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Achieving invisibility over a finite range of frequencies.
Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 8, pp. 5656-5661 (2008)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (505 KB)
We analyze cloaking of transverse electric (TE) fields through homogenization of radially symmetric metallic structures. The two-dimensional circular cloak consists of concentric layers cut into a large number of small infinitely conducting sectors which is equivalent to a highly anisotropic permittivity. We find that a wave radiated by a magnetic line current source located a couple of wavelengths away from the cloak is almost unperturbed in magnitude but not in phase. Our structured cloak is shown to work for different wavelengths provided they are ten times larger than the outermost sectors.
© 2008 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(230.3990) Optical devices : Micro-optical devices
(260.2110) Physical optics : Electromagnetic optics
ToC Category:
Original Manuscript: February 26, 2008
Revised Manuscript: April 3, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: April 3, 2008
Published: April 7, 2008
M. Farhat, S. Guenneau, A. B. Movchan, and S. Enoch, "Achieving invisibility over a finite range of frequencies," Opt. Express 16, 5656-5661 (2008)
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- U. Leonhardt and T. G. Philbin, "General relativity in electrical engineering," New J. Phys. 8, 247 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr,and D. R. Smith, "Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies," Science 314, 977-980 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- U. Leonhardt, "Optical conformal mapping," Science 312, 1777-1780 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Zolla, S. Guenneau, A. Nicolet, and J. B. Pendry, "Electromagnetic analysis of cylindrical invisibility cloaks and the mirage effect," Opt. Lett. 32, 1069-1071 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. B. Pendry and S. A. Ramakrishna, "Focussing light using negative refraction," J. Phys. Cond. Matter 15, 6345-6364 (2003). [CrossRef]
- D. Maystre and S. Enoch, "Perfect lenses with left-handed material: Alice's mirror?," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 21, 122 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. A. Ramakrishna, "Physics of negative refractive index materials," Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 449-521 (2005). [CrossRef]
- G. W. Milton and N. A. Nicorovici, "On the cloaking effects associated with anomalous localised resonance," Proc. Roy. Lond. A 462, 3027-3059 (2006). [CrossRef]
- N. A. P. Nicorovici, G. W. Milton, R. C. McPhedran, and L. C. Botten, "Quasistatic cloaking of two-dimensional polarizable discrete systems by anomalous resonance," Opt. Express 15, 6314-6323 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildiev and V. M. Shalaev, "Optical Cloaking with metamaterials," Nature 1, 224-227 (2007).
- A. Greenleaf, Y. Kurylev, M. Lassas, and G. Uhlmann, "Improvement of cylindrical cloaking with the SHS lining," Opt. Express 15, 12717-12734 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Guenneau and F. Zolla, "Homogenization of three-dimensional finite photonic crystals," JEWA 14, 529-530 (2000) &Progress In Electromagnetics Research 27, 91-127 (2000).
- D. P. Gaillot, C. Croenne and D. Lippens, "An all-dielectric route for terahertz cloaking," Opt. Express 16, 3986-3992 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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text:
just-drinks authors and correspondents
Euromonitor International
Articles by Euromonitor International
Preview of the Year - 2015 - Part II: Beer, Chapter I 30 January 2015
The second part of January's management briefing, which previews the year ahead for the global drinks industry, is itself a two-parter. Here, Spiros Malandrakis, senior alcoholic drinks analyst at Euromonitor International considers the four key trends facing the beer category.
Research in Focus - Fading Recovery, Fresh Downside Risks and Hidden Potential 19 November 2014
Fresh geopolitical, macroeconomic and legislative headwinds are hitting emerging markets once hailed as the engine securing the global alcoholic drinks industry's relative resilience. At the same time, western markets are battling lingering maturity while going through a transformational stage in terms of shifting drinking patterns, innovation initiatives and opportunities presented by the millennial generation coming of age. Euromonitor's senior alcoholic drinks analyst, Spiros Malandrakis, deconstructs the industry's key regional narratives, highlighting key learning's from across the globe.
Research in Focus - NPD in Alcoholic Drinks: Themes, Examples and Glimpses of the Future 1 October 2014
New product developments are evolving and gaining prominence in an era of fierce competition for share of throat and wallet, against the backdrop of a rapidly depleting acquisition pool. Identifying the key themes driving innovation, realising their cross-category relevance and moving beyond trade taboos and stereotypes is essential for securing success as the ripple effects of the recession and fresh emerging-market volatility are transforming drinking habits and rituals.
Global brewers on consolidation hunt - video 30 September 2014
SABMiller's bid for Heineken earlier this month has reignited the possibility for major consolidations in the global beer market, which hasn't seen much movement in that direction in recent years.
CHILE: Rum on the slide - video 24 September 2014
The rum category has had a torrid time in Chile over the past three years, with volumes plunging and international brands exiting.
Research in Focus - How Can 100% Juice Stay Strong in the Gulf States? 23 September 2014
Last year, the Middle East and Africa (MENA) accounted for just 8% of total juice volumes. Yet, this unremarkable position in the global juice category belies a very strong regional growth story, with high single-digit growth in the region's most important national markets.
Research in Focus - Challenges Facing Diageo in Spirits 1 July 2013
In a recently-published global briefing 'Diageo in Spirits', Euromonitor International's senior alcoholic drinks analyst Jeremy Cunnington takes a look at what are the challenges facing Diageo in spirits as the new CEO Ivan Menezes takes charge.
Research in Focus - White Spirits: Grey Prospects & Golden Opportunities 30 May 2013
The white spirits category is merely an arbitrary pooling together of subsectors sharing some commonalities and more than a few major differences on the basis of the drinks' primary colours. Euromonitor International's latest global report 'White Spirits: Grey Prospects and Golden Opportunities' offers insights on this most ubiquitous of major alcoholic drinks segments. Senior analyst Spiros Malandrakis provides a brief glimpse of some of the key findings.
Preview of the Year - 2013 - Part V: Wine 31 January 2013
The final part of Euromonitor's preview of the year ahead for the global drinks industry sees senior alcoholic drinks analysts Spiros Malandrakis and Jeremy Cunnington turn the spotlight on the wine category.
Preview of the Year - 2013 - Part IV: Beer 28 January 2013
In the fourth part of Euromonitor's preview of 2013, alcoholic drinks analysts Spiros Malandrakis and Zsuzsa Szilagyi consider what the future holds for the world's brewers.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
In the sawed off light
Shooting down across the quarrel
Onto Lee
They will rise and fight
On the bay and on the sorrel
To the north and Cincinnati
Riding low in the roll-eyed burr
Charging out from 'neath the soldier's spur
As a traveler turns
From the darkness in the valley
Toward the fire from Cincinnati
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They call it…the Object.
A mysterious mass deep under the ground in Seattle has put a stop to Bertha, the world's largest tunneling machine, and engineers are baffled.
The mostly automated Bertha is 300 feet long and five stories tall, making it the largest tunnel-boring machine on the planet. It was brought to Seattle to help with the construction of a two-mile-long, $3.1 billion highway tunnel along the city's western edge.
Bertha should be able to punch a hole through anything, and yet two weeks after first contact with the Object, engineers are no closer to knowing what stands in the machine's way.
Much like a mole, Bertha is pretty much operating blind, and engineers have been unable to get in front to see what's blocking her. "What we're focusing on now is creating conditions that will allow us to enter the chamber behind the cutter head and see what the situation is," said project manager Chris Dixon.
In the meantime, speculation on the Object's nature is running rampant. People have suggested everything ice age boulders to downed alien spacecraft and dragon eggs. One of the more plausible theories is that the obstruction is a piece of old Seattle, swallowed by the mucky waterfront centuries ago. "I'm going to believe it's a piece of Seattle history until proven otherwise," Seattle Public Library curator Ann Ferguson told The New York Times.
If the Object cannot be broken up underground, a new excavation would need to begin. Though progress has now been halted for weeks, Dixon says that work is continuing at the ends of the tunnel. The highway is scheduled to open by late 2015.
With any luck the dragons will have hatched by then and moved on.
UPDATE, January 6, 2014:
As it turns out, the object that brought the world's largest tunneling machine to a halt for weeks was just an 8-inch-diameter steel pipe. According to the Seattle Times, the 115-foot-long "well casing" was left over from a 2002 study designed to measure ground water for the Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement project.
Now comes the task of assigning blame for the pipe. According to the Washington State Department of Transportation, the well site was listed in the contract specifications sent out to bidders on the project. "I don't want people to say WSDOT didn't know where its own pipe was, because it did," said DOT spokesman Lars Erickson. However, Chris Dixon, project director for contractor group Seattle Tunnel Partners, says they didn't expect the pipe to be there, as well casing are normally removed after the ground water is measured.
Deputy project administrator Matt Preedy says there is no current estimate on the time and money it will take to remove the pipe and repair Bertha's cutting face.
The $1.44 billion tunnel project is now three months behind schedule.


text:
Are you interested in learning about how to read or listen to free books from the library on an eReader or smartphone? Do you need some help downloading library eBooks for the first time? Interested in seeing what an eReader can do before you make the investment?
Not only is Sept. 15 through Oct. 15 Hispanic Heritage Month, it is also German-American Heritage Month! Whenever you say iceberg, pretzel, angst or gummy bear – you're using words that actually come from German!
The Espresso Book Machine is an extraordinary piece of machinery.If you're curious about how it works and want to see what it can do for you then please join us on Oct. 8 at 7:30 p.m. in the Digital Commons for an introduction.
Even if you don't have Columbus Day off or celebrate Halloween, there are plenty of reasons to celebrate this month. Check out some of these interesting holidays by going to the websites below to learn more information: Oct. 1 – Intergeneration DayOct. 1-31 – National Cyber Security Awareness Month
Calling all authors!
The early literacy method called dialogic reading uses open-ended or "what" questions to expand a child's expressive vocabulary and story-telling skills.
Autumn brings a new season and the opportunity to read many wonderful books with your family. In addition to the changing seasons, Halloween, Harvest and Thanksgiving themes abound on library bookshelves.
Fledgling by Octavia Butler is a thrilling read. Full of movement and suspense, this novel will make you squirm at times.
This piece will be the first in a series of reviews of science fiction and fantasy works, celebrating MLK Memorial Library's ongoing Science Fiction and Fantasy Book Club.
Dear LBPH Kids,


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This is a recipe that I will add to my "regular" list..VERY good taste, made me want more!
Brothy Chinese Noodles
From EatingWell: January/February 2010
This dish was inspired by Chinese Dan Dan noodles—ground pork and noodles in a spicy broth. We use ground turkey and omit the traditional Sichuan peppercorns for convenience, but add hot sesame oil. Use toasted sesame oil instead if you want mild noodles.
31 Reviews for Brothy Chinese Noodles
Loved this soup. Easy and fast to make, filling without being heavy and tasted like a soup I get at the noodle soup in town. And as a bonus, it's relatively inexpensive to make.
This is decent, it's not something you'll serve at your next dinner party-but its pretty comforting and homey. Didn't have the hot sesame oil-used red pepper flakes. Also garnished with some cilantro-I think without the cilantro it would be very very bland. I also added 2 chicken bouillon cubes.
This dish was delish! It was very Asian, and it tasted like something from a Chinese restaurant. I didn't have hot sesame oil like the poster below, so I too threw in some red chili flakes. I think it was an acceptable substitute.
In response to those who analyzed the recipe and found that it came out to 380 calories:
When I first plugged the ingredients into an online recipe analyzer, I found that the recipe had 400 calories and 22g fat. I absolutely would not make this recipe if that was the real information (50% fat?!), but I really wanted to try it. The database I checked used Chinese noodles that contain a high proportion of fat and little protein.
Continued in the comments section...
Love this dish! This is one that we always agree on. Have made it several times, and it always turns out great. Didn't have hot sesame oil but used regular with some red pepper flakes sprinkled in. (I always add more when serving myself! He just can't handle the heat!) Have also subbed napa cabbage for the bok choy. Straw mushrooms are a good addition as well.


text:
Oral Thrush Symptoms
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Get the Facts
Candidiasis (Thrush)... What Is Thrush? Can It Be Prevented? How Is It Treated? Natural Therapies The Bottom Line What Is Thrush? Candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection in people with HIV. It is an infection caused by a common type of yeast
Ask the Experts
ThrushDr. Bob, you are my "go-to guy". You have been amazing in helping me with my questions, so here goes another one... I am newly diagnosed, and very concerned with dating new people or being intimate. I have met someone new who has a symptom of...Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation
...Hello,The real question is does your new boyfriend have thrush? The "symptoms of oral thrush" and actually having thrush can be two very different things! If he has thrush diagnosed by a physician,
Read more »
Risk evaluation and oral thrush: Please help!Dear Doctor,First I would like to say how I admire your work and what you do for people. You are an angel!My situation:Around 3 months ago I had a situation where I accidently wiped a toilet seat (public toilet) and used that same paper towel to...Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation
...Mother-To-Be,I would agree with the advice you received from your local HIV/AIDS foundation. I also tend to doubt you had oral thrush. Was this diagnosed by a physician? If so, please note the vast majority of cases of oral thrush have nothing to...
Read more »
ThrushIs oral thrush a symptom of HIV and can thrush be caused by suppressive treatment of herpes, using zovarac twice a day??Response from Mark Holodniy, M.D., F.A.C.P., C.I.C.
Stanford University, School of Medicine
Yes and NO.MH
Read more »
thrush, thrush!!!!!!!!!THANK YOU FOR YOUR RESPONSE, IT HELPED ALOT. I HAVE BEEN TAKING ATRIPLA BUT NOW HAVE THRUSH SINCE I STARTED TAKING THE MEDS. IS THE MED NOT WORKING OR HOW LONG BEFORE I SEE ANY IMPROVEMENT. BESIDES ATRIPLA I AM TAKING,CLOTRIMAXOLE LOZENGES AND...Response from Eric Daar, M.D.
UCLA School of Medicine
...It would be very unusual for thrush to develop while on therapy and then not respond to the medications you are taking. The first thing I would suggest is that
Read more »
Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)...Preventing Fungal Infections Naturally Conclusion Introduction Oral candidiasis, which is also called thrush, is a fungal infection of the mouth and/or throat. Candidiasis of the throat is called esophageal candidiasis... Read more »The Problem of Azole-Resistant Thrush...still have real trouble controlling one of the most frequently seen of these infections -- oral candidiasis, commonly known as thrush. At first, candida infections respond very well to drug therapy, and for a time it is possible to prevent... Read more »Systemic Candidiasis...and swelling. A bad case can make walking, peeing or sex very painful. Infection in the Mouth Oral candidiasis, called thrush , involves the mouth and sometimes the throat. It can also occur without symptoms. The most common symptoms usually... Read more »Fluconazole (Diflucan)...skin lotions or creams. It works against several different types of fungus, including the yeast infection called candidiasis or thrush. Many germs live in our bodies or are common in our surroundings. A healthy immune system can fight them off or... Read more »
Connect With Others
Oral Thrush - Initial Symptoms
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply
...Can anyone comment on the initial symptoms of Oral Thrush? Does it start with very slight raised areas of the tongue? Is it mostly isolated to the front, back or entire tounge/throat?
Read more »
Is this oral thrush?
Posted by coronzon, 3 Replies
...All, Was curious if the following picture looks like thrush. The white coating is tough to brush away and causes bad breath. I am a smoker. http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v219/tsesmatas/Pictures/1209101130a.jpg
Read more »
Oral thrush will not go away...
Posted by Sal, 3 Replies
...Hi there, I tested negative at about 5 weeks after protected sex with a CSW. Sore throat and thrush will not go away. My GP has given me several antibiotics and treated my oral thrush with Nystatin and Mycelex. Niether one seems
Read more »
oral thrush question
Posted by rock_on, 1 Reply
im not sure if this is an early sign of hiv infection but from what ive heard and read it occurs in late hiv infection. is this true? and is it most common on the back on the tongue near the throat????
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West Fargo police investigate suspected employee theft of more than 17 cases of steaks
Published 01/05/2011, The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead
WEST FARGO – Police here have a meaty case to sink their teeth into.
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text:
US 3399591 A Abstract available in Claims available in Description (OCR text may contain errors) Sept. 3, 1968 R. M. DROUGARD ET AL 3,399,591 INTERFEROMETER FOR PRODUCING VARIABLE SPATIAL FREQUENCY FRINGES Filed Aug. 13, 1964 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTORS RENEE H. DROUGARD JANUSZ S. WILCZYNSKI ATTORNEY l 3, 1968 R. M. DROUGARD ET AL 3,399,591 INTERFEROMETER FOR PRODUCING VARIABLE SPATIAL FREQUENCY FRINGES Filed Aug. 13, 1964 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 If) N GRATING 15 FIG. 4 co CL c5 E FIG. 5 3,399,591 INTERFEROMETER FOR PRODUCING VARIABLE SPATIAL FREQUENCY FRINGES Renee M. Drougard, Yorktown Heights, and .Ianusz S. Wilczynski, Ossining, N.Y., assignors to International Business Machines Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed Aug. 13, 1964, Ser. No. 389,376 Claims. (CI. 88-14) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An interferometer for producing variable spatial frequency fringes wherein there are utilized two Wollaston prisms, each of the latter prisms being disposed on an opposite side of a half-wave plate. A light polarizer is disposed between a source of light to be analyzed and one of the prisms and a light analyzer is disposed between the other prism and an interferometer display area. One prism may be rotated relative to the other. The light beam to be analyzed is passed through the input polarizer and then through the Wollaston prisms whereby a deflection of the light beam takes place. Upon passing the latter beam through the output analyzer, a fringe pattern is produced whose spatial frequency is adjustable in response to rotational motion of the Wollaston prisms. This invention relates to devices for altering the polarization of a beam of light, and more particularly to compensators and interferometers which produce a field of light wherein the state of polarization varies across the field. Compensators, such as the Babinet compensator, and prisms, such as the Wollaston and Rochon prisms, are well known devices which alter the polarization of light. When a broad beam of polarized light is passed through these devices, a field of light is produced having a nonuniform state of polarization. The nonuniform field may be observed by passing the light through a polarizer, such as a Nicol prism to produce a grating of dark bands, or fringes. The distance between the fringes is determined by the angular construction of the above devices. These devices are composed of two wedges constructed so that each wedge has the same angle at the tapered end. Normally, in order to adjust the" distance between fringes, the angle of the wedges must he changed. This requires that a different set of prisms or compensators be available for each adjustment of the distance between fringes. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved device for variably altering the polarization of light passing therethrough. Another object of the present invention is to provide a compensator for producing a field of polarization capable of adjustment. Still another object of the present invention is to provide an interferometer capable of producing a field of fringes wherein the distance between the fringes can be varied. It is a further object of the present invention to provide adjustable compensators and interferometers having high stability and insensitivity to vibration. Another object of the present invention is to provide compensators and interferometers capable of easy ad justment. These and other objects of the present invention are accomplished by providing a pair of Wollaston prisms, a polarizer, an analyzer, and a half-wave plate all of which 3,399,591 Patented Sept. 3, 1968 are aligned perpendicularly to a common axis. The two optical axes of the Wollaston prisms are oriented at 45 with respect to the polarizer. The polarizer is arranged to be the first element through which a beam of light passes parallel to the common axis. A half-wave plate is located between the Wollaston prisms with its axes oriented 45 with respect to the polarizer. The analyzer, crossed at with respect to the polarizer, is located so that the beam of light passes through the other elements prior to arriving at the analyzer. When observing the beam of light emerging from the analyzer, a grating of fringes is seen. The distance between the fringes may be varied by simultaneously rotating the polarizer and adjacent Wollaston prism in one direction about the common axis and rotating the analyzer and adjacent Wollaston prism in the other direction. The half-wave plate remains stationary. It is to be noted in connection with the above that Wollaston prisms have the inherent characteristic of providing a symmetrical phase difference of the beams emerging therefrom with respect to the light entering thereinto. With this arrangement the same pair of Wollaston prisms can be used to produce a grating of fringes having an adjustable distance between the fringes, thereby making it unnecessary to have different prisms for each fringe separation desired. Other advantages of the present invention are the stability and relative insensitivity to vibration, and the easy adjustment of the fringe separation. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a half-wave plate and Soleil compensator are added to the above elements. The two added components are located between the polarizer and adjacent Wollaston prism. The two optical axes of the Soleil compensator are oriented 45 with respect to the polarizer, and the axes of the added half-wave plate are oriented at 45 with respect to the polarizer. In this modification of the present invention, the polarizer and Soleil compensator remain stationary while the added half-wave plate is caused to rotate at half the speed of the adjacent Wollaston prism. As in the first described device, a grating of fringes is observed and the distance between fringes may be altered as a function of the opposite rotation of the Wollaston prisms. However, an additional alteration of the grating may be accomplished by adjustment of the Soleil compensator which produces a translation of the grating while maintaining the distance between fringes constant. The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings: FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an interferometer embodying the present invention; FIG. 2 is an expanded diagram of the optical components shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a vectorial diagram illustrating the manner in which the polarization of light is altered as it passes through the optical components shown in FIG. 2', FIG. 4 is a diagram of another interferometer embodying the present invention; FIG. 5 is an expanded diagram of the optical components shown in FIG. 4; and FIG. 6 is a vectorial diagram of the polarization of light passing through a few of the optical components shown in FIG. 5. The interferometer shown in FIG. 1 includes five optical elements 5-9, shown in expanded view in FIG. 2. Each of the optical elements 5-9 is arranged perpendicular to a common axis 11. Light is passed from left to right parallel to the axis 11. An observer at the location 13 sees a grating in cluding a plurality of vertical fringes 17. The distance between the fringes 17 can be altered by rotating elements 5 and 6 in one direction about axis 11 and elements 8 and 9 in the other direction about axis 11. The mechanism. for providing this rotation is illustrated in FIG. 1. Elements 5 and 6 are mounted in a circular holder 21 having a set of teeth 23 about the periphery. A similar holder 25 and teeth 27 have elements 8 and 9 mounted therein. Element 7 is fixedly mounted by a member 29 illustrated generally in FIG. 1. The holders 21 and 25 are rotated in opposite directions in response to the rotation of knob 31 and an associated gear train 33. The manner in which the grating 15 is developed may be described by examining the state of polarization of the light passing through the elements 59. Element 5 is a polarizer having a direction of polarization oriented as shown by an array of parallel lines So. Element 6 is a Wollaston prism formed by two birefringent wedges 6n and 6b. Angles 6c and 6d at the tapered ends of wedges 6a and 6b respectively are constructed to be equal so that the Wollaston prism 6 includes two major parallel surfaces, one of which is designated 6e and shown in FIG. 2. The optic axis of wedge 6a is horizontal, while the optic axis of wedge 6b is vertical. The parallel lines illustrate the direction of the optic axes, while the dotted surfaces represent the ends of the parallel lines. Element 8 is a Wollaston prism identical to prism 6. The two optic axes of Wollaston prism 8 are oriented as shown in FIG. 2 by the parallel lines and the dotted surfaces. Element 7 is a half-wave plate having a slow axis illustrated by the horizontal lines 7a and a fast vertical axis (not shown). Element 9 is an analyzer which passes light polarized in the direction of parallel line 9a. The analyzer 9 is oriented at 90, or crossed, with respect to the polarizer 5. The polarizer 5 and Wollaston prism 6 operate in a conventional manner. Polarizer 5 produces plane polarized light polarized in the direction of the optic axis 511. The plane polarized light emerging from polarizer 5 can be regarded as consisting of two mutually perpendicular components, one horizontal and one vertical of equal magnitude and phase. The Wollaston prism 6 introduces a phase difference between the two components by retarding one component with respect to the other component. The phase difference varies in a horizontal direction across the Wollaston prism due to the variation in thickness of the wedges 6a and 6b. The variation in phase delay may be visually observed by looking at the light emerging from the Wollaston prism 6 through an analyzer. The Wollaston prism 6 produces a vertical grating of fringes such as fringes 17. The distance between the fringes is determined by the angles 60 and 6d and cannot be changed without substituting another Wollaston prism having different angles for Wollaston prism 6. The fringes appear at a spatial frequency given by the equation f [2(n n tan (6c)]/)\ (Equation 1) Where f is the spatial frequency, x is the wavelength of the light, and n and M are the two principal indexes of the Wollaston prism material. The variably polarized light emerging from Wollaston prism 6 is passed through half-wave plate 7 where the horizontal component undergoes a half-wave retardation. The function of the half-wave plate 7 becomes important when the prisms 6 and 8 are rotated. Accordingly a more detailed description of the function of plate 7 is presented with reference to FIG. 3. As the two mutually perpendicular polarization components of the light emerging from half-wave plate 7 pass through Wollaston prism 8, the components undergo further phase retardation introducing a greater phase difference. The phase difference is effectively doubled by Wollaston prism 8 thereby producing twice as many more closely spaced vertical fringes 17 which may be observed by looking through analyzer 9. As described above, the distance between the fringes 17 can be varied. An example is described below where polarizer 5 and Wollaston 6 are rotated an angle in the clockwise direction while Wollaston prism 8 and analyzer 9 are rotated an angle in the counterclockwise direction, half-wave plate 7 remaining stationary. In order to aid in describing the manner in which the polarization of the light is altered as it passes through the components 59, a vectorial diagram is shown in FIG. 3. The vector P illustrates the plane of polarization of the light emerging from polarizer 5 which is rotated in a clockwise direction through an angle The plane polarized light emerging from polarizer 5 can be considered to have a vertical component of polarization V offset from the vertical by an angle and a horizontal component of polarization H angularly displaced an equal amount from the horizontal. After the polarization components V and H pass through the prism 6, a phase difference is introduced which cannot be illustrated in the two-dimensional plane of FIG. 3. As described above the phase difference varies horizontally across the Wollaston prism 6. The polarization components V and H can be considered to include horizontal components +V and +H respectively. As the polarization components V and H pass through halfwave plate 7, their respective horizontal components +V and +I l are retarded an amount of time equal to one half of a wavelength, thereby reversing the vectorial direction of the horizontal components +V and +H into the position of a pair of horizontal vectors --V and I-I respectively. Therefore, the polarization component V is effectively rotated into the vectorial position V and the polarization component H is rotated to the new position H shown in FIG. 3. The two polarization components V and H are at with respect to the vector P which is displaced from the 45 position by an angle The orientation of vector P corresponds to the direction of polarization of light permitted to pass through analyzer 9, and P is at 45 with respect to the optic axes of Wollaston prism 8. Due to this correspondence, Wollaston prism 3 adds to the phase difference introduced by Wollaston prism 6. However, the phase difference is not doubled as in the initial setting shown in FIG. 2. Therefore, when the Wollaston prisms ti and 3 have a relative angular displacement, the fringes 17 do not appear as close together as shown in FIG. 2.. The spatial frequency is given by the formula where i is the spatial frequency of fringes when the prisms 6 and 8 are rotated through an angle :1; and (6c), and m n are as defined with reference to the Equfi 'tion 1|. When the angle p in FIG. 3 becomes larger than the Wollaston prism 8 begins compensating for the hase difference introduced by Wollaston prism 6. Therefore, the resultant phase difference after the light passes through both Wollaston prisms 6 and 8 is less than the phase difference introduced by Wollaston 6 alone. Accordingly, the fringes 17 are more widely separated. When the angle 11 shown in FIG. 3 reaches complete compensation is achieved causing the fringes 17 to disappear. Therefore, the device is capable of producing fringes at a spatial frequency equal to twice that of a single Wollaston prism, and the spatial frequency can be varied down to any amount approaching zero. FlGS. 4 and 1 illustrate another embodiment of the present invention which provides for translation of the fringes 17 while maintaining their separation constant. Elements in FIGS. 4 and 5 are assigned the same numerical designations as corresponding elements in FIGS. 1 and 2. Two additional optical components are added, viz a Soleil compensator 37 and half-wave plate 39, the latter having an optic axis 39a in the horizontal direction. The Soleil compensator operates in a conventional manner to introduce a uniform phase delay between mutually perpendicular components of polarization of light emerging from polarizer 5. The polarizer 5 and Soleil compensator 37 are stationarily mounted in a holder 41 shown in FIG. 4. The Soleil compensator is provided with a threaded screw arrangement 43 for adjusting the amount of phase difference to be introduced. Elements 7-9 are mounted in the structure of FIG. 4 in the same manner as shown and described with reference to FIG. 1. Wollaston prism 6 is mounted in a holder 21' which engages the gear train 33 by means of teeth 23. The holder 21' is modified to include only the Wollaston prism 6 as opposed to the form of holder 21 shown in FIG. 1 where polarizer 5 is simultaneously rotated with Wollaston prism 6. In the embodiment" shown in FIG. 4, half-wave plate 39 is mounted in a holder 45 provided with peripheral teeth 47 which engage a gear train 33 designed to rotate the half-wave plate 39 at onehalf of the angular rotation of Wollaston prism 6. The vectorial diagram shown in FIG. 6 illustrates the manner in which the half-wave plate 39 alignsthe polarization components to correspond to the optic axes of Wollaston prism 6 when the Wollaston prisms 6 and 8 are rotated at angle The light emerging from polarizer 5 is polarized at an angle 45 with respect to coordinates y and x as represented by the vector P The twomutually perpendicular components of polarization V and H are in phase when the light emerges from polarizer 5. After passing through Soleil compensator 37, the two components V and H; are out of phase, a situation not capable of illustration in the two-dimensional FIGL 6. While the coordinates y and x for polarizer 5 are vertical and horizontal respectively, rotation of the half-Wave plate 39 causes a shift in the coordinates to the position represented by axes X and Y. Due to the gear train 33' shown in FIG. 4, the shift is equal to an angle /2. The components of vectors v and h along the'coordinate axes X and Y are reversed by the half-wave plate 39 producing new mutually perpendicular components of polarization V and H The components V and H are aligned with the optic axes of Wollaston prism 6 which is rotated an angle The Wollaston prism 6 and remaining elements 7-9 operate in the same manner as that described with reference to FIG. 3. The effect of the Soleil compensator 37 is to add an initial phase difference to the polarization components prior to their arrival at Wollaston prism 6. This initial phase difference causes the fringes 17 to appear at a different place, translated horizontally to the left or right dependent upon the amount and polarity of the phase difference. No change is made in the distance between the fringes 17 which depend upon the angular orientation of Wollaston prisms 6 and 8. In summary, what has been described is an optical de vice for altering the polarization of a beam of light to produce a grating of fringes 17. The separation between fringes may be varied, and the entire grating 15 may be translated. The device uses relatively few optical elements which may be mounted for easy adjustment Further, it has been found that the device is relatively insensitive to vibrations since both the horizontal and vertical polarization components experience the same deviations due to external vibration. While the embodiments of the present invention employ Wallaston prisms 6 and 8, Rochon prisms may be employed or any other device may be employed which I 6 introduces a spatially variant phase difference between orthogonal polarization components of the light passing therethrough. Further, the polarizer 5 and analyzer 9 need not be crossed. If the orientation of analyzer 9 is changed from the position shown in FIG. 2, the dark fringes 17 become light and the spaces therebetween become dark fringes, such as 17. 5 While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to prefer-red embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. What is claimed is: 1. An interferometer apparatus for producing a spatially variable fringe grating of a beam of light traveling in a given path comprising: polarizing means in said path for plane polarizing said light in the direction of the optical axis of said lastnamed means; first and second like means serially aligned in said path for receiving the polarized light from said polarizing means and for producing a phase difference between the orthogonal polarization components. of said polarized light; first compensator means having a slow axis and a fast vertical axis disposed intermediate said first and second means for retarding one of the orthogonal components of said polarized light emerging from said firs'tmeans a chosen phase quantity; analyzing means in said path for receiving the light passing through said second means to produce a fringe grating of the light passed therethrough; means forrotating said first and second means in equal and opposite directions to correspondingly vary the spacingof the fringes in said grating; variable wave plate means for producing a spatially uniforrn phase difference between orthogonal polari= zation components of light passing therethrough serially disposed in said path to directly receive the light emerging from said polarizing means; and second compensator means disposed in said path inter mediate said variable wave plate and said first means, said variable wave plate means including adjusting means for changing the amount of phase difference introduced. 2. An interferometer apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said rotating means comprises mounting means for rotating said first means in said one direction while simultaneously rotating said second means and said arialyzing means in an equal and opposite direction about a common axis, for fixedly maintaining said first compensator meansfifor rotating said second compensator means at one-half the rate and in the same direction as said first means and for fixedly maintaining said polarizing means and said variable wave plate means whereby the distance between the fringes in the light emerging from said analyzing means is varied as a function of the amount of rotation of said rotating means and the location of said fringes is translated in accordance with the adjustment of the phase difference introduced by said variable waveplate means. 3. An interferometer apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein said variable wave-plate means is a Soleil compensator and said first and second means are Wollaston prisms. 4. An interferometer apparatus as defined in claim 3 wherein said first and second means each include two portions having orthogonal optical axes initially arranged at 45 with respect to the direction of polarization of said polarizing means. 5. An interferometer apparatus as defined in claim 4 wherein each of said compensator means comprise halfwave plates each of said last-named plates having a slow 7 axis oriented at 45 with respect to the direction of said FOREIGN PATENTS Polarizing means- 866,091 7/1959 Great Britain. Referwms Citefi 1,002,6[6 12/1961 Great EH am UNITED STATES PATENTS 5 JEWELL PEDERSEN, Primary Examiner 3,132,551 5/1965 Piller 350-12 B; J: LACOMIS, Assistant Examinen 942,393 12/1909 Konig 88-14 Patent Citations
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NuStar GP Holdings, LLC's 2012 Schedule K-1 Tax Packages Now Available
NuStar GP Holdings, LLC (NYSE: NSH) today announced that the 2012 tax packages, which include the Schedule K-1, are now available online at www.nustargpholdings.com in the Investors section of the Web site. The company expects to begin mailing the 2012 tax packages by Friday, March 8, 2013. For additional information, NuStar GP Holdings, LLC unitholders may call the K-1 Tax Package Support toll free at (877) 804-9545 weekdays between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. CT.
NuStar GP Holdings, LLC is a publicly traded limited liability company that owns the two percent general partner interest, a 13.0 percent limited partner interest and the incentive distribution rights in NuStar Energy L.P., one of the largest independent liquids terminal operators in the nation. NuStar Energy L.P. has operations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Netherlands, including St. Eustatius in the Caribbean, the United Kingdom and Turkey. For more information, visit NuStar GP Holdings, LLC's Web site at www.nustargpholdings.com.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Betsey and Lulu Johnson on Their Reality TV Show, Craziest Trends, and More!
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Betsey and Lulu Johnson on Their Reality TV Show, Craziest Trends, and More!
We Spy: Why This '90s Trend Is Making a Comeback
We Spy: Why This '90s Trend Is Making a Comeback
Now watching Up nextBetsey and Lulu Johnson on Their Reality TV Show, Craziest Trends, and More!
Betsey Johnson is a legendary fashion designer, and now you can get a glimpse inside her crazy life when she takes the reality-TV world by storm with her new show on the Style Network, XOX, Betsey Johnson. The show stars Betsey along with her daughter, Lulu, and documents their trials and tribulations. Needless to say, you can expect a lot of action from these two. Both Betsey and Lulu stopped by our studio to chat, so watch on to hear them dish about the show - and enjoy a few laughs along the way. And don't forget to check out XOX, Betsey Johnson when it premieres on Sunday, May 12 at 8 p.m. on the Style Network. On Allison: BCBG Max Azria jacket, Parker skirt.
Now watching Up nextWe Spy: Why This '90s Trend Is Making a Comeback
Bandannas are back, and we show you how to wear them! Glee star Becca Tobin joins us this week on We Spy Style to talk Gucci's new toupees for your feet and the controversy over celebrities like Kim Kardashian bringing their kids to Fashion Week - should babies be banned? Plus, from disabled models to transgender representation, Fashion Week shows are getting a lot more diverse, but is it enough? Let's discuss!
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We've all fallen victim to a pair of uncomfortable shoes. You know the ones - those sky-high heels that make your legs look amazing, but you can barely make it out the door without getting a blister. . . . Fear not, we've got your shoe solution. Whether it's a matter of breaking in a stiff pair of loafers or avoiding the pains of a very strappy heel, our fashion reporter Allison McNamara, along with host Matthew Rodrigues, are providing you with the best tips and tricks to make even the most uncomfortable shoes, well, comfortable. Trust us, your feet will be thanking you. Keep watching! On Allison McNamara: Joie blouse, Club Monaco jacket.
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From Lady Gaga's cleaning gloves to Rita Ora's barely there gown, we're talking all things Oscars in this week's We Spy Style. Elliott Morgan, style director Meg Cuna, and celebrity stylist Jessica Paster join us to recap the night's most unforgettable looks. Plus - is the #askhermore movement asking for too much? Let's discuss!
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Price | Free |
Category | Photography |
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Over 20 million people use Muzy as the free, all-in-one way to share their creative side. Instantly share to Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, email, SMS, or just save it for later. Muzy combines your favorite creative tools for photos, collages, status messages, and more:• Collage photos from Facebook, your camera roll, and the Internet together with text and backgrounds• Frame your pics with dozens of classic layouts• Add gorgeous effects to any photo to make them vintage, sepia, black and white, and more• Write a status message with custom fontsIt's completely free, and has unlimited uploads and storage.Join over 20 million people on Muzy:• Share your creative side• Get likes and comments from millions• Publish instantly to Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, email, SMS, and more• Add your friends and see what they post to MuzyMuzy is creative, fun, and easy to use - try it out!


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The Ballantyne Book Club started on January 14, 2011, and invites anyone to join the Club!
The next Ballantyne Book Club Meeting will be held Wednesday, March 25 at 5:30 p.m. The book to be discussed in this meeting is All My Puny Sorrows by Miriam Toews.
The club meets at Aloft Charlotte Ballantyne. We will be either in the bar area, the conference room past the bar to the left or outside in the "backyard" depending on weather. Please note seating is limited. RSVP is appreciated. Review Book Club Questions
Meeting dates, times and locations will be posted here. Please come prepared to the meetings to share your thoughts about the book and join in book discussion!
Discussion topics for each book will be posted here. Please check back the week prior to each meeting for book club questions — no spoilers here!


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Last Activity: 14th December 2014 08:09 AM
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3 | Just wanted to say I successfully unlocked/rooted my phone without a toolkit and, yes, I feel more confident in myself for doing it. Obviously I couldn't have done it without the guides here on xda, but all the info is there if you look for it.. ... | View... |
2 | Bump? Still rockin this bb as my daily... I know the focus is mainly on 4.3 at this point but would love to see this fully functional.. :D Sent from my Galaxy Nexus using xda app-developers app +1000 I'm one I'll run a solid MIUI build tweaked... | View... |
1 | Well guys I have some news. I have gotten a new phone. But I still have my beloved gnex. I will still try to update u guys as much as I can. But I will be focusing on my g2. I will try and get miui on that. But I will still update u guys. Don't ... | View... |
1 | okay; so I flashed it. Now I totally forgot about the internal storage issue. Any fix for this ? I can't browse music or photo's i have anymore. Searched the forums already but nothing more then to copy before flashing miui :/ You might need to u... | View... |
1 | I would also love continued development of MIUI for the Sprint Gnex. I invested a little cash in mi credits and I've rather been enjoying using this rom. :D :p ° o. _-from my Nexus Galaxy | View... |


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When Jeniette Melamed founded Jeniette New York Day Spa in 1982, shortly after moving to the US, she probably didn't expect that one day celebrities like Julianne Moore would stop in. But thanks to Janiette's cosmopolitan style sensibilities and a carefully chosen staff known for their technical skill, style savvy, and personal attention, she began to attract a large international clientele. More than 30 years later, Jeniette's spa still draws a loyal following, including celeb visits from Uma Thurman, Mandy Moore, and Ashley Olsen.
In addition to its notable visitors, Jeniette's reputation as a full-service salon and spa including hair services, massage, threading, and facial treatments has earned the business mentions in numerous publications. These include Elle, Allure, and The Best of New York, which encouraged readers to settle in for a luxurious spa package that includes a massage, mud mask, hair conditioning, and a mani-pedi.


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Who's The Latest Rapper Facing Prison Time For Lyrics - January 24, 2015
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Destiny's Child Biopic, Daddy's Takin' Over - December 15, 2014
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Earl Hayes Rapped About Murder He Committed (Listen To This Clip) - December 10, 2014
Drake Calls Chris Brown A Liar - December 8, 2014
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Chris Brown Sheds his Thoughts About Rihanna's Interview with 20/20
Posted: Monday – November 9, 2009
Chris Brown had his interview with MTV last week, right before Rihanna's 20/20 interview. As we watched Rihanna's explanation, we couldn't help but think… Wonder how CB feels about what she's saying. MTV went and got the answer…
Now that they both have said their peace, which one do you think is going to sell the most albums
, especially with them being dropped just a couple of weeks apart???


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I recently reported (HERE) that veteran actress, author and now producer Victoria Rowell recently joined the list of well-known industry people who have started Kickstarter campaigns to raise money for projects they are currently developing.
Read More »Actress Victoria Rowell is the latest celebrity to get on the Kickstarter bandwagon, launching a campaign for a soap opera spoof she's developing.
Read More »


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In an effort to cope with the festival rush, Northern Railway has announced a number of measures to improve its services and put a curb on malpractices in its mass contact area which includes the reservation and booking office, travel agencies, stations and trains.
Northern Railway said it will also open maximum counters during the period up to November 15 by posting extra staff. For this it has cancelled all leaves of reservation, booking and commercial staff.
At the New Delhi reservation centre, around 10 to 11 extra counters have been opened to manage the rush, especially high during the first half hour daily from 8 to 8-30 a.m. for tatkal bookings. Commercial officers and supervisors have also been deployed at major locations where public related services are provided. They have been monitoring queues with the assistance of Railway Protection Force (RPF) personnel in the Delhi area.
The Northern Railway has introduced around 850 trips of puja special trains till September 30 and by the end of this November, it expects to run around 1,500 trips of these resulting in an increase of around 10 per cent over the last year.
"We introduced six mail/express and two passenger regular trains till the end of September over and above the 16 mail/express and three passenger trains, introduced in 2010-2011. Moreover, all trains have been augmented to run with maximum capacity.
To check corruption and malpractices in reservation, the first 10 to 15 requisition slips of passengers are being countersigned by the reservation supervisors to verify the passengers and to ensure issue of tickets on first-come-first-serve basis. The administration has also instructed that the concerned commercial staff of Delhi area would not be granted leave except under exceptional circumstances during this period," noted the release.
Various special drives to check malpractice in the mass contact area, especially those involving the touts, misuse of various quota, overcharging by reservation or booking clerks have been launched by the Northern Railway. Vigilance, commercial and anti-fraud staff along with RPF are jointly organising these checks.
Manning of stations and trains has been intensified and surprise security checks are being conducted.
"Availability of drinking water, seating arrangement at stations, sanitation and cleanliness, manning of enquiry counters, reasonable catering and first-aid facilities at various stations have been augmented. We appeal to the passengers to travel with valid tickets and be vigilant on their journey," noted Northern Railway general manager S. K. Budhalakoti.
Keywords: Northern Railway, railway reservation


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Long, short, straight or curly, the stylists at Dudley's Hair & Beauty will transform your hair.
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At first, Jenna was scared of making sex with two dudes at the same time but they managed to talk him into throwing an orgy. She sucked their dongs for a start and then got her tight slit fucked by their schlongs by turns. Then she opened her holes as wide as possible and then took their dicks into her pulsating slit and asshole and, finally, got rewarded with loads of sperm.
Nasty Eva was dreaming about getting her holes banged by two dongs but she never thought her desire would fulfill. That day she gave deep blowjobs to both dongs by turns and then the studs penetrated her hole. Sure, that was not enough for the kinky trio and that is why the studs fucked Eva's holes at the same time and then covered her orgasming body and face with two huge loads of fresh sperm.
Young brunette slut Eva taking a cock in each hole and gets deep double penetration.
01 MayAss fucked teen takes a double penetration
Adorable Flick is a naughty babe who is too hungry for sex and who cannot be satisfied by one dick. Luckily that day there were two stallions who were willing to stuff her holes by turns and at the same time. Flick had her anus and slit stuffed with two dongs at the same time when she felt she was getting closer and closer to an orgasm. After the lads reached their satisfaction, they covered her with semen.
23 AprHot cutie gets her holes filled with two cocks
Ava is a sex hungry babe who cannot be satisfied with one dick at the same time. That day she held two schlongs in her hands and licked them while playing with them. After the dudes got their oral fantasies satisfied with her hot mouth, they moved on to fucking her slit by turns. They finished the action with a wild double penetration.
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21 AprYoung busty teen DPed
Though naughty Gia wanted to get her holes fucked by two dicks, when the moment of a threesome came, she got scared. Poor babe did not expect that lads would have such huge dicks. Luckily, she managed to take their cocks into her mouth and to open her holes wide enough to get them screwed like never before in her life.
This young teen with big tits got DPed and stretched open wide as each cock practically split her in half!
19 AprDouble teamed cutie
Gorgeous Nikky looked so sweet with her pigtails but all that sweetness faded away when she started playing with two dongs at once. Both dudes fucked her yummy slit by turns for a start but then decided to bang her two holes at the same time. Two studs screwed Nikky in a double penetration action until she begged for mercy. After that, the studs covered her with sperm.
Innocent looked cute in her pigtails and braids as she DPed and sucking cock.
18 AprHardcore double penetration
Every weekend this teen couple spends time the same way. Brunette cutie does her chores and her lad plays games. That day, their day was disturbed by their best friend who saw that the girlie wore only panties and a T-shirt and who got so excited that he simply could not hold back from seducing the couple into a threesome action. It took him time to reach his goal but, finally, the naughty trio moved on to caressing one another. The chick even forced the dudes to thrust their dongs into her throat, asshole and slit.
Teen girl sucking dicks and begging the studs to fuck her from both sides.
15 AprTeen slut takes two dicks
Even though Abby had a fucker for that night, she felt that she would not be satisfied with one dick and begged for a second one. When the second dude joined them, she started caressing them with her hands and tongue. Of course, that was not enough for the studs and they decided to bang Abby's pussy by turns. But even that did not satisfy the nasty slut and that is why they fucked her in a double penetration style and then cummed on her.
12 AprRough DP sex domination
Though Cheryl is blessed with a tiny and wet slit, her fucker did not want to bang it. Instead of it, she swallowed the dicks and then allowed them to fuck her pulsating holes at once. She loved that rough double penetration and begged the studs to keep fucking her. They turned her tiny blind eye into a gaping hole and covered Cheryl with loads of sperm.
Young blonde with cute pierced pussy gets a hard double penetration.
That day, sexy Shyla got her holes fucked by three cocks at the same time. She did her best but barely managed to give a blowjob to three schlongs at the same time. When she coped with that task, the dudes decided to penetrate her slit and then two studs stuffed her slit and anus at once and the third dude fucked her throat. In the end of the action three lads cummed on her body at once.
Nasty little Shyla got penetrated by three different dicks at once.


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There are certain oppressed minorities that most of us don't rush to defend and among them, it has to be said, are the Royal Family. Charles: I'm sorry, but ghastly.
Whiney, pompous eco-warrior, the kind of man, you can't help thinking, more likely to weep over a soggy fried egg than the slow frying of the planet. Andrew: wannabe action-man-playboy and now self-appointed "business ambassador", whose tax-funded jaunts to tell the world how to make money (short answer: be the son of one of the richest women in the world) are such appalling value that reports about them have to be suppressed. Edward: oh, dear, Edward. You almost don't want to go there. Only Anne seems quite a good sport. But that, presumably, is because she keeps her mouth shut.
Edward – poor, dopey, I-want-to-have-a-nice-career-in-telly-but-unfortunately-it-didn't-go-well Edward – has just opened his, in Australia, and it hasn't gone down well. One of the chief attractions of the Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme, he said in an interview this week, was that – well, that you could die. Never mind all that stuff about visiting old ladies, or serving in the community, or going on nice, healthy walks, he implied, the real USP was that you were dicing with death.
All hell has broken loose. The prince who isn't Einstein has been branded "insensitive" and "crass". And the word "gaffe", traditionally reserved for public outings from the Queen's consort, has been ceremonially handed from father to son. The context, it's true, wasn't ideal. Edward had been asked about the death, three years ago in the Australian bush, of a 17-year-old participant in the scheme. He responded by explaining how the death of a British boy, early on in the programme, had led to an increase in the numbers taking part. The reputation of the award among young people, he said, had soared to "Wow, this is serious".
He is, of course, right. I'll say that again. Prince Edward is right. If you want adventure, of course there has to be a risk of some kind. (If you don't, join a knitting circle.) The Duke of Edinburgh Awards scheme – along with tourist revenue, Hampton Court and some quite good TV programmes (made about, and not by, its members) – is one of the better things to come out of the British monarchy. It has helped thousands of young people to achieve things they would never have dreamt of. It has taught them, in an age of instant gratification, about the value of stamina and commitment. And, yes, it has given them adventures. Real adventures. Adventures that can, in extreme and terrible circumstances, lead to death.
It's not hard to see why young people today need something called a "gap year". (Actually, the way things are looking, they might end up with a gap life, but let's at least try to write one piece without mentioning the economy.) They need a year to run wild, in Brazil, or Goa, or Nicaragua, because they've barely been allowed past their front door. After 18 years of being marshalled from Baby T'ai Chi to violin and then to Ella's for some lovely gluten-free muffins, they can barely wipe their own bottoms. They're great at Google Earth – great at anything, in fact, that involves digits, a screen and a keyboard – but getting around is something that involves a car, a satnav and a dad. Drop them in a desert and they'd probably try surfing. "These boots are made for walking"? What's that?
For those of us who grew up with the model of childcare that involved the words "fresh air" and the tacit assumption that grown-ups were things you didn't disturb unless absolutely necessary, this is a bit of a shock. My own experience of Girl Guides was limited to a badge in flower arranging and a camp where I learnt to make a washing-up stand from lashed-together twigs, but then my favourite play area, when I was a toddler, was the building site next to our street. There's nothing like the sudden absence of a floor to make ging-gang-goolies by the campfire seem boring.
Children seek danger. Adults seek danger. Humans seek danger. Of course they do. Why do people ride motorbikes? Why do they ski? Why do they climb mountains? Why do presidents have affairs with interns? Why do ugly men drive fast cars? Why does anyone go to war, ever? Sure, some people fight for Queen and country, some might even one day fight for her silly eldest son and country, some people fight because it's the law and they have to, but many, many young men go to war because they want to test themselves, because they want the thrill. Humans seek danger because they want to feel alive.
You can do a bungee jump, if you want to, you can pay to be in a fast boat, or a fast car, or a white water raft, or a balloon, but surely it's better that you actually learn that there are certain situations in life when an escape, or a snack, or a drink, or an answer, isn't instantly at hand, and that when you start a journey, you have to finish it, and that if you want to finish it, you'd better do it well. And that sometimes, just sometimes, but you need to know this, you need to remember this, the stakes are as high as you can get.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Daniel Edgar Sickles | |
Major General Sickles circa 1862 | |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 10th district | |
In office March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895 | |
Preceded by | William Bourke Cockran |
Succeeded by | Amos J. Cummings |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 3rd district | |
In office March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1861 | |
Preceded by | Guy R. Pelton |
Succeeded by | Benjamin Wood |
United States Minister to Spain | |
In office May 15, 1869 – January 31, 1874 | |
Preceded by | John P. Hale |
Succeeded by | Caleb Cushing |
Personal details | |
Born | New York City, New York, U.S. | October 20, 1819
Died | May 3, 1914 New York City, New York, U.S. | (aged 94)
Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Teresa Bagioli Sickles (m. 1852–67) Carmina Creagh (m. 1871–1914)\ |
Military service | |
Nickname(s) | "Devil Dan"[1] |
Allegiance | United States of America Union |
Service/branch | United States Army Union Army |
Years of service | 1861–1869 |
Rank | Major General |
Commands | Excelsior Brigade III Corps |
Battles/wars | American Civil War |
Awards | Medal of Honor |
Daniel Edgar Sickles | |
Major General Sickles circa 1862 | |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 10th district | |
In office March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895 | |
Preceded by | William Bourke Cockran |
Succeeded by | Amos J. Cummings |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 3rd district | |
In office March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1861 | |
Preceded by | Guy R. Pelton |
Succeeded by | Benjamin Wood |
United States Minister to Spain | |
In office May 15, 1869 – January 31, 1874 | |
Preceded by | John P. Hale |
Succeeded by | Caleb Cushing |
Personal details | |
Born | New York City, New York, U.S. | October 20, 1819
Died | May 3, 1914 New York City, New York, U.S. | (aged 94)
Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Teresa Bagioli Sickles (m. 1852–67) Carmina Creagh (m. 1871–1914)\ |
Military service | |
Nickname(s) | "Devil Dan"[1] |
Allegiance | United States of America Union |
Service/branch | United States Army Union Army |
Years of service | 1861–1869 |
Rank | Major General |
Commands | Excelsior Brigade III Corps |
Battles/wars | American Civil War |
Awards | Medal of Honor |
Daniel Edgar Sickles (October 20, 1819 – May 3, 1914) was an American politician, soldier, and diplomat.
As an antebellum New York politician, Sickles was involved in a number of public scandals, most notably the killing of his wife's lover, Philip Barton Key II, son of Francis Scott Key.[2] He was acquitted with the first use of temporary insanity as a legal defense in U.S. history.
Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Sickles became one of the war's most prominent political generals, recruiting the New York regiments that became known as the Excelsior Brigade in the Army of the Potomac. Despite his lack of military experience, he served competently as a brigade, division, and corps commander in some of the early Eastern campaigns. His military career ended at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, after he insubordinately moved his III Corps to a position where it was virtually destroyed. He left the battle with an amputated leg, struck by cannon fire, and was eventually awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. He devoted considerable effort to establishing his role in achieving the Gettysburg victory, writing articles and testifying before Congress in a manner that denigrated the intentions and actions of the army commander, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade. After the war, Sickles commanded military districts during Reconstruction, served as U.S. Minister to Spain, and eventually returned to Congress, where he made important legislative contributions for the preservation of the Gettysburg Battlefield.
Sickles was born in New York City to Susan Marsh Sickles and George Garrett Sickles, a patent lawyer and politician.[3] (His year of birth is sometimes given as 1825, and, in fact, Sickles himself was known to have claimed as such. Historians speculate that Sickles deliberately chose to appear younger when he married a woman half his age.) He learned the printer's trade and studied at the University of the City of New York (now New York University).[4] He studied law in the office of Benjamin Butler, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co.) in 1847.[3]
On September 27, 1852, Sickles married Teresa Bagioli against the wishes of both families—he was 33, she about 15 or 16,[5] although she was sophisticated for her age, speaking five languages. In 1853 he became corporation counsel of New York City, but resigned soon afterward to become secretary of the U.S. legation in London, under James Buchanan,[4] by appointment of President Franklin Pierce. He returned to America in 1855, and was a member of the New York State Senate (3rd D.) in 1856 and 1857. He was elected as a Democrat to the 35th and 36th United States Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1861.
Sickles's career was replete with personal scandals. He was censured by the New York State Assembly for escorting a known prostitute, Fanny White, into its chambers. He also reportedly took her to England, leaving his pregnant wife at home, and presented White to Queen Victoria, using as her alias the surname of a New York political opponent.[3] In 1859, in Lafayette Square, across the street from the White House, Sickles shot and killed the district attorney of the District of Columbia,[6] Philip Barton Key II, son of Francis Scott Key, who Sickles had discovered was having an affair with his young wife.[2][7]
"You are here to fix the price of the marriage bed!", roared Associate Defense Attorney John Graham, in a speech so packed with quotations from Othello, Judaic history and Roman law that it lasted two days and later appeared as a book.
Sickles surrendered at Attorney General Jeremiah Black's house, a few blocks away on Franklin Square, and confessed to the murder. After a visit to his home, accompanied by a constable, Sickles was taken to jail. He was able to receive visitors, and so many came that he was granted the use of the head jailer's apartment to receive them.[9] This was one of several odd features of his confinement. He was also allowed to retain his personal weapon, unusual even for the time. The press reported heavy visitor traffic, including many representatives, senators, and other leading members of Washington society. President James Buchanan sent Sickles a personal note.[citation needed]
Most painful for Sickles, according to Harper's Magazine, were the visits of his wife's mother and her clergyman. Both told him that Teresa was distracted with grief, shame, and sorrow, and that the loss of her wedding ring (which Sickles had taken on visiting his home) was more than Teresa could bear.[citation needed]
Sickles was charged with murder. He secured several leading politicians as his defense attorneys, among them Edwin M. Stanton, later to become Secretary of War, and Chief Counsel James T. Brady, like Sickles a product of Tammany Hall. In a historic strategy, Sickles pled insanity—the first use of a temporary insanity defense in the United States.[10] Before the jury, Stanton argued that Sickles had been driven insane by his wife's infidelity, and thus was out of his mind when he shot Key. The papers soon trumpeted that Sickles was a hero for "saving all the ladies of Washington from this rogue named Key".[11]
The graphic confession that Sickles had obtained from Teresa proved pivotal. It was ruled inadmissible in court, but, leaked by Sickles to the press, was printed in the newspapers in full. The defense strategy ensured that the trial was the main topic of conversations in Washington for weeks, and the extensive coverage of national papers was sympathetic to Sickles.[12] In the courtroom, the strategy brought drama, controversy, and, ultimately, an acquittal for Sickles.[citation needed]
Sickles then publicly forgave Teresa, and "withdrew" briefly from public life, although he did not resign from Congress. The public was apparently more outraged by Sickles's forgiveness and reconciliation with his wife, whom he had publicly branded a harlot and adulteress, than by the murder and his unorthodox acquittal.[13]
In the 1850s, Sickles had received a commission in the 12th Regiment of the New York National Guard, and had attained the rank of major.[14] (In fact, he insisted on wearing his militia uniform for ceremonial occasions while serving in London, and had caused a minor diplomatic scandal by snubbing Queen Victoria at an Independence Day celebration.[15]) At the outbreak of the Civil War, Sickles saw an opportunity to repair his public image by raising in New York volunteer units for the Union Army. Because of his previous military experience and political connections, he was appointed colonel of one of the four regiments he organized. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers in September 1861, becoming one of the most famous political generals in the Union Army. In March 1862, he was forced to relinquish his command when the U.S. Congress refused to confirm his commission, but he worked diligently to lobby among his Washington political contacts and reclaimed both his rank and his command on May 24, 1862, in time to rejoin the Army in the Peninsula Campaign.[3] Because of this interruption, he missed his brigade's significant actions at the Battle of Williamsburg. Despite his lack of previous combat experience, he did a competent job commanding the "Excelsior Brigade" of the Army of the Potomac in the Battle of Seven Pines and the Seven Days Battles. He was absent for the Second Battle of Bull Run,[7] having used his political influences to obtain leave to go to New York City to recruit new troops. He also missed the Battle of Antietam because the III Corps, to which he was assigned as a division commander, was stationed on the lower Potomac, protecting the capital.
Sickles was a close ally of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, who was his original division commander and eventually commanded the Army of the Potomac. Both men had notorious reputations as political climbers and as hard-drinking ladies' men. Accounts at the time compared their army headquarters to a rowdy bar and bordello.
Sickles's division was in reserve at the Battle of Fredericksburg. On January 16, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Sickles for promotion to the grade of major general to rank from November 29, 1862.[16] Although the U.S. Senate did not confirm the promotion until March 9, 1863 and the President did not formally appoint Sickles until March 11, 1863,[16] Hooker, now commanding the Army of the Potomac, gave Sickles command of the III Corps in February 1863, a controversial move in the army because he became the only corps commander without a West Point education. His energy and ability were conspicuous in the Battle of Chancellorsville. He aggressively recommended pursuing troops he saw in his sector on May 2, 1863. Sickles thought the Confederates were retreating, but these turned out to be elements of Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's corps, stealthily marching around the Union flank. He also vigorously opposed Hooker's orders moving him off good defensive terrain in Hazel Grove. In both of these cases, it is easy to imagine the disastrous battle turning out very differently for the Union if Hooker had heeded his advice.[citation needed]
The Battle of Gettysburg marked the most famous incident in, and the effective end of, Sickles's military career. On July 2, 1863, Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade ordered Sickles's corps to take up defensive positions on the southern end of Cemetery Ridge, anchored in the north to the II Corps and to the south, the hill known as Little Round Top. Sickles was unhappy to see a slightly higher terrain feature to his front, the "Peach Orchard". Perhaps remembering the beating his corps had taken from Confederate artillery at Hazel Grove during the Battle of Chancellorsville, he violated orders by marching his corps almost a mile in front of Cemetery Ridge. This had two effects: it greatly diluted the concentrated defensive posture of his corps by stretching it too thin, and it created a salient that could be bombarded and attacked from multiple sides. About this time (3 p.m.), Meade called a meeting of his corps commanders.[17] Sickles did not appear.[17] An aide to Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren soon reported the situation.[17] Meade and Warren rode to Sickles's position and Meade demanded an explanation from Sickles.[17] Though agitated, Meade refused Sickles's offer to withdraw because he realized it was too late[18] and the Confederates would soon attack, putting a retreating force in even greater peril.[17] In fact, the Confederates did attack at about the time the meeting finished and Meade returned to his headquarters.[17] The Confederate assault by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps, primarily by the division of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws, smashed the III Corps and rendered it useless for further combat. Gettysburg campaign historian Edwin B. Coddington assigns "much of the blame for the near disaster" in the center of the Union line to Sickles.[19] Stephen W. Sears wrote that "Dan Sickles, in not obeying Meade's explicit orders, risked both his Third Corps and the army's defensive plan on July 2.[20] However, Sickles's maneuver has recently been credited by John Keegan with blunting the whole Confederate offensive that was intended to cause the collapse of the Union line.[21] Similarly, James M. McPherson wrote that "Sickles's unwise move may have unwittingly foiled Lee's hopes."[18]
During the height of the Confederate attack, Sickles fell victim to a cannonball that mangled his right leg. He was carried by a detail of soldiers to the shade of the Trostle farmhouse, where a saddle strap was applied as a tourniquet. He ordered his aide, Major Harry Tremain, "Tell General Birney he must take command." As he was carried by stretcher to the III Corps hospital on the Taneytown Road, he bravely attempted to raise his soldiers' spirits by grinning and puffing on a cigar along the way.[22] His leg was amputated that afternoon. He insisted on being transported back to Washington, D.C., which he reached on July 4, 1863, bringing some of the first news of the great Union victory, and starting a public relations campaign to ensure his version of the battle prevailed. On the afternoon of July 5, President Lincoln and his son, Tad, visited General Sickles, as he was recovering in Washington.
Sickles had recent knowledge of a new directive from the Army Surgeon General to collect and forward "specimens of morbid anatomy ... together with projectiles and foreign bodies removed" to the newly founded Army Medical Museum in Washington, D.C. He preserved the bones from his leg and donated them to the museum in a small coffin-shaped box, along with a visiting card marked, "With the compliments of Major General D.E.S." For several years thereafter, he reportedly visited the limb on the anniversary of the amputation. The museum, now known as the National Museum of Health and Medicine, features the artifact on display still today. (Other Civil War-era specimens of note on display include the hip of General Henry Barnum, and in the collection but not on display include the vertebrae from assassin John Wilkes Booth and President James A. Garfield.)
Sickles was not court-martialed for insubordination after Gettysburg because he had been wounded, and it was assumed he would stay out of trouble. Furthermore, he was a powerful, politically connected man who would not accept being disciplined without protest and retribution.
Sickles ran a vicious campaign against General Meade's character after the Civil War. Sickles felt that Meade had wronged him at Gettysburg and that credit for winning the battle belonged to him. In anonymous newspaper articles and in testimony before a congressional committee, Sickles maintained that Meade had secretly planned to retreat from Gettysburg on the first day. While his movement away from Cemetery Ridge may have violated orders, Sickles always asserted that it was the correct move because it disrupted the Confederate attack, redirecting its thrust, effectively shielding their real objectives, Cemetery Ridge and Cemetery Hill. Sickles's redeployment did in fact take Confederate commanders by surprise, and historians have argued about the real ramifications ever since.
Sickles eventually received the Medal of Honor for his actions, although it took him 34 years to get it. The official citation that accompanied his medal recorded that Sickles "displayed most conspicuous gallantry on the field, vigorously contesting the advance of the enemy and continuing to encourage his troops after being himself severely wounded."[23]
Despite his one-legged disability, Sickles remained in the army until the end of the war and was disgusted that Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant would not allow him to return to a combat command. In 1867, he received appointments as brevet brigadier general and major general in the regular army for his services at Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, respectively.[4]
Soon after the close of the Civil War, in 1865, he was sent on a confidential mission to Colombia (the "special mission to the South American Republics") to secure its compliance with a treaty agreement of 1846 permitting the United States to convey troops across the Isthmus of Panama.[4] From 1865 to 1867, he commanded the Department of South Carolina, the Department of the Carolinas, the Department of the South, and the Second Military District. In 1866, he was appointed colonel of the 42nd U.S. Infantry (Veteran Reserve Corps), and in 1869 he was retired with the rank of major general.[4]
Sickles served as U.S. Minister to Spain from 1869 to 1874, after the Senate failed to confirm Henry Shelton Sanford to the post, and took part in the negotiations growing out of the Virginius Affair. His inaccurate and emotional messages to Washington promoted war, until he was overruled by Secretary of State Hamilton Fish and the war scare died out.[24]
Sickles maintained his reputation as a ladies' man in the Spanish royal court and was rumored to have had an affair with the deposed Queen Isabella II. Following the death of Teresa in 1867, in 1871, he married Senorita Carmina Creagh, the daughter of Chevalier de Creagh of Madrid, a Spanish Councillor of State. They had two children.
Sickles was president of the New York State Board of Civil Service Commissioners from 1888 to 1889, sheriff of New York in 1890, and again a representative in the 53rd Congress from 1893 to 1895. For most of his postwar life, he was the chairman of the New York Monuments Commission, but he was forced out when $27,000 was found to have been embezzled.[25]
He had an important part in efforts to preserve the Gettysburg Battlefield, sponsoring legislation to form the Gettysburg National Military Park, buy up private lands, and erect monuments. One of his contributions was procuring the original fencing used on East Cemetery Hill to mark the park's borders. This fencing came directly from Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C. (site of the Key shooting).[26][27] Of the principal senior generals who fought at Gettysburg, virtually all, with the conspicuous exception of Sickles, have been memorialized with statues at Gettysburg. When asked why there was no memorial to him, Sickles supposedly said, "The entire battlefield is a memorial to Dan Sickles." However, there was, in fact, a memorial commissioned to include a bust of Sickles, the monument to the New York Excelsior Brigade. It was rumored that the money appropriated for the bust was stolen by Sickles himself; the monument is displayed in the Peach Orchard with a figure of an eagle instead of Sickles's likeness.
Sickles lived out the remainder of his life in New York City, dying on May 3, 1914 at the age of 94. His funeral was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan on May 8, 1914. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[23][28]
Sickles appears prominently in the books Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War and Grant Comes East, the first two books of the alternate history Civil War trilogy by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen. In Stephen L. Carter's 2012 alternate history novel The Impeachment of Abraham Lincoln, Sickles is one of the defense counsel in Lincoln's trial before the United States Senate.
During a scene in the 2012 film Lincoln, Sickles's severed leg is shown in a display case. However, the leg appears to be fully covered by skin, except for the region of impact. This is a sign that the leg is not far along in the decomposition process, an accurate visual note of the era in which the film takes place.[citation needed]
For more than a year there have been floating rumors of improper intimacy between Mr. Key and Mrs. Sickles They have from time to time attended parties, the opera, and rode out together. Mr. Sickles has heard of these reports, but would never credit them until Thursday evening last. On that evening, just as a party was about breaking up at his house, Mr Sickles received among his papers...
Between lines of watchers who bared their heads as the flag-covered coffin passed, a military funeral procession marched up Fifth Avenue from Ninth Street to St. Patrick's Cathedral yesterday morning. On a gun caisson amid a guard of honor, composed of his old comrades in the civil war, was the body of Major Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, commander of the Third Army Corps and one of the last of the heroes of Gettysburg.
New York State Senate | ||
Preceded by Thomas J. Barr | New York State Senate 3rd District 1856–1857 | Succeeded by Francis B. Spinola |
United States House of Representatives | ||
Preceded by Guy R. Pelton | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 3rd congressional district 1857-1861 | Succeeded by Benjamin Wood |
Preceded by William B. Cockran | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 10th congressional district 1893-1895 | Succeeded by Andrew J. Campbell (died before taking office) Amos J. Cummings (elected to replace Campbell) |
Military offices | ||
Preceded by George Stoneman | Commander of the III Corps (Union Army) February 5, 1863 - May 29, 1863 | Succeeded by David B. Birney |
Preceded by David B. Birney | Commander of the III Corps (Union Army) June 3, 1863 - July 2, 1863 | Succeeded by David B. Birney |
Diplomatic posts | ||
Preceded by John P. Hale | U.S. Minister to Spain 1869–1874 | Succeeded by Caleb Cushing |


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