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US 6407720 B1 Abstract A quadrifilar helix antenna is provided having a feedpoint for the antenna connecting to individual helical antenna elements. Each antenna element comprises a normal helix element with a plurality of series capacitors inserted along the element length with a maximum capacitor value at a feed end and a minimum capacitor value at a remote or unfed end.
Again, the element is not simply a series of connected capacitors-if it were it would not radiate. The element is a normal element, which is inductive, which has had capacitors inserted along its length.
Claims(13) 1. A quadrifilar helix antenna comprising a cylindrical support extending along an antenna axis; and
a plurality of antenna elements wrapped helically on said cylindrical support and along the antenna axis from a feed end to a remote end, each of said antenna elements including a plurality of series connected capacitors formed with overlapping elements in adjacent capacitors having decreasing areas of overlap from said feed end, said adjacent capacitors having a maximum capacitance at said feed end and a minimum capacitance at said remote end, whereby said antenna exhibits an essentially constant impedance and pattern shape over a wide frequency range.
2. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
3. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
4. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
5. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
said dielectric comprises a plurality of helically wrapped dielectric sheets, each of said plurality of dielectric sheets coextensive with one of the antenna elements; and
said metal layers comprise a series of spaced rectangular metal segments along each side of each of said plurality of dielectric sheets, said metal segments on opposite sides of each said plurality dielectric sheets being offset with each other along the length thereof, thereby to define the substantially square overlapping areas.
6. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
7. A quadrifilar helix antenna comprising:
a cylindrical support extending along an antenna axis;
a plurality of dielectric strips wrapped helically about said cylindrical support from a feed end to a remote end; and
a plurality of conductive elements spaced along opposite sides of each of said dielectric strips, each said conductive element on one side being offset with respect to a corresponding conductive element on the other side thereby to partially overlap with respect to at least one said conductive element on the other side, each said overlap, together with the dielectric therebetween, forming a capacitive element to define an antenna element formed as a plurality of series connected capacitive elements, said conductive elements having different sizes and said series of capacitive elements having a maximum capacitance at said feed end and a minimum capacitance at said remote end whereby the capacitive elements exhibit a maximum capacitance at said feed end, whereby said antenna exhibits an essentially constant input impedance and pattern over a wide frequency range.
8. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
each said strip has a substantially constant thickness and width; and
said conductive elements have a substantially constant thickness and have widths that vary from a maximum at said feed end to a minimum at said remote end.
9. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
10. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
11. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
where Asc, is the area of a square capacitor, Acc is the area of a cylindrical capacitor, tsh is the thickness of the dielectric, F is a size-scaling factor, nc is the total number of capacitors on one of said antenna elements, and tn is the thickness of the cylindrical capacitor obtained from the relationship tn=A(ean−1), where A is a constant=12.5, α is a rate of exponentiation=0.8, and n is the number of the capacitor for which the area Asc, is being determined.
12. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
13. The quadrifilar helix antenna as recited in
Description This patent application is related to a U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 09/356,808, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,246,379, entitled Helix Antenna, filed Jul. 19, 1999 by the inventor hereof and assigned to the assignee hereof is incorporated herein by reference. The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor. (1) Field of the Invention This invention generally relates to antennas and more specifically to quadrifilar antennas. (2) Description of the Prior Art Numerous communication networks utilize omnidirectional antenna systems to establish communications between various stations in the network. In some networks one or more stations may be mobile while others may be fixed land-based or satellite stations. Hemispherical antenna systems, i.e., antenna systems omni-directional above the azimuth and having good front-to-back ratio in elevation direction, are preferred in such applications because alternative highly directional antenna systems become difficult to apply, particularly at a mobile station that may communicate with both fixed land-based and satellite stations. In such applications it is desirable to provide an omnidirectional (in the azimuth plane) antenna system that is compact yet characterized by a wide bandwidth and a good front-to-back ratio with either horizontal or vertical polarization (in the elevation plane). Some prior art hemispherical antenna systems use an end fed quadrifilar helix antenna for satellite communication-and a co-mounted dipole antenna for land based communications. However, each antenna has a limited bandwidth. Collectively their performances can be dependent upon antenna position relative to a ground plane. The dipole antenna has no front-to-back ratio and thus its performance can be severely degraded by heavy reflections when the antenna is mounted on a ship, particularly over low elevation angles. These co-mounted antennas also have spatial requirements that can limit their use in confined areas aboard ships or similar mobile stations. The following patents disclose helical antennas that exhibit some, but not all, of the previously described desirable characteristics. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,329,287 (1994) to Strickland discloses a device for use in a helical antenna having an antenna element wound about the periphery of a dielectric support post, the post being in the form of a tube or cylinder. The device has an electrically conductive member electrically connected to one end of said antenna element. The conductive member is of any appropriate shape or configuration and is operable to increase the loading on the antenna whereby standing waves on the antenna element are reduced and a more uniform electrical current is produced along the antenna element. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,485,170 (1996) and 5,604,972 (1997) to McCarrick disclose a mobile satellite communications system (SMAT) mast antenna with reduced frequency scanning for mobile use in accessing stationary geosynchronous and/or geostable satellites. The antenna includes a multi-turn quadrifilar helix antenna that is fed in phase rotation at its base and is provided with a pitch and/or diameter adjustment for the helix elements, causing beam scanning in the elevation plane while remaining relatively omni-directional in azimuth. The antenna diameter and helical pitch are optimized to reduce the frequency scanning effect, and a technique is disclosed for aiming the antenna to compensate for any remaining frequency scanning effect. U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,130 (1997) to Thill et al. discloses a self phased antenna element with a dielectric. The antenna element has two pairs of arms in a crossed relationship to transceive a signal at a resonant frequency. A dielectric is disposed adjacent an arm to obtain a self phased relationship in the arms at the resonant frequency. The arms can form crossed loops or twisted crossed loops such as a quadrifilar helix antenna element. A dielectric collar on arms of the same loop causes currents to be equally spaced from one another. The antenna size is reduced and a cross section of the antenna element appears circular without degradation of a gain pattern when the dielectric is used on a certain arm. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,557 (1998) Wheeler et al. disclose a nonsquinting end-fed quadrifilar helix antenna. In essence this patent uses a limited series capacitive loading along the antenna element length. The disclosed antenna is 4 wavelengths long and is an array. Each conductor of the antenna is fed with a successively delayed phase representation of the input signal to optimize transmission characteristics. Each of the conductors is separated into a number, Z, of discrete conductor portions by Z-1 capacitive discontinuities. The addition of the capacitive discontinuities results in the formation of the antenna array. The end result of the antenna array is a quadrifilar helix antenna which is nonsquinting, that is, the antenna radiates in a given direction independently of frequency. Quadrifilar helix antennas having a diameter of between 0.1 and 0.25 wavelengths are good candidates for satellite communications since they have overhead cardoid shaped patterns of circularly polarized signals and reasonable front-to-back ratios. However, these antennas do have pattern limitations. For a practical, useful impedance bandwidth, each antenna element must be at least three-quarters wavelength long. For example, an antenna with elements of that length and a diameter of 0.125 wavelengths can be constructed with a pitch angle of 65�. For a higher pitch angle helix, i.e., greater than 50�, impedance bandwidth increases with element length, but much more slowly than, for example, a 40� helix which cuts in sharply near �λ and then is well matched forever. If the 65� helix is to be well matched, e.g., near �λ its impedance bandwidth, when translated to a characteristic impedance, e.g., a feed Z0 of 50 ohms, is about 12%. If the effective length of the antenna is greater than three-quarters of a wavelength, the patterns start to multilobe and split above the horizon with the severity of the splitting in terms of the depth of the pattern nulls being determined by antenna element pitch angle. The observed nulls are less deep for sharper beam, lower pitch angle, helices. However, for any quadrifilar helix, the pattern does tend to flatten toward the horizon as frequency increases. Stated differently, for all quadrifilar helix antennas, increasing the pitch angle broadens the pattern toward the horizon; lower pitch angles produce sharper overhead patterns. Normally the broader patterns near the horizon are desired for satellite communication so some flattening of overhead gain is permissible since the distance to the satellite is generally less overhead than near the horizon. While the impedance bandwidth can be increased by allowing the antenna elements to become longer as measured by wavelengths, this will also produce a multilobing problem above the three-quarter wavelength distance. As described in the prior art, there exists a family of quadrifilar helices that are broadband impedance wise above a certain �cut-in� frequency, and thus are useful for wideband satellite communications including Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) UHF functions in the range of 240 to 320 MHz and for other satellite communications functions in the range of 320 to 410 MHz. Typically these antennas have (1) a pitch angle of the elements on the helix cylindrical surface from 50 down to roughly 20 degrees, (2) elements that are at least roughly � wavelengths long, and (3) a �cut-in� frequency roughly corresponding to a frequency at which a wavelength is twice the length of one turn of the antenna element. This dependence changes with pitch angle. Above the �cut-in� frequency, the helix has an approximately flat VSWR around 2:1 or less (about the Z0 value of the antenna). Thus the antenna is broadband impedance-wise above the cut-in frequency. The previous three dimensions translate into a helix diameter of 0.1 to 0.2 wavelengths at the cut-in frequency. For pitch angles of approximately 30� to 50�, such antennas provide good cardoid shaped patterns for satellite communications. Good circular polarization exists down to the horizon since the antenna is greater than 1.5 wavelengths long (2 elements constitute one array of the dual array, quadrifilar antenna) and is at least one turn. At the cut-in frequency, lower angled helices have sharper patterns. As frequency increases, patterns start to flatten overhead and spread out near the horizon and small nulls start to form overhead. For a given satellite band to be covered, a tradeoff can be chosen on how sharp the pattern is allowed to be at the bottom of the band and how much it can be spread out by the time the top of the band is reached. This tradeoff is made by choosing where the band should start relative to the cut-in frequency and the pitch angle. For optimum front-to-back ratio performance, the bottom of the band should start at the cut-in frequency. This is because, for a given element thickness, backside radiation increases with frequency (the front-to-back ratio decreases with frequency). This decrease of front-to-back ratio with frequency limits the antenna immunity to multipath nulling effects. Other factors that influence the front-to-back ratio include the method of feeding the antenna, the physical size of antenna elements, the dielectric loading of the antenna elements and the termination of the antenna elements. Looking first at antenna feeding, the front-to-back ratio improves when an antenna is fed in a �backfire mode� such that the antenna feed point is at the top of a vertically oriented antenna, as opposed to a �forward fire mode� when the feed point is at the bottom of the antenna. Thinner elements increase the front-to-back ratio somewhat. However, as the elements become thinner, the antenna characteristic impedance Z0, and thus input impedance to the antenna increases and introduces a requirement for impedance matching. Alternatively, lower impedances can be obtained by constructing an antenna with a partial overlap of the antenna elements to increase capacitance. However, a loss of impedance bandwidth starts to occur since such capacitance is non-radiating; that is, no radiation can occur from the overlapped areas of the antenna. Increasing the dielectric loading of the helix elements decreases the front-to-back ratio. Wide flat elements found in many helix antennas have a pronounced loading since one side of each antenna element touches the dielectric. If the gap between adjacent elements is small, the field is strongly concentrated in the gap and any dielectric in the gap will load the antenna strongly. Quadrifilar helix antennas can terminate with open or shorted ends remote from the feed point. It has been found that antennas with open ends have a slightly higher front-to-back ratio than do antennas with shorted ends. My above-identified pending U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 09/356,808 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,246,379 issued Jun. 12, 2001, discloses an antenna having four constant-width antenna elements wrapped about the periphery of a cylindrical support. This construction provides a broadband antenna with a bandwidth of 240 to at least 400 MHz and with an input impedance of 100 ohms, which matches the impedance of the antenna's feed network. This antenna also exhibits a good front-to-back ratio in both open-ended and shorted configurations. In this antenna, each antenna element has a width corresponding to about 95% of the available width for that element. However, it was found that this antenna requires a tradeoff between the pattern shapes in the transmit and receive bands. It became necessary to allow patterns at lower receive frequencies to become sharper overhead than desired. At higher transmit frequencies, it became necessary to accept overhead patterns that were flatter overhead than desired. At even higher frequencies, small to moderate nulls were observed in the patterns because the element lengths were becoming long enough electrically for multilobing to begin. Thus, there is a need for a quadrifilar helix antenna that will produce a more constant pattern shape over a range of frequencies. In particular, there is a need for an antenna that produces a stable pattern over an extended frequency band with a good impedance match over that band. Therefore it is an object of this invention to provide a broadband unidirectional hemispherical coverage radio frequency antenna. Another object of this invention is to provide a broadband unidirectional hemispherical coverage antenna with good front-to-back ratio over a range of frequencies. Still another object of this invention is to provide a broadband unidirectional hemispherical coverage antenna that operates with a circular polarization and that exhibits a good front-to-back ratio. Still another object of this invention is to provide a broadband unidirectional hemispherical coverage antenna that provides an essentially constant radiation pattern over a range of frequencies. Yet another object of this invention is to provide a broadband unidirectional hemispherical coverage antenna in the form of a quadrifilar helix antenna that operates over a wide frequency band with essentially constant impedance and an essentially constant pattern shape. In accordance with one aspect of this invention, a quadrifilar helix antenna comprises a cylindrical support extending along an antenna axis. A plurality of antenna elements are wrapped helically about the cylindrical support and along the antenna axis. Each of the antenna elements includes a plurality of series connected capacitors. In accordance with another aspect of this invention, a quadrifilar helix antenna includes a cylindrical support extending along an antenna axis and a plurality of dielectric strips wrapped helically about the cylindrical support from a feed end to a remote end. A plurality of conductive elements are spaced along the opposite sides of the dielectric strip. Each conductive element on one side is offset with respect to a corresponding conductive element on the other side thereby to partially overlap with respect to at least one of the conductive elements on the other side. An overlapped area of a pair of spaced conductors constitutes a capacitor. This defines an antenna element formed as a plurality of series connected capacitors. The appended claims particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter of this invention. The various objects, advantages and novel features of this invention will be more fully apparent from a reading of the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like parts, and in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a quadrifilar helix antenna constructed in accordance with this invention; FIG. 2 is a side schematic view. of an antenna element in an unwrapped state for the antenna shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a top schematic view of the antenna element shown in FIG. 2; FIGS. 4A and 4B are Smith charts for depicting measured antenna impedances for a standard helical antenna and an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention, respectively; FIG. 5 compares the VSWR of a standard helical antenna and an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention about the respective characteristic impedance of each antenna; and FIGS. 6A through 6H compare the antenna performance for a standard helical antenna and an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention. In FIG. 1, a quadrifilar helix antenna 10 constructed in accordance with this invention includes a cylindrical insulated core 11. Four antenna elements 12, 13, 14 and 15 wrap helically about the core 11 and extend from a feed or first end portion 16 to a remote, unfed or second end portion 17. The antenna element 12 and identical antenna elements 13,14 and 15 are wrapped as spaced helices about the core 11. Still referring to FIG. 1, a plurality of conductive paths 20 through 23 extend from central feedpoints 24, supported on the end portion 16, to each of the helically wrapped elements 12 through 15, respectively. The signals applied to these feedpoints are in phase quadrature. In one form, an RF signal at an rf frequency is applied to a 90� power splitter with a dump port terminated in a characteristic impedance, Z0. The two outputs of the 90� power splitter connect to the inputs of two 180� degree power splitters thereby to provide the quadrature phase relationship among the signals on adjacent ones of the antenna elements 12 through 15. It is known that swapping the output cables of the 90� power splitter will cause the antenna to transfer between backfire and forward fire radiation modes. In order to understand the operation of this invention it will be helpful to understand the operation of a cylindrical monopole formed by distributing exponentially a capacitive load along the length of the monopole. Such an antenna is described in �Broadband Characteristics of Cylindrical Antenna with. Exponentially Tapered Capacitive Loading� IEEE Antennas and Propagation, March, 1969. In that monopole antenna 39 cylindrical disk capacitors are inserted into and distributed evenly along the monopole with capacitive impedance loading increasing toward the unfed end of the monopole. The purpose of increased loading is to taper the current along the length of the monopole, so to effectively keep the radiation length of the monopole below a multilobing length of three-quarter wavelengths, and avoid cycle phase changes along the element length. The thicknesses of the dielectrical disks of the capacitors are given as:
where tn is the capacitor dielectric thickness, n is the capacitor number ranging from n=1 for the capacitor closest to the feed end of the monopole to n=39 for the capacitor closest to the unfed end of the monopole. In this paper A is a constant of 12.5 and α is a rate of exponentiation and was established at 0.8. Each capacitor had a radius rc, equal to the monopole radius which was 0.5″. The monopole had a height h which for a 600 MHz antenna was 10″ for one-half wave. Such a monopole construction is not readily adapted to a quadrifilar helix antenna. However, the antenna constructed in accordance with this invention equates, with frequency scaling, the cylindrical shaped capacitance of the monopole to square shaped capacitors used on a helix. In addition the number of capacitors are changed. Thus, the equation for the area of a square capacitor as a function of the area of a cylindrical capacitor becomes: where Asc represents the area of a square capacitor. Acc is the area of a capacitor having a radius of rc, tsh is the thickness of the square capacitor, tn is derived from Equation (1), F is a size scaling factor that was selected to be 5 and nc represents the number of capacitors on the helix (39 being the number of capacitors on the original monopole). The size scaling factor of 5 was chosen to reduce the cut-in frequency of the monopole antenna (600 MHz) to 120 MHz for the quadrifilar helix at SATCOM frequencies, far below a desired cut-in frequency of 240 MHz. This is because in a bifilar helical antenna, when the two antenna elements are folded from a dipole into a bifilar helix, much low frequency impedance match is loss. In addition, the number of capacitors was reduced to 19 resulting in 20 element segments using an antenna modeling rule which states that an antenna element can be modeled with segments of maximum length of approximately one-eight wavelength with no change in antenna performance. With a chosen element length of 50 inches over 20 segments, the length of a segment is one-eighth wavelength at 590.6 MHz, which is beyond the intended frequency use of antennas constructed in accordance with this invention. With a quadrifilar antenna having an element length starting near three-quarters of a wavelength and a pitch angle of 66�, the antenna was found to start at the bottom of the band with rather broad patterns well suited for satellite communications. However, the pattern started to flatten out and null or form multiple lobes overhead at about 300 MHz. Now referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, each of the antenna elements 12 through 15 in FIG. 1 has an identical structure so only antenna element 12 is depicted in detail, this element being shown in an unwound state. The antenna element comprises a constant width Mylar sheet 30 having a plurality of spaced, metal or conductive segments 31 alternately distributed on opposite sides of the Mylar tape, such that segments 31(1), 31(3) . . . 31(19) are distributed along one side of the Mylar sheet 30, the top side in FIG. 2, while segments 31(2), 31(4) . . . 31(20) are distributed along the other side of the Mylar sheet 30, in FIG. 2. The segments are of the same length with the exception of segment 31(1), which is shorter than 31(2) for reasons as will be discussed later. The widths of segments 31 become smaller starting from a maximum width at segment 31(2) to a minimum width at segment 31(20). Thus, the cross-sectional areas of each of the segments 31 change from a maximum area for segment 31(2) to a minimum segment area for segment 31 (20). The elements on one side of the sheet 30 are offset along the length of the sheet 30 with respect to the elements on the other side of the sheet 30. As a result, the intermediate elements 31(2) through 31(19) overlap portions of two adjacent elements on the opposite side of the tape. For example, element 31(5) overlaps portions of element 31(4) and 31(6). This construction then forms a capacitor at each overlapping portion. A capacitor C1 is formed in the area of overlap of the elements 31(1) and 31(2); a second capacitor C2, by the overlap between the elements 31(2) and 31(3). These areas of overlap are depicted by the shaded squares C1 through C19 in FIG. 3. Consequently in the antenna element 12 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, nineteen capacitive elements are formed, shown as C1 through C19 in FIGS. 2 and 3. Moreover, the capacitors have areas that decrease corresponding to the decreasing areas of segments 31 so that the capacitor C1 has a maximum value while the capacitor C19 has a minimum value. The overlapping areas, or capacitors, have a square configuration, thus the spacing of segments 31 is such that the centerlines of the capacitors C1 through C19 are equally spaced along sheet 30. As segments 31(1) and 31(20) each form only a single capacitor, their lengths are shorter than segments 31(2) through 31(19). Further in accordance with this invention, the antenna element 31(1) connects to the conductive path in FIG. 1 and becomes the fed end while the capacitor C19 is located on the unfed end. As will now be apparent the capacitors C1 through C19 are connected in series so that when mounted on a core and wrapped helically, the antenna element 12 is formed as a plurality of series connected capacitors wrapped helically on the cylindrical support and along the antenna axis. Each capacitor includes a dielectric and substantially square, overlapping areas formed by metal layers on opposite sides of the dielectric, such that the areas of square overlap diminish from a maximum at the feed end of the antenna to a minimum at the remote or unfed end of the antenna. Using just area Asc without a multiplier gave an impedance whose cut-in frequency was too high. Doubling the value of Asc reduced impedance loading on the antenna and therefore reduced cut-in frequency. The following table defines a standard helical antenna and an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention utilizing capacitive loading:
Although the helix element length in an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention is twice the length of a normal unloaded element, in the capacitive case the exact electrical end of the element is hard to define. At low frequencies the capacitors at the unfed ends of the elements have very high impedances and thus electrically the element is appreciably shorter. FIGS. 4A and 4B are Smith chart impedances of the standard antenna and an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention respectively. Comparing the impedance plots 40 of FIGS. 4A for the standard antenna and 41 of FIG. 4B for the antenna of this invention shows that an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention cuts in at a somewhat lower frequency and that its broadband match above the cut-in frequency is better than the standard antenna. It is hypothesized that part of the better match results because the Mylar capacitors introduce some undesirable losses into the antenna. As a qualitative test, when the antenna was energized with 100 watts of input power, capacitors near the open end of the antenna became warm and rough estimates indicate 1 dB loss due to losses in the capacitors. FIG. 5 depicts the VSWR about the antenna Z0 as a function of frequency represented by graph 42 for an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention. Graph 43 depicts the VSWR about the antenna Z0 for the above-identified standard antenna. As will be apparent the VSWR is lower at all frequencies than the standard antenna and in the normal operating range is less than one-half the VSWR encountered with the standard antenna. FIGS. 6A through 6H provide pattern comparisons at different frequencies. In each of these figures the standard antenna is represented by Graph 44 and an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention by a Graph 45. Gain comparisons can be made if the mismatch loss between the feed Z0 of 100 ohms and the antenna impedance is taken into account. In a final configuration, a matching transformer would be required to match the antenna Z0 to 50 ohms (or 100 ohms if the antenna is fed with 180� power splitters). Overhead splitting 46 and lobes 47 begin to form in FIG. 6D and become more pronounced in FIGS. 6E and 6F as frequency increases. In the range from 320 MHz through 480 MHz, an antenna constructed in accordance with this invention provides more even gain in the vertical direction, although some multilobing begins to occur at about 360 MHz. However, the pattern variation and pattern bandwidth in the vertical direction is greatly improved. Thus a quadrifilar helix constructed in accordance with this invention using antenna elements formed as a plurality of series of capacitors along the element series and connected capacitors. It is a series of element segments and capacitors produces an antenna that has an improved broadband impedance match and greatly increased cardoid shaped pattern bandwidth. While this antenna has been depicted in terms of a specific arrangement of series capacitors, including spacings and relative capacitance values, it will be apparent that a number of different variations could also be included other than the structures shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In addition, materials used for the dielectric sheet and conductive segments may be varied. For example, the dielectric sheet may be formed of Teflon� or other similar plastic material, and the conductive segments may be formed of other low loss metals, such as aluminum, silver, or gold. Consequently, it is the intent of the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come under the true spirit and scope of this invention. Patent Citations
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Sen. Ted Cruz defied critics angry that he eulogized Nelson Mandela and left for South Africa today as part of a 23 member congressional delegation going to honor the former South African president and anti-apartheid hero.
"He endured decades of imprisonment and steadfastly continued his fight for equality. And, when justice prevailed in his battle against apartheid, and Mandela was elected president of his nation, he nobly chose reconciliation instead of retribution — a legacy for which he will be remembered forever," Cruz, R-Texas, said.
Cruz's press secretary, Catherine Frazier, also rejected the arguments of those who criticized Cruz for lauding Mandela.
"Mr. Mandela deserves to be remembered and honored for his sacrifices in pursuit of freedom for the oppressed and his historic achievements to that end," Frazier said.
READ: Ted Cruz Criticized for Praising Nelson Mandela
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In response to the Illinois congressman's tweet, twitter user Mark Christopher said, "@aaronschock @NelsonMandela George Washington? He was a communist…. Not the devil, but GW?"
Perhaps the staunchest defense of praising Mandela came from former House Speaker Newt Gingrich.
On Friday, Gingrich wrote a scathing criticism of Mandela's opponents among his fellow GOP members, and suggested that Tea Party types share Mandela's values, even his violent resistance against apartheid.
"Some of the people who are most opposed to oppression from Washington attack Mandela when he was opposed to oppression in his own country," Gingrich wrote.
The former Speaker of the House continued to speak out against Mandela critics, sighting examples of historic American leaders fighting against oppression, sometimes with force.
"As Americans we celebrate the farmers at Lexington and Concord who used force to oppose British tyranny," Gingrich noted. "We praise George Washington for spending eight years in the field fighting the British Army's dictatorial assault on our freedom."
"Patrick Henry said, 'Give me liberty or give me death,'" he added.
Live Updates: World Leaders Remember Nelson Mandela at Memorial
Republicans aren't the only ones being met with criticism for honoring Nelson Mandela.
The White House posted a video to Facebook of the president speaking about the anti-apartheid leader's passing, and quoted Obama saying, "He no longer belongs to us—he belongs to the ages." The Facebook post received 4,085 likes, and 700 comments, many of which were critical of the president and his eulogizing of the South African leader.

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August, 2009
HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius today released Stable and Secure Health Care for America, a series of new state-by-state reports outlining how health insurance reform will improve health care for all Americans. Sebelius announced the availability of the new reports as part of a Webcast -- "Health Insurance Reform: What's In It For You?" -- where Sebelius and top HHS officials took questions from the American people and discussed the importance of health insurance reform. The new reports are available at http://www.healthreform.gov/.
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The reports released today show reform will:
Today's reports are the second in a series of state-by-state reports on health care across the country. Earlier this summer, Sebelius released The Health Care Status Quo in Your State, a series of state by state reports on the current state of health care in America. The Texas report are available at http://www.healthreform.gov/healthcarestatus.html.
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In the evolutionary arms race between pathogens and hosts, genetic elements known as transposons are regularly recruited as assault weapons for cellular defense.
Whole-animal, light-based imaging of infected small mammals
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Hard-Pressed Cider Fest
2nd Annual Hood River Hard-Pressed Cider Fest
Saturday, April 11th, 2015 All ages Noon-7pm
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Chris O'Hara | February 18, 2011 | Comments
Is your digital agency configured for success? Or are you better prepared to work at a car wash?
With all the new technology and access to data, you'd think running a digital agency in 2011 would be tempting. After speaking with a few hundred digital agency principals over the last several years, I would rather work at a car wash. At least you are outdoors doing low-value repetitive tasks. Let me explain.
Most digital agencies were started by really smart people who saw the opportunity to provide their clients with the "magic" of media. Interactive ads, true measurement, real user engagement, return on investment, and cross-platform messaging that reached consumers where brands wanted to be found. That is still true. The early ones nurtured their accounts from direct mail to e-mail, and then from broadcast into the Web, a little budget at a time. When digital media truly arrived, digital agencies were at the vanguard of a new era: technology-driven creative shops and data-driven media agencies that crammed brand messages into the 728 x 90 mini billboards we love to hate, but occasionally produced some real Internet marketing magic.
After a while, the magic was gone.
Digital campaigns have a tendency to suck every penny of margin out of an agency. The client wants to serve rich media, but doesn't want to pay for it. He has $50,000 to spend but wants 10 A-tier sites on a plan, all of which have a $25,000 minimum. He wants to run five creatives per placement, and switch them every two days, based on performance. Ads must include tracking pixels and must be hooked up to Google Analytics, which reports traffic numbers that never match up with the ad server. The client then wants to know why. Most importantly, he wants to be billed correctly, and that means making demand-side and publisher-side ad servers talk together, and agree on impression amounts (which, from my experience over the last 15 years, has never happened once). That's an awful lot of work.
That's why (as the 4A's reports), digital margins can be 10 times lower than the margins on traditional media campaigns. That's called mucho trabajo, poco dinero. Since digital agencies don't seem to be going away anytime soon, they must figure out how to improve their operating margins, rather than leverage the traditional agency model of overworking extremely young employees until they burn out. Here are a few things the modern digital shop must embrace for long-term success:
1. Use a platform (or two): I paraphrase from Akamai President David Kenny's remarkable keynote address at the OMMA 2010: "If you are still using people to do work that servers can do, you are already irrelevant." What value is there in providing ad operations for your clients? None, they just want their ads to work properly. How about reconciling and billing against different delivery numbers? Again, how does that provide value for your client? Those are low-value tasks that must be accomplished, but things that don't make you a better agency for your clients. There are many systems out there that can centralize these low-value tasks (ad trafficking, billing reconciliation, reporting, etc.) so your agency can focus on your clients.
2. Hire some nerds: I'm talking about math nerds. Media used to be about finding audience based on panel-based surveys. Now, media is about finding audience by using data, and then using performance and audience measurement data to perfect that audience - and using quantitative analytics to bid on that audience and optimize your results. Since media seems to be about understanding and leveraging data, you are going to need a few people who speak the language. They aren't the same old English majors from liberal arts colleges in the Northeast, either. And the good ones are expensive.
3. Be strategic: This sounds obvious, but sometimes the definition of strategic gets lost in the weeds when it comes to digital. Sometimes, an agency feels it is being strategic when it partners with enough technology companies that offer their clients a variety of digital tactics (social, video, mobile). But having those partnerships and capabilities is far different than using them smartly and in a way that gives your shop the edge over your competition (they have access to all the same technology as you do). True strategy involves finding what works for your clients and creating repeatable processes that lead to long-term success. When your clients say they "want to do social," are you smart enough to determine whether they simply need to access the Facebook API - or are they looking to find their customers through conversational density around their products, such as BuzzLogic offers? How you offer "social" to your clients should come with a unique strategic model. (BuzzLogic makes software that scrapes the Web and looks for where people are "talking about" different products/concepts in the social sphere. Conversational density happens where there is a lot of focused conversation around a topic.)
4. Partner: Agencies are really just an extension of their clients, and they should operate that way. Now, we are seeing agencies building their own technology to leverage media buying power (and even earning commissions from inventory sources), and acting a lot like technology and media companies. I'm not sure (at least for media agencies) this is sustainable. Building great creative that drives forward brands (whether through sales, or just audience exposure) is key - and finding new audience to interact with those brands in the new multiple screen world is where the core competency of today's digital agency should be. Let the technologists build the technology. They are happy to let you use it, and willing to partner (with both their technology and people) to share success.
Looking around at all the different technology available to digital agencies these days, we aren't far away from when starting an effective campaign, building amazing creative, deploying it to the exact audience you need, measuring it, optimizing it, and billing it will be as simple as…well, doing it on Facebook. That means that, once you and every other agency begin to avail yourself of that technology, you better be left with something unique to sell your clients.
Want to learn more?
Attend ClickZ Live New York March 30 - April 1. With over 15 years' experience delivering industry-leading events, ClickZ Live brings together over 60 expert speakers to offer an action-packed, educationally-focused agenda covering all aspects of digital marketing. Register today!
Chris O'Hara is an ad technology executive, and the author of "Best Practices in Digital Display Media," a contributor to ClickZ, and the author of the new whitepaper "Best Practices in Data Management." He can be reached through his blog at www.chrisohara.com
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- Date:01 Apr 2014
- Kick-off:19:45
- Venue:Tulloch Caledonian Stadium
- Attendance:2,366
- Christie (73)
- Anier (39) Vigurs (82)
Live Commentary
The referee blows for the end of the match.
- 90:41 +0.41
Gunnar Nielsen takes the free kick.
- 90:32 +0.32
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Iain Vigurs by Marley Watkins.
- 87:48
Corner taken by Iain Vigurs.
- 86:33
Chris Cadden replaces Jack Leitch.
- 86:05
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Iain Vigurs by Gary Warren.
- 83:28
The ball is swung over by Carl Tremarco.
- 82:06
Iain Vigurs scores with a left foot finish. Inverness CT 1-2 Motherwell.The assist for the goal came from Craig Moore.
- 80:42
Graeme Shinnie takes a shot. Gunnar Nielsen catches the ball.
- 80:11
Corner from the right by-line taken by Iain Vigurs.
- 79:22
Clearance made by Stephen McManus.
- 78:27
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Keith Lasley by Greg Tansey.
- 78:16
Daniel Devine restarts play with the free kick.
- 78:08
Graeme Shinnie fouled by Iain Vigurs, the ref awards a free kick.
- 77:33
The ball is sent over by John Sutton.
- 75:36
Gary Warren restarts play with the free kick.
- 75:25
Foul by John Sutton on Daniel Devine, free kick awarded.
- 71:56
Shaun Hutchinson restarts play with the free kick.
- 71:43
Ross Draper challenges Keith Lasley unfairly and gives away a free kick.
- 67:38
Stephen McManus takes the free kick.
- 67:28
Craig Moore on for Henri Anier.
- 66:44
David Raven leaves the field to be replaced by Marley Watkins.
- 66:16
Steven Hammell fouled by Ryan Christie, the ref awards a free kick.
- 65:19
Keith Lasley makes a clearance.
- 64:59
Fraser Kerr gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Carl Tremarco.
- 64:30
Greg Tansey takes a shot and bounces off the post.
- 63:05
Corner from the right by-line taken by Graeme Shinnie.
- 62:40
Greg Tansey takes a shot.
- 61:05
Stephen McManus takes the free kick.
- 60:58
Foul by Ryan Christie on Steven Hammell, free kick awarded.
- 60:28
Ryan Christie joins the action as a substitute, replacing Liam Polworth.
- 58:49
Free kick taken by Daniel Devine.
- 58:39
Zaine Francis-Angol challenges Graeme Shinnie unfairly and gives away a free kick.
- 56:30
John Sutton is given a yellow card.
- 56:20
John Sutton gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Graeme Shinnie.
- 55:20
Daniel Devine takes the free kick.
- 55:08
Unfair challenge on Daniel Devine by Henri Anier results in a free kick.
- 54:15
Strike on goal comes in from Iain Vigurs from the free kick and goes over the bar.
- 53:04
Graeme Shinnie concedes a free kick for a foul on John Sutton.
- 45:01
Zaine Francis-Angol on for Craig Reid.
The referee gets the second half underway.
The ref blows to signal half-time.
- 42:39
Ross Draper fouled by Craig Reid, the ref awards a free kick.
- 41:44
Corner taken by Liam Polworth.
- 41:10
Iain Vigurs receives a yellow card.
- 40:53
Daniel Devine restarts play with the free kick.
- 40:26
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Ross Draper by Iain Vigurs.
- 39:03
Henri Anier grabs a goal with a right foot finish. Inverness CT 0-1 Motherwell.Assist by Shaun Hutchinson.
- 37:09
Corner taken by Liam Polworth from the left by-line.
- 34:48
Free kick taken by Shaun Hutchinson.
- 34:38
Keith Lasley fouled by Liam Polworth, the ref awards a free kick.
- 34:14
Corner from the left by-line taken by Steven Hammell.
- 31:25
Gary Warren takes the free kick.
- 31:07
Unfair challenge on Graeme Shinnie by Shaun Hutchinson results in a free kick.
- 30:46
Steven Hammell crosses the ball in from the free kick.
- 29:56
Daniel Devine concedes a free kick for a foul on Henri Anier.
- 27:53
Craig Reid gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Graeme Shinnie.
- 26:26
Keith Lasley concedes a free kick for a foul on Greg Tansey.
- 26:00
Ryan Esson restarts play with the free kick.
- 25:51
Henri Anier is ruled offside.
- 22:56
Carl Tremarco takes the free kick.
- 22:44
Craig Reid gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Liam Polworth.
- 21:55
Clearance by Liam Polworth.
- 21:38
Free kick crossed by Steven Hammell.
- 21:19
Greg Tansey concedes a free kick for a foul on Jack Leitch.
- 20:24
Corner from the left by-line taken by Liam Polworth.
- 19:55
Shot by Carl Tremarco.
- 17:57
Clearance made by Carl Tremarco.
- 16:27
The ball is swung over by Jack Leitch.
- 13:55
Gary Warren takes the free kick.
- 13:44
Unfair challenge on Gary Warren by Henri Anier results in a free kick.
- 13:19
The ball is crossed by Carl Tremarco.
- 12:50
Corner taken by Liam Polworth.
- 11:49
The referee blows for offside against Billy McKay.
- 11:19
Keith Lasley takes a shot. Ryan Esson safely holds on.
- 7:00
Free kick crossed by Iain Vigurs.
- 6:35
Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Iain Vigurs by Gary Warren.
- 5:41
Ross Draper manages to make a clearance.
- 5:33
Free kick taken by Keith Lasley.
- 5:03
Gary Warren concedes a free kick for a foul on Iain Vigurs.
- 4:39
David Raven produces a cross.
The referee gets the match started.
Match Preview
Hughes wary of Motherwell threat Inverness manager John Hughes has told his players they need to wise up against Motherwell - or they might find themselves out the team. Caley Thistle played eight games in March and only won one of them, against Partick Thistle. Hughes has been happy with his side's effort and some of their football but he wants them to be more ruthless at both ends of the park. And he feels they can learn something from their previous meeting with Motherwell, a 2-0 defeat at Fir Park less than two weeks ago, ahead of their Scottish Premiership clash with the Lanarkshire side on Tuesday night. "I think Stuart McCall has done a great job," Hughes said. "When we were down there, even though we were the better football side, they have got something that, no matter if they are up against a better football team or are under the cosh, they know how to win a football match. "I think we play football and we still don't know how to keep a clean sheet. "That's all down to hard work and shape." Inverness are five points off fourth-placed Dundee United with a game in hand and Hughes is desperate to mount a push for European football. "I will pick a team and let them go and play, sit back and analyse it and get the answers," he said. "And if it's not those guys...I keep saying to them, football evolves. If it's not you, it will be someone else. "You can't do any more than give them the jersey and say 'go and play and show me you can take this club where we want to go'." One player who will not be in the team is centre-back Josh Meekings, after the club confirmed they would not appeal against the red card he received during Saturday's 2-2 draw with St Mirren. Hughes disagreed with Willie Collum's decision after claiming Graeme Shinnie would have intercepted the ball had Meekings not brought down Josh Magennis as he ran through towards goal, but the club have ruled out an appeal. Meanwhile, McCall has told his injury-hit squad that putting extra effort into their midweek trip to Inverness could be the key to their season. McCall revealed another two unnamed players were likely to be added to an injury list that already numbers five and includes the likes of James McFadden, ahead of Tuesday night's Highland clash. But he has urged his fit players to double their efforts and get the three points that will take them into second place in the Scottish Premiership as they fight for a sixth season in Europe in seven years. McCall said: "We are all going to be on a beach in six weeks, some might go to Rio, some might go to Largs, so now is the time to put our foot down and not think we're tired. We have really got to put everything into this. "It might be in six weeks' time, lying wherever we are lying, that we look back and think 'it was a cold, damp, bobbly-pitch night up at Inverness that got us where we wanted to be'. That's how we have got to approach it. "We have got to be really focused and positive and look to come back down the road back in second place." McCall has noticed Inverness playing out from the back more often under Hughes than predecessor Terry Butcher, including during their recent 2-0 defeat at Fir Park. "They had a lot of good possession, certainly second half, but we scored two really good goals," he said. "I watched them last week up at Tannadice and they were certainly unfortunate not to take anything. They are playing a good brand of football and passing it well. "The second goal highlighted that on Saturday, a 12-pass move. They are a bit like us at the minute - they have played a lot of games and have a few injuries but we are both in there fighting."
Inverness CT
- Ryan Esson
- David Raven
- Gary Warren
- Daniel Devine
- Carl Tremarco
- Liam Polworth
- James Vincent
- Ross Draper
- Greg Tansey
- Graeme Shinnie
- Billy McKay
- Nick Ross
- Dean Brill
- Marley Watkins
- Danny Williams
- Ryan Christie
- Adam Evans
- Gunnar Nielsen
- Craig Reid
- Shaun Hutchinson
- Stephen McManus
- Steven Hammell
- Fraser Kerr
- Keith Lasley
- Iain Vigurs
- Jack Leitch
- John Sutton
- Henri Anier
- Zaine Francis-Angol
- Ross Stewart
- Craig Moore
- Euan Murray
- Lionel Ainsworth
- Dominic Thomas
- Chris Cadden
Match Report
Form Guide
- Inverness CT
- Motherwell LWDWWL
Last Meetings
- Motherwell
- 2 - 0
- Inverness CT
- 19/03/2014
- Inverness CT
- 2 - 0
- Motherwell
- 17/08/2013
- Inverness CT
- 4 - 3
- Motherwell
- 04/05/2013
- Motherwell
- 3 - 0
- Inverness CT
- 16/02/2013
- Inverness CT
- 1 - 5
- Motherwell
- 18/11/2012
- Motherwell
- 4 - 1
- Inverness CT
- 02/09/2012
Top Scorers
Inverness CT
- B McKay 17
- R Foran 4
- A Doran 4
- G Warren 2
- G Shinnie 2
- D Raven 1
- G Tansey 1
- R Draper 1
- M Watkins 1
- L Polworth 1
- D Williams 1
- J Sutton 17
- L Ainsworth 9
- H Anier 7
- J McFadden 4
- S McManus 3
- I Vigurs 3
- K Lasley 2
- Z Francis-Angol 2
- S Hutchinson 1
- C Moore 1
Inverness CT
- Total goals 69
- Goals per game 37
- 7 (For) 3 (Against) Period 0-10 mins
- 6 (For) 6 (Against) Period 11-20 mins
- 1 (For) 4 (Against) Period 21-30 mins
- 5 (For) 3 (Against) Period 31-40 mins
- 5 (For) 3 (Against) Period 41-50 mins
- 6 (For) 2 (Against) Period 51-60 mins
- 2 (For) 1 (Against) Period 61-70 mins
- 1 (For) 5 (Against) Period 71-80 mins
- 4 (For) 5 (Against) Period 81-90 mins
- Total goals 83
- Goals per game 51
- 1 (For) 4 (Against) Period 0-10 mins
- 5 (For) 3 (Against) Period 11-20 mins
- 8 (For) 3 (Against) Period 21-30 mins
- 6 (For) 4 (Against) Period 31-40 mins
- 8 (For) 6 (Against) Period 41-50 mins
- 6 (For) 3 (Against) Period 51-60 mins
- 6 (For) 10 (Against) Period 61-70 mins
- 4 (For) 6 (Against) Period 71-80 mins
- 7 (For) 7 (Against) Period 81-90 mins


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Go Future Media started Tourism Tweetup in early 2011 as on opportunity for those working in tourism marketing, to come together to chat about the use of social media as a marketing tool.
We often get together as tourism sales people but much less often seem to have the opportunity to get together as tourism marketers. This thought lead to a tweet and this tweet lead to the idea to create a regular tourism marketing 'TweetUp'.
Upcoming Tweetup Dates – Sydney
Tuesday 17 February 2015
This is a FREE event but we do ask you to register
In conjunction with some great travel instagrammers we have put together a tourism industry Instameet and would love you to come along.
Date: Tuesday 17 February 2015
Time: 6.00 – 7.30pm
Place: Sydney (meet on the Opera House steps and we will be going on a walk)
Bring your camera, smartphone and walking shoes and there will be some experienced marketers and Instagramers including Matt Donovan and Will Patino to answer your instameet questions. If you are in the tourism industry and want to be part of an Instameet and Instawalk then please register to attend.
Can't attend but want to join in?
You can follow the hashtag #tourismtweetup on Twitter to keep up to date with all discussions at these tweetup's and connect with other like minded people.
Please feel free to contact me anytime if you would like further details, to RSVP or to discuss how you can incorporate social media into your marketing strategy.
Upcoming Tweetup Dates – Byron Bay/Bangalow
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com or call 0432 274 846
Subscribe to our newsletter


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Vos économies : 30,22 $
Port et manutention : 6,99 $
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Ces magnifiques boucles d'oreilles en argent Sterling comprennent chacune une ammolite en forme de gouttelette attirante. Montrez-les fièrement et en toute confiance. • Argent sterling • 2 ammolites en forme de gouttelette de 9 x 6 mm; sertis clos • Poids moyen gradué en grammes: 3,90 (pierres comprises) • Mesures : environ 1 po de longueur • Sur tige avec fermoir papillon • Pour oreilles percées seulement • Ne contient pas de nickel • Pays d'origine: Chine
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Colorful but not overdone
Par White lady
de Moncton, New Brunswick
I wear these and I feel special. They look beautiful on whatever colors I am wearing. I was pleasantly surprised by their size, not too large and a good length.I really love them!
( 1 of 1 clients ont trouvé ce commentaire utile)
Dainty and elegant
Par Caroline
de Ottawa
These are dainty earrings that have a nice elegant size. The hinge lets the ammolite sparkle. I am very happy with these flattering earrings.
Very nice
Par Janet
de Kelowna
I like the simple clean look & light weight. The silver is nicely finished to a satin feel. Colors show but not all of them. It goes well with the pendant and ring I purchased. I am pleased.
Really SMALL !
Par Cat
de Sault, Ontario
These earrings were a GOOD colour, BUT 'SO TINY'.I could barely hold the post, to put on. Stones hang to the side, not front. I wear for ME to see. Post looks like a silver thread on lobe.If you like dainty, they are great.I watched the video with Cathy, at least 10 times.It was very deceiving & looked MUCH bigger.I had to send back. I have HUGE ammolite rings & pendants. I prefer these in studs, which I have & can see them myself.
Lovely Earrings!
Par Ruby
de Fraser Valley
These earrings are lovely! They are just the right size. They are large enough to see the beautiful ammolite but not overdone. They are comfortable and light. Beautiful Korite standard of work on the silver settings. The dangle teardrop shows off the ammolite beautifully. What Korite has done with the stud part of the earring is made them so that the silver work comes up a tiny bit higher on your ear to hide any imperfections you may have. Lovely workmanship! I would recommend to a friend!
Juat OK barely
Par woody
de medicine hat alberta
Nice enough on the silver and quite well made but this is Ammolite and I wanted COLOUR these are mostly green with merest hint of washed out pink and to me, not worth the price especially after the fantastic show stopper ring I got last visit which had every colour possible so....sorry but they are going back


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Access the Tuan Huynh you are looking for with our people search tools. PeopleFinders.com has an information database to help you find a person based on age, past residences, relatives, aliases, and more. Tuan Huynh was born in 1971 and is 43 years old. Known relatives include Trang Thu Huynh, Tin Trung Huynh, Paul H Huynh, Nguyen T Huynh, Phuong K Huynh, Mal Huynh, Trong T Huyah, Trinh B Huynh, Kiet Huynh.
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Leonard Ting, Cupertino, CA.
Leonard Ting, Cupertino, CA.
Adam Vanden Berg Byron Center, MI Just because I white does not mean that I haven't had hard times in life. In the media it is portrayed that all white people have nice houses and nice stuff, but we still have struggles in life.
Anne Reid Ravenna, OH In elementary school I brought 3 friends home after school one day, one a black girl. I was surprised when she told me not to do it again. It was my introduction to racism.
Laura Brengel Clifton Park, NY This is something a "friend" said to me as we dropped the kids off at her house so we could go out to dinner.
Eric Chesapeake Beach, MD 1974, I was 14 years old; my dad was in the Army, we were moving to Ohio from Weaver, Alabama. The house we lived in we rented. The owner was selling the house and the realtor was in the driveway talking to my dad one day. The neighbor came over to […]
Kathy Mason USA
Adam Paberzs Ann Arbor, MI Understanding Race Project- University of Michigan Here are some other 6-word essays that you may use under my name (I know that's probably breaking the rules – just wanted to share if nothing else). Whiteness. Welcome to the real world. Not who I thought I was. Fear. Guilt. Shame. Courage. […]
Linda Basilicato Frederick, MD My mother's comment on my new, polite, handsome, articulate, smart, college boyfriend in 1993. "I had black friends–in school." (My mother's compromise)


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Located off Interstate 15, this Utah hotel is 3 miles from the St. George Utah Convention Center. It features an outdoor pool and hot tub and serves a daily full hot breakfast buffet. Free Wi-Fi is included in all guest rooms. A satellite TV is included in all of the contemporary guest rooms at Wingate by Wyndham – St. George. Each spacious room includes a microwave, a refrigerator and tea and coffee-making facilities. A 24-hour reception is offered to guests of St. George Wingate by Wyndham. Guests can go for a workout in the on-site modern fitness centre. A business centre with fax and photocopying services is available. A free airport shuttle is offered St. George Municipal Airport, which is 20 minutes' drive away from this hotel. Zion National Park is 45 miles away.
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text: Jun 8, 2014 18:41 Photo: Miss. USA contestants tour Old Governor's Mansion Photo: Miss. USA contestants tour Old Governor's Mansion Advocate staff photo by ANGELA MAJOR -- Miss USA contestants dance with The Michael Foster Project plays music Sunday, June 1, 2014, outside the Old Governor's Mansion. Advocate story June 08, 2014 Comments Contestants tour the elegant historic house museum. The building served as the home to Louisiana governors from 1930-1962. Get The Advocate in your inbox Subscribe


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Thursdays 9:00 PM on ABCFollow Scandal
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Scandal Season 2 Episode 19 Quotes
Pain is the only human process that is completely defined by the person experiencing it. Now the more I do this the more I learn that people are very different in how they respond to the pain I put them through. You say 'potato' I say 'buh buh,' that type of deal. Now I would say that the majority, maybe 90% of my projects, scream out right away. But then some of them surprise me. They grit their teeth for as long as they can until they pass out and they never make any sound at all. Now they're not any braver than anyone else, they're just different. Which is what makes this job so interesting. You really get to see what people are made of. Literally.
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Olivia: I hate you.
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Pronunciation: Hypodaktylomelie
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"In the practice of tolerance, one's enemy is the best teacher."
Dalai Lama
"My Best Practice in career " I Never work but just live in it" John Rex"
John Rex T
"The best way the U.S. Government can implement a new change effectively and efficiently is to adopt the private-sector management best practices [On Economic Reforms]."
Med Yones
"The best thing to give to your enemy is forgiveness; to an opponent, tolerance; to a friend, your heart; to your child, a good example; to a father, deference; to your mother, conduct that will make her proud of you; to yourself, respect; to all men, charity."
Benjamin Franklin
"I have learned silence from the talkative, tolerance from the intolerant, and kindness from the unkind; yet strangely, I am ungrateful to these teachers"
Kahlil Gibran
"Since others have to tolerate my weaknesses, it is only fair that I should tolerate theirs."
William Allen White
"The English masses are lovable: they are kind, decent, tolerant, practical and not stupid. The tragedy is that they are too many of them, and that they are aimless, having outgrown the servile functions for which they were encouraged to multiply. One day these huge crowds will have to seize power because there will be nothing else for them to do, and yet they neither demand power nor are ready to make use of it; they will learn only to be bored in a new way."
Cyril Connolly


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Kathy Robinson
member for 5 years, 3 months, 3 days
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I love genealogy and old cemeteries! I am currently working on restoring an old, "abandoned" cemetery near Pleasant Hill in Pike county, Illinois with my father, Lonnie Robinson, and my good friend, Chris Harris. It is a shame to see the final resting places of the pioneers to this area covered in brush, briars and completely neglected. I need volunteers to help keep these cemeteries maintained and mowed.....
Many of the oldest gravestones have toppled or broken and I would like to get them standing proudly again. I'm learning the PROPER way through the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency cemetery preservation workshops. It's a lot of work, but it's definitely worth it.
I welcome any corrections, links, etc. to my memorials and I'm always willing to transfer memorials that aren't my kinfolk to an actual relative. I'm sure I've made many mistakes and I won't be offended if you point them out......:-)
If you appreciate seeing your ancestor's burial location, show your support by donating to that cemetery's maintenance fund. There are a few good folks who volunteer to keep the many old cemeteries in good shape by mowing, trimming trees, clearing brush, etc. and a donation toward their costs is a great way to show your support and appreciation! Without them, all the old cemeteries would disappear......(if you don't know where to send donations, please message me and I will find out for you)
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Messages left for Kathy Robinson (629)
Leave Message
RE: Stathem Family, Green Pond Cem.
Oh my gosh, Kathy, that is so kind of you! We've had dealings with contributors who refused to transfer direct relatives, including my husband's own father, to me. Makes me a bit leery of making a request sometimes. Thank you so much; you're one of the good ones :)
Will send requests for the Stathems.
Thank you again, dear. Have a wonderful day!
Added by
on Mar 01, 2015 9:43 AM
RE: Stathem Family, Green Pond Cem.
I may send you a request to transfer to Stathem memorials to my husband and me. His Mom was a Stathem, and she was tickled to see all the Stathem memorials at Find A Grave.
Added by
on Mar 01, 2015 7:11 AM
Nela and Roberta
RE: Winans
I figure it is easier for you to do all the addition of extra data to their pages and I do like to keep families together.
Added by
Nela and Roberta
on Feb 28, 2015 8:25 PM
Stathem Family, Green Pond Cem.
Hi Kathy,
I'm wondering if you're related/descended from the Stathem family? I've noticed quite a few family member memorials that you've created in Pike Co.
Added by
on Feb 28, 2015 5:59 PM
Nela and Roberta
Sarah Winans
Cemetery records show her date of death to be 8/31/1907, but her burial date 4/1910.
Added by
Nela and Roberta
on Feb 28, 2015 2:03 PM
Stephen Barneby
RE: Sarah Seeley
Thanks. I have posted your photos on her page in my Ancestry.com family tree, crediting you.
Added by
Stephen Barneby
on Feb 28, 2015 7:14 AM
Lisa Gerald
RE: John Wesley Miller
Wow...will have to look for her earlier. I've never tried to get any Pike Co. divorce records (though I should!).
Added by
Lisa Gerald
on Feb 27, 2015 12:42 PM
Lisa Gerald
RE: John Wesley Miller
Very interesting! Perhaps Lydia died after his birth. There was a Pike Co. marriage in 1863, I think, that seemed like it could have been JJW Miller - will have to look for that. Maybe the youngest of the first bunch was not Lydia's.
Added by
Lisa Gerald
on Feb 27, 2015 12:12 PM
Lisa Gerald
John Wesley Miller
Just noticed that age at death would indicate he was 10 years older than the date on the gravestone - which would fit nicely with the first batch of kids. Maybe he was missed in the 1870 census, and left home young?
Added by
Lisa Gerald
on Feb 27, 2015 11:56 AM
Lisa Gerald
RE: JJW Miller
Great work! I'm definitely interested! Not surprising to find another intermarriage, I guess - seems like everyone is related a half-dozen times over. One of Fidella's daughters married a Callender, but I don't know which one. That's another one of my families. Still not sure what I saw that made me question the maternity of all the kids, but maybe there is some basis for the suspicion.
So maybe he was James John Wesley Miller?
Added by
Lisa Gerald
on Feb 27, 2015 11:14 AM
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Lytsdb wrote in Barcelona Chat
Anybody knows the full story of why Lazar Markovic got a 4 game ban and Ronaldo only 2?
Geez when the team was announced and saw the there was no Mach, Rafi and Iniesta ... I almost said here we go again after the first 10 mins. And then it happene...
I think he should be given the assists for the own goal.
Thanks mate, i could not watch the game. enjoyed ur updates
Interesting how CR7 get a whole write up and all... on his birthday and Neymar does not even get a mention on ESPNFC. Sometimes it makes me feel that not only t...
Wow! :D
BARCA are reconsidering their sponsorship with QATAR foundation.
Have been waiting for this.
Really hope we get a good sponson this time round.
Cheering for BARCA B today, they really need a win really badly to remain safe in div 2 :)
This is what he got the red card for and the 3 match ban which is a result of the red card: http://imgur.com/ahnXU88
So these go unpunished?
BEFORE: http://gf...
So CR7 got a red card and will thus resultantly serve a 3 match ban. But he was also guilty of violence just before the incident and also after that. Hope the a...
Will sevilla be allowed to play D. Suarez and G. Deulofeu against BARCA?
I was really hoping L9 Suarez would score yesterday. He really deserved it. His finishing will slowly improve, but would have been cool if the own goal had fall...
What did you expect me to say in 2010, when Messi was clearly far ahead of all the rest.
But i really like Casillas and he is clearly one of the Madrid players...
Can anyone prepare a GIF of CR7 diving to catch the BOD trophy? :D :D
Would have been happier for Neuer though. Even the Puskas award was absurd.
But congratu...
Was really happy to see "the way" BARCA played yesterday against a 'dirty' Atleti side.
Some of the reactions on "the Trio" may be over the top, only time wil...
Lol Lucas Moura in the background is like "WFT is wrong with these guys?" LOL
I love Messi but I hope M. Neuer wins the BOD this year. Given the limits of a keeper, he has absolutely done all a keeper can do to win the award. Messi and Ro...
Dani---- Batra --- Pique --- Matheiu
---------Masc --- Busquets----------
Rakitic -------------------- Iniesta
---------Messi --- Neymar ----------
With the way Mascerano is playing, wont be suprised to see this formation against Real Madrid.
Dani---- Batra --- Pique --- Matheiu
Masc --- Busq...
Lytsdb just became a Fan of FC Barcelona II
I also really think that Varane is better choice for defender than Pepe at the moment. Really suprised that Carlo is continuously sticking with Pepe. I think (t...
I'm not a great fan of politicizing football. There may be other reasons for wearing the 'senyera' at the Camp Nou instead of the home kit, but it may be decisi...


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Findings for PPC in Mcallen
Mcallen Ranks Amongst Least Expensive Markets for Google Adwords in USA
SEP's ongoing research into PPC Campaigns has revealed that Mcallen was the 273rd least expensive city in USA in keyword bids in Google Adwords for the month of December 2014. Mcallen also ranks amongst the least expensive cities in Texas, ranking as number 32nd. In the study, San Buenaventura ranked as the most expensive city in the country, while Manchester ranked as the least expensive city.
Google Adwords Keyword Prices 32% Lower in Mcallen than Brownsville
SEP's research also tracks Google Adwords price changes and trends in cities across Canada and the U.S. Recent data shows that average prices in Mcallen are 32% lower than in Brownsville. The average price of a click in Mcallen is $4.60.
This price differential is expected however, as Brownsville has a larger population than Mcallen.
For better comparison of prices, we also compared prices with another city with a similar population, Hampton, and found the average price of a click in Mcallen was 40% lower than in Hampton.
The Price Rank shows how expensive keywords are in certain industry and segment relative to other cities in a country, region and province.


text: I would have to go with Kakashi. Hes the original developer of the Chidori and wasn't even trying to make it. I mean comon he was trying to finish the rasengan that my friend is no easy task. Not to mention that his M Sharingan in my opinion is the hardest owning of them all. There really isn't a reason to not like Kakashi hes the ultimate character.


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ECS Z97I-Drone motherboard review
USB 3.1 review: 10 Gbps USB with the ASUS Z97-A
Guru3D Rig of the Month - February 2015
PCI Express Scaling Game Performance Analysis review
Noctua NH-D9L and NH-U9S CPU cooler review
Dying Light VGA graphics performance review
Palit GeForce GTX 960 Super JetStream review
Corsair H110i GT review
ASUS GeForce GTX 980 Matrix Platinum review
ASRock X99X Killer review
DirectX Video Acceleration (DXVA)
After a long wait... Microsoft finally releases the patch for WMP10 to enable hardware acceloration for video cards that support it!
This update enables Microsoft DirectX Video Acceleration (DXVA) of Microsoft Windows Media Video (WMV) content in Microsoft Windows Media Player 10 for video cards when the drivers of those video cards are designed to take advantage of this feature.
The graphics adaptor must support this DXVA update. For more information, contact the driver vendor for the latest driver that supports DXVA. The content must be WMV-HD (Windows Media Video High Definition) clips (720p and 1080p) with a frame rate that is less than or equal to 30 frames per second.
Prior to installation, your MUST have this patch installed already!
« Intel Chipset Installation 188.8.131.526 WHQL · DirectX Video Acceleration (DXVA)
· ForceWare 72.12 WHQL »


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The Mylapore Kapaleeswarar Temple Thaipoosa float festival will be held from January 15 to 17
The Chennai traffic police have announced traffic diversions for the Mylapore Kapaleeswarar Temple Thaipoosa float festival that will be held from January 15 to 17, between 7 p.m. and 10 p.m.
Vehicles will not be allowed towards the temple from the following junctions during the time of procession: Luz Junction towards R.K. Mutt Road, Kutchery Road towards Mathalanarayanan Street, Dr. Ranga Road towards Venkatesa Agraharam Road, St. Mary's Road towards R.K. Mutt Road, East Chithrakulam Street towards North Chithrakulam Street, Mandaveli Street towards Adam Street, TSV Koil Street, West Chitrakulam Street.
Vehicles (including MTC Buses) coming from Royapettah High Road and Kutchery Road and intending to proceed towards Mandaveli and R.K. Mutt Road will take the route via Luz Junction, Luz Church Road, D'Silva Road, Bakthvachalam Road (Warren Road), St. Mary's Road to reach R.K. Mutt Road-Mandaveli Junction.
Those proceeding from Adyar side towards Royapettah and Luz Junction will take the route via Mandaveli, V.K. Iyer Road, Sringeri Mutt Road, Warren Road, Dr. Ranga Road, East Abiramapuram 1st Main Road, Luz Avenue, Luz Church Road, Karpagamabal Nagar, Vivekananda College, P.S. Sivasamy Salai, Royapettah High Road to reach their destinations.
The Mylapore tank bus terminus will be operated from Luz Church Road near Amrutanjan Company, during evening hours.
The following places are earmarked for parking: P.S. Higher Secondary School playground on R.K. Mutt Road, Luz Church Road southern side (opposite Kamadenu kalyana mandapam), Venkatesa Agragharam Road under the MRTS tracks near Saibaba Temple.


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Oscar de la Renta Spring 2013 | Pictures
Oscar de la Renta Spring 2013
This season, Oscar's ladies aren't afraid of bold color — or a little latex. The show opened with Karlie Kloss in a red latex tank and slit pencil skirt, setting the tone for a show that gave Oscar's brand of ladylike a decidedly younger voice and a playfulness (most obviously via the models' color-streaked bouffants) throughout. Between the opener and a lovely, embellished strapless gown (which Karlie Kloss also wore) to close out the show, we were treated to a menagerie of candy-colored day dressing, finished with girlie takes on texture — think lace, ruffles, and scalloped edges, before the collection gave way to a few show-stoppers and shockers (like Cara Delevingne in a hot-pink, ostrich-feather-trimmed peplum bustier-and-short set) and culminated in Oscar's parade of evening dresses. While '60s silhouettes were present throughout — skirt suiting, fit-and-flare silhouettes, floral applique crop-tops, and high-waist shorts — it was expressed most clearly in this lineup of pretty party dresses: floaty, feminine confections finished in tulle and organza that have since inspired our dreams of the most glamorous, retro-feeling prom dresses.
- Trends: Leather, metallics, lace, fit-and-flare dresses, slits, stripes, brights, and peplum.
- Colors: A crop of brights — hot pink, yellow, baby blue, ivory, black, and red.
- Key Piece: From this all-star lineup? It's nearly impossible to pick just one.
- Accessories: Chunky jeweled necklaces, jewel-drop earrings, brooches, ladylike pumps, candy-colored ankle-strap heels, and laser-cut booties.
- Who Should Wear It: Here's hoping Diane Kruger opts for the striped, strapless ball gown on the red carpet; we could see Emma Stone in the black tiered and textured mini.
- This model's been missing from Fashion Week! — Style.com
- Marc Jacobs said what about young designers?! — The Cut
- Why, yes, we want a Chanel bag made out of Rice Krispies — HuffPost Style
- Miley Cyrus forgot an article of clothing again, but blame it on Tom Ford — InStyle
- It's OK to be preppy and still love leather — Racked
- We're looking forward to the tour costumes from this stylish duo — SheFinds
- Clémence Poésy shows us what it's like to be a Chloé girl — Who What Wear
- Read this before you nix your tights in the cold — Lucky
- What happens when a pair of very chic women wear Crocs . . . — Man Repeller