a control device for air conditioning refrigeration systems that is almost instantaneous in its response time and which may be easily retro-fitted to existing air conditioning refrigeration systems. In the operation of an air conditioning refrigeration system it frequently happens that the super-heat in the suction line will fluctuate through a relatively wide range in a very short period of time. Such fluctuations occur in most refrigeration systems and are usually not harmful because their duration is a relatively short period of time. With the mechanical structures disclosed in the patents above, such fluctuations would have their normal and expected effect on the mechanical transducers connected to the sensors and, because of the inherent lag time in the mechanical devices, the system might be shut down despite the fact that the super-heat fluctuation no longer exists and the super-heat is approaching a normal value. Accordingly, another object of the invention is to provide a control device for air conditioning refrigeration systems which is responsive to such extreme fluctuations of super-heat within a prescribed range and which is effective to delay the effect of such fluctuations so as to preclude shutting down the refrigeration system unnecessarily. It is particularly surprising that it is not revealed in any of the patents disclosed above or in operation manuals and texts on refrigeration that there is a substantially linear relationship between the suction line pressure and the temperature of the refrigerant gas flowing through the suction line. I have found that when this relationship is defined as a ratio of change of the pressure in the suction line to a change of temperature of the refrigerant gas passing therethrough, as long as the ratio is maintained, the super-heat in the refrigerant gas returning to the compressor may vary over a relatively wide range without the need to activate protective devices. Accordingly, a still further object of this invention is to provide a control device in which a predetermined super-heat temperature may be selected as the optimum super-heat for a given system, and the device set to initiate remedial steps only if the super-heat either drops a significant predetermined amount below such set super-heat temperature or rises a significant predetermined amount above the preset super-heat temperature, and to not initiate remedial steps so long as the ratio of change of pressure and temperature remains constant within the preselected range. It frequently happens that an abnormality in the operation of a refrigeration system will cause either a loss or a gain of the super-heat in the refrigerant gas returning to the compressor. Frequently the malfunction that causes the loss or gain in super-heat cures itself within a short interval. It is a disadvantage to have the system shut down because of a temporary abnormality in the operation of the system. Accordingly, still another object of the present invention is to provide a control device that initiates a counter which locks out other protective devices for a predetermined interval to thus permit the system a sufficient time to return to its normal mode of operation without shutting down the system. The invention possesses other objects and features of value, some of which, with the foregoing, will be apparent from the following description and the drawings. It is to be understood however that the invention is not limited to the embodiment illustrated and described since it may be embodied in various forms within the scope of the appended claims. In terms of broad inclusion, the super-heat monitoring and control device for air conditioning refrigeration systems of the invention comprises separate temperature and pressure monitoring sensors the signals from which are converted to electrical signals applied to a bridge circuit including a set-point adjustment and a throttling range adjustment which may be manipulated to set the ideal or desired super-heat temperature and the range of such temperatures, respectively. The bridge circuit also possesses a ratio adjustment that permits calibration of the bridge to the particular sensors being used, to thus set up the optimum pressure/temperature ratio. The output from the bridge circuit is channelled to a preamplifier, and the output from the preamplifier is in turn channelled to an integrator that includes a control function comprising an adjustable timer which may be adjusted to a time interval that corresponds to the time interval that the system in question requires to reach its normal super-heat condition. From the integrator circuit, the signal is channelled to a pair of comparator circuits which control a lockout relay which in turn controls the compressor circuit of the refrigeration system, to shut down the system if the super-heat level remains at too high or low a value for too long an interval. FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the various components of the super-heat monitoring and control device of the invention. FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration showing the manner of incorporation of the device of this invention in an air conditioning refrigeration system assembled at the factory. FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the manner of retrofitting the device of this invention in an already existing system. FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a portion of the entire control device circuit, including electronic and electrical components and their values and identifications. FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view constituting a continuation of the circuit illustrated in FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is an alternate arrangement for a portion of the circuit as illustrated in FIG. 4 by the line 6--6. FIGS. 7-11 are graphical illustrations of the pressure and temperature relationships in the system of the invention. FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a bridge circuit usuable with the system of the invention. FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic illustration of a conventional refrigeration system using the control device of the invention. In terms of greater detail, the super-heat monitoring and control device for air conditioning refrigeration systems which forms the subject matter of this invention, comprises a system or device that functions to control the operation of a refrigeration system in relation to whether the super-heat exceeds or falls below upper and lower limits that are selected for the particular refrigeration system in question. It is a matter of common knowledge that the reciprocating compressor, usually driven by an electric motor, is the heart of most air conditioning refrigeration systems. The compressor is a mechanical unit that is highly susceptible to damage as a result of abuse. Most compressor failures are not the fault of the compressor per se, but rather the fault of some other component in the system in which the compressor is used. For instance, hermetic compressors usually fail in one of two ways, i.e., mechanically or electrically. Electrical failures may stem from power line or control problems, but oftentimes it is simply the overheating of the compressor that initiates the electrical failure. Mechanical failures may be caused by inherent defects, but more often than not they are caused by the presence of liquid refrigerant in the compressor. It is of course well known that refrigerant vapor is utilized to cool the compressor into which it is sucked at low pressure. If the refrigerant vapor is saturated, however, then there is usually a finite amount of liquid refrigerant that passes into the compressor, with attendant damage to the compressor valves, requiring an expensive shut-down and overhaul of the compressor. Thus it is imperative for proper operation of the compressor that the low pressure gaseous refrigerant sucked into the compressor not be saturated, i.e., that it be completely gaseous. This condition is most usually ensured by controlling super-heat in the refrigerant gas in the evaporator and suction line before it reaches the compressor. The presence or absence of super-heat in the refrigerant gas in the evaporator and moving toward the compressor through the suction line is closely controlled under ordinary circumstances by the thermostatic expansion valve. This valve closely controls the amount of liquid refrigerant that is admitted to the evaporator by monitoring the temperature of the refrigerant gas leaving the evaporator. If the temperature monitored is greater than the boiling temperature of the particular refrigerant, then it can be assumed that all the liquid refrigerant admitted to the evaporator has evaporated. Thus, it is the differential in temperature between the temperature sensed at the outlet port of the evaporator and the boiling temperature of the refrigerant that controls the amount of liquid refrigerant admitted to the evaporator by the thermostatic metering expansion valve. This differential temperature, when greater than the boiling temperature, constitutes super-heat in the refrigerant gas. It thus becomes apparent that the thermostatic metering expansion valve is a "watch dog" that controls the rate of evaporation of liquid refrigerant in the evaporator, and that the rate of evaporation ultimately determines the degree of super-heat contained in the refrigerant gas leaving the evaporator. The measure of super-heat in the refrigerant gas leaving the evaporator, and the super-heat if any, added to it during its passage through the suction tube, determines in large measure the effectiveness of the refrigerant gas to cool the compressor. If the super-heat becomes too high, the refrigerant loses its cooling effect and the compressor runs too hot. If the super-heat becomes too low or non-existent, it indicates that there is saturated vapor and/or liquid refrigerant in the suction line which if permitted to enter the compressor may result in extensive damage. As indicated above, there are devices that protect the compressor from overheating, and there are devices that protect the compressor, indirectly, from the effects of liquid refrigerant. Surprisingly, however, nowhere have I been able to find a device or control system that will protect the compressor against adverse super-heat conditions, high or low. I have found that such protection can be provided by closely monitoring the pressure and temperature relationship of the refrigerant gas which indicates the amount of super-heat present, and controlling operation of the compressor in relation to fluctuations thereof. I have found that there are basically four steps in setting up this control or monitoring device on an air conditioning refrigeration system. The first step is to measure and note the operating super-heat of the system on which the control and monitoring device is to be installed. Secondly, it is important to determine and note how long from start-up it takes the equipment in question to reach this stable super-heat value. These measurements are made with conventional equipment that is available to all refrigeration or air conditioning technicians or servicemen. Once these determinations have been made the start-up delay timer is set. It is important to set this timer because almost all systems experience momentary fluctuations of super-heat from start-up to about five minutes after start-up, and it is not desirable that the system be shut down because of these normal momentary fluctuations. The delay timer thus enables the system to accommodate the individual start-up characteristics of most systems. During this observation interval of a normally functioning refrigeration system, it is important to note the normal fluctuations of super-heat. The range of fluctuations of super-heat from high to low thus suggests the throttling range adjustment of the control device of this invention, shutting down the system if the fluctuations exceed the high or low values of the range for longer than a predetermined interval. Also important is that the set-point of the device be set to the measured super-heat of the system during normal operation. Once the set-point and throttling range are established in the device, the lockout timing becomes a function of the amount that the throttling range is exceeded, on either end, i.e., high or low, by the super-heat and the time interval that it continues outside the throttling range. If the super-heat falls back within the acceptable range before the lockout relay is energized, the timer will reset itself, and will not become reactivated unless the throttling range is exceeded again. If the system is locked out by activation of the lockout relay, it can only be reset manually. This is usually provided for in most conventional systems by the provision of a reset relay. For the incorporation of my control and monitoring device, if a refrigeration system does not have a reset relay, one should be insfalled as will hereinafter be explained, at the time the control and monitoring device of this invention is installed. The monitoring and control device of this invention can be used on almost every air conditioning system utilizing a thermostatic metering expansion valve. In the detailed description that follows, the parameters have been selected for use with Refrigerant 22 systems. It should be apparent however that the device can be easily changed to accomodate most of the commonly used refrigerants in reciprocating type systems, e.g. R-12, R-500 and R-502. The circuit illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 is designed on the premise that a constant value of super-heat is correlated to a direct substantially linear proportional relationship between suction line gas pressure and suction line gas temperature. This being true, an increase in suction line gas pressure is manifested by a proportional increase in suction line gas temperature. FIGS. 7 and 8 exemplify these relationships. In FIG. 7, suction line gas pressures in pounds per square inch gauge for a gas containing 12� F. of super-heat are plotted against suction line gas temperatures. It is seen that the resulting "curve" is substantially a straight line. Calculations indicate that for Refrigerant 22 and a constant 12� F. super-heat the proportional change in pressure is an average of 1.31 psi per degree change in temperature. Thus, over a super-heated vapor pressure spread of 11 psi (68.5-57.5) there occurs a temperature spread of 8� F. (52�-44�), producing an overall ratio of 1.37 psi/�F. The same calculations made at the 62.8 psi level in relation to the 57.5 psi level and corresponding temperature spread (4� F.) produces a 1.32 psi/�F. ratio, while the 57.5 psi level and 55 psi level produce a 2.5 psi variation which results in a 1.25 psi/�F. ratio when divided by the temperature differential of 2� F. The average of these ratios is 1.31 psi/�F. as indicated in FIG. 7. In FIG. 8, the substantially linear and proportional change of the pressure-temperature relationship is illustrated by plotting temperature against pressure of a saturated vapor (without super-heat) on a single graph again showing the linearity of the "curve A" between lowest and highest values. Superimposed on "curve" is "curve" B which represents the addition of 2� of super-heat to the boiling point temperatures plotted as ordinates in FIG. 8. The significance of these linear relationships is illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10. In FIG. 9, actual suction line gas temperatures sensed are plotted as ordinate values against measured electrical resistance in ohms plotted as abscissa values. Note the substantially linear relationship that results. The slope of this "curve" is based on the fact that the particular sensor used is calibrated to provide 1000 ohms electrical resistance at 70� F., and a 2.2 ohm change per degree change in temperature. In FIG. 10, actual suction line gas pressures sensed are plotted as ordinate values against measured electrical resistance in ohms plotted as abscissa values. Again a linear relationship is manifested by the slope of the line that results. The slope of this "curve" is based on the fact that the particular sensor used is calibrated to provide 1000 ohms electrical resistance at 100 psig, thus resulting in a 10 ohm change in resistance per pound change in gauge pressure. The difference in slope of these two curves (FIGS. 9 and 10) is accounted for by the fact that the rate of change of resistance caused by variations in pressure (10Ω per pound per square inch gauge) is greater than the rate of change of resistance resulting from a change of temperature (2.2Ω/�F.) by a factor of approximately 6.36 to achieve a pressure/temperature ratio of 1.4 psig/�F., and by a factor of approximately 5.91 to achieve a pressure/temperature ratio of 1.3 psig/�F. It is this factor that must be considered when calibrating the bridge to provide a balanced output at a 12� F. super-heat and a pressure/temperature ratio of 1.3 psig/�F. From FIGS. 9 and 10 it may thus be concluded that since the change in electrical resistance is linear in response to similarly linear changes in suction line gas temperature and pressure for a constant super-heat value, then such linear electrical resistance increases and decreases may be applied to a bridge circuit as will hereinafter be explained, with the result that the resistance changes will be balanced out by the bridge circuit so long as the super-heat remains constant (e.g. at 12� F.) When an abnormal condition occurs, e.g., an overcharge, undercharge, expansion valve malfunction, clogged or dirty filters, broken evaporator fan belt, defective fan motor, or any other of numerous types of failures, the operating super-heat will increase or decrease abnormally, indicating that the pressure has risen or fallen at a faster or slower rate than normal, as opposed to temperature, thus changing the 1.3 psig/� F. ratio set in the bridge circuit. When the super-heat value, either high or low, exceeds the high or low limits set by the throttling range for a predetermined interval, the lock out relay will be energized and the system will be shut down. Referring to the drawings, the entire device in block diagram form is illustrated in FIG. 1, where reference numeral 2 designates a temperature sensor of the thermistor type in which the resistance of the thermistor varies directly with temperature change. I have found that a thermistor having a resistance value of 1000 ohms at 70� F. and a rate of change of 2.2 ohms per degree F. is satisfactory. A pressure sensor 3 is also provided. This unit may be a commercially available type that responds to pressure variations to effect movement of a wiper blade across an elongated resistor. Its rate of change may be 10 ohms per pound per square inch of pressure change and its range is from zero to 100 psig. Because the operating parameters of the temperature and pressure sensors are usually fixed for specific units, the ohmic rate of change being different for the temperature and pressure sensors, the ratio of change must be set in the bridge circuit, as previously discussed. This ratio adjustment is exemplified by FIG. 11 in which the temperatures of both super-heated vapor and saturated vapor are plotted as ordinate values against pressure values plotted as abscissa values. From the graph of FIG. 11 it will be seen that for a pressure rise of 7.2 psig from 62.8 psig to 70, there is a corresponding 5.5� F. rise in temperature from 36� F. (saturated vapor) to 41.5. The ratio of 7.2 to 5.5 thus equals approximately 1.4 psig change for each degree change in temperature. Correlated to pressure and temperature sensors that vary electrical resistance as indicated above (10Ω/lb. and 2.2Ω/� F.) it will be seen that 1.4 psig translates the 14 ohms which, when divided by 2.2 ohms, provides a balancing ratio adjustment factor of 6.36 which is dialed into the bridge circuit to compensate for the different rates of the pressure and temperature sensors. Thus, a Barber-Coleman Model CP8102 bridge; illustrated in FIG. 12, provides adjustment bridge 40 for setting the temperature set point, another adjustment bridge 42 for setting the pressure set point, a third adjustment network 44 for selecting the balancing ratio adjustment factor, and an adjustment network 46 for setting the throttling range as previously discussed. Receiving power from a standard 120 VAC source is a power supply 4 (FIG. 4) which is designed to provide a regulated output of +20 VDC and -20 VDC, which is fed into bridge circuit 5, which also receives inputs from the two sensors 2 and 3. The bridge circuit may be purchased commercially from Barber-Colman Company in several different models to meet different needs. For instance, I have found that Model CP8102 having the adjustability flexibility noted above provides satisfactory results. The bridge circuit is provided with potentiometric set point adjustment knobs 6 and 6', a ratio adjustment knob 7' and a throttling range adjustment knob 7 as shown in FIG. 1, and by their counterpart potentiometer adjustment arms in FIG. 12. The set point adjustment knobs 6 and 6' are utilized to set the desired super-heat for the system in which the control device of the invention is being installed, while the throttling range adjustment is used to set the high and low points or limits of the super-heat for the system in question. When the bridge circuit is properly calibrated and adjusted for the system in question under normal operating pressure and temperature, its output voltage on output line 48 will be 7.5 VDC when the two inputs from the temperature and pressure sensors are balanced. The point at which the bridge circuit will be balanced is determined by setting the ratio adjustment knob 7'. The throttling range adjustment is determined by amplifier response to variations in output from the bridge circuit. Total resistances of each side of the bridge must change at a constant rate to keep the system in balance. The control device includes a preamplifier 8 that amplifies the output of the bridge circuit and channels the signal to the integrator 9. The output of the preamplifier is adjusted so that when the bridge output is 7.5 volts, the amplifier output is 0 volts. Any change in bridge output then produces an offset voltage which is supplied to the integrator 9, so that the output of the integrator is a function of the input offset voltage and offset duration. "Offset voltage" is any voltage greater or less than zero volts DC. The output from the integrator may vary from -20 VDC to +20 VDC, with zero volts being at the balance point of the bridge, i.e., when the bridge circuit is balanced and its output is 7.5 VDC. The integrator 9 as illustrated in FIG. 4 is designed to provide a "dead band" or interval in which the voltage to the preamplifier 8 may swing �2 volts above or below the 7.5 volt balanced output from the bridge circuit 5, to provide a voltage spread or " dead band" from 5.5 to 9.5 volts, thus accommodating momentary fluctuations and precluding unnecessary triggering of the integrator. If additional "dead band" is needed for a given application, the alternate arrangement for an integrator shown at 9' in FIG. 6 may be substituted. Associated with the integrator 9 in the control device is a start-up timer 12 which is a solid state, adjustable timer which disables the integrator during start-up by opening its associated normally-closed contact 12'. This permits the system parameters to fluctuate for whatever time is set in the start-up timer so that the system will not be shut down by such fluctuations, which are usually of short duration. When the start-up timer 12 times out, its contact 12' (FIG. 5) closes, permitting the output from the integrator to be channeled to comparator circuits 13 and 14 which are effective, upon appropriate circumstances, to energize the lock-out relay 16. Energization of the lock-out relay 16 is effected through two current amplifiers 17 and 18 (see FIG. 5). The two comparator circuits energize the lock-out relay 16 when their input voltages reach preset levels, e.g., +10 VDC or -10 VDC. One comparator circuit is set to trip at +10 VDC, and the other comparator circuit is set to trip at -10 VDC. If either comparator circuit trips, it will allow a +20 VDC signal to energize the lock-out relay 16 through current amplifiers 17 and 18. FIG. 2 illustrates schematically a typical installation of the control and monitoring device of this invention in a system containing a reset or lock-out relay. Line voltage is applied as indicated to the two terminal leads 21 and 22, between which are connected various types of protective devices such as the control relay 23, a high pressure safety relay 24, external motor overload relays 26, a solid state motor protector 27, and an oil failure switch 28. The control device of this invention is tapped into the system circuit as shown in broken lines and designated by the numeral 29, ahead of the reset relay contact points 31 which are activated or controlled by the reset relay solenoid coil 32. My control device is also tapped into the system circuit ahead of the low pressure safety switch 33 and the compressor contactor 34 as shown. There are of course many systems which do not incorporate the safety features discussed in the previous paragraph, and particularly do not utilize a reset relay with appropriate contact points so that the system can be reset once it has been tripped off by the control relay 23. These systems provide a compressor contactor 34, and before the control and monitoring device of this invention is installed, the system should be provided with the reset relay solenoid 32' and the reset relay contacts 31' as shown in FIG. 3. Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5 wherein the detailed circuitry of the device is illustrated, I have found that components having the following values, when connected as shown, provide satisfactory monitoring and control functions. ______________________________________T1 and T2 Step-down transformers 120 or 240 VAC/36 VAC at 200 ma.B1 and B2 Full Wave Bridge Module 200 PRV at 500 ma.VR1 and VR2 Lambda or equivalent voltage regulatorsTR 100K, 1/2 Watt linear taper potentiometerTimer SPDT time delay relay 110 VAC input voltage Adjustable from 1-30 min.A1 to A4 Operational Amplifiers National Semiconductor μa741C - DIPC1 and C2 50 V, 0.33 μufd.C3 50 V, 10.0 μufd.D1 and D2 Zener Diodes -2 V at 10 μua.D3- D7 Silicon Diode IN645 (or equivalent)17 and 18 Transistors - National Semiconductor Type 2N2222LR1 SPDT Relay, 5 Amp. contacts, coil voltage 20-24 VDC at 1K ohms.R1 and R2 1000 ohms (in bridge circuit)R3 10K ohmsR4, R5, R9-R11, 100K ohmsR14 & R15R6 16.7K ohmsR7 51.0K ohmsR8 1 M ohmsR12, R13, R16, R17 20K ohms______________________________________ In some isolated instances, it may be necessary to increase the time interval during which the control and monitoring device of the invention will permit momentary fluctuations of an existing system during the start-up period. To increase this interval, the Zener diodes D1 and D2 may be arranged as in FIG. 6 of the drawing to prevent unnecessary tripping of the system. In summary, the present control device protects a compressor 50 against abnormal superheated conditions of a superheated gas in the suction line 52, of a refrigeration system of the type illustrated in FIG. 13. Typically, to maintain a compressor at normal operating temperatures there is a cooperative interaction between the compressor and the refrigerant being compressed. The refrigerant cannot be so hot that it causes the compressor to operate beyond a safe temperature, yet it must be hot enough to insure that there is no liquid in the return (suction) line. Heat in the return line above that required to convert all the liquid to gaseous form is called "super-heat", and is a function of the temperature and pressure within the return line. The superheated refrigerant normally is admitted to the compressor at between about 42 and 55 degrees F., at a pressure ranging between 55 and 70 psig. In order to protect the compressor, the pressure-to-temperature ratio should remain relatively constant, and the control device of this invention is directed to circuitry for monitoring the return line and shutting down the refrigeration system if that ratio deviates from a preset range of values. Both the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas in the return line are measured, and the ratio of the output signals from the pressure and temperature sensors 2 and 3 is determined in bridge circuit 5. The bridge circuit 5 is conventional, and includes a pair of input bridges 40 and 42 which are adjusted to a balanced condition when the respective temperature and pressure sensors 2 and 3 are connected thereto, as shown in FIG. 12. The ratio of the two input bridges at their balanced values is established by adjusting an offsetting ratio network 44, and the bridge circuit is adjusted (calibrated) to produce nominal output; e.g., 7.5 volts when the inputs are balanced, and at the correct ratio. Thereafter, the desired range of operation is established by selecting the desired range resistor (15�, 25�, etc.) and adjusting the throttling range potentiometer 7 in the throttling adjustment network 46, which is a feedback loop for a proportion voltage control amplifier 54 and a series current limiter 56. This range adjustment allows the measured values to fluctuate within a selected normal range without affecting the bridge output. Once the normal operating range is established, the control system of the present invention functions to provide a safety shut-down (or lock-out) of the system if that range is exceeded, on either the high or low side, by a predetermined amount. Thus, the output of the bridge 5 is supplied to a scaling preamplifier 8, which provides an offset equal to the nominal output voltage from the bridge; e.g., 7.5 volts, and under balanced conditions and within the normal operating range of the system provides a 0 voltage output. If the sensed pressure and temperature exeed (or fall below) the range determined by bridge 5, the preamplifier 8 will produce an output which is integrated in integrator 9, and supplied to comparators 13 and 14. If the supplied voltage exceeds the base voltage supplied to the comparators by more than a preset amount, one of the comparators will supply a voltage to lock-out relay 18, which will shut down the system. A start-up timer is provided to disable the control device at the start-up of the system, since the measured values will normally exceed the preset deviations during that period. Having thus described the invention, what is believed to be novel and sought to be protected by letters patent of the United States is as follows: Patent Citations
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When to Leave a Job and Start Something New
When Leave Articles
- Imagine Hating Your Family So Much You Decide To Leave Your $100 Million Fortune To Your Great-Great-Great Grand Children
- Drop Out Of High School, Marry A Billionaire, Go To Jail, Leave Small Fortune To Your Dog. Leona Helmsley's American Dream
- A Chinese Real Estate Billionaire Just Donated His Entire Fortune To Charity. Leaving His Kids With Precisely NOTHING.
- Friends Thought He Was Crazy To Give Up A High Paying Job To Launch A Brewery. Today Jim Koch Is A Billionaire.
- Steve Jobs steps down, leaves big turtleneck to fill

subset: commoncrawl


text: I was excited to go this place after researching it in the net. I really liked the place but it still needs more renovations. The best part of it is it's free and there's a nice lady there that will tour you around the place. All in all majority of the selected sites that I wanted to see was free.... More


text:
Mersana signs $334M R&D deal with Teva
- Mass High Tech staff
Mersana Therapeutics Inc. and Israel-based Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd. have entered into a research and licensing agreement that could bring Mersana up to $334 million.
The deal relates to the development of Mersana's cancer treatment XMT-1107, which is expected to enter Phase 1 clinical trials in the second quarter of 2010. If the drug meets development, regulatory and commercial milestones, Mersana will receive up to $334 million from Teva, which will hold an exclusive license for the drug worldwide, except in Japan. Under terms of the deal, Teva will pay for development costs, and Mersana stands to gain further from royalties on net global sales.
XMT-1107 is a novel fumagillin analog. In other trials, fumagillin analogs have been shown to block tumor growth, but have also shown reversible toxicity in patients' central nervous system. Mersana officials note that XMT-1107 has shown no signs of central nervous system toxicity. The drug works with Mersana's proprietary Fleximer chemical, a biodegradable and bio-inert polymer that can be linked to small molecules and biologics.
Cambridge-based Mersana is a privately held, venture-backed company that raised at least $2.5 million in a debt round in February. The company previously raised $4 million in new funding from a convertible note placement in 2008, with backing from Fidelity Biosciences, Harris & Harris Group, PureTech Ventures, ProQuest Investments and Rho Ventures.
Teva Innovation Ventures Vice President Aharon Schwartz said in a press release that the group "seeks partnerships with companies and academia to develop new specialty medicines."
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What does GG mean in Occupation & Positions?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand GG in the Business field in general and in the Occupation & Positions terminology in particular.
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"GG." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/64330>.
GG also stands for:
... and 127 more »
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Alternative search:
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text:
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Civilian Human Resources
4301 Jones Bridge Road
Bethesda, Maryland 20814
Office Hrs: 7:30 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.
Phone: (301) 295-3412
Fax: (301) 295-3937
The employment verification service known as The Work Number is available once again for DoD employees. Now there are options for employees needing employment verification including The Work Number and self-service employment verification via the Defense Civilian Personnel Data System (DCPDS) My Biz. For those requesting historical data from The Work Number, there will be a gap in employee data from February 2011 to September 2011. Information on receiving employment verification from these systems is provided below.
Self-service employment verification is available via the Defense Civilian Personnel Data System (DCPDS) using your My Biz account. Additional information and instructions are available on our public portal http://www.public.navy.mil/donhr/Employment/Pages/MyBizEmploymentVerification.aspx. "This option requires the employee to have a CAC and access to My Biz."
Note if you are unsure whether you have My Biz access you can always use the traditional method and stop by the HR service desk at CHR or call Mrs. Kima Watts (301)295-3985.


text:
Release Date:
May 7, 2013
A rabbi in 1930s Algeria is shocked when his cat gains the power of speech, and begins offering scathing criticisms of religion and social mores while lusting after his owner's adolescent daughter. Based on the graphic novel by Joann Sfar. ~ Jason Buchanan, Rovi
- Genre: Action/Adventure
- Category Religious Comedy, Period Film, Adventure Comedy, Fantasy Adventure
- Theme: Members of the Clergy, Talking Animals
- Run Time: 01 hr 29 min
- Language: French
- Subtitle Language: English
- Lead Actor: François Morel , Maurice Bénichou , Hafsia Herzi , Francois Damiens , Mathieu Amalric
- Supporting Actor: Jean-Pierre Kalfon , Fellag Sheik , Marguerite Abouet , Sava Lolov
- Director: Antoine Delesvaux , Joann Sfar
other Info.
- Online Item #: 14533846
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 246-09-4918
- Made in the USA or Imported


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What Is A Boat Really Worth?
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Re: What Is A Boat Really Worth?
Originally Posted by
Julie, I think banks go with NADA because it is free and easy to access.
Having worked in the mortgage industry, I have some idea of how underwriting a loan works. My guess is that the only reason they use NADA is simply carry-over from the car loan industry.
NADA is well known and well respected as a source of useful, accurate information when it comes to underwriting car loans. The people who are responsible for underwriting boat loans desperately want something similar, which takes most of the guesswork (and therefore the risk) out of approving a loan. They don't actually have anything that is as accurate as NADA is for cars, so they grasp at the next best thing.
When it gets right down to it, it is a CYA sort of thing. If the loan goes bad, the underwriter hasn't put his neck on the chopping block. He can always say to his boss, "But we only loaned him the amount that NADA said the boat was worth!"
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A number of studies have reported that excess alcohol consumption can increase the risk of developing breast cancer and have suggested that the more alcohol consumed, the greater the breast cancer risk. New breast cancer research presented at the CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium suggests that excess alcohol consumption by breast cancer survivors increases their risk of breast cancer returning.
In this study, researchers examined the association between alcohol consumption and breast cancer recurrence in a group of nearly 2,000 early stage breast cancer survivors. Information on alcohol consumption over the previous 12 months was collected by questionnaire. Analysis of the risk of breast cancer returning showed that:
To learn more about my 7-Day Prescription for Healthier Breasts, read my book Fight Now: Eat & Live Proactively Against Breast Cancer at www.fightBCnow.com. |
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Nearly thirty students in the Watts neighborhood of South Los Angeles rose at 7 AM last Saturday to spend the day at their high school Alliance Cindy and Bill Simon Technology Academy, or Simon Tech, as everyone seems to call it. If you know teenagers, this fact alone is remarkable. But it gets even better. They came not to play but to give away fruit trees and teach others how to plant them. Anyone in the community who wanted a tree — apple or peach — could have one.… Read more >>
This past Saturday we hosted another of our Community Sustainability Workshops and got a standing-room-only crowd – maybe it's the drought? Maybe it's just that there are a lot of cool, in-the-know people?
Or maybe it's actually because we sell hope. (Okay, we don't sell it. We give it away for free!)
Yes, it's the driest winter in recorded history and that fact alone can be a little depressing, paralyzing even. But that's just one fact among many.
Here are a few other things we also know:
- It will rain again.
Part of our mission here at TreePeople is to be a source of practical information and solutions that can help keep every Angeleno safe and healthy, especially in times of extreme weather and natural forces such as the current drought emergency. Even in the face of projected hotter and more erratic weather patterns, we can still move the city towards a viable future – together.
The answer lies in taking care of our most vital resource for environmental well-being in urban areas: trees.… Read more >>
Last week, Peter Weiss, one of our awesome Outreach Volunteers, and I represented TreePeople at the Pacoima Forward Community Fair at Hadden Elementary School. The event was lovely; lots of folks from the school community and the surrounding neighborhood attended.
People were really enthusiastic about becoming TreePeople volunteers and signing up for our classes on tree planting, rainwater harvesting, and native plants. The best part of the day though was watching the kids get so excited about our watershed suitcase demonstration, which explains why and how trees are important to our local aquifers.… Read more >>
We live in a beautiful Mediterranean climate. Southern California is actually one of only five regions in the world with this climate – cool, wet winters and warm to hot, dry summers. But of those five, ours is the driest. Fortunately, our native plants have evolved to thrive here; they expect to get their moisture for the entire year from late fall to early spring.
Except not this year. This is the driest year on record, and even our native trees and shrubs are dying in the wild lands.… Read more >>
Our greatest strength as an organization is our incredible volunteers. We are lucky to have so many people who love to help and want to do more. An exciting way that TreePeople is able to get more folks involved is through our corporate volunteering program.
Our corporate volunteering program was introduced with the goal of providing an experience that is both inspiring and rewarding for your team. These events are typically at sunny parks across Los Angeles, where our Forestry staff provides you with the guidance and tools your group needs to make the project successful.… Read more >>
"We have enough water to live on, but not enough to waste." — Dorothy Green, founding president of Heal the Bay.
Dorothy Green wrote these words in an article that was published in the Los Angeles Times in 2008, shortly before her death. She went on to outline a thoughtful set of recommendations to create a sustainable water supply for Southern California.
So it is disheartening to see a Times article appear six years later that practically suggests that, despite this being the driest year in recorded history, everything's fine.… Read more >>
With the New Year comes lots of good intentions. Why not start with how you dispose of your holiday tree? If you've been thinking about trying to live a more sustainable lifestyle, you can look no further than your living room and that post-Christmas—or whatever holiday you celebrated—tree.
Rather than haul it out for the garbage collector, the best thing to do with your holiday tree is to mulch it. Chipping up your tree is a great way to create healthy, organic matter that is ideal to put on top of the soil—similar to what happens to dead trees in a natural forest.… Read more >>
After working at TreePeople for five years, and attending many Citizen Forester events, I finally led my own tree planting. I've always known that TreePeople's Citizen Foresters are amazing people, but I've never understood precisely what these volunteers go through to lead plantings in their neighborhoods.
In my personal life, I am a board member for the Atwater Village Neighborhood Council. Awhile back, Jerry, one of my fellow board members, mentioned that a section of North Atwater desperately needed trees. He looped me into the project concept, and we worked with the city and a local landscape architect to build a simple plan to plant ten trees (six Western Redbuds and four Catalina Ironwoods) on the street.… Read more >>
You are invited to an international event! Be a part of the US-Australian Dialogue on Water, which has major implications for Los Angeles' water future.
For over 20 years, TreePeople has been promoting the value of trees and nature-based urban planning as the best means of securing a sustainable, affordable and secure water supply for Los Angeles. Last week, The Huffington Post listed Los Angeles as one of the most water-vulnerable American cities in an article titled "These 11 Cities May Completely Run Out of Water Sooner Than You Think."
Yes, the situation is serious.… Read more >>


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Ninety-seven years ago this month, Bolshevik troops stormed the Winter Palace at Saint Petersburg in the coup de grâce of the Russian Revolution. As much as any other event, this triumph of communism would dominate and shape the remainder of the century. To get a sense of scale, consider that the great conflagration of World War I claimed about 18 million lives. Somewhere between 40 million and 60 million were killed in World War II. The death toll from Communist tyranny? One hundred million people.
Yet the advent, destruction, and passing of communism has for the most part dropped down the memory hole. There are a handful of -museums and memorials in Eastern Europe marking its evils. There are none in America. Washington, D.C., has vast museums commemorating spies, newspapers, textiles, the Postal Service, urban planning—there is even a "science" museum devoted to "climate change." But when it comes to communism, there is nothing.
Or almost nothing. Seven years ago, on a tiny triangle of land six blocks north of the Capitol, the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation unveiled America's first and only monument marking communism's toll. Now they're about to embark on a project to build a museum in the nation's capital.
The VCMF began as the dream of Lee Edwards and Lev Dobriansky in 1990. Edwards was a historian at the Heritage Foundation and Dobriansky was a professor of economics at Georgetown. The two men were friends and had been, for three decades, cold warriors par excellence. With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the implosion of the Soviet empire, they decided to build both a memorial and a museum in the nation's capital. In 1993, working with Edwards and Dobriansky, a bipartisan group in Congress crafted a bill authorizing the creation of a foundation to pursue those goals. It was passed unanimously and signed by President Clinton. And thus the VCMF was born.
The foundation is a curiosity by Washington standards because it refuses to take money from the American government. The VCMF is adamant that it will never take funding from U.S. taxpayers.
It thus took 13 years of planning and fundraising to build the memorial, and that was with everything breaking the right way. The National Park Service donated the little parcel of land where New Jersey and Massachusetts Avenues cross. The sculptor Thomas Marsh donated a 10-foot-tall bronze replica of the statue inspired by Lady Liberty that the Chinese students erected in Tiananmen Square in 1989. But obtaining the various approvals and permits was a slog. "It's going to take longer than you think," a Park Service official warned the foundation at the outset. And more money, too. By the time the memorial was dedicated by President Bush in 2007, $1 million had been spent.
The list of donors who brought the memorial to life is a charming hodge-podge of America: from the Knights of Columbus to individuals in the Vietnamese-American community, from the Pew Charitable Trusts to the nations of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Hungary. It's a modest little memorial, but powerful. On the back of the pedestal is an inscription that reads, "To the freedom and independence of all captive nations and peoples." As you stand there, looking at those words, you can see the Statue of Freedom atop the Capitol dome.
Earlier this year Marion Smith took over for Edwards as director of the foundation, and he's now focused on the museum. The plans are ambitious: 55,000 square feet of exhibit space near the National Mall, an auditorium to show films, and resident scholars pursuing research and writing on communism's legacy. The museum, it is hoped, will be backed by an endowment to pay for operations indefinitely. The price tag, Smith says, is $100 million.
As fundraising goes, that's a heavy lift. But unlike vanity projects—think the barren National Postal Museum or the insipid Newseum—the Victims of Communism Museum will have something to say. "Ideas have consequences," Smith explains. "There's a direct line from Marxism to the killing fields of Cambodia." People sometimes—often—forget this fact. "We aim to be the source of record for communism," Smith says.
This may be the right moment to begin the project in earnest. Smith points out that we are now 25 years from the fall of communism, and it was in the early 1970s—about 25 years after the conclusion of the Second World War—that most of the Holocaust memory projects began. The VCMF hopes to begin its capital campaign later this year and break ground in 2017.
Read more...
Yesterday, the National Gallery of Art put out a solicitation for nuclear ordnance, giving interested parties until the end of October to respond to the solicitati
Philanthropy magazine features Albert Barnes on the cover of its summer issue, the latest in a growing number of newspapers and magazines to run feature stories about Barnes and his museum in Pennsylvania. James Panero, writing in Philanthropy:
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Handicapping the 2016 GOP field
Time to counter the Saudis with a tariff?
Hosted by Michael Graham.
The Republican state AGs continue to be Obama's most formidable opponents.
How can they be stopped?
One unforced error after another.


text:
What does AVCE mean in Academic Degrees?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand AVCE in the Academic & Science field in general and in the Academic Degrees terminology in particular.
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AVCE also stands for:
- American Venture Capital Exchange
- Annai Vailankanni college of
- Annai Vailankanni college of engineering
- Anti Virus Corporate Edition
- Association Valaisanne du Contrôle en Electricité
... see them all »
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AsiaMalala is the 'daughter of Pakistan' Father of Malala Yousafzai tells Al Jazeera his daughter's struggle touched the hearts of Muslims Christians and Hindus. 13 Oct 2012 00:32 GMT | Asia, Pakistan Malala first came to prominence at 11 when she spoke out against a Taliban ban on girls' education [Al Jazeera/Hameedullah Khan]Ziauddin Yousafzai, spokesperson for the Swat Valley Peace Council, never thought his 14-year-old daughter Malala would be a target for the Pakistani Taliban. "I was thinking that it's me who always stood against these people and have strongly condemned their bomb blasts, suicide attacks and killing of innocent civilians on every forum", Yousafzai told Al Jazeera from his daughter's bedside. Malala, who first came to public attention at the age of 11 for speaking out against a ban on girls' education, was shot in the neck and head by Taliban gunmen on her way home from school last week. Over a cup of coffee, Ziauddin expressed his gratitude for prayers for his daughter's swift recovery. "She is not only my daughter ... she is the daughter of Pakistan and I am only the caretaker." Ziauddin considers himself blessed by God for having a daughter who has been prayed for not only by other Muslims, but also Christians, Hindus and Sikhs. For Ziauddin, this is a sign that "everyone who came to know about Malala's incident has prayed for her life ... When I see little children praying for Malala's life it gives me renewed strength and hope that Malala, the nation's daughter, will recover soon... and one day she will be going back to school to accomplish her dreams for humanity". Among Malala's many well-wishers was Raja Pervez Ashraf, prime minister of Pakistan, who visited the hospital to assure her parents that they are not alone in this tragic time and that "the whole nation stands with them". 'Crime against humanity' "Today we have gathered here to pay tribute to the bravery and courage of Malala Yousafzai. The nation stands united in condemning the brutality and degradation of those who perpetrated this crime and the poisoned mindset that seeks to destroy the soul of our nation. The attack on Malala is not a crime against the individual. It is a crime against humanity. An attack on our moral and social values." Speaking to media the prime minister went on to say: "The extremists attacked Malala because they were scared of the power of her vision. She had a simple message - the rights for the girls to be educated''. Ashraf called Malala a true Pakistani who is the real face of the nation. "We will not allow anyone to destroy the face of Pakistan. We pledge that we will not allow the future of our children to be in danger by the militant mindset." Of Malala's treatment, Ashraf assured the public that she "is under the best possible care", but that "the next 48 hours are important". Malala, who is currently on a ventilator, was flown by an air-ambulance from Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Peshawar to the Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology (AFIC), a health unit of CMH Rawalpindi on Thursday. A national prayer day for Malala was observed across the country on Friday. From morning school assemblies to the Friday prayer services, Malala was on everyone's minds. It wasn't just local gatherings though, provincial and national assemblies and even Pakistani television honoured Malala. Friday also saw reports that the key suspects in Tuesday's shooting were arrested in northwestern Pakistan. Kamran Rehman, district administrative officer in the Swat Valley said police are actively pursuing the shooters, but so far only three arrests have been made. Though he cannot be certain of the suspect's roles in the shooting until a full investigation has been conducted, Rehman did say they were between the ages of 17 and 23. One suspect has also been arrested in Rawalpindi, not far from the hospital where Malala is currently being treated. A military official speaking on condition of anonymity told Al Jazeera that the suspect tried to enter the hospital on Thursday night claiming to be the girl's father.
Who in Pakistan should have protected Malala? As the 14-year-old girl is shot by Taliban gunmen, we ask what does this mean for the rule of law in the country. Pakistan, United Kingdom
Profile: Malala Yousafzai Respected Pakistani rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner who has fought to promote schooling for girls. Human Rights, Asia, Pakistan, Malala, Education
Israel targets rising critical opinion in Germany As celebrations kick off marking 50 years of diplomacy, an increasing number of Germans are expressing negative views. War & Conflict, Human Rights, Politics
Greece: Climbing out of debilitating private debt Individuals and the state are brainstorming different debt strategies, but almost all are out of line with EU lenders. Business & Economy, Politics, Poverty & Development
The other side of Somalia's pirates Poisoned waters and illegal fishing drove Somalis into sea piracy to feed families, according to relatives. Human Rights, Poverty & Development, Environment
The most powerful mafia you've never heard of Italy's 'Ndrangheta crime syndicate is believed haul in more revenue than many Fortune 500 companies. Italy, Crime, Europe
Who in Pakistan should have protected Malala? As the 14-year-old girl is shot by Taliban gunmen, we ask what does this mean for the rule of law in the country. Pakistan, United Kingdom
Profile: Malala Yousafzai Respected Pakistani rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner who has fought to promote schooling for girls. Human Rights, Asia, Pakistan, Malala, Education
Iraq launches offensive to take back Tikrit from ISIL Thousands of troops, Shia militia and armed Sunni tribesmen launch large-scale offensive on Saddam Hussein's hometown. War & Conflict, Middle East, Iraq
Kerry meets Lavrov for Ukraine talks in Geneva US secretary of state and Russian counterpart meet as UN says Ukraine death toll has passed 6,000 in less than a year. Politics, War & Conflict, Russia, US, Ukraine
The SystemProsecutorial MisconductThe System examines two cases where prosecutorial misconduct may have led to wrongful imprisonment. Crime, Law, United States
Talk to Al JazeeraPrince Ali of Jordan: 'Bring back FIFA's reputation'The FIFA presidential candidate explains why he is challenging Sepp Blatter and how he plans to reform the organisation.Sport, Middle East, FIFA
Al Jazeera WorldAhalil: Music of the Red OasisThe music of the Algerian Sahara, known as Ahalil, is a key part of a way of life that has survived for centuries.Arts & Culture, Algeria, Music
People & PowerKilling the BallPeople & Power investigates how a match-fixer and his syndicate corrupted global football.Sport, Football, Corruption


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Do you have Multiple Chemical Sensitivities? You will be pleased to know that there is an online event coming up that you can participate in for free! The 2015 Environmental Sensitivities Symposium essymposium.com starts 23rd March. For more information go to the MCS News Page
After nearly 30 years ASEHA has had to close it's doors. Dorothy Bowes has run this organisation since 1984, and now Dorothy's health and eyesight are failing and she is no longer able to continue. Sadly there is no one able to keep the organisation going, no one could fill Dorothy's shoes!
Dorothy has helped 1000's of individuals through the phone support, advocacy services, newsletters, and information on how to manage MCS in their lives; and the wider MCS community through promoting of MCS in the general population, health and social services, and in Government. ASEHA (Dorothy) has been involved with many Government submissions on issues such as food safety, disability services, access to premises, fragrance free health facilities and advocated for improved resources in the community and the development of health facilities suitable for those with MCS.
Dorothy was intimately involved in the development of MCS hospital guidelines at the Royal Brisbane and Royal Womens' Hospital's, as well as similar guidelines implemented in other Australian states. Unfortunately the Queensland guidelines were rescinded quietly in 2009, it was two years until this came to light. It is a tragedy that Dorothy herself is now unable to access adequate health care when she needs it most. We can only wish her luck (which is in short supply) as her failing health prevents her from continuing her invaluable work.
On behalf of all the 1000's of people who owe Dorothy a debt of gratitude for her spartan efforts in helping them cope with the travails' of an insidious illness I extend a huge thank you.
An echo of her good work will live on in the hearts of those she has helped, and in the ASEHA website which will remain on line mainly as a tribute to Dorothy but also to continue to serve the needs of many struggling individuals. New information will continue to be added.
Thank you Dorothy and Good Luck.
Allergy, Sensitivity & Environmental Health Association Qld Inc. (ASEHA Qld Inc)
ASEHA is a voluntary community organisation providing support and information to people with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), allergy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/ fibromyalgia.
Our thanks to Nicholas & Gabrielle Edwards (www.seohosting.com.au) for hosting this website.
It is support like this that allows us to continue to disseminate information to those with Allergy and Chemical Sensitivity
- Peanut (Legumes), Nut and Shellfish Allergy and Potential Fatal Food Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis) Article
- General Organic
- Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A 1999 Consensus
- Health Information Template
- Is It Really Food Allergy
- MCS News
- Chemical Sensitivity: Is there a problem? : A Consumer Point of View
- Links to Other Sites
- The Perfume Poltergist
- Aeroallergens/Irritants and Vocal Cord Disorder
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Barstool Local Smokeshow of the Day – Shannon
Introducing Shannon from UNH. Smoke city. The fact we've never been able to do a real event at UNH is so infuriating I can't even tell you. And smokes like Shannon just make me feel even worse about it.
Do you know any smokes? Send them to email@example.com
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Message board »Message Board home »Sign-in or register to get started
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Feb. 27, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Rules of the game Discussion: Rating Question titanhd: Nope, but a 50-Major team, assuming all players are 55-age eligible, could play 55-Major Plus OR 40-Masters AAA (same team rating index for all three division is 8) ... softball4b: We don't have a 45 age division, but as mentioned, they could play 40-Masters AAA ... |
Feb. 26, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Rules of the game Discussion: Rating Question Not sure "negotiated" is the right word, but individual facts and circumstances can have an impact on any decision based on one individual and not a blanket interpretation for all ... |
Feb. 26, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Rules of the game Discussion: Rating Question It was the only appropriate answer to the question as posed ... If there are other "complicating" factors he (or you as his Agent) would like to have considered, please call George at the Sacramento Office at (916) 326.5303. |
Feb. 26, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Rules of the game Discussion: Rating Question Yes |
Feb. 22, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: General and miscellaneous Discussion: So the question was....how to get more teams to play Major Plus There was the annual discussion of HR Rules in general at the Rules Committee sessions again this year. Some pre-meeting public input correspondence advocated eliminating DBO's for excess HR's at the Major+ level, and the one-up system was one of the options mentioned, along with "walks" or "singles." There was not enough support among the Committee membership (no formal motion made, accompanied by a second) to secure a change and, accordingly, the item did not make the formal meeting Agenda. All items on the Exhibit "A" to the Official Minutes (except #17 a. i.) were "seriously considered", and this one was item #4 on that chronological list. |
Feb. 20, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Tournaments Discussion: 2015 Las Vegas World Championship The 65+ and more senior divisions will now be getting the same number (5) of minimum games scheduled as all other divisions of play, at exactly the same entry fee as they all pay ... The change was in response to many Session #2 teams expressing their opinion that both the six-game guarantee and the four-day session duration were too many of each ... |
Feb. 20, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Tournaments Discussion: 2015 Las Vegas World Championship The format for all four sessions of the 2015 LVSSA/SSUSA World Masters will be the same this year: Two seeding games into three-game-guarantee brackets for all divisions of more than four teams ... This is a 5-game guarantee on scheduling over three days ... The 11-defensive-player option begins for men at the 70+ age group and for women at the 50+ age group ... This is a playing rules item and would only be considered for potential change at the annual SSUSA Rules Committee meetings in late November or early December ... Accordingly, men 65+ teams will play a 10-defensive-player format for the 2015 SSUSA tournament season ... |
Feb. 19, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Website comments Discussion: sorry to SSUSA 2424 ... No apology needed ... We have only four posting rules here, and one of them is "no advertising tournaments of competing associations" ... Your posts indicated this was a U-Trip event ... Here's the full list of rules ... No: - Inappropriate language - Disparaging comments directed toward any individual - Promotion for other senior softball organizations - Advertising for commercial products, services or websites We welcome your continued participation, though ... |
Feb. 19, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Tournaments Discussion: TOC follow up Eaglesnest63 � The company is Central Screen Printing ... Their website is http://centralscreenprinting.com/ ... Their Owner/Representative at the TOC was Josh Randall ... Call their toll free number at (800) 693.3299 and ask for him ... Great guy! |
Feb. 18, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Rules of the game Discussion: 2015-16 OFFICIAL SSUSA RULEBOOK AVAILABLE ONLINE The 2015-16 Official Senior Softball-USA Rulebook has been delivered by the printers ... Copies are being mailed to each registered team and registered umpire ... Others may call the Sacramento Home Office at (916) 326.5303 to order copies ... They are $10.00 each, including postage and shipping (credit card purchasers: $10.40) ... |
Feb. 16, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: General and miscellaneous Discussion: How to get more teams willing to play in the Major-plus division Tim ... All we did was, as requested by Alan, list the Major Plus champions of the last five years for ages 50+ through 65+ ... It's up to you guys to define what relevance, if any, that list has and how this debate proceeds ... |
Feb. 16, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: General and miscellaneous Discussion: How to get more teams willing to play in the Major-plus division MOST RECENT FIVE YEARS SSUSA WORLD CHAMPIONS50-MAJOR PLUS � 2014 - DLB (WI) � 2013 - Nazzareno Electric (CA) � 2012 - NW Legends (WA) � 2011 - Line Drive/Salsa Bombers (MI) � 2010 - Seacrest Mavericks (CA) 55-MAJOR PLUS � 2014 - Summy's Nighthawks (CA) � 2013 - MTC Softball 55 (CA) � 2012 - MTC Softball 55 (CA) � 2011 - Hendricks Sports Managemenbt (TX) � 2010 - OLR Nighthawks (CA) 60-MAJOR PLUS � 2014 - Superior Senior Softball (VA) � 2013 - Hollis Appraisals (FL) � 2012 - Hollis Appraisals (FL) � 2011 - MTC Softball 60 (CA) � 2010 - GSF (A) 65-MAJOR PLUS � 2014 - Full Circle (AZ) � 2013 - Hamel/Superior Softball (VA) � 2012 - Hamel/Turn Two (VA) � 2011 - Omen 65 (CA) � 2010 - Florida Legends/Human Kinetics |
Feb. 16, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: General and miscellaneous Discussion: How to get more teams willing to play in the Major-plus division The most simple method would be to reduce or eliminate the "out of rating roster exceptions" ... As recently as the 2007 Season, that was the policy ... All teams played at the rating level of the highest rating experience history of any player on their roster ... Many teams today expend a lot of energy trying to get to, but not exceed, the currently allowed three out of rating players ... There are members of the SSUSA Rules Committee who favor returning to that policy, but so far they are in the minority ... This would also result in teams moving up from AA to AAA and from AAA to Major ... |
Feb. 14, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Tournaments Discussion: TOC follow up There were 259 teams qualified for SSUSA's 2015 Original Tournament of Champions ... A tournament-record 115 teams (44.4% of eligible) played in this year's TOC ... For comparison, there were approximately 1,200 qualified teams for the 2014 LVSSA/SSUSA World Masters Championships in Las Vegas, with the tournament-record 506 teams attending representing about 42.2% of those eligible ... We are very pleased with the turnout for this special event to honor and determine on the field of play the Champions of Champions ... Here's the link to the 2015 TOC Qualified teams list ... Qualified Teams: 2015 TOC |
Feb. 13, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: General and miscellaneous Discussion: Courtesy Runner on Base n is Up to Bat @Fabe: The courtesy runner on base when it's his turn to bat does cause the out at the base AND he is required to bat in his proper position in the batting order ... He comes to bat immediately if there are less than two outs at that time, OR he leads off the next inning if his out at the base causes the third out of the �-inning at bat ... |
Feb. 12, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Tournaments Discussion: TOURNAMENT OF CHAMPIONS 2015 � Order of Finish Results CORRECTIONS - � MEN'S 60-AAA 3. Slug-A-Bug (FL) � MEN'S 80/85-AAA 1. ProHealth Care (WI) |
Feb. 10, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Tournaments Discussion: TOURNAMENT OF CHAMPIONS 2015 � Order of Finish Results The order of finish for each division of the 2015 Tournament of Champions are as follows ... � MEN�S 40-MASTERS MAJOR 1. Homer Lovers (ON) 2. Mid-Atlantic Elite 40�s (VA) � MEN�S 50-MAJOR PLUS 1. Team 1 Sports (FL) 2. DLB Softball (WI) � MEN�S 50-MAJOR 1. Miami Power (FL) 2. Monster Softball (TN) 3. Doug & Don�s Auto Care (MI) � MEN�S 50-AAA 1. Team Sonic (FL) 2. Florida Automated Shade 3. All Secure (FL) � MEN�S 50-AA 1. Lake Charles Lakers (LA) 2. New Mexico Boomers � MEN�S 55-MAJOR 1. CNM Wealth Management (FL) 2. High Street Bucs 55 (MD) 3. SoCal 55 (CA) � MEN�S 55-AAA 1. Golden Vipers (MI) 2. David Bowen Sporting Goods (FL) 3. Integrity Builders (NE) � MEN�S 55-AA 1. Roc City 55�s (NY) 2. Rocky Mountain Extreme (NM) � MEN�S 60-PLATINUM 1. Hollis Appraisals (FL) � 60-MAJOR PLUS Champion 2. Houston Fire (TX) � 60-MAJOR Champion 3. Indiana Legends/Accelerated Therapy � MEN�S 60-AAA 1. American Scaffolding (OH) 2. Minnesota Masters 60 3. Minutemen/Pepco/SFS (OH) � MEN�S 60-AA 1. Team Texas San Antonio 2. Syracuse Cyclones 60 (NY) 3. Talaga Construction (CT) � MEN�S 65-PLATINUM 1. Murphy�s Law (FL) � 65-MAJOR Champion 2. Voice Tech Slammers (FL) 3. 4:13's Rim Fire (GA) 4. Rose/Acline HR (FL) � 65-MAJOR PLUS Champion � MEN�S 65-AAA 1. Mello Financial (FL) 2. Midwest Express (NE) 3. Lake Wales Legends (FL) � MEN�S 65-AA 1. Anaconda Sports (NY) 2. Chicago Hitmen 65�s (IL) 3. Sacramento Buds (CA) � MEN�S 70-PLATINUM 1. TB Financial Group (FL) 2. Vacar Stars (VA) 3. MCC Insurance 70�s (FL) 4. Florida Legends 70�s � 70-MAJOR PLUS Champion � MEN�S 70-AAA 1. Kokopelli Eye Institute Scorpions (AZ) 2. Triple Play (CA) 3. American Legion Post #8 (FL) � MEN�S 70-AA 1. Cozy Grill (RI) 2. Hill Contracting 70 (TX) 3. Syracuse Cyclones 70 (NY) � MEN�S 75-MAJOR 1. Joseph Chevrolet (FL) 2. PDR Fastsigns (OR) � MEN�S 75-AAA 1. Pfeiffer Gray Sox (MI) 2. Buc�s and Bulls 75 (FL) 3. BackOffice Associates (MA) � MEN�S 80-MAJOR 1. Florida Investment Properties 2. Fairway Ford (CA) � MEN�S 80/85-AAA 1. ProHealth Care (MI) 2. Jimmy�s Minnesota Legends 80 3. Center for Sight (FL) � MEN�S 85-AAA Champion � WOMEN�S 40-MASTERS MAJOR 1. Old School 40�s (CA) 2. Kryptonite (FL) � WOMEN�S 40-MASTERS AAA 1. Chill 40 Below (MD) 2. Twisted Fossils (MA) 3. SoCal Toxic (CA) � WOMEN�S 50+ DIVISION 1. Dreamgirlz 50 (VA) 2. Arizona Dream Team 50 3. High Desert Diamonds (NM) |
Feb. 10, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: General and miscellaneous Discussion: tournament We will be sending an email Newsletter later today (Tuesday) or tomorrow with the results (1st, 2nd and 3rd) in each division ... Detail game scores and bracket results will also be forthcoming today or tomorrow ... |
Feb. 8, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Website comments Discussion: RENEW ONLINE Jack ... You can sort by other "fields" in the database record ... Suggest his zip code if you know it, or the last four digits of his phone number in the format "-1234" (without the quotes), or maybe the first few letters of his email ... Most of the time we get a hit on someone that way ... |
Feb. 8, 2015 SSUSA Staff | Topic: Tournaments Discussion: TOC WOUNDED WARRIOR All-STAR GAME THRILLER The third edition of the SSUSA All-Stars vs. the Wounded Warrior Amputee Softball Team at the TOC was a thriller Saturday night at the Auburndale Sports Complex. In the top of the 9th inning, the SSUSA All Stars mounted an impressive 19-run rally to overcome a huge deficit, taking a 39-36 lead into the WWAST's bottom of the 9th. In front of an estimated 800-1,000 fans, strongly supporting the Wounded Warriors, they came roaring back. Mike Aevermann, the lone SSUSA All-Star filling out the WWAST squad, led of with a tape-measure HR to straightaway center. Dennis Turner of Louisville Slugger, Greg Reynolds (U.S. Army/Iraq) and Leonard Anderson (U.S. Air Force/Afghanistan) then strung together consecutive singles to score one more. To the delight of the crowd, Matt Kinsey (U.S. Army/Afghanistan) launched a game-winning 3-run HR to left to account for the final score of 41-39. The Wounded Warrior appearance was, once again, a high point of the 2015 Tournament of Champions. The team appeared as Guests of Honor at the TOC Banquet on Friday night, being introduced to a rousing standing ovation. General Manager David Van Sleet (U.S. Army/Vietnam) and another of his hero players addressed the crowd about their experiences, which preceded the first-ever fund raiser benefit auction. A special edition Louisville Slugger Wounded Warrior bat, signed by the entire team, was won by the successful bidder for an additional $7,000 to benefit the program. SSUSA is honored to be able to host the Wounded Warrior Amputee Softball Team, and arrangements have already been made for a return appearance at the 2016 TOC. |


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Browsing English by Title
Now showing items 62-81 of 89
Questionnaire responses
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013-09)I started learning about the Harlem Renaissance when I was a graduate student. I was drawn to the movement by the connections forged among its writers, artists, musicians, and performers. I came to understand many of its ... -
Re-presenting narratives of rape: examining constructions of the victim, voice and feminism under rape law reform
(Wichita State University, 2011-07)The research and critical readings in this study attempt to comment on changing constructions of the victim, voice and consent in popular representations of rape post rape law reform. The study draws on a wealth of ... -
Recognizing emptiness: denouncing war with plot in Pirandello's "War" and Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five
(Wichita State University. Graduate School., 2005-04-22) -
Recreating identity: Acts of transcendence and resistance in Native American literature
(Wichita State University, 2009-05)The Native American novel is inherently a "cross-cultural" device with roots both in the western written tradition and Indigenous oral tradition; a mix that oftentimes makes these novels difficult for readers, especially ... -
Sarah Bagby, Watermark Books
(2011-02-24)Books & Cafe in Wichita, KS, discusses the current state of book publishing and independent booksellers. -
Sarah's dream/"No Fate": doubling in Terminator II.
(Post Script, Inc., 2004) -
The sensation of Sherlock Holmes
(Wichita State University, 2011-05)This thesis examines the Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and how they relate to the late-Victorian Sensation Novel. First, a brief introduction to the Sensation novel is made. It makes a study ... -
Shakespeare by any other word?: Shakespeare's King Lear and Macbeth reinvented in the films of Akira Kurosawa
(2007-05)Directors world-wide have made countless film adaptations of Shakespeare's works, so a somewhat heated debate exists in terms of what deserves the label "Shakespearean film," initiating conversation regarding what constitutes ... -
Silent all these years
(2006-05)Ankle to ankle -- Hair -- Wednesday in April -- The Garden -- Rosary -- Anywhere else but here -- Silent all these years -
Some assembly required: including technical writing in general composition curriculum
(2007-05)This research studied problems related to the teaching of technical writing on the college level. It also attempted to establish parameters for the development of a general technical writing course which could be added to ... -
Spelling abilities of university students in developmental writing classes
(College Reading and Learning Association, 2004)Forty-four students at a mid-sized urban university were given a pseudoword spelling test to explore the relationship between their spelling ability and their placement in college writing courses. Half the students required ... -
"Sufficient in intensity": mixed media and public opinion in "Opportunity"
(Penn State University Press, 2005-06)Reflection on the 'Opportunity', an academic journal published by the National Urban League (NUL) during the Harlem Renaissance (1923-1949). -
Susanna Centlivre: Successful chameleon
(Wichita State University, 2010-08)Susanna Centlivre, active in the post Restoration Theater, wrote nineteen plays from 1700 to 1723. A few of her plays were popular until 1900, but thereafter fell into limbo. By studying three of her plays, The Perjur'd ... -
Symkyn's place in the Reeve's Tale
(Penn State University Press, 2004)Albert of Saxony was born in Helmstedt, Germany, around 1316. He was a prolific author. Symkyn is a miller. This article develops a context for Albert's lines, and perhaps for Symkyn's, by describing the theological reaction ... -
The silences of Annie Dillard
(Wichita State University, 2014-05)This research began as an investigation into Annie Dillard's An American Childhood with the intention of discovering if her memoir could be considered nature writing. Though I had intended to limit myself to her memoir, ... -
Thomas Hardy as ecofeminist author with examples from his major tragic novels
(Wichita State University, 2010-12)The research and writing of this thesis began with strong interest in the compelling area of ecofeminist theory (specifically, its successful application to literary theory) and the realization that Thomas Hardy's tragic ... -
Thomas Hardy's "Jude the Obscure" and D. H. Lawrence's "Sons and Lovers":a psychological transition from Victorianism to Modernism
(2005-12)Authors Thomas Hardy and D.H. Lawrence were both influenced by the old traditions of the 19 th century and the new ideals of the early 20 th century. By comparing Hardy's final novel, Jude the Obscure , originally published ... -
To the boundary of the zero: postmodernism as whimsical tragedy in Tristram Shandy: a cock and bull story and 24 hour party people
(Wichita State University, 2010-12)This paper attempts to solve the problem of postmodern tragedy by examining two films by British director Michael Winterbottom, Tristram Shandy: a Cock and Bull Story, and 24 Hour Party People. Actually, I am not certain ... -
Tom Stoppard: a playwright on the fence
(Wichita State University, 2010-05)This thesis examines the content of Tom Stoppard"s work, rather than placing emphasis on his form and cleverness. By dissecting the plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Travesties, The Invention of Love, and Rock ...