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US 5197377 A Abstract Apparatus for two-sided cooking comprises one or more upper housing assemblies each having a pair of spaced bayonette members which are removably insertable in a holster brackett. The bracket is readily attachable to the rear of a conventional cooking grill thus retrofitting the grill conveniently for two-sided cooking. A plurality of lightweight platens are mounted in the upper housing by quick release pins which permit the upper platens to float relative to the housing. Because of the lightweight, multiple and floating nature of the upper platens, the housing can be lowered to the grill surface as to completely enclose the items being cooked, thus containing heat and trapping moisture in the cooked product. In addition, food products having differing thicknesses can be cooked simultaneously without appreciable sticking.
Claims(6) 1. Apparatus for converting a single-sided cooking grill having an upwardly facing cooking surface to a two sided cooker comprising:
a housing; a platen mounted in said housing; an electric heating element for heating said platen; a hinge provided on said housing; a pair of spaced horizontally extending bayonette members extending from said hinge, each of said bayonette members tapering to a smaller vertical dimension away from said hinge; a tang projecting upwardly at the distal end of each bayonette member; a bracket having a pair of spaced through holster slots for receiving said bayonetee members and defining a pair of rear edges, said bracket being connectible to the rear of said grill with said holster slots extending generally horizontally and parallel to the surface of said grill; whereby said horizontally extending bayonette members may be selectively inserted into and removed from said holster slots and cocked to a seated position wherein said tangs engage the rear edges of said holster slots such that withdrawal of said bayonette members from said slots is prevented. 2. The cooking apparatus of claim 1 wherein said housing is provided with apertures and said upper platen is mounted to said housing by pins extending through said apertures.
3. The cooking apparatus of claim 2 wherein said pins are provided with quick release means for releasably mounting said upper platen.
4. The cooling apparatus of claim 1 wherein a pair of spring members are connected between the bayonette members and the housing for biasing the housing to an upper position when the housing is raised from said grill.
5. The cooking apparatus of claim 1 wherein the upper platen is thin in cross-section and is made from aluminum alloy.
6. The cooking apparatus of claim 1 wherein the lower surface of the upper platen is provided with a multiplicity of grooves.
Description 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to apparatus for two-sided cooking of food and, more particularly, to an improved upper cooking assembly which can be readily retrofitted to a conventional single-sided cooking grill. 2. Description of the Prior Art The cooking of food in commercial or institutional establishments typically requires use of a grill. Grills in common use comprise a relatively large cooking surface, or platen, which is heated from beneath by electric heating elements or gas burners. Particularly in fast food establishments where hamburgers, or the like, are the predominant food item, two-sided cooking grills have proved to be quite useful. The two-sided, or clam shell, cooker includes an upper cooking apparatus which may be manually lowered onto or over a lower grill such that a heated platen in the upper cooking assembly contacts the upper surface of the item being cooked. Heat may thereby be applied to both surfaces of the item at the same time, thus offering the advantage of decreasing cooking time significantly. Two-sided cookers are particularly advantageous in the cooking of hamburgers, or the like, because the simultaneous cooking of both sides of the patty prevents undersirable curling or distortion of the patty due to uneven shrinkage, as occurs in a single-sided cooking process. Two-sided cookers of conventional design are not without disadvantages. One shortcoming resides in the construction of the upper cooking assembly. In particular, it is common for the upper assembly to include a single platen which is formed with an internal heating element. In such an arrangement, the platen can be so heavy that it would excessively flatten or smash the item being cooked. Accordingly, prior art devices exist having adjustable spacer means for supporting the upper platen at a predetermined distance above the cooking surface of the lower grill. The spacer means may be made adjustable by various mechanisms, as taught by Harter, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,237 or Sabin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,296. However, these arrangements can be complex, adding to the cost of the apparatus, and the mechanisms can be difficult to maintain in clean condition when in use. Another disadvantage of the single upper platen devices is that food items tend to stick to the platen because of platen weight on the item. Various approaches exist for attempting to minimize the sticking problem. For example, Scanlon, U.S. Pat. No. 4,700,619 teaches a separate cooking plate which is removably attached to the upper platen and is coated with a layer of non-stick synthetic material. Also, Adamson, et al., U.S. Pat. No. Re. 32,994 discloses low-friction sheet means juxtaposed to the surface of the upper platen. While these arrangements address the sticking problem, in practice they are not convenient solutions. The low friction material of Scanlon wears away and must be renewed periodically, contributing to inconvenience and expense in the maintenance of the cooker. Moreover, the Adamson, et al, approach, as a practical matter, is also inconvenient and expensive. Yet another disadvantage of conventional two-sided cookers is the hinge and counterbalance construction used to permit raising of the upper cooking assembly. Bergling, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,763,571, for example, teaches an arrangement involving counterbalance weights extending off the rear of the grill. Such a construction adds bulk to the grill making the grill undersirable for use in confined spaces. Other mechanisms comprising pulleys and linkages are costly to manufacture. None of the upper cooking assemblies now used in two-sided cookers lends itself to convenient retrofitting on a single-sided grill. Thus, a need exists for such a retrofitable assembly which is readily manufacturable and which overcomes the aforementioned disadvantages of current apparatus. The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art in the provision of an upper housing having multiple lightweight cooking platens supported therein, and a heating element disposed between the platens and housing. The platens are connected to the housing in floating fashion by quick release pins permitting them to be easily removed for cleaning or replacement. The housing is hingedly connected to a pair of spaced bayonette members which, in turn, are insertable into corresponding holster slots of a bracket. Simple spring elements are connected between the bayonette members and the housing to bias the housing in its upward position. The bracket may readily be bolted to a plate on the rear of grill of virtually any conventional design. Thus, the upper housing and platen assembly may be readily retrofitted to grills in use in the field without time consuming and costly modification of the grills. Because of the lightweight, multiple and floating nature of the upper platens, the housing can be lowered to the grill surface as to completely enclose the items being cooked, thus containing heat and trapping moisture in the cooked product. The provision of multiple lightweight platens permits a variety of food products having different thicknesses to be cooked simultaneously without appreciable sticking of the food item. The features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a two-sided cooker constructed in accordance with the invention; FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view illustrating the mounting configuration of the upper cooking assembly shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the cooker illustrated in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 3 but with the upper platen assembly shown in the down position for cooking; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken substantially along the lines 5--5 of FIG. 4; FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 5 but with the cooking platens shown detached from the cooking assembly; and FIG. 7 is a bottom plan view of the upper cooking assembly with the platens removed. Referring now to the drawings, and initially to FIG. 1, a two-sided cooker, designated generally by the reference numeral 10, includes a conventional cooking grill 12 comprising a housing 14 which supports a cooking platen 16. The grill 12 is supported on suitable casters 18 and further includes a lower shelf 20 on which a power controller 22 may be placed. In accordance with the invention, extending over rear wall 24 of the grill housing 14 and mounted to the grill 12 in a manner which will be described in detail, hereinafter, are a pair of upper cooking assemblies 25. Each upper cooking assembly 25 includes a plurality of platens 26 mounted in floating fashion within a platen housing 28. A cover 30 is removably attached to the platen housing 28. Fastened to the upper wall of the platen housing 28 as by screws, or the like, is a support bracket 32. Extending rearwardly of the assembly 25, the support bracket 32 is configured to define a pair of ears 34. Turning now to FIG. 2, the mounting structure of the upper cooking assembly 25 can be seen to include a pair of bayonette arms 36 supported for hinged movement on a cross shaft 38 extending between the ears 34 of the support bracket 32. Each arm 36 is provided with an upwardly projecting tang 40 at the distal end thereof. For mounting an upper cooking assembly 25 to the grill 12, there is provided a holster bracket 42 comprising a U-shaped member 44 preferably stamped and formed from suitable sheet steel. Member 44 is provided with a pair of flanges 46 having suitable apertures 48 therein for permitting bolting of the holster brackets 42 to the grill 12. A pair of plates 50 are spaced from and welded to the sides of the U-shaped member 44 defining slots 52 for telescopingly receiving the bayonette arms 36 of the upper cooking assembly 25. As best seen in FIG. 3, the bayonette arms 36 are received within the slots 52 of the holster bracket 42 such that tangs 40 project from the rear of the slots 52 and prevent lateral movement of the bayonette arms 36 relative to the holster bracket 42 when the cooking assembly 25 is in normal use. A tapered edge 54 of the bayonette arms 36 permits the arms 36 to be cocked within the slots 52 allowing tangs 40 to be withdrawn through the slots 52 when it is desired to remove the cooking assembly 25 from its mounted configuration. In order to counter balance the cooking assembly 25 so that it may be hinged up and down with relative ease, the bayonette arms 36 are provided with forward extension portions 56 to which are bolted a pair of spring cylinder assemblies 58. Rods 60 of the spring cylinder assemblies 58 are attached by swivel joints 62 to forward ends of the support bracket 32, and are normally biased outwardly such that the weight of the cooking assembly 25 is effectively counterbalanced. Turning now to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, each upper platen 26 can be seen to comprise a thin, generally rectangular plate 64 having a pair of spaced blocks 66 fastened to the upper surface thereof. The plates 64 are preferably on the order of three-eights inch thick and are made from suitable aluminum alloy so as to be lightweight. As best seen in FIG. 6, each block 66 is provided with a tapered countersink-like bore 68 opening to a pocket 70. To mount the platens 26 to the cooking assembly 25 there are provided quick release pins 72. Each release pin 72 includes a tube portion 74 containing an axial spring biased plunger 76. The plunger acts to selectively extend and withdraw a pair of balls 78 retained in apertures of the tube end 74. Thus, when the plunger 76 is depressed, the balls 78 withdraw into the tube 74 and the pin 72 may be inserted into the pocket 70 of the platen block 66. The pins 72 extend through guides 80 fixed within the housing 28 of the cooking assembly 25 and have enlarged upper portions 82 such that they abut the housing 28 when the platens 26 are in their lowermost positions, thus retaining the platens 26 in floating fashion within the housing 28. The pins 72 are sufficiently long that the platens 26 may protrude slightly below the lower edge of the housing 28. With reference now to FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, heating of the platens 26 is accomplished by a conventional heating element 84 arranged in a serpentine pattern and fixed to wall 86 within the housing 28 by a pair of brackets 88. Interposed between the heating element 84 and wall 86 is a layer of suitable insulation 90. Wall 86 is sufficiently spaced from the lower edge of the housing 28 that the heating element 84 does not contact the platens 26 when the assembly 25 is in normal operation. Heating of the platens 26 is performed by radiation rather than conventional conduction. Thus, the platens 26 are afforded maximum capability to freely float relative to the housing 28 and the food. Extending through the wall 86 in a centrally disposed location is a temperature probe 92 for sensing the temperature of the platen 26 when the assembly 25 is in operation. As best seen in FIG. 4, to energize the heating element 84, electrical connections are made through a military-type connector 94 fitted to a connector housing 96 which, in turn, is attached onto the surface of the support bracket 32. It can be appreciated that the upper cooking assembly 25 of the instant invention may be readily retrofitted to virtually any type of conventional single-sided cooking grill. One or more assemblies 25 may be mounted to the grill by bolting a plate (not shown) to the back of the grill 12 then bolting the holster brackets 42 to the plate. The assemblies 25 may be easily attached to the holster brackets 42 by simply sliding the bayonette arms into their respective slots 52. Because of the quick connect nature of the connector 94, electrical wiring of the assembly 25 may be readily accomplished and the conversion to two-sided cooking can be quickly completed with minimal down time of the cooker 10. The mounting arrangement of the assemblies 25 further allows for convenient removal and replacement of an assembly 25 for maintenance or cleaning. The cooking performance, cleanability and maintainability of the assembly 25 is further apparent from the novel construction of platen arrangement of the assembly 25. Each platen 26 is a thin, lightweight member which floats relative to the platen 16 of the grill 12. The platens 26 not only move vertically, but they also can rotate relative to their mounting pins 72, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, due to the construction of the bores 68 provided in the platen blocks 66. This rotational capability is highly advantageous in allowing the platens 26 to self-adjust to the surface irregularities of the food items being cooked. As seen in FIG. 4, the fact that multiple platens 26 are provided having both floating and rotational characteristics permits foods of varying thicknesses and shapes to be cooked without deformation of the food items, all while the lower edge of the housing 28 is essentially resting on the lower platen 16 of the grill 12. Thus, cooking juices may be trapped within the housing 28 enhancing the quality of the cooked product. To impart a grilled look to the product, the platens may be provided with a grid of grooves 98, as best shown in FIG. 1. It should further be appreciated that the problem of sticking of food to the upper platen is minimized in the instant invention. The provision of multiple, thin, lightweight platens 26 which float and have no heating element carried by them allows the platens 26 to cook without appreciable food sticking. Moreover, the platens 26 are easily removed for cleaning by simply sliding off the cover 30 and releasing the pins 72. While the present invention has been described in connection with particular embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that many changes may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention. Patent Citations
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The Middle of Everywhere: Helping Refugees Enter the Amerian COmmunity | |
By: Mary Pipher
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Foreword Prelude: Ellis Island Part One: Hidden in Plain Sight Chapter 1: Cultural Collisions on the Great Plains Chapter 2: The Beautiful Laughing Sisters-An Arrival Story Chapter 3: Into the Heart of the Heartland 4 Chapter 4: All that Glitters Part two: Refugees across the Life Cycle Chapter 5: Children of Hope, Children of Tears Chapter 6: Teenagers-Mohammed Meets Madonna Chapter 7: Young Adults-"Is There a Marriage Broker in Lincoln?" Chapter 8: Family-"A Bundle of Sticks Cannot Be Broken" Part three: The Alchemy of Healing-Turning Pain into Meaning Chapter 9: African Stories Chapter 10: Healing in all Times and Places Chapter 11: Home-A Global Positioning System for Identity Chapter 12: Building a Village of Kindness Coda: We're All Here Now Appendix 1. Working with People for Whom English Is a New Language 2. Becoming a Cultural Broker 3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights Bibliography Acknowledgments 3 Index | |
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Shiraz Širâz | |||||||
| |||||||
Nickname(s): Persian Cultural Capital City of roses City of gardens City of flower and nightingale | |||||||
Coordinates: 29°37′N 52°32′E / 29.617°N 52.533°ECoordinates: 29°37′N 52°32′E / 29.617°N 52.533°E | |||||||
Country | Iran | ||||||
Province | Fars | ||||||
County | Shiraz | ||||||
Bakhsh | Central | ||||||
Government | |||||||
• Mayor | Alireza Pakfetrat[1] | ||||||
• City council | Gholam Mehdi Haghdel Mahmoudreza Taleban Zahra Yaghtin Fatemeh Hooshmand Ehsan Asnafi Bijan Zarei Ebrahim Sho'ara Ahmadreza Naghib Zadeh Mozaffar Mokhtari Shobeir Zare'e Khafri MohammadKazem Dastgheyb Zein Al Abedin Arab Mohammad Haghnegar[2] | ||||||
Area[citation needed] | |||||||
• Total | 240 km2 (86.487 sq mi) | ||||||
• Land | 240 km2 (86.487 sq mi) | ||||||
• Water | 0 km2 (0 sq mi) 0% | ||||||
Elevation | 1,500 m (5,200 ft) | ||||||
Population (2009) | |||||||
• Total | 1,700,677 | ||||||
• Density | 3,609.8/km2 (9,347.5/sq mi) | ||||||
Population Data: 2006 Census was 1,214,808, in 315,725 families[3] 2011 Municipality was 1,700,677[4] | |||||||
Time zone | IRST (UTC+3:30) | ||||||
Area code(s) | 0711 | ||||||
Routes | Road 65 Road 67 Road 86 Future Shiraz-Isfahan Freeway | ||||||
Website | www.shiraz.ir |
Shiraz Širâz | |||||||
| |||||||
Nickname(s): Persian Cultural Capital City of roses City of gardens City of flower and nightingale | |||||||
Coordinates: 29°37′N 52°32′E / 29.617°N 52.533°ECoordinates: 29°37′N 52°32′E / 29.617°N 52.533°E | |||||||
Country | Iran | ||||||
Province | Fars | ||||||
County | Shiraz | ||||||
Bakhsh | Central | ||||||
Government | |||||||
• Mayor | Alireza Pakfetrat[1] | ||||||
• City council | Gholam Mehdi Haghdel Mahmoudreza Taleban Zahra Yaghtin Fatemeh Hooshmand Ehsan Asnafi Bijan Zarei Ebrahim Sho'ara Ahmadreza Naghib Zadeh Mozaffar Mokhtari Shobeir Zare'e Khafri MohammadKazem Dastgheyb Zein Al Abedin Arab Mohammad Haghnegar[2] | ||||||
Area[citation needed] | |||||||
• Total | 240 km2 (86.487 sq mi) | ||||||
• Land | 240 km2 (86.487 sq mi) | ||||||
• Water | 0 km2 (0 sq mi) 0% | ||||||
Elevation | 1,500 m (5,200 ft) | ||||||
Population (2009) | |||||||
• Total | 1,700,677 | ||||||
• Density | 3,609.8/km2 (9,347.5/sq mi) | ||||||
Population Data: 2006 Census was 1,214,808, in 315,725 families[3] 2011 Municipality was 1,700,677[4] | |||||||
Time zone | IRST (UTC+3:30) | ||||||
Area code(s) | 0711 | ||||||
Routes | Road 65 Road 67 Road 86 Future Shiraz-Isfahan Freeway | ||||||
Website | www.shiraz.ir |
Shiraz pronunciation (help·info) (i/ʃiːrɑːz/; Persian: Širâz - شیراز, Persian pronunciation: [ʃiːˈrɒːz]), is the fifth most populous city of Iran[5] and the capital of Fars Province. In 2009 the population of the city was 1,455,073. Shiraz is located in the southwest of Iran on the Roodkhaneye Khoshk (Dry river) seasonal river. It has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years. It is regarded as one of the oldest cities of ancient Persia.
The earliest reference to the city, as Tiraziš, is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BC.[6] In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, due to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. It was the capital of the Persia during the Zand dynasty from 1750 until 1781, as well as briefly during the Saffarid period. Two famous poets of Iran, Hafez and Saadi, are from Shiraz.
Shiraz is known as the city of poets, literature, wine and flowers.[7] It is also considered by many Iranians to be the city of gardens, due to the many gardens and fruit trees that can be seen in the city. Shiraz has had major Jewish and Christian communities. The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silver-ware; pile carpet-weaving and weaving of kilim, called gilim and jajim in the villages and among the tribes.[8] In Shiraz industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate.[9] Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries: 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.[10] Shiraz is home to Iran's first solar power plant.[11] Recently the city's first wind turbine has been installed above Babakoohi mountain near the city.
The earliest reference to the city is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE, found in June 1970, while digging to make a kiln for a brick factory in the south western corner of the city. The tablets written in ancient Elamite name a city called Tiraziš.[12] Phonetically, this is interpreted as /tiračis/ or /ćiračis/. This name became Old Persian /širājiš/; through regular sound change comes the modern Persian name Shirāz. The name Shiraz also appears on clay sealings found at a 2nd-century CE Sassanid ruin, east of the city. By some of the native writers, the name Shiraz has derived from a son of Tahmuras, the third Shāh (King) of the world according to Ferdowsi's Shāhnāma.[13]
Shiraz is most likely more than 4,000 years old. The name Shiraz is mentioned in cuneiform inscriptions from around 2000 BCE found in south western corner of the Shiraz city.[14] According to some Iranian mythological traditions, it was originally erected by Tahmuras Diveband, and afterward fell to ruin.[13] The oldest sample of wine in the world, dating to approximately 7,000 years ago, was discovered on clay jars recovered outside of Shiraz (according to the referenced article, this discovery was made in Hajji Firuz Tepe, a Neolithic village in Iran's northern Zagros Mountains, more than a thousand kilometers north of Shiraz).[15]
In Achaemenian era, Shiraz was on the way from Susa to Persepolis and Pasargadae. In Ferdowsi's Shāhnāma it has been said that Artabanus V, the Parthian Emperor of Iran, expanded his control over Shiraz. Ghasre Abu-Nasr (meaning "the palace of AbuNasr") which is originally from Parthian era is situated in this area. During the Sassanid era, Shiraz was in between the way which was connecting Bishapur and Gur to Istakhr. Shiraz was an important regional center under the Sassanians.[14]
The city became a provincial capital in 693, after the Arab invaders conquered Istakhr, the nearby Sassanian capital. As Istakhr fell into decline, Shiraz grew in importance under the Arabs and several local dynasties.[16] The Buwayhid empire (945–1055) made it their capital, building mosques, palaces, a library and an extended city wall. It was also ruled by the Seljuks and the Khwarezmians before the Mongol conquest.
The city was spared destruction by the invading Mongols, when its local ruler offered tributes and submission to Genghis Khan. Shiraz was again spared by Tamerlane, when in 1382 the local monarch, Shah Shoja agreed to submit to the invader.[16] In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. For this reason the city was named by classical geographers Dar al-'Elm, the House of Knowledge.[17] Among the Iranian poets, mystics and philosophers born in Shiraz were the poets Sa'di[18] and Hafiz,[19] the mystic Roozbehan, and the philosopher Mulla Sadra.[20] Thus Shiraz has been nicknamed "The Athens of Iran".[21] As early as the 11th century, several hundred thousand people inhabited Shiraz.[22] In the 14th century Shiraz had sixty thousand inhabitants.[23] During the 16th century it had a population of 200,000 people, which by the mid-18th century had decreased to only 50,000.
In 1504, Shiraz was captured by the forces of Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty. Throughout the Safavid empire (1501–1722) Shiraz remained a provincial capital and Emam Qoli Khan, the governor of Fars under Shah Abbas I, constructed many palaces and ornate buildings in the same style as those built during the same period in Isfahan, the capital of the Empire.[16] After the fall of the Safavids, Shiraz suffered a period of decline, worsened by the raids of the Afghans and the rebellion of its governor against Nader Shah; the latter sent troops to suppress the revolt. The city was besieged for many months and eventually sacked. At the time of Nader Shah's murder in 1747, most of the historical buildings of the city were damaged or ruined, and its population fell to 50,000, one-quarter of that during the 16th century.[16]
Shiraz soon returned to prosperity under the rule of Karim Khan Zand, who made it his capital in 1762. Employing more than 12,000 workers, he constructed a royal district with a fortress, many administrative buildings, a mosque and one of the finest covered bazaars in Iran.[16] He had a moat built around the city, constructed an irrigation and drainage system, and rebuilt the city walls.[16] However, Karim Khan's heirs failed to secure his gains. When Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Qajar dynasty, eventually came to power, he wreaked his revenge on Shiraz by destroying the city's fortifications and moving the national capital to Tehran.[16] Although lowered to the rank of a provincial capital, Shiraz maintained a level of prosperity as a result of the continuing importance of the trade route to the Persian Gulf. Its governorship was a royal prerogative throughout the Qajar dynasty.[16] Many of the famous gardens, buildings and residences built during this time contribute to the city's present skyline.
Shiraz is the birthplace of the co-founder of the Bahá'í Faith, the Báb (Siyyid 'Ali-Muhammad, 1819–1850). In this city, on the evening of 22 May 1844, he first declared his mission as the bearer of a new divine revelation.[24] For this reason Shiraz is a holy city for Bahá'ís, and the city, particularly the house of the Báb, was identified as a place of pilgrimage.[25] Due to the hostile climate towards Baha'is in Iran, the house has been the target of repeated attacks; the house was destroyed in 1979, to be paved over two years later and made into a public square.[25]
In 1910 a pogrom of the Jewish quarter started after false rumours that the Jews had ritually killed a Muslim girl. In the course of the pogrom, 12 Jews were killed and about 50 were injured,[26] and 6,000 Jews of Shiraz were robbed of all their possessions.[27]
The city's role in trade greatly diminished with the opening of the trans-Iranian railway in the 1930s, as trade routes shifted to the ports in Khuzestan. Much of the architectural inheritance of Shiraz, and especially the royal district of the Zands, was either neglected or destroyed as a result of irresponsible town planning under the Pahlavi dynasty.
Lacking any great industrial, religious or strategic importance, Shiraz became an administrative center, although its population has nevertheless grown considerably since the 1979 revolution.[28]
The City's municipality and other related institutions have initiated restoration and reconstruction projects.[16]
Some of the most recent projects have been the complete restoration of the Arg of Karim Khan and of the Vakil Bath, as well as a comprehensive plan for the preservation of the old city quarters. Other noteworthy initiatives include the total renovation of the Qur'an Gate and the mausoleum of the poet Khwaju Kermani, both located in the Allah-u-Akbar Gorge, as well as the restoration and expansion of the mausoleum of the famous Shiraz-born poets Hafiz and Saadi.[16]
A lot of different construction projects is currently underway, which is going to modernize the City's infrastructure. The Shiraz 1400 chain of projects is set to transform the city and greatly modernize the infrastructure.[29]
After the Iranian Revolution, Shiraz was re-established as the capital of Iranian Art and Culture. Shiraz is known as the capital of Persian Art, Culture and Literature.
Shiraz is located in the south of Iran and the northwest of Fars Province. It is built in a green plain at the foot of the Zagros Mountains 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) above sea level. Shiraz is 919 kilometres (571 mi) south of Tehran.[30]
A seasonal river, Rudkhaneye Khoshk, flows through the northern part of the city and on into Maharloo Lake.[citation needed] As of 1920, the area had a large forest of oak trees.[31]
Shiraz's climate has distinct seasons, and is overall classed as a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), though it is only a little short of a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa).[30] Summers are hot, with a July average high of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F). Winters are cool, with average low temperatures below freezing in December and January. Around 300 mm (12 in) of rain falls each year, almost entirely in the winter months, though in some cases as much as this has fallen in a single month (as in January 1965 and December 2004),[32] whilst in the year from July 1965 to June 1966 as little as 82.9 millimetres (3.3 in) fell. The wettest year has been 1955/1956 with as much as 857.2 millimetres (33.75 in), though since 1959 the highest has been around 590 millimetres (23.2 in) in each of 1995/1996 and 2004/2005.[32]
Shiraz contains a considerable number of gardens. Due to population growth in the city, many of these gardens may be lost to give way to new developments. Although some measures have been taken by the Municipality to preserve these gardens, many illegal developments still endanger them.
The highest record temperature was 43.2 °C (109.8 °F) on 21 July 1980 and the lowest record temperature was −14 °C (7 °F)
Climate data for Shiraz | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22 (72) | 26 (79) | 32 (90) | 34 (93) | 39 (102) | 42 (108) | 43.2 (109.8) | 42 (108) | 39 (102) | 34 (93) | 30 (86) | 28 (82) | 43.2 (109.8) |
Average high °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) | 14.7 (58.5) | 18.9 (66) | 23.8 (74.8) | 30.6 (87.1) | 36.1 (97) | 37.8 (100) | 37 (99) | 33.7 (92.7) | 27.8 (82) | 20.5 (68.9) | 14.4 (57.9) | 25.62 (78.14) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) | 7.7 (45.9) | 11.8 (53.2) | 16.2 (61.2) | 22.5 (72.5) | 27.7 (81.9) | 29.8 (85.6) | 28.7 (83.7) | 24.5 (76.1) | 18.4 (65.1) | 11.7 (53.1) | 6.8 (44.2) | 17.59 (63.67) |
Average low °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) | 1.2 (34.2) | 4.8 (40.6) | 8.5 (47.3) | 13.2 (55.8) | 17.1 (62.8) | 19.9 (67.8) | 18.8 (65.8) | 14.1 (57.4) | 8.8 (47.8) | 3.8 (38.8) | 0.5 (32.9) | 9.19 (48.54) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13 (9) | −8 (18) | −4 (25) | 0 (32) | 6 (43) | 9 (48) | 14 (57) | 0 (32) | 7 (45) | 2 (36) | −8 (18) | −16 (3) | −16 (3) |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 79.8 (3.142) | 49.8 (1.961) | 48.4 (1.906) | 30.6 (1.205) | 6.6 (0.26) | 0.2 (0.008) | 1 (0.04) | 0.1 (0.004) | 0 (0) | 5.2 (0.205) | 20.7 (0.815) | 63.2 (2.488) | 305.6 (12.034) |
Avg. rainy days | 8.7 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 6.4 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 46.1 |
Avg. snowy days | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 2.7 |
% humidity | 65 | 58 | 51 | 46 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 26 | 34 | 48 | 61 | 40.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 217.0 | 218.5 | 236.2 | 247.7 | 324.1 | 357.8 | 344.6 | 329.7 | 318.0 | 297.7 | 238.3 | 216.2 | 3,345.8 |
Source #1: Climate Charts[33] | |||||||||||||
Source #2: Voodoo Skies for record temperatures,[34] NOAA (1961-1990)[35] |
Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India.[36] Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.[36]
Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice.[37] Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate.[37] Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.[38]
Agriculture has always been a major part of the economy in and around Shiraz. This is partially due to a relative abundance of water compared to the surrounding deserts. Shirāz is famous for its carpet production and flowers as well. Viticulture has a long history in the region, and Shirazi wine used to be produced here. Shiraz is also an Iranian center for IT, communication, electronic industry, and transportation.[citation needed]
The Shiraz Special Economic Zone or the SEEZ was established in 2000 with the purpose of boosting manufacture in electronic and communications.[39][40]
With more than 25 malls and 10 bazaars, Shiraz is known[by whom?] as the easiest place for shopping in Iran and the Middle East.[citation needed]
The Persian Gulf Complex, located at the north end of the city, is the largest mall in the world in terms of the number of shops.[41]
The Vakil Bazaar, one of the oldest bazaars in the world, is located in the old city centre of Shiraz. Featuring beautiful courtyards, caravansarais, and bath houses, its shops are deemed among the best places in Shiraz to buy all kinds of Persian rugs, spices, copper handicrafts and antiques.[citation needed]
As of 2006, Shiraz has a population of 1,227,331, the majority of whom are Persian.[42] Most of the population of Shiraz are Muslims. Shiraz also was home to a 6,000-strong Jewish community, although most emigrated to the United States and Israel in the latter half of the 20th century.[43] Along with Tehran and Esfahan, Shiraz is one of the handful of Iranian cities with a sizable Jewish population, and more than one active synagogue.
Shiraz also has a significant Baha'i population, the largest in the country after Tehran.
There are currently two functioning churches in Shiraz, one Armenian, the other, Anglican.[44][45]
Shiraz is known as the city of poets, gardens, wine, nightingales and flowers.[46][47] The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silver-ware; carpet-weaving, and the making of the rugs called gilim (Shiraz Kilim) and "jajim" in the villages and among the tribes.[citation needed]
The garden is an important part of Iranian culture. There are many old gardens in Shiraz such as the Eram garden and the Afif abad garden. According to some people,[who?] Shiraz "disputes with Xeres [or Jerez] in Spain the honour of being the birthplace of sherry."[48]
Shiraz is proud of being mother land of Hafiz Shirazi, Shiraz is a center for Iranian culture and has produced a number of famous poets. Saadi, a 12th and 13th-century poet was born in Shiraz. He left his native town at a young age for Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences at Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. When he reappeared in his native Shiraz he was an elderly man. Shiraz, under Atabak Abubakr Sa'd ibn Zangy (1231–1260) was enjoying an era of relative tranquility. Saadi was not only welcomed to the city but he was highly respected by the ruler and enumerated among the greats of the province. He seems to have spent the rest of his life in Shiraz. Hafiz, another famous poet and mystic was also born in Shiraz. A number of scientists also originate from Shiraz. Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, a 13th-century astronomer, mathematician, physician, physicist and scientist was from Shiraz. In his The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens, he also discussed the possibility of heliocentrism.[49]
Within a relatively short driving distance from Shiraz are the ruins of Persepolis, Bishapur, Pasargadae, and Firouzabad. At Naqsh-e Rustam can be found the tombs of the Achaemenid kings as well as the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, which has been thought to be either a Zoroastrian fire temple or possibly even the true tomb of Cyrus the Great. Maharloo Lake is a popular breeding ground for various bird species.
Naqsh-e Rostam site contains funerary related works belonging to the Elamite (second millennium BCE), Achaemenid (550–330 BCE) and Sassanid (226–651 CE) eras. Naqsh-e Rostam is a site believed by archaeologists to have been a cemetery for Persepolis, where Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid royalty were laid to rest.
Nasir al-Mulk Mosque in Shiraz
Rostam overcoming the Demon. The 19th-century mosaic mural at Arg of Karim Khan.
Tomb of Saadi Shirazi
Eram Street in autumn
List of neighbourhoods in Shiraz:
Bargh Shiraz (Established in 1946) is Shiraz's top team and currently plays in Iran's Azadegan League. Its biggest honour was winning the 1997 Hazfi Cup. Moqavemat Sepasi (formerly Fajr Sepasi) (Established in 1988) also plays in Iran's Premier Football League, and have also won the Hazfi Cup in 2001. Shiraz has two Football stadiums; the Hafezieh stadium with 20,000 Capacity built in 1945 and Another stadium, Shiraz Stadium, is due to be finished in 2009 and will have 50,000 capacity.
Furthermore, Shiraz has a professional basketball club Louleh a.s Shiraz BC. The team competes in the Iranian Basketball Super League.
Shiraz also has a female rugby team.[51][52]
On the occasion of the Shiraz week, 12 hot air balloon flew at the same time across the city for the first time in Shiraz. The ceremony was held in two stages. First in sunset and other in night. After the end of the night ceremony, the floodlight was held in Hafezieh Stadium.
Shiraz is home to a vibrant academic community. The Shiraz University of Medical Sciences was the first university in Shiraz and was founded in 1946. Much older is the august Madrasa-e-Khan, or Khan Theological School, with about 600 students; its tile-covered buildings date from 1627.[53]
Today Shiraz University is the largest university in the province, and one of Iran's best academic centers. Other major universities in or nearby Shiraz are the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz,[54] Shiraz University of Technology, and Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology.[55]
The Shiraz Regional Library of Science and Technology is the largest provincial library serving the public.[citation needed]
Virtual University of Shiraz is one of the sub colleges of Shiraz University.
Shiraz International Airport serves as the largest airport in the southern region of Iran. After undergoing renovation and redevelopment work in 2005, Shiraz Airport was identified as the second most reliable and modern airport in Iran (after Imam Khomeini International Airport of Tehran) in terms of flight safety including electronic and navigation control systems of its flight tower.
A metro system is being built in Shiraz by the Shiraz Urban Railway Organization which will contain three lines. The length of the first Line will be 22.4 km (13.9 mi), the length of the second line will be 8.5 km (5.3 mi) The length of the third line will be 16 km (10 mi). 21 stations will be built in route one. The three lines when completed, will have 32 stations below ground and six above and one special station which will be connected to the railway station.
Shiraz has 71 bus lines with 50,000 buses.Iran's third Bus Rapid Transit was opening in Shiraz in 2009 with 2 lines.2 other lines be opening in 2010.
Shiraz is connected with the rest of Iran's railway network. The trains arrive and leave from Shiraz Railway Station, Irans largest railway station according to surface area.[56] It has passenger trains, operating 6 days per week to Isfahan, Tehran and Mashad.
There are 700 000 cars in the city of Shiraz.[57]
During Mughal Empire many people migrated to India from Iran. Today there is a small neighborhood in Kishanganj district, Bihar, India named Iran made of almost 100 households of Irani Indian migrated from Shiraz centuries ago. They are still practicing Irani Culture in Indian land.[59]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Shiraz. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shiraz. |
Preceded by Mashhad | Capital of Iran (Persia) 1750–1794 | Succeeded by Tehran |
Preceded by - | Capital of Zand dynasty 1750–1794 | Succeeded by Kerman |


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I live in Washington DC and love every opportunity to travel, take pictures, and absorb other cultures, as well as share my own experiences.
Mark has completed online and offline ID verification.
Mark and Jashin with their lovely friend, Collette, were all repeat visitors to Penmerryl and I think it was even a better visit this time, since we already knew each other and were so very comfortable around each other. Delightful guests who slotted in smoothly and had a little time to explore the Shenandoah Valley. Their little dog, Maia, loves exploring on the farm, so different from exploring the city. VERY highly recommended!
Such a pleasant experience to have Mark and guests even for one night! Their profile photo says it all and there is nothing else I need to say, except that we LOVED having them and their dog, would LOVE to see them again, and would hope that any request by them would be quickly accepted by anyone in the Airbnb community!! Great guests!!!
Mark and his girlfriend Yashin are wonderful people and guests! We had a great time hosting them. They are both very sociable and friendly, open-minded and in a great spirit! It was very pleasant to engage in conversation with both of them. We had great communication about their plans and timing which was very handy for us as hosts. Hope to get to see them again as we would host them without hesitation!
Mark stayed at my home for one night with three other people for one night. I was unable to be home when they arrived in the afternoon and didn't get home until late. I was happy that they were able to find thier way into the house and make themselves comfortable. These people are experienced airbnb-ers, so Mark was really great at communicating about plans and all were very considerate of my home. It was a short visit, but I really enjoyed getting to know Mark and his friends a little bit and highly recommend them as guests.
good host, he and his girlfriend are very nice polite, friendly and clean el y su chica son personas super agradables como personas y como huespedes,son el tipo de huespet que uno siempre desea,educados,limpios y amables,espero tener la oportunidad de conoserles mejor en una prosima ocasion
It was really a great pleasure to host Mark and Yashin in my apartment. They are really nice persons and left everything impeccably. I hope to see them again and definitely recommend them as guests.
Mark and his girlfriend Yashin are some exceptional guests, there are people who touch us more than others, they both are an excellent example of this, very genuine people, very pleasant, intelligent, polite and very, very sociable. We had conversations about various subjects, all of them very interesting. As I told them personally, they are a very nice couple, very balanced, which look great with each other (my opinion of course) I really enjoyed receiving them in my house. I recommend without any doubt. Guests AAA + + +
Mark, his girlfriend and friend were excellent guests. Communication was easy. They were respectful and friendly and open to suggestions for activities to do. You're welcome back anytime! :)


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Arcane Legends gets a new expansion, with a new exclusive item from TUAW
Spacetime Studios is releasing an update for its latest mobile MMO this afternoon, called Arcane Legends, and not only will you get access to a bunch of new content, but TUAW has an exclusive item for you to download in the game. The expansion is called Kraken Isles, and contains all sorts of f...
Enter to win a Fallen Earth item from TUAW
Fallen Earth is a pretty popular post-apocalyptic MMO, and as we announced at GDC, not only have they released a Mac client, but they've got a pretty impressive iPhone app to go along with it coming later this year. To celebrate, they sent us a special code for some virtual in-game Brass Goggles --...
What's that menu item mean on my Mac?
Ever since you've started using your Mac, you've been looking at those icons towards the top right of your display in your menu bar. These items can direct to many different things, from connecting to a wireless network, to finding items on your Mac. These items not only can be clicked on to show a...
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more updates- Apple Remote Desktop updated with Yosemite support
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More reviews by halfpastsunday
I have been using Clinique's Take The Day Off eye remover prior to finding this gem, which worked great. It took all of my waterproof eyeliner and mascara off with just a few swipes. However, using that product overtime became a bit pricey, which is why I love this eye makeup remover by Sonia Kashuk to pieces. It takes all of my eye makeup extremely well with only one or two swipes of a cotton round (something I couldn't find in any other drugstore product.) It does not irritate or leave an oily residue on my eye lids. The only downside to this product is that it left the skin around my eyes a bit dry after the first time I used it. However, I have been using a good eye cream since then and haven't had a problem with anymore dryness. I recommend this eye makeup remover to anyone who is currently using the one by Clinique or who has been thinking of trying the Lancome remover. For only $10, you get a very high quality eye makeup remover.
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This stuff is AMAZING. I have been looking for something to remove my gel eyeliner which I love but is like a permanent tattoo and a pain to remove...this removed it ALL in one swipe. This is what I wanted Philosphy's purity to do for me but it just couldn't get the eyeliner completely off. I use this and wash my face with the Purity and I feel clean...I never wake up with make up residue under my eyes anymore!
So far this is my HG eye makeup remover. It's effortless taking off eye makeup. It doesn't leave a burning or tingling sensation like other products. I love that it removes waterproof makeup with ease. Price isn't too bad $9.99 at Target. Will definitely repurchase when I run out.
Edit- a week after purchase. Knocking down one lippie for drying eyes. After using this, I have to apply Visine or Artificial tears. Back to searching for an HG eye makeup remover.
i use to love lancome bifacil. but i love this better and it is only 9.99 at target. this remover feels lighter and takes off waterproof mascara.
I'm loving this stuff. It removes so much better than non-oil makeup removers that I've tried. I don't like having to rub my lashes to get the mascara off, because I feel like that damages them. With this stuff I just have to press it into my lashes with a moistened cotton pad and it removes almost everything. It doesn't burn my eyes or make my eyes dry, which I've read about happening to some people. Also, I don't find it overly oily, although I do use it before I wash my face. I will definitely purchase again.
As much as I curled my lashes pior to using a mascara it would always fall back flat. The only thing that worked for my stubborn eyelashes was a waterproof mascara. I must say I hated using waterproof mascara because of how hard it was to remove until I found Sonia Kashuk's eye makeup remover. Now I can say I love wearing Waterproof Mascara. A couple swipes is really all you need to remove any waterproof mascara or eyeliner. This product is that great!
This is probably the best eye makeup remover available at a mass market retailer (Target). It actually works as well as the dual-phase options from Lancome or Clinique but at a much more reasonable price, and you can get it while grocery shopping. (I use the Clinique or Lancome stuff when I get a GWP but would otherwise not purchase.) This is a great product, but I'm holding my 5 rating for the miracle product that removes all makeup instantly & effortlessly ... but that probably won't ever exist. LOL I've repurchased SK Remove several times and will continue to do so.
I've used this once and I LOVED it! All my makeup came off, even the waterproof mascara. I used to only use the Mary Kay makeup remove, because it got off the waterproof mascara, but this does the trick too. The only thing I dont like about it, is the way it dispences the remover out. The hole is to big and I think a lot of the product goes to waste. I also think it's a little pricey for a drugstore brand. Overall, I love it and will buy it again.
This is my first oil eye makeup remover and I love it. It removes everything on my eyes and it doesn't burn at all. I've notice that I use less product than I did when I used the L'oreal eye make up remover. It's the best drug store product I've ever used and I don't think I will be using anything else :-)


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Feeding the homeless in NYC by chemax - about 1 year ago
"We went to all 5 bouroughs of NYC and fed the homeless during Hunger Awareness Month. Amare Stoudemire of the New York Knicks came to show support as well!" view full details
Charity organization by Jhas - over 1 year ago
"Philanthropy from the heart inc. We are a non profit organization that was originated, to help out the less fortunate in particular the homeless. Our goal is to provide the homeless with a hot meal..." view full details
Operation Backpack with Kafoury, Armstrong & Co. by Operation Backpack with Kafoury, Armstrong & Co. - over 1 year ago
"Kafoury's Reno office spent the afternoon of July 31, 2013, helping sort backpacks for the over 3,000 homeless children in the Washoe County School District, in Reno, NV. In addition to providing r..." view full details
New Orleans Mission Trip 2010 by LarsHanson - over 4 years ago
"A group of 12 students in our Church's youthgroup (Olathe Bible Church in Kansas) got together to go to New Orleans to help with the oil spill, demolish houses from Katrina, and feed the homeless p..." view full details


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Fifth annual festival to feature brews from more than 40 Wisconsin craft breweries paired with local cuisine
Tickets are now on sale for the fifth annual Wisconsin Beer Lovers Festival, to be held on Saturday, June 14, 2014 (Father's Day weekend) from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. at Bayshore Town Center.
Hosted by Welcome to Glendale, the City of Glendale's Convention and Visitors Bureau, Bayshore Town Center, the Wisconsin Brewer's Guild and DRAFT Magazine, the Wisconsin Beer Lovers Festival is the premier all-Wisconsin craft beer and tasting festival, featuring more than 150 craft beer selections from more than 40 craft breweries throughout the state. Each of the participating breweries will be paired with local chefs, Wisconsin cheese manufacturers, or one of several brewpubs and restaurants to create a unique tasting portion designed to complement a variety of unique beers available for sampling.
"We are excited to represent Glendale among the breweries again this year for the festival," said Jeff Hamilton, president of Sprecher Brewery in Glendale and member of the Wisconsin Brewer's Guild. "The festival is one-of-a-kind, allowing visitors to sample Wisconsin's best beers and food and meet the brew masters and chefs behind the creations. We anticipate the festival will draw an even bigger turnout of beer and food lovers to Glendale this year."
New to the festival this year, Kyle Cherek of Wisconsin Foodie will host seminars for patrons to learn more about beer and food pairings. Festivalgoers can also download the new 2014 Wisconsin Beer Lovers Festival application developed for smartphones and tablets that will allow patrons to access a map of the festival, as well as brewery and restaurant locations during the event.
Festivalgoers and die-hard craft beer fans will also be able to purchase the "Wisconsin Beer Experience VIP Ticket" for the first time this year. This VIP ticket is available for $80 and will include access to a special VIP tent by the Wisconsin Brewer's Guild that will feature at least ten beers not available to the rest of attendees, a limited edition Wisconsin Beer Lovers Festival growler, a one-year subscription to DRAFT Magazine, early entry to the festival beginning at noon and a full meal voucher for food provided by a local restaurant in the VIP tent. Only 300 VIP tickets are available.
General tickets are $45 in advance and $50 at the door, and include admission, a souvenir beer sampling glass and unlimited samples of beer and food pairings. Festival tickets and hotel packages are available at www.WisconsinBeerLoversFest.com. Patrons must be 21 years of age or older to attend the event. Photo identification will be required at the admission entrance. Designated drivers and patrons under 21 years of age can purchase a "Food Lovers and Designated Driver Ticket" for $25.
For overnight guests staying in Glendale during the festival weekend, the Days Inn, Hilton Milwaukee River and Radisson Milwaukee North Shore are offering special packages featuring discounted stays, festival tickets, event shuttles and more.
This year's festival will also feature entertainment from the Brewhaus Polka Kings. The Wisconsin Brewer's Guild will also be creating a "mountain of beer" assembled from each participating brewery to be raffled off to one winning patron of the festival. All raffle proceeds will benefit the Wisconsin Brewer's Guild.
For more information on the Wisconsin Beer Lovers Festival, available hotel packages and to purchase tickets, visit www.WisconsinBeerLoversFest.com. Also, be sure to follow Wisconsin Beer Lovers Festival on Twitter and Facebook for behind-the-scenes information about the festival, including the participating breweries and restaurants.
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George Ortman
by Jim LongMITCHELL ALGUS GALLERY | NOVEMBER 18 - DECEMBER 23, 2006
If you weight a piece of string and submerge it in a glass of water saturated with dissolved sugar, over a period of hours you'll see crystals, "rock candy," start to form on the string. In the late 1940s, American artists adopted, at least metaphorically, a similar approach to making art.
Disappointed with "pure" geometry and disinclined toward organic abstraction, they began creating constructions derived from elements of painting, sculpture, and architecture. George Ortman was one of the pioneers of this new form: directly constructed, simply colored, non-naturalistic concrete art that Donald Judd rightly saw as a predecessor to the stripped-down, singular forms that characterized '60s Minimalism.
The exhibition, which chronicles Ortman's mature work through 14 pieces spanning 48 years (1958-2006), opens with drawings, horizontal and vertical, 18 by 24 inches. These layered, analytical studies of Gauguin's meditation on the stages of life's journey distill "The Big Canvas" with a clear, remarkably sensitive outline that re-forms the figures as diagrammatic forces. The symbolic transformation executed through this alchemical process provides the artist with the basic elements of his iconography. It is unfortunate that Judd's critical enthusiasm for Ortman's work categorized him mainly as a formal innovator. Although the ingenuity of his constructions was plainly influential for artists as varied as Johns, Rauschenberg, LeWitt, Judd himself, and most recently David Salle, Ortman had a great deal to say. His work is richly associative and its power grows once you begin to decipher the symbolism. He uses a simple, "physical" geometry that embodies a long history, from "primitive" to academic, futurist to formalist, Greek, Celtic, Egyptian: mythic.
A 1965 essay by Suzanne Foley for the Walker Art Center identifies some of Ortman's most frequently occurring symbols: square=intellect, circle=sensuality, triangle=ethics. The work has stories to tell, and the stories are big, anthropomorphic, Jungian. Four large pieces from 1958-1962 track the range of Ortman's early vision. They have a simultaneous physical/material and spiritual weight that feels authentic. Geometry in art is a huge topic, and Ortman embraces it the way the Wright brothers approached the problem of flying: You close the garage door and don't come out until you have something that might work. He glues canvas to masonite, cuts out shapes, gets an idea about hollow plaster forms, works it in. Miraculously the thing works. There is some close conversation with his immediate predecessors, Joseph Cornell and Alberto Giacometti, but Ortman's thinking is public and dialogic rather than private and poetic.
"Narcissus"(1960) and "Circle"(1958) are exemplars of the work for which the artist is probably best known. "Narcissus" employs a large, inverted triangle above a vertical triangle of the same dimensions. Their apexes are offset about 1/4 inch. The offset appears accidental, but it cinches the title. Each triangle contains a white plaster disc in the center of rows of primary colored stripes—competing forces in precarious balance.
"Circle" contains nine 9" white plaster discs, three rows of three, on a patterned ground of cutout canvas circles. The effect feels static until you discover blue squares inside the hollow plaster. "Peace II" (1961) is comprised of crosses within crosses that form other crosses, orange on a red ground, with a green one in the center. Small painted blocks add a third layer of activity, but it's unnecessary and might better have been the main subject of its own work. Similarly, "Omen" (1962) is a central circle of orange flanked by nine smaller circles. Around the central disc are vertically tiered, horizontal wooden bands with circular shapes cut from their edges. It has a naturalistic feel to it, like a sunset or sunrise over water. ("Red sky in the morning, sailors take warning?")
The exhibition includes five sculptures of either cast marble or cast aluminum, each roughly 24 by 22 by 17 inches, made between 2004 and 2006. The sculpture uses truncated, vaguely anthropomorphic forms to create works that look like architectural models with a flow of space around a central core. "Oxaca" takes up the circle-hole theme and sets it as an elaborate game or ritual space. "Theme Park" explores organic/architectural concavity-convexity, contrasting rough and smooth surfaces. The forms "Anatomy Lesson" move slowly outward from the center. I was immediately reminded of Oldenburg's similarly architectural "English Knees," although Giacometti's 1925 "Torso" is probably the reference.
Ortman was involved in experimental theater in the early 1950s at Tempo Playhouse in New York. His first one-person exhibition was at Tanager Gallery in 1953, not long after Giacometti debuted his walking figures in two major New York shows (1948 and 1950), which had a tremendous impact not only on the sculptural practice of the time, but also on avant-garde theater and dance.
Ortman's work engages a wide variety of topics. His "insert" or "plug-in" idea changed the way artists thought about working in between two- and three-dimensions. He matured as an artist at a time when gestalt perception was a serious topic of general interest. This shows in his work, as does a sophisticated understanding of myth, anthropology, mathematics, and culture.
Collaboration as Creative Outlet
BARBIE DIEWALD, TREVOR GURECKIS, AND SUGAR VENDIL with Stephanie Joy Del Rosso
MAY 2014 | Dance
A choreographer, a composer, and a pianist in the same room might sound like the set-up for some half-baked joke. But Barbie Diewald, Trevor Gureckis, and Sugar Vendil dont intend to half-accomplish anythingnor would they solely prescribe to these titles.
ALANNA HEISS with David Carrier and Joachim Pissarro, with the assistance of Gaby Collins-Fernandez
DEC 14-JAN 15 | Art
Alanna Heiss is hailed as a founder of what we know as the alternative space movement, and one of the most important centers for contemporary art in the country.
extracts from FIELD GLASS
Joanna Ruocco | Joanna HowardAPR 2014 | Fiction
There the insurgents made their soundless lair. Openings in the hedgerow were closed with frames made from the same material as the hedge. The occupied could close the leafy door, slip into fields and forest, and leave no trace of passing. On a sunny day a deserter could walk for hours and emerge from the bocage as pale as a spirit.
An extract from
A Stranger In My Own CountryThe 1944 Prison Diary
by Hans Fallada, translated from the German by Allan Blunden
OCT 2014 | Fiction
Out November 24 from Polity
On 4 September 1944 Hans Fallada was committed to the Neustrelitz- Strelitz state facility, a prison for mentally ill criminals in Mecklenburg, some seventy miles north of Berlin, where he was to be kept under observation for an indefinite period of time. His fate was entirely uncertain.


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NYCdwellers and New York City Real Estate
NYCdwellers is New York City's largest real estate marketplace specializing in residential no fee apartment rentals in Manhattan. We are dedicated to providing outstanding service to New York apartment hunters from all over the world. Our website is comprised of modern apartment search technology and powered by six, full-time staff providing unsurpassed service to NYCdwellers' customers and listing providers. What does this mean for you? This means a constantly-updated database offering real New York City apartment listings in real time and direct access to all listing providers. Our mission is to find and list all real estate properties available in Manhattan, by owner or by broker. We screen and hand-select all available NYC rentals. No duplicate or outdated listings, no bait and switch. If you are looking to rent an apartment in Manhattan, this is the place to be. And if an individual listing is represented as a no fee apartment, there is no broker fee for the apartment. Period. Using our site you are likely to rent New York apartments within a day or even hours. There are diverse sources of NYC apartments for rent, but only one place - nycdwellers.com that brings them all together. Top best means to rent apartments in New York City are through NYC dwellers. Here you will be able to get invaluable information about Manhattan rental apartments, all from neighborhood details to landlord policies. Hunting for New York City apartment rentals can be tough, if you're going it alone. Let NYC Dwellers be your guide. It is our desire to exceed your expectations in your hunt for New York rentals. NYC Dwellers is ready to help you through the overwhelming process of renting apartments for rent in Manhattan. NYC Dwellers is a single destination for everyone looking to rent in NYC.
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David Ziser Plus
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Internationally known Lecturer and Photographer
- David has shared his knowledge with ten's of thousands of
photographers in five languages and in 14 countries worldwide.
- His very successful daily blog, DigitalProTalk.com, has been called
one of the best photography blogs out there.
- He has completed 5 DVD's online for Kelby Training and is slated
for 5 more this year. At the invitation of Scott Kelby, David has
produced his first book on wedding photography for Kelby Media.
- His regular monthly column, ProTalk, appears in the award winning publication Professional
Photographer Magazine.
- David recently presented his program to a standing room only crowd of over 850 people at this year's
WPPI convention held at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas.
- He has also partnered with the Digital Wedding Forum to provide monthly tutorials and lessons on lighting
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- Yes, David still shoots weddings, Bar/Bat Mitzvahs, and family and children portraits on a regular basis.
He has been running a successful wedding/portrait studio for over 25 years serving metro Cincinnati, Ohio.
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lance j. reha commented on Exciting Event Lighting
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Before you can use any of the API Tools, you will need to install the appropriate API package.Each package is written for a specific authoring environment, so you will need to read the name, description and Actionscript version from the list of downloads to ensure you get the correct package.
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The author of 13 Strange Stories is Multiple The stories are prizewinning entries in the category Strange Stories in the Competition for Writers of Children's Books organized by Children's Book.This title is available at BookMoving on Multiple's eBooks, .13 Strange Stories Textbook, course, ebook, pdf, download at bookmoving .
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Doug Pederson
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2010) |
Doug Pederson with the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field in 2003.
Kansas City Chiefs
Personal information
Date of birth: | January 31, 1968|||||||||||||||
Place of birth: Bellingham, Washington | |||||||||||||||
Career information
College: Northeast Louisiana | |||||||||||||||
Undrafted in 1991 | |||||||||||||||
Expansion Draft: 1995 / Round: 22 / Pick: 2 | |||||||||||||||
Debuted in 1992 for the New Jersey Knights | |||||||||||||||
Last played in 2004 for the Green Bay Packers | |||||||||||||||
Career history
As player: | |||||||||||||||
As coach: | |||||||||||||||
Career highlights and awards
Career NFL statistics as of 2004
Doug Irvin Pederson (born January 31, 1968) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League. He spent most of his career as a member of the Green Bay Packers, serving as a backup to Brett Favre. He is currently the Offensive Coordinator for the Kansas City Chiefs.[1]
Playing career[edit]
Early years[edit]
Pederson attended Ferndale High School in Ferndale, Washington, and was an All-State selection in football, basketball, and baseball. Following high school he attended Northeast Louisiana University where he was quarterback from 1987 through 1990.[1] He still holds multiple passing records at the school.[2]
Pederson originally signed as a rookie free agent by the Miami Dolphins in 1991[3] out of the Northeast Louisiana University in Monroe, Louisiana.[4] For several years, Pederson bounced on and off of the Dolphins' roster, spending time on their practice squad before settling onto their roster in 1993. He also helped Don Shula win his NFL record 325th victory as a coach when starting quarterback Scott Mitchell went down with an injury in a game against the Philadelphia Eagles on November 14, 1993.[4] In 1992, Pederson played for the New York/New Jersey Knights of the World League of American Football.
Pederson returned to the World League in 1995, playing for the Rhein Fire. In 1995, Pederson was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the NFL Expansion Draft,[5] but he was released by the Panthers prior to training camp that year.[6] For the 1996-1998 seasons, Pederson was the Packers' backup quarterback.[4] In 1999 he signed with the Philadelphia Eagles to serve as a temporary starter until then-rookie Donovan McNabb was ready to start.[7] The next year Pederson filled the same role for the Cleveland Browns and their sophomore quarterback, Tim Couch. In 2001, Pederson again joined Green Bay, and he remained the backup quarterback there, up until his retirement after the 2004 NFL season.[4]
After the 2004 season, due to injury, Pederson retired from football.
Coaching career[edit]
High school[edit]
After his retirement, Pederson was hired as head football coach of Calvary Baptist Academy, a private, Christian high school in Shreveport, Louisiana.[8] Calvary was going into its second year as a program when Pederson signed on in March 2005.
Pederson was the head coach at Calvary for four years, and holds a 33-7 record in the regular season and an 8-3 record in the post-season. The Cavaliers were in the state playoffs all four years with Pederson as head coach. In 2007, he led the Cavaliers to the semi-finals and lost to State runners-up St. James Wildcats. He led the Cavaliers to their first District Title in 2007.
On January 29, 2009, Pederson was hired as the offensive quality control coach for the Philadelphia Eagles.[9]
On February 8, 2011, he was promoted to quarterbacks coach, replacing James Urban, who was promoted to assistant offensive coordinator.[10] Under Peterson's guidance in 2011, the Eagles set a franchise record with 6,386 yards.[1]
On January 11, 2013, Pederson was hired to serve as offensive coordinator for the Kansas City Chiefs.[11]
Doug Pederson and wife Jeannie Pederson are the parents of three sons.[1] His oldest son Drew is a quarterback at Division I-FCS Samford University.[12]
- ^ a b c d McCallister, Laura (11 January 2013). "Andy Reid fills out coaching staff, including coordinators". KCTV-TV website. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ^ "ULM Football Records." 2008 ULM Warhawks Football Media Guide. Retrieved on September 7, 2008.
- ^ "Transactions". The Dispatch. 1991-05-01. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
- ^ a b c d "Doug Pederson". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
- ^ "Draft ignores big names". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. 1995-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
- ^ "Capers makes first big roster cuts". Star-News. 1995-05-24. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
- ^ Patton, Steve (1999-10-12). "For Pederson, a last-minute reprieve". Reading Eagle. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
- ^ Fedotin, Jeff (2006-08-25). "Using Lessons He Learned Backing Up Favre, Pederson Coaches High Schoolers". Green Bay Packers. Retrieved 2010-02-28.[dead link]
- ^ "Eagles bring back ex-QB Pederson". ESPN. Associated Press. 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
- ^ "2011 Coaching Staff Complete". Philadelphiaeagles.com. 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ "Chiefs hire Doug Pederson and Bob Sutton as Coordinators". nfl.com. 2013-01-11. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
- ^ http://samfordsports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=4107&path=football
External links[edit]
- 1968 births
- Living people
- People from Bellingham, Washington
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- Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football players
- Kansas City Chiefs coaches
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It was about completely rebelling against all the judgments I see in society and hip hop — the homophobia and prejudice — and just getting up there and saying 'Ha, I'm wearing a dress! Say something now!'Borce Markovski, Melbourne hip hop band Curse Of Dialect, 2007
Clothing does more than cover us. It reveals what we like, can afford, believe in and aspire to. Brand names influence our choice of clothes and accessories. Colours, textures, styles and cosmetics all express the image we want to project.
Sometimes we need to emphasise our allegiances or beliefs. Hairstyles may help us to stand out. Piercings, markings and tattoos can announce membership of a particular club or faith.
Do you have a tattoo? Thought of piercing your tongue? Ever dyed your hair? Do you paint your face when you go to the football or tennis?
Group of punks standing opposite Finders Street Station, Melbourne, 1999Image: Angela LynkushkaSource: Cowwarr Art Space
A young Geelong fan at a match at the MCG, Melbourne, 2009Image: Jeremy AustinSource: Jeremy Austin
Maori male dancer at Weaving Lands launch Immigration Museum, 2004Image: David LoramSource: Museum Victoria
Two Muslim girls in animal-print headscarves, Melbourne, 2011Image: Benjamin HealleySource: Museum Victoria
Lawyers in gowns and wigs outside the court buildings, Melbourne, 2011Image: Jon AugierSource: Museum Victoria
King Marong and members of the Safara Music School perform outside Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, 2010Image: Heath WarwickSource: King Marong and members of the Safara Music School
A man wearing the colours of the Aboriginal flag on Brunswick Street, Melbourne, 2011Image: Heath WarwickSource: Museum Victoria
A Melbourne tourism information guide dressed in uniform near Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, 2011Image: David PaulSource: Museum Victoria
Hare Krishna Melbourne, 2011Image: Jennifer McNairSource: Museum Victoria
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My youngest son arrived with carnatios and wine for my birthday. The carnations smell wondeful and the wines are my favourites.
Picton Gads are famous for their Michaelmas daisies as are Waterperry gdns. Flumpy has grown annual asters, Bizzie B which give a lovely show in the summer.
I have just made my onions, tomatoes, potatoes , peppers , beans and garlic plus lots of herbs from the garden into my biggest saucepan full of vegetable soup. It tastes delicious and will taste even better in the winter fom the freezer as i find freezing intensifies the flavours. Now to tackle the big bowl of plums I picked for myself. It has been showery and dull today and i have not had a big cooking and freezing session for ages so have thoroughly enjoyed it.
I picked a big bowlful of tomatoes, an even bigger bowlful of plums and took them to a neighbour, 6oz of "Moonlight" runner beans and covered the tops of my Xmas new potatoes with compost and then it rained again. Drying up again now so will go out for blackberries to make more squash when the bushes have dried a little or put on my old raincoat and wellies. Must make a bit pot of veg. soup for the freezer too.
Lovely asters, flumpy1. Looks like a much drier day for us in Bristol today so may be able to get some harvesting done as the plums were snapped up last night at the committee meeting. I expect quite a few will be on the ground. Lots of tomatoes needing picked too. My late sowing of annuals for Mr fothergills trials are beginning to make a good show so the way to get nice fresh flower display late in the summer and into the autumn seems to be late July sowing.
Aww. remonds me of when we lived in Gloucestershire. A buzzard came down and pinched my toddlers chocolate biscuit from her hand and our spaniel pounced on it. There were feathers everywhere and s screaming toddler every time anything remotely like them appeared. Here is my bouquet of birthday flowers from the lad next door.
Still raining in Bristol and forecast to continue all day. I am pleased to have the rainwater butts full up and am sure the plants are loving it but longing to get out there and weed and prune. Next Sunday I am judging eleven categories in the Flower Section in a local flower show so I will spend today checking up on what to give points for and when to deduct in between getting ready for the AGS committee meeting in my lounge this evening, printing the minutes and agenda and going for fresh milk and biscuits for the refreshments. It will be my last one as secy as I have passed it on after nine years, Last evening the boy next door brought me a lovely bunch of hothouse flowers and his parents have ordered me a delivery of my favourite compost from our local flower shop, knowing how I keep running out! Birthdays just get better and better as you get older!
Flumpy 1 TY for the cake and song and your picture was the right way up!!! Ty too Linda. I have had a lovely day despite the rain.
Glaziers came and removed five big hunks of concrete from the glass, decided because the bottom layer of glass was not broken I did not need boarding up and measured up for new unit which they say will take seven to ten days to be ready. Quick work and their ladder was an amazing telescopic one - so neat, they did not even have to go on next door's drive.
What a beautiful picture. TY for your kind thoughts Bizie B. I have a duck pond outside the kitchen door and the glaziers coming this afternoon. The forecast is dire for all day but not as windy as yesterday so perhaps they will be able to get the boarding up and the debris removed.


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Koi Fish Knee High
Orange and ivory koi swim around your calves on a background of kelp. The koi fish symbolizes love and friendship, making these socks a great gift!
Sizing Tips
One size. Should fit US shoe sizes women's 6-11 or men's 4-9. We found that the cuff and calf of sock stretch to about 15 or 16 inches without too much distortion of the pattern.
Additional Info: Made in Korea
Fiber Content: 75% cotton, 20% polyester, 5% spandex.
Machine wash in cool water, tumble dry on low or hang to dry for best results.
Label: Sock It To Me
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I've had a pair of these for a little over a year now, and they are still the best socks I have ever bought for myself. They quality is very good, and they are not on the thin side either. Plus, the colors and design is absolutely gorgeous. <3
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I've enjoyed these socks more than I expected, as I tend to stick to just stripes most of the time. In addition to the lovely pattern, they fit well, not slipping down nor crushing my leg.
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The Proform 410 Trainer Treadmill is designed with 4 personal trainer workouts and 2 weight loss workouts, created by a certified personal trainer to help you shed unwanted pounds. The ProTech Plus Impact Reducing Cushioning deck helps protect your joints during exercise, while the Dual Grip EKG Heart Rate Monitor ensures you're in the right training zone and the green-tinted LCD display allows you to monitor your progress.
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Fitness Treadmill Monitor: monitor not include
Product Title: ProForm 410 Trainer Electronic Foldup Treadmill
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Emphasising that the "rumour mills are rife with all sorts of baseless propaganda" and that "some of our colleagues have allowed their minds to flow freely with misconstrued understanding", Delhi University Vice-Chancellor Dinesh Singh released an open letter to the university's teaching fraternity on Friday reassuring them that the "University shall introduce the new four-year under-graduate programme from July 2013".
"I have been in the process of penning this letter to you for the past several days. Unfortunately, a Vice-Chancellor's time is not his own and several pressing matters have kept me from finishing this letter," he wrote, before putting to rest certain apprehensions and detailing out the measures that the university is set to implement.
The first measure is that the university will initiate the process of appointing permanent faculty and that selection committees for this will be made by June. "The University shall endeavour to convert ad hoc positions into regular positions through the selection committees by the end of June 2013."
Further, "there shall not be any contractual appointments at all. I do not know who started this rumour," he clarified.
And, most importantly, Prof. Singh said: "From the reports being submitted to the University it seems clear that in every college there is likely to be a significant increase in the teaching workload."
The letter also promises that each teacher would be provided with notebooks and requisite software for enhancing the quality of teaching and learning process. It said more professor positions would also created in the colleges.


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Mary Nelson, a Syracuse south-sider and volunteer who masterminds a successful school supply give-away for city kids, has inspired a similar effort in East Syracuse.
Last weekend, Dale Johnson, of Fremont, and Tom Richardson, of the East Syracuse parks department, gave away about 160 backpacks stuffed with school supplies to students mostly from East Syracuse Elementary School.
Johnson volunteers with Nelson's giveaway and said she inspired him to try his own giveaway. Nelson this year gave away upwards of 9,000 backpacks, helped by a team of more than 350 volunteers.
Not only did she inspire Johnson, she pitched in. Nelson donated roughly 125 backpacks for the East Syracuse event, Johnson said.
The community pitched in, too, with donations that allowed Johnson and Richards to fill the backpacks and throw a picnic Saturday for the kids who received them.
There are needy children in East Syracuse and the suburbs, as there are in the city, Johnson said.
"We hope to make it an annual thing, if all goes well," Richardson said.
Check out a photo gallery at photos.syracuse.com/post-standard
Backpack giveaway held at East Syracuse Elementary
Ralph Perkins, The Post-Standard
on August 27, 2009 at 2:03 AM, updated August 27, 2009 at 2:11 AM
on August 27, 2009 at 2:03 AM, updated August 27, 2009 at 2:11 AM