text:
Munich München |
From left to right:
The Munich Frauenkirche, the Nymphenburg Palace, the BMW Headquarters, the New Town Hall, the Munich Hofgarten and the Allianz Arena. |
Coordinates: 48°8′N 11°34′E / 48.133°N 11.567°ECoordinates: 48°8′N 11°34′E / 48.133°N 11.567°E | |||
Country | Germany | ||
State | Bavaria | ||
Admin. region | Upper Bavaria | ||
District | Urban district | ||
First mentioned | 1158 | ||
Subdivisions | 25 boroughs | ||
Government | |||
• Lord Mayor | Dieter Reiter (SPD) | ||
• Governing parties | CSU / SPD | ||
Area | |||
• City | 310.43 km2 (119.86 sq mi) | ||
Elevation | 519 m (1,703 ft) | ||
Population (2013-12-31)[1] | |||
• City | 1,407,836 | ||
• Density | 4,500/km2 (12,000/sq mi) | ||
• Urban | 2,606,021 | ||
Time zone | CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) | ||
Postal codes | 80331–81929 | ||
Dialling codes | 089 | ||
Vehicle registration | M | ||
Website | www.muenchen.de |
Munich (/ˈmjuːnɪk/; also /ˈmjuːnɪx/ in UK English; German: München, pronounced [ˈmʏnçən] ( listen),[2] Bavarian: Minga [ˈmɪŋ(:)ə]) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, with a population of around 1.49 million.[3] The Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.6 million people.[4]
The name of the city is derived from the Old High German term Munichen, meaning "by the monks". It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat of arms. Munich was first mentioned in 1158. From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes. Black and gold — the colours of the Holy Roman Empire — have been the city's official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian, when it was an imperial residence. Following a final reunification of the Wittelsbachian Duchy of Bavaria, previously divided and sub-divided for more than 200 years, the town became the country's sole capital in 1506. Catholic Munich was a cultural stronghold of the Counter-Reformation and a political point of divergence during the resulting Thirty Years' War, but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes; as the townsfolk would rather open the gates of their town than risk siege and almost inevitable destruction[citation needed]. Like wide parts of the Holy Roman Empire, the area recovered slowly economically. Having evolved from a duchy's capital into that of an electorate (1623), and later a sovereign kingdom (1806), Munich has been a centre of arts, culture and science since the early 19th century. The city became the Nazi movement's infamous Hauptstadt der Bewegung (lit.: "Capital of the movement"), and after post-war reconstruction was the host city of the 1972 Summer Olympics.
Munich is home to many national and international authorities, major universities, major museums and theaters. Its numerous architectural attractions, international sports events, exhibitions, conferences and Oktoberfest attract considerable tourism.[5] Since 2006, the city's motto has been "München mag dich" ("Munich loves you").[6] Munich is a traffic hub with excellent international, national and local connections, running a fast and reliable public transport system. It is a centre of finance, publishing and advanced technologies. Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany, and the seat of numerous corporations and insurance companies. It is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location, despite being the municipality with the highest density of population (4,500 inh. per km²) in Germany. Munich achieved fourth place in the frequently quoted Mercer livability rankings in 2011[7] and 2012.[8] For economic and social innovation, the city was ranked 15th globally out of 289 cities in 2010, and 5th in Germany by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index based on analysis of 162 indicators.[9] In 2013, Monocle ranked Munich as the world's most livable city with the highest quality of life.[10]
Origin as medieval town[edit]
The year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date, which is the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in Augsburg.[11] By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge.
In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification. In 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of Freising. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the Wittelsbach dynasty, would rule Bavaria until 1918.) In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the Duchy of Bavaria was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of Upper Bavaria.
Duke Louis IV was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. In the late 15th century Munich underwent a revival of gothic arts—the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest gothic church, now a cathedral—the Frauenkirche—constructed in only twenty years, starting in 1468.
Capital of reunited Bavaria[edit]
When Bavaria was reunited in 1506, Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court (see Orlando di Lasso, Heinrich Schuetz and later Mozart and Richard Wagner). During the 16th century Munich was a centre of the German counter reformation, and also of renaissance arts. Duke Wilhelm V commissioned the Jesuit Michaelskirche, which became a centre for the counter-reformation, and also built the Hofbräuhaus for brewing brown beer in 1589. The Catholic League was founded in Munich in 1609. In 1623 during the Thirty Years' War Munich became electoral residence when Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria was invested with the electoral dignity but in 1632 the city was occupied by Gustav II Adolph of Sweden. When the bubonic plague broke out in 1634 and 1635 about one third of the population died. Under the regency of the Bavarian electors Munich was an important centre of baroque life but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742.
In 1806, the city became the capital of the new Kingdom of Bavaria, with the state's parliament (the Landtag) and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising being located in the city. Twenty years later Landshut University was moved to Munich. Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period and were built under the first three Bavarian kings. Later Prince Regent Luitpold's years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich (see Franz von Stuck and Der Blaue Reiter).
World War I to World War II[edit]
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich. After World War I, the city was at the centre of much political unrest. In November 1918 on the eve of revolution, Ludwig III and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican premier of Bavaria Kurt Eisner in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. When Communists had taken power, Lenin, who had lived in Munich some years before, sent a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was put down on 3 May 1919 by the Freikorps. While the republican government had been restored, Munich subsequently became a hotbed of extremist politics, among which Adolf Hitler and the National Socialism rose to prominence.
In 1923 Hitler and his supporters, who were then concentrated in Munich, staged the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party, which was virtually unknown outside Munich.
The city once again became a Nazi stronghold when the National Socialists took power in Germany in 1933. The National Socialist Workers Party created their first concentration camp at Dachau, 10 miles (16 kilometres) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the Hauptstadt der Bewegung ("Capital of the Movement"). The NSDAP headquarters was in Munich and many Führerbauten ("Führer-buildings") were built around the Königsplatz, some of which have survived to this day.
The city is known as the site of the culmination of the policy of appeasement employed by Britain and France leading up to World War II. It was in Munich that British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region into Greater Germany in the hopes of sating the desires of Hitler's Third Reich.
Munich was the base of the White Rose, a student resistance movement from June 1942 to February 1943. The core members were arrested and executed following a distribution of leaflets in Munich University by Hans and Sophie Scholl.
The city was heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II — the city was hit by 71 air raids over a period of five years.
After US occupation in 1945, Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous and — by comparison to other war-ravaged West German cities[citation needed]— rather conservative plan which preserved its pre-war street grid. In 1957 Munich's population passed the 1 million mark.
Munich was the site of the 1972 Summer Olympics, during which Israeli athletes were assassinated by Palestinian fedayeen in the Munich massacre, when gunmen from the Palestinian "Black September" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.
Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life. Mercer HR Consulting consistently rates the city among the top 10 cities with the highest quality of life worldwide — a 2011 survey ranked Munich as 4th.[12] The same company also ranks Munich as the world's 39th most expensive city to live in and the most expensive major city in Germany.[13] Munich enjoys a thriving economy, driven by the information technology, biotechnology, and publishing sectors. Environmental pollution is low, although as of 2006 the city council is concerned about levels of particulate matter (PM), especially along the city's major thoroughfares. Since the enactment of EU legislation concerning the concentration of particulate in the air, environmental groups such as Greenpeace have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the State government to take a harder stance on pollution.[14]
Today, the crime rate is low compared with other large German cities, such as Hamburg or Berlin. For its high quality of life and safety the city has been nicknamed "Toytown"[3] among the English-speaking residents. German inhabitants call it "Millionendorf", an expression which means "village of a million people".
Munich lies on the elevated plains of Upper Bavaria, about 50 km (31.07 mi) north of the northern edge of the Alps, at an altitude of about 520 m (1,706.04 ft) ASL. The local rivers are the Isar and the Würm. Munich is situated in the Northern Alpine Foreland. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile flint area which is no longer affected by the folding processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with morainic hills. Between these are fields of fluvio-glacial out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the ground water can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to marshes as in the north of Munich.
Munich's climate is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic).
The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.
Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.
The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways too: the warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours even in the winter is but one example.
Being at the center of Europe, Munich is subject to many climatic influences, so that weather conditions there are more variable than in other European towns, especially those further west and south of the Alps
At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 °C, on 13 August 2003, and -31.6 °C, on 12 February 1929.
Climate data for Munich Airport (1971-2000) | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 17.2 (63) |
21.1 (70) |
23.3 (73.9) |
32.2 (90) |
31.2 (88.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
36.2 (97.2) |
37.1 (98.8) |
30.0 (86) |
27.0 (80.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
37.1 (98.8) |
Average high °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
6.9 (44.4) |
3.7 (38.7) |
12,98 (55.36) |
Average low °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
2.8 (37) |
7.2 (45) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.9 (48) |
4.7 (40.5) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
4.17 (39.51) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.5 (−22.9) |
−31.6 (−24.9) |
−15.5 (4.1) |
−6.1 (21) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
3.8 (38.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0 (32) |
−6.1 (21) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−21.1 (−6) |
−31.6 (−24.9) |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 48 (1.89) |
45 (1.77) |
58 (2.28) |
70 (2.76) |
93 (3.66) |
128 (5.04) |
132 (5.2) |
111 (4.37) |
86 (3.39) |
65 (2.56) |
71 (2.8) |
61 (2.4) |
968 (38.12) |
Avg. rainy days | 10.0 | 8.6 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 11.6 | 13.8 | 12.0 | 11.4 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 129.4 |
% humidity | 80 | 74 | 62 | 57 | 55 | 58 | 55 | 55 | 61 | 71 | 80 | 81 | 65.75 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 61 | 84 | 128 | 157 | 199 | 209 | 237 | 213 | 173 | 129 | 69 | 49 | 1,708 |
Source #1: World Meteorological Organisation[15] | |||||||||||||
Source #2: "Climate Munich – Bavaria". |
Climate data for Munich City (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.2 (63) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.9 (66) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 48 (1.89) |
46 (1.81) |
65 (2.56) |
65 (2.56) |
101 (3.98) |
118 (4.65) |
122 (4.8) |
115 (4.53) |
75 (2.95) |
65 (2.56) |
61 (2.4) |
65 (2.56) |
946 (37.25) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 79 | 96 | 133 | 170 | 209 | 210 | 238 | 220 | 163 | 125 | 75 | 59 | 1,777 |
Source #1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[16] | |||||||||||||
Source #2: "Sonnenscheindauer: langjährige Mittelwerte 1981 - 2010". |
Historical population | ||
Year | Pop. | ±% |
1500 | 13,447 | — |
1750 | 32,000 | +138.0% |
1880 | 230,023 | +618.8% |
1890 | 349,024 | +51.7% |
1900 | 499,932 | +43.2% |
1910 | 596,467 | +19.3% |
1920 | 666,000 | +11.7% |
1930 | 728,900 | +9.4% |
1940 | 834,500 | +14.5% |
1950 | 823,892 | −1.3% |
1960 | 1,055,457 | +28.1% |
1970 | 1,311,978 | +24.3% |
1980 | 1,298,941 | −1.0% |
1990 | 1,229,026 | −5.4% |
2000 | 1,210,223 | −1.5% |
2010 | 1,353,186 | +11.8% |
2011 | 1,364,920 | +0.9% |
2012 | 1,388,308 | +1.7% |
2013 | 1,402,455 | +1.0% |
In July 2007, Munich had 1.34 million inhabitants; 300,129 of those did not hold German citizenship. The city has strong Turkish and Balkan communities. The largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (43,309), Albanians (30,385), Croats (24,866), Serbs (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411), and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreign nationals come from the European Union.
From only 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the population doubled about every 30 years. For example, it had 100,000 people in 1852 and then 250,000 people in 1883; by 1901, the figure had doubled again to 500,000. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted and in 1957, Munich's population passed the 1 million mark.
About 40% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group, and this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous, slow decline in their memberships. As of 31 December 2013, 34.7% of the city's inhabitants were Roman Catholic, 12.5% Protestant, and 0.3% Jewish.[17] About 3% adhere to other Christian denominations and 7% are Muslim. There is also a small Old Catholic parish and an English-speaking parish of the Episcopal Church in the city.[18]
Largest groups of foreign residents | |
Nationality | Population (2012) |
Turkey | 40,337 |
Greece | 24,204 |
Croatia | 23,998 |
Italy | 22,988 |
Austria | 21,353 |
Poland | 18,715 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 15,806 |
Serbia | 13,760 |
Munich's current mayor is Dieter Reiter of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Munich has been governed by the SPD for all but six years since 1948. This is remarkable because Bavaria—and particularly southern Bavaria—has long been a conservative stronghold, with the Christian Social Union winning absolute majorities among the Bavarian electorate in many elections at the communal, state, and federal levels, and leading the Bavarian state government for all but three years since 1946. Bavaria's second most populous city, Nuremberg, is also one of the very few Bavarian cities governed by a SPD-led coalition.
As the capital of the Free State of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the Bavarian State Parliament, the Staatskanzlei (the State Chancellery) and of all state departments.
Several national and international authorities are located in Munich, including the Federal Finance Court of Germany and the European Patent Office.
Since the administrative reform in 1992, Munich is divided into 25 boroughs or Stadtbezirke.
Allach-Untermenzing (23), Altstadt-Lehel (1), Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied (22), Au-Haidhausen (5), Berg am Laim (14), Bogenhausen (13), Feldmoching-Hasenbergl (24), Hadern (20), Laim (25), Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt (2), Maxvorstadt (3), Milbertshofen-Am Hart (11), Moosach (10), Neuhausen-Nymphenburg (9), Obergiesing (17), Pasing-Obermenzing (21), Ramersdorf-Perlach (16), Schwabing-Freimann (12), Schwabing-West (4), Schwanthalerhöhe (8), Sendling (6), Sendling-Westpark (7), Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln (19), Trudering-Riem (15) and Untergiesing-Harlaching (18).
The city is a mix of historic buildings and modern architecture, Munich having reconstructed the ruins of their historic buildings while creating new landmarks of architecture. A survey, conducted by the Society's Center for Sustainable Destinations for the National Geographic Traveler, chose over 100 historic places around the world and ranked Munich as the 30th best destination.[19]
Inner city[edit]
At the centre of the city is the Marienplatz—a large open square named after the Mariensäule, a Marian column in its centre—with the Old and the New Town Hall. Its tower contains the Rathaus-Glockenspiel. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification have survived to this day—the Isartor in the east, the Sendlinger Tor in the south and the Karlstor in the west of the inner city. The Karlstor leads up to the Stachus, a grand square dominated by the Justizpalast (Palace of Justice) and a fountain.
The Peterskirche close to Marienplatz is the oldest church of the inner city. It was first built during the Romanesque period, and was the focus of the early monastic settlement in Munich before the city's official foundation in 1158. Nearby St. Peter the Gothic hall-church Heiliggeistkirche (The Church of the Holy Spirit) was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the Viktualienmarkt, the most popular market of Munich.
The Frauenkirche is the most famous building in the city centre and serves as the cathedral for the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising. The nearby Michaelskirche is the largest renaissance church north of the Alps, while the Theatinerkirche is a basilica in Italianate high baroque which had a major influence on Southern German baroque architecture. Its dome dominates the Odeonsplatz. Other baroque churches in the inner city which are worth a detour are the Bürgersaalkirche, the Dreifaltigkeitskirche, the St. Anna Damenstiftskirche and St. Anna im Lehel, the first rococo church in Bavaria. The Asamkirche was endowed and built by the Brothers Asam, pioneering artists of the rococo period.
The large Residenz palace complex (begun in 1385) on the edge of Munich's Old Town ranks among Europe's most significant museums of interior decoration. Having undergone several extensions, it contains also the treasury and the splendid rococo Cuvilliés Theatre. Next door to the Residenz the neo-classical opera, the National Theatre was erected. Among the baroque and neoclassical mansions which still exist in Munich are the Palais Porcia, the Palais Preysing, the Palais Holnstein and the Prinz-Carl-Palais. All mansions are situated close to the Residenz, same as the Alte Hof, a medieval castle and first residence of the Wittelsbach dukes in Munich.
The inner city has been recreated[20] in the virtual world of Second Life and can be visited for a virtual sight seeing tour.
Royal avenues and squares[edit]
Four grand royal avenues of the 19th century with magnificent official buildings connect Munich's inner city with the suburbs:
The neoclassical Briennerstrasse, starting at Odeonsplatz on the northern fringe of the Old Town close to the Residenz, runs from east to west and opens into the impressive Königsplatz, designed with the "Doric" Propyläen, the "Ionic" Glyptothek and the "Corinthian" State Museum of Classical Art, on its back side St. Boniface's Abbey was erected. The area around Königsplatz is home to the Kunstareal, Munich's gallery and museum quarter (as described below).
Ludwigstrasse also begins at Odeonsplatz and runs from south to north, skirting the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, the St. Louis church, the Bavarian State Library and numerous state ministries and palaces. The southern part of the avenue was constructed in Italian renaissance style while the north is strongly influenced by Italian Romanesque architecture.
The neo-Gothic Maximilianstraße starts at Max-Joseph-Platz, where the Residenz and the National Theatre are situated, and runs from west to east. The avenue is framed by neo-Gothic buildings which house, among others, the Schauspielhaus and the Building of the district government of Upper Bavaria and the Museum of Ethnology. After crossing the river Isar, the avenue circles the Maximilianeum, home of the state parliament. The western portion of Maximilianstraße is known for its designer shops, luxury boutiques, jewellery stores, and one of Munich's foremost five-star hotels, the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten.
Prinzregentenstrasse runs parallel to Maximilianstraße and begins at Prinz-Carl-Palais. Many museums can be found along the avenue, such as the Haus der Kunst, the Bavarian National Museum and the Schackgalerie. The avenue crosses the Isar and circles the Friedensengel monument passing the Villa Stuck and Hitler's old apartment. The Prinzregententheater is at Prinzregentenplatz further to the east.
Other boroughs[edit]
Two large baroque palaces in Nymphenburg and Oberschleissheim are reminders of Bavaria's royal past. Schloss Nymphenburg (Nymphenburg Palace), some 6 km (4 mi) north west of the city centre, is surrounded by an impressive park and is considered to be one of Europe's most beautiful royal residences. 2 km (1 mi) north west of Nymphenburg Palace is Schloss Blutenburg (Blutenburg Castle), an old ducal country seat with a late-Gothic palace church. Schloss Fürstenried (Fürstenried Palace), a baroque palace of similar structure to Nymphenburg but of much smaller size, was erected around the same time in the south west of Munich. The second large baroque residence is Schloss Schleissheim (Schleissheim Palace), located in the suburb of Oberschleissheim, a palace complex encompassing three separate residences: Altes Schloss Schleissheim (the old palace), Neues Schloss Schleissheim (the new palace) and Schloss Lustheim (Lustheim Palace). Most parts of the palace complex serve as museums and art galleries. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. The Bavaria statue before the neo-classical Ruhmeshalle is a monumental, bronze sand-cast 19th-century statue at Theresienwiese. The Grünwald castle is the only medieval castle in the Munich area which still exisists.
St Michael in Berg am Laim might be the most remarkable church out of the inner city. Most of the boroughs have parish churches which originate from the Middle Ages like the most famous church of pilgrimage in Munich St Mary in Ramersdorf. The oldest church within the city borders is Heilig Kreuz in Fröttmaning next to the Allianz-Arena, known for its Romanesque fresco. Especially in its suburbs, Munich features a wide and diverse array of modern architecture, although strict culturally sensitive height limitations for buildings have limited the construction of skyscrapers to avoid a loss of views to the distant Bavarian Alps. Most high-rise buildings are clustered at the northern edge of Munich in the skyline, like the Hypo-Haus, the Arabella High-Rise Building, the Highlight Towers, Uptown Munich, Münchner Tor and the BMW Headquarters next to the Olympic Park. Several other high-rise buildings are located near the city centre and on the Siemens campus in southern Munich. A landmark of modern Munich is also the architecture of the sport stadiums (as described below).
In Fasangarten is the former McGraw Kaserne, a former U.S. army base, near Stadelheim Prison.
Munich is a green city with numerous parks. The Englischer Garten, close to the city centre and covering an area of 3.7 km2 (1.4 sq mi) (larger than Central Park in New York), is one of the world's largest urban public parks, and contains a nudist area, jogging tracks and bridle-paths. It was designed and laid out by Benjamin Thompson, Count of Rumford, for both pleasure and as a work area for the city's vagrants and homeless. Nowadays it is entirely a park with multiple Biergartens, the most well known at the Chinese Pagoda.
Other large green spaces are the modern Olympiapark, Westpark, and the parks of Nymphenburg Palace (with the Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg to the north), and Schleissheim Palace. The city's oldest park is the Hofgarten, near the Residenz, and dating back to the 16th century. Best known for the largest beergarden in the town is the former royal Hirschgarten, founded in 1780 for deer which still live there.
The city's zoo is the Tierpark Hellabrunn near the Flaucher Island in the Isar in the south of the city. Another notable park is Ostpark, located in Perlach-Ramersdorf area which houses the swimming area, Michaelibad, one of the largest in Munich.
Munich is home to several professional football teams including Bayern Munich, Germany's most successful club and a multiple UEFA Champions League winner. The Munich area currently has three clubs: Bayern Munich, 1860 Munich and SpVgg Unterhaching in the Bundesliga, 2. Bundesliga, and 3. Liga respectively, which are the top three leagues in the German football league system.
FC Bayern Munich Basketball currently playing in Beko Basket Bundesliga.
The city's ice hockey club is EHC Munich.
Munich has also hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics and was one of the host cities for the 2006 Football World Cup which was not held in Munich's Olympic Stadium but in a new football specific stadium, the Allianz Arena.
Munich bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games but lost to Pyeongchang.[21] In September 2011 the DOSB President Thomas Bach confirmed that Munich would bid again for the Winter Olympics in the future.[22]
The Austro-Bavarian language is also spoken in and around Munich, with its variety Upper Bavarian (Oberbayrisch). Austro-Bavarian has no official status by the Bavarian authorities or local government yet is recognised by the SIL and has its own ISO-639 code.
The Deutsches Museum or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is the largest and one of the oldest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings which are under a protection order were converted to house the Verkehrsmuseum, which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field.Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of palaeontology, geology, mineralogy,[23] zoology, botany and anthropology.
The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the Kunstareal, including the Alte Pinakothek, the Neue Pinakothek, the Pinakothek der Moderne and the Museum Brandhorst. Alte Pinakothek's monolithic structure contains a treasure trove of the works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. The collection reflects the eclectic tastes of the Wittelsbachs over four centuries, and is sorted by schools over two sprawling floors. Major displays include Albrecht Dürer's Christ-like Self-Portrait, his Four Apostles, Raphael's paintings The Canigiani Holy Family and Madonna Tempi as well as Peter Paul Rubens two-storey-high Judgment Day. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. Before World War I, the Blaue Reiter group of artists worked in Munich. Many of their works can now be seen at the Lenbachhaus. An important collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the Glyptothek and the Staatliche Antikensammlung (State Antiquities Collection). King Ludwig I managed to acquire such famous pieces as the Medusa Rondanini, the Barberini Faun and figures from the Temple of Aphaea on Aegina for the Glyptothek. Another important museum in the Kunstareal is the Egyptian Museum.
The famous gothic Morris dancers of Erasmus Grasser are exhibited in the Munich City Museum in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city.
Another area for the arts next to the Kunstareal is the Lehel quarter between the old town and the river Isar: The Museum Five Continents in Maximilianstraße is the second largest collection in Germany of artifacts and objects from outside Europe, while the Bavarian National Museum and the adjoining Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in Prinzregentenstrasse rank among Europe's major art and cultural history museums. The nearby Schackgalerie is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings.
The former Dachau concentration camp is 16 km (10 mi) outside the city.
Arts and literature[edit]
Munich is a major European cultural centre and has played host to many prominent composers including Orlando di Lasso, W.A. Mozart, Carl Maria von Weber, Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Max Reger and Carl Orff. With the Munich Biennale founded by Hans Werner Henze, and the A*DEvantgarde festival, the city still contributes to modern music theatre. Some of classical music's best-known pieces have been created in and around Munich by native composers or those that came to work there, for example Richard Strauss' famous tone poem Also sprach Zarathustra or Carl Orffs Carmina Burana.
The Nationaltheater, where several of Richard Wagner's operas had their premieres under the patronage of Ludwig II of Bavaria, is the home of the Bavarian State Opera and the Bavarian State Orchestra. Next door the modern Residenz Theatre was erected in the building that had housed the Cuvilliés Theatre before World War II. Many operas were staged there, including the premiere of Mozart's "Idomeneo" in 1781. The Gärtnerplatz Theatre is a ballet and musical state theatre while another opera house the Prinzregententheater has become the home of the Bavarian Theatre Academy. The modern Gasteig center houses the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra. The third orchestra in Munich with international importance is the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulesaal in the former city royal residence, the Residenz. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the Deutsche Theater. It is Germany's largest theatre for guest performances.
Munich's contributions to modern popular music are often overlooked in favour of its strong association with classical music, but they are numerous: The city has had a strong music scene in the 1960s and 1970s, with many internationally renowned bands and musicians frequently performing in its clubs. Furthermore, Munich was the center of Krautrock in southern Germany, with many important bands such as Amon Düül II, Embryo or Popol Vuh hailing from the city. In the 1970s, the Musicland Studios developed into one of the most prominent recording studios in the world, with famous bands such as the Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple and Queen recording albums there. Munich also played a significant role in the development of electronic music, with genre pioneer Giorgio Moroder, who invented synth disco and electronic dance music, and Donna Summer, one of Disco music's most important performers, both living and working in the city.
Next to the Bavarian Staatsschauspiel in the Residenz Theatre (Residenztheater), the Munich Kammerspiele in the Schauspielhaus is one of the most important German language theatres in the world. Since Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich such as Christian Friedrich Hebbel, Henrik Ibsen and Hugo von Hofmannsthal.
The city is known as the second largest publishing center in the world (around 250 publishing houses have offices in the city), and many national and international publications are published in Munich, such as Arts in Munich, LAXMag and Prinz.
Prominent literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final centuries of the Kingdom of Bavaria such as Paul Heyse, Max Halbe, Rainer Maria Rilke and Frank Wedekind. The period immediately before World War I saw economic and cultural prominence for the city. Munich, and especially its suburb of Schwabing, became the domicile of many artists and writers. Thomas Mann, who also lived there, wrote ironically in his novella Gladius Dei about this period, "Munich shone". It remained a centre of cultural life during the Weimar period with figures such as Lion Feuchtwanger, Bertolt Brecht and Oskar Maria Graf. In 1919 the Bavaria Film Studios were founded.
From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like Erasmus Grasser, Jan Polack, Johann Baptist Straub, Ignaz Günther, Hans Krumpper, Ludwig von Schwanthaler, Cosmas Damian Asam, Egid Quirin Asam, Johann Baptist Zimmermann, Johann Michael Fischer and François de Cuvilliés. Munich had already become an important place for painters like Carl Rottmann, Lovis Corinth, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Carl Spitzweg, Franz von Lenbach, Franz von Stuck and Wilhelm Leibl when Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a group of expressionist artists, was established in Munich in 1911. The city was home to the Blue Rider's painters Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky, Gabriele Münter, Franz Marc, August Macke and Alfred Kubin.
Hofbräuhaus and Oktoberfest[edit]
The Hofbräuhaus am Platzl, arguably the most famous beer hall worldwide, is located in the city centre. It also operates the second largest tent at the Oktoberfest, one of Munich's most famous attractions. For two weeks, the Oktoberfest attracts millions of people visiting its beer tents ("Bierzelte") and fairground attractions. The Oktoberfest was first held on 12 October 1810 in honour of the marriage of crown prince Ludwig to Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The festivities were closed with a horse race and in the following years the horse races were continued and later developed into what is now known as the Oktoberfest. Despite its name, most of Oktoberfest occurs in September. It always finishes on the first Sunday in October unless the German national holiday on 3 October ("Tag der deutschen Einheit"-Day of German Unity) is a Monday or Tuesday-then the Oktoberfest remains open for these days.
Culinary specialities[edit]
The Weißwurst ('white sausage') is a Munich speciality. Traditionally eaten only before 12:00 noon—a tradition dating to a time before refrigerators—these morsels are often served with sweet mustard and freshly baked pretzels. Leberkäs, Bavarian baked sausage loaf, often served with potato salad, is another delicacy of the region.
The most famous soup might be the Leberknödel Soup. Leberknödel is a bread dumpling seasoned with liver and onions.
Schweinsbraten (pot roasted pork) with Knödel (dumplings made from potatoes or white bread) and Kraut (cabbage) or a Schweinshaxe (pork knuckle) are served as lunch or dinner. Beuscherl, a plate of lung, heart and spleen is also served with dumplings.
Popular desserts include Apfelstrudel (apple strudel) with vanilla sauce, Millirahmstrudel (a cream cheese strudel), Dampfnudeln (yeast dumplings served with custard) and Auszogene, a fried pastry shaped like a large doughnut without a hole. One of the most famous specialties is the Prinzregententorte created in honour of the 19th-century prince regent Luitpold.
Some specialities are typical cold dishes served in beergardens: Obatzda is a Bavarian cheese delicacy, a savoury blend of smashed mellow camembert prepared with cream cheese, cut onions and spicy paprika (and sometimes some butter). It's often served in the beer gardens along with Radi, white radish cut in thin slices and salted, and Münchner Wurstsalat, Munich's famous sausage salad with thinly sliced Knackwurst marinated in vinegar and oil with onions on a bed of lettuce. Popular grilled meals include Steckerlfisch which is usually Mackerel, but may also be a local fish, such as trout or whitefish, speared on a wooden stick, grilled and smoked on charcoal—the typical feature is the crispy skin. Another classic is A hoibs Hendl (half a grilled chicken). A Mass (die Maß) is a litre of beer, a Radler consists of half beer and half lemonade.
Beers and breweries[edit]
Munich is famous for its breweries and the Weissbier (or Weizenbier, wheat beer) is a speciality from Bavaria. Helles with its translucent gold colour is the most popular Munich beer today, although it's not old (only introduced in 1895). Helles and Pils have almost ousted the Munich Dark Beer (Dunkles), which gets its dark colour from burnt malt, the most popular beer in Munich within the 19th century. Starkbier is the strongest Munich beer, containing 6–9 percent alcohol. It is dark amber and has a heavy malty taste. It is available and popular during the Lenten Starkbierzeit (strong beer season), which begins on or before St. Joseph's Day (19 March). There are around 20 major beer gardens, with four of the most famous and popular being located in the Englischer Garten and the largest one in the Hirschgarten.
The Viktualienmarkt is Munich's most popular market for fresh food and delicatessen. A very old feature of Munich's Fasching (carnival) is the dance of the Marktfrauen (market women) of the Viktualienmarkt in comical costumes.
The Auer Dult is held three times a year on the square around Mariahilf church and is one of Munich's oldest markets, well known for its hardware, trinkets and antiques.
Three weeks before Christmas the Christkindlmarkt opens at Marienplatz and other squares in the city, selling Christmas goods.
Nightlife in Munich is located mostly in the city centre (Altstadt-Lehel) and the boroughs Maxvorstadt, Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Au-Haidhausen and Schwabing. Between Sendlinger Tor and Maximilansplatz lies the so-called Feierbanane (party banana), a roughly banana-shaped unofficial party zone spanning 1.3 km along Sonnenstraße, characterized by a high concentration of clubs, bars and restaurants. In recent years, the Feierbanane has become the mainstream focus of Munich's nightlife and tends to get quite crowded, especially on weekends. It also has sparked some debate among city officials regarding alcohol-related security issues and the party zone's general impact on local residents as well as day-time businesses.
Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt's two main quarters, Gärtnerplatzviertel and Glockenbachviertel, are both considered decidedly less mainstream than most other nightlife hotspots in the city and are renowned for their many hip and laid back bars and clubs as well as for being Munich's main centers of gay culture. On warm spring or summer nights, hundreds of young people can be seen gathering at Gärtnerplatz, where they lay down in the grass to relax, talk with friends and drink beer, occupying most of the square's available space in the process. Maxvorstadt has many smaller bars that are especially popular with university students, whereas legendary Schwabing, once Munich's first and foremost party district, has lost much of its nightlife activity in the last few decades, mainly due to gentrification and the resulting extraordinarily high rents (even for Munich standards). It has become the city's most coveted (and one of its most expensive) residential districts, attracting affluent citizens with little interest in partying. Nevertheless, some of its more excentric aspects have survived, and there are still a few legendary venues like the underground Schwabinger 7 and live clubs such as Schwabinger Podium.
The Kultfabrik, a former industrial complex that was converted to a large party area near München Ostbahnhof in Haidhausen, hosts more than 25 clubs and is especially popular among younger people and/or residents of the metropolitan area surrounding Munich. Apart from the Kultfarbik and its smaller cousin Optimolwerke, there exists a wide variety of establishments in the more urban parts of Haidhausen. Generally speaking, Munich nightlife tends to change quite dramatically over very short periods of time. Establishments are opening and closing every year, with some surviving only a few months, while others can last for many years. Within recent history, Munich has had a few musical venues that have made more of an impact than others, some even gaining international recognition, such as Big Apple, PN, Tanzlokal Größenwahn, Atomic Cafe, Ultraschall or Babalu Bar, to name a few. Munich has two directly connected gay quarters, which basically can be seen as one: Gärtnerplatzviertel and Glockenbachviertel, both part of the Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt district.
Some notable establishments are:
Bars (Pubs are located all over the city):
- Schumann's - Charles Schumann's Cocktail Bar
- Havana Club
- Bar Centrale
- Holy Home
- Eat the Rich
- Pimpernel
- M.C. Mueller
- P1 - Favourite meeting place of Munich's High Society, the so-called Schickeria
- Harry Klein
- EdMoses
- Rote Sonne
- Call me Drella
- Cord
- M.C. Mueller
- Backstage - catering to more alternative and rock tastes.
Munich has more than 100 night clubs and hundreds of bars within city limits.
The Circus Krone is based in Munich and one of the largest circus in Europe.[24] It was the first and still is one of only a few in Western Europe to also occupy a building of its own.
Colleges and universities[edit]
Munich is a leading location for science and research with a long list of Nobel Prize laureates from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1901 to Theodor Hänsch in 2005. Munich has become a spiritual centre already since the times of Emperor Louis IV when philosophers like Michael of Cesena, Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham were protected at the emperor's court. The Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) and the Technische Universität München (TU or TUM), were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title elite university by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Länder). Only the two Munich universities and the Technical University of Karlsruhe (now part of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) have held this honour, and the implied greater chances of attracting research funds, since the first evaluation round in 2006.
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), founded in 1472 in Ingolstadt, moved to Munich in 1826
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), founded in 1868
- Akademie der Bildenden Künste München, founded in 1808
- Bundeswehr University Munich, founded in 1973 (located in Neubiberg)
- Deutsche Journalistenschule, founded in 1959
- Bayerische Akademie für Außenwirtschaft, founded in 1989
- Hochschule für Musik und Theater München, founded in 1830
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences [4]
- International School of Management [5]
- Katholische Stiftungsfachhochschule München, founded in 1971
- Munich Business School (MBS), founded in 1991
- Munich Intellectual Property Law Center (MIPLC)
- Munich School of Philosophy, founded in 1925 in Pullach, moved to Munich in 1971
- Munich School of Political Science
- Munich University of Applied Sciences (HM), founded in 1971
- Pionierschule und Fachschule des Heeres für Bautechnik
- Ukrainian Free University, founded in 1921 (from 1945 – in Munich)
- University of Television and Film Munich (Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film), founded in 1966
Scientific research institutions[edit]
Max Planck Society[edit]
The Max Planck Society, an independent German non-profit research organization, has its administrative headquarters in Munich. The following institutes are located in the Munich area:
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching
- Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law, München
- Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, München
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Andechs-Erling (Biological Rhythms and Behaviour), Radolfzell, Seewiesen (Reproductive Biology and Behaviour)[6]
- Max Planck Institute for Physics (Werner Heisenberg Institute), München
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching (also in Greifswald)
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, München
- Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research, München (closed)
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching
Other research institutes[edit]
- Botanische Staatssammlung München, a notable herbarium
- CESifo, theoretical and applied research in economics and finance
- Doerner Institute
- European Southern Observatory
- Fraunhofer Institute
- Helmholtz Zentrum München
Munich has the strongest economy of any German city[25] and the lowest unemployment rate (3.0% in June 2014) of any German city with more than a million people (the others being Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne).[26][27] The city is also the economic centre of southern Germany. The initiative "Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft (INSM)" (New Social Market Economy) and the "WirtschaftsWoche" (Business Weekly) magazine awarded Munich the top score in their comparative survey for the third time in June 2006. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine "Capital" in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in sixty German cities. Munich is a Financial centre and a Global city and holds the headquarters of Siemens AG (electronics), BMW (car), MAN AG (truck manufacturer, engineering), Linde (gases), Allianz (insurance), Munich Re (re-insurance), and Rohde & Schwarz (electronics). Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants purchasing power is highest in Munich (26,648 euro per inhabitant) as of 2007.[28] In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of 18.62 euro (ca. $23).[29]
The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009.[30] Munich is also a centre for biotechnology, software and other service industries. Munich is also the home of the headquarters of many other large companies such as the aircraft engine manufacturer MTU Aero Engines, the injection molding machine manufacturer Krauss-Maffei, the camera and lighting manufacturer Arri, the semiconductor firm Infineon Technologies (headquartered in the suburban town of Neubiberg), lighting giant Osram, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as McDonald's and Microsoft.
Munich has significance as a financial centre (second only to Frankfurt), being home of HypoVereinsbank and the Bayerische Landesbank. It outranks Frankfurt though as home of insurance companies such as Allianz and Munich Re[citation needed].
Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe[31] and home to Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germany's largest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, ARD, while the largest commercial network, Pro7-Sat1 Media AG, is headquartered in the suburb of Unterföhring. The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, and of Burda publishing group are also in Munich.
The Bavaria Film Studios are located in the suburb of Grünwald. They are one of Europe's biggest and most famous film production studios.[32]
Top 10 Largest Companies in Munich (2013)[33][edit]
- Allianz SE
- Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft AG
- Siemens AG
- Linde AG
- LfA Förderbank Bayern
- Bayern-Versicherung Lebensversicherung AG
- Oberbank AG, Niederlassung Deutschland
- Stadtsparkasse München
- Swiss Life AG, Niederlassung für Deutschland
Munich International Airport[edit]
Franz Josef Strauss International Airport (IATA: MUC, ICAO: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and seventh-largest in Europe after London Heathrow, Paris Charle de Gaulle, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Madrid and Istanbul Atatürk. It is used by about 34 million passengers a year, and lies some 30 km (19 mi) north east of the city centre. It replaced the smaller Munich-Riem airport in 1992. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines S8 from the east and S1 from the west of the city. From the main railway station the journey takes 40–45 minutes. An express train will be added that will cut down travel time to 20–25 minutes with limited stops on dedicated tracks. A magnetic levitation train (called Transrapid), which was to have run at speeds of up to 400 km/h (249 mph) from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes, had been approved,[34] but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests.[35] Lufthansa opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003.
Other airports[edit]
In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a license to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local Government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court.[36] However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.[37]
Despite being 110 km (68 mi) from Munich, Memmingen Airport has been advertised as Airport Munich West. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby Augsburg Airport was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach.
Public transportation[edit]
For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have one of the most comprehensive and punctual systems in the world, incorporating the Munich U-Bahn (underground railway), the Munich S-Bahn (suburban trains), trams and buses. The system is supervised by the Munich Transport and Tariff Association (Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund GmbH). The Munich tramway is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines.
The extensive network of subway and tram lines assist and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Strasse, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east-west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Similarly, Weinstrasse leads off northwards to the Hofgarten. These major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. The transformation of the historic area into a pedestrian priority zone enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes result from applying the principle of "filtered permability" which selectively restricts the number of roads that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip(see image). The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the Fused Grid.
The main railway station is Munich Hauptbahnhof, in the city centre, and there are two smaller main line stations at Pasing, in the west of the city, and Munich Ostbahnhof in the east. All three are connected to the public transport system and serve as transportation hubs.
ICE highspeed trains stop at Munich-Pasing and Munich-Hauptbahnhof only. InterCity and EuroCity trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at Munich East. Since 28 May 2006 Munich has been connected to Nuremberg via Ingolstadt by the 300 km/h (186 mph) Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway line.
The trade fair transport logistic is held every two years at the Neue Messe München (Messe München International).
Individual transportation[edit]
Munich is an integral part of the motorway network of southern Germany. Motorways from Stuttgart (W), Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Berlin (N), Deggendorf and Passau (E), Salzburg and Innsbruck (SE), Garmisch Partenkirchen (S) and Lindau (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy.
Traffic is however, often very heavy in and around Munich. Traffic jams are commonplace during rush hour and at the beginning and end of major holidays in Germany, in no small part due to poor traffic light changing patterns and synchronisation. There are few "green waves" or roundabouts. Another contributing factor is the lack of a proper ring road. This mittlere Ring is a ring road in name only and is a loosely connected system of roads with many traffic light controlled junctions.
Cycling is recognised as a good alternative to motorised transport and the growing number of bicycle lanes are widely used throughout the year. They are mostly not segregated from foot paths, making them dangerous to both parties. Many of the cycle path surfaces are of poor quality often due to the roots of roadside trees breaking through the tarmac, fortunately the roads themselves are seldom affected by these tree roots. The cycle paths usually involve a longer route than by the road as they are diverted around objects and the presence of pedestrians tends to make them quite slow.
A modern bike hire system is available within the area bounded by the Mittlerer Ring.
Around Munich[edit]
The Munich agglomeration sprawls across the plain of the Alpine foothills comprising about 2.6 million inhabitants. Several smaller traditional Bavarian towns and cities like Dachau, Freising, Erding, Starnberg, Landshut and Moosburg are today part of the Greater Munich Region, formed by Munich and the surrounding districts, making up the Munich Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about 4.5 million people.[38]
International relations[edit]
Munich is twinned with the following cities (date of agreement shown in parentheses).[39]
- Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (1954)[40][41]
- Verona, Italy (1960)[42]
- Bordeaux, France (1964)[43][44]
- Sapporo, Japan (1972)
- Cincinnati, Ohio, United States (1989)
- Kiev, Ukraine (1989)
Famous people[edit]
Born in Munich[edit]
Famous residents[edit]
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- ^ "Region Munich". Region-muenchen.com. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ "Partnerstädte". Muenchen.de (official website) (in German). Landeshauptstadt München. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
- ^ "Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities". 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ^ "Twin and Partner Cities". City of Edinburgh Council. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
- ^ "Verona – Gemellaggi" (in Italian). Council of Verona, Italy. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ^ "Bordeaux - Rayonnement européen et mondial". Mairie de Bordeaux (in French). Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ "Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures". Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ "DSDS 2012: Kandidat Joey Heindle" (in German). RTL. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
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Many people don't think twice before partaking in such holiday traditions as putting trees and wreaths in their homes and wrapping gifts in paper.
But special Christmas tours of the Yawkey House Museum allowed people to step back in time to experience how the well-known Yawkey family celebrated Christmas in the 1900s and learn how many holiday traditions came to be.
Guests were ushered from room to room in the historic home Saturday, greeted by volunteers and staff members who were dressed in 19th century holiday clothing. ...

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Hotel Ca Bianca is a small family owned Hotel at the beachside of Riccione, 30 meters away from the pedestrian area. Rooms are a bit small and air condition did not work perfect. Our family of four had booked breakfast, lunch and dinner at the hotel. We love Italian food and Ca Bianca gave us a really good week! The... More
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In 100 Wacky Things, players will do some ridiculous things while laughing uncontrollably at each other. The game has two types of cards: Always and Whenever. If you draw an Always Card, you will do the wacky thing on your card every time it's your turn. A Whenever Card directs you to do what the card says whenever another player does something specific. One wacky thing definitely leads to another in this zany game of craziness!
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DictionaryDick•in•sonPronunciation: (dik'in-sun), Strict Standards: Non-static method FenSites::linkTo() should not be called statically in /site/html/dictionary/dickinson.html on line 105 [key] —n. 1. Edwin (Walter), 1891–1978, U.S. landscape and still-life painter. 2. Emily (Elizabeth), 1830–86, U.S. poet. 3. John, 1732–1808, U.S. statesman and publicist. 4. a town in W North Dakota. 15,942. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.
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{ speed: 0.4, opening: 1, delay: 1, frame: 1, cw: true, path: 'http://cdn.bizchair.com/360-rotation-images/', images: [ 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-001.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-002.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-003.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-004.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-005.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-006.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-007.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-008.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-009.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-010.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-011.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-012.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-013.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-014.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-015.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-016.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-017.jpg', 'go-1235-bk-fab-gg-018.jpg' ] }
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text:
US 4794150 A Abstract A novel polymeric disc, wafer or similarly shaped resin for carrying out the synthsis of peptide analogs via solid phase peptide synthesis techniques is provided. The polymeric disc or wafer of the invention may be made out of those resin materials presently used in bead form in solid phase peptide synthesis, such as, benzhydrylamine resins, Boc-aminoacyl-4-(oxymethyl)-phenyacetamidomethyl (Pam) resin, polyamide resins and chloromethyl resins. The disc or wafer of the invention should, preferably, have a thickness of 200-400 μm and may be of any suitable length or width. A process for the synthsis of peptide analogs utilizing the polymeric disc or wafer of the present invention is also disclosed.
Claims(21) 1. A polymeric resin for use in a solid phase peptide synthesis of peptide analogs, said resin being insoluble and capable of permitting an attachment to it of a first amino acid in said solid phase peptide synthesis, wherein the improvement comprises said resin being in a shape of a water or a disc and reactor cell means for use in combination with said resin, said reactor cell means being capable of at least partially containing said resin during said solid phase peptide synthesis.
2. The polymeric resin according to claim 1, wherein said resin has a thickness of 200-400 μm.
3. The polymeric resin according to claim 1, wherein said resin is made of a member selected from the group consisting of a benzhydrylamine, Boc-aminoacyl-4-(oxymethyl)-phenylacetamido-methyl polyamide, cross-linked polystyrene, p-hydroxymethyl, hydrazide, ether, p-alkoxybenzyl alcohol and a combination thereof.
4. The polymeric resin according to claim 1, wherein the shape of said resin is circular.
5. The polymeric resin according to claim 1, wherein the shape of said resin includes at least one straight edge.
6. The polymeric resin according to claim 1, further comprising an inert support.
7. The polymeric resin according to claim 6, wherein said inert support is a nylon.
8. The polymeric resin according to claim 1, further comprising an inert support which is capable of permitting the transfer of said polymeric resin from a first reaction vessel to a second reaction vessel by means of a tongs instrument.
9. A process for the synthesis of peptide analogs, comprising the steps of:
(a) tagging a set of polymeric resin discs or wafers for use in a solid phase peptide synthesis of said peptide analogs so that each of said polymeric resin discs of wafers is designated for the synthesis of one or more of said peptide analogs; (b) placing said polymeric resin discs or wafers into at least one reaction vessel having reagents for the solid phase peptide synthesis of an amino acid sequence of said peptide analogs wherein said amino acid sequence of said peptide analogs is to be common to said peptide analogs being synthesized; and (c) placing said polymeric resin discs or wafers into separate reaction vessels having reagents for said solid phase peptide synthesis of amino acid sequences of said peptide analogs which are not to be common to all of said peptide analogs being synthesized. 10. The process according to claim 9 wherein said step (b) is carried out with conventional tongs.
11. The process according to claim 9 wherein said step (c) is carried out with conventional tongs.
12. The process according to claim 9, wherein said step (b) is carried out with one reaction vessel.
13. The process according to claim 9, wherein the number of said reaction vessels employed in step (c) is at least one greater than the number of said reaction vessles employed in step (b).
14. The process according to claim 9, wherein said separate reaction vessels are capable of being a single reaction vessel at differing points in time.
15. The process according to claim 9, wherein said polymeric resin discs or wafers have a thickness of 200-400 μm.
16. The process according to claim 9, wherein said polymeric resin discs or wafers are made of a member selected from the group consisting of a benzhydrylamine. Boc-aminoacyl-4-(oxymethyl)-phenylacetamido-methyl, polyamide, cross-linked polystyrene, p-hydroxymethyl, hydrazide, ether, p-alkoxybenzyl alcohol and a combination thereof.
17. The process according to claim 9, wherein at least one of said polymeric resin discs or wafers are circular in shape.
18. The process according to claim 9, wherein at least one of said polymeric resin discs or wafers have at least one straight edge.
19. The process according to claim 9, wherein said polymeric resin discs or wafers include an inert support.
20. The process according to claim 19, wherein said inert support is a nylon.
21. The process according to claim 19, wherein said polymeric resin discs or wafers include an inert support which is capable of permitting a transfer of said polymeric resin discs or wafers from a first reaction vessel to a second reaction vessel by means of a tongs instrument.
Description 1. Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the synthesis of peptide analogs. More particularly, the invention relates to a novel polymeric disc, wafer or other similarly shaped resin and a method for its use in solid phase peptide synthesis ("SPPS"). The present invention permits the rapid production of peptide analogs, i.e., numerous peptides differing from one another by only a single amino acid or a small number of amino acids. The synthesis of analogs according to the present invention can take place at a rapid rate while assuring that the reagents necessary to synthesize the analogs undergo quantitatively complete reactions so as to minimize undesirable side-reaction products which could result in the production of "deletion peptides" or "deletion sequences." Within recent years, new hormones, releasing factors, inhibitors, growth factors, toxins, ion carriers and antibiotics have been discovered. This and related activity has created an increased need for the chemical synthesis of peptides and small proteins. Synthetic peptide analogs are essential for structure-function studies designed to investigate the mechanism of action and to produce inhibitors or superagonists of improved selectivity and duration of action. The synthesis of immunogenic peptides has great potential for the development of vaccines and can play an important role in the detection and isolation of new gene products. The present invention greatly simplifies and increases the efficiency of the task of preparing synthesis peptides. 2. Description of the Prior Art Solid phase peptide synthesis was introduced by Dr. R. Bruce Merrifield in 1963 when Dr. Merrifield attached a growing peptide chain to a solid support. Merrifield, R. B. (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149-2154. The procedures enunciated by Dr. Merrifield for SPPS vere as follows: An amino acid corresponding to the C-terminal of the target peptide is covalently attached to an insoluble polymeric support (the "resin"). The next amino acid, with a protected α-amino acid, is activated and reacted with the resin-bound amino acid to yield an amino-protected dipeptide on the resin. Excess reactants and co-products are removed by filtration and washing. The amino-protecting group is removed and chain extension is continued with the third and subsequent protected amino acids. After the target protected peptide chain has been built up in this stepwise fashion, all side chain groups are removed and the anchoring bond between the peptide and the resin is cleaved by suitable chemical means thereby releasing the crude peptide product into solution. The desired peptide then undergoes an extensive purification procedure and is then characterized. Kent, S. & Clark-Lewis, I., "Modern Methods for the Chemical Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptide," Division of Biology 147-75, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 91125 U.S.A.; Houghten, R. A., Chang, W. C. & Li, C. H. (1980), Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 16, 311-320; Houghten, R. A., Ostresh, J. M. & Klipstein, F. A. (1984), Eur. J. Biochem., 145, 157-162; Stewart, J. M & Young, J. D., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Pierce Chemical Company (2d ed. 1984). See, also, Geysen, H. M., Meloen, R. H. & Barteling, S. J. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 3998-4002; Matthes, H. W. D., Zenke, W. M., Grundstrom, T., Staub, A., Wintzerith, M. & Chambon P., (1984) The EMBO Journal, 3, 801-805. The resin employed in standard SPPS is known as the "Merrifield resin" and is a polystyrene bead of 100-200 microns in size. The resin typically contains 0.5-2.0% divinylbenzene cross-linkage and contains 0.2 to 0.8 mmole of p-chloromethyl groups per gram resin. The number of p-chloromethyl groups determines the number of individual chains per gram and their ultimate size. The size of the bead allows for a rapid penetration of reagents in SPPS. The percentage of cross-linkage determines the extent to which the resin shrinks and swells during solvent changes. A large shrink-and-swell effect is preferred. Dr. Merrifield had adopte known techniques of peptide chemistry, which were being used by others in solution phase peptide synthesis, for solid phase peptide synthesis. In doing so, Dr. Merrifield eliminated the intensive purification procedures required between each chemical step; the solid-phase procedure only required filtration and rinsing of the solid support with fresh solvent. Solid phase synthesis permitted chemists to add 5-6 amino acids per day rather than one or two amino acids per week. While the lid phase technique had revolutionized biomedical research in industry and academia, this procedure has remained essentially unchanged since its inception in the early 1960's. With the explosive pace at which biotechnical research has been advancing in the industralized nations of the world, substantially more peptides, particularly analogs, of greater complexity are needed in industry and research than ever before. The ever increasing demand for analog peptides has been approached in several ways, but no approach, thus far, has proven completely satisfactory. One highly expensive and labor intensive method has been to use a series of reaction vessels, e.g., Stewart, J. M. & Young, J. D., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Pierce Chemical Company, pp. 125-130 (2d ed. 1984), rather than use of a single reaction vessel. Thereafter the "pin" method was developed which resulted in the synthesis of peptides on the surface of a dowel rod. The concept was to employ many rods along a plate with each rod entering a different reaction well. The drawbacks inherent in the pin method are multi-fold. First, the formed peptide remains on the dowel during biological testing; there is no guarantee that the conformation of the bound peptide duplicates the conformation in solution. Secondly, and more importantly, each analog in actuality represented a separate synthesis. Accordingly, if one dowel were to show a superior biological response, there would be no means of determining whether the reactions involved in the synthesis of a particular analog was superior or whether an analog synthesized was biologically superior. Subsequent to the pin method, the "tea bag" method was developed where a resin was placed with individual packets similar in design to ordinary tea bags. See, Houghten, R. A., (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 5131-5135. The concept of the tea bag method was that many tea bags could be placed into the same reaction vessel so that many peptides could be synthesized together. When the point of difference or deviation was recched in the formation of particular peptides, i.e., the point where an analog would differ from a similar peptide by a single or small number of amino acids, each tea bag would be separated by hand and reacted separately for the differing amino acids. Following the necessary separate reactions, the tea bags would all be returned to the same reaction vessel for the continued formation of those portions of the analogs which would be common to several peptides, thereby minimizing experimental error. Theoretically and initially, the tea bag method appeared to be ideal. In practice, however, the tea bag mesh would necessarily be prohibitively small. The flow of reagents to the resin would be inhibited. Consequently, many reactions would fail to go to completion thereby resulting in the synthesis of peptides having deletion sequences. The resulting truncated peptides could not, without possibly great difficulty, be separated from analog peptides having the proper sequence. In accordance with the present invention, provided is a novel polymeric disc, wafer or similarly shaped resin for carrying out the synthesis of peptide analogs via the solid phase peptide synthesis techniques generally known and described above. The polymeric disc of the present invention may be made out of those resins presently used in bead form in SPPS, such as, for example, benzhydrylamine resins, e.g., p-methylbenzhydrylamine (MBHA) resin, Boc-aminoacyl-4-(oxymethyl)phenylacetamidomethyl (Pam) resin, polyamide resins and chloromethyl resin materials (the "classical Merrifield" resin), among others. If the disc is made of cross-linked polystyrene, preferably there would be a 2-5% cross-linkage. The inventive polymeric disc, which it will be understood as including all suitably shaped and sized resins, not merely that which may be thought of as a circular disc, should be sufficiently thin so as to allow for the rapid penetration of reagents to insure that the required reactions may run to completion. The disc of the invention should, preferably, have a thickness of 200-400 μm. Aside from this parameter, i.e., the thickness of the disc, the precise shape of the disc, it should be emphasized, may be any shape having any suitable length or width whatsoever depending upon the requirement of the user. As part of the present invention, a process for the synthesis of peptide analogs, using the polymeric resin disc of the invention is further disclosed. In the Drawing: The FIGURE outlines the experimental process of solid phase peptide synthesis. The concept of solid phase peptide synthesis and, as will be explained, as it relates to the present invention may best be understood by reference to the experimental procedure outlined in the FIGURE, wherein X is a reactive group, such as a p-chloromethyl group; L is a labile protecting group; and S is a stable side-chain blocking group to prevent side chain reactions during the peptide synthesis. Referring to the FIGURE, a synthetic polymer, such as the polymeric disc of the present invention, would bear reactive groups, X. The amino acid which will form the C-terminal residue of the peptide to be synthesized is converted to a derivative in which its amino acid group is protected by a labile protecting group, L. Any standard protecting group, such as, for example, the Boc group, may be used in conjunction with the present invention. The foregoing derivative of the C-terminal amino acid is coupled to the reactive polymer. At this point, the repetitive cyclic part of SPPS begins. A reagent is applied to the protected aminoacyl polymer to remove the labile blocking group, L, from the amino acid residue. The reagent employed must not, in any way, harm the link of the C-terminal residue to the polymer. Moreover, if the amino acid attached to the polymer (and all amino acids in the peptide to be synthesized) contains a side-chain reactive functional group, that functional group must be blocked by a stable blocking group, S, which will remain completely intact throughout the synthesis, but which can be removed finally to yield the free peptide. Following removal of the labile protecting group, the next amino acid is coupled to the aminoacyl polymer by use of a suitable coupling reaction. Again, the α-amino group must be protected with the labile group. This cycle of deprotection and coupling is then repeated with each amino acid which is to be incorporated into the peptide chain. For the deprotection reaction, standard acidolysis methods, such as, a 25% solution of trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane may be used. Dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide (DCC) may be employed as the coupling agent, as well as other suitable coupling agents for use with the present invention. Finally, after the entire blocked peptide has been assembled on the polymer support, such as the present invention, a different type of reagent, e.g., anhydrous liquid hydrogen fluoride, is applied to cleave the peptide from the polymer and allow it to be dissolved. The blocking groups, which have protected side-chain functional groups, must also be removed, and are usually chosen so that they can be removed simultaneously with the cleavage of the peptide from the resin. The peptide can also be cleaved from the resin by ammonia and amines to yield peptide amides. The present invention concerns the polymer support to be employed in the foregoing SPPS framework. The support must be insoluble and have satisfactory means of attaching the first amino acid to it. The polymeric disc of the present invention, i.e., the polymer support, may be made out of those resin materials presently used for SPPS when such is carried out with fine bead resins via conventional means. The polymeric disc, which may have any desired shape suitable for the user (e.g., any suitable length or width) should, preferably, have a thickness of 200-400 μm. The resin of the present invention may be made out of, for example, a benzhydrylamine, e.g., p-methylbenzhydrylamine, boc-aminoacyl-4-(oxymethyl)-phenylacetamidomethyl (Pam), polyamide p-hydroxymethyl resin, [hydrazide resin, ether resin, p-alkoxybenzyl alcohol resin,](Wang resins) and cross-linked polystyrene, among other materials. Wang, S. S. (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95,1328-1333. If cross-linked polystyrene is to be the material of the resin, the composition of the resin should be at least 1% divinylbenzene; a resin with substantially less than 1% divinylbenzene would be too fragile to be of any use to the chemist. Additionally, the inventive resin, to be effective, need not rely upon permeation, but may effectively act via a surface reaction. Thus, a hybrid-type resin is possible. Such a hybrid resin may have a srrong, inert support, or backing, made of, for example, plastics or nylons (e.g., Nylon-66), or other materials. The present invention further includes a method for use of the novel polymeric disc. In the synthesis of analogs, discs would be individually tagqed. Peptide synthesis upon the severally tagged discs would take place within one reaction vessel in accordance with known principles of SPPS. When the point of deviation in the peptides is reached, i.e., where the amino acid or acids which are to differ from one peptide analog to another in the synthesis process is reached, the discs of the invention can be separated by hand or other procedure, (e.g. tongs) reacted separately in different reaction vessels and then, subsequently, again placed in the same reaction vessel to continue or complete the synthesis of the analog chain with those amino acids generally common to the peptide analogs. Unlike prior methods, such as the tea bag method, where the bag mesh is too dense to allow for proper permeation, the present invention permits the necessary reactions to run to completion. Finally, a hybrid-type resin, having an inert support as described above, which relies upon a surface reaction, can also be conveniently transferred between reaction vessels with conventional tongs. The invention will now be more fully described by reference to the following Example. It should, however, be understood that the following Example is for purposes of illustration only and not meant for the purpose of defining the limits or scope of the invention. The followin procedure is suggested for the synthesis of the following three analogs of enkephalin: (1) Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu (Natural) (2) Tyr-DAla-Gly-Phe-Leu [D-Ala2 ] Enkephalin (3) Tyr-Gly-Gly-DPhe-Leu [D-Phe4 ] Enkephalin Step 1: Place three 4"�4" polymeric discs of the present invention into a flat glass reaction tank. Step 2: Rinse the discs as follows: 2�100 ml of dichloromethane for 5 minutes each; and 2�100 ml of dimethylformamide for 5 minutes each. Step 3: Add 1:1 molar ratio of Boc-amino acid cesium salt [(Boc-Leu-O-) Cs+2 ] to the discs containing p-chloromethyl groups overnight in a water bath at 50� C. Step 4: Rinse the discs of the invention in the following solvents: 2�100 ml dimethylformamide for 2 minutes each 2�100 ml dimethylformamide:H2 O (1:1) for 2 minutes each 2�100 ml dimethylformamide for 2 minutes each 2�100 ml methanol for 2 minutes each 3�100 ml dichloromethane for 2 minutes each Step 5: Deprotect with 100 ml of 45% trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane for 20-30 minutes. Step 6: Rinse off trifluoroacetic acid with 6�100 ml washes of dichlormmethane, 2 minutes each. Step 7: Neutralize discs with 2�100 ml washes of 10% triethylamine in dichloromethane, 2 minutes each. Step 8: Rinse off triethylamine with 6�100 ml washes of dichloromethane, 2 minutes each. Step 9: Remove disc #3 and place into a second tank or reaction vessel. Step 10: Add 3 molar excess of Boc-Phe-OH to discs #1 and #2 (6 moles total) in dichloromethane; and Add 3 molar excess of Boc-DPhe-OH to disc #3 (3 moles total) in dichloromethane. Step 11: Add 6 moles dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in dichloromethane to discs #1 and #2; and Add 3 moles to disc #3. Step 12: React for 1 hour, rinse with 6�100 ml dichloromethane, 2 minutes each. Step 13: Repeat Steps 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12. Step 14: Deprotect by placing all three discs together in 45% trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane for 30 minutes. Step 15: Rinse 6�100 ml dichloromethane. Step 16: Neutralize as in Step 7. Step 17: Rinse 6�100 ml dichloromethane. Step 18: Add 9 moles total of Boc-Gly-OH and 9 moles of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in dichloromethane. Step 19: React 1 hour and rinse with 6�100 ml dichloromethane. Step 20: Neutralize and rinse. Step 21: Repeat Steps 18 and 19. Step 22: Deblock (as in Step 14) and rinse (as in Step 15). Step 23: Neutralize and rinse. Step 24: Remove disc #2 and place into a second tank (reaction vessel). Step 25: Add 6 moles of Boc-Gly-OH and 6 moles iicyclohexylcarbodiimide in dichloromethane to discs #1 and #3; and Add 3 moles of Boc-DAla-OH and 3 moles of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to disc #2. Step 26: React 1 hour and rinse discs. Step 27: Neutralize and rinse. Step 28: Repeat Steps 25 and 26. Step 29: Place all three discs together, deprotect and rinse. Step 30: Neutralize the discs and rinse. Step 31: React with 9 moles of Boc-Tyr-OH and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in dichloromethane for 1 hour. Step 32: Rinse, neutralize, rinse and repeat Step 31. Step 33: Rinse, deprotect and rinse. Step 34: Rinse 2�100 ml methanol (2 minute each). Step 35: Dry, preferably, under vacuum. Step 36: Cleave each disc using 90% hydrogen fluoride and 10% anisole for 1 hour at 0 degrees C., then evaporate hydrogen fluoride with vacuum, at 0 degrees C. Step 37: Extract anisole residue with 3�50 ml diethyl ether. Step 38: Extract peptide from residue using 1%, 10% and 50% AcOH. Step 39: Lyophilize peptide. While only several embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many modifications may be made thereunto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Patent Citations
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Henry dead bats opposition bouncers
PUBLISHED: 14 Jul 2010 00:05:27 | UPDATED: 14 Jul 2010 00:05:27PUBLISHED: 14 Jul 2010 PRINT EDITION: 14 Jul 2010The testy two hours Treasury captain Ken Henry spent prodding and deflecting carefully crafted opposition deliveries at yesterday's Senate hearing, would have made any night watchman proud.
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Week 13 bowl projections for Houston, Rice
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Wide receiver Deontay Greenberry, who suffered a head injury last week against Louisville, went through practice and is probable for Saturday's game against Cincinnati.
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Video: Tony Levine Tuesday press conference
Houston coach Tony Levine meets with the media on Tuesday.
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Volleyball: Four area teams head to this weekend's state tournament
For those who can't make it to Garland's Curtis Culwell Center on Thursday, Friday or Saturday for the UIL state volleyball tournament, Fox Sports Southwest will be live streaming each of the 15 matches throughout the week. The webcasts will be available on FoxSportsSouthwest.com. Here's the schedule for the state tournament: Thursday, Nov. 21 Semifinals Class […]
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The Bears and Buckeyes have little hope of catching first-place Alabama or second-place Florida State in the race to the BCS championship game without a loss from one of the top two. Ohio State and Baylor are fighting for the right to be next in line if the Tide or 'Noles slip up. The Buckeyes […]
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<< Yesterday | This Day in Baseball History |
Tomorrow>> |
13 Fact(s) Found
1922 | Christy Mathewson is elected as Bucknell's "B" Club first president. |
1966 | Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale's refusal to report to spring training ends when the hurlers agree to the Dodgers' offer of $235,000, signing for $130'000 and $105'000 respectively. The LA starters' joint holdout lasts for 32 days and paves the way for other players to be more aggressive when negotiating with owners. |
1978 | The Red Sox obtain Dennis Eckersley and catcher Fred Kendall from the Indians for pitchers Rick Wise and Mike Paxton, along with designated hitter Ted Cox and catcher Bo Diaz. The 'Eck' will win 20 games for Boston next season. |
1979 | After hitting only .231 in 61 games last season, Ron Blomberg is released during spring training by the White Sox, completing only one year of his long-term deal. Chicago owner Bill Veeck had surprisingly signed the first baseman/DH, who had played in only one game during his last two seasons with the Yankees, to a generous four-year $500,000 contract in 1977 that included an additional $80,000 signing bonus. |
1984 | The Padres obtain Yankee veteran third baseman Graig Nettles for pitcher Dennis Rasmussen and prospect Darin Cloniger. |
1991 | A sold-out Joe Robbie Stadium plays host to the Yankees and the Orioles exhibition game which draws 67,654 fans, a spring training attendance record. The two-day series between the AL East rivals is part of South Florida's efforts to be awarded a National League expansion team. |
1992 | The White Sox trade Sammy Sosa and pitcher Ken Patterson to the cross-town rival Cubs for slugger George Bell. Sosa will pass Ernie Banks as the franchise's all-time home run leader |
1993 | Peanuts character Charlie Brown hits a game-winning home run, his first round tripper in 43 years. Almost ten percent of the nearly 18,000 Peanuts strips created by Charles Schulz focused on baseball. |
2001 | Kids will be invited from all over the nation to play baseball on the White House lawn as President George W. Bush, former owner of the Rangers, announces to a group of Hall of Famers in the East Room he has ordered a junior-size baseball field to be built outside the Oval Office. |
2001 | Choosing to end his career as a member of a World Champion team, 36-year old Dwight Gooden announces his retirement from baseball. 'Doc', who compiles a 194-112 record in 16 seasons playing for the Mets, Yankees, Indians, Astros, and Devil Rays, will remain on the Bronx Bombers' payroll and will have a position within the organization. |
2003 | Major League baseball returns to Brooklyn for a day as the Mets appear at KeySpan Park, the Coney Island home of the short-season single A Cyclones, for the team's final preseason workout. Although the practice session is rained out, fans enjoy meeting the players and collecting autographs, and profits made from beverage and other sales will still be donated to area charities serving children. |
2006 | As a result of the recently released book detailing Barry Bonds allegedly using performance-enhancing drugs, Bud Selig appoints George Mitchell to head an investigation into the use of steroids in baseball. The former Senate Majority Leader will have the authority to expand the probe, which will be made public, into events prior to Fall of 2002, when such substances were banned by major league baseball. |
2012 | Jamie Moyer becomes the oldest starting pitcher to make an Opening Day roster when the Rockies announce that the 49-year old southpaw will face Houston in the second game of the season. Knuckleballer Hoyt Wilhelm was the same age as the Colorado left-hander when he opened the season with L.A. in 1972, but 'Old Sarge' appeared strictly in relief for the Dodgers. |
13 Fact(s) Found