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Leonard Rossiter | |
Rossiter as Reggie Perrin | |
Born | Wavertree, Liverpool, England | 21 October 1926
Died | 5 October 1984 Lyric Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue, London | (aged 57)
Occupation | Actor |
Years active | 1954–84 |
Spouse(s) | Josephine Tewson (1959–61; divorced) Gillian Raine (1964–84; his death); 1 child |
Leonard Rossiter | |
Rossiter as Reggie Perrin | |
Born | Wavertree, Liverpool, England | 21 October 1926
Died | 5 October 1984 Lyric Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue, London | (aged 57)
Occupation | Actor |
Years active | 1954–84 |
Spouse(s) | Josephine Tewson (1959–61; divorced) Gillian Raine (1964–84; his death); 1 child |
Leonard Rossiter (21 October 1926 – 5 October 1984) was an English actor, known for his roles as Rupert Rigsby, in the British comedy television series and film Rising Damp (1974–80), and Reginald Perrin, in The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (1976–79). He also had a long and distinguished career in the theatre.
Rossiter was born in Liverpool, the son of Elizabeth (née Howell) and John Rossiter.[1] The family lived over the barber's shop owned by his father. He was educated at Liverpool Collegiate Grammar School (1939–46).[2] His ambition was to go to university to read modern languages and become a teacher. However, his father, who served as a voluntary ambulanceman during the Second World War, was killed in an air raid in 1942 and Rossiter had to support his mother. He therefore could not take up the place he had been offered at Liverpool University.[3] Instead he did his National Service as a sergeant, initially in the Intelligence Corps, then in the Army Education Corps, spending much of the time in Germany writing letters home for other soldiers. After being demobbed he worked for six years as an insurance clerk in the claims and accident departments of the Commercial Union Insurance Company.[4]
Rossiter joined the Wavertree Community Centre Drama Group and made his first appearance with the Adastra Players in Terence Rattigan's Flare Path. The local critic said that he "was particularly outstanding, his one fault being a tendency to speak too fast on one or two occasions".[5] He gave up his insurance job to enrol in Preston repertory theatre and became a professional actor at the comparatively late age of 27. He made his professional stage debut in Joseph Colton's The Gay Dog in Preston on 6 September 1954. He later became assistant stage manager there, and then went on to Wolverhampton and Salisbury repertory companies. In his first 19 months in the business he played some 75 roles. He said later: "There was no time to discuss the finer points of interpretation. You studied the part, you did it and then you studied the next part. I developed a frightening capacity for learning lines. The plays became like Elastoplast, which you just stuck on and then tore off. It was the perfect preparation for rehearsing situation comedy on television at the rate of one episode a week."[6]
In 1957–58 he played in the musical Free as Air and then toured in Eugene O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh. He joined the Bristol Old Vic and was there for two years, from 1959 to 1961, a time he described as "the bedrock of his career", followed by other stage work, in, among other plays, The Strange Case of Martin Richter, Disabled, The Heretic, The Caretaker and Semi-Detached (in New York). His performance in the premiere of Michael Blakemore's stage production of Bertolt Brecht's The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui in 1969 met with critical acclaim:[7]
Rossiter broke into film roles with Billy Liar (1963), in which he plays the title character's boss. He established himself as a respected actor in films as well as on stage, and then began to make his presence felt on television as well, with an intermittent role as Detective Inspector Bamber in the police series Z-Cars, as well as guest roles in series as diverse as Steptoe and Son ("The Lead Man Cometh", 1964; "The Desperate Hours", 1972) and The Avengers episode "Dressed to Kill" (1963).
In 1968 he played Mr Sowerberry in the film version of Lionel Bart's musical Oliver! and took one of the few speaking supporting roles in 2001: A Space Odyssey as the Russian scientist Smyslov. He worked with Stanley Kubrick again in Barry Lyndon (1975), in which he appeared as Captain John Quin. In the same year as 2001 he appeared in Nigel Kneale's television play The Year of the Sex Olympics, part of BBC 2's Theatre 625, one of four appearances in the series.
In Rising Damp, on ITV, Rossiter played Rigsby, the lecherous landlord of a house converted into seedy bedsits, reprising the role from the successful stage version, The Banana Box. While he was in Rising Damp he also took the lead role in The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin, adapted by David Nobbs from his own comic novels and aired on the BBC. Rossiter was given a surprise tribute on This Is Your Life in 1975. In 1979 he appeared in the Galton and Simpson scripted short film Le Pétomane.
From 1979 and into the early 1980s Rossiter took roles in commercials, dressing as a traffic warden for Parker Pens and starring with Joan Collins as her boorish companion in a series of Cinzano commercials. In the Channel 4 programme The 100 Greatest TV Ads (2000) Terry Lovelock, the director of several of these commercials, said that he had found Rossiter difficult to work with and that Rossiter used to refer jokingly to Collins as "The Prop".[8]
In the animated adaptation of The Perishers (1978) Rossiter provided the voice for Boot the dog. He reprised Rigsby for a film version of Rising Damp in 1980, thus achieving the distinction of playing the same role on stage, television and film. His last television role was as the supermarket manager in another ITV sitcom, Tripper's Day (1984). He continued to make a steady stream of film appearances, including a role in Lindsay Anderson's Britannia Hospital (1982).
Rossiter also played the title role in the BBC Television Shakespeare production of The Life and Death of King John (1984). His last film appearance was in Water (1985).
Rossiter displayed his acid wit in two books: The Devil's Bedside Book (1980),[9] a collection of cynical dictionary definitions in the style of Ambrose Bierce's The Devil's Dictionary, and The Lowest Form of Wit (1981), a collection of biting bons mots, stinging retorts, and insults divided into six main sections, illustrated with cartoons by Honeysett and including a definitive guide and a history of sarcasm.
Rossiter's first marriage was to the actress Josephine Tewson, with whom he had worked many times in repertory in the 1950s. The marriage ended in divorce in 1961. His second wife was the actress Gillian Raine, with whom he had a daughter, Camilla, and to whom he was still married at the time of his death.[10] Rossiter had met Gillian Raine when he played the lead role of Fred Midway in David Turner's play Semi-Detached, in a production directed by Tony Richardson. The play opened on 8 June 1962 at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry and ran for a week. During the play's second run at the Belgrade, in September 1963, the couple fell in love and moved in together, but they did not marry until 1972.[11]
After his death it was revealed that during the early 1980s Rossiter had had an affair with the broadcaster Sue MacGregor. His wife had not been aware of the affair until she received a letter from Sue MacGregor breaking the news that her memoirs, which were about to be published, would include an account of the affair.[12]
In June 2014, nearly 30 years after Rossiter's death, it was reported that police were investigating an alleged assault on a male actor on the set of a BBC drama in 1968, who claimed Rossiter was a witness to the assault.[13]
Rossiter died from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 1984 while waiting to go onstage at the Lyric Theatre, London, where he was performing in Joe Orton's play, Loot. His funeral took place at St. Mary's Church, The Boltons, London.
Year | Title | Role |
1962 | A Kind of Loving | Whymper |
1963 | This Sporting Life | Phillips, sports writer |
1963 | Billy Liar | Mr Shadrack |
1964 | A Jolly Bad Fellow | Dr. Fisher |
1965 | King Rat | McCoy |
1966 | The Witches | Dr. Wallis |
1966 | Hotel Paradiso | Inspector |
1967 | Deadlier Than the Male | Henry Bridgenorth |
1968 | 2001: A Space Odyssey | Andrei Smyslov |
1968 | Oliver! | Mr. Sowerberry |
1968 | Otley | Johnson |
1973 | Luther | Brother Weinand |
1974 to 1980 | Rising Damp | Rigsby |
1975 | Barry Lyndon | Capt. John Quin |
1976 | The Pink Panther Strikes Again | Superintendent Quinlan |
1976 to 1979 | The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin | Reginald Perrin |
1978 | The Losers | Sydney Foskett |
1979 | Le Petomane | Joseph Pujol |
1982 | Britannia Hospital | Vincent Potter |
1984 | Tripper's Day | Norman Tripper |
1985 | Water | Sir Malcolm Leveridge |


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Policy briefs
New bundled fee will put some Medicare PHOs at risk for hospital costs
In what could be a big test for physician-hospital organizations (PHOs) as cost-effective alternatives to HMOs, a new Medicare demonstration program will pay six PHOs one sum to cover all doctor and hospital services during a Medicare patient's inpatient stay.
The new demonstration of a "bundled payment" for both hospital and physician services will take effect Jan. 1 at six sites: The Chester County PHO Inc. in West Chester, Pa.; Crouse Irving Memorial PHO in Syracuse, N.Y.; JFK Medical Center PHO in Edison, N.J.; The PHO of Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia; St. Barnabas Health Care System Provider Partnership in Livingston, N.J.; and St. Peter's PHO in Albany, N.Y. The demonstration will run for three years, with a possible extension of up to six years.
The sites were chosen because they are in areas that have relatively high medical costs and low Medicare managed care penetration. According to HCFA, the sites have the greatest potential for better coordination of clinical care and program savings.
The bundled payment will replace the separate fees currently paid to hospitals, physicians and other health care professionals for services during a hospital stay. The new bundled payment will be calculated by combining hospital and doctor payments for inpatient DRGs and discounting the total by 5%.
Analysts note that for the first time, Medicare will put doctors at risk for high hospital costs. "It's important to align the incentives so physicians and hospitals can coordinate services and provide high-quality, cost-effective care," said Howard B. Shapiro, PhD, the College's Vice President for Public Policy.
Lawsuit calls teaching hospital audits unconstitutional
Groups representing doctors, hospitals and medical schools have filed a lawsuit against the federal government to end what they are calling unfair and retroactive audits of teaching physicians.
The lawsuit alleges that the government's Physicians at Teaching Hospitals (PATH) initiative violates several federal laws and the U.S. Constitution. One focus of the audits has been institutions that bill Medicare for services that were actually provided by residents, something the government has ruled illegal.
Organizations involved in the case, which was brought in late October, include the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), the AMA, the American Hospital Association, the Association of Academic Health Centers and the Medical Group Management Association.
According to the AAMC, the groups decided to take their complaint about the PATH audits to court after lengthy discussions with the government, which failed to resolve many points of disagreement surrounding the audits.
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text: Overview of ITER-FEAT — The future international burning plasma experiment R. Aymara , V.A. Chuyanova , M. Huguetb , Y. Shimomurab , ITER Joint Central Team, ITER Home Teams a ITER Garching Joint Work Site, Garching, Germany b ITER Naka Joint Work Site, Naka-machi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan Abstract. The focus of effort in ITER EDA since 1998 has been on the development of a new design to meet revised technical objectives and a cost reduction target of about 50% of the previ- ously accepted cost estimate. Drawing on the design solutions already developed, and using the latest physics results and outputs from technology R&D projects, the Joint Central Team and Home Teams, working together, have been able to progress towards a new design which will allow the exploration of a range of burning plasma conditions, with a capacity to progress towards possible modes of steady state operation. The new ITER design, whilst having reduced technical objectives from those of its predecessor, will nonetheless meet the programmatic objective of providing an integrated demonstra- tion of the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy. The main features of the current design and of its projected performance are introduced and the outlook for construction and operation is summarized. 1. Introduction (b) In technology, to combine and test key features of fusion reactor technology in reactor relevant conditions; The motives for developing fusion as an energy (c) In terms of public acceptance, to demonstrate in source lie in its attractions as a possible large scale practice the favourable safety and environmen- contributor to the energy mix in the second half of tal characteristics of fusion. this century, with a virtually inexhaustible fuel sup- ply, good safety characteristics and an acceptable environmental impact. These incentives have been 2. Summary of progress driving the world fusion research programme since of ITER to 1998 its inception. Continuing population growth and the growing economic aspirations of all humanity, com- The ITER project has its origins in the com- bined with the increasing international concern over mon recognition within the leading fusion commu- the potential climatic threat from dependence on fos- nities worldwide of the need for a next step exper- sil fuels, reinforce the case for providing a range of iment with the programmatic objective of demon- practical energy options for sustainable energy sup- strating the scientific and technological feasibility of ply. Establishing the fusion energy option can make a fusion energy for peaceful purposes [1]. Building on critical contribution to the welfare of future society. the performance advances of leading machines and a After the impressive progress in recent years in wide database from both small and large machines, bringing the fusion research programmes to the ITER has the core of a working fusion reactor and is threshold of reactor conditions in both physics and thus designed to embody the next step machine that technology, the imperatives for future progress in serves the imperatives stated in the Introduction. fusion are now: The technical conditions of a burning plasma experiment themselves demand the use of advanced (a) In physics, to move across the threshold into fusion technologies. In addition, the integration of fusion conditions that current machines cannot burning plasma physics with fusion technologies will access, in particular to reach the point at which be an essential step on the strategic path towards energetic α particles become the main source of establishing the fusion energy option. In enabling, in plasma heating and the principal determinant one device, full exploration of the physics issues, as of plasma behaviour; well as a proof of principle and testing of some key Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 c 2001, IAEA, Vienna 1301 R. Aymar et al. technological features of possible fusion power sta- (3) Test tritium breeding module concepts, with tions, ITER would provide the basis for the subse- a 14 MeV average neutron power load on the quent design of the first demonstration fusion power first wall ≥0.5 MW/m2 and an average neutron station. That would demonstrate the reliable gener- fluence ≥0.3 MW a/m2 . ation of electricity, before a prototype power plant The new design should aim for a cost target of about could be envisaged for commercial use. 50% of the costs of the 1998 ITER design. The ITER collaboration was set up to provide its Parties (Euratom, and the Governments of Japan, the Russian Federation and the United States of 4. Convergence to the America) with the option to make the next step new design point within the framework of global collaboration in which participants could pool their accumulated sci- As a first approach to identifying designs that entific and technological expertise, share the burden might meet the revised objectives, system codes of costs and secure a degree of political commitment were used in combination with costing algorithms consistent with the scope and timescale of the task. to establish possible feasible design points for fur- Six years of joint work under the EDA Agree- ther analysis. The systems approach combined a ment [1] yielded a mature design, cost estimate and detailed plasma power balance and boundaries for safety analysis — the ITER 1998 design [2] — that the window of plasma operating parameters, provid- was supported by a body of validating physics and ing the required range of Q for the DT burn, with technology R&D. The 1998 design met the detailed engineering concepts and allowable limits. The four objectives that had been set for it in 1992, focus- key parameters — aspect ratio (plasma major/minor ing on plasma ignition (plasma power amplification, radius), peak toroidal field, plasma (cross-section) Q = ∞) in reference inductive operation, with mar- elongation and flux available to drive an inductive gins in physics and technology to allow for unquali- burn — are intimately linked, allowing options in fied design concepts, whilst satisfying the cost target the systems analysis to be characterized principally originally set for it. by the aspect ratio, in addition to the device size. The At that point, the Parties negotiated a three year access to the plasma (e.g. for heating systems) and extension to the original EDA (the USA terminated allowable elongation (simultaneously constrained by its participation in 1999) in order to prepare for a plasma vertical position and shape control, and by decision to build. At the same time, in view of finan- the necessary neutron shield thickness) are functions cial pressures, the Parties undertook a review of the of aspect ratio. detailed technical objectives in order to explore the On this basis, the system studies indicated a scope for cost savings that might be possible whilst domain of feasible design space, with aspect ratios in still serving ITER's overall programmatic objective. the range 2.5–3.5 and a plasma major radius around 6 m, able to meet the modified requirements, with a 3. Revised guidelines for ITER design shallow cost minimum across the range. In order to provide a basis for rigorous exploration The revised guidelines for ITER [3] require in and quantification of the issues and costings, rep- terms of plasma performance resentative options that span an appropriate range of aspect ratio and magnetic field were selected for (a) To achieve extended burn in inductively driven further elaboration and more comprehensive con- plasmas at Q > 10 for a range of scenarios, sideration. With this more tangible appreciation of whilst not precluding the possibility of con- the key issues, combined Joint Central Team/Home trolled ignition; Team Task Forces were able to converge progres- (b) To aim at demonstrating steady state operation sively towards a preferred outline design point taking through current drive at Q > 5. the following as guiding principles: In terms of engineering performance and testing, the (a) To preserve, as far as possible, physics per- new design should formance and margins against the revised tar- (1) Demonstrate availability and integration of gets, and the scope for experimental flexibility, essential fusion technologies; within the cost target and relevant engineering (2) Test components for a future reactor; constraints; 1302 Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001) Article: Overview of ITER-FEAT Table 1. Main parameters and dimensions of the ITER plasma Total fusion power 500 MW (700 MW) Q (fusion power/auxiliary heating power) ≥10 Average 14 MeV neutron wall loading 0.57 MW/m2 (0.8 MW/m2 ) Plasma inductive burn time ≥300 s Plasma major radius 6.2 m Plasma minor radius 2.0 m Plasma current, Ip 15 MA (17.4 MA) Vertical elongation at 95% flux surface/separatrix 1.70/1.85 Triangularity at 95% flux surface/separatrix 0.33/0.49 Safety factor at 95% flux surface 3.0 Toroidal field at 6.2 m major radius 5.3 T Plasma volume 837 m3 Plasma surface 678 m2 Installed auxiliary heating/current drive power 73 MW (100 MW) (b) To exploit the recent advances in the under- standing of key physics and engineering issues drawn from the results of the ITER voluntary physics programme and the large technology R&D projects (Section 6); (c) To maintain the priority given to safety and environmental characteristics, using the princi- ples, analyses and tools developed through the ITER collaboration up to the present time. The resulting configuration for the new design of ITER [4] represents an appropriate balance of the key technical factors, the cost target and conservative energy confinement scaling. 5. Parameters and plasma performance of the new ITER design The main parameters and overall dimensions of the ITER plasma are summarized in Table 1. The figures show the parameters and dimensions for nom- inal operation. The numbers in brackets represent maximum values under specific limiting conditions, and their implementation may require, in some cases, additional capital expenditure. The cross-section of the tokamak is shown in Fig. 1, and a cutaway view Figure 1. Cross-section of the ITER tokamak. of the tokamak and the subsystems in the cryostat is shown in Fig. 2. The performance is discussed in mode with edge localized MHD modes present), and more detail elsewhere [5–7]. the rules and methodologies for projection of plasma performance to the ITER scale are those estab- lished in the ITER Physics Basis (IPB) [8], which 5.1. Inductive operation has been developed from broadly based experimental The reference operating scenario for inductive and modelling activities within the magnetic fusion operation is the ELMy H mode (i.e. high confinement programmes of the ITER Parties. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001) 1303 R. Aymar et al. Figure 2. Cutaway view of ITER. Figure 3. (a) The Q = 10 domain (shaded) for Ip = 15.1 MA (q95 = 3.0). The (b) Q = 10 domain (shaded) for Ip = 17.4 MA (q95 = 2.6). The key limiting factors for inductive operation and the L–H mode transition power threshold (where are normalized β (βN = β(%)a(m)B(T)/I(MA)), PL−H = 2.84M −1 BT n−0.58 R1.00 a0.81 in units of 0.82 ¯e 20 −3 the density in relation to the Greenwald limit MW, amu, T, 10 m and m). A view can be (n/nGW , where nGW (1020 m−3 ) = I(MA)/πa(m)2 ) formed of the range of possible plasma parameters 1304 Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001) Article: Overview of ITER-FEAT at which Q = 10 by analysing, with flat density pro- plasma with a helium particle confinement time file across the plasma, possible operational domains τHe /τE = 5 and HH(y,2) = 1 or, for as long as the in relation to the above limiting factors, for given val- burn flux allows, if the HH factor were improved by ues of Q, plasma current and confinement enhance- 10%. ment factor HH , as illustrated in Figs 3(a) and (b). (Confinement time and HH are defined by 5.2. Steady state operation IPB98 (y,2 ) τE ,th = Steady state operation can be regarded as an ulti- 0.0562HH Ip BT P −0.69 n0.41 M 0.19 R1.97 ε0.58 κ0.78 0.93 0.15 e x mate goal of the tokamak development programme. Coherent and complete scenarios with supporting databases for possible modes of steady state oper- where the units are s, MA, T, MW, 1019 m−3 , amu ation do not yet exist. The next step experiment and m.) should thus be capable of exploring the requirements It is evident from Figs 3(a) and (b) that: for steady state operation. It must also have the built-in flexibility to exploit new developments in (a) For operation at a safety factor at the 95% flux the fusion programme as they arise. In ITER it is surface, q95 = 3, the fusion output power from likely that a variety of candidate steady state modes the new ITER design is in the region of 200– of operation will be investigated and it is therefore 700 MW (at HH(y,2) = 1), corresponding to essential that the requisite tools for the control of a mean separatrix neutron flux (mean neutron plasma geometry and radial variations (profiles) of wall loading) of 0.23–0.80 MW m−2 , so that key parameters are available. the device retains a significant capability for On-axis and off-axis current drive capabilities will technological studies, such as tests of tritium enable plasmas with shallow or negative shear con- breeding blanket modules. figurations to be sustained, in the latter regime (b) The margin in the H mode threshold power (at simultaneously maintaining the central safety factor HH(y,2) = 1) is significantly greater than the well above unity, while the minimum safety factor predicted uncertainty derived from the scaling. is held above two. ITER is designed with a poloidal (c) The device has the capability of Q = 10 oper- field system capable of controlling the more highly ation at n/nGW ≈ 0.7 and βN ≈ 1.5 (when shaped plasmas characteristic of high poloidal beta HH(y,2) = 1). βp operation, and with methods to allow reliable long pulse operation at high beta, including techniques for The results also illustrate the flexibility of the the stabilization of neoclassical MHD tearing modes design, its capacity for responding to factors which (using electron cyclotron current drive) and resistive may degrade confinement while maintaining the goal wall MHD modes (using correction coils). of extended burn Q > 10 operation, and, by the For the new ITER design, possible operational same token, its ability to explore higher Q operation scenarios are being considered for steady state oper- as long as energy confinement times consistent with ation in line with some present experiments and the confinement scaling are maintained. For instance, able to provide Q = 5, for example, high currents operation at a range of Q values is possible and values (12 MA) with monotonic q and shallow shear, and as high as 50 can be attained for nominal parame- modest currents (9 MA) with negative shear. High ters if HH(y,2) ≈ 1.2 in an improved confinement current steady state operation requires all the cur- mode, for example, reversed shear (the normalized rent drive power (100 MW) available for ITER, but rate of change of safety factor perpendicular to the the requirements on confinement (HH ≈ 1.2) and flux surface), shallow shear with an internal trans- beta (βN ≈ 3) are modest. Low current steady state port barrier or, as presently observed, if operation at operation requires more challenging values of con- lower q95 (≈2.6) can be sustained without confine- finement improvement: HH ≈ 1.5 and βN ≈ 3.2–3.5. ment degradation [5]. Performance predictions for these modes of operation Ignition can be achieved, after a few seconds pulse are much less certain than those for inductive oper- with 73 MW of auxiliary power, with Ip = 17 MA, ation, with a larger power to the divertor. In partic- n/nGW = 0.8, either for a period limited to about ular, the operating space is sensitive to assumptions 40 s during the buildup of helium impurity in the about current drive efficiency and plasma profiles. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001) 1305 R. Aymar et al. Figure 4. Operation space for hybrid (long pulse) and steady state operation. Ip = 12 MA and PCD = 100 MW. (AN and AT are profile indices.) Figure 5. Central solenoid model coil facility, showing outer coil module insertion into the cryostat. 5.3. Hybrid operation modes Hybrid modes of operation, in which a substantial fraction of the plasma current is driven, in addition analysis and to validate their application to ITER to the inductive part, by external heating and the through technology R&D projects, including fab- bootstrap effect, leading to extension of the burn rication of full scale or scalable models of key duration, appear to be a promising route towards components. establishing true steady state modes of operation. Significant efforts and resources have been This form of operation would be well suited to sys- devoted to the seven large R&D projects [9–16]. tems engineering tests. These have focused on the key components of the The analysis of the operation space, in terms of basic ITER machine, by building model central fusion power versus confinement enhancement factor, solenoid and toroidal field (TF) coils, a model vac- indicates that, for a given value of fusion power (and uum vessel, blanket modules and a divertor cas- hence Q), as the confinement enhancement factor, sette, and by demonstrating the remote maintenance HH(y,2) , increases (simultaneously decreasing plasma systems for in-vessel components. Technology R&D density and increasing βN ), the plasma loop voltage issues for the new design of ITER are largely the falls towards zero. For example (Fig. 4), operation same as for the 1998 design. These major projects with Vloop = 0.02 V and Ip = 12 MA, which corre- are all expected to meet their objectives for the EDA: sponds to a flat-top length of 2500 s, is expected at the major developments and fabrications have been HH(y,2) = 1, Q = 5, ne /nGW = 0.7 and βN = 2.8. completed and tests are continuing to demonstrate This suggests that the ITER design permits a long their performance margin and/or to optimize their pulse mode of operation at Q = 5 as an approach to operational use. steady state operation. The technical output from the R&D validates the technologies and confirms the manufacturing 6. ITER technology and engineering techniques and quality assurance incorporated in the ITER design, and supports the manufactur- 6.1. R&D basis ing cost estimates for key cost drivers. For exam- ple, two of these R&D projects, which have already The overall philosophy for the ITER design has achieved their expected results, are shown in Figs 5 been to use established approaches through detailed and 6. The former shows the central solenoid outer 1306 Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001) Article: Overview of ITER-FEAT enough margins in the physical parameters and physics related systems, for example in plasma size, fuelling, and heating and current drive, for instance: (a) The in-vessel backplate has been eliminated, thus allowing the largest possible plasma volume within the reduced overall size of the tokamak. (b) The higher plasma shaping, introduced to ensure the achievement of the plasma perfor- mance targets, has necessitated the use of a seg- mented central solenoid and enhancements in the stability control system. (c) Maintaining the size of port access requires some reduction in the size of the intercoil mechanical Figure 6. Divertor remote handling test platform, show- structure. ing the cassette toroidal mover in remote operation. Design changes outside the vessel also balance the general pressure to reduce the dimensions of and sim- module being placed outside the inner module, plify the ITER systems on cost grounds against the already installed in the vacuum chamber at the test need to maintain the projected level of performance. facility in JAERI, Naka, where the complete coil has In the magnet system, the segmentation of the cen- undergone a comprehensive test programme under tral solenoid to provide increased control of plasma conditions well beyond those required for ITER oper- triangularity, led [17] to the adoption of a wedged ation [10]. The latter shows a top view of the divertor support of the TF coils (their number is reduced to remote handling test platform at ENEA, Brasimone 18) and to modifications in the global mechanical [15]. structure. Other changes include a poloidal field coil The implementation of major joint technology configuration quasi-symmetrical about the equato- projects offers insights for a possible future collab- rial plane. orative construction project. Valuable and relevant In the divertor system, a V shaped configuration experience has already been gained in the manage- of the target and divertor floor was adopted [19] as ment of industrial scale, cross-Party ventures. The well as a large opening between the inboard and out- successful progress of these projects increases confi- board divertor channels to allow an efficient exchange dence in the possibility of jointly constructing ITER of neutral particles between them. These choices pro- in an international project framework. vide a large reduction in the target peak load, with- out adversely affecting the helium removal. The reduction in the size and cost of ITER has 6.2. Design modifications led to a simplified building and plant layout, and Whilst the new design of ITER [17–22] uses, as the main remote handling systems have also had to far as possible, technical solutions and concepts pre- adapt to the general reduction of scale. viously developed and qualified for the 1998 ITER A major focus of continued design effort is design, the changes in overall scale and in some improvement in the manufacturing processes (with physics requirements (e.g., more plasma shaping) their feedback on design) in order to approach as and the pressure to preserve the plasma performance closely as possible the target of a 50% saving in direct capacity and flexibility, whilst approaching the 50% capital cost from the 1998 ITER design. cost savings target, have induced some significant changes in the design features. 7. Safety considerations In addition, data from technology R&D, in par- ticular the seven large R&D projects, have enabled Safety considerations of the new ITER design changes in design criteria associated with a better [23] remain largely unchanged from the 1998 design. knowledge of the available margins. Thus, the favourable evaluation of ITER's safety and Changes to the engineering features of the design environmental characteristics remains valid. Indeed, have been influenced by the unwillingness to com- with a longer initial non-nuclear phase of opera- promise with physics extrapolation so as to provide tions now foreseen for the new design [6], it will be Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001) 1307 R. Aymar et al. possible to have a more precise evaluation of the indicative annual figure of about 5% of the capital plant characteristics for nuclear operation. cost over the first ten years of ITER operation, which Informal contact has been made with the regu- represents a saving of almost 50% compared with the latory authorities of the ITER Parties, to prepare 1998 ITER design. for possible licensing actions and with an aim also to develop an international consensus on the safety principles for fusion so that the experience with 9. The impact of ITER ITER can be generalized for application beyond the and the future outlook host country. The target for the current phase of ITER is to pro- 9.1. Benefits of the ITER collaboration vide a Generic Site Safety Report (GSSR), which will document the safety assessment of the new design, The ITER co-operation to date, in combina- as part of the final output of the ITER EDA. The tion with the continuing general progress in fusion GSSR is also intended to provide a basis from which research, has brought its Parties and the world fusion to start preparing regulatory submissions for siting, development programme to the point at which they subject to the further site specific design adapta- are technically ready and able to proceed to con- tions and host country specific safety assessments struction of a next step tokamak device that bridges that will be needed to obtain regulatory approval for the strategic gap between the present generation of construction. large tokamak experiments and a first demonstration fusion power reactor. Sharing costs and pooling expertise has allowed 8. Planned construction the Parties jointly to undertake tasks that would and operation costs be beyond the financial and/or technical capac- ity of each individually, as witnessed in the seven The project cost estimate for the eight year con- large R&D projects. In the process, the Parties have struction of the new design is to be based on an together developed a mature and wide ranging capac- industrial cost analysis undertaken by firms of the ity for successful focused international joint work, Parties in the second half of 2000. Pending such including co-operative problem solving, such as in an analysis, a simple re-scaling exercise, based on the efficient co-ordination of the fusion physics pro- the cost analysis of the 1998 ITER design, indi- gramme to establish and extend the physics basis of cates an overall reduction to about 56% of the esti- ITER. mated direct capital costs of the 1998 design. The The success of the ITER EDA collaboration scope to approach closer to 50% will be better under- demonstrates the feasibility and underlines the desir- stood only after the Parties' industrial experts have ability of aiming for a joint implementation of ITER had the opportunity to study and estimate procure- in a broadly based international collaborative frame- ment packages which incorporate expected improve- work: it supports the Parties' declared policy inter- ments in the design and fabrication process. These ests to pursue the development of fusion through are now the most important areas of activity for international collaboration. aligning capital costs more closely to the 50% tar- get — US $2.9 × 109 (January 1989 value), a figure roughly equivalent to Euro 3.5 × 109 (January 2000 9.2. Need for a new organization values), Y. 4.20 × 1011 and US $3.9 × 109 when infla- tion adjusted for each Party. The ITER EDA Agreement does not commit the The operating costs for the 20 year operating life Parties to joint construction. Such a move requires of ITER are highly dependent on the cost of elec- new decisions at the highest levels of government fol- tricity, the salaries of the estimated 200 profession- lowing negotiations amongst those interested in par- als and 400 support personnel, and the cost of the ticipating in the full realization of ITER. divertor high heat flux component replacements and The current ITER Parties started, in spring 2000, general maintenance expenses, most of which may non-committal exploratory discussions as precursors vary quite substantially amongst the potential host to formal negotiations on a joint implementation of sites for ITER. Simple scalings from the operating ITER. Critical issues to be settled between the Par- cost estimates for the 1998 ITER design suggest an ties' 'Explorers' include: 1308 Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001) Article: Overview of ITER-FEAT (a) Establishment of a legal framework for joint The Parties, in their exploratory discussions, are implementation that properly reflects various considering a new possible framework for their col- necessary considerations, for instance to provide laboration in technical work after July 2001 and the focus needed for effective and accountable after the end of the EDA Agreement. This frame- project management, while ensuring the inclu- work should maintain the good co-operation between siveness needed to sustain necessary levels of the Parties enjoyed during the EDA and provide for support and commitment from the wide range of an organization strong enough to preserve the coher- disparate interests throughout the participating ence of the project, in the light of requests for design countries. changes linked to specific characteristics of poten- (b) Settlement of the linked issues of siting, cost tial sites. There would be a considerable advantage sharing and task allocation, in equitable ways, if the organization for this phase already resembled with regard to siting. Site offers should be pre- that thought appropriate for the ITER construc- sented around spring 2001, and there are at tion phase. The Explorers should take full advantage present efforts being made to promote inter- of this interim period to increase confidence in the est in potential sites in Europe, Canada and Parties' capacity to build and operate a successful Japan. ITER. Obviously, the domestic fusion research and develop- ment programme of each Party should allow for full and effective participation in ITER construction and 10. Summary and conclusions operation in ways that (1) Assure the technical success of the project, (2) Ensure a permanent knowledge of the project (a) In 1999 a four Party Working Group con- available throughout the programme, cluded unanimously that "the world program is sci- (3) Stimulate sustained interest from home institu- entifically and technically ready to take the important tions to participate. ITER step" [24]. The progress of ITER EDA in the last two years, combined with the continuing flow of scientific and technological data from existing exper- 9.3. Parallel technical work iments, has sustained this view. During this period of approach to possible joint (b) The design of ITER, which now meets the implementation, further technical work will still be revised detailed objectives established in 1998 of a required to enable an efficient start of ITER con- cost saving target approaching 50%, still satisfies the struction when decided. The main factors are: overall programmatic objective of ITER. (a) Adaptation of the design to the characteristics (c) The lower costs of the new design make it pos- of (a) potential site(s) and its (their) regula- sible for participants to benefit from the sharing of tory environment, and a formal review of its costs and the pooling of expertise that joint imple- (their) completeness (a necessary step in quality mentation allows, whilst maintaining a good balance assurance); in the domestic programme of each Party. (b) Preparation of licensing applications by a (d) The success of the joint activities among the closer (possibly formal) dialogue with the host ITER EDA Parties demonstrates the feasibility and regulators; underlines the continued desirability of aiming for a (c) Continuation of physics R&D in order to ben- joint implementation of ITER in a broad based inter- efit from future experimental results in present national collaborative framework. The key tasks for devices, and movement from technology R&D the fusion community are now to confirm, within the towards more manufacturing R&D, except in programme planning, the strategic priority to pro- ongoing development in a few specific areas, ceed with ITER in an international collaboration as such as heating and current drive systems, as the centrepiece of the world fusion energy develop- well as NbTi superconducting coil winding tests, ment programme, to determine, with other poten- to confirm operational margins; tial participants, the overall terms of an international (d) Preparation of technical specifications for pro- framework for joint construction and operation, and curement of hardware on the critical path of the to prepare the necessary consequential adaptations construction schedule. of the programme organization. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001) 1309 R. Aymar et al. References [14] Kakudate, S., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna [1] ITER EDA Agreement and Protocol 1, ITER EDA (2001) CD-ROM file ITERP/23, and Documentation Series No. 1, IAEA, Vienna (1993). http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ [2] ITER Final Design Report, Cost Review and Safety fec2000/html/node1.htm. Analysis (FDR) and Relevant Documents, ITER [15] Maisonnier, D., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. Documentation Series No. 14, IAEA, Vienna (1999). 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna [3] ITER Council Proceedings: 1998, ITER EDA Doc- (2001) CD-ROM file ITERP/24, and umentation Series No. 15, IAEA, Vienna (1999). http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ [4] Technical Basis for the ITER-FEAT Outline Design, fec2000/html/node1.htm. ITER EDA Documentation Series No. 19, IAEA, [16] Murdoch, D.K., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. Vienna (2001). 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna [5] Shimada, M., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. (2001) CD-ROM file ITERP/13, and 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ (2001) CD-ROM file ITERP/05, and fec2000/html/node1.htm. http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ [17] Huguet, M., et al., Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 1503. fec2000/html/node1.htm. [18] Ioki, K., et al., Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 265. [6] Shimomura, Y., et al., Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 309. [19] Janeschitz, G., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. [7] Murakami, Y., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna (2001) CD-ROM file ITER/3, and (2001) CD-ROM file EX5/1, and http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ fec2000/html/node1.htm. fec2000/html/node1.htm. [20] Bosia, G., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. 18th [8] ITER Physics Basis, Nucl. Fusion 39 (1999) 2137– Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna (2001) 2638. CD-ROM file ITERP/14, and http://www.iaea.org/ [9] Salpietro, E., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. programmes/ripc/physics/fec2000/html/node1.htm. 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna [21] Fujisawa, N., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. (2001) CD-ROM file ITERP/21, and 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ (2001) CD-ROM file ITERP/01, and fec2000/html/node1.htm. http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ [10] Tsuji, H., et al., Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 645. fec2000/html/node1.htm. [11] Nakahira, M., et al., Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 375. [22] Ladd, P., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. 18th a [12] D¨nner, W., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna (2001) 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna CD-ROM file ITERP/12, and http://www.iaea.org/ (2001) CD-ROM file ITERP/18, and programmes/ripc/physics/fec2000/html/node1.htm. http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ [23] Gordon, C., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. fec2000/html/node1.htm. 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna [13] Mazul, I.V., et al., in Fusion Energy 2000 (Proc. (2001) CD-ROM file ITERP/16, and 18th Int. Conf. Sorrento, 2000), IAEA, Vienna http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ (2001) CD-ROM file ITER/6, and fec2000/html/node1.htm. http://www.iaea.org/programmes/ripc/physics/ [24] ITER Council Proceedings: 1999, ITER EDA fec2000/html/node1.htm. Documentation Series No. 17, IAEA, Vienna (1999). (Manuscript received 8 October 2000 Final manuscript accepted 6 March 2001) E-mail address of R. Aymar: email@example.com Subject classification: M0, Td 1310 Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001)


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Via Massimo D'Azeglio 24, Central Station, 00184 Rome, Italy – Show map
The location was perfect for catching the train to the airport, and our balcony had a nice view. The room was very clean.
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Walking distance to the coliseum!
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I liked the Hotel a lot. The location was great!!! The complimentary breakfast was very nice. We ate and took off for the day. We didn't get back till dinner. There were many restaurants within walking distance.
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Good service over all. Good breakfast , hotel personal are helpful and warm and welcoming. Good breakfast in the morning
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Staff was helpful; hotel was quiet. We walked the neighborhood to restaurants and were quite comfortable there.
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every thing was fine little cramped but this is Rome staff and breakfast were excellent
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We stayed at this hotel twice during our vacation- it was perfect for us- a phenomenal breakfast and great beds- close to everything - especially Termini Staion.
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Quiet very clean
United States of America
Mattress was excellent. Great bathroom.
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Perfect location. Room was very large and beds were comfortable and clean. Staff was friendly and helpful.
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Augusta Lucilla Palace features elegant and air-conditioned rooms with flat-screen satellite TVs and free Wi-Fi throughout. It is in central Rome, a 5 minute walk from both Repubblica Metro Station and Termini Train Station.
The rooms have private bathrooms and come with carpeted or parquet floors. Some feature unique tapestries, paintings, and a sofa for 2 people.
In an 18th-century building, the Augusta Lucilla has a 24-hour front desk and a bar. A buffet breakfast is served every day.
Just a few steps from the hotel you will find Rome's Opera House. From Termini Metro Station, there are direct services to the Spanish Steps, the Vatican and the Coliseum.
Central Station is a great choice for travelers interested in Skyline, Convenient Public Transportation and Adventure.
We speak your language! Hotel Rooms: 98, Hotel Chain: Blue Globe hotels. This property has been on Booking.com since Mar 24, 2008.
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Double or Twin Room with Balcony | ||
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Bicycle Rental
Food & Drink
Restaurant, Bar, Breakfast in the Room, Snack Bar
WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Public parking is available on site (reservation is needed) and charges apply.
Room Service, Car Rental, Shuttle Service (surcharge), Airport Shuttle (surcharge), 24-Hour Front Desk, Express Check-in/Check-out, Currency Exchange, Tour Desk, Baggage Storage, Concierge Service, Laundry, Ironing Service, Fax/Photocopying, VIP Room Facilities, Honeymoon Suite
Safe, Non-smoking Rooms, Facilities for Disabled Guests, Family Rooms, Elevator, Soundproof Rooms, Heating, Hypoallergenic room available, All Spaces Non-Smoking (public and private), Air Conditioning
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Cancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type. Please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room.
Children and Extra Beds
All children are welcome.
One child under 3 years stays free of charge when using existing beds.
One child under 2 years stays free of charge in a crib.
The maximum number of cribs in a room is 1.
Pets are not allowed.
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Located just 110 yards from Termini Train Station UNA Hotel Roma offers contemporary design and bright interiors, plus a private parking garage and air-conditioned rooms with hardwood floors.
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-Staff were very helpful -Beds were AMAZING -Breakfast was varied and good
Good location, facilities and room overall...definitely will stay there again!
WiFi expensive, should be offered for free at a 4star hotel. Bed uncomfortable.
Location was sooo great.
Bad wifi. Bad breakfast. Unkind staffs.
Great location very close to train station. Bed was extremely comfortable.
Wifi was very poor. The staff tried to help us. But still it was not seamless.
All the staff were friendly and the hotel was in a good location for visiting all the sites of Rome.
The hotel is situated at five minutes from Termini train station and if you are fit, all sightseeing in town can be done by foot. The hotel is very comfortable and clean. We recommend paying a little more for a bigger room as the small ones are really tiny. We had a backyard room which was super calm, even in midst of the city. The massage beds are incredibly comfortable and there is an excellent Thai massage around the corner. The staff was excellent, very friendly, helpful and patient. The rich and varied breakfast buffet was open from 7am to 10am.
Their WiFi router is not compatible with Mac (and therefore iPhone and iPad). Apparently this is well known and the staff are, without complaining, trying their best to patiently help out with manual programming, which does not work. We do not understand how it comes that the direction of a four-star hotel is incapable of taking the decision to solve the problem.
An excellent hotel in every way. We had a Comfort Room for 4 nights, and that's exactly what it was, extremely comfortable, clean and quiet. Breakfast excellent. Special thanks to Gianluca on Reception Desk, obliging, professional, and helpful. A great stay. Thanks.
The Bed (with massage) The staff The location
The breakfast's fruit juices
Buffet breakfast was lovely with a nice selection and plenty of everything, breads were fab, staff very helpful and gave great suggestions regarding sights and good local restaurants.
the hotel was extremely comfortable and very good value for money. Would definitely stay here again! Very close to anywhere you want to see!!
the only issue was the cold water within the building! It left the shower boiling hot and left us unable to shower for a day
Everyone was very friendly and accommodating. The Filipino staff are superb.
Great position of the hotel. Comfortable room, big and clean room and bathroom. All the necesary thing in the room: safe, tv, and also in the bath room: soap, shampoo, clean towels every day, and many other detalis that make your stay comfortable. Great breakfast, very good. Nice staff very helpfull.
No bad experience.
Everything was perfect. All the were excellent and very helpful. Go to Rome every year for a short 4 day break and this is the best hotel we have used Central, friendly clean could go on and on Even a very good breakfast
Nothing whatsoever
I liked very muck the location of the hotel, near the Termini Station and in a low traffic street which aloud you to sleep well. The beads were outstanding good worth the whole visit and it's the first time I can say this in years of traveling in different countries. Personal was nice, helpful and well mannered.
I have my reservations on the bathroom. I don't know if they have, different types of rooms there I mean, with different standards but the room we got had a bathroom with a broken shower head—you were not able to regulate the pressure of the water and we had difficulties getting the right temperature of it. The doors were not well insulated so the water ran out on the floor outside the cabin. The smoke detector placed in the middle of the ceiling, flashed strong (red light) and constantly which was very upsetting when you went to sleep.
We had a fabulous time here. The hotel is beautiful, the staff were all so friendly and couldn't have been more helpful. We would definitely stay here again and have recommended the hotel to friends already. Thank you for making our first trip to Rome so special.
The morning staffs were not very friendly, and the wifi was horrible for a hotel this level
It would be great to improve the breakfast. otherwise everything is perfect
Good location within walking distance of termini station. Good breakfast
Noisy neighbours for early flight, rooms not soundproof
The location, breakfast, comfort were all good.
At least a business center ( a computer ) should have been at the hotel but unfortunately there were no computer even for our check in to our next destination.
Being in the centre of Rome, Very clean hotel, beside train, metro and bus stop, also beside shuttle bus to airport, food was of a good quality, all stuff is helpful even if you ask them many times, I would personally thank Mr George, Tiziano and Adriano of the reception team who helped me many times
the adjustable electronic beds were amazing. Courteous staff personnel. Proximity to termini.
The only downside was its dirty facade.
- Location - Comfort of bedding - Staff were very helpful
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275 Drag Radial Camaro: Project BlownZ
BlownZ is our 275 Drag Radial 4th-gen Camaro. Backed by an LSX Small Block with a ProCharger F1-X-12, we're working hard to be a title contender in the NMCA Street Outlaw class with low 7-second passes.
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Cadillac's factory hot rod, the CTS-V, is a striking blend of luxury and brutality; from the factory, the 556 horsepower supercharged LSA is built to kick ass and take names.
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Our mission with Project Y2k is to take America's Sports Car and make it better on a blue collar budget, turning this decade-old platform into a car that's good at a little bit of everything.
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Beautiful Hungarian Vizsla Puppy. These dogs make wonderful pets as well as being great hunters. Personal touch with each puppy for your super puppy, not a puppy mill. Just breeding our own wonderful female. She is an amazing athlete! Currently accepting deposits.
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