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Dayton SCORE WorkshopsDayton SCORE offers a variety of free and fee-based business courses to meet your current situation and greatest business challenges. The core of these workshops is a universal curriculum based on the SCORE BusinessWorx universal planning model which will also provide a foundation for consistent counseling services and common counseling resources. We recommend the following three step process to help structure the most beneficial educational experience for your needs.Step 1: Evaluate your current education needs
Step 2: Select the best workshop
Step 3: Apply what you have learned
To examine a specific workshop course CLICK on the course's title tab. |
For-Profit Workshop Courses An indepth workshop for those entrepreneurs that what to start a for-profit business; to stablize their business, or to grow their business. |
Current Situation: Business Start-up Workshops Education for entrepreneurs that what to start a for-profit business. |
Dreaming of Starting a New Business?
Introduction to Web-Based Marketing and Website Design
Create Small Business Websites (FEE)
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Current Situation: Business Recovery/Growth Workshops Education for executives and employees that want to recover or grow a successful business. |
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Our territory includes the following counties in Ohio: Montgomery, Greene, Preble, Darke, Miami, Clark, Mercer, Auglaize, Logan, Shelby, Champaign, and the northern edges of Butler and Warren. SCORE services are provided without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, age, and disability. Persons with disabilities may request reasonable (special) accommodations (with a two-week advance notice). For special accommodations, contact: Brenda Arrington.
Address: 200 West 2nd Street, Suite 104, Dayton OH 45402 Phone: 937-225-2887 FAX: 937-255-7667 Email: email@example.com Copyright 2015, SCORE Chapter 107. All Rights Reserved. |


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User Review
love this place
1 bed, 1 bath | $1052 - $1338 | 1 Bathroom | 560 Sq. Ft. |
1 bed, 1 bath w/den | $1097 - $1559 | 1 Bathroom | 645 Sq. Ft. |
2 bed, 2 bath | $1324 - $1666 | 2 Bathrooms | 850 Sq. Ft. |
2 bed, 2 bath | $1397 - $1776 | 2 Bathrooms | 850 - 970 Sq. Ft. |
3 bed, 2 bath | $1684 - $2077 | 2 Bathrooms | 970 Sq. Ft. |
Cypress Creek Apartments in Hyattsville, Maryland, gives you great apartment living in an unbeatable location. Minutes to Washington, D.C., four Metro stops, and major roads, Cypress Creek puts you right where you want to be. Our spacious apartment homes come fully loaded with washers and dryers, many closets, stylish kitchens with breakfast bars, and lots of extras. Our community features a state-of-the-art fitness center, sparking Olympic-sized pool, and a newly renovated community clubhouse. Make your move to the best apartments for rent Hyattsville, Maryland, has to offer Cypress Creek Apartments.
Apartments in Community: 762
We believe school data to be accurate, but do not guarantee that. Please be sure to verify where your children will attend school before making your housing decision.
Maximum of 2 cats, 1 dog per home. Weight limit for cats: 25 lbs, dogs: 25 lbs. We currently accept a maximum of 2 cats or 1 dog. A $250 refundable pet deposit, per pet, is required at the time of move-in We currently accept a maximum of 2 cats or 1 dog with the exception of the following breeds: Pit-bulls, Rottweilers, Chows, Akitas, American Staffordshire, Shar-Pei, Bull Terriers or any aggressive breed. A $250 refundable pet deposit, per
love this place
Great course for the $$!
Great course, great people. Ricky, Janet, James, and the rest of the crew have really brought Cypress back to life in a big way. I'd recommend this...
Cypress Creek offers 1, 2 and 3 bedroom apartments homes for rent in Hyattsville, Maryland. Features and Amenities include: Washer and dryer in each apartment, Wall-to-wall carpet, Spacious floor plans, Fully-equipped contemporary kitchens, Newly renovated clubhouse, 24-hour emergency maintenance, Beautifully wooded setting, Olympic-size pool with sundeck, State-of-the-art fitness center and more!
As you search for your perfect apartment, please keep in mind that rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability are very fluid in the apartment industry. Based on many factors, the rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability can actually change not just daily, but hourly, if not even more quickly. While our advertisers do take steps to keep their information current, the rental rates or availability you may find here now at ForRent.com may not be the same as when you contact the communities.

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Tablet. Hotels for Global Nomads
Travel Better.
Tablet Plus
The Pelham Hotel
15 Cromwell Place, London, England, UK
Neighborhood: Kensington
Check availability as rates may vary for dates. Best rate guaranteed.
The Pelham is a fine alternative to the flash and preciousness of some of London's more overtly designed boutique hotels — it can be exhausting to spend time in a place that is striving so hard to be cool, and in contrast, it's utterly refreshing to stay somewhere a little more restrained, a little more secure in itself.
The vibe is plainly country house, transplanted to busy South Kensington: an idea which in itself implies some level of gimmickry, but is in fact carried off with a natural ease. It's no country house theme park—the rustic touches are judiciously applied, mixing contemporary pieces with antiques, and steering well clear of 19th-century fussiness.
Bedrooms are individually designed (must be an obscure London regulation) but all are richly decorated in a similar grand yet tasteful style. Modern equipment abounds as well, from broadband internet to mobile phones, and the television — long the bane of hotel room decorators — is discreetly hidden. Expect marble bathrooms, of course, but with added charms like heated towel bars and Molton Brown amenities.
The location is easily half the appeal, as the Victoria & Albert and Natural History museums are close by, as are Harrods and the Knightsbridge shops. This convenient situation makes the Pelham's bar and restaurant a popular stop not just for tourists but for Londoners as well, and if you haven't seen enough of him already you may spy the likes of Hugh Grant stopping in for a meal. South Kensington tube station is steps away, which means relatively easy access to Heathrow and anywhere else — hard to believe this country charmer is so close to the heart of the city.
- Complimentary upgrade upon hotel check-in, based upon availability
- Complimentary Bottled Water (£5 per person)
- Guaranteed 2 pm late check out
- 15% daily discount on dinner (food only)
- 50 Rooms
- Style: Contemporary Classic
- Atmosphere: Quiet
- 168 Guest Reviews
- The Pelham Hotel
- 15 Cromwell Place
- London, England, UK
- Neighborhood: Kensington
Hotel amenities and services
- 100% non-smoking hotel
- 24 hour concierge
- 24 hour front desk
- 24 hour gym
- Bar
- Business center
- Central air conditioning
- Honesty Bar
- Library
- No pets allowed
- Offsite gym facilities
- Restaurant
- Room service
- Shopping area nearby
- Wi-fi (charges apply)
Other London hotels
168 Guest Reviews
All reviews are from Tablet guests with verified stays.
- Lynne
- Stayed October 2013
- Rating: Excellent
What I liked:
1) location--didn't fully appreciate how good it was until we got there (this was a first-time trip to London)
2) service--the front desk and concierge staff were wonderful; they knew our names and room numbers from day 1 and couldn't have been more helpful directing us around the city
3) ambience--from the somewhat quirky rooms to the 2 public sitting rooms and the honor bar at cocktail hour--it was delightful
What the hotel could do better:
We had some tour tickets that we booked through the hotel and didn't realize that there was a service charge until I saw it on the bill--I would have appreciated a heads-up on that. Would still have bought the tickets for ease of use, but would have preferred to know the cost of that service.
- Dan
- Stayed August 2013
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
Pleasant, attentive Staff.
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!
- Kate
- Stayed August 2013
- Rating: Excellent
What I liked:
I love the boutique intimacy of this hotel. The rooms are beautifully decorated and the public spaces are quiet and comfortable - a little more like being home than in a hotel. The linen and towels are great quality as are all the furnishings in the rooms and the fixtures in the bathrooms - would love my house to be decorated like this hotel!
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!


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Innovation can drive change for most disadvantaged children –UNICEF report Urgent action is needed to prevent millions of children from missing out on the benefits of innovation, UNICEF said in a new report launched on the 25th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Op-Ed: Ending the HIV/Aids epidemic requires a focus on adolescents
Put children at heart of global agenda, UNICEF challenges Davos
Cape Town selected by UNICEF for 'world version' of Imagine
PHOTO ESSAY: Celebrating 25 years of the CRC The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most rapidly and widely ratified international human rights treaty. The 25th anniversary of the CRC was commemorated in South Africa by UNICEF through various programmes, campaigns, initiatives and events.
Published article: Working towards a better world for all children
2015 Child Rights Advocacy Wall Calendar for South Africa
Advocacy Calendar for South Africa
Believe in Zero Believe in Zero is our vision for children in South Africa – zero children who are forgotten, zero children whose rights are denied. But we know that we cannot do it alone. Help us.
Child Survival and Development
Education and Child Friendly Schools
Protection for Orphans and Vulnerable Children
Social Policy and Strategic Leveraging


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Camping Gear
Camping Gear
Givi Waistpack (T453 Easybag)
10" wide x 5.5" tall x 4.3" thick. 3.5-liter volume. Learn More$32.00 $28.80 -
Givi Tankbag/Backpack (T429)
T429 Expandable Magnetic Tankbag. Tank bag with 7 1/2" x 13" map pocket unzips from magnetic base and has built in backpack straps. Magnetic base also contains a large 9" x 13" map pocket. Includes rain cover. Learn More$69.30 -
GIVI Leg Wallet - Easy Range Storage Bag - Holster (EA109)
Expand your storage options for essential items, with the quick and easy GIVI Leg Wallet - Easy Range Learn More$25.00 $22.50


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Cottage cheese: 120 gm
Olive oil and chilli sauce: 10 ml each
Garlic chopped: Five gm
Mixed herbs: One gm
Salt: To taste
Crushed black pepper and chopped ginger and coriander leaves: Two gm each
Black olives: 20 gm
Tomato chopped:25 gm
Honey: Two ml
Balsamic vinegar: One ml
Marinate the cottage cheese with olive oil, herb, and crushed black pepper and keep it side for 10 to 15 minutes.
Make salsa with chopped black olives and ginger, honey and Balsamic vinegar. Make the other salsa with chopped tomatoes and ginger, honey and Balsamic vinegar.
Heat a sauce pan with balsamic vinegar on slow flame to reduce till it becomes thick. Grill the cottage cheese on a hot plate.
Once it has been grilled fill the layer one by one with the tomato salsa and olive salsa. Place it on clean plate and serve with red chilli coriander sauce. Garnish with spring onion.


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What does GWH mean in Colleges & Universities?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand GWH in the Academic & Science field in general and in the Colleges & Universities terminology in particular.
Find a translation for GWH in other languages:
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Discuss this GWH abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"GWH." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/185705>.
GWH also stands for:
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So i have tmj (my left/ right jaw is misaligned). i would like to specifically ask about the left side jaw with tmj. So a few months ago (april), my left chin/jaw landed hard bottom first onto a wooden table. My question is, besides this trauma affecting my left jaw and chin, could this trauma also have affectes my left maxilla (as causing pain and swelling there) along with it shifting the position of the left side of my nose.
- Treatments
- Orthognathic Surgery
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TMJ Issue and Concern (Using Invislign to Help)?
- nyc13
- 2 years ago
No doctor answers yet
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The world's best hotels.Get the list.
19 ratings 79% recommend
Nok Air is the first premium low cost airline in Thailand, serving more than 25 domestic destinations (Phuket, Chiang Mai, Krabi), 10 islands, with a flight & ferry package (Koh Samui, Koh Phangan, Koh Lanta) and two international routes: Myanmar (Yangon) and Laos (Flight + Bus to Vientiane). Partly owned by Thai Airways, the major hub is in Bangkok, Don Mueang International Airport and the secondary in Chiang Mai International airport.
'Nok' means 'bird' in Thai language and symbolizes friendship and freedom to travel, or 'fly everywhere'.
Nok provides Free Seat Selection, Free Wi-Fi at the airport, Online Check-in and Free baggage allowance.
Nok Air has Economy class with 3 different fare types:
The lowest fares during selected periods. Flights include 15 kg of free baggage allowance and the ability to change bookings for a fee.
A value fare option with 15kg of baggage and the ability to change bookings for a fee.
This fare provides the maximum amount of flexibility with 20kg of free baggage allowance and free changes to bookings.
Free water and complementary snack on board (More snacks & beverage are available for purchase)
View Nok Air seat maps at SeatGuru.com.
Nok Air has partnered with Lufthansa Technics for engine and component acquisition and maintenance planning. The Nok Air fleet includes the following aircraft types: B737-400 and -800 and ATR 72-200
Nok Air has a codeshare agreement with Thai Airways International.


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Home |
Antique Japanese Doll, Large Retainer Doll browse these categories for related items... Directory: Antiques: Regional Art: Asian: Japanese: Dolls: Pre 1920: Item # 1037989
Asian Art by Kyoko Los Angeles California 562-902-0625 Guest Book |
Scruffy looking old Japanese warrior doll (musha ningyo). This doll is not so tall (11 1/2" tall) but heavily padded, solid and quite heavy. When we acquired this doll, his hair was already replaced once and most of it was; one side is painted in black. Old glass eyes. The checker design (ichimatsu design) on his clothes is very similar to "Enshu-donsu", one of the famous fabrics used for tea ceremonies in the Edo period. 11 1/2" high x 11" wide x 12" deep. Circa Meiji (1868-1912). |
Categories | Shops | Join | Terms | Critique | Map | Help |


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Search result from Learning, educational-institutions, british
244 results found
General listing
Bangkok Post Recommended
The Regent's School (Bangkok)
International school > British
The Regent's School (Bangkok) is fully accredited by WES in the UK. It is also a member of Council of International Schools (CIS) and recognised by the British Embassy for diplomats' children. The school...
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The MBA tour
The MBA Tour is an independent and high quality information source regarding MBA admissions. Our events emphasize personal interaction between prospective MBA students, business school admissions representatives, alumni ...
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The Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand (Public Organization)
The Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) is the governmental organization in the form of a public organization in accordance with the Public Organization Act B.E. 2542 and was established in compli...
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The First Steps International Pre-school
International school > British
First Steps International Pre-School is a pre-school which offers a British Based Curriculum. Students are taught through carefully planned topics and activities. The school accepts children between the ages of 18 mo...
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The Early Learning Centre International Kindergarten
International school > British
The Early Learning Centre International Kindergarten was started in 1980. There are several campuses of this school throughout Bangkok. However, this first campus is located on Sukhumvit Soi 49 in Bangkok's reside...
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Home / NEWS / Major equipment projects all in Saudi - Kanoo GM
Major equipment projects all in Saudi - Kanoo GM
by Stian Overdahl on Jul 26, 2012RELATED ARTICLES: The Kanoo Group snaps up Stor-mat; Wolffkran opens Middle East hub in Dubai; Sennebogen looks to GCC to lift sales
The major projects that will be pushing demand for equipment over the coming 12 months are all based in Saudi Arabia, said Kanoo Machinery's GCC GM Robert Jennings.
His comments came in an interview with Intermat Middle East organisers. The construction and infrastructure machinery expo takes place in Abu Dhabi, 8-10 October.
"The projects I see as most significant are all based in Saudi Arabia," said Jennings.
"They are: Riyadh Metro; Jeddah to Medina High Speed Rail; King Abdulla Financial District, Riyadh; Jizan and KAEC Ports; and the new housing projects."
Demand is currently very high in Saudi Arabia for concrete, and Kanoo will be introducing new kit to target this sector of the market.
"Designed specifically for concrete batching plants, we will soon be introducing truck mounted mixers and pumps," said Jennings.
On a positive note for the company, he noted that the low Euro value compared to the Japanese Yen is helping them to maintain competitive pricing against Japanese manufacturers.
"However, on the negative sire we are starting to experience delivery delays and longer lead times from some of the Western manufacturers.
"This seems to be due to supply chain issues. The general trend tends to suggest that many downstream suppliers have not yet geared up to support a significant growth cycle coming from outside Europe and the USA."
Jennings said that Kanoo Machinery is looking to the advantages of the regional Intermat Middle East show.
"We are closer to our customer base which makes it more convenient for both existing and prospective clients to visit us. The regional shows allow us to focus on regional markets, projects and applications."
FEATURED COMMENTPlease click here to comment on this article |
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- Emirates Money and CNH pen PMV finance agreement
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- Manitowoc pulls off 230t lifts at Russian gasworks
- Is the UAE's PMV sector really keen to go green?


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Caribbean Architectural Style
Learn about a style shaped by life in the tropics.
By the time design style completed its journey down the Southeastern seaboard and arrived in Key West, the Southernmost tip of Florida, it had incorporated a little of everything. New England natives, Cubans and fishermen first settled Key West in the 1820s. Its wooden, handcrafted "Conch-style" houses incorporate elements of those cultures and show the influence of Bahamian, African, Creole and Victorian design. Local builders brought the mishmash of architecture to life in the form of hulking frame houses and simple cigar makers' cottages. All the homes were uniquely adapted to life in the tropics, and seafarers often added handy items from ship design, such as crow's nests and the type of "roof hatches" used on board to facilitate ventilation.
Conch-style homes fall into six categories:
Classic Revival: the predominant Conch style, exemplified by wooden gables and posts or columns.
Eyebrow style: a Classic Revival derivative featuring gables and porches and a series of "eyebrow" windows tucked up under the second-floor roof eaves.
Shotgun style: balloon-frame homes for cigar makers. Tracing their origin to West Africa and the French Caribbean, they're small and simple — one story and one room wide — with three rooms end to end, so a shot fired from the front door could exit the back door without resistance.
Queen Anne: characterized by the use of red brick and simple, elegant ornamentation.
Bahama style: homes with wide porches across the length of low facades, spacious verandas and simple balustrades.
Frame Vernacular: functional dwellings without decorative details, usually 1½ stories tall.
Next Up
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Nestled in the woodlands overlooking Oregon's breathtaking Nehalem peninsula, HGTV Dream Home 2000, a modified Craftsman-style home, exudes rugged Northwest style.
HGTV Dream Home 2001: Camden, Maine
Located near Camden, Maine, HGTV Dream Home 2001 is a classic New England shingle-style cottage overlooking historic Penobscot Bay.
Old World Look for a New World Condo
Ornate, oversized furniture and trim lavish Old World charm on a condo kitchen designed by Connie Schey.
Bungalows Galore
Hugely popular in the early 1900s, bungalows, craftsman-style homes can still charm home buyers
Contemporary Makeover for Studio Apartment
As if living in a rental wasn't constricting enough, this client also dealt with space issues in her tiny studio apartment. Luckily, LABLstudio knew just how to decorate her space to give her the cool, contemporary home of her dreams.
Designing an Industrial Modern Los Angeles Loft
Peek inside a TV and film producer's 1,200-square-foot industrial modern loft in Los Angeles and steal his best design secrets.
HGTV Dream Home 2003: Mexico Beach
A bay-side compound with extraordinary views and amenities, this HGTV Dream Home is a luxury retreat located in Mexico Beach, Florida.
HGTV Dream Home 2007: Winter Park, CO
Smell the fresh mountain air and gaze out at surrounding mountains from lodge-inspired HGTV Dream Home 2007 in Winter Park, Colorado.
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HGTV Dream Home 2006 celebrates a casual mountain living design and unparalleled views of Lake Lure, North Carolina.
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N.D. Ag Hall of Fame seeking nominations
VALLEY CITY, N.D. (AP) -- The North Dakota Winter Show is seeking nominations for the North Dakota Ag Hall of Fame 2011 class.
People have to meet two of three criteria to be eligible for nomination.
The criteria includes being at least 45 years of age, retired from an agriculture-related field or having at least 20 years of experience in the ag industry.
Get the full story
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The ground at the Northern end of the Strip is rumbling with the sounds of bums rushing in with money. The Nu-Sahara opens in three weeks, construction crews are poised to arrive at Resorts World any day now, MGM is renting out the old El Rancho parcel to host an occasional rock concert, the old Hilton is now in the taught grip of Westgate Resorts and Packer & Pascal are all in on a new frontier.
MGM's plans with Circus Circus are clear - squeeze every damn cent out before it makes sense to implode and rebuild. Carl Icahn's plans with Fontainebleau are the same as it was when he bought it from arrears - cold storage till he finds the right sucker to lick his price tag.
And then there is the Riviera.
Desert Rock Enterprises LLC, an investment corporation created by Derek and Greg Stevens holds 20% stake in the Riviera (as well as 65% of the Golden Gate and 100% of The D Las Vegas via sister corporation Desert Rock Enterprises II).
So the question for you is... Should Derek Stevens buy out the Riviera?
Full disclosure: VegasTripping.com is partnering with Derek Stevens and The D to produce the Vegas Internet Mafia Family Picnic in October 2014. We have not consulted with or contacted Derek or Desert Rock Enterprises about this poll.


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- Obamacare: All eyes on high court
- Dems, Rauner spar over deficit solution; Senate Democrats poised to pass own version
- Minnie Minoso: Dead at 90, unbeaten
- Bring back legislative scholarships? Proposal faces serious questions from both sides
- First Friday opening for Olive Oil Experience
- RAM announce 74th Young Artist winners
- Texas Two-step: 'Hogs sweep weekend, return home
- More highlights from the Chicago Auto Show
- Industry response to peak oil not enough long term
- TRRT March 4-10 | Online Edition
Job opportunities in renewable energy
By Drs. Robert & Sonia Vogl
President and Vice President
Illinois Renewable Energy Association
Over the past decade, a frequently-asked question is that of job opportunities in renewable energy. Almost all of the inquiries have come from men.
A surprising number are older men bored with their existing jobs who perceive the renewable energy industry as making a more positive social contribution than their current work. Others who have been terminated from their existing jobs feel their previous work as engineers or skilled workers provides them with excellent backgrounds to make an easy transition to renewable energy.
Some are approaching retirement and see themselves as creating small firms to install renewable energy systems. Another category is young men seeking a career in renewable energy.
Although we have met women engineers and entrepreneurs active in renewable energy, the few women who have asked job-related questions were seeking work in marketing solar systems.
With the recent growth in private, college and university renewable energy education programs, questions about jobs are increasing.
Our responses to the job question are based on what systems installers have to say regarding the number of installations they have made over the past few years and their judgments regarding the future growth of the industry.
A recently-released survey sponsored by The Solar Foundation, a nonprofit solar research and education organization, The National Solar Jobs Census for 2010, provides data that describe the solar industry's market conditions and potential for growth. According to the report, as of August 2010, the U.S. solar industry employed an estimated 93,502 workers, defined as those spending at least 50 percent of their time in solar-related activities. By August 2011, more than half the solar firms expect to have added jobs, providing a net gain of 24,000 new jobs.
During the next year, the expected rate of growth in jobs is 26 percent, in contrast to the 2 percent rate of growth for the economy as a whole. The report does caution that the job growth projections represent participating employers' best estimates of how many jobs they expect to add.
The five occupations expected to grow most rapidly include photovoltaic installers, electricians with experience in solar installations, sales work at wholesale trade firms, sales representatives or estimators at installation firms, and roofers experienced in solar installations.
While California, by a wide margin, is the leader in providing solar jobs, three Midwestern states—Michigan,Wisconsin and Indiana—rank in the top 10. Illinois had an estimated 533 solar jobs in August 2010, and anticipates adding another 159 by August 2011. While solar jobs include the categories of solar water heating, concentrating solar power, solar pool heating and space heating and cooling, installing photovoltaic systems provides the dominant opportunities.
Of course, solar energy is just one sector of the renewable energy industry. Jobs are available in other sectors such as wind, renewable fuels, hybrid and electric cars, green remodeling and local foods.
Drs. Robert and Sonia Vogl are founders and officers of the Illinois Renewable Energy Association (IREA) and coordinate the annual Renewable Energy and Sustainable Lifestyle Fair. E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
From the Dec. 8-14, 2010 issue


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Date: 1929-03-21
Description: Central High School cheerleaders pose, standing left to right "Rudy" Custer, "Monty" Hacker, Frank Custer.
Description: Drawing of plans for the Wisconsin State Capitol, with a scale of one inch to 16 feet. The architects were George B. Post and Sons.
Date: 1948-03-04
Description: Vocational school students and Easter Seal Workers stuffing envelopes for the Easter Seal campaign for mailing to Madison residents. Pictured left to righ...
Date: 1908 ca.
Description: Clara Middleton lies on a love seat with her feet supported on a folding rocking chair.
Date: 1948-01-28
Description: Members of the Madison Junior Chamber of Commerce auxiliary, "Jaycettes," addressing 3000 letters to be mailed to Dane County residents as part of a fund...
Date: 1954-03-05
Description: Portrait of Marge LaBrosse (top) and Ruth Brandt, Class D doubles winners in the Madison Woman's Bowling Association tournament.
Date: 1949-08-09
Description: Two couples model clothes at the WSGA style show outdoors at Memorial Union. Left to right are: Nancy Olmstead, Oshkosh; Karl Keim, Dearborn, Michigan; Gay...
Date: 1948-11-23
Description: This ceremony at Truax Field signaled the start of construction of the 120-unit apartment project for war veterans by the Madison Housing Authority. Henry...
Date: 1952-09-04
Description: Portrait of ten bowlers from the Lucky Strikers and the Fearless Five teams in the Industrial Commission Girls loop of the woman's bowling league at the Pl...
Date: 1958
Description: Two Harley-Davidson motorcycles belonging to Lewis Arms and Charlie Caldwell are parked on the corner of Olin Avenue and Park Street at a gas/service stati...
Date: 1935-06-07
Description: Railroad Week publicity photograph steam locomotive, with girl in cab and railroad worker on engine steps.
Date: 1918 ca.
Description: Wisconsin State Capitol from the Madison Club, looking north along Monona Avenue, now Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, with the Elks Club and Avenue Hote...
Date: 1947-10
Description: University of Wisconsin student Louis Stieghorst, Wauwautosa, seated at a desk in Slichter Hall, 625 Babcock Drive. The dorm was named for Dr. Charles Sumn...
Date: 1954-07-26
Description: International Students attend summer school at the University of Wisconsin. Pictured are Sylvia and Leonor Hernandez, sisters from Manilla, Philippines, wh...
Date: 1949-04-05
Description: Portrait of Francis F. Bowman Jr., chair of the 1949 Madison Community Chest budget committeer. Mr. Bowman is a mining engineer with the Mesabi-Mineral As...
Date: 1950-05-14
Description: President Harry S. Truman visited Madison to be present at the laying of the cornerstone for the CUNA's Filene House, 1617 Sherman Avenue. He is pictured...
Date: 1948-12-06
Description: Allan J. McAndrews, left, a Madison attorney, was the toastmaster at the Edgewood High School football banquet. Seated at the speakers table with him are B...
Date: 1949-02-26
Description: Peggy Meyer, member of the Silver Badgers 4-H Club, irons a dress she is sewing.
Date: 1951-10-17
Description: Newly-elected officers of the Dane County Chapter of the American Red Cross are shown at an annual meeting at the Red Cross Building in Madison. Left to ri...
Date: 1934-01-28
Description: Three men stand behind a cake shaped like the White House, baked by the Strand Baking Company, 2007 Atwood Avenue, for the Roosevelt Birthday Ball.
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text: Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra Measuring Improvements in the Disaster Resilience of Communities Stephanie E. Chang, M.EERI, and Masanobu Shinozuka, M.EERI Corresponding (first) author: Stephanie E. Chang Mailing address: Dept. of Geography, Box 353550, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Phone: (206)616-9018 Fax: (206)543-3313 E-mail address: email@example.com Submission date for review copies: to be completed Submission date for camera-ready copy: Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra Measuring and Improving the Disaster Resilience of Communities Stephanie E. Chang, M.EERI, and Masanobu Shinozuka This paper proposes a conceptual and measurement framework to quantitatively assess the disaster resilience of communities. The concept of resilience suggests a much broader framework than simply reducing monetary losses. Resilience can be conceptualized along four interrelated dimensions: technical, organizational, social, and economic. Evaluating community resilience and the degree to which mitigation and preparedness activities further resilience goals requires a multidisciplinary approach and quantitative measures. This paper proposes measures that relate the impacts of potential earthquakes to multi- dimensional performance standards. The approach is demonstrated in a case study of the Memphis, Tennessee, water delivery system. An earthquake loss estimation model provides a starting point for quantifying resilience. The analysis compares two retrofit strategies and finds that only one improves resilience over the status quo. While the resilience framework can be useful for guiding mitigation and preparedness efforts, further research is needed to fully implement the concept. INTRODUCTION The policies, practices, and theories of disaster management have in recent years increasingly promoted the goal of achieving disaster-resilient communities. In the late 1990s, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) instituted Project Impact, a program to encourage communities to better understand their risks, engage in education, and invest in mitigation activities through public-private partnerships (FEMA, 2000; Nigg et al., 2000). A synthesis of scholarship in the hazards field also emphasized fostering community resilience as a key goal in halting the rapid growth of disaster losses (Mileti, 1999). In that context, it defined a disaster-resilient community as one that "can withstand an extreme natural event with a tolerable level of losses" and one that "takes mitigation actions consistent with achieving that level of protection." (p.5) As a step toward implementing this idea, Bruneau et al. (forthcoming) proposed a conceptual framework for defining and measuring disaster resilience. They defined resilience as "the ability of social units (e.g. organizations, communities) to mitigate hazards, contain the effects of disasters when they occur, and carry out recovery activities in ways that minimize social disruption and mitigate the effects of future earthquakes." (p.5) More specifically, a resilient system should demonstrate three characteristics: reduced failure probabilities, reduced consequences from failures, and reduced time to recovery. __________________________ (SEC) Dept. of Geography, Box 353550, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3550 (MS) University of California, Irvine, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Irvine, CA 92697-2175 Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra Bruneau et al. pointed out the need for quantitative measures of the resilience concept. Quantitative measurement can help in understanding how various factors contribute to resilience and why some communities are more resilient than others. Quantitative measures would also be able to address questions such as: How disaster-resilient is a community? Is the community becoming more resilient over time? What types of risk reduction efforts can most effectively move the community towards disaster resilience? Earthquake loss estimation models, which broadly quantify the potential impacts of earthquakes on a region, provide a natural starting point for attempts to measure community resilience. These models combine extensive spatial databases (e.g., of regional soil conditions, populations, and buildings) with computational algorithms for physical damage, monetary loss, and often human casualties and economic disruption. Loss estimation models have gained substantial attention in recent years and are becoming well-established in the literature and, increasingly, in practice. A well-known example is HAZUS, FEMA's nationally applicable loss estimation methodology and software. Earthquake Spectra devoted a theme issue to loss estimation models in 1997 (vol.13, no.4). While these models generally focus on property damage, particularly to the building stock, there have been several recent studies that emphasize lifeline infrastructure systems and how their damage could lead to regional economic disruptions (Applied Technology Council, 1991; Rose et al., 1997; Cho et al., 2001; Chang et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2002). Because loss estimation models generally produce results in terms of expected dollar losses, they do not directly measure resilience. This paper aims to develop and demonstrate a measurement framework for disaster resilience. It builds on the conceptual framework developed by Bruneau et al., as well on advances in loss estimation methodologies. It proposes a series of resilience measures and illustrates, through a case study application of the Memphis water system, how they can be used to support decision-making for strengthening community resilience. A secondary objective of the case study is to explore the extent to which loss estimation models can be used to measure resilience. This entails identifying linkages between loss estimation modeling and resilience measurement, and identifying gaps that require further research. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK DIMENSIONS OF RESILIENCE Bruneau et al. (forthcoming) suggest that resilience can be conceptualized along the following four interrelated dimensions: technical, organizational, social, and economic (TOSE). Technical resilience refers to how well physical systems perform when subjected to earthquake forces. Organizational resilience refers to the ability of organizations to respond to emergencies and carry out critical functions. Social resilience refers to the capacity to reduce the negative societal consequences of loss of critical services in earthquakes. Economic resilience refers to the capacity to reduce both direct and indirect economic losses resulting from earthquakes. Of these four (TOSE) dimensions, the technical and organizational dimensions are most pertinent to the performance and resilience of critical systems such as electric power, water, hospital, and emergency response. The social and economic dimensions are most relevant to the performance and resilience of the community as a whole. This is illustrated in Figure 1. Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra Resilience Objectives… …at community level: Community SOCIAL – minimize casualties & social disruption ECONOMIC – minimize economic disruption Other systems …at individual system level: Hospital Electric power TECHNICAL – minimize loss system system of facilities & equipment ORGANIZATIONAL – minimize Local emerg. Water service disruption through mgmt. system system organizational response Figure 1. Relationship between resilience objectives and scale of analysis. PROPERTIES OF RESILIENCE Bruneau et al. (forthcoming) identify four properties of resilience: robustness, rapidity, redundancy, and resourcefulness (4 R's). Robustness refers to strength, or the ability of elements, systems, and other units of analysis to withstand a given level of stress or demand without suffering degradation or loss of function. Rapidity refers to the capacity to meet priorities and achieve goals in a timely manner in order to contain losses and avoid future disruptions. Redundancy is the extent to which elements, systems, or other units of analysis exist that are substitutatible, i.e., capable of satisfying functional requirements in the event of disruption, degradation, or loss of functionality. Resourcefulness is the capacity to identify problems, establish priorities, and mobilize resources when conditions exist that threaten to disrupt some element, system, or other unit of analysis. Robustness and rapidity can be viewed as the desired ends of resilience-enhancing measures. Redundancy and resourcefulness are some of the means to these ends. MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK Because resilience is a multi-dimensional concept, developing measures of resilience that are quantifiable, succinct, and meaningful remains a challenge. Bruneau et al. (forthcoming) offer a series of 80 illustrative measures set out in 5 tables. They relate to 5 systems ("global", electric power, water, hospital, and response and recovery systems), the 4 dimensions of resilience (TOSE), and the 4 properties of resilience (4 R's). For example, a social performance measure for rapidity of the hospital system might be: "all injuries treated in first day." The measurement framework proposed here makes two significant refinements to the Bruneau et al. framework: (1) it outlines a more succinct series of resilience measures, Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra and (2) it reframes the measures in a probabilistic context. In addition, in the next section of this paper, the measures are applied in a case study of the Memphis water system. Figure 2 sketches the measurement framework proposed here. System performance Q is plotted over time. Note that the concept of system performance is applicable not only to infrastructure systems such as the water delivery network, but also to the community as an urban system. Example where System Performance (Q) r0 > r *, t1 < t * Without-earthquake r* r0 ke qua e arth With Time t0 t1 t* Figure 2. Resilience measurement framework. Earthquake impacts refer to a "without-earthquake" timepath. A simplification that is often made in practice is to compare pre- and post-disaster states, assuming that pre-disaster conditions are "normal" and static. The proper comparison is between "with" and "without" disaster scenarios. For some types of disruptions, such as economic disruptions that last for a long period of time (e.g., years), this distinction may be important and would require a forecast of what would have happened without the earthquake. Resilience in Figure 2 is defined by comparing loss of system performance to pre-defined performance standards of robustness (r*) and rapidity (t*). The initial loss r0 is compared with r*, an absolute level of loss which can be some pre-specified "maximum acceptable loss." The time to full recovery t1 is compared with t*, an absolute duration of loss which can be some pre-specified "maximum acceptable disruption time." Figure 2 illustrates the case where, in the particular scenario earthquake, the system meets the rapidity performance standard (t1<t*) but not the robustness standard (r0>r*). Figure 2 pertains to a particular earthquake scenario. Since resilience refers to a capacity for dealing with potential future events, it is necessary to introduce the probabilistic element. This consists of (1) the probability that the system will meet the performance standards r* and t* in a given earthquake i, and (2) the probability of occurrence of various seismic events. We can define resilience, as a starting point, as the probability that the system of interest will meet pre-defined performance standards A in a scenario seismic event of magnitude i, or Pr(A│i): Pr( A i ) = Pr( r0 < r * and t1 < t * ) (1) Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra In other words, resilience is quantified as the probability of meeting both robustness and rapidity standards in event i. Often, discussion and decision-making regarding "acceptable" performance standards can most readily take place in the context of scenario events. Beyond this, it may also be useful to define broad system resilience ZA in reference to the entire range of possible earthquake events: Z A = ∑ Pr ( A i ) ⋅ Pr(i ) (2) i Alternatively, different performance standards may be defined for different classes of events. In lifeline earthquake engineering, for example, it is quite common for different standards to be specified for a more common, lower-magnitude "operating basis earthquake" as well as a rare, higher-magnitude "design basis earthquake." The definition of performance measures and standards is clearly central to the quantification of resilience. Ideally, these definitions should be developed in consultation with decision-makers, the public, and other potential end-users. Because both professional and lay persons are not accustomed to thinking in these terms, this may a formal investigation (e.g., a structured survey) and/or a consensus-seeking discussion. While this was beyond the scope of the current study, examples were developed (shown in Table 1) for purposes of the case study. These examples are also useful for stimulating discussion and could be used in a more formal investigation of performance measures and standards. The examples shown in Table 1 pertain to a water lifeline system and its role in broader community resilience. "Technical" and "organizational" performance standards are defined at the level of the water system. Technical performance refers to the extent of physical damage to the network, measured in this case by the number of major pumping stations lost and the percentage of pipes broken. Organizational performance refers to the extent of service disruption, measured here as the percentage of population losing water service. Note that organizational performance depends not only on the extent of physical damage, but also on network flow conditions. This in turn reflects the degree of network redundancy. Moreover, in principle, network flow should also reflect the utility agency's degree of organizational resourcefulness. This refers to the ability of the utility to respond to the emergency by rapidly detecting damage, efficiently deploying repair crews, using shutoff valves to isolate damage, implementing mutual aid agreements to speed up repairs, and so on. For both technical and organizational performance, "robustness" measures indicate the initial post-earthquake conditions while "rapidity" measures consider the repair and restoration timeframe. As mentioned previously, the specific examples of r* and t* in Table 1 are provided for illustrative purposes only. "Social" and "economic" measures are defined at the level of the community as a whole. Social performance could refer to the population displaced from their homes – that is, forced to seek emergency shelter – due to the disaster. (Another possible measure might refer to the population needing medical attention.) Loss of water service to residences could be a main source of population displacement. A complete analysis should also consider other factors such as housing damage that could also force people to seek emergency shelter. Similarly, economic performance refers to the loss of gross regional product (GRP) due to the disaster and should consider water outage to businesses along with other sources of economic disruption. Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra Table 1. Example performance measures and standards. Dimension of Performance Robustness Standard Rapidity Standard Resilience Measure (r*) (t*) (unit of analysis) Technical Network physical ≤1 major pump <1 week until all (water system) condition station loses pump stations and function 99% of pipes intact Organizational Water service <5% of population <1 week until 99% of (water system) loses water service population has water service Social Population living at <5% of population <1 week until 99% of (community) home(a) displaced from population living at homes home Economic Economic activity <5% of GRP(b) lost <1 week until return (community) to 99% of GRP Notes: (a) as opposed to staying in emergency shelters or other temporary housing; (b) gross regional product. APPLICATION TO MEMPHIS WATER SYSTEM The conceptual and measurement frameworks described above were applied in a case study of the water delivery system serving Memphis, Tennessee. This application builds on prior research that developed an earthquake loss estimation model for that system (Chang, 2002; Chang et al., 2002). An important goal of the application was to gain insight on the utility of loss estimation models for measuring resilience. MEMPHIS WATER SYSTEM Memphis Light, Gas, and Water Division (MLGW) provides water to the City of Memphis and, with the exception of a few unincorporated municipalities, the remainder of Shelby County (2000 population 897,000). MLGW draws water from an underground aquifer that is accessed by wells. The water network (Figure 3) includes approximately 1370 km of buried pipe, as well as several pumping stations, elevated tanks, and booster pumps. The network is modeled here as a series of some 960 demand nodes and supply nodes, connected by 1300 links. Nine pumping stations, each of which includes both booster pumps and treatment facilities, are represented by supply nodes.1 Because the elevated tanks have very limited capacity, they are not included in the model. The demand nodes indicate how much water is normally required from the network at locations throughout the system. The links primarily represent 10-inch and larger water mains. While this constitutes only some 30 percent of the entire system (which is predominantly 6-inch distribution pipes), these larger mains would be given priority in the event of a disaster (C. Pickel, personal communications, June 3, 2003). The database includes attributes of the pipelines and pumping stations that affect seismic performance. Pipeline damage in earthquakes depends upon pipe diameter, material, and soil 1 Since the time the data was originally obtained for the model, MLGW has added a tenth pumping station in the eastern portion of the county and a few major pipelines in the northwestern part of the county to enhance network redundancy. Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra condition. Pumping stations are characterized by fragility curves that indicate the probability of failure for different levels of ground shaking, in this case, peak ground acceleration (PGA). The fragility curves are calibrated on estimates of seismic capacity as reported in Hwang et al. (1998). Figure 3. MLGW water network and population density in Shelby County SEISMIC RETROFITS The Memphis region is at risk from earthquakes originating in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) in the central United States (Johnston and Nava, 1985). Historically, the NMSZ produced three events of Richter magnitude 8.0 or greater in the winter of 1811-12. At that time, damages were relatively minor, as the region was sparsely populated. However, the earthquakes reportedly caused the Mississippi River to flow backgrounds for a time and rang church bells as far away as Boston. MLGW is well aware of the seismic risk and has been engaging in a seismic upgrading program since the late 1980s (Pickel, communications). This program has focused on the pumping stations, which are critical for maintaining the water supply. Other retrofit strategies, such as large-scale replacement of seismically vulnerable cast iron pipes, were not considered due to the great expense that would be involved. The seismic upgrading program has been partly financed by MLGW's own budget and partly by grants from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) on a cost-share basis. The pumping station upgrades initially involved installing backup electric power generators. Later, new facilities were also designed with seismic considerations. While some older pumping stations have been seismically retrofitted, it may be another decade or more before the retrofit program is completed. Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra The current study models two alternative mitigation strategies. Retrofit 1 represents an actual strategy adopted by MLGW, in which the Morton and Davis pumping stations are seismically upgraded. These two facilities are labeled with a "1" in Figure 3 above. Mitigation is represented in the model by shifting the respective fragility curves. The mitigated fragility curves were calibrated based on contractor reports of the upgrading projects.2 Retrofit 2 represents a hypothetical strategy in which two alternative pumping stations, Mallory and Sheahan, are seismically upgraded, instead of Morton and Davis.3 These two facilities are labeled "2" in Figure 3 above. They were selected on the basis of their location in densely-populated areas of the county, as well as their low seismic capacities (0.18g). In this hypothetical case, the pumping stations are retrofitted to a level typical of other facilities (0.30g). The seismic capacities for all 9 pumping stations in each scenario (i.e., no retrofit, retrofit 1, and retrofit 2) are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Pump station seismic capacities in each retrofit scenario. Pump station No retrofit(1) Retrofit 1(2) Retrofit 2(2) Mallory 0.18g 0.18g 0.30g * Sheahan 0.18g 0.18g 0.30g * Morton 0.22g 0.30g * 0.22g McCord 0.30g 0.30g 0.30g Allen 0.30g 0.30g 0.30g Lichterman 0.30g 0.30g 0.30g Palmer 0.30g 0.30g 0.30g Davis 0.30g 0.36g * 0.30g L.N.G. 0.45g 0.45g 0.45g Notes: (1) after Hwang et al. (1998); (2) * denotes pump stations retrofitted in scenario. MODELING LOSS AND RESILIENCE To evaluate resilience, this study made use of a previously developed lifeline loss estimation model that had been applied to the MLGW water system. The model is described here in overview; details can be found in Chang (2002), Chang et al. (2002), Hwang et al. (1998), and Shinozuka (1994). The left-hand side of Figure 4 shows the structure of the loss estimation model in thick lines. Beginning with a scenario earthquake, the model integrates engineering and economic analysis to produce estimates of expected economic disruption loss. 4 Monte Carlo simulation is performed to estimate physical damage, repair and restoration, hydraulic flow and water outage, and economic loss. The simulations are performed for weekly time intervals following the earthquake. Policy and decision variables 2 "Feasibility Study Report on Seismic Retrofit of Existing Buildings at Ray Morton Pumping Station for Memphis Light, Gas & Water Division, Memphis, Tennessee," (1992) and "Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division – Davis Water Pumping Station – Phase II Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Existing Buildings, Equipment, and Systems" (1997). 3 MLGW is currently considering upgrading these two facilities. 4 The model simulates direct losses to regional businesses. For related research on modeling indirect losses, or the "ripple effects" of direct losses, see Rose and Liao (2003). Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra influence outcomes through two channels: pre-disaster mitigation (which reduces damage) and post-disaster response (which reduces outage). Scenario earthquake Performance Standards Technical Mitigation Damage Resilience Restoration Population Organizational Response Outage Impacted Resilience Pop.-GIS Data Econ.-GIS Economic Economic Data Loss Resilience Expected Economic Loss Figure 4. Relationship between loss estimation model and resilience measures. Thick lines denote loss estimation model. Shaded area indicates Monte Carlo simulation portion of model. Dotted lines show linkages between loss estimation model and resilience measures. A key element of the model consists of the link between the engineering and economic portions. Results of hydraulic analysis on the intact and damaged representations of the network provide estimates of water availability at each demand node on the network. Demand nodes are associated with economic activity through spatial overlays and other manipulations using a geographic information system (GIS). Note that data on the spatial distribution of economic activity (i.e., employment by place of work) are available for spatial units known as Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs). There are 515 TAZs in the county. The dotted lines in Figure 4 indicate the linkages between the loss estimation model and the resilience measurement. As shown in the figure, even though the loss estimation model was not designed to assess resilience, many of its intermediate results are useful for this purpose. It should be noted that these intermediate results must be disaggregated by time (i.e., week after earthquake). In addition to the model results, performance standards are needed for the resilience assessment. Technical resilience was estimated in a straightforward manner from results on physical damage to the network. The number of pumping stations rendered inoperational and the Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra percentage of pipes suffering breaks, as well as the time to repair the network to 99 percent, were compared to the performance standards listed in Table 1. Note that in the restoration model, pump stations are given the highest priority, followed by large-diameter transmission pipes. Organizational resilience required some additional data analysis. Recall that the performance standards pertain to the percent of the population that is without water service. Intermediate model results indicated the water available at each demand node on the network for each time period. This was spatially related to population data, which was available for the 133 census tracts in the county, using GIS overlay. Note that while this does measure population without water, it does not completely reflect organizational resilience because the loss estimation model does not explicitly model MLGW's emergency response capability.5 It is also limited to analysis of water flow, and does not assess water quality or pressure, which are important considerations for potability and fire suppression. Social resilience is omitted in the current study because the loss estimation model did not produce outputs that indicate disruption to society along the lines of Table 1. In order to estimate social resilience, a behavioral model is needed of the propensity of households to seek temporary shelter in the event of water outage and other sources of earthquake-related disruption. Developing such a model was beyond the scope of this study. Economic resilience was estimated in a straightforward manner from results on disruption to the regional economy. The initial loss of gross regional product (GRP) and the time to return to 99 percent of baseline levels were simply compared to the performance standards in Table 1. Because total restoration times in the earthquake scenarios were relatively short, it was assumed for the sake of simplicity that the without-earthquake GRP baseline would be identical to pre-disaster levels. Note that the analysis measures economic resilience assuming that only the water system is damaged in an earthquake. A more complete analysis would involve modeling disruption from all sources in the earthquake, including building damage to businesses, housing damage (which would affect households and hence labor input), electric power outages, traffic disruptions, and so on. It would also involve modeling how businesses respond to multiple sources of disruption. RESULTS The loss estimation model was run for 200 Monte Carlo simulations for each of the 3 retrofit cases (including "no retrofit") and 2 earthquake scenarios. The scenarios pertain to events of magnitudes 6.5 and 7.0, respectively, occuring in the New Madrid Seismic Zone with epicenter at Marked Tree, Arkansas, some 55 km northwest of downtown Memphis. The results of the loss estimation model for these two events are an expected economic loss of $42.4 million for the M 6.5 earthquake and $136.4 million for the M 7.0 earthquake (see Chang, 2002). In contrast, as discussed below, resilience results are much more informative and insightful. Table 3 shows results for technical resilience, where values in the table indicate the probability of meeting performance standards in Table 1. The probabilities refer to the 5 To the authors' knowledge, there are currently no models of utility response capability that include such elements as damage to emergency response infrastructure (e.g., vehicles, equipment, communications), availability of personnel, existence of an effective response plan, decision-making on valving off portions of the network, etc. Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra percent of simulations where outcomes meet these standards. Results range from 0 (no resilience) to 100 (complete resilience). Recall that the robustness standard is that no more than 1 of the 9 pumping stations is rendered inoperational by an earthquake.6 The rapidity standard is that after one week's repair activity, all of the pumping stations and 99 percent of the pipes are intact. Table 3 shows that Retrofit 1 does not materially improve system performance over the unretrofitted case.7 However, Retrofit 2 nearly doubles system robustness in the M 6.5 earthquake, to 23 percent. In the M 7.0 event, it increases robustness from 0 to 7 percent. Thus, Retrofit 2 appears to be much more beneficial than Retrofit 1. However, additional pumping station retrofits beyond Retrofit 2 are needed to raise the system's technical robustness to a high level. In the M 7.0 event, rapidity is also an issue. Pipe retrofits (e.g., replacement of some of the cast iron pipe in the system to reduce expected damage) or response measures such as increased mutual aid are needed in order to improve MLGW's capacity to make the necessary repairs rapidly in such a seismic event. Table 3. Technical resilience results (percent of simulations meeting performance standards). Resilience criteria M 6.5 M 7.0 Retrofit strategy earthquake earthquake Robustness and rapidity No retrofit 12 0 Retrofit strategy 1 10 0 Retrofit strategy 2 23 0 Robustness only No retrofit 12 0 Retrofit strategy 1 10 1 Retrofit strategy 2 23 7 Rapidity only No retrofit 100 0 Retrofit strategy 1 100 0 Retrofit strategy 2 100 0 Table 4 shows results in terms of organizational resilience. The robustness standard here is that less than 5 percent of the population lose water service in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake. The rapidity standard is that less than 1 percent of the population is still without water one week later. Since rapidity standards are met in all cases, results are dominated by robustness outcomes. Again, Retrofit 2 improves robustness to a much greater degree than Retrofit 1. In the case of the M 7.0 event, it nearly doubles robustness over the unretrofitted case, from 21 to 39 percent. Improving technical resilience, network redundancy, or organizational factors such as repair prioritization plans could further improve organizational resilience. 6 According to MLGW engineers, the system would be able to withstand the loss of one pumping station, but would have difficulty coping with the loss of more than one in a disaster (Pickel, communications). 7 Results for Retrofit 1 in the M6.5 event are actually slightly worse than results for the Unretrofitted case, but this is an artifact of the Monte Carlo simulation approach. Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra Table 5 shows economic resilience results. The robustness standard is that the economic disruption entail less than 5 percent of gross regional product (GRP) immediately after the disaster, and less than 1 percent a week later. Again, Retrofit 2 affords noticeable improvements in robustness over both Retrofit 1 and the unretrofitted cases. Nonetheless, overall economic resilience in Retrofit 2 is still quite low in the M 7.0 event (16 percent). Improving technical or organizational resilience, or implementing measures such as business continuity plans, could raise economic resilience. Table 4. Organizational resilience results (percent of simulations meeting performance standards). Resilience criteria M 6.5 M 7.0 Retrofit strategy earthquake earthquake Robustness and rapidity No retrofit 63 21 Retrofit strategy 1 66 26 Retrofit strategy 2 74 39 Robustness only No retrofit 63 21 Retrofit strategy 1 66 26 Retrofit strategy 2 74 39 Rapidity only No retrofit 100 100 Retrofit strategy 1 100 100 Retrofit strategy 2 100 100 Table 5. Economic resilience results (percent of simulations meeting performance standards). Resilience criteria M 6.5 M 7.0 Retrofit strategy earthquake earthquake Robustness and rapidity No retrofit 68 9 Retrofit strategy 1 72 6 Retrofit strategy 2 79 16 Robustness only No retrofit 68 25 Retrofit strategy 1 72 28 Retrofit strategy 2 79 46 Rapidity only No retrofit 100 34 Retrofit strategy 1 100 26 Retrofit strategy 2 100 30 In sum, the example application has shown how the multi-dimensional concept of resilience can be operationalized and quantified. It has demonstrated how mitigation activities can be assessed and compared on the basis of their resilience improvements. In this Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra example, the selection of the Mallory and Sheahan pumping stations for retrofit in strategy 2 is shown to be preferable to the Morton and Davis pumping stations in strategy 1. Nonetheless, additional measures beyond Retrofit Strategy 2 are needed to raise system and community resilience to a high level. These might involve additional pump station retrofits, pipe replacements, or such measures as improvements to emergency response planning. AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH One aim of this study was to identify further research that is needed in order to fully implement the concept of community resilience for purposes of supporting disaster reduction decision-making. The example application showed that while current loss estimation models provide a useful starting point for quantifying resilience, important data gaps and modeling issues remain. Three areas for further study merit particular attention. First, research is needed into appropriate performance standards – technical, organizational, social, and economic – which are central to the concept and measurement of resilience. Such research should identify stakeholder groups and their representatives (e.g., utility managers, elected officials). Appropriate performance standards could be identified through such methods as interviews, surveys, and focus groups. Standards of robustness and rapidity should be defined in ways that can best support mitigation decision-making. Second, a new class of models is needed that integrates engineering with organizational response. Such models should focus on the delivery of infrastructure service. For a water system, this would mean the delivery of potable water supply to end users. In contrast, current loss estimation models estimate the available water supply at network nodes given conditions of water leakage. They are unable to address such questions as: How can the lifeline agency manage flows through such responses as using shutoff valves? How can it prioritize restoration to best meet post-disaster water demands? What is the quality of the water from the damaged network? New data on organizational decision-making will be required to develop such models. Third, a new class of models is needed that integrates engineering with societal impacts. Such models should focus on community-level disruptions (e.g., households being displaced from their homes). This would entail modeling how individuals and households behave in the face of disaster, and how this behavior differs across groups. These models should consider the effects of community-level mitigation, preparedness, and response activities (e.g., government deployment of water trucks to neighborhoods losing potable water). CONCLUSIONS As an objective, improving the disaster resilience of communities calls for a broader conceptual framework than simply reducing monetary losses. A resilience framework must address the capacity of social units (e.g., individuals, organizations, and communities) to prepare for and respond to disasters. A key challenge is how to measure resilience and resilience improvements. This paper has proposed and demonstrated a quantitative framework for measuring resilience. While implemented for the case of earthquake risk to the water delivery system in Memphis, the methodology is broadly applicable to other critical infrastructure systems, communities, and types of disasters. However, new research is needed in several key areas in order to fully operationalize and realize the advantages of the concept of resilience. Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra The Memphis case study showed that resilience assessment goes beyond traditional loss estimation and can better inform loss-reduction decision-making in some important ways. First, it quantifies not simply the losses that might be expected in potential future earthquakes, but how these losses relate to standards of acceptable performance. This addresses the question of how much – and how much more – disaster mitigation and preparedness is needed. It helps to determine whether community resilience is increasing over time. It also encourages community-based discussion of appropriate seismic performance standards for critical infrastructure systems. Second, resilience assessment focuses attention not only on the magnitude of losses, but also on the speed of recovery. This places both pre-disaster mitigation and post-disaster response within a common framework by which they can be evaluated and compared. Comparative studies can thus be conducted to assess the effectiveness of various loss reduction measures, ranging from structural retrofits to emergency response plans. Third, the approach addresses in a systematic fashion the multiple, interrelated dimensions of resilience (technical, organizational, social, and economic). This clarifies the role of different types of interventions in improving community resilience. It helps in understanding why some systems are more disaster-resilient than others. Further, it emphasizes that the seismic resilience of engineered systems (e.g., the water delivery network) is not simply an engineering problem, but has important organizational aspects and contributes significantly to the disaster resilience of the entire community. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in whole by the Earthquake Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation under Award Number ECC-9701471 to the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research. The authors thank Ron Eguchi (Imagecat, Inc.) and Chris Chamberlin (University of Washington) for their valuable contributions. Information and cooperation provided by MLGW is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES Applied Technology Council, 1991, Seismic Vulnerability and Impact of Disruption of Lifelines in the Conterminous United States, ATC-25, Redwood City, California, 440 pp. Bruneau, M., Chang, S. E., Eguchi, R. T., Lee, G. C., O'Rourke, T. D., Reinhorn, A. M., Shinozuka, M., Tierney, K., Wallace, W. A., and von Winterfeldt, D., A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities, Earthquake Spectra, forthcoming. Chang, S. E., 2002, "Probabilistic Assessment of Economic Impacts of Earthquakes: Memphis Water System Case Study," Proc. 7th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Boston. Chang, S. E., Svekla, W. D., and Shinozuka, M., 2002, "Linking Infrastructure and Urban Economy: Simulation of Water Disruption Impacts in Earthquakes," Environment and Planning B, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.281-301. Cho, S., Gordon, P., Moore, J. E. II, Richardson, H.W., Shinozuka, M., and Chang, S. E., 2001, "Integrating Transportation Network and Regional Economic Models to Estimate the Costs of a Large Urban Earthquake," Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 39-65. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 2000, "Planning for a Sustainable Future: The Link Between Hazard Mitigation and Livability," Washington, D.C. Hwang, H. H. M., Lin, H., and Shinozuka, M., 1998, "Seismic Performance Assessment of Water Delivery Systems," Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 118-125. Submitted for publication in Earthquake Spectra Johnston, A. C., and Nava, S. J., 1985, "Recurrence Rates and Probability Estimates for the New Madrid Seismiz Zone," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 90, No. B7. Kim, T. J., Ham, H., and Boyce, D., 2002, "Economic Impacts of Transportation Network Changes: Implementation of a Combiend Transportation Network and Input-Output Model," Papers in Regional Science, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 223-246. Mileti, D., 1999, Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C., 351 pp. Nigg, J., Riad, J. K., Wachtendorf, T., and Tierney, K., 2000, "Disaster Resistant Communities Initiative: Evaluation of the Pilot Phase, Year 2," Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Rose, A. and Liao, S.-Y., 2003, "Understanding Sources of Economic Resiliency to Hazards: Modeling the Behavior of Lifeline Service Customers," in Research Progress and Accomplishments 2001-2003, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY, pp. 149-160. Rose, A., Benavides, J., Chang, S. E., Szczesniak, P., and Lim, D., 1997, "The Regional Economic Impact of an Earthquake: Direct and Indirect Effects of Electricity Lifeline Disruptions," Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 437-458. Shinozuka, M, 1994, "GIS Applications in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering," in Proceedings of the Second China-Japan-US Trilateral Symposium on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Xi'an, China, pp. 223-230.


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Most IVF Patients Under 35 Should Have Single Embryo Transfer, According to Latest SART Data
...bryos. In stark contrast to the national averages, rad performed single embryo transfers in 57.3% of thes...f each embryo created in the lab." In 2007, rad achieved an implantation rate of 51.2% for women u...mplantation process." Through this approach, rad clinicians evaluate and successfully treat many wo...Frutarom Continues to Implement its Rapid Growth Strategy
... sale of unique ingredients, mainly natural, produced and sold by the Fine Ingredients Division; the acquisitions of Gewurzmuller, Raychan, Adumim and rad during the third and last quarters of 2007 and their integration with Frutarom's global activity; extraction of the synergy and cross selling opportun...CutisPharma Announces Strategic Collaboration with Rite Aid Corporation
...- CutisPharma, Inc., an industry leader in developing products for prescription compounding, announced a partnership with Rite Aid Corporation (NYSE: rad ) that will make its innovative FIRST(R) Unit-of-Use Prescription Compounding Kits available for the approximately 27,000 pharmacists and pharmacy tec...Bioartificial Kidney Cuts Death Risk, Improves Outcomes
...ous renal replacement therapy. At day 28, 53 percent of the patients in the rad group had recovered renal function. In the 180 days following treatment, patients in the rad group had a 50 percent reduction in death risk. The study was published onl...'Renal Assist Device' reduces risk of death from acute kidney failure
...erately ill patients with AKI. "Deployment of the rad was associated with remarkably better outcomes for...dition to standard renal replacement therapy. The rad is a conventional blood filter device lined with h...D. After one month, 33 percent of patients in the rad group had died, compared to 61 percent of those tr...Cancer Prevention Coalition: The Breast Cancer Awareness Month Misleads Women
...at mammography poses significant risks of breast cancer. The routine practice of taking four films annually for each breast results in approximately 1 rad (radiation absorbed dose) exposure, which is approximately 1,000 times the dose from a single chest X-ray. Each rad exposure increases risks of breast...


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First Cup: Thursday
Henry AbbottBuck Harvey of the San Antonio Express-News: Tony Parker shook hands with the Spaniards, then made one, final Olympic gesture. He smashed his goggles onto the floor. A few hours later, near the same spot where pieces of plastic had skidded, Manu Gino...
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First Cup: Friday
Henry AbbottLinda Robertson of The Miami Herald: Miami Heat coach and healer Erik Spoelstra has his players on a late-season "maintenance" program. Chicago Bulls coach Tom Thibodeau has also been giving his guys nights off and treating the battered Derrick Rose ...
Blog | April 20, 2012 -
Joakim Noah wins
Henry AbbottDavid Thorpe was writing about draft prospect Anthony Davis, and compared him to Joakim Noah: When I consider his story -- he was a guard until a late, and huge, growth spurt sent him to power forward/center -- it makes me think of the similar story...
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First Cup: Friday
Henry AbbottHoward Beck of The New York Times: "Lead negotiators for the N.B.A. and its players union will hold a bargaining session next week - just the second since the lockout began - with an unofficial deadline fast approaching to save the start of training...
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First Cup: Friday
Henry AbbottMark Kiszla of The Denver Post: "The task of receiving anywhere near market value for Carmelo Anthony in trade only figures to be more difficult with a growing perception the 6-foot-8 Denver forward is more interested in winning an Oscar than an NBA ...
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First Cup: Thursday
Henry AbbottMichael Lee of The Washington Post: "The best thing about the reunion of Michael Jordan and Kwame Brown with the Charlotte Bobcats is that both men are in completely different places right now. Jordan isn't trying to scratch a final itch while provin...
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First Cup: Monday
Henry AbbottChris Tomasson of the Rocky Mountain News: "John Amaechi is at the Olympics, serving as a basketball analyst for his homeland Great Britain's BBC. His appearance has caught some in the NBA establishment by surprise. 'It's been tense to say the least,...
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First Cup: Thursday
Henry AbbottLakers vs. Celtics Gail Goodrich writing in the Los Angeles Daily News: "There really is no other way to describe the Lakers' performance in Game 6 other than to say it was pathetic. It was a complete embarrassment to go into a game of that magni...
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First Cup: Wednesday
Henry AbbottCeltics vs. Lakers Bob Ryan of The Boston Globe: "Embrace it. Ogle it. Relish it. But, above all, believe it. The Boston Celtics did not just win franchise championship No. 17 last night. They snatched it. They swallowed it. They demanded it. So th...
Blog | June 18, 2008


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Canutillo ISD campaigns to keep students
POSTED: Friday, August 1, 2014 - 8:36pm
UPDATED: Friday, August 1, 2014 - 8:49pm
In light of EPISD's open enrollment
CANUTILLO, Texas (KTSM) — The Canutillo Independent School District is launching the 'Go Canutillo' campaign Saturday, August 2, in order to keep students in the district.
The El Paso ISD announced open enrollment for the 2014/2015 school year, in order to recruit more students to make up for its $16 million budget deficit. It now joins the Ysleta ISD in offering open enrollment.
"It's impacting us in the way that we really feel an urge to tell our story, and really tell parents in our district to the kind of education and extracurricular programs that we have that really make our schools attractive," said spokesman Gustavo Reveles-Acosta.
In response, Canutillo ISD's launching their initivative at the Cimarron Park on Paseo Del Norte and Via Canutillo Drives in Northwest El Paso from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. in order to sway parents to stay put.
At the event, schools will be able to present to parents testing scores, and showcase extracurricular activities.
Reveles-Acosta says Canutillo offers more individualized education, being a smaller school district. Canutillo ISD, as of October 2013, had just more than 6,000 students. El Paso ISD has ten times that, with more than 61,000 students.
"We want to keep our students who live inside lines here, because they're good schools and because we need them to be a part of our family," said Reveles-Acosta.


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Office markets flag as mining services falter
PUBLISHED: 28 May 2013 00:13:44 | UPDATED: 28 May 2013 12:50:44PUBLISHED: 28 May 2013 PRINT EDITION: 28 May 2013Perth and Brisbane office landlords could be particularly hard hit as the faltering resources boom prompts mining services firms to wind back their presence, say Morgan Stanley analysts.
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Companies | Dexus Property Group, Commonwealth Prop, Investa Office Fund, Mirvac Group, Charter Hall Group |


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Jump to: S Number of items: 1. SStanley, A., Byrom, A., Buckingham , C., Spafford, J. and Baker, K. (2006) Every3Days: An interactive theatre workshop on domestic abuse and maternity care. [Show/Exhibition] This list was generated on Fri Feb 27 03:07:34 2015 GMT. |


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After a muted opening, most exhibitors are quite pleased with foot traffic on this the second day of CeBIT 2011 in Hannover, Germany. But many M2M exhibitors are going a step further and reporting, to their delight, show-goers are far more familiar with the concept of machine-to-machine communication than ever before.
Telit (Rome, Italy) has finalized a long awaited deal to acquire Motorola's (Schaumburg, IL, USA) machine-to-machine business unit for $23 million plus $3 million in related assets. Employees are now in the intermediate phase of the integration process, which has been in progress for some time.
According to Alexander Bufalino, VP of Global Marketing for Telit, his company is currently the number 3 M2M provider but seeking to become number 2. To do so, a successful M&A move was necessary.
An impressive new GPS transceiver is on display at the O2 (Berkshire, UK) booth this week inside the M2M Zone, Hall 7. The unit boasts two never-before-seen features that have been predicted, but never successfully implemented until this model.
Pacific Controls (Dubai, UAE) is at CeBIT this week promoting a variety of products and services for the energy sector. Chief among them are "Gbots," first announced late last year. Gbots are autonomous software "agents" capable of flexible action in dynamic, unpredictable management environments of networks or smart devices.
SkyWave (Ottawa, Canada), an Inmarsat-based satellite solution provider, is exhibiting at CeBIT 2011 this week and showcasing their dual-mode SureLinx 8100 M2M module. The system reduces operational costs by intelligently delivering data messages using the lowest-cost message routing: cellular frequencies when in range of terrestrial networks, and satellite service in other areas.
Long-time rivals Deutsche Telekom (Bonn, Germany) and France Telecom-Orange (Paris) announced on February 11 that they will cooperate on M2M operations and service development . Both will participate in the M2M Zone Conference at CeBIT.
The M2M sector is showing explosive growth this year, often pegged at a compound annual growth rate of over 20%. Our own M2M Zone Pavilion has more than doubled for this year's CeBIT, making it--in some ways--the largest M2M event in all of Europe. With that in mind, we spoke with Frank Poerschmann, Global Head of CeBIT, for his take on M2M's role at the show.
The CeBIT 2001 M2M Zone Pavilion, located at the center of Telematics Hall 7, has more than doubled in size since last year's show, reflecting the already strong growth of this potentially explosive industry. With 14 of the most influential M2M names exhibiting, the M2M Zone is home to the manufacturers and service providers of the latest and most advanced machine-to-machine technology in existence.
M2M applications that take advantage of LTE networks will dominate this year's CeBIT, said Norbert Handke, CEO of ITS Network Germany (Brussels, Belgium), in an exclusive interview earlier this month. Dr. Handke also let slip a few products and services that his company, Intelligent Communications Systems, will be exhibiting during the week.
Amsterdam, the Netherlands:
Next Generation Fleet & ICT Systems: How to Ready Your Offerings For An Eco-Centric, Open Platform Future
The Fleet & Asset Management Europe show (F&AM EU) returns for an 8th spectacular year with more industry critical discussions, leading speakers and top-level attendees than ever before!


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