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Superintendent defends school choice program
Written by Ann Richardson Monday, February 27, 2012 12:21 pm
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ŌĆ£We are almost back to where we were over two years ago in state aid, but that is in large part due to our school choice program,ŌĆØ Superintendent Kathleen Taylor said. ŌĆ£The good news is that the DOE raised our school choice tuition rate.ŌĆØ
Last yearŌĆÖs rate of $11,507 per student was raised to $12,333 per student, for a total of $850,777.
The state Department of Education, not the school district, she noted, sets the school choice tuition rate. While the tuition rate is lower than what a state formula says it costs to educate the students,
ŌĆ£The DOE bases it on a K-12 formula,ŌĆØ
The discrepancy between what
During public comment at a Feb. 22 school board meeting, Mullen took the administration and the school board to task over school choice and the budget. Mullen said he was upset that the district declined to push the budget to the 2 percent mandated cap, instead choosing to increase the budget by 1.75 percent.
ŌĆ£ThereŌĆÖs very little difference,ŌĆØ he said.
With the cost of salaries and benefits continuing to go up, he said the ŌĆ£pie was shrinkingŌĆØ and one day, after they were long gone, the lack of funding would catch up to the district.
He noted that the district was charging students from
ŌĆ£Where does the other $5,000 come from?ŌĆØ he asked.
Mullen said he was a ŌĆ£pretty bright guy,ŌĆØ and in the business world, this sort of deal would be declined.
ŌĆ£If you starve the system, you have to make some pretty difficult decisions. There will be new board members and a new superintendent when this brick hits. When will you stop cutting? When will you have to tell someone that you have no money left?ŌĆØ he asked.
Mullen chastised officials for cutting 17.5 positions two years ago.
ŌĆ£You have no obligation to appease a tax organization that wants to cut taxes,ŌĆØ he said, in a shot to the local Fairness in Taxes organization. Salaries and benefits, he noted, were a large percentage of the budget.
ŌĆ£The pie gets smaller and smaller and then what happens? I wouldnŌĆÖt want to be sitting there.
ŌĆ£If I lived in Sea Isle or
He said that ŌĆ£in the old days,ŌĆØ when he served on the board in the 1990s, the board used to have a dialogue with the community at the board table. With the board now declining to comment during public opinion, he said there would be more letters to the editor and warned that he would be ŌĆ£having some funŌĆØ by appearing at the board meetings.
Mullen said he had been content to sit the issue out, as his ŌĆ£time had passed,ŌĆØ but the phone calls kept coming, so he felt compelled to stand up for what he thought was right.
Taylor and board members did not comment on MullenŌĆÖs comments at the board meeting, but on Friday,
ŌĆ£If we didnŌĆÖt have the school choice program, weŌĆÖd have to go to cap and it would cost taxpayers more, and weŌĆÖd still realize a shortfall of $375,000,ŌĆØ he said.
The shortfall, she said, would come from programs, possibly teacher and teacher-aide positions and other needed extras, such as upgrading security cameras and equipment.
ŌĆ£We couldnŌĆÖt put money into our reserve account for a new roof and the HVAC system at the primary school,ŌĆØ she said. ŌĆ£There are upgrades we need to do to our technology. The following year we would have a bigger problem.ŌĆØ
ŌĆ£We have no say about it, there is no negotiating, but by filling empty seats we are bringing in revenue without adding to our costs,ŌĆØ she said.
The community, she said, has slowly lost year-round population, including families with small children.
ŌĆ£If we didnŌĆÖt have school choice, we would be out that much revenue,ŌĆØ she said. ŌĆ£If you add the transportation costs to the tuition provided by the state, you are right up to about what the state pays.ŌĆØ
ŌĆ£Two years ago, we lost about $4 million in state aid, right out of the budget,ŌĆØ she said.
The district was forced to cut 17.5 positions, she said. Fearing what the future might bring, she said the school choice program was, in a sense, a gift for the
ŌĆ£We started with 14 school choice students for this school year,ŌĆØ
The district received a lot of positive feedback from the parents and choice students, but more importantly, the program had such a positive impact on the budget, that school officials decided to increase the number.
ŌĆ£So we have a total of 69 (students) for next school year,ŌĆØ she said.
The seats occupied by the choice students were otherwise empty. By filling open seats, she said the district can keep operating programs and maintain the quality of the schools.
ŌĆ£We only accept the number of students that we can accommodate,ŌĆØ she said. ŌĆ£Because of the school choice program, we are able to lower the sending districtŌĆÖs tuition rate by approximately $350 per student and we will reduce the costs per student of
ŌĆ£While we have taken other costs-savings measures, this school choice program helps us meet the needs of students in a manner in which the taxpayers can benefit,ŌĆØ
Preliminary budget to be introduced on Wednesday, Feb. 29
The school board will consider a preliminary budget for the 2012-2013 school year at a special meeting scheduled for 7 p.m. Wednesday, Feb. 29 in the community room of
Business Administrator Tom Grossi discussed some elements of the proposed budget at the Feb. 22 school board meeting. Transportation costs will go up 1.9 percent, technology costs 0.5 percent. The district budgeted $31,330,412 for salaries and benefits for 2012-2013, up $156,735. This represents a 0.5 percent increase.
Benefits include medical insurance, dental insurance, employer social security and Medicare, tuition reimbursement, pension contribution and workerŌĆÖs compensation.
OC News
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- Traffic alert: Street closures on 11th Street
- Contract awarded to clear dredge spoils site, lagoon dredging to follow
- Ocean City Council news in brief, edition of Feb. 27, 2015
- Ocean City says its ready as PARCC testing begins Monday
- State aid flat for Ocean City schools
- Know before you go: Council meets 7 p.m. Feb. 26
- No injuries in Central Ave. home blaze
- Ocean City Intermediate School 2nd marking period honor roll
OC Opinion
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- Concerns over museum move
- OC Home Bank fees hurt lower-income users
- Flooding is not being addressed
- Museum move a great idea
- Community meeting on Ocean City flooding
- Residents form flooding group
- Grand jury dismissal highlights corrupt system
- Environmentalists ruining Ocean City
- Is Cheney any better than Kim Jong-un?
- Officers and board members installed to Ocean City chamber
- Ocean CityŌĆÖs got what you need to please your valentine
- Grant helps Hammonton theater bring live shows to grade school children
- VittorioŌĆÖs offering authentic Italian on Asbury
- Susan Jones named Home Bank volunteer of the year
- Ocean City Home Bank promotes banking officers
- Ocean City Home Bank donations top $1 million
- Joe and Chris Ferzoco join Keller Williams
- Old Salt to close Boardwalk store
- FrankieŌĆÖs on the Bay to open at former Bongo Caf├® location
OC Events
- Mission trip skating fundraiser this Saturday
- Realtors extend food drive through March 3
- Ocean City, Upper offer CERT classes for residents
- Ocean City community news, edition of Feb. 25, 2015
- Ocean City events, edition of Feb. 25, 2015
- Hearts and crafts at Ocean City Primary School
- ŌĆśMemoriesŌĆÖ is the theme for Mr. Mature America Pageant
- Suttons bring birding lecture to Ocean City
- Fundraiser keeps memory of Charles Knox alive
- ŌĆśArt from the HeartŌĆÖ Exhibition features Ocean City artists
Around our Town
- Garden Club celebrates ValentineŌĆÖs Day, Exchangettes welcome new officers
- A family affair at Arts Center reception
- Ocean City homes toured for the holidays
- Payant celebrates 100th birthday at The Flanders
- Chamber hosts awards dinner for local businesses
- UMW retreat focuses on many ŌĆśhatsŌĆÖ its members wear
- Catching up with friends at AuthorŌĆÖs Luncheon
- Cancer Center at Shore celebrates 10 years
- Chamber roasts county surrogate Susan Sheppard
- Golfers gather for Sunshine Foundation Classic
- Joe's Take: About college: What does your heart treasure?
- Notable Neightbors: Teaching children the power of giving
- Medical practice makes perfect
- The MomŌĆÖs Beat: What age is the right age to leave them home alone?
- At Large with Tom Williams: Chris Christie for president?
- How people drive me crazy
- Joe's Take: New election plan: A fish on every line and a boat in every dock
- The MomŌĆÖs Beat: There are better ways to fight childhood obesity than fining parents
- Feeling the love on ValentineŌĆÖs Day
- The MomŌĆÖs Beat: Trips to Disney have a point of no return


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Why do you have to be virtuous to get shafted? Please explain? That makes no sense to me at all.
1074 posts • joined 23 Sep 2008
Why do you have to be virtuous to get shafted? Please explain? That makes no sense to me at all.
Read the damn article. Yes, the police complained. But the sites were taken down because of a breach of contract. No court order required. Where's the police state? You sign a contract which states, if you don't play by the rules, we cut you off. They broke the rules, they were cut off. The fact it assisted the police is a happy side-effect.
Had the police come to Nominet, asked for them to be cut-off, Nominet had discovered no breaches and THEN cut them off anyway - you would have a genuine grievance. As it is, get back under your tin-foil-coated rocks and stop screaming "fascist police state" every time someone gets of their arse and does something useful.
Jesus, if you saw some bloke on your flight wearing plastic explosive, fiddling with a switch, I swear half of you would demand a high-court injunction, filled in triplicate and signed by Elvis before you'd get off your backsides and read them the terms and conditions of carriage.
Non personally (not that brave) but an ex-forces friend works out there doing private security and seems to enjoy it. By all accounts, whilst by no means safe, there are large parts of Baghdad which are "fairly" normal. I would point out that the vast majority of the recent atrocities have targeted large government institutions - so I'm not sure I'd be wanting to take any governmental contracts!
What the fuck is a software engineer? I write design, write and test computer software. Does that count?
Just a quick note - unless you know differently, the MyXerver is not available. I tried to buy one through Amazon after your excellent review but they kept delaying delivery before cancelling the order. Novatech did the same. According to google, it is not available anywhere and I'm not convinced it ever was - although they seem to have sent out plenty of review units. Just thought I'd mention it as you guys seem to refer to it fairly regularly.
The popcorn looks okay, but I'd far rather it could take a BluRay AND a 3.5". That way around, it would make a very versatile NAS, Media Player and BluRay all-in-one - and for similar money to buying all three separately. As it is, the 2.5" limits the storage making it no use as a NAS. Then it starts looking rather expensive.
Making the effort? If you're snowed in, you're snowed in. I live 15 miles from work, the other side of a mountain. The roads in and out of the village were closed. It's an offence to drive on closed roads. I COULD walk it (have in the past) but it takes just over four hours. Short of buying a quad bike and riding it over the mountain, what effort would you suggest?
We were snowed in yesterday. The roads were all closed. Schools closed. We were told by police not to travel. Made it in today via a huge diversion and very treacherous roads followed by a slippery walk along iced footpaths. Not sure how I'll make it back as the sludge freezes and we've had more snow. What delights did I have waiting for me? An email from HR asking if I wanted to take yesterday as holiday or unpaid - followed a few minutes later by a "polite" reminder that this is NOT a dress-down day and that employees are expected to wear full business dress. Apparently, deadly pavements are no excuse for my heavily cleated walking shoes and they should be substituted for something more suitable for business use.
Fucking retards.
....and still no room for a numeric keypad. Still, I suppose if you need to enter numbers into a spreadsheet to find out how much money you have left then you probably can't afford one.
Thorough, well thought-out research has shown that leaving a wii-fit unused in the corner of the living room does nothing for fitness. Not "quite" the same thing as you claim. In further astounding news, paying £1500 for gym membership and only going twice makes only your bank balance lighter. To paraphrase an old parable, you can take a fat, lazy lard-arse to a treadmill but you can't make him run.
It sounds like the problem with that screen was nothing to do with the technology - just the implementation. I've used resistive touch-screens for years. Yes, they can be insensitive and inaccurate. They can also be wonderful - it depends on how well they are implemented. Personally, I'll be sticking with resistive for as long as they are available. Capacitive doesn't work with gloves on. Okay, there ARE now gloves available but reports suggest they are currently hit and miss and, besides, I carry a smarthphone because it is an all-in-one solution. If I have to make sure I have a particular set of gloves with me all the time, I lose that.
And no, I'm not taking my freaking gloves off when half-way up a mountain in minus whatever conditions and a howling wind. PLEASE keep a few resistive devices around for those of us who really need them.
I was sat here trying to think what I would do without google. Then I tried to think what I use them for. I use them for the odd search - but not all THAT often. I tend to flip between Yahoo, Bing and Google and don't find the results that different. I don't use GMail, calendar or anything you have to sign up for. I tried, but found the registration process a pain in the arse and gave up (I have a very low tolerance for such things). The only thing I use on a semi-regular basis is Froogle.co.uk - which I find to be generally better than other price-comparison sites. But that's maybe once every few months. I think I'd cope.
Maybe I'm unusual, it's certainly not been a concious thing but I doubt my internet experience would be much different without them - other than, maybe, some sites would have to close without the adsense dollars.
Most of the iPhone toting ****s I know also inexplicably regard larger as a beverage whose image fits in with their self-perceived masculinity and urbane sophistication. Seems like a match made in Heaven/Cupertino.
(on re-reading the above it strikes me that I should have probably stopped typing after "inexplicably regard larger as a beverage").
Doesn't work. They just feel guilty about their lapsed Catholicism. I knew one woman who, I swear, if she ever accidentally found herself being happy, would immediately suffer pangs of guilt for having nothing to feel guilty about. Forget the sexual abuse, Ireland has been abusing every child raised there for nearly 1,500 years by forcing this shit down their throats.
(yep. married an Irish ex-Catholic.)
It always amazes me that more people don't use these. I used WiFi for several years - suffering drop-outs, slow transfers, constant interference and forever having to reboot the router. Eventually, I got a pair of these to sort out problems with the wife's laptop (which seemed to suffer the most drop-outs). I plugged them both in, switched them on and - well, that was it. I've not had to touch them since. I now run a four-port version in my study - with my PC, NAS and printer plugged in - and one behind the telly for a media streamer. Speeds are excellent and I never get drop-outs or other connection issues. Plus, the baby-monitor now works properly. Mine cost about £40 a pair - maybe four times what I'd pay for a WiFi card but worth absolutely every single penny.
The WiFi is still there but it's only used by the Wii for BBC iPlayer. And guess what? It frequently drops out.
Many, many thousands of UK companies trade is various parts of the world but pay all of their taxes into the UK treasury. You win some, you lose some. Unless you want to stop benefiting from the corporation taxes of the overseas operations of Tesco, M&S, BAE etc then I'd suggest keeping your feckin mouths closed and hoping this dick-head of an MP, who clearly knows nothing about Tax, gets a serious slapping from his party whip very soon.
Simple answer to "why can't we keep/develop the shuttle fleet".
Cost. It's too expensive to run so it needs to be replaced. It's FAR too expensive to maintain whilst developing a new launch system. For every year you add to the shuttle fleet, you're adding almost as much to the development time of the new system - adding to the time you need to maintain the shuttle fleet etc. Basically, your target keeps slipping out of reach and you are paying for two systems for far too long.
What system is that? I'm running an ASROCK NETTOP 330 ION and have no problems with 1080p video. That's with Windows 7 Ultimate.
If any of the rest of us started copying books and then making them publicly available the authors and publishers would be after us. Don't see why Google thinks its so different. Certainly if it was my work I'd be pretty pissed off that someone was using it to make themselves money without so much as asking.
"Sony hardly has a clean record either but they seem to have snapped out of the delusion that they can dictate formats or standards"
Really? Blu Ray ring any bells?
One question. If Kinloss is effectively closed, where will the UK's only northerly Air/Sea rescue capability move to? My understanding is that the whole of the UK is currently covered by Kinloss, Anglesey and another in East Anglia (can't remember the name). I understand these are being put out to PPP to allow them to retire the Sea King. Where will the Kinloss station move to? It currently covers a huge area (including the North Sea gas fields). This service is already hugely stretched and is one of the few services offered by the armed forces to get regular "live" activity.
That sounds like a review of Android. I certainly hope the reg doesn't review Android each and every time they review an Android phone. As a "Technical Audience" isn't it safe to assume the readership either already knows the OS pretty well or can find out from other sources? This is a review of the Acer Liquid - not Android. The only OS related things we need to know are what version of Android is on it, how quickly does it run it and are there any customisations? The review covers that.
On the other hand, an in-depth review of Android or a "hackers guide" - a bit like the ones done for Linpus last year - would be very handy.
Is the back of the phone also getting quite warm? If so, you just have a faulty battery. It happens fairly frequently and with all phones. Take it back and get a new one.
Twelve Windows Browsers? Really? Anyone care to enlighten? Obviously we have IE, FF, Opera and Chrome. There is another Mozilla one whose name escapes me. That still leaves seven.
Plenty of operators offer really cheap, month-by-month deals for those bringing their own phone with them. O2 do simplicity for £10 a month with free minutes and texts. My local (cable and wireless) do something very similar but you choose free texts or free data. I'm fairly sure T-Mobile do something along those lines and I'd be surprised if others don't too.
Besides, PAYG is usually cheaper. I would never consider buying a phone on contract. Unless you spend a fortune on calls they are a complete rip-off. I get 1GB of data, free texts plus free calls to my wife and two friends for £5/month on PAYG.
Please explain?
Does a specialist do the cabling, as opposed to some spotty-faced trainee? Do they use cables specially designed for the job? If so, what do they normally use?
They've successfully removed the "Boom". Promise kept :)
Fix the economy but destroy the country. Were you actually around 13 years ago? Do you remember the 18 month NHS waiting lists? The non-existent trains? Class sizes averaging near 40? Bugger all nurses? Bugger all police? Under-paid teachers? Rampant crime? Schools crumbling? Shitty Victorian hospitals?
People really do have short memories.
15 years ago I was worrying about if I'd die before I ever got to see a GP. Today, people's biggest worry seems to be whether or not their data appears on some f-ing database. You really are taking the piss, you lot! It's a bit of extra tax for a few years. Contrary to what back-hander Dave and his public school-boy mates like to tell us, the sky really ISN'T falling down.
So films like Slumdog millionaire, depicting the genital torture of a young boy, the bludgeoning to death of a mother in front of her very young children and the deliberate blinding of kids as young as seven or eight is fine - give it a fifteen certificate.
But when it comes to the sight of a breast or someone peeing - then we really need to act to protect people.
Absolute fucking muppets the lot of them. It reminds me of the brilliant line at the end of South Park : The Movie where, just in case anyone had missed the entire point of the film, a character utters "It's okay to show despicable acts of deplorable violence - just so long as nobody utters any naughty words".
"denied a request for reimbursement of lawyers' fees"
So al any other company has to do is calculate the probable award (based on this case) and then tell OPTI they will drag the case out until their lawyer costs exceed the probably award forcing OPTI to settle out of court for significantly less.
Now THAT's justice.
I'm the first to give Apple a good kicking whenever the opportunity arises (quite frequently, as it happens). But 280? Is that it? That's not a widespread problem. That's a handful of over-zealous couriers.
The name seems very apt. I find myself going into anaphylactic shock at the mere sight of the thing.
Thank god I didn't bother with the RC then. Sounds about as stable as the betas were. TB2 was an excellent piece of software. I only hope Mozilla are able to pull this together before the final release because, so far, TB3 has been dreadful.
So BT, given the WHOLE of the UK to choose from to put it's new Jumbo Cabinets, went for a conservation area with complex planning laws and stuck-up residents who have no problem parking a car the size of the Titanic outside their houses but baulk at the idea of a 1.6m tall telecoms cabinet.
Great work BT!
I can't remember who it was who said it but someone, when asked what the fundamental difference was between his beliefs as a scientist and someone of faith, answered "I am always delighted when I am proven wrong".
I think this very sad case shows these "Scientists" seem to have forgotten that, in Science, being able to be wrong is a wonderful thing. As soon as you refuse to entertain the possibility that you may be wrong then you have created a religion.
I remember, during the push to widescreen, some DVDs were released with the 16:0 version on one side and the 4:3 ratio film on the other side. Seems to make sense to me.
Really? My ISP (WiManx) has offered these figures for years. I can currently view the Monthly upload and download figures for the last twelve months and then break them down into daily figures if I wish. November 09 was 19.6GB down and 2.6GB up.
Whilst the study seems reasonable (indeed, self evident really) the conclusion seems entirely arse-about-faced. Surely what the study tells us is that by acting like modern "sophisticated" humans we are, in fact, just suppressing our natural instincts and causing ourselves immense harm. We really aren't as sophisticated as we like to think we are, the old physiological systems have not evolved out of us and we need to be more in tune with our deep seated inclinations.
So, the next time a family member makes a snide, narky remark, smack them over the head with a club and save yourself from arthritis in later life. I feel more relaxed already.
The big problem with getting Windows 7 into the enterprise is going to be internet explorer 6. It's still the biggest single browser out there, purely because enterprises don't want to switch away from it for fear all their internal apps and Intranets are suddenly going to fall over. In an economic downturn, what CIO is going to present to the board a proposal to invest in testing every app and every page on their corporate Intranet, update any that fail and test again just so that they can update their OS?
I love Windows 7. It's made my home network a cinch to run. But there is no way I'm pushing it forward at work. Once it reaches a critical mass in the home and people (important people) are asking for it because they like the way it runs on their home machines - then we can start to talk about it.
On the PS-what now? Oh, that thing. Yeah, I think I know someone who has one of those. Makes an okay BluRay player, right?
I think you might find the launch of the iPlayer Wii channel in November would have had rather more impact than some 3rd-rate Blu-Ray player owned by 3 greasy teenage boys.
Many farmers/farm workers are killed every year when they accidentally fall into a slurry tank and are quickly overcome by the fumes (lots of methane). Jumping into a tank voluntarily should really be considered a suicide attempt allowing the authorities to lock him up for his own safety.
It looks excellent but it seems horribly expensive when packages like Glyph Combine (http://www.icons3d.com/combine.html) will allow you to do the exact same thing for free (no, nothing to do with them - just use the software - for free).
....do you fit a 13lb turkey in your freezer? I know US freezers are big but was this some kind of industrial walk-in freezer? 13lb is the size of a (not that) small child.
Does the mount force you to have the iPhone in widescreen? I've never understood why SatNavs have widescreen displays. Call me strange but, when driving, I'm usually more interested in the layout of the road AHEAD of me, rather than what's to either side. I can look out of the windows to see that.

subset: commoncrawl


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Elastic light scattering from single microparticles on a femtosecond time scale
JOSA A, Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 313-319 (2000)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (249 KB)
Experimentally measured and theoretically calculated elastic light-scattering spectra from single microparticles illuminated by 100-fs pulses are presented. Although in the theoretical calculation only a single incoming femtosecond laser pulse was used, the spectral behavior of scattered light shows all the features seen in the experimental spectrum from many femtosecond pulses, including morphology-dependent resonances (MDR's). The good agreement between experimental and theoretical elastic light-scattering data has stimulated a theoretical investigation of the time-dependent behavior of the elastically scattered light from a single microparticle on a femtosecond time scale. Since the spatial pulse length of the incoming laser pulse is smaller than the particle circumference, the temporal behavior of reflection, diffraction, refraction, and coupling into MDR's can be distinguished. Since the time-dependent scattering is strongly dependent on particle size, refractive index, and pulse chirp, it may be possible to encode several bits of information into a single laser pulse and therefore to increase optical data communication rates.
© 2000 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(290.4020) Scattering : Mie theory
(320.0320) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast optics
Original Manuscript: June 24, 1999
Manuscript Accepted: September 24, 1999
Published: February 1, 2000
Oliver Sbanski, Victor E. Roman, Wolfgang Kiefer, and Jürgen Popp, "Elastic light scattering from single microparticles on a femtosecond time scale," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17, 313-319 (2000)
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ethics issuesMr Spock, the comic utilitarian Michael Cook | 06 March 2015 |tags: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Peter Singer, Star Trek, utilitarianismWhy is there something faintly ridiculous in the logic of thinkers like Bentham, Mill and Peter Singer?
The forgotten meaning of human nature Zac Alstin | 05 March 2015 |tags: ethics, human nature, natural law, same-sex marriageContemporary debates have lost the vision of our ethical heritage
Yoga without ethics: just empty posturing? Zac Alstin | 05 March 2015 |tags: discipline, sexual assault, virtue, YogaCan the fitness fad live up to its traditional roots?
The torture-abortion nexus Michael Cook | 02 February 2015 |tags: abortion, tortureWhy do philosophers who defend abortion also defend torture?
Protecting doctors' freedom of conscience Margaret Somerville | 29 January 2015 |tags: abortion, conscience protection, euthanasiaSome practical steps would protect rights and prevent "ethical cleansing".
Remembering Auschwitz Michael Cook | 27 January 2015 |tags: Auschwitz, Enlightenment, Holocaust70 years ago today, the most notorious Nazi death camp was liberated by the Red Army.
A murderous blame game Zac Alstin | 23 January 2015 |tags: Charlie Hebdo, IslamDid the provocative cartoonists at Charlie Hebdo "bring it upon themselves"?
Canada's medical totalitarians Sean Murphy | 21 January 2015 |tags: Canada, conscience, conscience rights, conscientious objectionDoctors are at risk of killing against their consciences or of losing their jobs.
The mission creep of dignity Mark Regnerus | 20 January 2015 |tags: dignity, sociologyDignity has less to do with autonomy or independence than with intrinsic worth and the ability to flourish.
What virtue adds to happiness Alejo Jose G. Sison | 09 January 2015 |tags: happiness, philosophy, virtueGoing beyond having and doing into the realm of becoming.
New You Resolution Zac Alstin | 01 January 2015 |tags: 2014, 2015, New Year's resolutionsWhat can a 17th Century French genius and an obscure Neo-Confucian discipline teach us about happiness?
Being "nice" worked in World War II. Why not now? Michael Cook | 12 December 2014 |tags: torture, World War IITwo legendary interrogators have lessons for the War on Terror.
Ethics will always play catch-up in the war on terror Michael Cook | 10 December 2014 |tags: ethics of warfare, torture, USA, war on terrorA deeply utilitarian mindset pervades US foreign policy.
John McCain breaks ranks with GOP over CIA torture John McCain | 10 December 2014 |tags: CIA, enhanced interrogation techniques, torture, war on terrorBased on personal experience he says that "enhanced interrogation techniques" were shameful and didn't work.
Your money, or your life? Zac Alstin | 28 November 2014 |tags: happiness, philosophy, wealthRoasting my own coffee beans is just one of the pleasures of exploring natural wealth.
Ferguson is not a special case Tony N. Brown | 27 November 2014 |tags: Ferguson, justice, racism, USAThe riots in Ferguson remind us that many people who believe in justice are comfortable watching its miscarriage.
Elderspeak is demeaning Craig Klugman | 25 November 2014 |tags: elderly, elderspeak, human dignityWhy are residents of nursing homes addressed as if they were children?
If the mindfulness craze is really so cool, why did Anders Breivik use it? Denyse O'Leary | 17 November 2014 |tags: Buddhism, mindfulness, stress, work-life balanceMeditation techniques can help stressed-out executives, but they are open to abuse.
The awe-full truth of human dignity Zac Alstin | 13 November 2014 |tags: dignitarian, dignity, MercatorNetA MercatorNet contributor reflects on its unique "dignitarian" philosophy.
I can't handle being useful Zac Alstin | 10 November 2014 |tags: management, rhetoric, workThe language of management is often offensive, pompous, and demeaning. It's time for a spring cleaning.
How can you tell when moralizing is wrong? Sean Murphy | 06 November 2014 |tags: assisted suicide, ethical thinking, moralityBrittany Maynard's death exposed a flaw in the arguments of moral relativism.
When Iran hanged a woman for killing her rapist, it showed how senseless all capital punishment is Carolyn Moynihan | 28 October 2014 |tags: capital punishment, Iran, rapeWhatever really happened, Reyhaneh deserved to live.


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Latest Titles With Charlotte Gainsbourg
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Norman Oppenheimer is a small time operator who befriends a young politician at a low point in his life. Three years later, when the politician becomes an influential world leader, Norman's life dramatically changes for better and worse.
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David Hobbs helped make these videos
We are still working to obtain content for your car, however the video above is believed to have similar characteristics as your car.
The video above shows you how to change a flat tire in your 1999 Dodge Durango. Make sure you are in a safe area that is level and free of traffic before attempting to fix a flat tire. This video shows you where the spare tire, jack and jack kit is located in your Durango how to assemble the components of the jack kit, how to replace the flat tire for your spare tire and safety precautions to take when using your jack. Most Dodge jack kits include the jack, a jack handle and a lug nut wrench.
While following the instructions provided in your Durango's owners manual and in this video will help minimize the risk of injury. The best way to avoid injury is to never get under your vehicle while it is jacked up. Remember also, that even if your car is jacked up properly, another car could hit it and knock it over; therefore, be sure to give careful consideration to your environment before raising your car.
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1999 Dodge Durango SLT 5.9L V8


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VIEWS: 76 PAGES: 8 CATEGORY: Emerging Technologies POSTED ON: 7/10/2011
Cyber Journals: Multidisciplinary Journals in Science and Technology: June Edition, 2011, Vol. 02, No. 6
Cyber Journals: Multidisciplinary Journals in Science and Technology, Journal of Selected Areas in Telecommunications (JSAT), June Edition, 2011 Performance of Hybrid Pump-Wavelength Configurations for Optical Packet Switch with Parametric Wavelength Converters Nattapong Kitsuwan, Jaruwan Yatjaroen, and Eiji Oki Department of Communication Engineering and Informatics, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan. same output port in the same time slot. Only one of the Abstract—This paper proposes an optical packet switch (OPS) contending packets is forwarded to the output fiber; the others with parametric wavelength converters (PWCs) that combines the are dropped. The switch refers to its scheduling algorithm to advantages of the static pump wavelength assignment (SPA) decide the interconnection between the inputs and outputs of switch and the dynamic pump wavelength selection (DPS) switch to realize the optimum trade off between packet loss rate and each wavelength. processing time. The SPA switch has faster processing time than Wavelength conversion [1] is widely used to avoid the DPS switch but lower performance in terms of packet loss rate. contention. A signal with one wavelength is converted to Their combination allows a network installer to adjust the another wavelength. The wavelength of the contending packet network switch to suit user requirements. Simulations in a limited that is not selected at the output is converted into another environment confirm that the performance of the SPA-DPS available wavelength and sent to the same output fiber. combination lies between those of its constituents. Replacing one dynamic PWC with a static PWC can greatly decrease the A parametric wavelength converter (PWC) [2] is one processing time with only a slight drop in packet loss rate. The approach to wavelength conversion because multiple results described herein provide useful information for designing wavelengths, multi-channels, can be converted simultaneously. switch systems that can satisfy various user requirements. To define both the original wavelength, w, requiring conversion, and the new wavelength, w', continuous pump Index Terms—Optical packet switching, Optical wavelength wavelength, p, is set as p = (w + w')/2. Therefore, the conversion, Wavelength division multiplexing selection of p defines the conversion pairs of w and w'. Multiple wavelength conversion based on the parametric I. INTRODUCTION process is becoming feasible. A number of simultaneous multiple wavelength conversion experiments with over 30 O PTICAL packet switching networks are emerging as a serious future candidate for next generation optical telecommunication networks to support high-throughput channels have been reported using fiber [3] and LiNbO3 waveguides [4]. The studies in [5], [6] show that guard bands can be provided with suitable channel spacing. With this in services such as voice over IP (VoIP) and high quality video mind, the remainder of this paper assumes that guard bands are streaming on demand. In an optical packet network with optical provided in the adopted channel spacing. packet switches (OPSs) interconnected with optical fibers Several studies on OPSs that use PWCs were described in [2], carrying wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals, [7], [8]. All of them use a PWC to convert each requested packets are transmitted from source to destination without any wavelength at one time, where the pump wavelength of each optical-electrical-optical (O/E/O) conversion. PWC is preassigned in a static manner. These switches are Each optical fiber entering an OPS carries several generically referred to as the static pump wavelength wavelengths for packet transmission. It is demultiplexed into assignment (SPA) switch. Note that if none of the PWCs individual wavelengths, each of which is connected to the support the requested wavelength conversion, some requests appropriate output port of the switch fabric. Each output port is may be blocked, even though the desired output fiber has assigned a different wavelength. Output contention occurs when sufficient available wavelengths. two or more packets with the same wavelength try to enter the The dynamic pump wavelength selection (DPS) switch is an OPS using PWCs, where the set of pump wavelengths is Manuscript received June 7, 2011. Nattapong Kitsuwan (e-mail: email@example.com) and Eiji Oki are with dynamically changed in every time slot [9]; it overcomes the the Department of Information and Communication Engineering, The conversion pair limits of the SPA switch. In the DPS switch, the University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan. pump wavelengths are selected, PWC by PWC, so as to Jaruwan Yatjaroen is an exchange student under the program Japanese maximize the number of conversion pairs supported. Results in University Study in Science and Technologies (JUSST) from King's Mongkut Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand.. [9] show that the DPS switch has lower packet loss rate than the 37 Controller Demultiplexer Coupler Demultiplexer Coupler 1 1 1 … … Input . . . W Switch . . . Output Fiber N N Fiber 1 1 Controller … … 1 … … Input . . W . . Output . . … … Fiber N Switch N Fiber … … … … LD: Laser diode … … . . PWC1 . . . . p1 . . . … … . . PWCM . Pump wavelength PWC1 pM generator p1 . . LD1 Main switch . . PWCS . . pS Fig. 2. DPS switch architecture. LDS Main switch shown in Fig. 1(a). They communicate with each other (a) electrically. The controller matches input to output ports for each request by analyzing the set of pre-assigned conversion S : Number of PWCs pairs needed at the PWCs. The main switch connects input and 1 : Lowest transmission wavelength output ports with/without PWCs, as determined by the : Highest transmission wavelength controller. It is an optical packet switch with N input and output W fibers and S PWCs, each with its own pump wavelength p generated by laser diodes (LDs) for wavelength conversion. 1 Each fiber carries W different wavelengths. Demultiplexers are PWC 1 set at PWC outputs. Each demultiplexed wavelength has a one-to-one correspondence with an input port of the switch p fabric. The individual wavelengths, coming through individual 2 input ports of the switch fabric, are grouped by an optical PWC 2 coupler before being forwarded to the output fiber. For the general case, the set of pump wavelengths is defined . . pS as p ={p1, p2, …, ps, …, pS}, where p is the pump . wavelength and ps is the transmission wavelength index for the PWC s PWC. The lowest packet loss rate is achieved when each PWC S has a different pump wavelength lying near to the center of 1 1W W transmission wavelengths [7]. Therefore, p in this paper is set 2 based on [7], as shown in Fig. 1(b). (b) III. CONVENTIONAL DYNAMIC PUMP WAVELENGTH Fig. 1. SPA switch architecture. SELECTION SWITCH The DPS switch [9], whose set of pump wavelengths can be SPA switch. However, its scheduling algorithm takes longer to altered on a time slot basis, consists of three parts: the controller, process than that of the SPA switch, since the DPS switch pump wavelength generator, and main switch, as shown in Fig.2. attempts maximum matching, while the SPA switch targets The controller performs both matching of input and output ports maximal matching. and selection of pump wavelengths in an integrated manner on a This paper proposes a hybrid pump wavelength configuration time slot basis. It controls both switching configuration and switch that combines the advantages of the SPA and DPS pump wavelength selection. It uses electrical signals to switches and so can trade the packet loss rate off against the communicate with the pump wavelength generator and the main processing time. switch. The pump wavelength generator sets pump wavelengths that are determined by the controller in every time slot. The II. CONVENTIONAL STATIC PUMP WAVELENGTH ASSIGNMENT SWITCH main switch is an OPS with D PWCs. Each PWC has pump wavelengths generated by the pump wavelength generator. The SPA switch [7], whose pump wavelengths are fixed, The performances of the SPA and DPS switches in terms of consists of two parts, the controller and the main switch, as packet loss rate were investigated in [9]. The results showed that 38 algorithm in [7] and the SPA-based PWCs. The unmatched 1 1 1 requests from phase II are considered for matching in phase III. … … . . W Switch . . Input N . . N Output In Phase III, matching between inputs and outputs is performed … … Fiber Fiber using the matching algorithm in [9] and the DPS-based PWCs. Controller … … . . . . The reason for using SPA-based PWCs before DPS-based . . PWCs is that the pump wavelengths of DPS-based PWCs can be … … changed to better serve unmatched requests. … … . . . . . . The pump wavelength generator generates pump wavelengths that are determined by the controller for the … … SPA based PWCs DPS-based PWCs in every time slot. Implementation PWC1 p1 . . . . LD1 approaches for the pump wavelength generator include tunable . . PWCS pS laser diodes (TDLs), and a multiwavelength light source and a LDS switch [9]. DPS based PWCs We consider a pump wavelength generator that uses TDLs PWCS+1 p(S+1) . . because its hardware is similar to that of the SPA switch, i.e. less . . . Pump wavelength . PWCM pM generator complex than the one that uses a multiwavelength light source and a switch. Moreover, TLDs are commonly used in industry. Main switch To evaluate cost, we define CSW as main switch cost, CPWC as PWC cost, CLD as the cost of the LD used in the SPA switch, Fig. 3. HPC switch architecture. CTLD as the cost of the TLD used in the DPS switch, M as the required number of PWCs, S as the required number of the DPS switch has lower packet loss rate than the SPA switch SPA-based PWCs. HPC switch cost is CSW + {M CPWC} + {S under both uniform and biased (non-uniform) traffic. However, the complexity of DPS, O(NW)D, is higher than that of the SPA CLD} + {(M - S) CTLD}. While SPA switch cost is CSW + {M switch, O(NW)2. Therefore, its scheduling algorithm takes long CPWC} + {M CLD}, and that of the DPS switch is CSW + {M to process. CPWC} + {M CTLD}. The HPC switch is (M - S)CTLD - (M - S)CLD times more expensive than the SPA switch, but (S CTLD) IV. PROPOSED HYBRID PUMP-WAVELENGTH CONFIGURATION - (S CLD) times cheaper than the DPS switch. SWITCH The matching time of the HPC switch depends on the number Our proposal, the hybrid pump-wavelength configuration of DPS-based PWCs, so the time complexity of the DPS switch (HPC) switch, can trade packet loss rate off against the is O(NW)(M - S). It does not depend on the number of SPA-based processing time of the scheduling algorithm. Its packet loss rate PWCs. If the matching time exceeds one time slot, the pipelined and processing time is expected to be intermediate between scheduling approach presented in [11] can be adopted to extend SPA and DPS results [10]. the allowable matching time. Therefore, there is no effect on The HPC switch combines the advantages of the SPA switch throughput. In this approach, scheduling is performed in a and the DPS switch, i.e. short processing time and low packet pipeline manner, where K subschedulers are used. Each loss rate, respectively. The HPC switch consists of three parts: subscheduler is allowed to take more than one time slot for main switch, the controller, and pump wavelength generator, as matching. shown in Fig. 3 The main switch consists of N input and output fibers. Each V. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION fiber carries W wavelengths, 1 to W. The switch uses M PWCs The performance of the HPC switch is compared to that of to convert contending wavelengths at output ports. PWCs are SPA and DPS switches. Two metrics are used to evaluate HPC divided into two groups, SPA-based PWCs and DPS-based switch performance. The first is packet loss rate, which is the PWCs. The first group, SPA-based PWCs, consists of S PWCs, ratio of the total number of packets that are not transmitted to PWC1 to PWCS. Each SPA-based PWC has its own pump the intended output ports to the total number of packets that wavelength generated by laser diodes (LDs). The DPS-based arrive at input ports. The second measure is processing time, PWCs consist of M - S PWCs: PWCS+1 to PWCM. DPS-based which is the time taken by the matching algorithm to run from pump wavelengths can be altered on a time slot basis. the beginning of Phase I until the completion of Phase III. To The controller performs both matching of input and output compare the processing time of the switches, we normalize ports and the selection of pump wavelengths in an integrated times against that of the DPS switch; the same parameters and manner on a time slot basis. The matching process consists of computer are used. We use the processing time ratio, instead of three phases, Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III. In Phase I, the actual processing time, since the latter is proportional to the matching between inputs and outputs is performed without processor speed of the controller. wavelength conversion. The unmatched requests from phase I An OPS with N = 16 and W = 32 with PWCs is considered. are considered for matching in phase II. In Phase II, matching We generated 109 incoming packets. It is assumed that packets between inputs and outputs is performed using the matching have a fixed size and the time dedicated to switch packets from 39 10 -1 10-1 10 -2 SPA 10-2 10 -3 SPA 10-3 Packet loss rate Packet loss rate -4 10 DPS 10-4 DPS -5 10 10-5 10 -6 W=8 10 -6 W=16 10 -7 W=32 10 -8 10-7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of SPA based PWCs, S Number of SPA based PWCs,S Fig. 4. Packet loss rate of HPC switch at different S values, (N = 16, W = 32, Fig. 6. Packet loss rate of HPC switch at different S values, (N = 16, M = 8, M = 8). = 0.3). 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 Processing time ratio Processing time ratio DPS DPS 0.6 0.6 SPA 0.4 0.4 SPA W=8 = 0.3 W=16 0.2 0.2 = 0.5 W=32 0.0 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of SPA based PWCs, S Number of SPA based PWCs, S Fig. 5. Processing time ratio of HPC switch at different S values, (N = 16, Fig. 7. Processing time ratio of HPC switch at different S values, (N = 16, W = 32, M = 8). M = 8, = 0.3). inputs to outputs therefore has a fixed duration. The computer increases. The processing time when = 0.3 is less than that used had IntelCoreTM2 Quad CPU Q9550 @ 2.83GHz with when = 0.5 for the HPC switch. The HPC switch has shorter 4GB of DIMM SDRAM memory. processing time than the DPS switch, S = 0. However, it is Uniform and non-uniform traffic are considered. In uniform slower than the SPA switch, S = 8. With = 0.3, the actual value traffic, incoming traffic from input ports is uniformly distributed of the processing time of the HPC switch with S = 4 is 4.873 ms, to all output ports. In non-uniform traffic, an unbalance while in the corresponding values for the SPA and DPS switches probability is used to generate skewed traffic. are 3.879 ms and 8.282 ms, respectively. The processing time A. Uniform Traffic ratio is 8.282/8.282 = 1 for the DPS switch, 4.873/8.282 = 0.588 for the HPC switch, and 3.879/8.282 = 0.468 for the SPA switch. It is assumed that packet arrival at N input ports follows a This means that HPC switch with S = 4 has (1 - 0.588) 100 = Bernoulli process. When input traffic load is , an incoming 41.2%, while the SPA switch has (1 - 0.468) 100 = 53.2% packet arrives with probability , and is the case of no arrival shorter processing time than the DPS switch. In this case, the has probability of 1 - . The incoming packets are distributed actual processing time of the HPC switch is 0.994 ms slower uniformly to all output ports [12]. than that of the SPA switch. However, it is 3.409 ms faster than Figure 4 shows the packet loss rate at different S values when that of the DPS switch. is 0.3 and 0.5. With the same , the packet loss rate increases Figure 6 plots packet loss rate of the HPC switch at different S with S. The DPS switch has the lowest packet loss rate, S = 0, values with W of 8, 16, and 32. The packet loss rate remains while the SPA switch has the highest, S = 8. unchanged when S 5 with W = 8, and S 3 with W = 16. Figure 5 shows the processing time ratio at different S values However, it is different for every S with W = 32. With S 3, the when is 0.3 and 0.5. The processing time ratio decreases as S 40 10 -1 10 -1 10 -2 -2 10 Packet loss rate 10 -3 Packet loss rate 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 10 -4 M=8 DPS (S/M = 0) M = 12 10 -6 HPC (S/M = 0.5) M = 16 SPA (S/M = 1) 10 -5 10 -7 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 SPA based PWCs Ratio, S / M Unbalance parameter, Fig. 8. Packet loss rate at different SPA-based PWC ratios, S/M, (N = 16, Fig. 10. Packet loss rate of HPC switch under unbalance traffic at different W = 32, = 0.3). unbalance parameter values, , (N = 16, W = 32, M = 8, = 0.5). 1.0 1.0 M=8 0.8 M = 12 0.8 M = 16 Processing time ratio Processing time ratio 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 DPS (S/M = 0) 0.2 0.2 HPC (S/M = 0.5) SPA (S/M = 1) 0.0 0.0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 SPA based PWCs ratio, S / M Unbalance parameter, Fig. 9. Processing time ratio at different SPA-based PWC ratio values, S/M, Fig. 11. Processing time ratio of HPC switch under unbalanced traffic with (N = 16, W = 32, = 0.3). unbalance parameter, , (N = 16, W = 32, M = 8, = 0.5). difference in the processing time ratio of the HPC switch as shown in Fig. 8, in the case of M = 12, S/M = 0.25 is almost compared to that of the SPA switch is tiny, as shown in Fig. 7. the same as that of M = 16, S/M = 0.5, the former yields a higher The processing time is reduced by at most 30% compared to the processing time ratio than the latter. The number of SPA and DPS switch, when W = 32 and S = 7. DPS-based PWCs in the case of M = 12, S/M = 0.25 are three Figure 8 shows the packet loss rate at different SPA-based and nine, respectively, while those in the case of M = 16, S/M = PWC ratio values, i.e. S/M. The packet loss rate increases with 0.5 are eight and eight, respectively. The former requires more SPA-based PWC ratio. The DPS switch has lowest packet loss DPS-based PWCs than the latter, which explains its higher rate, S/M = 0, while the SPA switch has the highest. The reason processing time ratio. is that increasing S decreases the number of DPS-based PWCs. B. Non-uniform Traffic Wavelengths of the remaining unmatched requests from Phase II have less probability of being converted and switched to the Packet loss rates under non-uniform traffic of both the DPS available output ports. switch and SPA-VR are investigated using the following four Figure 9 shows the processing time ratio at different S/M well-known traffic models, unbalanced [15], [16], power of two values. The processing time ratio decreases as S/M increases. (PO2) [17], diagonal [18], and hotspot [19]. The reason is that the number of DPS-based PWCs decreases, The traffic is uniform if the destinations are uniformly which reduces the processing time needed to complete Phase distributed among all output ports [13], [14]. Otherwise, the III. traffic is non-uniform [20]. For uniform and non-uniform traffic, As mentioned in Section IV, time complexity depends on just packets arriving at N input ports follow a Bernoulli process, the the number of DPS-based PWCs. Although the packet loss rate, input traffic is assumed to be homogeneous, and it is distributed uniformly to all input ports. The unbalanced traffic model 41 10-1 10-1 10-2 10-2 DPS (S/M = 0) 10-3 -3 HPC (S/M = 0.5) Packet loss rate Packet loss rate 10 10-4 SPA (S/M = 1) 10-4 10-5 DPS (S/M = 0) HPC (S/M = 0.5) 10-5 10-6 SPA (S/M = 1) 10-7 10-6 10-8 10-7 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Traffic load, Diagonal parameter,d Fig. 12. Packet loss rate of HPC switch under PO2 model, (N = 16, W = 32, Fig. 14. Packet loss rate of HPC switch under diagonal traffic with diagonal M = 8). parameter, d, (N = 16, W = 32, M = 8, = 0.5). 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 Processing time ratio Processing time ratio 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 DPS (S/M = 0) 0.2 HPC (S/M = 0.5) DPS (S/M = 0) SPA (S/M = 1) 0.2 HPC (S/M = 0.5) SPA (S/M = 1) 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Traffic load, Diagonal parameter, d Fig. 13. Processing time ratio of HPC switch under PO2 model, (N = 16, Fig. 15. Processing time ratio of HPC switch under diagonal traffic with W = 32, M = 8). diagonal parameter, d, (N = 16, W = 32, M = 8, = 0.5). presented in [15], [16] is used. The unbalanced traffic is unbalanced. As shown in Fig. 11, the processing time ratio of generated by setting the parameter of unbalance probability, . the HPC switch decreases as increases when is less than 0.7. Considering offered input load for each ith input, , the traffic It increases when is larger than 0.7. Unlike the SPA switch, load from the ith input to the jth output, i,j, is given by [15] the processing time ratio is not significantly changed at low . It 1 is increased when is larger than 0.7. N if i j The power of two (PO2) traffic model [17] is represented by (1) i, j matrix i,j as: 1 N otherwise. 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 23 2N The traffic is uniformly distributed when is zero and the traffic 1 1 1 1 (2) is completely non-uniform when is one. i, j 2 2 23 2 4 21 . Figures 10 and 11 show the packet loss rate and the processing time ratio of the HPC switch under unbalanced 1 1 1 1 N traffic at different values. The packet loss rate of the HPC 2 21 2 2 2 N 1 switch reduces as increases. It is lower than that of the SPA Figures 12 and 13 present the packet loss rate and the processing switch but higher than that of the DPS switch. The HPC switch time ratio of the HPC switch under PO2 traffic at different has a much lower packet loss rate than the SPA switch when is traffic loads, . The HPC switch has lower packet loss rate than close to 1.0. This means that the HPC switch achieves higher the SPA switch, but higher rate than the DPS switch. The HPC performance than the SPA switch when the traffic becomes switch has lower processing time ratio than the DPS switch, but 42 100 1.6 1.4 Processing time ratio 1.2 10-1 Packet loss rate 1.0 0.8 0.6 10-2 DPS (S/M = 0) 0.4 DPS (S/M = 0) HPC (S/M = 0.5) HPC (S/M = 0.5) SPA (S/M = 1) 0.2 SPA (S/M = 1) -3 0.0 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Hotspot parameter,h Hotspot parameter, h Fig. 17. Processing time ratio of HPC switch under hotspot traffic with Fig. 16. Packet loss rate of HPC switch under hotspot traffic with hotspot diagonal parameter, h, (N = 16, W = 32, M = 8, = 0.5). parameter, h, (N = 16, W = 32, M = 8, = 0.5). higher ratio than the SPA switch. It is similar to the SPA switch the HPC and SPA switches are lower than that of the DPS for values of up to 0.5. switch when h < 0.6. Diagonal traffic [18] is generated by assigning a diagonal probability, d, to represent the traffic from the ith input to jth VI. CONCLUSION output, i,j, which is given by This paper proposed a hybrid pump wavelengths d if i j configuration switch; it combines the advantages of SPA and i , j 1 d if i j 1 M OD N (3) DPS switches, and provides an effective way of trading packet 0 loss rate off against processing time. The SPA switch has much otherwise. processing time than the DPS switch. However, the packet loss i,j is written in matrix form as follows. rate of the SPA switch is higher than the DPS switch. d 1 d 0 0 Simulations showed that the HPC switch achieves better 0 d 1 d 0 (4) performance in term of packet loss rate than the SPA switch. In i, j . terms of processing time, the HPC switch achieves better 1 d d performance than the DPS switch. Numerical results showed 0 0 that the HPC switch outperforms the SPA switch under both Figures 14 and 15 plot the packet loss rate and the processing uniform and non-uniform traffic in terms of packet loss rate and time ratio of the HPC switch under diagonal traffic at different outperforms DPS in terms of processing time. The HPC switch traffic loads, d. The HPC switch has lower packet loss rate than is closer in performance to the DPS switch than the SPA switch. the SPA switch, but higher rate than the DPS switch. The packet loss rates of HPC, DPS, and SPA switches fall when d ACKNOWLEDGMENT approaches 0 or 1. They reach their maximum when d is 0.5. The HPC switch has higher processing time ratio than the SPA This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education, switch, but lower ratio than the DPS switch. Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific The hotspot traffic [19], each input distributes all packets Research (C) 23500081, and the Support Center for Advanced among all outputs with equal probability except for a specific Telecommunications Technology Research (SCAT). output. The traffic is generated by setting the hotspot probability, h, which is the probability that the packet is forwarded from an REFERENCES input to a specific output. i,j, which is the traffic load from ith [1] J.M. Simmons, "Analysis of Wavelength Conversion in All-Optical Express Backbone Networks," in Proc. OFC'02, Mar. 2002. input to jth output, is given by [2] C. Okonkwo, R.C. Almeida, R.E. Martin, and K.M. Guild, "Performance h if j is the specific output fiber Analysis of an Optical Packet Switch with Shared Parametric Wavelength (5) Converters," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 12, no. 8, Aug. 2008. i , j 1 h otherwise. [3] S. Watanabe, S. Takeda, and T. Chikama, "Interband Wavelength N 1 Conversion of 320 Gb/s (32 10 Gb/s) WDM Signal Using a Figures 16 and 17 plot the packet loss rate and the processing Polarization-Insensitive Fiber Four-Wave Mixer," in Proc. ECOC'98, pp.85-86, Sep. 1998. time ratio of the HPC switch under hotspot traffic at different [4] J. Yamawaku, H. Takara, T. Ohara, K. Sato, A. Takada, T. Morioka, O. traffic loads, h. The packet loss rate increases with h. The HPC Tadanaga, H. Miyazawa, and M. Asobe, "Simultaneous 25 GHz-spaced switch has lower packet loss rate than the SPA switch but higher DWDM wavelength conversion of 1.03 Tbit/s (103 10 Gbit/s) signals in PPLN waveguide," Electron. Lett., vol. 39, no. 15, pp. 1144-1145, 2003. rate than the DPS switch at low h. The processing time ratios of 43 [5] P. Devgan, R. Tang, V. Grigoryan, and P. Kumar, "Highly efficient of this research. She is going to receive B.S. in next year. Her studied fields are multichannel wavelength conversion of DPSK signals," J. Lightw. information system, network programming and artificial intelligence. Technol., vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 3677-3682, 2006. [6] J. Yu, M. Huang, and G. Chang, "Polarization insensitive wavelength Eiji Oki is an Associate Professor at the University of conversion for 4 112 Gbit/s polarization multiplexing RZ-QPSK Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan. He received the B.E. and M.E. signals," Opt. Expr., vol. 16, no. 26, pp. 21161-21169, 2008. degrees in instrumentation engineering and a Ph.D. degree in electrical [7] N. Kitsuwan, R. Rojas-Cessa, M. Matsuura, and E. Oki, "Performance of engineering from Keio University, Yokohama, Japan, in 1991, 1993, and 1999, Optical Packet Switches Based on Parametric Wavelength Converters," respectively. In 1993, he joined Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation IEEE/OSA J. of Optical Commun. and Net., vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 558-569, (NTT) Communication Switching Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan. He has been Aug. 2010. researching network design and control, traffic-control methods, and [8] N. Antoniades, S. J. B. Yoo, K. Bala, G. Ellinas, and T. E. Stern, "An high-speed switching systems. From 2000 to 2001, he was a Visiting Scholar at Architecture for a Wavelength-Interchanging Cross-Connect Utilizing the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, New York, where Parametric Wavelength Converters," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 17, no. 7, he was involved in designing terabit switch/router systems. He was engaged in pp. 1113-1125, Jul. 1999. researching and developing high-speed optical IP backbone networks with [9] N. Kitsuwan and E. Oki, "Optical Packet Switch Based on Dynamic NTT Laboratories. He joined the University of Electro-Communications, Pump Wavelength Selection," IEEE/OSA J. of Optical Commun. and Tokyo, Japan, in July 2008. He has been active in standardization of path Net., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 162-171, Feb. 2011. computation element (PCE) and GMPLS in the IETF. He wrote more than ten [10] N. Kitsuwan, J. Yatjaroen, and E. Oki, "Hybrid Pump-Wavelength IETF RFCs and drafts. He served as a Guest Co-Editor for the Special Issue on Configuration for Optical Packet Switch with Parametric Wavelength "Multi-Domain Optical Networks: Issues and Challenges," June 2008, in IEEE Converters," in Proc. IEEE ISAS2011, pp.19-22, Jun. 2011. Communications Magazine; a Guest Co-Editor for the Special Issue on [11] E. Oki, R. Rojas-Cessa, and H.J. Chao, "A Pipeline-Based Approach for Routing, "Path Computation and Traffic Engineering in Future Internet," Maximal-Sized Matching Scheduling in Input-Buffered Switches," IEEE December 2007, in the Journal of Communications and Networks; a Guest Commun. Lett., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 263-265, 2001. Co-Editor for the Special Section on "Photonic Network Technologies in [12] E. Oki and N. Yamanaka, "Tandem-crosspoint ATM switch with input Terabit Network Era," April 2011, in IEICE Transactions on Communications; and output buffers," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 189-191, July a Technical Program Committee (TPC) Co-Chair for the Workshop on 1998. High-Performance Switching and Routing in 2006 and 2010; a Track Co-Chair [13] E. Oki and N. Yamanaka, "A High-Speed Tandem-Crosspoint ATM on Optical Networking for ICCCN 2009; a TPC Co-Chair for the International Switch Architecture with Input and Output Buffers," IEICE Trans. Conference on IP+Optical Network (iPOP 2010); and a Co-Chair of Optical Commun., vol. E81-B, no. 2, pp. 215-223, 1998. Networks and Systems Symposium for IEEE ICC 2011. Prof. Oki was the [14] E. Oki and N. Yamanaka, "A High-Speed ATM Switch Based on recipient of the 1998 Switching System Research Award and the 1999 Scalable Distributed Arbitration," IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E80-B, Excellent Paper Award presented by IEICE, the 2001 Asia-Pacific Outstanding no.9, pp. 1372-1376, 1997. Young Researcher Award presented by IEEE Communications Society for his [15] E. Oki, Z. Jing, R. Rojas-Cessa, and H.J. Chao, "Concurrent contribution to broadband network, ATM, and optical IP technologies, and the Round-Robin-Based Dispatching Schemes for Clos-Network Switches," 2010 Telecom System Technology Prize by the Telecommunications Advanced IEEE/ACM Trans. on Net., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 830-844, Dec. 2002. Foundation. He has co-authored two books, Broadband Packet Switching [16] R. Rojas-Cessa, E. Oki, Z. Jing, and H. J. Chao, "CIXB-1: Combined Technologies, published by John Wiley, New York, in 2001, and GMPLS Input-One-Cell-Crosspoint Buffered Switch," in Proc. IEEE Workshop of Technologies, published by RC Press, Boca Raton, FL, in 2005. He is an IEEE HPSR 2001, pp. 324-329, Dallas, TX, May 2001. Senior Member. [17] A. Bianco, M. Franceschinis, S. Ghisolfi, A.M. Hill, E. Leonardi, F. Neri, R. Webb, "Frame-based Matching Algorithms for Input-queued Switches," in Proc. IEEE HPSR 2002, pp. 69-76, 2002. [18] S.F. Beldianu, R. Rojas-Cessa, E. Oki, and S.G. Ziavras, "Re-Configurable Parallel Match Evaluators Applied to Scheduling Schemes for Input-Queued Packet Switches," in Proc. IEEE ICCCN 2009, pp. 1-6, 2009. [19] A. M. Rahmani, A. Afzali-Kusha, and M. Pedram. "NED: A novel synthetic traffic pattern for power/performance analysis of network-on-chips using negative exponential distribution," J. of Low Power Electronics, Vol.5, No. 3, pp. 1-10, 2009. [20] A. Mekkittikul and N. McKeown, "Scheduling VOQ Switches under Non-Uniform Traffic," CSL Technical Report, CSL-TR 97-747, Stanford University, 1997. Nattapong Kitsuwan received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in Electrical Engineering (Telecommunication) from Mahanakorn University of Technology, King Mongkut's institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Thailand, and a Ph.d. in Information and Communication Engineering from the University of Electro-Communications, Japan, in 2000, 2004, and 2011, respectively. From 2002 to 2003, he was an exchange student at the University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo Japan where he did research on optical packet switching, sponsored by Japanese government. In 2003, he received UEC achievement award (Highly motivated research activity with potential publication) from the University of Electro-Communications. From 2003 to 2005, he worked for ROHM Integrated Semiconductor, Thailand, as an Information System Expert. He has received a scholarship from Japanese government for his Ph.d. His research focuses on optical networks, optical burst switching, optical packet switching, and scheduling algorithms. Jaruwan Yatjaroen is a 4th year undergraduate student in Information Technology of King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Thailand. From April, 2010 to March, 2011, she was an exchange student at the University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan where she became a part 44


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Sunday, 31 Jul 2011 02:47 PM
Areas of Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma were under excessive heat warnings with heat advisories issued for a large swath of the central United States, according to the National Weather Service.
The unrelenting heat in central and eastern states has led to a slew of "Heat Superlatives" in 2011, according to weather.com meteorologist Chris Dolce.
More than a dozen U.S. cities from Tallahassee to Minneapolis have seen all-time highs exceeding any temperature on record for any month, Dolce reported Sunday.
High heat put Reading, Pa., on the map for 106 degrees Fahrenheit — its hottest day since at least 1869 — and Childress in thirsty Texas hit the highest mark at 117, a temperature not seen since 1893.
Heat and humidity were forecast to continue with air temperatures and heat index readings climbing well into the triple digits for parts of the central United States at least through midweek.
"It's pretty incredible to just be locked into a pattern of this kind of dry heat for this long for the Southern Plains," said AccuWeather.com senior meteorologist Dan Pydynowski.
"There doesn't seem to be any relief in sight," he said.
For farmers like Bryan Burgess in Ashville, Ala., this lack of relief from continued heat means more bad news for business.
Burgess said he has had to fire employees for fighting over air-conditioned tractors and trucks, which are slower and more prone to overheating.
"Heat brings out the worst," Burgess told Reuters on Sunday. "Some folks think that the upper 90s should not drive away or create problems for help. But, when you take a load of hay to put into a barn loft, the heat in the loft is 140 degrees.
"Do you know anyone who would do this type work?"
Burgess' wife, Leslie, said her horses are drinking so much more than usual that she is seeing the difference in her water bill.
Even in places where high heat is typical for this time of year, the prolonged top temperatures are extreme.
Tennessee had heat indexes of over 100 Sunday, with triple-digit real temperatures to follow by midweek.
Dallas has reached or topped 100 degrees for nearly all of July.
"Yes, they are used to the heat, but to have this many days in a row of triple digit heat is extreme even for a hot place like Dallas," Pydynowski said.
The unrelenting stretch of hot, dry weather in Texas has sent an increasing number of people to emergency rooms for heat illness.
San Antonio paramedic Christopher Velasquez said too many people in Texas think they can handle the heat, and find out the hard way they cannot.
And just a day after Tropical Storm Don failed to produce much-needed precipitation over the rain-starved state, the next tropical system was developing in the Atlantic.
"All indications are that this will become Tropical Storm Emily at some point in the next day or two," Pydynowski said.
It remains too early to tell if the storm's projected path will move toward the United States, he said.
The National Weather Service said the system has a "near 100 percent" chance of being upgraded to a tropical cyclone in the next 24 to 48 hours.
Sunday has already proven to be an active day in the current hurricane season as a simultaneous depression in the Eastern Pacific became Tropical Storm Eugene, the fifth storm named in that region this summer.
Both storms remained far out to sea and no coastal watches or warnings were in effect as of midday Sunday, according to the National Hurricane Center of the NWS.
In parts of Minnesota and the Dakotas on Sunday, severe thunderstorms could stir up high winds, hail and the potential for a tornado to develop, according to AccuWeather.com.
In New England, beach-goers were flocking to the shore to soak up sunny weather. The Northeast was expected to be seasonably warm, but not endure extreme heat.
© 2015 Thomson/Reuters. All rights reserved.
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CSX entered a business venture with the Tampa Port Authority and Kinder Morgan Energy Partners to bring Midwestern ethanol to the Tampa, Fla., area. The venture will create the "nation's first ethanol unit train-to-pipeline distribution system." The Class I and the port will spend nearly $11 million for the project. The distribution system is set to be in operation next year.
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