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Research Areas
Research activities which are carried out in the Department extend to a broad range. Prime focus has of course been on the Problems of Economic Development, especially in the regional context. Some notable specific areas have been Formulation Perspective Plan, Prospect of Cross Border Trade, Problems of Agricultural Growth in the State, Nature and Impact of Migration etc. Environmental Economics has emerged as a new area of research interest in the department.
1. Srinath Baruah
2. Kandarpa Kumar Barman
3. Runumi Dowarah Baruah
4. Madhurjya Prasad Bezbaruah
5. Archana Sharma
6. Sakiya Khan
7. Nissar A. Barua
8. K. Alam (Retired Head and Professor in the department)
9. Gopal Bordoloi (Handique Girls College)
10. Prabin Baishya (Retired Principal, Sualkuchi College)
11. D. D. Mali (Retired Director, Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship)
At present forty-four scholars are enrolled under the Ph.D. programme of the department. Five of them are on UGC Teacher Fellowship.
Ongoing projects
o Principal Investigator: Prof. Srinath Baruah
Title of the Project: Interstate & Intrastate Levels of Poverty In NE India.
Funding Agency: ICSSR, New Delhi
o Principal Investigator: Prof M P Bezbaruah
Title of the Project: Problems & Prospects of Growth of Indo-MyanmarCross Border Trade: Socio-economic Consequences for India's North Eastern Region.
Funding Agency: ICSSR,New Delhi
M. Phil
The Department has finalized plans to start M. Phil. Programme from the academic session 2007-08 with a proposed intake capacity of 20.
Ph.D. Programme
55% marks in the Master level in Economics or related discipline.
Admission Criteria*
Evaluation of research proposal.
To be completed within 5 years. Extendable for another year on special consideration.
Intake capacity : 20
Experience of Research Projects:
Title of the Project |
Funding Agency |
Duration |
Capacity in which Associated |
1) Flow of Development Funds in the Northeast Region: Its Utilization and Impact |
Planning Commission |
December 2010-July 2012 |
Project Coordinator |
2) Pre-Seismic Rapid EIA Studies in the Pre-NELP Block AA-ONJ/2 |
May-June 2012 |
Investigator for the Socio-Economic Impact Component |
3) Carrying Capacity Study for Numaligargh Refinery Limited |
March-June 2012 |
Investigator for the Socio-Economic Impact Component |
4) Rapid EIA of Guwahati Refinery in 10 km Radius |
December 2011-February 2012 |
Investigator for the Socio-Economic & Health Impact Component |
5) Livelihood Promotion of Forest Dwellers in Upland Areas of Northeast India |
Livelihood School -BASIX, Hyderabad |
January-March 2010 |
Consultant |
6) Pre-Drill EIA Study and EMP in Twelve Areas |
Oil India Limited |
March-October 2009 |
Investigator for the Socio-Economic & Health Impact Component |
7) Problems of Border Area of Northeast India: Implications for the 13th Finance Commission |
13th Finance Commission |
September 2008 to March 2009 |
Principal Investigator for Western Assam-Bangladesh Border Areas |
8) Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment for Seismic Survey at Salmari, North Duarmara and Bhadoi East-Hapjan |
Oil India Limited |
January2008 to April 2008 |
Investigator for the Socio-Economic and Demographic Component |
9) Conflict and Development in the Context of Human Security: An Exploratory Investigation in Northeast India |
Asian Dialogue Society |
October 2007 to April 2008 |
Member, Core Research Team |
10) Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment for Seismic Survey in Mizoram & Dibrugarh, and Oil exploration in Jonai |
Oil India Limited |
September 2007 to December 2007 |
Investigator for the Socio-Economic and Demographic Component |
11) Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment of the Motor Spirit Quality Improvement Project of Guwahati Refinery |
Indian Oil Corporation |
April-July 2007 |
Investigator for the Socio-Economic & Demographic Component |
12) Preparation of Arunachal Pradesh State Development Report |
Planning Commission |
October-December 2005 |
Author of the Chapter on Resource Based and Other Modern Industries |
13) Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Seismic Survey of Brahmaputra River Basin |
Oil India Limited |
September 2005 to March 2006 |
Investigator for the Socio-Economic and Demographic Component |
14) Problems and Prospects of Indo-Myanmar Cross Border Trade and its Socio- economic Consequences for the North-East |
Indian Council of Social science Research, New Delhi |
March 2004 to August 2005 |
Project Director |
15) Preparation of a Rural Development Plan for Assam |
UNICEF and NEDFi |
January 2001 to October 2001 |
Expert |
16) Preparation of the Human Development Report for Assam |
Planning Commission & the UNDP |
1999-2000 |
Member |
17) Towards a Strategy for Economic Development of Karbi Anglong. |
Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council |
October.1996 to June 2000 |
Advisor |
18) Technological Transformation of Agriculture: a study in Assam |
November 1987 to November 1989 |
Investigator |
19) Perspective Plan for Economic Development of Assam up to 2000 AD |
Government of Assam |
1987 to 1991 |
Deputy Director |


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Reference number 052601460
Based on 20 Reviews | Login to write a review
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Smooth, ripe and silky, this is rich with plum and strawberry flavours, together with a smooth spiciness.
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This wine is ideal for drinking now but can be kept for up to 2 years
Extended product information
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Derby is well known as an industrial town, and among the other sites that commemorate this aspect of the region's history, the Derby Industrial Museum certainly stands out. The Museum is housed in what was once a silk mill, and was site of one of the first major advances in England's silk trade, making the spot one with a rather colorful history.
It is widely believed that the machines first employed here for the purposes of spinning silk more efficiently were actually stolen from the Italians, resulting in a long drama of espionage and blackmailing that ended in the entrepreneurial John Lombe being murdered by an assassin taking revenge for having their trade secrets stolen. Today, the Museum is home to many pieces of machinery and artifacts relating to the region's early history that shaped the industries that dominate it today. As such, it makes a worthy stop for any tourist interesting in such matters.
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pp916 - Unregistered March 03, 2010 9:49 AM As a marker Cal Crutchlow's pole in WSS last season was 1.35.8 (faster than the 250's), his best race lap 1.36.8 (about the same as the 250's).....these bikes are nearer than I expected considering this is the first test with the spec engine, so when they're sorted they should match or slightly better the WSS/250 times, which is slightly less embarrassing, but only slightly........ 1 agree 1 disagree
bugref - Unregistered March 03, 2010 11:54 AM Toni Elias will show no mercy here... 0 agree 1 disagree
boston breda - Unregistered March 03, 2010 3:17 PM A dirt track guy looking strong. Way to go Kenny! 0 agree 1 disagree
LeeHigh1 March 04, 2010 1:54 AM Whos the homo that disagreed with everything? Reply Report abuse 0 agree 1 disagree


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Head here for the full QR codes |
QR codes here |
source |
QR codes and alternate styles here |
Anyway, I've never really understood the appeal of wearing a fanny pack over your shoulder, but I can't deny its appeal in the ensamble above. Be sure to check out the link to see other shirt variations! Unfortunately, there aren't QR codes for pants, so you'll just have to match it with something from the game.
Get the dress here |
source (other Pokémon tshirts available at that link, as well) |
source |
Thanks for reading, and if you have any requests for types of QR codes you'd like to see in the future, let me know in the comments and I'll see what I can do! If you'd like to see what QR codes I've shared in the past, click on the links to head to parts one and two of this series!


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Market Place Classifieds Greater Milwaukee Jobs
July 21, 2014
On a Saturday afternoon that dripped with sticky June heat, author Ben Hoffman and his groomsmen readied for his impending nuptials in Chicago's West Loop by basking in his hotel suite's air conditioning and a few moments of tranquility, a respite from the wedding day frenzy. With just about four hours to go before the ceremony, the Harrisburg, Pa., native got a call from an unknown number with a Chicago area code.
Immediately, Hoffman's mind went to calamity, he said. It was the caterer calling to say he'd lost their order, or the florist unable to deliver the flowers, or a relative stranded on Interstate 94 with a flat tire.
Instead, the call was from the Chicago Tribune, and it was the opposite of cataclysmic news: Hoffman's story "This Will All Be Over Soon" had won the 2014 Nelson Algren Short Story Award.
"There are not too many times that you could say that winning the Nelson Algren Award is the second-best thing that happened to you that day," Hoffman, 30, said with a laugh. "It was a great day. I will remember it for a while."
The Algren Award, a literary prize honoring short fiction given annually by the Tribune, caps a recent spate of good news for Hoffman. Aside from his wedding and honeymoon in Spain and Portugal, from which he had returned two days earlier, Hoffman was awarded a yearlong fellowship at the Wisconsin Institute for Creative Writing (he'll start in the fall), and his first chapbook, "Together, Apart," was published in March.
Additionally, his stories have won or been finalists for awards from short story magazine Zoetrope: All-Story and literary journal Crazyhorse, and have appeared or are forthcoming in The Missouri Review, Tin House (online) and Fugue.
Hoffman's award-winning story will be published Aug. 3 in the Tribune's Printers Row Journal.
A graduate of Tufts University and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Hoffman focused his attention on writing just five years ago when he began applying to graduate schools, though he said he's always been a daydreamer and a voracious reader.
"I'm jealous of those people who knew from age 5 that they wanted to be a writer or a doctor or anything, because I always felt like I had a lot of interests," he said. "I've always been an imaginative and perceptive person. I am happy watching things and taking in the details. I'm always thinking about the what-if."
Founded in 1981 by Chicago magazine and administered by the Tribune since 1986, the Nelson Algren Awards have traditionally gone to green writers, some of whom became literary luminaries. Louise Erdrich, Stuart Dybek and Kim Edwards are a few of the now-famous authors who won before leaving their marks on the book world.
"Chicago has a rich and enduring literary legacy, and the Nelson Algren Awards support this tradition and encourage a new generation of storytellers," Tribune Editor Gerould Kern said. "These awards, along with Printers Row Journal, our literary festival and author series, affirm the Tribune's commitment to literature, reading and ideas."
Hoffman's grand-prize-winning piece, which follows an unnamed husband dealing with the kidnapping of his wife, was selected from about 2,400 entries, nearly double the number of stories submitted last year. After four rounds of judging, authors Roxana Robinson, Peter Orner and Yiyun Li picked Hoffman, who will receive a $3,500 cash prize, as well as four finalists and four runners-up.
This year's finalists, who will receive $1,000 each, are D.E. Lee for "Love Like the Sky," Dominic Smith for "Burns & Falls," Sandra Hunter for "Jewels We Took With Us" and Micah Dean Hicks for "The Book of Locusts." Runners-up, who will receive $500 each, are Collete Sartor for "Once Removed," Rachel Yoder for "On Innocence," Michael Devens for "The Lives of Creatures Underwater" and G. Bernhard Smith for "The Immortal Mrs. Trubridge."
"These stories seem to capture the full spectrum of human emotion," Tribune Literary Editor at Large Elizabeth Taylor said of this year's honorees, "and they were not only highly accomplished and polished works of fiction but were also full of heart."
The slightly absurdist "This Will All Be Over Soon" follows a man whose neighbor kidnapped his wife, Julie, 11 months earlier, leaving him to parent his young daughter, Lucy, alone. Told in first person through the father, the story takes on a magical quality when Lucy seems to begin communicating telepathically with her mother, leaving readers to find truth amid the mysteries and irrationalities in the story's world.
Overcome by frustration with bored SWAT team members who play cards instead of strategizing, the man attempts to rescue Julie, to heartbreaking effect.
"I am interested in writing about people or families struggling to feel safe and do right by each other in a world that often doesn't feel safe or seems like it's hard to feel safe in," Hoffman said. "I am definitely interested in magical realism, as well as the intersection of humor and trauma."
Hoffman's "confident and surprising" tone struck contest judge Robinson: "What makes (this piece) so impressive is the smooth, accomplished writing, which gives you the sense that you are actually living this story," she wrote in an email. "I like the way it feels like a story you are in, not one you are learning about. And this suggests that the heart of the story itself — which is one of abandonment, anguish, desolation — is something we can't understand, any more than we can exactly understand the mysteries of the human heart."
Rebecca King, founding editor of Origami Zoo Press and editor of Hoffman's chapbook, said she was attracted to Hoffman's ability to make offbeat scenarios and flawed characters feel whole and authentic.
"He has the ability to put the reader in a world that can be slightly strange ... and really tap into the humanity there and make it feel real and complete and never forced," she said.
"I think (Hoffman) is a good example of a writer whose deepest strength, beyond intelligence, is a kind of empathy, a way of seeing the world from inside his character's psyches," said Rebecca Lee, an author and one of Hoffman's graduate-school professors at UNC-Wilmington. "I think his work is really important. It feels like he's writing about things that really matter, and he's using narrative as genuine investigation, but it's also really just plain interesting to read."
As Hoffman and his wife ready to move to Madison, Wis., for his fellowship at the University of Wisconsin, Hoffman is completing a collection of stories and beginning a novel.
Although "This Will All Be Over Soon" is set in a mystical world, kidnappings are, unfortunately, not a rare occurrence in the real world. Now that he's married, Hoffman said he would like to think he wouldn't wait 11 months to act like his narrator.
"I can be someone who's sometimes passive or takes too long to make a decision," Hoffman said. "I think that I would have this fantasy, as I think the narrator does, of playing some sort of hero or having some sort of violent triumph. ... If in my world the SWAT guys were playing cards and drinking lemonade, I would certainly be putting a bit more pressure on the SWAT team."
McClatchy-Tribune Information Services


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One of the most important Premier League games this weekend will take place at the Liberty Stadium as QPR make the important trip to play Swansea. On paper it is the Welsh team who are the favourites to win the game but QPR are in dire need of the points and will be looking to take something back to London with them. Harry Redknapp has stopped the rot at Loftus Road since taking over but he will know that it is wins that QPR need and fast if they are going to stay up this season.
Michael Laudrup has done a cracking job since taking over the hot seat at Swansea and he will be looking for his team to claim the three points on Saturday. The Swans currently find themselves in eighth place in the table and a win here would consolidate that position in the top half of the league. They do have more than half an eye on the League Cup final at the end of the month though with a Wembley date with Bradford City the main aim for Swansea which could open he door for QPR this weekend.
Even taking that into account, the bookmakers do make Swansea the warm favourites here and punters wanting to back them to beat QPR by any score line can currently get a price of 5/6 with Ladbrokes. They will be once again be relying on Michu to continue the form which has seen the Spaniard hit the back of the net 16 times already this season following his bargain move from La Liga in the Summer.
The transfer window was a busy period for Harry Redknapp and QPR and he will be hoping that his big money signings hit the ground running. Striker Loic Remy could well be fit after picking up an injury while £12million defender Chris Samba made his debut last weekend in the 0-0 draw at home to Norwich and he will be busy once again this weekend at the Liberty. Rangers currently find themselves on 17 points which is six points from safety and Redknapp will know that with games running out every match is vital from here on in.
QPR have just the one win to their name away from home this season but punters wanting to back them to double that tally can get a decent price of 10/3 with Ladbrokes about them winning by any score line. That price does reflect their chances here against a strong Swansea side but there is more than enough talent in the QPR side to cause any Premier League side trouble.
We have a feeling this one could be closer than the odds suggest but we do take Swansea to nick this one by the odd goal in three. At home the Swans are likely to have too much for a QPR side who will concede goals and with Michu still in fine form he could well be the man to follow in the goal scorer markets on Saturday afternoon.
Match Tips
Tip 1 - Swansea to win the game 2-1 @ 15/2 with Ladbrokes
Tip 2 - The game to produce over 2.5 goals @ evens with Ladbrokes
Tip 3 - Michu to score first @ 4/1 with Ladbrokes
Swansea v QPR Match Odds
5/6 Swansea
5/2 Draw
Correct Score Betting
6/1 - Swansea 1-0
6/1 - Draw 1-1
7/1 - Draw 0-0
15/2 -Swansea 2-1
15/2 - Swansea 2-0
All markets supplied courtesy of Ladbrokes.com
Posted: Friday, 8th February 2013
Author: Steve Raymond
Tags: english premiership, premier league, swansea, qpr, ladbrokes,
Stoke V Reading Odds Royals Bid To Continue Fine Run Of Form Adam Le Fondre has scored five in his last four | 8th Feb | |
Norwich V Fulham Odds Goals Could Be At A Premium At Carrow Road Norwich are winless in their last eight | 8th Feb | |
Brighton V Hull Odds The Tigers Looking To Continue Impressive Away Form The visitors are unbeaten in seven matches on the road | 7th Feb | |
Southampton V Man City Odds City In For A Stern Test At St Marys Back Rickie Lambert to score 100th Saints goal | 7th Feb | |
Chelsea V Wigan Odds Lampard Backed To Score First Rafa Benitez In Desperate Need Of Three Points | 7th Feb |
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Everton Clipped In The Europa League Betting After Drawing Dynamo Kiev In The Last Sixteen Napoli Favourites To Win The Tournament Outright |
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Two arrested after allegedly stealing scrap metal
Published 11/15/2012, The Republican Eagle
Two people were arrested early Monday morning after allegedly getting caught stealing scrap metal.
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Idina Menzel Jokes About Her Boobs Trying To Escape Her Dress On Stage
Description:Idina Menzel nearly suffered a major wardrobe malfunction during her sold-out, one-night-only concert at Radio City Music Hall in New York City Monday. To her credit, the stage star handled it with humor.The Tony Award winner was in the midst of performing "Take Me or Leave Me," which she sang in the 2005 movie Rent, when an audience member noticed that Menzel's leather bra was riding up. "What?" she asked. "My boob's coming out?" A crewmember then walked on stage to tend to Menzel's outfit. (0:51)
Source: Wochit Entertainment
Tags: wochit entertainment , idina menzel , new york city , wardrobe malfunction


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Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
(2Z,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid | |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Accutane |
AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
MedlinePlus | a681043 |
Licence data | US FDA:link |
Legal status | |
Routes | Oral, topical |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | Variable |
Protein binding | 99.9% |
Metabolism | Hepatic |
Half-life | 10–20 hours |
Excretion | Renal and fecal |
Identifiers | |
CAS number | 4759-48-2 |
ATC code | D10AD04 |
PubChem | CID 5282379 |
DrugBank | DB00982 |
ChemSpider | 4445539 |
ChEBI | CHEBI:6067 |
ChEMBL | CHEMBL547 |
Chemical data | |
Formula | C20H28O2 |
Molecular mass | 300.44 g/mol |
(what is this?) (verify) |
Isotretinoin (INN) (etymology and pronunciation), also known as 13-cis retinoic acid and first marketed as Accutane by Hoffmann-La Roche, is a medication primarily used to treat cystic acne. Rarely, it is also used to prevent certain skin cancers (squamous-cell carcinoma), and in the treatment of other cancers. It is used to treat harlequin-type ichthyosis, a usually lethal skin disease, and lamellar ichthyosis. It is a retinoid, meaning it is related to vitamin A, and is found in small quantities naturally in the body. Its isomer, tretinoin, is also an acne drug.
Isotretinoin is primarily used as a treatment for severe acne. The most common adverse effects are a transient worsening of acne (lasting 2–3 weeks), dry lips (cheilitis), dry and fragile skin, and an increased susceptibility to sunburn. Uncommon and rare side effects include: muscle aches and pains (myalgias), and headaches. Isotretinoin is known to cause birth defects due to in utero exposure because of the molecule's close resemblance to retinoic acid, a natural vitamin A derivative which controls normal embryonic development.
In the United States a special procedure is required to obtain the pharmaceutical. In most other countries a consent form is required which explains these risks. Women taking isotretinoin must not get pregnant during, and for 1 month after isotretinoin therapy. Sexual abstinence, or effective contraception is mandatory during this period. Barrier methods by themselves (such as condoms) are not considered adequate due to the unacceptable failure rates of approximately 3%. Women who fall pregnant whilst on isotretinoin therapy are generally counselled to have a termination. Isotretinoin has no effect on male reproduction.[1]
In 2009, Roche decided to remove Accutane from the US market after juries had awarded millions of dollars in damages to former Accutane users over inflammatory bowel disease claims. Other common brands are Roaccutane (Hoffman-La Roche, known as Accutane in the United States before July 2009),[D 1] Amnesteem (Mylan),[D 2] Claravis (Teva),[D 3] Absorica (Ranbaxy),[D 4] Isotroin (Cipla), and Epuris (Cipher).[2]
Medical uses[edit]
Isotretinoin is used primarily for severe cystic acne and acne that has not responded to other treatments.[3][4] Acne treatment usually begins with topical retinoids (e.g.tretinoin, adapalene), in combination with topical antibiotics (e.g. clindamycin, erythromycin) or antiseptics (e.g. benzoyl peroxide-containing preparations), followed by oral antibiotics (e.g. doxycycline or minocycline). In women a cyproterone acetate-containing contraceptive pill can be useful if there are no contraindications.
In cases of hormonal acne, such as in women in their 20s and 30s with cyclical acne, often a course of isotretinoin can permanently improve acne obviating the need for lifelong hormonal manipulation.[medical citation needed]
The primary indication for Isotretinoin is the treatment of severe cystic acne vulgaris.[5][6] Many dermatologists also support its use for treatment of lesser degrees of acne that prove resistant to other treatments, or that produce physical or psychological scarring.[7]
It is also somewhat effective for hidradenitis suppurativa and some cases of severe acne rosacea.[6] It can also be used to help treat harlequin ichthyosis, lamellar ichthyosis and is used in xeroderma pigmentosum cases to relieve keratoses. Isotretinoin has been used to treat the extremely rare condition fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. It is also used for treatment of neuroblastoma, a form of nerve cancer.
Isotretinoin therapy has furthermore proven effective against genital warts in experimental use, but is rarely used for this indication as there are more effective treatments. Isotretinoin may represent an efficacious and safe alternative systemic form of therapy for RCA of the cervix. In most countries this therapy is currently unapproved and only used if other therapies failed.[8][9]
Prescribing restrictions[edit]
In most countries, isotretinoin can only be prescribed by dermatologists or specialist physicians; some countries also allow limited prescription by general practitioners and family doctors. In the United Kingdom[10] and Australia,[11][12] isotretinoin may be prescribed only by or under the supervision of a consultant dermatologist. Because severe cystic acne has the potential to cause permanent scarring over a short period, restrictions on its more immediate availability have proved contentious.[13] In New Zealand, isotretinoin can be prescribed by any doctor but subsidised only when prescribed by a vocationally-registered general practitioner, dermatologist or nurse practitioner.[14]
In the United States, dispensing of isotretinoin is by an FDA-mandated website called iPLEDGE. iPLEDGE has applied to isotretinoin prescriptions since 1 March 2006. Under it, dermatologists must register their patients on the system before prescribing isotretinoin. Pharmacists must then verify the prescription on the iPLEDGE website before dispensing isotretinoin. The website allows no more than thirty days' supply of the drug to be prescribed or dispensed; and after issuance, another prescription may not be written for at least 30 days (even in the case of lost prescriptions). Prescriptions expire from iPLEDGE if not picked up from the pharmacy seven days after issuance. Physicians and pharmacists must verify written prescriptions on the system before filling an isotretinoin prescription. Due to the teratogenic effects of isotretinoin, iPLEDGE makes additional requirements of female patients filling prescriptions for the drug: women with child-bearing potential must commit to using two forms of effective contraception simultaneously for the duration of isotretinoin therapy and for a month immediately preceding and a month immediately following therapy.[15] Alerts continue to exist against purchasing isotretinoin online.[16]
Most other national health services emphasise that isotretinoin is a teratogen, but do not impose the same stringent conditions on the dispensing process as the United States does. In Mexico and Brazil the use of the drug is restricted: official identification and a signature must be provided by the patient before an isotretinoin prescription will be filled by a pharmacist.
Clinical guidelines for most countries recommends or mandates that the dispensing physician monitor patients, or provide instructions to the patient's regular doctor for monitoring. As part of the monitoring, patients' blood is periodically re-tested throughout treatment for blood lipids, pregnancy, and several other factors. Women, diabetics, and patients with liver problems are particularly at risk and will be monitored especially closely.
The dose of isotretinoin patients receive is dependent on their weight and the severity of the condition. High-dose treatments are administered between 0.5 mg/kg/day to 2 mg/kg/day (usually at 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day,[17] given as a single dose with food). Usually a course will last 8–10 months. A second course may be required. Efficacy appears to be related to the cumulative dose of isotretinoin taken, with a total cumulative dose over each course of 120–150 mg/kg used as a guideline.[5][6]
Nearly all patients achieve initial clearing of acne during a normal course of isotretinoin therapy. 90% of patients achieve excellent clearance of their acne after a cumulative dose of 150 mg/kg.
Lower-dosage treatments, such as 10–20 mg/day (approximately half the high dosage treatments above), can also be effective, with greatly diminished side effects.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24] However, such lower dosage courses may be associated with higher relapse rates, requiring additional courses, especially if not taken for sufficient time.[25][26][27][28][29]
Usually, a starting dose of 20 mg is taken with the largest meal of the day. After a few months, the dose is increased, e.g. to 40 mg/d. If side-effects permit, a higher dose such as 60 mg/d can be prescribed although daily dose rarely exceeds 60 mg. If 20 mg capsules are supplied, patients may take (for example) 20 mg one day, then 40 mg the next to provide an average daily dose of 30 mg/d. In most cases, isotretinoin achieves a complete clearing of acne during a standard-dose 12–16 week course. Some patients' acne will respond to a course before recurring, necessitating multiple courses of treatment.[30]
Adverse effects[edit]
Increasingly higher dosages will result in higher toxicity, resembling vitamin A toxicity. The following are adverse drug reactions from Roche's UK product information for Roaccutane as of October 2010:[31]
Type of disorders |
Very common (≥ 1/10) |
Common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10) |
Rare (≥ 1/10 000,< 1/1000) |
Very rare (≤ 1/10 000) |
Infections |
bacterial infection |
Blood and lymphatic system |
Immune system |
Metabolism | ||||
Psychiatric |
Nervous system |
Eye |
Ear |
Vascular |
allergic vasculitis) |
Respiratory, thoracic and |
with asthma) |
Gastrointestinal |
Hepatobiliary |
Skin and |
Musculo-skeletal and |
and tendons)
Renal and urinary | ||||
General |
Investigation |
Research suggests vitamin E supplementation in the form of alpha-tocopherol reduces the toxicity of isotretinoin treatment in subjects with cancer[32] and myelodysplastic syndrome.[33] In contrast, a randomized study in 82 subjects taking isotretinoin (1 mg/kg/day) for acne vulgaris found no difference in the incidence or severity of side effects in the group taking an additional 800 IU/day of vitamin E in the form of d-l-alphatocopherol.[34]
Possible permanent effects[edit]
Stunted growth[edit]
An Accutane medication guide approved by the U.S. FDA in 2010 states that the drug "may stop long bone growth in teenagers who are still growing."[35][D 5] Several reports state that premature epiphyseal closure can occur in acne patients receiving recommended doses of Accutane.[36][37][38][39]
Inflammatory bowel disease[edit]
Several scientific studies have posited isotretinoin as a possible cause of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in some individuals.[40]
However, a study looking at 45,000 patients showed no association between isotretinoin and inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease).[41] The authors concluded, "Because inflammatory acne in children and adolescents carries a high psychological burden, clinicians should not be discouraged from prescribing this drug owing to a putative association with IBD."
Eye changes[edit]
Decreased night vision and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes) has been reported to persist in some patients after discontinuation of isotretinoin therapy.[42][43]
Hyperostosis has been reported in patients receiving treatment with isotretinoin.[44][45]
The most common side effects are muco-cutaneous: dry lips and skin. Regular lip balm and moisturizer is recommended. Sometimes, however, the dose needs to be decreased to reduce these side effects.[46] The skin becomes more fragile—especially to frictional forces—and may not heal as quickly as normal. For this reason waxing of hair, tattooing, tattoo removal, piercings, dermabrasion, exfoliation, etc. are not recommended. Treatment of acne scars (e.g. with fractional laser such as "Fraxel") is generally deferred until 12 months after completion of a course of isotretinoin.
Acne usually flares up 2–3 weeks into the treatment and is usually mild and tolerable. Occasionally this flareup is severe, necessitating oral antiobiotics such as erythromycin. A short course of oral prednisolone may be required. Some dermatologists favour a few weeks pre-treatment with oral antibiotics before commencing isotretinoin to reduce the chance of a severe flare.
Isotretinoin is a teratogen highly likely to cause birth defects if taken by women during pregnancy or even a short time before conception. A few of the more common birth defects this drug can cause are hearing and visual impairment, missing or malformed earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and mental retardation. Isotretinoin is classified as FDA Pregnancy Category X and ADEC Category X, and use is contraindicated in pregnancy.[6]
The manufacturer recommends pregnancy be excluded in female patients two weeks prior to commencement of isotretinoin, and they should use two simultaneous forms of effective contraception at least one month prior to commencement, during, and for at least one month following isotretinoin therapy.[47]
In the U.S., more than 2,000 women have become pregnant while taking the drug between 1982 and 2003, with most pregnancies ending in abortion or miscarriage. About 160 babies with birth defects were born. As a consequence, the iPLEDGE program was introduced by the U.S. FDA on 12 August 2005 in an attempt to ensure female patients receiving isotretinoin do not become pregnant. As of 1 March 2006, only prescribers registered and activated in iPLEDGE are able to prescribe isotretinoin, and only patients registered and qualified in iPLEDGE will be able to have isotretinoin dispensed by a registered pharmacy. All patients, including women not of child-bearing age and men, must register with iPLEDGE. FDA's intent with the iPLEDGE program is to tightly control the distribution and dispensing of isotretinoin and thereby prevent the potential for distribution or sharing of the drug outside of the program to women of child-bearing age. In 2011, 155 pregnancies occurred among 129,544 women of childbearing potential taking isotrentinoin (0.12%)[48]
Patients receiving isotretinoin therapy are not permitted to donate blood during and for at least one month after discontinuation of therapy due to its teratogenicity.[49]
Psychological effects[edit]
The association between isotretinoin use and psychopathology has been controversial. Beginning in 1983, isolated case reports emerged suggesting mood change, particularly depression, occurring during or soon after isotretinoin use.[50] A number of studies have been conducted since then of the drug's effect on depression, psychosis, suicidal thoughts and other psychological effects.[50] Recent reviews of the studies and reports have found that an association has not been proven, with varying opinions on the likelihood of an association.[50][51][52]
A 2008 review found that based on clinical studies and case reports, "the link between suicides and severe depressions has not yet been clearly demonstrated."[51] A 2009 review found that evidence strongly suggested a link between the use of isotretinoin and psychopathology, but did not establish a causal link. It recommended that "clinicians should be on the alert for potential psychiatric side effects following treatment with isotretinoin, especially in vulnerable populations."[52]
Mechanism of action[edit]
Isotretinoin's exact mechanism of action is unknown, but several studies have shown that isotretinoin induces apoptosis (cell death) in various cells in the body. Cell death may be instigated in the meibomian glands,[53][54] hypothalamic cells,[55] hippocampus cells[56][57] and—important for treatment of acne—in sebaceous gland cells.[58][59] Isotretinoin has a low affinity for retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR), but may be converted intracellularly to metabolites that act as agonists of RAR and RXR nuclear receptors.[4]
One study suggests the drug amplifies production of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the skin, which has been shown to reduce sebum production by inducing apoptosis in sebaceous gland cells, while exhibiting an antimicrobial effect on Propionibacterium acnes.[60][61][62] The drug decreases the size and sebum output of the sebaceous glands.[63] Isotretinoin is the only available acne drug that affects all four major pathogenic processes in acne, which distinguishes it from alternative treatments (such as antibiotics) and accounts for its efficacy in severe, nodulocystic cases.[64] The effect of Isotretinoin on sebum production can be temporary,[65] or remission of the disease can be "complete and prolonged."[63][66][67]
Isotretinoin has been speculated to down-regulate the telomerase enzyme and hTERT, inhibiting "cellular immortalization and tumorigenesis."[68] In a 2007 study, Isotretinoin was proven to inhibit the action of the metalloprotease MMP-9 (gelatinase) in sebum without any influence in the action of TIMP1 and TIMP2 (the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases).[69] It is already known that metalloproteases play an important role in the pathogenesis of acne.[70]
Oral Isotretinoin is best absorbed when taken with a high-fat meal, because it has a high level of lipophilicity.[71] The efficacy of isotretinoin doubles when taken after a high-fat meal compared to when taken without food.[72] Due to Isotretinoin's molecular relationship to Vitamin A, it should not be taken with Vitamin A supplements due to the danger of toxicity through cumulative overdosing.[73] Accutane also negatively interacts with tetracycline, another class of acne drug, and with micro-dosed ('mini-pill') progesterone preparations, norethindrone/ethinyl estradiol ('OrthoNovum 7/7/7'), St. John's Wort, Phenytoin, and systemic corticosteroids.
Isotretinoin is primarily (99.9%) bound to plasma proteins, mostly albumin. Three metabolites of Isotretinoin are detectable in human plasma after oral administration: 4-oxo-isotretinoin, retinoid acid (tretinoin), and 4-oxo-retinoic acid (4-oxo-tretinoin). Isotretinoin also oxidizes, irreversibly, to 4-oxo-isotretinoin—which forms its geometric isomer 4-oxo-tretinoin. After an orally-administered, 80 mg dose of liquid suspension 14C-isotretinoin, 14C-activity in blood declines with a half-life of 90 hours.[71] The metabolites of isotretinoin and its conjugates are then excreted in the subject's urine and faeces in relatively equal amounts.[71] After a single, 80 mg oral dose of Isotretinoin to 74 healthy adult subjects under fed conditions, the mean ±SD elimination half-life (t1/2) of isotretinoin and 4-oxo-isotretinoin were 21.0 ± 8.2 hours and 24.0 ± 5.3 hours, respectively.[71] After both single and multiple doses, the observed accumulation ratios of isotretinoin ranged from 0.90 to 5.43 in patients with cystic acne.[71]
Building on the discovery that vitamin A can inhibit sebum production at toxic dosages, the retinoic acid derivative isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) was developed in 1982 by Hoffmann-La Roche. Dr. Gary Peck is credited with discovering its use for the treatment of cystic acne, as well as disorders of keratinization, such as lamellar ichthyosis, Darier's disease, and pityriasis rubra pilaris. In addition, he demonstrated its chemopreventive properties in patients with basal cell nevus syndrome, also known as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and Gorlin's syndrome. In fact, within one year of attaining the U.S. patent for discovering the use of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne, he received the Inventor's Award from the US Department of Commerce and a Meritorious Service Medal from the US Public Health Services in 1983. In 2003, he was honored with The Discovery Award by the Dermatology Foundation in "recognition of extraordinary scientific accomplishments that have had a profound influence on the specialty of dermatology and have gained the respect and admiration of the world scientific community".
In February 2002, Roche's patents for isotretinoin expired, and there are now many other companies selling cheaper generic versions of the drug. On June 29, 2009, Roche Pharmaceuticals, the original creator and distributor of isotretinoin, officially discontinued both the manufacture and distribution of their Accutane brand in the United States due to what the company described as business reasons related to low market share (below 5%), coupled with the high cost of defending personal-injury lawsuits brought by some patients prescribed the drug. Generic isotretinoin will remain available in the United States through various manufacturers. Roche USA continues to defend Accutane and claims to have treated over 13 million patients since its introduction in 1982. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. apparently will continue to manufacture and distribute Roaccutane outside of the United States.[74]
Among others, actor James Marshall sued Roche over allegedly Accutane-related disease that resulted in removal of his colon.[75] The jury, however, decided that James Marshall had a pre-existing bowel disease.[76]
Several trials over inflammatory bowel disease claims have been held in the United States thus far, with many of them resulting in multimillion dollar judgments against the makers of isotretinoin.[77] In 2009 Roche decided to pull Accutane off the market, stating at the time that the move was related to market pressures and the high cost of defending Accutane lawsuits.[78]
See also[edit]
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- ^ [unreliable medical source?]Besa EC, Abrahm JL, Bartholomew MJ, Hyzinski M, Nowell PC (December 1990). "Treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid in transfusion-dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and decreased toxicity with addition of alpha-tocopherol". Am. J. Med. 89 (6): 739–47. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90215-Y. PMID 2252043.
- ^ [unreliable medical source?]Kus S, Gün D, Demirçay Z, Sur H (March 2005). "Vitamin E does not reduce the side-effects of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris". Int. J. Dermatol. 44 (3): 248–51. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02072.x. PMID 15807739.
- ^ (Label) (PDF). Drugs@FDA (Report) (Roche Laboratories). January 2010: 41. NDA 018662/S-060. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- ^ Lawson JP, McGuire J (1987). "The spectrum of skeletal changes associated with long-term administration of 13-cis-retinoic acid". Skeletal Radiology 16 (2): 91–7. doi:10.1007/BF00367754. PMID 3107131.
- ^ David M, Hodak E, Lowe NJ (1988). "Adverse effects of retinoids". Medical toxicology and adverse drug experience 3 (4): 273–88. doi:10.1007/bf03259940. PMID 3054426.
- ^ Orfanos CE (1989). "Retinoide: der neue Stand. Erhaltungstherapie, Resorptionsstörungen bei 'non-responders', Interaktionen und Interferenzen mit Medikamenten, Behandlung von Kindern und Knochentoxizität, Acitretin und 13-cis-Acitretin" [Retinoids: the new status. Maintenance therapy, disorders of resorption in 'non-responders', interactions and interferences with drugs, treatment of children and bone toxicity, acitetin and 13-cis-acitretin]. Hautarzt (in German) 40 (3): 123–9. PMID 2523875.
- ^ DiGiovanna JJ (2001). "Isotretinoin effects on bone". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 45 (5): S176–82. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.113721. PMID 11606950.
- ^ [unreliable medical source?]Crockett SD, Porter CQ, Martin CF, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD (September 2010). "Isotretinoin use and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105 (9): 1986–93. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.124. PMC 3073620. PMID 20354506.
- ^ Etminan M, Bird ST, Delaney JA, Bressler B, Brophy JM (February 2013). "Isotretinoin and risk for inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case-control study and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data". JAMA Dermatol 149 (2): 216–20. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.1344. PMID 23426479.
- ^ Mollan SP, Woodcock M, Siddiqi R, Huntbach J, Good P, Scott RA (2006). "Does use of isotretinoin rule out a career in flying?". The British journal of ophthalmology 90 (8): 957–9. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.092833. PMC 1857209. PMID 16723361.
- ^ Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW, Edwards R (2001). "Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin usage". American journal of ophthalmology 132 (3): 299–305. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(01)01024-8. PMID 11530040.
- ^ Pittsley RA, Yoder FW (1983). "Retinoid Hyperostosis". New England Journal of Medicine 308 (17): 1012–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM198304283081707. PMID 6403861.
- ^ Tangrea JA, Kilcoyne RF, Taylor PR, Helsel WE, Adrianza ME, Hartman AM, Edwards BK, Peck GL (1992). "Skeletal hyperostosis in patients receiving chronic, very-low-dose isotretinoin". Archives of dermatology 128 (7): 921–5. doi:10.1001/archderm.1992.01680170053004. PMID 1626958.
- ^ Scheinfeld N, Bangalore S (May 2006). "Facial edema induced by isotretinoin use: a case and a review of the side effects of isotretinoin". J Drugs Dermatol 5 (5): 467–8. PMID 16703787.
- ^ Roche Products Pty Ltd. Roaccutane (Australian Approved Product Information). Dee Why (NSW): Roche; 2005.[page needed]
- ^ Leyden JJ, Del Rosso JQ, Baum EW (February 2014). "The use of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris: clinical considerations and future directions". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 7 (2 Suppl): S3–S21. PMC 3970835. PMID 24688620.
- ^ BNF, edition 57[page needed]
- ^ a b c Goodfield MJ, Cox NH, Bowser A, McMillan JC, Millard LG, Simpson NB, Ormerod AD (2010). "Advice on the safe introduction and continued use of isotretinoin in acne in the U.K. 2010" (PDF). British Journal of Dermatology 162 (6): 1172–1179. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09836.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 21250961.
- ^ a b Dreno, B; Chosidow, O (2008). "Isotretinoin and psychiatric side effects: facts and hypothesis". Expert Review of Dermatology 3 (6): 711–720. doi:10.1586/174698188.8.131.521. ISSN 1746-9872.
- ^ a b Kontaxakis VP, Skourides D, Ferentinos P, Havaki-Kontaxaki BJ, Papadimitriou GN (2009). "Isotretinoin and psychopathology: a review". Annals of General Psychiatry 8 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-8-2. ISSN 1744-859X. PMID 19154613.
- ^ Lambert RW, Smith RE (March 1989). "Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid on the hamster meibomian gland". J. Invest. Dermatol. 92 (3): 321–5. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277122. PMID 2918239.
- ^ Kremer I, Gaton DD, David M, Gaton E, Shapiro A (1994). "Toxic effects of systemic retinoids on meibomian glands". Ophthalmic Res. 26 (2): 124–8. doi:10.1159/000267402. PMID 8196934.
- ^ Griffin JN, Pinali D, Olds K, Lu N, Appleby L, Doan L, Lane MA (November 2010). "13-Cis-retinoic acid decreases hypothalamic cell number in vitro". Neurosci. Res. 68 (3): 185–90. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.08.003. PMID 20708044.
- ^ Crandall J, Sakai Y, Zhang J, Koul O, Mineur Y, Crusio WE, McCaffery P (April 2004). "13-cis-retinoic acid suppresses hippocampal cell division and hippocampal-dependent learning in mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (14): 5111–6. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.5111C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0306336101. JSTOR 3371827. PMC 387382. PMID 15051884.
- ^ Sakai Y, Crandall JE, Brodsky J, McCaffery P (June 2004). "13-cis Retinoic acid (accutane) suppresses hippocampal cell survival in mice". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1021: 436–40. Bibcode:2004NYASA1021..436S. doi:10.1196/annals.1308.059. PMID 15251924.
- ^ Nelson AM, Cong Z, Gilliland KL, Thiboutot DM (September 2011). "TRAIL contributes to the apoptotic effect of 13-cis retinoic acid in human sebaceous gland cells". Br. J. Dermatol. 165 (3): 526–33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10392.x. PMC 3166444. PMID 21564055.
- ^ Nelson AM, Gilliland KL, Cong Z, Thiboutot DM (October 2006). "13-cis Retinoic acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human SEB-1 sebocytes". J. Invest. Dermatol. 126 (10): 2178–89. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700289. PMID 16575387.
- ^ Wachter K (2009). "Isotretinoin's Mechanism of Action Explored". Skin & Allergy News 40 (11): 32. doi:10.1016/S0037-6337(09)70553-4.
- ^ Isotretinoin's Mechanism of Action Elucidated. Medconnect (2009-08-28). Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Nelson AM, Zhao W, Gilliland KL, Zaenglein AL, Liu W, Thiboutot DM (April 2008). "Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mediates 13-cis retinoic acid-induced apoptosis of human sebaceous gland cells". J. Clin. Invest. 118 (4): 1468–78. doi:10.1172/JCI33869. PMC 2262030. PMID 18317594.
- ^ a b Peck GL, Olsen TG, Yoder FW, Strauss JS, Downing DT, Pandya M, Butkus D, Arnaud-Battandier J (February 1979). "Prolonged remissions of cystic and conglobate acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid". N. Engl. J. Med. 300 (7): 329–33. doi:10.1056/NEJM197902153000701. PMID 153472.
- ^ Shalita A (2001). European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (JEADV) 15: 47 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1046/j.0926-9959.2001.00012.x/asset/j.0926-9959.2001.00012.x.pdf?v=1&t=hqoebe7s&s=e5ec54a55bafe175454f5020b6ac31367a37beaf. Retrieved 20 January 2014. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ Roche Laboratories (September 2007). "Accutane (Isotretinoin Capsules)". FDA-Approved Official Product Label (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). NDA 018-662 S-058. Retrieved 05/02/2011. Check date values in:
(help) - ^ [unreliable medical source?]Farrell LN, Strauss JS, Stranieri AM (December 1980). "The treatment of severe cystic acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Evaluation of sebum production and the clinical response in a multiple-dose trial". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 3 (6): 602–11. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(80)80074-0. PMID 6451637.
- ^ [unreliable medical source?]Jones H, Blanc D, Cunliffe WJ (November 1980). "13-cis retinoic acid and acne". Lancet 2 (8203): 1048–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92273-4. PMID 6107678.
- ^ Pendino F, Flexor M, Delhommeau F, Buet D, Lanotte M, Segal-Bendirdjian E (June 2001). "Retinoids down-regulate telomerase and telomere length in a pathway distinct from leukemia cell differentiation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (12): 6662–7. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.6662P. doi:10.1073/pnas.111464998. JSTOR 3055868. PMC 34517. PMID 11371621.
- ^ Φαχαντίδης, Παναγιώτης Ε. (2007). Η επίδραση της ισοτρετινοϊνης και των αναστολέων της 5α-αναγωγάσης στις μεταλλοπρωτεάσες του συνδετικού ιστού σε ασθενείς με ακμή [The influence of isotretinoin and 5-a reductase inhibitors in metaloproteases of connective tissue in patients with ance] (in Greek). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.[unreliable medical source?]
- ^ Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M (June 2002). "Sebaceous glands in acne patients express high levels of neutral endopeptidase". Exp. Dermatol. 11 (3): 241–7. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0625.2002.110307.x. PMID 12102663.
- ^ a b c d e "FDA information, side effects, and uses / Accutane (isotretinoin)". U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "FDA information, side effects, and uses / Accutane (isotretinoin) : Table 2 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Isotretinoin Mean (%CV), N=74". U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "FDA information, side effects, and uses / Accutane (isotretinoin) : Drug Interactions". U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "Roche Discontinues and Plans to Delist Accutane in the U.S." (Press release). Genentech. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ Feeley J (2011-03-11). "Roche Accutane Acne Drug Caused 'Tragedy' for Actor, Brian Dennehy Says". Bloomberg.
- ^ Silverman E (2011-11-04). "It's Curtains On Actor's Accutane Lawsuit". Pharmalot. UBM Canon.
- ^ Voreacos D (May 30, 2007). "Roche Found Liable in First Of 400 Suits Over Accutane". The Washington Post. Bloomberg News. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
- ^ Shari Roan (7 November 2009). "New study may deal final blow to acne drug Accutane". LA Times.
Drugs@FDA references[edit]
The following are queries against the Drugs@FDA database used as references.
- ^ For Roche's Accutane see database query run 3 August 2014.
- ^ For Mylan's Amnesteem see database query run 3 August 2014.
- ^ For Teva's Claravis see database query run 3 August 2014.
- ^ For Ranbaxy's Absorica see database query run 2 August 2014.
- ^ Label and approval history for Roche's Accutane, retrieved 3 August 2014.
External links[edit]
- Drugs.com Isotretinoin Information
- Dermatology Vol 9: issue 5: Night blindness, vitamin A deficiency, and isotretinoin psychotoxicity
- DermNet treatments/isotretinoin


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"Entrepreneurship is living a few years of your life like most people won't, so that you can spend the rest of your life like most people can't."
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Jump to: Conference or Workshop Item Number of items: 1. Conference or Workshop ItemTaylor, P. and Paganopoulos, S. (2006) On the time-series of portfolio returns: Fama and French's (1993) three-factor model. In: European Finance Association (EFA) hosted by the Social Science Research Network, Zurich, Switzerland, 11th June, 2006., p. 20 This list was generated on Tue Mar 3 02:34:27 2015 GMT. |


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UND FOOTBALL NOTEBOOK: It was a difficult day for UND coach
Published 11/03/2012, Grand Forks Herald
It was a tough day for UND coach Chris Mussman. Before kickoff, he learned his ex-Iowa State teammate Trent Van Hoosen had died. The two roomed together during Iowa State road trips.
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Is apartment living right for your retirement?
When Rita and Craig Christensen decided that it was time to downsize, they didn't sell their single-family home and use the money to buy into a seniors housing facility or purchase a condo. They instead chose to rent in a new apartment development in downtown Wheaton, Illinois, a western suburb of Chicago.
The Christensens, who are about seven years from retiring, don't plan on moving from their apartment unit once they leave the workforce. There are too many things to do in their new neighborhood.
The couple's apartment sits a three-block walk from a train that connects to downtown Chicago. It's across the street from Wheaton's public library. A wine bar is a block away, as are shops and restaurants. There's even a farmers market every Saturday morning that the couple can see as they stand on their balcony.
"We really take advantage of what is going on downtown," Rita Christensen says. "This will be our first summer living here. It really is an ideal location. There's even a miniature-golf course across the street that my grandson likes."
The virtues of apartments for retirees
The Christensens aren't alone. Urban apartment living is a real option for seniors who want to ditch their snow shovels and lawnmowers when they retire and take advantage of all that cities can offer. These retirees may want to be able to walk to the movies, or take public transportation to evening dinners without having to drive busy suburban roads.
Retiring to an apartment does require some financial planning. But retirees -- or near-retirees -- who study their financial situations carefully before swapping their homes for apartments will boost their odds of having a happy retirement in their rentals.
Armando Roman, member of the National CPA Financial Literacy Commission and managing principal of Scottsdale, Arizona-based AXIOM Financial Advisory Group, says that seniors whose homes have appreciated significantly after they bought them can benefit financially by selling these residences and renting an apartment.
"When you can downsize and add that chunk of money to your retirement income portfolio, the lifestyle gets a boost," Roman says. "The upkeep costs on a house and yard never go away. A home always needs something. Selling the home to become a renter could free up enough cash each month to make an impact on the senior's daily quality of life."
A few caveats
Moving to an apartment doesn't make sense for all seniors. Some won't want to spend money each month on apartment rent. If they've paid off their homes, it might make more financial sense for them to remain in those residences, unless the upkeep and maintenance on their larger homes becomes overwhelming.
Roman recommends that seniors add up all the costs of keeping their home, including maintenance, repair, home insurance and property taxes. How do those costs compare with monthly rents? Would they be better off financially by renting?
It's also important for seniors to consider other pros and cons of apartment living. As the Christensens are discovering, freedom from home-maintenance provides plenty of extra time for renters. Renters who live in urban downtown districts can use this freedom -- and the money they've made from selling their homes, minus the dollars they'll need for monthly rent -- to explore the many activities of their busy neighborhoods.
On the negative side, apartments rarely come with yards. Urban apartments, especially, usually come with less space, which could be a negative for seniors hoping to spend more time with their grandchildren. Other seniors might want to pass their homes down to their sons or daughters -- something they obviously can't do if they sell them.
Then there is the issue of rising rental rates. The website Apartment List reported that from 2000 through 2012, apartment rents rose 6 percent, and real estate research firm Reis Inc. reported that first-quarter 2014 rental rates were the highest it has seen since it began collecting the data in 1999.
Rents can be especially high in urban areas. Real estate blog Curbed reported that the average monthly rent for an apartment in Brooklyn stood at $3,209 in April. If you want to rent a two-bedroom apartment in Chicago's Loop, you would have faced a median monthly rent of $2,676 in February, according to Curbed.
Weighing the options
Patrick Bet-David, a financial adviser and president and CEO of Woodland Hills, California-based financial services marketing company PHP, says that while retiring to a rental is not the perfect choice for every senior, there are many who would benefit from such a move."If they have a nest egg, whatever the number might be, there is no need to hold onto that single-family home," Bet-David says. "I would absolutely encourage those seniors to sell their homes and take that money to either save or use as an income source."
Bet-David encourages seniors to look at the reasons for why they initially bought a home. For many, the goal is to build equity in a home, sell it and then move into a larger home, a dream home. For baby boomers and retiring seniors though, that is no longer the goal, Bet-David said.
The financial goal now? To guarantee that they won't outlive their savings after retirement. And seniors can use the profits from a home sale to help boost the likelihood of never outliving their savings, especially if they don't sink a majority of these profits into buying into a seniors housing development or purchasing a condo.
"When seniors consider downsizing to become renters, they should add up all those costs of keeping the home and imagine them as extra income in their monthly budget," says Roman. "Would this give them a better lifestyle? Would this allow them to sleep better at night knowing they have more income to live on?" More from MoneyRates.com: Need the best money market account? Heed these tips Best banks in America: Is it time to switch? Unconventional CDs: Are they right for you?
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NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Loews Corporation (NYSE: L) announced today the declaration of the Company's quarterly dividend of $0.0625 per share of Common Stock, payable June 14, 2013 to shareholders of record on June 3, 2013.
Loews Corporation, a holding company, is one of the largest diversified corporations in the United States. Its principal subsidiaries are CNA Financial Corporation (NYSE: CNA), a 90% owned subsidiary; Diamond Offshore Drilling, Inc. (NYSE: DO), a 50.4% owned subsidiary; Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP (NYSE: BWP), a 55% owned subsidiary; HighMount Exploration & Production LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary; and Loews Hotels, a wholly owned subsidiary.
Loews Corporation
Peter W. Keegan
Senior Vice President
Investor and Public Relations
Source: Loews Corporation


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HCA South Atlantic is a significant force in the surrounding communities we serve. Read more in our 2012 Community Benefits Report»
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Our thoughts and sympathies go out to our friends and colleagues at Northern Illinois University in the wake of this horrific tragedy. We send our deepest condolences to the victims' families, to NIU President John Peters and to the entire Northern Illinois community.
We also extend our most heartfelt wishes for a full recovery to ISU alumnus Brian Karpes, who was injured in the shooting. Brian graduated from ISU in 2007 with bachelor of science degrees in aviation management and geology. He is currently in graduate school at Northern Illinois and was reportedly shot multiple times. At this time, we know that Brian has survived surgery for his injuries but remains in intensive care at St. Anthony Hospital in Rockford, Ill. Please keep Brian and his family in your thoughts.
This senseless act of violence reminds all of us of the need to continuously evaluate and assess our safety measures, emergency response systems and emergency notification procedures. Indiana State takes this responsibility very seriously. An overview of our current procedures is available on the Office of Public Safety website at: http://www1.indstate.edu/pubsafety/safetyatisu.html
As always our Student Counseling Center staff members are prepared to help students affected by this tragedy, especially those who have friends or relatives attending Northern Illinois.
As we keep the entire Northern Illinois University in our thoughts, I encourage my campus colleagues to also take time to discuss this event with students if they wish to do so.
In response to the shooting incident at Northern Illinois University on Thursday (Feb. 14), Indiana State University President Lloyd W. Benjamin III has issued a statement of condolences. Brian Karpes, a 2007 graduate of ISU, was among those injured in the shooting.
Indiana State to hold two ceremonies for spring commencement
Indiana State business students seek supply chain solutions for Indiana melon producer
Graduates urged to use talents to help others, make most of each day
Project investigates global views on quality dining services and impact of cultural values


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7. Rent the Runway: Do you like Netflix (NFLX) and GameFly, but wish they made you look prettier? Look no further than Rent the Runway, where you can get a Diane von Furstenberg the same way you'd get the second disc from season three of "The Office" -- through the mail. For $50 to $200 per garment, customers can rent a Christian Siriano or Herve Leger piece for four nights and ship it back in a prepaid envelope. Dry cleaning is included and there's an optional $5 damage insurance fee, but, unlike Netflix, you're on the hook for the entire cost if a dress gets completely destroyed.
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Poetics and Poetry Discussion
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Lamont Palmer
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Thank you, Frank. Sad news indeed. Ever since Shep's passing, I'd been thinking a lot of Herbert too, and wondering where he was and how he was coming along. A PH member who is also on FB (you may know Gina?) dug up some photos for me to see of Herbert, Shep, and a few other old PH'ers who I had never seen and it brought back many memories. I joined PH in Mar of 05, and immediately encountered, in the forum, (and on my poetry pages) the formidable force that was Herbert. I had my squabbles with him, but he was a dedicated poet and a sharp, often very funny, incisive thinker, who was always interesting to read and watch, particularly in the forum. A character, for sure. I'll miss him as well. -LP
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***** *****
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You will note my new message wondering if it was Herbert and Allen... but Michael??! ! I am so sorry to hear this. I was fond of MIchael but for obvious reasons I cleared from this site. I am so sorry ... more
***** *****
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Comment of the Day
- Let Me Go
Please, let me go.
You've got me hanging from a cross.
For god's sake, let me down!
I died, now let me go ...


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I Now Declare 2010 The Year of Weird
Tomatoes | |
'Black Sea Man' | |
'Green Sausage' | |
'Speckled Roman' | |
Peppers | |
'Merlot Hybrid' | |
'Cayenne Blend Pepper' | |
'Purple Jalapeno' | |
Melon | |
'Tigger' | |
'Yellow Mini Tiger Hybrid' | |
Okay, that covers the new, weird varieties I'll be trying in the Spring 2010. Now let's take a look at a few vegetables I've tried in the recent past that worked well for me and rank as being a bit unusual. | |
Cucumber | |
'Lemon' | |
'Yellow Submarine' | |
Broccoli | |
'Purple Sprouting' | |
Radish | |
'Nero Tondo' | |
Carrot | |
'Rainbow' | |
Pepper | |
'Fish' Here is a fascinating story from Mother Earth News about Fish peppers and their unique history. | |
The moral of the story is, don't be afraid to get adventurous with your veggies. You may be surprised at how wonderful these look in your garden...and how good they taste! |
Some seeds of the edibles featured above are widely available, some are not. You can check with the following companies whose catalog photos I used, or try the Dave's Garden Plant Scout.
Photo credits:Totally Tomatoes: Black Sea Man Tomato, Green Sausage Tomato, Merlot Pepper, Cayenne Blend Pepper, Purple Jalapeno Pepper, Yellow Mini-Tiger Watermelon
Underwood Gardens: Speckled Roman Tomato
Johnny's Selected Seeds: Nero Tondo Radish
Thompson & Morgan: Tigger Melon
Burpee: Yellow Submarine Cucumber
Hirt's Greenhouse: Lemon Cucumber
Jungle Seeds (UK): Purple Sprouting Broccoli
Victory Seed: Rainbow Carrot
FloridaGardener.com: Fish Pepper
Discussion about this article:


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Peter Forsberg
A new roadblock for Peter Forsberg's comeback: 'immigration issues'
Feb 7, 2011, 7:21 PM EST
Comments OffWhile most of those problems will likely be related to his health – particularly an eternally wonky foot – immigration issues present the first hurdle for Peter Forsberg's latest NHL return.
Decision made: Peter Forsberg will make his NHL return, sign contract with Avalanche
Feb 6, 2011, 12:30 PM EST
For better or for worse, Peter Forsberg decided to resume his NHL career with the Colorado Avalanche, according to Adrian Dater. Dater reports that Forsberg will not play in Monday's game against the Phoenix Coyotes, though. Forsberg needed to make a decision (and sign a contract) by the end of today to be able to…
Video: Mike Milbury talks about Forsberg's comeback and Nabokov's mess in New York
Jan 25, 2011, 7:06 PM EST
Comments OffNHL on NBC's Mike Milbury talks with Tiffany Simons about Peter Forsberg's return and Evgeni Nabokov's situation with the Islanders.
Peter Forsberg practices in Denver – Will he play after All-Star break?
Jan 23, 2011, 6:53 PM EST
Peter Forsberg was on the ice yet again today in Denver and speculation is picking up he could play after the All-Star break.
Once more with feeling: Peter Forsberg to practice with Avalanche – Last chance at a comeback?
Jan 21, 2011, 4:53 PM EST
Is it possible that Peter Forsberg is actually going to attempt one more comeback with the Avalanche? It might be.
Remember that possible Peter Forsberg MODO/NHL comeback? It's over
Dec 26, 2010, 3:21 PM EST
Comments OffIs this it for Peter Forsberg? The talented Swede told MODO that his foot problems would end his season. It's hard not to speculate that this might be it for his career too.
Detroit Red Wings forward Johan Franzen feels 'much better'; could be back by Thursday
Oct 16, 2010, 11:43 PM EST
Comments OffGood news for the Detroit Red Wings: it sounds like Johan Franzen isn't too banged up. While the sniping Swedish forward did admit that the Mark Fistric hit left him with a "mild concussion," Franzen said that he was feeling quite a bit better and it doesn't appear that he'll deal with too many issues.…


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Mayhem # 2375661
About MeI've always wanted to break out into the model but have always been unsure as to how. I'm not looking to make a career out of this, at least not now. Just looking to have a little bit of fun while I can and see what can come from this. I'm interested in all sorts of modeling and am not afraid to let go :)Friends |


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Tech Helproom
It's free to register, to post a question or to start / join a discussion
Sharing 2 different Laptop problems - part 1
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Posted March 20, 2013 at 4:30PM
My granddaughter(19) asked me to get some case damage repairs done to her laptop. She is reasonably savvy, but I saw warnings in the W7 (she uses MSE and W7 Firewall). I found Windows Security Centre would not open properly , and firewall could be activated. In the end I found after a good deal of Googling, the use of SAS and MBAM etc, that the firewall and windows security centre had been knocked out by a spybot or similar. The security centre file was missing in the registry, as was the firewall one. I downloaded the files and put them in the registry and got it going.
There were also 16000 fragmented files. I wonder if other teenage PC's are like this (use of Facebook , etc), and poor "housekeeping?
- Tags:
- security
Likes # 0
Posted March 20, 2013 at 5:23PM
I wonder if other teenage PC's are like this (use of Facebook , etc), and poor "housekeeping?
Yes I used to clear more crap from teenage girls machines than boys.
With girls it was chat sites and downloading ringtones etc. Boys of course was usually porn sites:0)
Likes # 0
Posted March 20, 2013 at 5:49PM
"Yes I used to clear more crap from teenage girls machines than boys"
I did not pry into files but noticed a programme (Baby look, or some such)that enabled you to up load your and your partners face photos, and it "predicted" your baby's looks!!. I googled it and saw that if you were not careful you could click on a semi porn link...
I have sternly warned her about facebook etc, and other such sites and once again suggested she scans for malware and suchlike more often, and to defrag. She does use iCloud for music, and is linked to one of our PC's for that.
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