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First published in 1903, this extraordinary work not only recorded and explained history, it helped to alter its course. Written after Du Bois had earned his Ph.D. from Harvard and studied in Berlin, these 14 essays contain both the academic language of sociology and the rich lyrics of African spirituals, which Du Bois called "sorrow songs."
Born in Massachusetts in 1868, William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was the foremost black intellectual of his time—and mind you, his time stretched all the way from Reconstruction to the civil rights movement of the 1960s. A man of staggering intellect and drive, he was the first black to hold a doctorate from Harvard University. Du Bois wrote three historical works, two novels, two autobiographies, and sixteen pioneering books on sociology, history, politics, and race relations. He was a founder of the NAACP, pioneering Pan-Africanist, spirited advocate for world peace, and tireless fighter for civil rights during the darkest days of Jim Crow.
Du Bois was also a prophet: At the turn of the century, he wrote in the "forethought" of this seminal collection of essays that "the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color line." That statement has resonated throughout this turbulent century and remains just as fresh today as in 1903. The Souls of Black Folk, a collection of fourteen powerfully written essays that are by turn testimony and autobiography, stands as a monumental achievement and quite possibly his most influential work. The book is both a vivid portrait of the conditions facing freshly emancipated black folk at the turn of the century and a still-relevant discussion of the dilemma of race in the United States. It was here that Du Bois introduced his influential concept of "double-consciousness": the struggle of black people trying to define themselves as both black and American.
What makes these unflinching, luminous, and troublesome essays so powerful is that each builds upon the other to try to answer questions about race that have perplexed, enraged, and divided America for over a century. Written in part to counter Booker T. Washington's prevailing strategy of accommodation, The Souls of Black Folk created a fresh way of looking at and protesting the multifaceted oppression of black people.
Chapter One
Of Our Spiritual Strivings
O water, voice of my heart, crying in the sand,
All night long crying with a mournful cry,
As I lie and listen, and cannot understand
The voice of my heart in my side or the voice of the sea,
O water, crying for rest, is it I, is it I?
All night long the water is crying to me.
Unresting water, there shall never be rest
Till the last moon droop and the last tide fail,
And the fire of the end begin to burn in the west;
And the heart shall be weary and wonder and cry like the sea,
All life long crying without avail,
As the water all night long is crying to me.
— Arthur Symons
Between me and the other world there is ever an unasked question: unasked by some through feelings of delicacy; by others through the difficulty of rightly framing it. All, nevertheless, flutter round it. They approach me in a half- hesitant sort of way, eye me curiously or compassionately, and then, instead of saying directly, How does it feel to be a problem? they say, I know an excellent colored man in my town; or, I fought at Mechanicsville; or, Do not these Southern outrages make your blood boil? At these I smile, or am interested, or reduce the boiling to a simmer, as the occasion may require. To the real question, How does it feel to be a problem? I answer seldom a word.
And yet, being a problem is a strange experience — peculiar even for one who has never been anything else, save perhaps in babyhood and in Europe. It is in the early days of rollicking boyhood that the revelation first bursts upon one, all in a day, as it were. I remember well when the shadow swept across me. I was a little thing, away up in the hills of New England, where the dark Housatonic winds between Hoosac and Taghkanic to the sea. In a wee wooden schoolhouse, something put it into the boys' and girls' heads to buy gorgeous visiting-cards — ten cents a package — and exchange. The exchange was merry, till one girl, a tall newcomer, refused my card, — refused it peremptorily, with a glance. Then it dawned upon me with a certain suddenness that I was different from the others; or like, mayhap, in heart and life and longing, but shut out from their world by a vast veil. I had thereafter no desire to tear down that veil, to creep through; I held all beyond it in common contempt, and lived above it in a region of blue sky and great wandering shadows. That sky was bluest when I could beat my mates at examination time, or beat them at a foot-race, or even beat their stringy heads. Alas, with the years all this fine contempt began to fade; for the worlds I longed for, and all their dazzling opportunities, were theirs, not mine. But they should not keep these prizes, I said; some, all, I would wrest from them. Just how I would do it I could never decide: by reading law, by healing the sick, by telling the wonderful tales that swam in my head, — some way. With other black boys the strife was not so fiercely sunny: their youth shrunk into tasteless sycophancy, or into silent hatred of the pale world about them and mocking distrust of everything white; or wasted itself in a bitter cry, Why did God make me an outcast and a stranger in mine own house? The shades of the prison-house closed round about us all: walls strait and stubborn to the whitest, but relentlessly narrow, tall, and unscalable to sons of night who must plod darkly on in resignation, or beat unavailing palms against the stone, or steadily, half hopelessly, watch the streak of blue above.
After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second sight in this American world — a world which yields him no true self- consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world. It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness, — an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.
The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife, — this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost. He would not Africanize America, for America has too much to teach the world and Africa. He would not bleach his Negro soul in a flood of white Americanism, for he knows that Negro blood has a message for the world. He simply wishes to make it possible for a man to be both a Negro and an American, without being cursed and spit upon by his fellows, without having the doors of Opportunity closed roughly in his face.
This, then, is the end of his striving: to be a co-worker in the kingdom of culture, to escape both death and isolation, to husband and use his best powers and his latent genius. These powers of body and mind have in the past been strangely wasted, dispersed, or forgotten. The shadow of a mighty Negro past flits through the tale of Ethiopia the Shadowy and of Egypt the Sphinx. Throughout history, the powers of single black men flash here and there like falling stars, and die sometimes before the world has rightly gauged their brightness. Here in America, in the few days since Emancipation, the black man's turning hither and thither in hesitant and doubtful striving has often made his very strength to lose effectiveness, to seem like absence of power, like weakness. And yet it is not weakness, — it is the contradiction of double aims. The double-aimed struggle of the black artisan — on the one hand to escape white contempt for a nation of mere hewers of wood and drawers of water, and on the other hand to plough and nail and dig for a poverty-stricken horde — could only result in making him a poor craftsman, for he had but half a heart in either cause. By the poverty and ignorance of his people, the Negro minister or doctor was tempted toward quackery and demagogy; and by the criticism of the other world, toward ideals that made him ashamed of his lowly tasks. The would- be black savant was confronted by the paradox that the knowledge his people needed was a twice-told tale to his white neighbors, while the knowledge which would teach the white world was Greek to his own flesh and blood. The innate love of harmony and beauty that set the ruder souls of his people a- dancing and a-singing raised but confusion and doubt in the soul of the black artist; for the beauty revealed to him was the soul-beauty of a race which his larger audience despised, and he could not articulate the message of another people. This waste of double aims, this seeking to satisfy two unreconciled ideals, has wrought sad havoc with the courage and faith and deeds of ten thousand thousand people, — has sent them often wooing false gods and invoking false means of salvation, and at times has even seemed about to make them ashamed of themselves.
Away back in the days of bondage they thought to see in one divine event the end of all doubt and disappointment; few men ever worshipped Freedom with half such unquestioning faith as did the American Negro for two centuries. To him, so far as he thought and dreamed, slavery was indeed the sum of all villainies, the cause of all sorrow, the root of all prejudice; Emancipation was the key to a promised land of sweeter beauty than ever stretched before the eyes of wearied Israelites. In song and exhortation swelled one refrain — Liberty; in his tears and curses, the God he implored had Freedom in his right hand. At last it came, — suddenly, fearfully, like a dream. With one wild carnival of blood and passion came the message in his own plaintive cadences: —
"Shout, O children!
Shout, you're free!
For God has bought your liberty!"
Years have passed away since then, — ten, twenty, forty; forty years of national life, forty years of renewal and development, and yet the swarthy spectre sits in its accustomed seat at the Nation's feast. In vain do we cry to this our vastest social problem: —
"Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves
Shall never tremble!"
The Nation has not yet found peace from its sins; the freedman has not yet found in freedom his promised land. Whatever of good may have come in these years of change, the shadow of a deep disappointment rests upon the Negro people, — a disappointment all the more bitter because the unattained ideal was unbounded save by the simple ignorance of a lowly people.
The first decade was merely a prolongation of the vain search for freedom, the boon that seemed ever barely to elude their grasp,—like a tantalizing will-o'- the-wisp, maddening and misleading the headless host. The holocaust of war, the terrors of the Ku-Klux Klan, the lies of carpetbaggers, the disorganization of industry, and the contradictory advice of friends and foes, left the bewildered serf with no new watchword beyond the old cry for freedom. As the time flew, however, he began to grasp a new idea. The ideal of liberty demanded for its attainment powerful means, and these the Fifteenth Amendment gave him. The ballot, which before he had looked upon as a visible sign of freedom, he now regarded as the chief means of gaining and perfecting the liberty with which war had partially endowed him. And why not? Had not votes made war and emancipated millions? Had not votes enfranchised the freedmen? Was anything impossible to a power that had done all this? A million black men started with renewed zeal to vote themselves into the kingdom. So the decade flew away, the revolution of 1876 came, and left the half-free serf weary, wondering, but still inspired. Slowly but steadily, in the following years, a new vision began gradually to replace the dream of political power, — a powerful movement, the rise of another ideal to guide the unguided, another pillar of fire by night after a clouded day. It was the ideal of "book-learning"; the curiosity, born of compulsory ignorance, to know and test the power of the cabalistic letters of the white man, the longing to know. Here at last seemed to have been discovered the mountain path to Canaan; longer than the highway of Emancipation and law, steep and rugged, but straight, leading to heights high enough to overlook life.
Up the new path the advance guard toiled, slowly, heavily, doggedly; only those who have watched and guided the faltering feet, the misty minds, the dull understandings of the dark pupils of these schools know how faithfully, how piteously, this people strove to learn. It was weary work. The cold statistician wrote down the inches of progress here and there, noted also where here and there a foot had slipped or some one had fallen. To the tired climbers, the horizon was ever dark, the mists were often cold, the Canaan was always dim and far away. If, however, the vistas disclosed as yet no goal, no resting-place, little but flattery and criticism, the journey at least gave leisure for reflection and self-examination; it changed the child of Emancipation to the youth with dawning self-consciousness, self-realization, self-respect. In those sombre forests of his striving his own soul rose before him, and he saw himself, — darkly as through a veil; and yet he saw in himself some faint revelation of his power, of his mission. He began to have a dim feeling that, to attain his place in the world, he must be himself, and not another. For the first time he sought to analyze the burden he bore upon his back, that dead-weight of social degradation partially masked behind a half-named Negro problem. He felt his poverty; without a cent, without a home, without land, tools, or savings, he had entered into competition with rich, landed, skilled neighbors. To be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships. He felt the weight of his ignorance, — not simply of letters, but of life, of business, of the humanities; the accumulated sloth and shirking and awkwardness of decades and centuries shackled his hands and feet. Nor was his burden all poverty and ignorance. The red stain of bastardy, which two centuries of systematic legal defilement of Negro women had stamped upon his race, meant not only the loss of ancient African chastity, but also the hereditary weight of a mass of corruption from white adulterers, threatening almost the obliteration of the Negro home.
Excerpted from The Souls of Black Folk by W. E. B. Du Bois Copyright © 1995 by W. E. B. Du Bois. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Biographical Note | ||
Introduction | ||
The Forethought | ||
I | Of Our Spiritual Strivings | 3 |
II | Of the Dawn of Freedom | 15 |
III | Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others | 43 |
IV | Of the Meaning of Progress | 62 |
V | Of the Wings of Atalanta | 76 |
VI | Of the Training of Black Men | 89 |
VII | Of the Black Belt | 111 |
VIII | Of the Quest of the Golden Fleece | 136 |
IX | Of the Song of Master and Man | 164 |
X | Of the Faith of the Fathers | 190 |
XI | Of the Passing of the First-Born | 209 |
XII | Of Alexander Crummell | 217 |
XIII | Of the Coming of John | 230 |
XIV | Of the Sorrow Songs | 252 |
The Afterthought | 268 |
Posted December 9, 2006
W.E.B DuBois' The Souls of Black Folk successfully elucidates the paradoxical existence of the African American. His main thesis embellishes the ¿double-consciousness¿ of the African American (an American of African heritage or the African displaced in America) and the hardships that emerge as a result. More specifically, the African American, detached from his ancestral homeland and having some significant investment in the development of this nation (i.e. slavery), longs to receive the constitutional gifts entitled to its citizens. However, because the ¿American dream¿ was conceived by and for the benefit of white Christian men of substantial wealth, and moreover, because this enabled group continuously fails or refuses to recognize their darker counterparts as equals, the African American can never truly realize his place among society. Likewise, the endless, and often fruitless, process of assimilating with mainstream American culture equates with the gradual loss of ethnic authenticity. Consequently, the African American is left at war with his own identity. Finally, DuBois exposes the socioeconomic security on behalf of white America beneath the stronghold of racism, as well as the contradictions of American values with the maintenance of social color lines . The Souls of Black Folk is presented in 14 essays, each beginning with a slave hymnal. Harvard educated DuBois employs both black vernacular and academic language, further emphasizing the duality of the African American experience. Though DuBois¿ Souls analyzes black culture in context of the early 1900s, his ideas, for the most part, hold true today and have myriad applications. Regardless of background, this text provides original and genuine insight to the American societal dynamic based on historical social investigation. I challenge you to read this work whole-heartedly and find a personal meaning! - C.G. F.
15 out of 18 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.This book was required reading before I went to college. Ironically enough, I went to W.E.B. DuBois' Alma mater, Fisk University. Excellent read; delves deeply into what black people were looking and searching for during those times: a sense of belonging, a sense of peace within the community and within each other. An excellent manifesto!
7 out of 9 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.W.E.B Du Bois's book "The Souls of Black Folk" is a must read for all Americans to get a deeper more philosophical sense of what it means to be "Black in America". DuBois was a visionary who was ahead of his time. This book is often a mandatory read for African-American studies students, but should be a must read for all serious students of history. The issues DuBois highlighted and detailed at the turn of the 20th Century seem to be resurfacing at the turn of the 21st Century. The Color Line!
4 out of 4 people found this review helpful.
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Posted February 9, 2007
On the surface this book seems to be an account of what it was like to be black in the early 1900s. It is so much more than that. It is a description of what America is, what it can be, its greatness, and its shortcomings. Here is a man who was a true American. He loved his country even as it was not fulfilling its promise to him. Amongst the gems you will find in this work: 'Honest and earnest criticism from those whose interests are most nearly touched, --criticism of writers by readers, of government by those governed, of leaders by those led, -- this is the soul of democracy and the safeguard of modern society.' Can we ever hear that too much? 'It is, then, the strife of all honorable men of the twentieth century to see that in the future competition of races the survival of the fittest shall mean the triumpgh of the good, the beautiful, and the true that we may be able to preserve for future civilization all that is really fine and noble and strong, and not continue to put a premium on greed and impudence and crueltly.' I don't think we're there yet. This work documents the time of the Reconstruction, something we probably know less about that we think we do. We think we know what went on, but in reality we have mostly theory. Here is someone who lived through the time and the aftermath of the civil war. He bears truer witness to it than anyone writing on the subject today. If you want to know why the state of the races is as it is, here is a book to shed light. 'One thing, however, seldom occurs: the best of the whites and the best of the Negroes almost never live in anything like close proximity. It thus happens that in nearly every Southern town and city, both whites and blacks see commonly the worst of each other.' Was it so different in the North? Is it so different today? Even with all the forced integration in the 70s? If you like American History, this is a text you should have in your bookcase.
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful.
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Posted October 11, 2006
I had to read this in my sophomore year of High School. My teacher told me it was a book for Juniors in college. This book is very difficult to understand. I respect everything African Americans had to go through but Du Bois seems to talk in so many metaphors that it confuses you so much that you don't want to know what A.A. had to go through!
2 out of 6 people found this review helpful.
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Posted September 3, 2005
This here book is my summer assignment for my Junior year in high school. It took me a month to read the first chapter and I had to force myself to finish the others three weeks before school started. I never felt so tortured. As informative as it is, it seems like DuBois dragged on and on his sentences and used such colorful words to make his essay so 'pretty-like.' A whole paragraph could of been simplied to one sentence. Once my assignment is done, I would never want to see this book ever again.
2 out of 8 people found this review helpful.
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Posted February 20, 2010
Take the time to learn of the accomplishments of some of the relative unknowns in our history. The First Black PH.D from Harvard, De Bois looks from the perspective just north of slavery and the need to seek to understand what the future must bring. A great read for those who wish yo know more about individuals sometime segmented into a black history subject matter when his thoughts are universal and his blackness secondary.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
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Posted January 27, 2005
My Book Club just read this book. Do you have questions and answers for the Book Club? Thank you so much, Susan Ofuji
1 out of 3 people found this review helpful.
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Posted November 21, 2013
African American Literature!
Composed of several essays discussing race, W.E.B. DuBois' The Souls of Black Folk effectively explains the the existence of the Negro
in America. Within these essays that compose the book, DuBois mainly exemplifies the difficulties that African Americans pertain in an American society.
These difficulties that DuBois explains throughout the book mainly comes under the accepting of ones rights that were entitled to them. But, because of
their skin, as well as their previous existence (i.e. slaves), the superiority (i.e. whites) turned a blind eye towards them. DuBois explains how by this fact:
African Americans will never truly find themselves as equals in society if such continues to occur. Hence, DuBois reasons that with this constant ingratiation towards the white man, and trying to acquiesce with his culture, only leads to a misunderstanding of the intrinsic ethnicity of African Americans. Finally, DuBois uncovers the truth about the White America involving race. In every essay composed within the book, you will find the reality of the African American citizen of that time, as well as their rationale on such matter. This book is for ones who are willing to know about the thinking of the Black man from a single-minded view. This book will truly change the thoughts of those who read it. I hope you enjoy the reading!
Posted August 20, 2013
0 out of 3 people found this review helpful.
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Posted June 9, 2012
0 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.Du Bois engages one with his erudition and his use of African American Spirituals to set off each essay. He closes the book with a reflection specifically on these spirituals. He makes clear several aspects of American and slavery history and presents interesting perspectives and criticisms of other important figures, such as Booker T. Washington. I found this book greatly insightful not only on the times and social milieu of Du Bois but also for current times. I highly recommend this book for all interested in this history and especially for all non-African Americans.
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Posted November 30, 2011
In Souls of Black Folk I heard a voice of a my people intrenched in a what seemed to be a temporary situation but sad to say relevant in today's community and societies as a whole. Double consciousness still a major issue, "but our dogged strength alone keeps us from being torn asunder..." This book was riveting, I have the physical copy that is old and worn and on its 15th read, so I figured I'd by the Nook copy so I will always have it on my MAC and ready for me to peruse!
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Posted March 27, 2010
Eye opening essays from a man who lived what he wrote about. Insightful and thought provoking.
0 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
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Posted September 20, 2006
just buy this book! it is important with no regards to your race! it offers an insight to black life then, but it also gives insight to black and brown life now!
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Posted July 10, 2006
not the most pressing book and easy to lose intrest, but the doctrine expressed should be read by all, and some day if implicated, will end all racism
0 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
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Posted July 22, 2002
A highly recommended book for all blacks to read, it is a must, Mr. Dubois speaks from the soul and manifest what is in the minds of most black 'folks'. Speaks on the conditions of slavery and its effects on an entire people. All whites and republicans should read this novel.
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Posted October 29, 2000
W.E.B. DuBois was a pioneer of African American literature and thought. This book of essays will Make you rethink the progress and status of African Americans throughout America's history, and will help you understand and sympathize much more. this book has some disturbing anti-semiotic passages in it. I find it strange that DuBois can so effectively and reasonably argue for the equality of African-Americans while so irrationally claims such anti-Semitic comments. Except for this problem, (which should not be overlooked), the book is very important and powerful, and it did and continues to do a lot for the advancement of African-Americans in the US. It is sort of like a guide for an African America who is lost and does not really understand who he is. DuBios presents his information in a chronological and straightforward manner. I would recommend this book to truth seekers and soul searchers!
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Posted June 25, 2010
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Posted May 7, 2011
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text:
I can feel it slowly drifting away from me
I'm on the edge, so why you playing? I'm saying
I will never ever let you live this down, down, down
from Kanye West (Ft. Kid Cudi & Raekwon) – Gorgeous Lyrics on Genius
With this album Kanye is on the edge of being successful or failing as far as the public is concerned.
Also this could get him back in the public's good graces and he is on the edge of this happening or not happening, if he fails the public will never let him hear the end of it.
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Kanye West (Ft. Kid Cudi & Raekwon) – Gorgeous Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Well, there goes my plans to plant hops. There is no way I'm taking a chance on this.
Retired at the Jersey Shore.
On deck: Little Bo Pils, Bretta Off Dead (Brett pale) Secondary: Oude Bruin, Red Sky at Morning (Sour brown ale) On tap: Saison Duphunk (sour), Amarillo Slim (IPA), Earl White (ginger/bergamot wit) Bottled: Number 8 (Belgian Strong Dark Ale), Eternale (Barleywine), Ancho Villa (Ancho/pasilla/chocolate/cinnamon RIS), Oak smoked porter (1/2 maple bourbon oaked, 1/2 apple brandy oaked)
I am really sorry to hear about your dog! And I second "dogs will eat anything"! My dog eats his own poop, and anything else he can find. I had a dog growing up that knocked over a glass with juice in it, it shattered so it proceeded to crunch up the glass shards and swallow them. The very same dog ate one of my moms razors, it was chomping down on it with blood dripping from its mouth. It died at 14 from brain tumors, go figure.
Thank you very much for sharing. I have been reading on this site here for a while now and was not aware of this. This warning be more prominent here. Maybe a sticky would be good. I also have a Golden Retriever and could have easily put her at risk of this. In my last batch I through the grains in the yard.The hops I don't recall, but could have gone in the yard just as easy not knowing the danger. Very sorry for your loss and again thank you!
its funny, but there was a thread not that long ago and the consensus seemed to be that hops werent that big of a deal im glad my dog stays away from the hops- he does eat the spent grain on the compost pile, but i use pellets and wash them and the other trub down the drain its funny, my dog loves to eat pens- none are safe around him-other than that, he never eats poop, random plants outside, or anything else weird
Dogs can then drink BMC ...no hops in there. PS. Sorry for the loss.
As long as there is some Beer left, there is Hope.


text: Offprint Proceedings International Conference WORLD SOLAR COOKING AND FOOD PROCESSING -Strategies and Financing Varese Italia 3-6 October 1999, World Solar Academy, Milano Proposals for a Global Solar Cooker Programme Dr.-Ing. Dieter Seifert, Siedlungsstr. 12, D-84524 Neuötting, e-mail: bdiv.seifert@t- online.de, c/o Wacker Siltronic AG, Burghausen and c/o EG-Solar, Neuöttingerstr. 64c, D-84503 Altötting Phone +49-8671-969937, Fax +49-8671-969938, e-mail: email@example.com Summary A global Solar Cooker Programme can be realised successfully if we find a way to overcome its crucial barrier, the poverty of the victims of the firewood crisis. The paper highlights the encouraging progress in development, use, local production and evaluation of solar cookers, focussing on reflector cookers of type SK (SK12, SK14, SK98). The high potential of solar cookers for reducing CO2- emission will be pointed out. It makes possible a way of financing a global programme by Joint Implementation/Clean Development Mechanism to comply with the obligation for CO 2- reduction and to fight the firewood crisis, a crisis that causes immense misery today and is developing to a global catastrophe if we disregard the possibilities to help. People faced with the firewood crisis lose their source of energy that was free or very cheap. Usually they cannot afford the switch to other sources of energy even though the solar cookers are produced in these countries in simple workshops and distributed without a license-fee, so that they pay off within a few months. Thus it is not a matter of product marketing in the usual sense, but a matter of effective help for people who are forced by their poverty to destroy their own natural resources by burning trees, bushes, harvest remainders and dried manure and who cannot find a way out of their misery without external help. A small fraction of the financial means necessary for CO 2-reduction that would have to be invested in the industrialised countries would suffice to overcome a global crisis. Fig. 1: "The solar cooker appeared sinister to the women at first. They learned quickly however to appreciate the advantages of the non-polluting cooker." [16]. 1. Development of Solar Cookers to a high technical standard and their international evaluation as basis for a global dissemination programme In the past few years solar cookers have been developed to a high technical standard and they have gained world-wide acceptance. The encouraging development regarding technology, use and evaluation of solar cookers was accomplished by co-operation between users, promoting institutions and developers. International Solar Cooker Tests were performed to determine the technical characteristics of different cookers and their ability to meet the requirements, to prove the acceptance and to find out deficiencies. They brought about the turning-point in evaluating solar cooking: It has now been shown that a global solar cooker programme can be realised successfully under one condition: if the price of the cookers is affordable. The results of the International Solar Cooker Tests [4,5,6,9] in Southern Spain (beginning 1993) and South Africa (beginning 1996) and experience gained by solar cooker programmes of foreign aid groups [7,8,10, 12,13,16,18,20] show that people in developing countries faced with the firewood crisis can be helped effectively with solar cookers. Suitable cookers are accepted well if the users have a chance to become acquainted with the new technology. The following comments are mainly derived from experiences with SK-type cookers. This kind of cooker was developed during the past 15 years by the author and his family and in co-operation with many friends from all over the world. No royalties are charged for the cooker design. The foreign aid group "EG Solar" at the State Vocational School in Altötting, Bavaria, is co-ordinating the world-wide dissemination of the SKcookers (address see below; 5.). The progress of recent years in the development and dissemination of these cookers has helped to overcome the well-known disadvantages which had given reflector cookers a negative image in earlier times [12]. We had to work on the following problems which contributed to the non-acceptance: lack of stability and comfort, dangerous position of the pot, high tracking frequency, irritation by glare, low power, cooker not usable in short sunny periods, short lifetime of the reflector, small pot, restricted usefulness, rapid heat loss of the pot without sun with necessity to cook just before mealtime, high price in relation to the power, transport and storage difficulties. But all these problems have now been solved. These cookers in combination with insulating containers (e.g. hay-baskets, see fig. 2) meet now the essential requirements for family and institutional use. Fig. 2: Combination of the cooker with "hay boxes" is strongly recommended to finish cooking by unattended simmering, to separate mealtime and cooking time, to liberate the cooker for the next pot for doubling the capacity of the cooker and to save fuel even in times with lack of sunshine. Placed in a "haybasket", with good insulation, e.g. by a straw cushion under the pot and covered by blankets of cotton and wool (perhaps with reflecting plastic foil between the blankets), the pot stays at high temperature for several hours due to its high thermal capacity of the content. So it is ensured that all the components of the meal are finished timely. 2. Experiences with know-how-transfer, production, dissemination and use of reflector cookers In the last years there has been progress in the following areas of solar cooker development: Technical and practical characteristics: Capacity, safety and stability, comfortable use, durable reflecting surfaces; insulating containers made from locally available material. Production: SK-type cookers can be produced in small workshops with devices for cutting, punching (or drilling) and bending; there are also designs for welded and for bamboo structure. Two instructed persons can produce several cookers a day. The thin reflector sheets (anodised, hard, high reflecting aluminium sheet, 0.5 mm thick) are supplied by EG-Solar. They are cut and punched by JAGUS, a social institution for jobless young people in the district of Altoetting, Bavaria. Till now 6000 sets of reflector sheets have been supplied. Cost of SK-material (strip steel version): approx. 60 Euro, Cost of local production incl. material and pot: approx. 100 Euro. The insulating baskets are produced conventionally. Approximately 6000 SKtype solar cookers (SK10 to SK14) have been installed in more than 60 countries with the assistance of development aid groups. Small workshops around the world have been established. As part of phase 2 of the field test in South Africa production at a larger scale is being tested by GTZ and DME [9]. Dissemination of solar cookers and know-how: World-wide co-operation and workshop installation, solar cooker sponsorships, information, assistance and supply of sample cookers mainly done by development aid groups. EG-Solar has promoted SK-cookers since 1989 and is co- ordinating these activities. JAGUS produces SK-cookers and sets of reflector sheets for dissemination by EG-Solar. So far 2000 cookers and 6000 sets of reflector sheets have been delivered. Courses for training manufacturing, assembling and maintenance are carried out regularly by EGSolar. Workshops for production of these cookers have been founded and supported world- wide, in Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cameroon, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Germany, Ghana, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Nepal, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe. Now there are approx. 6000 SK-type cookers distributed. Further workshops are in preparation. Expenses are sponsored by donations. An example from Zimbabwe: A small SK-workshop was founded by Dr. Eder with assistance of EGSolar three years ago at the hospital, which she directed for 37 years. Four SK14 cookers are produced a week. The women accompanying the patients and the inhabitants of the area have extreme difficulties in finding fuel wood. The cookers cover almost the total demand for cooking at the hospital near the Kalahari. Promotion and production of SK14-cooker in Kathmandu Valley was described in Solar Cooker Review, March 1999 [20]. Concerning Bangladesh please see the article of L. Bähr. It is obvious that people who most need solar cookers are often the least able to afford to buy solar cookers. This fact limits actually the dissemination of solar cooking. 3. Features of SK-type solar cookers The cookers are designed for use in families, and - in a modular way - for institutions e.g. community kitchens. They are applicable for cooking, baking, frying, sterilising water and instruments, preserving fruits and vegetables and other thermal applications, e.g. desorption of adsorbers. The main aim of the development of the last 15 years has been a durable cooker for safe and easy use which can be produced in simple workshops. The proven design allows adaptation to the local demands and to the capabilities of the manufacturer. Characteristics of the SK-type cookers are given in the Appendix of this article and in the literature [4,8,10,12]. 4. International Solar Cooker Test Results and Improvements The Solar Cooker Field Test in South Africa confirmed the high acceptance of the SK- type cooker. The advantageous technical data were appreciated. There had been some recommendations for improvements which were considered in the new models. Instead of a string there is now a friction clutch consisting of a disc mounted at the bearing plate and a simple grip fixed at the stand for comfortable orientation of the reflector. The reflector geometry and all characteristics of the proved concept of SK12 are unchanged. Solar cooker SK98M can be separated into two parts to simplify transport and storage. The base can be used as at stand of a table. The cooker structure can be made from strip aluminium to reduce the weight and to increase the lifetime of the structure. 5. Proposal for financing a Global Solar Cooker programme JI/CDM 5.1 Firewood crisis - the disastrous consequences of the loss of a cheap energy source "In past years no comprehensive solution of the energy supply crisis was achieved. On the contrary, it seems that the crisis has rendered itself independent and has become a global syndrome of under- development and ecological destabilisation", J. Herkendell writes in his report "Firewood crisis in the Third World - a repressed ecological and development problem" (in German) [3]. According to estimates by the FAO, by 1980 about 1200 million people in the developing countries covered their energy requirements by cutting more wood in their immediate surroundings than could grow again and till the year 2000 an increase is expected to 2400 million people faced with the firewood crisis [15]. They lose their free or very cheap energy source. Most of them can't afford the change to other energy sources . They destroy their natural resources and sink into misery if they don't get help to help themselves [14]. We might even argue that solar cooking is not a question of acceptance any more but of survival in the countries suffering from firewood crisis. To fight the global firewood crisis by using solar cookers, it is necessary to find a new way of raising money for their manufacture and dissemination. In the following paragraphs it will be shown that the saving of CO 2- emission by solar cooking is so high that financing of solar cooker programmes offers an extraordinary good way to keep the promised reduction. 5.2 Scenarios To estimate the potential of solar cookers for reducing CO 2 it is helpful to compare scenarios: A) Resources provided by the global forest are decreasing with growing speed and its carbon content (approx. 500 kg/ ton of wood) is burnt to CO 2 (about 1.8 tons per ton of wood). This situation is connected with the rural exodus of the people involved and their switching over to using fossil energy. B) A forest stand that is growing until it reaches an equilibrium on a high level - because there is less wood burnt than is growing again - and in which CO 2 is stored during growth. This strengthened forest naturally absorbs carbon out of the atmosphere with the help of solar energy and, after having achieved the sustainable equilibrium, the increment is burned instead of fossil fuel and so its release of CO2 is avoided. In this way the aimed sustainable forest economy - enabled by reducing the consumption by use of solar cookers - does not produce CO 2 at all because the same amount of CO2 that is released by burning of wood is absorbed by new growth. The conversion of fossil sources of energy to CO 2 and its emission is avoided by the use of solar cookers and by reforestation to a sustainable forest stand which is made possible by the global solar cooker programme. The absorption of CO2 by the growing stock instead of its release during the transition period should also be credited. No time should be lost to reach scenario B), because the time between the first appearance of the shortage symptoms and the disappearance of the forest may be unexpected short [11]. 5.3 CO2-reduction and the cost of saving CO2-emission by SK-type cookers For a rough estimation of the possible global CO 2-reduction by solar cooking we should consider that a firewood shortage of 1000 million cubic meters (about 450 million metric tons) is forecast for the year 2000 [3]. Solar cookers should prevent above all the increasing non-sustainable consumption and enable the stabilising of a sustainable firewood supply. Consequently, the direct saving potential is more than 450 million tons per year * 1.83 = 820 million tons of CO 2 annually. For a simple and transparent calculation of the cost for saving one ton of CO 2 we may suppose that scenario B needs a saving of about half of the firewood burnt by one family in regions afflicted by the firewood crisis and that this firewood otherwise would be burnt in a non sustainable manner. If this saving is performed during the lifetime of the cooker (minimum 15 years with maintenance of the reflector), we can divide the cooker cost in its lifetime by the saving of CO 2 of the cooker and get the cost of one saved ton CO 2. If the transition to a sustainable firewood supply will need about 15 years, the saving of CO 2 will lead to a lasting solution of the firewood problem and we can assume that one solar cooker will save half of the emission of CO 2 of a family permanently. Details of the calculation are explained in [19], cost data refer to the strip steel version. The results are: • One SK-cooker used by a family can save about 3800 kg CO 2 per year i.e. 57 ton CO2 in 15 years. • Cost of the SK-equipment including maintenance of the reflector in this time is about 150 Euro. • Cost per saved ton of CO2 is 150 Euro/57 ton = 2.6 Euro. This is a small fraction of the cost industrialised countries face with other methods of reducing CO 2 and even less than most of alternative JI/CDM-projects. This proves that financing this programme is one of the most cost-efficient world-wide. 5.4 JI/CDM: Co-operation for climate-provision Joint Implementation (JI) was drawn up as a climate-political instrument at the Framework Convention on Climate Change at Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and worked out at the Conference of Member States of the Framework Convention at Berlin in 1995 and extended by the pilot-phase "Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ)" [1, 2]. In Kyoto the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was defined for co- operation to reduce emission of greenhouse gases between member states (states with obligation of reduction of greenhouse gases) and other states. From 2000 onwards it makes JI/CDM projects possible, which are financially supported by member states that in exchange get credits for their promise to reduce their emission of greenhouse gases. JI/CDM-projects must comply with a number of criteria and only a part of the reduction promise can be met in this way. JI/CDM is exceptionally qualified for a global solar cooker programme mainly financed by industrialised countries, particularly if it is connected with reforestation projects and training programmes for energy saving cooking. 5.5 Solar cooker programmes are most appropriate projects for JI/CDM • The potential for reduction of CO2-emission is very high (about 800 million metric tons annually) • A solar cooker programme can satisfy all criteria for JI/CDM; • Cost of a solar cooker programme is only a small fraction of the expense for corresponding measures to fulfil the obligation to reduce the CO 2-emission; • Spending money for solar cookers in exchange for " CO 2-credits" opens a way out of the firewood crisis, because it offers solar cooking to those people who in their poverty destroy their own natural resources and that of future generations; • Dissemination of solar cookers is essential for the success of reforestation projects, which are preferred JI/CDM projects; • With the global solar cooker programme many additional positive effects are expected. 5.6 Calculations to give a survey about a global programme of solar cookers • More than 2 billion people are affected by the firewood crisis. If about 9 (from 3 to 15) persons use one solar cooker and 2 hay-baskets, 220 million solar cookers and 440 million hay-baskets are necessary. • If about 1000 cookers are produced in one workshop per year, then 15 000 workshops need 15 years for 220 million cookers (15 million cookers per year). • If there are 10 part-time jobs per workshop, then 150 000 part-time jobs are created world- wide. • Cost of a workshop equipment is approx. 5000 Euro, i.e. 75 million Euro for 15 000 workshops. • Cost of local production for one SK-cooker: approx. 100 Euro; i.e. approx. 11 Euro per person. • Cost of production of 150 million cookers per year are 1 500 million Euro per year • Nominal power of SK is 600 W; 220 million cookers have a nominal power of 132 000 Megawatt. • If one cooker saves the emission of approx. 4 metric tons CO2 per year, then 220 million cookers save 880 million metric tons CO2 per year. This is approx. the annual emission of Germany. 6. Suggestions on main elements of a Global Solar Cooker Programme financed by JI/CDM The programme needs favourable basic conditions and bilateral or multilateral agreements; it would be helpful supporting a network of innovation institutions for know-how transfer (in which the media and especially television should be invited to participate powerfully); structuring the solar cooker programme in stages carried out in projects; inviting participation of experienced NGOs and other experts for dissemination and continual support; establishing centres for promoting solar cooking and for supplying material to the workshops step by step, inviting the setting up of workshops for manufacture of solar cooker systems and of community kitchens, e.g. at vocational schools and social institutions or by appropriate private enterprises e.g. co-operatives, for training how to assemble and maintain the cookers and hay baskets and to learn how to save fuel by the heat- preserving and simmering technique and by cook-stoves that need less firewood [11] and to learn how to avoid mistakes and risks. A JI/CDM Solar Cooker Fund should serve for financing the workshops and training facilities, material for the cookers and training-material, enabling to purchase the cooker at very favourable conditions, e.g. in exchange for assistance in reforestation projects or at community kitchens at a low price (e.g. 25 Euro) with favourable rates of interest by micro-credits; regional assistance centres are recommendable e.g. run by NGOs for evaluation and locally support. Procedures of application for participation and the performance of the programme should be dealt with in detail in the media and especially in television and at school. Also the use of other sustainable technologies, permatechniques, e.g. food drying and local electrification (see fig. 3) by solar energy, should be encouraged. The programme should be accompanied by evaluations and equipped with an information network, to record and make public the gained experience and the improvements. JI/CDM is a chance for the poorest people in the world, to get help by their free solar resource, (i.e."the sun pays them the bill"). We should take the chance for a programme which can relieve women and children from their pressing burdens and can open ways to a sustainable supply. 7. Indication Support, documentation, SK-cookers, reflector material sets are available form EG-Solar e.V. (Development Group Solar Cooker of the State Technical College Altötting), Neuöttinger Str. 64c, D-84503 Altötting (see heading of the article) Tel.: 08671 96 99 37; Fax: 08671 96 99 38; e-mail: email@example.com 8. Acknowledgements Special thanks to my wife who in the past 15 years has contributed essentially to the development of the SK system by qualified practical use, by presenting solar cooking, baking, roasting and preserving, and with many suggestions, objections and her enthusiasm. Thanks also to the many friends of solar cooking who are active all over the world and who gave me advice. Unable to mention them all I want to thank here especially Mrs Dr Shirin Gadhia and Mr Deepak Gadhia, who took part in developing the SK-cookers almost from the very beginning and who in their International Center for Networking, Ecology, Education and Reintegration (ICNEER) at IME Co, Valsad, Gujarat, India, also favour the solar cooker technique. 9. Literature [1] BMU (ed.): Umweltpolitik - Gemeinsam umgesetzte Aktivitäten zur globalen Klimavorsorge. and: Joint Implementation - Projektsimulation und Organisation. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU), Bonn 1997 [2] BMU (ed.): Proceedings International AIJ Workshop Leipzig, 5-6 March 1997, ed. by A. Pelchen, UMB; p. 158-164: G. Jobst, F. Braun, D. Seifert: Solar Cookers for saving emissions of CO2. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU), Bonn 1997 [3] J. Herkendell: Brennholzkrise in der Dritten Welt – ein verdrängtes Umwelt- und Entwicklungsproblem. Holz-Zentralblatt Nr. 6, Stuttgart, 14.Jan. 1998 [4] European Committee for Solar Cooker Research (ECSCR): Second International Solar Cooker Test - Summary of Results - June 1994. ECSCR, publicated in: BMZ aktuell 060, Bonn, s. [15] [5] M. Grupp, E. Biermann, R. Palmer: Akzeptanz verschiedener Solarkochertypen in Südafrika - Ergebnisse der Phase 1 des GTZ/DME Solarkocher-Feldtests. Tagungsband 11. Internationales Sonnenforum '98, Köln, p. 853-858, (DGS) Solar Promotion GmbH, München 1998 [6] J.R. Hanssen: "Let"s cook with the sun". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Nr. 16, 20.1.1998, p. T2 [7] O. Ischebeck (Hsg.): From Fossil Fire to the Sun - Renevable Energies for Sustainable Development and Employment in Africa. Akademischer Verlag München 1997 [8] Solarkocher-Baugruppe (Hsg.): Das Solarkocher-Buch. Energiewende Verlag, Eschringen 1995 [9] Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ): Solarkocher in Entwicklungsländern – Akzeptanz und Markteinführung. GTZ, Eschborn 1999 [10] Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen und Staatsinstitut für Schulpädagogik und Bildungsforschung, München (ed.): Modellversuch Umwelterziehung - eine Aufgabe der Berufsschule "Wir kochen mit Sonne...". Verlag Alfred Hintermaier, München 1992 [11] Aprovecho-Team: Helping People in Poor Countries Develop Fuel-Saving Cookstoves. p. 5, GTZ [12] D. Seifert: Solar Cooker SK12 - Experiences and Visions. EuroSun'96, 10. Internationales Sonnenforum, Proceedings, p. 1483/1487, DGS-Sonnenenergie Verlags GmbH, München 1996 [13] D. Seifert: Neue Konzepte für nachgeführte PV-Generatoren und Solarkocher, 9. Internationales Sonnenforum, Tagungsbd.2, p.1406/1413, DGS-Sonnenenergie Verlags GmbH, München 1994 [14] M. Myers (ed.): GAIA - Der Ökoatlas unserer Erde, p. 42/43, 56/57, 114/115, Fischer Taschenbuchverlag, Frankfurt a.M. 1984 [15] Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (ed.): Solarkocher in Entwicklungsländern - Erfahrungen, Grenzen, Potentiale. BMZaktuell 060, Bonn 1996 [16] N. Richter: Wunder dauern etwas länger. Süddeutsche Zeitung, Nr.112, LKR, 30.5.1994 [17] Teures CO2-Versprechen. VDI-Nachrichten, 19.May 1995, and letter to the editor, 9.June 1995 [18] D. Seifert: Erfahrungen mit Solarkochern. Sonnenenergie 1/1998, p.10/11, Solar Promotion GmbH, München [19] D. Seifert: Vorschläge zur Finanzierung eines globalen Solarkocherprogrammes durch Joint Implementation zur Einhaltung der Zusagen zur CO2-Minderung und zur Überwindung der Brennholzkrise. Tagungsband 11. Internationales Sonnenforum '98, Köln, p. 859/866, (DGS) Solar Promotion GmbH, München 1998; http://moon.inf.uji.es/~gea/encsol3/dossier/dieter.htm (abbreviated Spanish translation; 3. Encuentro Solar, Benicarló, Castellón (E) 1998) [20] S. Shrestha: Teaching and Training Communities of Kathmandu Valley in the Use of Solar Parabolic Cookers (SK-14). Solar Cooker Rev.1,1999. SCI, Sacramento CA; e-mail: email@example.com 10. Appendix: Characteristics of SK-type solar cookers A1) Concept SK-solar cookers: • Parabolic reflector made of thin, hard aluminium sheets with protected, high reflecting surface mounted at a rigid basket structure. • Reflector with short focal distance for safety reasons, long tracking intervals and high efficiency. • Removable black pot (with lid), held in upright position in the focal area by a support, which is part of the horizontal axis. Standard is a 12-litres-pot of black enamelled steel with a diameter of 28 cm. Other pot designs with well absorbing surface (cast iron, blackened pottery) are in use, too. • Easy one step access to the pot. Baking using the pot by inserting a baking tray on a support. • Tracking is accomplished by moving the whole cooker (azimut) and by turning the reflector around the horizontal axis (elevation), adjustment of the reflector to the sun by use of a shadow indicator. A2) Technical data: • reflector diameter / focal distance 140cm / 28cm • nominal effective power 0,6 kW • pot capacity 12 litres • pot diameter (standard) 28 cm • continous cooking * boils 48 litres of water in a day • max. temperature (oil) * 198º C • min. tracking frequency * 85 min (96°C) / 115 min (80 °C) • unattended cooking / max. temperature * 74 minutes / 98 °C (* = data from Second International Solar Cooker Test by ECSCR, Almería (Spain) 1994, [4]. The test was performed with the original 12-litre-pot, half-filled, with lid) • weight of SK (strip steel support / aluminium support) approx.27 kg / 14 kg A3) Safety precautions: • Reflector with focal area instead of focal point; • focal area inside reflector (i.e. deep focus design) at the stable support of the pot; • pot remains automatically in the focal area; • tracking without irritation by glare by using a shadow indicator, • rigid structure; fixation on the ground is possible; • no necessity of looking into the reflector; • inserting and removal of the pot is done after turning the reflector out of the sun. Fig. 3: Solar cooker SK12 and PV-panel for decentralised energy supply


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February Font Challenge
Post your layouts in the Font Challenge Gallery. Posting Bonuses will be handed out at the end of the month. Thanks for playing along.
http://i66.photobucket.com/albums/h2...Untitled-1.jpg You can find this font here. Here is the posting bonus you will receive: http://i66.photobucket.com/albums/h2...rt_preview.jpg |
that's a really pretty font!! and GREAT posting bonus!!
Sheesh, Toye! *Every* time you send to dafont.com, I find *another* 20 or fonts that I REALLY NEED!!! Now I have to go buy more memory for my puter. ;-)
Ohhhhh, I likey likey this one. Great font Toye :)
Here's mine
My Brother |
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Winter |
Here's mine....
Photo Shoot |
Oh, I like this font! I's n the glitzy side but still easy t read! Here is my layout using it:
"Love Is A Verb" |
Gorgeous font and posting bonus! Here's mine:
http://www.stoneaccentsstudio.com/ga...583&ppuser=272 |
I really like this font. Here's mine. Thanks Toye.
http://www.stoneaccentsstudio.com/ga...603&ppuser=578 |
Here is my layout: Sisters.
Fun font! Thanks for the challenge!
Here's my layout: http://www.stoneaccentsstudio.com/ga...t&limit=recent |
Here is Mine :):)
Feb Font Challenge
Thanks for the font. It'll come in very handy.
Here is my LO. http://www.stoneaccentsstudio.com/ga...4&limit=recent |
This is a pretty font. Mine is Here
Here Goes ...
My first Sas-y challenge. Hope I did everything right. I had a hard time uploading for some reason :confused:
Here it is |
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- Judgement Day
- 01First Song
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Uchechukwu Maduagwu also known as Uchy born on November 21st is a Canadian based artist who has been writing and rapping since 2007. He got inspired by rappers such as Chamillionaire, He started listening more to rappers such as Kanye west, Jay Z and Eminem. He had his first single in July 2007 when he sang a song called "We done ft. Lil B" for his high school graduation. He is currently signed for ZERO music group with PAblo, Eejay Ywang and Ramati in 2013 and making different kind of music such as Hip hop, RnB and Nigerian music.
Record Label: ZERO Music Group


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A Serious Man Gallery
Academy Award winning filmmakers Joel and Ethan Coen bring their famously wicked sense of humor to A Serious Man, an every day tale about a moral man who sees the world inexplicably turn against him in this darkest of comedies. Larry Gopnik is a good man. He is a loving husband, a committed father, and a dedicated professor who always does the fair and just thing in the face of daily temptations. But one day, everything starts to go wrong. Check out some photos…
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sail-world.com -- America's Cup World Series - Charlie Ekberg joins Artemis Racing
America's Cup World Series - Charlie Ekberg joins Artemis Racing
Sat, 9 Mar 2013
Artemis Racing has now announced that Charlie Ekberg will join Artemis Racing White during the America's Cup World Series (ACWS) April 16-21 in Naples, Italy. The move marks Artemis Racing's investment in the next generation of America's Cup sailors and Swedish youth sailing. Charlie is one of Sweden's leading 49er helmsman.
'It's an opportunity of a lifetime to sail with Artemis Racing. I've learned so much from training with the team on San Francisco Bay and I'm excited to represent Artemis Racing in Naples,' said Charlie Ekberg.
The line-up for Artemis Racing includes Charlie Ekberg (SWE) as helmsman, Troy Tindill as wingman, Matt Cornwell as bowman, Peter Merrington as floater, Anthony Nossiter as trimmer, and Niclas During (seen above on the right) as a backup.
Niclas was the crew on Sweden's 49er team at the London Olympics and is confirmed as wingman for the Swedish Youth RBYAC team alongside Charlie who will helm. Ekberg and During will be part of the Swedish Red Bull Youth America's Cup team competing in San Francisco later this summer.
'Naples is the perfect opportunity for Charlie to prepare for the RBYAC alongside ACWS veterans Troy, Matt, Peter and Anthony and this allows the team in Alameda to focus on preparing for the upcoming Louis Vuitton Cup,' said Artemis Racing CEO Paul Cayard.
The Swedish Youth Challenge for the Red Bull Youth America's Cup team, led by KSSS Coach Bjorn Johansson, will be hosting three training sessions from last November until the end of April. Training and tryouts started in November with 70 applicants. For updates on their progress check out their Facebook page,
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Naples will be the final event in the 2012-13 America's Cup World Series before the 34th America's Cup kicks off on San Francisco Bay this summer.
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Latest Uric acid Stories
The newest blog from Marble Media LLC's HealthFill.com website reviews a Journals of Gerontology study's discovery that the Mediterranean Diet benefits older adults by reducing medical conditions
Daily Gossip Magazine exposes the secrets of one of the most recommended detoxifying cures: the Acid Alkaline Diet. Denver, Colorado (PRWEB) April 22, 2013
According to a study published in the Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, a baseline adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MeDiet) is associated with a lower risk of hyperuricemia, defined as a serum uric acid (SUA) concentration higher than 7mg/dl in men and higher than 6mg/dl in women.
Author Frank Suarez releases a new article suggesting that the type of protein a person eats is relevant to weight loss.
Benefit6 Whole Body Protection contains key ingredients providing maximum antioxidant protection lowering chronic inflammation Rancho Palos Verdes, CA (PRWEB)
- In medieval musical notation, a sign or neume denoting a shake or trill.


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Morgan's is Brooklyn through and through, a restaurant with a DIY edge that's as mindful of families with young kids as it is of the borough's bearded whiskey fanatics. The Texas-style barbecue is treated seriously (very good brisket, pulled pork and ribs), but there's also the whimsical, crowd-pleasing frito pie smothered with Texas red chili; loaded baked potatoes; and church-supper standby green bean casserole. The restaurant offers a big, casual, wood-detailed space, with a late-night menu of barbecue sandwiches starting at 11pm.
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missed doses of 1,4 andro
missed doses of 1,4 andro
like a jackass i left my frickin big-ass grandma pill box at home today which just so happened to contain two of my three 1,4 andro doses. is this going to **** up my hormone/blood levels. should i just pop all 3 doses when i get home tonite? i suspect it'll all be ok but i just need some affirmation
thanks - 06-24-2004, 11:36 AM
Should be fine. I wouldent doubledose, just ignore the skipped ones or try to work one of ths skipped doses in between the scheduled one and the one that follows. Just my thoughts.
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Please Register or Log in to Remove this Advertisement! This's best player interview I have seen in awhile. Sure this could be all for posturing but the way he's delivering this info I don't think he's BSing. http://www.chicagobears.com/multime..._was_fun/ee53a8c2-6bfb-4700-a8e2-5be83b79ac55
Thanks for posting that. I agree, this is the best interview by far I have seen in awhile. Not a chance in hell that any of that is for 'show' as that was the most natural interview I have seen. That was refreshing to watch, especially when he used the word "you" (referring to the Bears) instead of 'we'. He knew he wouldn't stick but he exceeded expectations in his 10 days he was with the Bears. I enjoyed watching him the last game.


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- Hi everyone!
I hope everyone had good weekend (Enjoy your Monday off for those who
get to celebrate President's Day weekend).
I (and Scott Smith) attended the Kiwanis Mid Year Conference in
Ontario last week and learned a lot. For those who are interested in
attending the North conference in Sacramento let me know. The
conference is free (without meals). Click on this link for more info:
I am still looking for a person who can design a CAYP logo. Any
volunteers would be appreciated.
And now for March.....
The main reason for this e-mail is the weekend of March 23 to 25. As
mentioned before CAYP will have a great opportunity to recruit future
members at the CKI Convention in Irvine. CAYP will do the following:
* Host a workshop on Saturday the 24th about transitioning from CKI to
Kiwanis. This workshop will likely be in the morning.
* Present a Carthage Pullman Society at the Honors Reception to a CKI
member (In the evening)
There are 2 ways you can participate:
1) Just come for the workshop (I will know the time of the workshop
soon). Even if it's just to be there it will work. We want to show CKI
members that we are building and are growing. By just coming for the
workshop it will not cost you a dime!
2) Register for the convention (Saturday only). The one-day
registration includes lunch and dinner, an invitation to the Honor's
Reception and the commemorative souvenir convention pin. Activities
begin with lunch at Noon and conclude at Midnight. Check-in for the
day will be available at 11 a.m. Of course you can also take part in
the workshop earlier in the day. I have attached the registration form
for those who are interested.
Some of you have already contacted me about helping out. You'll hear
back from me soon. Anyone else interested please contact me soon.
On Sunday (March 25) we will be having a gathering. It will begin at
around 3pm and we will be meeting at my family restaurant for FREE
FOOD! That's right FREE FOOD!
This is an open invitation to anyone! Do you have a friend who you
think might be interested in joining CAYP? Bring them along! After we
eat we'll move to another location (Likely mi casa) to chat, talk
about CAYP, chartering and more. I will need people to RSVP to
anticipate the amount of food to have ready. RSVP's can be given up to
the day of the gathering (by 10:00am).
For those who might need housing for the entire weekend let me know.
We'll arrange something.


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Content Analysis
See how wovictory.org describes itself, and other content related analysis like family-safe content, language of the website etc.
Title: | Word of Victory, Redmond, Oregon |
Description: | Word of Victory is a Word-based ministry that endeavors to touch people of all ages through a variety of ministries. Our goal is to see lives changed souls transformed and spirits renewed by the heari |
Keywords: | God, Jerry Roberts, Jesus, Oregon, Pastor, Redmond, Victory, WOV, Word, wovictoryorg |
Tags: | Redmond, God, Wov, Pastor, Oregon, Jesus, Victory, Word |
Language: | English |
Family safe content: | Yes |
Malware detected: | No |


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TAS Tennis News
And Another Thing...
Friday January 20, 2006
PAUL Rodger (Letters, 19/1) is tired of seeing tennis stars on the front page of The Age - I would prefer Daniela Hantuchova to John Howard, George Bush or Osama bin Laden any day.Latecomer Gatecrashes The Party
Wednesday January 15, 1997
It is 1990, and the world awaits the professional coming-out party of Childe Capriati. If anyone awaits Jolene Watanabe she isn't aware of it. "Well," Watanabe said yesterday, her day of days as a tennis player, "my mother used to wait for me to come home from college so she could Davenport Wins, Australians Crash
Friday January 13, 1995
Women's top seed Lindsay Davenport struggled to overcome rising tennis star Martina Hingis while Australian hopes nosedived at the New South Wales Open in Sydney yesterday. Davenport, of the US, beat the Swiss teenager 6-1, 3-6, 6-3, but not before Hingis had shown maturity and fighting qualitieFromberg Gets That Sinking Feeling
Tuesday January 11, 1994
As we've suspected for some time now, Australian tennis players are far too nice. Why else would Richard Fromberg, a hardened professional, begin feeling sorry for his opponent, Jason Stoltenberg, when he led 7-6 5-0 in their first-round match at the NSW Open yesterday? Fromberg, TasSeles Vulnerable, For A Moment
Wednesday January 27, 1993
In what amounted to a crisis for Monica Seles last night, the reigning Australian Open champion and No.1 seed lost a set. Julie Halard, a waif-like Frenchwoman, thumbed her nose at the rigid, feudal order of women's tennis by smuggling the second set away from Seles before losing their quarter-fiFraser's Job At Risk As Ja Steps Up His Lobbying
Tuesday August 25, 1992
As former Australian Davis Cup star John Alexander began a bitter campaign this week to seize the Davis Cup captaincy from incumbent Neale Fraser, it became clear his high-profile lobbying will change tennis dramatically, whatever the result. Alexander, who launched his controversial candExtra Shine For Stars Of Tomorrow
Monday October 23, 1989
MELBOURNE: Tennis Australia announced yesterday a squad of promising young players to get extra coaching as part of its post-junior development program. It will provide a coach for the squad throughout the Australian Davis Cup Tennis Foundation Satellite circuit due to start at the DingleyTennis Youngsters Given Their Chance
Friday December 18, 1987
MELBOURNE: Four of Australia's top junior tennis prospects received a boost yesterday when they were named in the BP Achievers squad for the next 12 months. Adam Anderson (NSW), Shane Barr (Qld), Carl Turich (WA) and Roger Rasheed(SA) join earlier squad members John Frawley (Qld), Darren C


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cheesecake factory
- s
- ski Jan 4, 2002 02:50 PM
- 1
- Follow
heard a lot about this restaurant.
finally decided to go check it out.
went to the one in the cambridge side gallira.
was a bit more fancy than i had thought.
food was good...service was excellent.
prices a bit higher than i would of liked...
parking is free in the garage if u bring ur ticket to get validated within 3 hours.


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By Jim Rossignol on October 1st, 2009 at 6:58 pm.
Balloon travel and "an exploration game set in a dream-like open world" mean that I was immediately intrigued by the announcement of Neverending Islands by Solipsism Studios. A promise of being able to "travel the world in a hot air balloon that reacts realistically to the environment" concerns me a little, but when you thrown in the flying turtle city, well, it means I'm definitely going to take a look when the game comes out later this year. Fully expecting this to be another broken obscurity, but you never know… (Thanks, Blues.)


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Reviews for Saving Bonds of Love |
Chibi Kylee chapter 22 . 2/15/2014 nice ending :) |
Chibi Kylee chapter 11 . 2/15/2014 cool |
Chibi Kylee chapter 8 . 2/14/2014 I like the end of the chappy :) |
serena princess 2 chapter 22 . 1/26/2014 I love this story |
Mara Pinto chapter 22 . 1/26/2013 Hello I am Portuguese but I read all your stories about love Sailor Moon all, but this is my favorite, really loved to continue to write. If I may, I have a page on facebook dedicated to Sailor Moon Portugal, going by its magnificent story deserves to be translated into Portuguese for sharing personal page, I hope you do not mind I can find at www. / EuSouDoTempoDaNaveganteDaLua |
LovetoRead613 chapter 22 . 9/21/2012 Very well writen. I enjoyed reading your work. |
Moosi chapter 22 . 7/8/2012 Very Cute :) |
Medusa's.Protege chapter 22 . 4/4/2012 THIS. IS. AMAZING. |
WinniUsagi chapter 22 . 1/29/2012 ! PROBABLY ONE OF THE BEST SAILOR MOON FANFICS I HAVE READ IN, LIKE, FOREVER. /sob That was such a beautiful story; all the characters were perfectly portrayed, the storyline was epic, and HAHFJFKPEKQHDNRKCBSKWO THAT WAS SO EPIC. I officially bow to you, as you are now my favorite author on this website :D Great, really, fantastic job :D 3 |
khannarie chapter 22 . 7/18/2011 I am really a fan of your fics now. I love all your fics that Ive read and THIS is my favorite one because it has every "factors" I wanted to see in a fanfic . Love between usagi and mamoru, inner and outer senshi included plus and action packed adventure. You even made chibiusa a bit nicer, so I kinda like her here. I was worried when mamoru was kidnapped though, I thought he'll die. Since usagi is already pregnant, chibiusa's existance is already secured unless something happen to usagi. So all those time I was worried for mamoru xD But thank goodness you did not kill him O.O I could kiss you for that. For the EPILOGUE I love every bits of it. Must be hard having 11 characters in your story and yet you were still nice enough to include queen serenity of silver millenium.. It was very touching, and it warms my heart to read starting from the part that the queen of the past appeared... I could go on and list all my favorite scene and how it made me feel but it will surely take lots of space here so Id better shut up now lolz.. please keep writing _ thank you.. |
Becky D Studio chapter 21 . 1/17/2011 ROFLMAO! I would think it was similar to my husbands (then boyfriends) expression when i told him that i was :P |
ForestGuardian311 chapter 22 . 8/27/2010 Ahh! Loved it! I had my doubts about "Sephie" at first, especially when she started flirting with Mamoru...I think you did the battle (or sort of a lack thereof) really well, too. And I LOVE the epilogue! I thought "Chibi" meant "Small Lady," though? I could be wrong...I actually never watched the first episode in which she showed up... And I loved the names..."Serenity Luna Rose" sounds so...serene, I guess. And the whole difference between a Lunarian pregnancy and a Terranian one? I feel so sorry for Usagi...I do have a small note for you, though: In the beginning, you made a few spelling errors; "funner" is not a word, and you put -ily endings to words that didn't need them, such as "dryly" and "slyly." Other than these, though, nothing big. Do you have a sequel to this? If so, I'd love to read it! Great job! |
ForestGuardian311 chapter 4 . 8/27/2010 You may have accidently put "Serena" instead of "Usagi" near the end. Just a little note. |
ForestGuardian311 chapter 1 . 8/27/2010 This is sooo funny! Umm, one question though, did Chibiusa (I know her as Rini) come back from the future for the fight w/ Galaxia? I haven't watched the SailorStars season (I just recently got back into Sailor Moon), so I wasn't aware that she returned. It makes it more funny, though. Will definitely keep reading! |
sami1010220 chapter 22 . 7/22/2010 wooow, that was...wow, lol. ok, i'm glad you explained the short pregnancy term, because i was wondering about that stuff earlier. great job! |


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This book looks at some of the Canadian sports teams from the last thirty years that nearly won championships.
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Teams such as the 1985 Blue Jays, 1993 Maple Leafs, 1994 Canucks, 1994 Expos, 2004 Flames, and 2006 Oilers are featured in this book.
Rick Ambrozic - Canadian Review Here is my review for it: Now this really could have been written about any team, or city, or country, or province, etc. All teams have a chance to win it, and often they come close - but they succumb to What If's all to frequently. It's not only Canada. If if's and but's were candies and nuts we'd all have a Merry Christmas. It was still fun to read, reliving some close moments - 1981 Expos for example, or 1994 Expos. These are legit moments. But a team blowing a 3-1 lead in a series, has more often than not and things like that I wouldn't consider all that worthy. Anyhow - some nit-picking with the book: When Calgary lost the Cup in 1986, you said something to the effect of had the Flames won it, they would have brought the Cup back to Alberta. Implying it left. Which it did not. I think it'd be better to say, Keep the Cup in Alberta. The Calgary-Los Angeles playoff series from 1990 (I think). In one key game - either 6 or 7, you mention how a shot was taken and it hit somebody and then ...etc, etc. This was a key moment. But all you said was that it hit somebody in front of the net. You should have done a bit more research and actually figured out who the puck hit. A name would have been better to use Tom Brunasky dropped the ball in 1990. Until I see a camera angle that proves otherwise, I am convinced he dropped the ball. When in the 1960's did the Leafs and Habs have the same number of Cups? Page 120 you speak of the all-Canada SC Final. And how it happened in 1989, and the best chance for it to happen again, occurred in 2003. Yes, on page 75, you speak of how Fraser screwed the Leafs from it happening in 1993. That is all. Hope you next writting endeavour is close at hand! Always glad to read whatever you write. Rick
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With the retirement of Chuck Liddell, Tito Ortiz, Randy Couture, Forrest Griffin, and others, an entire generation of fighters is almost gone. At a recent fan Q&A session in Brazil Liddell, now UFC executive vice president of business development, discussed how hard it is to retire, and that it was the right decision. Related MMA gear from the UG Store
Recent Comments »6/1/13 7:06 PM by Arlovskis ChinWhat's wrong with his chin? There's a MASSIVE difference between getting rocked like Maynard and getting slumped and knocked out. It was stopped because of punishment not because Gray was completely out 6/1/13 7:01 PM by MasterofMartialArtsThisBut Chuck went out fighting killers since day one. Dude is a legend. 6/1/13 6:55 PM by Ip Man 81Jealous? Chuck is 10x's a better person, fighter and champion that Tito was/is. He also seams to have a great family and a pretty attractive women, while Tito has 2 kids with a dirty dirty whore. I doubt Chuck has much to be "jealous" about. 6/1/13 12:43 PM by Steven SChuck is still jealous of all the years Tito was pushed it's kind of funny. He just can't get his name out of his head and move on. 6/1/13 11:58 AM by Heikki MustolaIts best for his health.. But I do respect his love for fighting, man clearly wants to fight but nevertheless, health is very precious thing for all of us.And as for that Maynard comment... Come on. 6/1/13 11:03 AM by ranier wolfcastlei ws thinking he should fight 1 last time vs someone with no ko power, win, and retire 6/1/13 10:21 AM by 2xAAyes true.....but maynard was always praised for having a decent chin.....now look at him 6/1/13 10:19 AM by 2xAAu watch maynard vs TJ last week..........your a clown RIGHT? 5/31/13 5:57 PM by Dodge135Until Tito 5/31/13 5:53 PM by Anderson's BBC in my GokuGo listen up grays recent interviews. Not. Good. |


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Nestle Co.Ltd.
Categories: Company in Thailand > Agriculture > Food & beverage
Address: 42nd floor, The Offices at CentralWorld, 999/9, Rama I Rd., Lumphini, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 Thailand See map
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No problem! 45 days to return!
We believe in quality of our garments. If you are not fully satisfied for any reason with your purchase, please return the merchandise for a refund or store credit.
Return merchandise must be unworn, unused, unaltered and with hangtags and labels attached. Used or altered merchandise will not be accepted for return and may be shipped back to the customer.
Returns must be received within 45 days of the purchase date. Products returned after 45 days will be issued a store credit. Products returned after 90 days will be issued a store credit at the most current sale price listed.
Please allow up to 30 days to receive your return and to complete the credit process. Note, it may take 5-10 business days for your bank or credit card company to process and apply the refund back to your account. You will receive an email confirmation once the return has been received in our warehouse. An additional email confirmation will be sent once your refund has been processed and completed.
Regular priced items (prices that do not end with $.99 or $.49) will be processed a refund if received within 45 days of the purchase date. Any discounts applied to your original order will be deducted from your refund amount. Shipping fees are non-refundable. Refunds will be credited in the original form of payment.
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If you have any questions, please email us anytime at email@example.com. You can also call us at 1.877.597.8953 (US only) or +1.415.692.5639 (Worldwide) Monday-Friday 9AM-5PM PST (US holidays excluded).
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I love a simple wrap dress that hits below my knee. Sleeves 3/4 length to cover arms. It accentuates the positive aspects of my body. Can dress up or down. Can wear to semi formal events as well as the office.
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text: Stay here but do not eat here! The King sized ensuite room has a lovely view and is quite comfy. TV is tiny and lighting a trifle dim. Due to bad weather we ate downstairs and it was the worst meal of our holiday. Seafood platter had the flavour of stale oil and was essentially fish and chip shop standard... More


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Horizontal gene transfer contributes to the wide distribution and evolution of type II restriction-modification systems
- Albert Jeltsch,
- Alfred Pingoud
- … show all 2 hide
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Get AccessAbstract
Restriction modification (RM) systems serve to protect bacteria against bacteriophages. They comprise a restriction endonuclease activity that specifically cleaves DNA and a corresponding methyltransferase activity that specifically methylates the DNA, thereby protecting it from cleavage. Such systems are very common in bacteria. To find out whether the widespread distribution of RM systems is due to horizontal gene transfer, we have compared the codon usages of 29 type II RM systems with the average codon usage of their respective bacterial hosts. Pronounced deviations in codon usage were found in six cases:EcoRI,EcoRV,KpnI,SinI,SmaI, andTthHB81. They are interpreted as evidence for horizontal gene transfer in these cases. As the methodology is expected to detect only one-fourth to one-third of all horizontal gene transfer events, this result implies that horizontal gene transfer had a considerable influence on the distribution and evolution of RM systems. In all of these six cases the codon usage deviations of the restriction enzyme genes are much more pronounced than those of the methyltransferase genes. This result suggests that in these cases horizontal gene transfer had occurred sequentially with the gene for the methyltransferase being first acquired by the cell. This can be explained by the fact that an active restriction endonuclease is highly toxic in cells whose DNA is not protected from cleavage by a corresponding methyltransferase.
- Aggarwal AK (1995) Structure and function of restriction endonucleases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 5:11–19
- Athanasiadis A, Vlassi M, Kotsifaki D, Tucker PA, Wilson KG, Kokkinidis M (1994) Crystal structure ofPvuII endonuclease reveals extensive structural homology toEcoRV. Nature Struct Biol 1:469–475
- Barany F, Danzitz M, Zebala J, Mayer A (1992) Cloning and sequencing of genes encoding theTthHB8I restriction and modification enzymes: comparison with the isoschizomericTaqI enzymes. Gene 112:3–12
- Bickle TA, Krüger DH (1993) Biology of DNA restriction. Microbiol Rev 57:434–450
- Cheng X (1995) DNA modification by methyltransferases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 5:4–10
- Cheng X, Balendiran K, Schildkraut I, Anderson JE (1994) Structure ofPvuII endonuclease with cognate DNA. EMBO J 13:3927–3935
- Cheng X, Kumar S, Posfai J, Pflugrath JW, Roberts, RJ (1993) Crystal structure of theHhaI DNA methyltransferase complexed with S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Cell 74:299–307
- Heitman J (1993) On the origins, structures and functions of restriction-modification enzymes. In: Setlow JK (ed) Genetic engineering, Vol 15. Plenum Press, New York, pp 57–108
- Hornby DP (1993) DNA methyltransferases (EC 220.127.116.11 and EC 22.214.171.124). Methods Mol Biol 16:201–211
- Jeltsch A, Kröger M, Pingoud A (1995) On the evolutionary relationship among type II restriction and modification enzymes. Gene 160:7–16
- Kapfer W, Walter J, Trautner TA (1991) Cloning, characterization and evolution of theBsuFI restriction endonuclease gene ofBacillus subtilis and purification of the enzyme. Nucleic Acids Res 19:6457–6463
- Klimasauskas S, Kumar S, Roberts RJ, Cheng X (1994)HhaI methyltransferase flips its target base out of the DNA helix. Cell 76:357–369
- Labahn J, Granzin J, Schluckebier G, Robinson DP, Jack WE, Schildkraut I, Saenger W (1994) Three-dimensional structure of the adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase M ·TaqI in complex with the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10957–10961
- Matic I, Rayssiguier C, Radman M (1995) Interspecies gene exchange in bacteria: the role of SOS and mismatch repair systems in evolution of species. Cell 80:507–515
- Newman M, Strzelecka T, Dorner LF, Schildkraut I, Aggarwal AK (1994) Structure of restriction endonucleaseBamHI and its relationship toEcoRI. Nature 368:660–664
- Noyer-Weidner M, Trautner TA (1993) Methylation of DNA in prokaryotes. In: Jost JP, Saluz HP (eds) DNA methylation: molecular biology and biological significance, Birkhäser Verlag, Basel, pp 40–108
- Noyer-Weidner M, Walter J, Teschüren P-A, Chai S, Trautner TA (1994) M.φ3TII: a new monospecific DNA (cytosine-C5) methyltransferase with pronounced amino acid sequence similarity to a family of adenine-N6-DNA-methyltransferases. Nucleic Acids Res 22:5517–5523
- Olsen GJ, Woese CR, Overbeck R (1994) The winds of (evolutionary) change: Breathing new life into microbiology. J Bacteriol 176:1–6
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- Title
- Horizontal gene transfer contributes to the wide distribution and evolution of type II restriction-modification systems
- Journal
Journal of Molecular Evolution
Volume 42, Issue 2 , pp 91-96
- Cover Date
- 1996-02-01
- Print ISSN
- 0022-2844
- Online ISSN
- 1432-1432
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Restriction enzyme
- Modification enzyme
- Restriction endonuclease
- DNA methyltransferase
- Codon usage
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Albert Jeltsch (1)
- Alfred Pingoud (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Institut für Biochemie, FB 15, Justus-Liebig Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany