text:
Holy Roman Empire
This article is considered accurate for the current version of the game.
Primary culture
Capital province
State religion
Technology group
The Holy Roman Empire (HRE) is a unique political structure in the game, made up of numerous, variously-sized states of the Germanic region and northern Italian Peninsula in Europe. Members are considered 'Princely states' and their heads are 'Princes'. From these Princes, up to seven are Prince-Electors, who vote on which Prince will be the next Holy Roman Emperor upon the death of the previous one. The Holy Roman Emperor has various powers at his disposal and a great deal of responsibility to maintaining and protecting the Imperial territorial, religious, and cultural status quo.
- People talking about the HRE may be referring to the country with the same name that is formed after the Emperor has enacted the final Imperial Reform: Renovatio Imperii, and it is important to distinguish which incarnation of the HRE you are talking about.
- Country: "Man the HRE just annexed the Commonwealth!"
- Political Structure: "If I can call Sweden into the war against Austria then I may be able to dismantle the HRE!"
Historically, the Empire existed from the 10th to the 19th centuries, and had up to 300 members. It considered itself to be the spiritual successor state to the Roman Empire, even though it never controlled Papal Rome and wasn't a unified state (and also, up to 1453, despite the continued existence of the Eastern Roman Empire). The balance of power between the various Princes, Electors and the Emperor was always in flux, and imperial unity was further weakened by the Reformation. From the 15th century on, except for a handful of years under the house of Wittelsbach (during the early years of the reign of Maria Theresa) the Emperor was from the House of Habsburg, rulers of Austria.
Game interface[edit]
The Holy Roman Empire interface is a small shield on the bottom of the screen (only visible as long as the HRE exists). Under the icon is a number which shows the Authority of the current reigning Emperor.
Within the interface are a number of shields of various sizes. Each of them can be clicked on, which will bring up the Diplomatic interface to examine and interact with that nation. Also note that as a handy reminder, the Imperial Authority of the current Emperor is displayed in the upper left corner of this window.
- Current Emperor: The large shield in the upper left corner shows the blazon of the country who is current Emperor. Beside that is the percentage of current Imperial Authority, ranging from 0 to 100. The higher the value, the more respect the Princely states of the Empire have for the Emperor. Beneath the shield, the game will state specifically the name and nation of the current Emperor, e.g. "X of Y is the Emperor".
- Electors: These are the seven princes that have the power to elect the next Emperor. When the number of electors is less than seven (for example, an elector has been annexed or conquered, but not vassalized), the Emperor has the ability to appoint a new Elector among the nations belonging to the Empire. Note that the Emperor can have vassal Electors (subjugating them by force, or having them before becoming an Emperor), but cannot grant electorate to a state which is already their subject (a vassal or a lesser partner in personal union).
- Underneath each of their shields is a smaller shield, representing that elector's current choice of successor to the Imperial crown. They can vote for themselves, or for other nations. Dependent Electors will almost always vote for their suzerain overlord, even if they are not part of the Empire. Next to it is a number which represents that Elector's current support of your own ruler as successor. This will range from a positive number, which means the Elector favors the player's ruler to some degree, to as low as -1000 (often because the Elector is at war with the player's nation, or the player's country adheres to a different religion. Hovering over the shield will display a tooltip showing all the factors that play into the elector's current attitude.
- Princes: below the Electors is a display of all the shields of the current member states of the Empire. This number can shrink or grow over time as member states are conquered or new ones find a home within the Empire's boundaries.
- Imperial Reforms: the upper-right of the interface shows the list of eight possible Imperial Reforms, with a green check next to any that are currently enacted.
- Leave HRE: At the bottom left is a button for those who have had enough of the Emperor's meddling in their lives. Selecting to Leave HRE will take the member's nation out of the Empire. However, there are diplomatic consequences to such a decision.
- Dismantle HRE: If the Emperor's capital is controlled and the electors either have their capitals occupied or are allied to you, it is possible to dismantle the Holy Roman Empire.
- Religious Leagues: As of version 1.8, a devastating pan-Imperial war may occur if any Elector converts to Protestantism.
The Emperor is the leader of the Holy Roman Empire, tasked with defending and maintaining the sovereignty of member states.
Friedrich III of Austria starts the game, in 1444, as Emperor.
Electing the Emperor[edit]
- See also: #Electors
Emperors, once chosen, serve for life. However, if the emperor is vassalized, forced into a personal union, or otherwise annexed, a new emperor will be elected. On the death of the current Emperor, the Imperial Electors choose a replacement from within the Christian world, with the exact eligible denominations determined by the outcome of Religious Leagues.
An Emperor can only be selected from candidates that are:
- Male (NB: Austria can get an event that removes this requirement permanently if they have a female heir)
- The accepted Imperial religion (either Catholic or Protestant). If the Peace of Westphalia event happens, any Christian may be chosen.
- Independent rulers (i.e. not a vassal)
- Monarchs (i.e. not rulers of republics or theocracies)
Notably, being a member of the Empire is not a requirement, though electors will usually prefer members.
An Emperor cannot lose the election for Emperorship while in the midst of a League War.
Benefits of being Emperor[edit]
The Emperor gets the following bonuses:
- +1 diplomatic relations cap
- +1 possible advisors
- +1 military leader without upkeep
- +5% Spy Offense
- +50 base annual manpower per member state.
- +0.5 land force limit per member state.
Powers of the Emperor[edit]
Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. |
The Emperor has the following powers and duties:
- Bestow Imperial Grace
- Available from the diplomacy screen as an emperor, this action gives a +40 relationship with a Prince of the Empire at the expense of one point of Imperial Authority. This relationship bonus will disappear if the nation loses the Emperor status.
- Propose Imperial Reforms
- Available from the Holy Roman Empire interface, the Emperor can call for a vote on an Imperial Reform. Unlike in EU3, the Emperor can see how the members of the Diet will vote before calling for the reform by hovering over the reform button, and why they support or oppose by hovering over the shields of each imperial prince.
- Defend the Empire
- The Emperor receives a call to arms when outside powers declare war on a Prince of the Empire, or members declare war on each other without a casus belli. Unlike a regular Call to Arms this does not usually have an effect on prestige, but does affect Imperial Authority. If you refuse this call, you lose Imperial Authority and if you win a war that results, you gain Imperial Authority. Regardless of the outcome, answering this call to arms gives you a +50 relations boost with regular members of the Empire, and +100 with the electors. The opinion of the nation that was under attack will not be affected however.
- Revoke the Electorate
- The Emperor automatically gains a casus belli against any Elector of a heretic religion to revoke the electorate. This action will make the other Electors a bit leery.
- Appoint an Elector
- If there are fewer than seven electors in the Empire, the Emperor can appoint a new Elector in the diplomacy screen to any independent nation inside the Empire. Subject nations cannot be made into electors.
- Imperial Ban
- Once it passes the first Imperial reform, The Emperor gains a casus belli against all non-HRE nations that control any HRE territory, such as Burgundy or Venice at the start of the game. HRE territory owned by non-members is shown with yellow diagonal lines in the Imperial map view. Conquering the target province gives the emperor a claim on the province.
- Imperial Liberation
- The Emperor gains a casus belli against nations that annex a member state, with the goal to liberate the said prince and succeeding to liberate the prince will result in a higher imperial authority. The casus belli is automatically given upon the annexation, and will expire in 60 months.
- Enforce religious unity
- This is a diplomatic action to enforce the Emperor's religion on other nations within the empire that follow heretical beliefs. The acceptance of the request depends on the target nation's opinion of and attitude towards the Emperor, the Emperor's diplomatic reputation and prestige, the target nation's number of provinces and whether the target is an Elector. If the target is an elector or Defender of the Faith, it counts for a -1000 points reduction on the likelihood of acceptance, effectively rendering peaceful conversion impossible. If the target accepts the request, they convert to the Emperor's religion and one province becomes converted automatically. The Emperor suffers a relations hit (-25) with other Princes with the same heretic religion as the target nation. If the target rejects to convert peacefully, the Emperor suffers a prestige hit and gains a casus belli against the prince.
- Demand unlawful territory
- The Emperor can demand another nation, member or not, to return unlawfully held imperial territory to the Emperor, refusal of which gives the Emperor an Imperial Liberation casus belli and gives all member states a relations penalty with the unlawful land's holder. The territory is considered unlawful if the owner does not have a core yet.
- Re-Election Bonus
- The emperor gains a bonus to his chances of re-election relative to the current level of imperial authority, at approximately +1 per point of imperial authority.
Imperial authority[edit]
Imperial authority is used to pass reforms within the Empire and perform certain Emperor actions. The Emperor needs at least 50 Authority to pass a reform and the consensus of at least half of the members of the Empire. When a reform is passed, all Imperial Authority is removed (the counter is set to 0). After you pass Proclaim Erbkaisertum you get an additional +25% Imperial Authority to every action you take.
Imperial Authority changes as follows:
- +10 for maintaining the Imperial Crown through successive generations until the Erbkaisertum decision is proclaimed.
- +1 for each province added to the Empire. In order to do this, the target province must be Christian (of any denomination), core territory and either directly connected via land border or share a sea tile with an Imperial province. For example, Roma directly borders Siena, and Napoli shares a sea tile with Siena. Any provinces not in the European region cannot be added to the empire.
- +0.08 monthly if there are no internal wars in the Empire.
- -0.1 monthly for every elector who is a vassal of another country. This does not apply to electors who are juniors in a Personal Union.
- -10 for declining a defensive call to arms from a member being attacked by a foreign nation.
- Winning a defensive call to arms will grant as much as 30 IA, in addition to a substantial relations boost with every HRE member nation. But it will only be awarded if the defensive War Leader negotiates a victory. The Emperor can negotiate a separate peace, but won't earn any IA.
- Member states converting to a heretical doctrine reduces Authority by the member's basetax*2. There is no loss if the Peace of Westphalia is in effect.
- -1 to Enforce Religious Unity on a Heretical member of the HRE.
- Restoring an HRE member state by forcing another nation to release them in a peace deal gives Imperial Authority roughly equal to the nation's basetax/2, with a cap at 20 IA.
- -0.1 each month if there are fewer than seven electors.
- -10 if a non-HRE nation annexes a member of the HRE.
- Following ideas increase the Imperial Authority gained:
Traditions | Ideas | Bonuses | Policies | |
— | Italian (cU) idea 6: Heir to the Empire | — | — |
Bohemian traditions | Austrian idea 1: Imperial Ambitions | — | — |
— | — | Bavarian ambitions | — |
Additional modifiers:
+25% | from Imperial Reform Proclaim Erbkaisertum. |
+25% | from triggered modifiers Catholic Empire and Protestant Empire. |
The Electors are the nations that vote for the next Emperor. When there are fewer than seven electors, the Emperor may grant the electorate to another independent nation within the Empire. Electors are incredibly protective of their sovereignty and are unlikely to vote for a nation that has an elector as its vassal. The Emperor may go to war with a country in order to remove the electorate from them.
These states begin as electors in 1444:
AI voting criteria[edit]
AI electors weight candidates according to the following criteria: (non-exhaustive list)
- + current opinion, from -200 to +200.
- + ( Legitimacy - 50), from -50 to +50.
- + Prestige/4, from -25 to +25
- + Imperial Authority, for the current emperor.
- +50 for an alliance with the candidate.
- +10 for a royal marriage with the candidate.
- -10, if a one-province minor.
- +5 for each imperial province owned after the second, to a maximum of +50. Doesn't apply if not a member state. Non-HRE provinces aren't counted.
- +5 for same culture group.
- -50 for heretic religion (i.e., different branch of Christianity).
- +50 for subject electors, towards their overlord.
- -50 for independent electors towards a candidate with electoral subjects (stacks).
- -50 for non-HRE states.
- -20 to +20 for trust.
- +5 per point of diplomatic reputation.
- -200 if at war with the candidate. (NB: this is a severe penalty, but not automatically disqualifying).
- -1000 if ineligible (non-monarchy, female candidate, not Christian or not independent).
Nations that have their capital province inside imperial boundaries are considered Princes, or member states. These are the non-electoral states that begin the campaign in 1444 as part of the Empire:
- Aachen
- Alsace
- Ansbach
- Anhalt
- Austria
- Augsburg
- Baden
- Bavaria
- Brabant
- Bremen
- Brunswick
- Cleves
- Ferrara
- Friesland
- Frankfurt
- Gelre
- Genoa
- The Hansa
- Hesse
- Holstein
- Liege
- Lorraine
- Lüneburg
- Magdeburg
- Mantua
- Mecklenburg
- Milan
- Modena
- Münster
- Nuremberg
- Oldenburg
- Pomerania
- Salzburg
- Savoy
- Saxe-Lauenburg
- Siena
- Silesia
- Switzerland
- Thuringia
- Tuscany
- Ulm
- Utrecht
- Wurzburg
- Wurttemberg
Imperial Integrity[edit]
Imperial integrity is a bonus given to all members in the HRE (except the emperor) as long as there are more than 25 princes.
Joining the HRE[edit]
A nation may add provinces to the HRE if the provinces border the HRE and the nation has good relations with the Emperor. Adding a capital province to the HRE will make that nation a member state.
Adding a province to the HRE as a non-member requires the Emperor to have an opinion towards the state wishing to join of at least:
'100 + CultureModifier * (BaseTax + VassalBaseTax * VassalIncomeModifier)
where CultureModifier is 2 if belonging to the same culture group as the emperor and 4 otherwise, and VassalIncomeModifier is the percentage listed in the subjects page - the base is 10% and feudal monarchies get +25%, though other factors can also increase this. For example, in 1444 the Teutonic Order has 42 base tax, no vassals, and a culture group shared with the Emperor, so it requires (100 + 42*2 = ) 184 opinion from the Emperor to join. Since relations can't exceed 200, this means that a nation of the emperor's culture group (usually German) can't have more than 50 base tax, while one of a different culture group can't have more than 25 base tax. Since vassal's base tax also contributes, releasing provinces to vassals will only slightly reduce the relations required.
Current member states add their own holdings to the Empire regardless of the Emperor's opinion, provided that they border or share a sea zone with province which are already members, the province religion is any denomination of Christianity, the nation has a core on the province, and the province is in Europe. Provinces connected with a water crossing can be added to the empire, as well as isolated islands provided they share a sea zone with a province already in the empire. Adding a new province to the Empire increases Imperial Authority by 1 point.
Leaving the HRE[edit]
A member state may leave at any time if it is at peace. Leaving removes all core provinces from the Empire. Non-core provinces are ceded to the Emperor.
Non-members may remove owned imperial territory at will if at peace by clicking on the eagle icon in the province window. This lowers imperial authority and significantly hurts relations with the emperor.
Unlawful territory[edit]
Unlawful territory is provinces that are in the HRE, but are owned by a country that does not have a core on them. This applies even if the owner is a member of the HRE. Such territory is usually acquired through either war or vassalisation, peaceful or not. The HRE emperor may request the owner of unlawful territory to return the province to its original owner, and refusing this request will reduce your relation with all HRE members by -25 and give the emperor an Imperial Liberation casus belli against you. The province in question will also receive the following penalties for a duration of 10 years:
- Local unrest: +10
- Local tax modifier: -33%
- Local manpower modifier: -50%
- Monthly autonomy change: +0.1
Imperial reforms[edit]
The Emperor with the support of enough member states may attempt to pass imperial reforms. The reform sequence in the game is loosely based on proposals that were made in the historical Holy Roman Empire starting in the 15th century, in order to "reform" it as the more centralized and efficient structure it was considered to be in the 10th-12th centuries. Such reforms would have shaped it into something more like the nation-states of the rest of Europe. They were usually promoted by smaller members and the Emperor, and opposed by Empire's electors and more powerful members.
The threshold for proposing a reform is having 50 Imperial Authority. Once the Emperor has more than 50 imperial authority and half of the members support, for each additional point they gain a boost to the nations' willingness to support said reforms. Vassals and lesser partners of a personal union will almost always support you.
The player can now choose to either support or oppose reforms.
Princes (e.g., members) may either support or oppose the Emperor's reforms due to:
- Economic Power: The larger the prince's economy, the less likely they are to support a reform ( -0.2 per Provincial base tax including Capital and Building Modifier)
- Having the same government type: +/- (Monarchies get +2 with other monarchies, -5 with theocracies, republics being neutral)
- Opinion of Emperor: +10% of positive, or -50% of negative
- Religion: -20 if the prince's religion is considered heretical by the Emperor
- Being a subject of Emperor: +25
- Overextension of the Emperor, scaling with OE (-25 at 100%)
- Allied with Emperor: +5
- Same Dynasty: +3
- Culture: -5 if the prince's culture is different but in the same Culture Group as the Emperor's, -10 if it is outside the Culture Group
- High Imperial Authority: For each point of Imperial Authority above 50, there is a +1 to reform support
- Previous reforms passed: 3 points of penalty for each previous reform.
- Diplomatic Reputation: +1 for each point of diplomatic reputation.
Call for Reichsreform[edit]
This reform gives the Emperor the "Imperial Ban" casus belli against non-members with Imperial territory.
- The Emperor gains +1 yearly prestige, -2% build cost and -2% technology cost.
- Members gain -2% build cost and -2% technology cost.
Institute Reichsregiment[edit]
- The Emperor gains +1 diplomat and +1 diplomatic reputation.
- Members gain -1 national unrest.
Reform the Hofgericht[edit]
- The Emperor gains +0.5 yearly prestige +1 yearly legitimacy and -%10 core creation cost.
- Members gain +0.1 yearly prestige and +0.2 yearly legitimacy .
Enact Gemeiner Pfennig[edit]
- The Emperor gains a +15% global tax efficiency modifier.
- Members gain +1 diplomatic reputation.
Ewiger Landfriede[edit]
With this reform, HRE member states (including the Emperor) are forbidden from declaring war on one another. It is still possible for them to end up at war as a result of honoring alliances with non-members or intervening in succession wars.
However, if the Emperor is not an HRE member (e.g. France or Spain), he can still declare war on other HRE members. In return, HRE members can declare war on the non-member Emperor
- The Emperor suffers +10% stability cost.
- Members gain -10% stability cost.
Proclaim Erbkaisertum[edit]
Following this reform, there are no further elections for Emperor. The state which passes this reform automatically remains Emperor. The "elector" part of the HRE panel dialogue changes to reflect this. You no longer gain +10 Imperial Authority on a succession from this point. Also, the Emperor no longer needs to pay diplomatic relations upkeep for vassal status of any HRE members. Non-HRE vassals are not affected, and any other regular diplomatic relations will still require upkeep (for example, royal marriage).
- The Emperor gains +25% on any further Imperial Authority it gains.
- Members gain +0.3 yearly legitimacy.
Revoke the Privilegia[edit]
Revoking the Privilege of Non-Appeal means that HRE members are in effect no longer independent. Once this reform is implemented, all members who support it will become vassals of the Emperor. Members who do not support it will leave the Empire and the Emperor will gain a CB on them. For this reason, when playing as the Emperor it is worth increasing your Imperial Authority to a level where each members would vote yes for it. Try distributing bribes, royal marriages, alliances and other relation-improving maneuvers to members who oppose it, before implementing the reform.
The vassal relationships gained as a result of this decision do not count towards diplomatic upkeep, although royal marriage relationships will continue to. If the Emperor releases a vassal within HRE territory as an Imperial Prince, the newly released vassal will not count towards diplomatic upkeep either. A nation liberated after this reform, however, will not automatically become the Emperor's vassal.
- This reform is where the HRE will be the strongest, as any country that the emperor declares war on will have a large swarm of vassals to fight through. If the Empire is strong enough, they can usually take most (if not all) large Eurasian nations, even without any allies (providing the vassal swarm is large enough). A common strategy when playing as Austria and having the 2nd last reform passed is to rotate between targets. Attacking (in no particular order) the 3 countries that have been listed above will keep the players army and navy tradition high and allow him/her to recruit better and better generals as time progresses. When playing as an expansionist Austria (when aren't you) it is prudent to feed captured land to your vassals and make them even stronger, giving your Eastern land to, for example, Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Bohemia and your western land (France, Spain/Castile, and maybe even Northern Africa) to the small vassals you have in the Western part of the Empire, and taking the Ottomans and the Black Sea for yourself or giving it to other members.
Renovatio Imperii[edit]
The last reform will consolidate all member states of the HRE into a true, unified nation. The nation that carries out this reform will become the HRE and will immediately inherit all remaining states (those that did not leave the HRE as a result of Revoking the Privilegia or otherwise). The HRE will get cores on imperial provinces held by non-members.
This reform is easy to pass, as all the remaining HRE states are now your vassals and will usually vote for it. This has a very, very negative impact on your relations with former HRE members who left when you revoked their privileges - they get a special "Unified the Empire" -100 relation penalty with you. In addition, you will get a lot of aggressive expansion when trying to conquer their provinces.
If you played your cards right and made it this far by being nice and defending any and all princes (even the ones who insulted and backstabbed you for centuries), it's quite likely you will actually be weaker after uniting the empire. You will also lose the 2% tech bonus.
Like Germany, a united HRE does not have its own country-specific ideas and will simply carry over whatever the founding nation (Emperor) had; similarly, it is considered the cultural union of Germany: all cultures in the Germanic group will consider the HRE to be their own nation, and thus give no penalties.
Dismantle HRE[edit]
In order to dismantle the HRE, it is necessary to declare war against the Emperor, occupy the Emperor's capital, and have none of the Electors as "independent." Whether an Elector is counted as "independent" is not determined by whether they are independent or subject nations. The conditions are:
- If the Elector is independent and does not join the war, it is "independent."
- If the Elector is allied to the war leader against the Emperor, it is "not independent."
- If the Elector is a vassal of the war leader against the Emperor, it is "not independent."
- If the Elector is a vassal of someone else than the war leader, and does not participate in the war, it is "independent."
- If the Elector is a vassal of the Emperor, or is independent and allied to the Emperor and joins the war, the Elector is "not independent" if their capital is captured.
That is, in order to dismantle the HRE, it is helpful or even necessary to either ally with or vassalize the Electors, and the war must involve the Emperor and all Electors on either side. This, however, does not necessarily mean all Electors must be at war: an Elector allied to the war leader still counts as "not independent" even if it is not directly involved in the war, and if a third party (including rebels) takes one of the allied/vassalized Elector capital, the Elector is "independent" again. Dismantling the HRE will grant +100 prestige to the war leader, and remove the HRE interface altogether.
In addition, the HRE will now automatically be dismantled if there is nobody eligible to be elected Emperor
Religious leagues[edit]
At the start of the game in 1444, one can only be elected Emperor if they follow the state religion - Catholic. However, Electors can be of any Christian religion. After 1550, if one of the Electors (that is not a subject nation) has become Protestant (but not Reformed) and the Empire hasn't been reformed to the point of becoming hereditary, then the Religious Leagues can be formed. Any nation may join either league, regardless of religion, including states outside the HRE, even if they have a truce with the emperor. The Protestant League is created and headed by the newly-converted Elector, and the Catholic League will begin with the current Emperor at the head. After this, one League can declare war on another league at any time.
If the heretical religion (the religion that can't be elected Emperor, usually Protestantism) is victorious in a League war, they will be able to be elected Emperor, and the religion that could be elected Emperor (usually Catholicism) can no longer be elected Emperor. The religion that lost its Imperial rights can win this right back by another League War.
If the Imperial religion wins a League war, then the Religious Leagues are dismantled and Electors can only be members of the Imperial religion. This can happen for Catholics or Protestants, depending on which is the Imperial religion.
If any League war lasts a long time (exact time unknown), then a Peace of Westphalia-esque treaty is drafted, allowing any Christian to be elected Emperor. This is the only way for a Reformed, Orthodox or Coptic ruler to become emperor. The Peace of Westphalia disables religious casus belli such as 'Cleansing of Heresy' inside the Empire. Emperors will not gain or lose imperial authority for Princes converting after the Peace of Westphalia is signed.
If the Religious Leagues are not triggered in the HRE by 1625 the Imperial Parliament convenes in a Diet to proclaim the Emperor's religion the sole faith. Also, after 30 years with no League War occurring then there is a chance that the Diet will occur in the favor of the Emperor. The mean time of this happening is 5 years after the initial 30 year and it will only trigger if you are at peace.
Electors are now more likely to be chosen as League Leaders.
Notes for Crusader Kings II converted saves[edit]
- If the Holy Roman Empire is transferred from Crusader Kings II while having max (absolute) crown authority, it will be represented in Europa Universalis IV as a single nation.
- Currently, using the CK2 converter does not check all reforms as passed; if the HRE exists in your game as a single nation as a result of being imported while at Max Crown Authority, it will still be able to pass reforms. However, if it attempts to pass Renovatio Imperii, your game will freeze. The only way to avoid this is to use the console command imperial_authority 0 to occasionally reset the current Imperial Authority.
- An imported HRE does not have its own set of ideas at present; it instead seems to use a generic group of ideas for its government type.
Historical context[edit]
The Empire was the dominant political power in central Europe during this historical period. Compared to earlier centuries, when the Emperor wielded more control over his territory, the Empire by the EU4 timeframe had become greatly decentralized, and its member states acted autonomously. The power of the Emperor was still considerable. He has the power to intercede in the wars and affairs of the member states of the Empire. If the Emperor can enact reforms, he can eventually centralize all the separate nations of the Empire under his banner, and turn the Holy Roman Empire into a unified powerhouse. Alternatively, the Empire can wane in power, and, as happened historically in the age of Napoleon, it can eventually be dismantled. In game, however, the Holy Roman Empire usually passes a moderate number of reforms. What happens largely is the elimination of most one province minor states and leads to an end game scenario of 8-18 states instead of the original 50.


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The Woozie Hangover Wine Glass Holder Necklace - Lime Green is a lanyard style strap that goes around your neck and attaches to a Woozie (not included) to hold a wine glass.
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Wine Glass Holder Necklace - Set of 3
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The Wine Glass Holder Necklace is a lanyard that goes around your neck and holds a wine glass. With a Wine Stem Holder Necklace you can drink wine hands free! This neoprene wine yoke leaves your hands free by holding a regular-size stemmed wine glass.
Wine Glass Woozie - Lime Green
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The Wine Glass Woozie in lime green is a neoprene wine glass sleeve to insulate your wine glass and keep wine cool! It is fun, functional and comes in wonderful Woozie colors - lime green, hot pink, bright blue and purple! A Wine Glass Woozie is stretchy
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188 comments
I am not a developer. I am just a user. I have no idea how to code. I am sure the plugin author can do this
After I initially left a comment I appear to
have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now
each time a comment is added I receive 4 emails
with the exact same comment. Perhaps there is an easy method you are able to remove me from
that service? Many thanks! -
I installed your plugin – don't mean to sound daft, but – still NO COMMENTS show up after my posts and yes, there are comments that have been made. How do I actually configure your plugin to work? I'm not a techie, don't know where to find the place to add "php" code I keep hearing about and no one ever says WHERE to find it to add anything to it. What good is a plugin that doesn't do what it says? So, how do get your plugin to actually work on my site? Besides downloading it, and clicking the "activate" button, what else needs to be done? Thank you so much for helping me in plain, understandable and followable directions! Thanks!
There is a slight error in the comment renderer; where the output should say '(User) on (Article)' it instead drops the space before 'on' and hence reads, "useron articlename".
I have fixed this by adding a comma in the comment renderer file.
ie. ', on 'Hope this helps. For your interest this is used on this charitable site http://www.nolimbs.co.nz
Great plugin by the way. Just one thing. I use WP Content Filter to remove bad words from my site. What is the best way to make Decent Comments also filter bad words?
I have achieved this by changing decent-comments/class-decent-comments-renderer.php from
return $output;
return pccf_filter($output);
But is there a better way to do this? Maybe by adding something to functions.php?
I'm new to WP so please excuse my lack of knowledge. Hope you can help.
Hi! First of all, your Plugin "Decent-Comments" is pretty cool. But I have a self hosted Blog and I want to use the WordPress App for Android to reply to the incoming comments. Is there a problem with the Plugin? Replying on my own blog doesn't work. But on other Blogs it's no problem… Any suggestions? Thanks for the help
Put a options with max letters not words because people are spaming.Here is a example yooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo this is only 1 word but if world be something like max letters let say 10 yoooooooo… this would show up.
Sorry I don't know php but I can translate your plugin in my language.Can you let a email where I can submit the files?
Email send.
Hello. I'm setting up a new theme on my blog wich is focused more on the content and sidebars are quite minimal. I use and love your plugin but now I want to reduce some wasted space by removing my comments(author) from the list. Is there any way I can do that by user ID, email or donno? Thanks.
this is exactly what I want to do, but the lines 290 and 328 does not match in my program. I can find "foreach …" etc, but it's harder with }… Can you please describe the rows above and below?
Thanks! -
If I have a site with 2 separate comments one side has red vote comments the other side has blue vote comments is this possible to sort into two groups for one post?
I just download and use your widget who is perfect !
Just one thing : how to deactivate (no show) comments of the author of the blog ?
Thank you for your answer. -
Does your plugin have the ability to filter out blog author comments and just show visitor comments? If not, is that a feature you'd consider adding?
Is there a way to indicate when the comment was made, e.g., 5 hours ago?
Hi there , I want to display 10 to 15 recent comments. I just see recent comments made on current post. I want it to show 15 recent comments regardless post
testing it
I just did a plug update (Version 1.3.4) and now I get: Parse error: syntax error, unexpected T_PAAMAYIM_NEKUDOTAYIM in /home/content/43/5150543/html/divhut/wp-content/plugins/decent-comments/class-decent-comment.php on line 307
It was a great plugin but I removed it since it dowsn't work anymore. Please help.
Great plugin.
I'm trying to use it to display the newest comment from each section on the homepage of my site, and for the most part it's working well. The only problem I'm encountering is that it doesn't seem to represent new lines within the comments. Is there somewhere I can just drop an nl2br() within your code?
Hi there,
I really like this plugin. I just have on idea: Can you make option to add link to comment to author's name – so when I click on author it will take me to his comment? I know i can have link next to it (author on that or that page), but this would be better for me…
Hi, and thank you for your nice plugins. I am currently restricting user access to certain parts of my blog through your excellent Groups plugin. Now I would like to show recent comments based on user privileges (Groups settings). So that users that are not logged in or doesn't have the correct level can not see recent comments in private areas of the blog. Is this already possible with this plugin and I have simply missed it? Otherwise, could you add support for it or give a hint on how to modify the code myself?
Thank you
It will be interesting to have possibility to add 'date' of comment like we have author and/or avatar today.
check box for date
if checked, make choice for format of this date : DD/MM/YYYY, monday 5 january, MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM, …..thanks a lot


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Far country Suburbs for me.
I prefer suburban or country living. I like the suburbs because I like being a part of a community, not too far away from civilization. BUT I like the country because of all of that wide open space and quiet, the beauty of it all :).
Best Answer
Country.<br />
I'd like to have a huge piece of property with no neighbors for miles.
Best Answer
Country. I hate people!
Best Answer
Best Answer
I hate the city. I'd rather the country or the suburbs. In the country, there's more nature than people, and in the suburbs everyone knows everyone else, so there's more of a sense of community (unless I've been watching too many shows).
Best Answer
country living as I already am living here in Kentucky
Best Answer
Best Answer
Related Questions
WisestFool 41-45, M 14 Answers 3 Jul 7, 2012
I myself seek country living. I've lived in Canada, Update NY, S. Carolina, Florida, and Texas. Cities & country equally. My mind is most clear next to nature, my heart is there...tormentbynite 31-35, F 18 Answers 7 Aug 24, 2012 in Hobbies
klee62485 26-30 17 Answers 4 Mar 23, 2011
adorablefreak 22-25, F 10 Answers 1 Aug 14, 2010
BlankPage123456787 70+, F 8 Answers 3 Jan 27, 2012
I live in a small beach town. And I wouldn't change it for the world. I love the people. I love the beach. It's fantastic.EmilyFitch 18-21, F 18 Answers 7 Nov 21, 2012 in Community
Fabulous111 22-25, F 19 Answers 3 Nov 19, 2014 in Community
vickieprince 51-55, F 11 Answers 3 Jan 30, 2012
I like city living.mother1983 31-35, F 18 Answers 1 Dec 13, 2013 in Doing Good


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Delyte's Blog
Judge Joe Brown: Off Duty.....
by Delyte Delyte
posted Aug 28 2013 1:30PM
At some point in this past week, a video surface online showing 66 year old, Judge Joe Brown in an intoxicated state in front of a group of people. The video,taken in California shows the Judge going off on a tangent and saying "I don't do THAT BS no anymore" when asked about his former job on tv!
Here's the Clip:
He had been on television for a while and never got caught up in any scandal. Why should him being a regular citizen and not being belligerent cause any kind of issue??
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Ive owned a PT745 single stack compact .45 which was perfect and later traded it in on something else. And i own a PT1911 thats had its share of bumps and bruises and i refused to send it back to Taurus and be without it since its my favorite CCW. But i now have some pretty serious wear inside the slide and the ejector has worn threw its slot and was rubbing against the firing pin saftey plunger. Not so much a big deal since i had to remove the plunger as it no longer worked with the Wilson HD extractor i had to put in after the stock one peened its self almost to death. The Plunger/firing pin/extractor all have to be ALL Taurus parts or ALL after market parts as you cant mix them. They designed it so all the parts are made just slightly different and changing 1 part screws the whole system up. So basically i need a new slide. I called Taurus and they wont pay the shipping since ive owned the gun over 1 year. Shipping yourself is expensive as most of you know $50+ to overnight it. But i just sent an email too my local shop i bought it at and hopefully they will ship it for me cheaply. I don't mind paying for normal shipping costs, But $50+ is stupid. Once its returned i will most likley sell or trade it in on a better quality 1911 made with good steel. Clark Custom guns who makes the .460 Rowland conversions for 1911's just added the PT1911 to the list of guns they don't recommend using their conversion in. My honest guess is metal quality as a reason.
NO, My 1987 Taurus PT 99 AF 9MM has been flawless, I really beleive it's a hit or miss in buying one from all that I have heard about TAURUS, Not a single hick-up in over 23 years!! with this baby.
My 24/7 Pro CDS has one of the best feeling grips of any handgun I've felt stock or modded. A Godsend, about 600 rounds so far and not a single FTF.
I have owned a public defender for.about a year and am about to call for a pickup ticket for the second time. First it was the cylinder latch, the cylinder was replaced but fell off after 35 rounds. The second time will be for the same problem, this time after maybe 50 rounds. I like the gun a lot and it shoots dead on. Does anyone know how to get them to just replace the gun entirety. THANX!
I'm already surrounded by half-dead brainless people already, the zombie apocalypse would just give me a reason to be productive and get rid of them.
live thread live. I've been shooting for alot of years I've owned 3 taurus guns 1 revolver flawless, a pt1911 flawless and millienium pro in 40 that had a mag release issue. I called taurus they sent new parts in 3 days has worked fine ever since. the other issue I had with taurus I was refinishing a friends old 92 and a spring got away from me and fell into the twilight zone. called taurus told them I lost a spring 3 days later new spring no charge not even shipping charge. so I guess I like taurus. I've owned 3 rugers no problems friend owned a blackhawk that wouldn't hit within 3 feet of point of aim. eventually the gun self destructed. I still like my rugers. My pt 1911 is very accurate feeds everything and so far has been 100% reliable a friend owns a custom springfield that he has 1200 bucks in and it only feeds one type of ammo so the point is every manufacturer makes good guns and bad guns so what? The one thing that is missing from this thread is real statistics. Are there more Taurus' sold because they are inexpensive versuses smith or colt or springfields etc, etc. In the end I guess you should buy what you want and what you like. There are gun snobs everywhere some people won't own anything but a smith some a colt some a ruger and lots of times it's only because that's what their daddy owned or it was their first gun. Just like the chevy and ford fans. You can get a lemon anywhere from anybody it's life.
I have a Taurus judge sometimes if im shooting alot it will misfire by the firing pin not being able to strike the primer hard enough. I have had the same problem with other revolvers.any advice most appreciated
Ihave a Judge and sent my first one back and got a replacement gun NOT a new one.I still have issues with it
I shoot my PT-1911 AR in 3 (three) pistol matches each month. They are IPSC, IDPA, and Bolwing Pins. I fire about 120 rounds for each match so 360 rounds for each month. For the past year that makes at least 4,320 but add in some plinking and I estimate my 1911 has shot at least 4,500 in the last year. Never even one problem. While on the range I have had people ask me what brand name it is and a few days ago I received a phone call asking about the brand name because he wanted to buy one after watching me fire mine for weeks. Jim
Folks I have 28 years of US Army military service starting in the brown boot Army. I have law enforcement experience and I shoot in pistol matches every month. Having said that IMO any weapon that uses a magazine the problem almost always is because of the magazine. With my PT-1911 AR I only WILSON COMBAT MAGAZINES and have never had a failure to fire. FWIW I carry my PT-1911 AR as my CCW weapon in a CROSS BREED holster. Useing a Wilson magazine with 8 rounds in the clip and one in the chamber (9) that's a lot of weight but the Cross Bred holster carrys the weight fine and does not 'print'. Jim


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Denise Palubicki and Marc Winjum announce their engagement and upcoming wedding.
Denise is the daughter of Ron and LuAnn Koskiniemi, New York Mills. She is a 1995 graduate of the New York Mills High School and is now employed as an RN at Essentia Health St. Mary's in Detroit Lakes.
Marc is the son of Tom and Joann, Perham. He is a 1996 graduate of the Perham High School and is now co-owner of the Perham Dairy Queen.
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Imogen is a massive Zelfs fan and spends most of her pocket money on the crazy haired, Zelftastic collectibles. Father Christmas did a great job on finding the few that she wanted from the series 3 collection and now 2015 has seen the release of series 4 and they're cuter than ever!
Our friends at Character have kindly started Imogen's collection off nicely and sent her Cyril the Squirrel!
Just like the Zelfs from the other series Cyril comes with his own comb and hair accessories as well as a collectors leaflet. Imogen loves Cyril's hair which is slightly different to her others as it has a very slight kink to it, very 80's!
Other Zelfs in series 4 include Cindy-Moo the cow Zelf, Polly Roger the pirate Zelf Sheldon the mermaid Zelf and Imogen most lusted after Hightail the winged unicorn Zelf.
Series 4 also sees a small number of scented Zelicious Zelfs as well as a limited edition Zelf, Cleocat the Pharaoh Zelf!
Details of how you can claim your very own Cleocat Zelf can be found here and the entire 4th series can be viewed and purchased on www.character-online.com.


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Import products into woocommerce.
This plugin certainly works well for simple spreadsheets. You start by importing a spreadsheet template of just the field names (not the values). You then map these to Woo Commerce product fields. If there isn't an equivalent Woo Commerce field you can create your own custom ones in Woo Commerce first them map your spreadsheet template fields to those.
It does, however, have one major downside with large number of fields. Once you import you fields you can't go back an edit them after. My client's spreadsheet had over 20 fields - mostly to output into custom templates. If I even made one mistake mapping any of these to Woo commerce fields I would have to start again - no going back.
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Spreading the message of empowering Americans and making government functional would seem like an easy task. But when 78 million more people want to watch a corporate football game instead of the game of the politics of running a country, it's an uphill battle for Rep. Lee, or anyone that wants Washington to actually become more functional, no matter the party.
About a month ago, I wrote an article documenting New York's most famous neighborhoods. The premise of the article was to stereotype the neighborhood into a single person or couple. This week, I decided to expand this growing list to include a few more neighborhoods in Manhattan, as well as some Brooklyn neighborhoods.


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In the brutally-competitive music game, it's not unusual for an up-and-comer to spend years hoping and praying before finally getting a shot at greatness (that's if he or she doesn't give up first). Dee-1, for one, isn't taking any chances; on his latest mixtape leak, the New Orleans representative (and Best of the Booth award-winner) straight-up informs the powers that be that "It's My Turn." Rockaway Productions handles production duties, cooking up a sparse, organ-driven beat (complete with a hook sampled from Diana Ross' joint of the same title) as Dee demonstrates exactly why heads need to reserve a seat on his bandwagon before it's fully booked. Among other lofty boasts, the emcee claims: "If 2Pac and Lauryn Hill were married, I'd be their son" Think Dee-1's got the skills to live up to that noble lineage? Those leaning towards the affirmative will undoubtedly enjoy what the artist's got lined up for his Booth-sponsored I Hope They Hear Me (Volume 2) street album, set to hit our mixtape page on March 1.
Written by richard on 02/14/11
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By Stephanie Ciccarelli
September 12, 2006
If you have a busy schedule recording voice over work every day but would still like to be a member at Voices.com, why not ask your manager or agent to sign you up for an account with us?
If you are a professional voice talent (whether union or non-union) with a full serving of voice work on your plate, you can still be a participating member of Voices.com.
Over the years, we have received many inquiries as to how we can serve talent who have representation. Recently, a very busy, professional voice talent with representation asked me how the Voices.com web service could fit into their marketing mix.
At the moment, the respective talent has a manager and agents across the country who manage many aspects of their career, including invoicing. Each day presents this professional with numerous voice over jobs, leaving little time to set out on their own to manage freelance voice over work opportunities, although the idea of more work has piqued quite a bit of interest.
My response to the aforementioned professional and to any of you who are in the same boat is this:
One sure to maximize voice over work opportunities while respecting your time and relationship with your agent or manager is to ask your representative to sign you up for an account with us at Voices.com.
That individual would be managing every aspect of your account, including uploading voice demos, filling out profile information, submitting your demos for voice over work, featuring your voice is special categories, and so on.
Their email address and contact information would be registered with us. All contacts and job offers made to you would be delivered to your representative via their email address, giving them the opportunity to represent you and negotiate terms on your behalf.
Here's a link to our membership comparison chart.
With our professional memberships, your representative will also be able to submit auditions on your behalf and market you in a variety of high-trafficked Featured Talent Categories.
You will enjoy priority search rankings in our voice talent search engine with the Premium membership. You will also be able to link to your website and include your managers' contact information in your Profile.
What do you think of this solution?
Best regards,
P.S. If you want to share this post with your representative, forward this article on to them for review by filling out the "Email this Post" form at the bottom of the page.
Related Topics: agents, Non-UnionWhether you're recording a TV commercial or shooting a corporate video, it isn't enough to simply pick a song, drop it in and call it a day. Musical choices must reflect your brand, move the given project forward and closely align with your voice-over needs. Learn more.
Vox Daily offers a daily dose of voice acting news, articles, tutorials, interviews, intelligent conversation and business ideas for voice talent and voice actors.
Our feed & social options update you with special offers and news as it happens.


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Women's college basketball: For coaches Fury and Hayenga-Hostikka, nationals berth is a dream ticket
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red rock central
February 22, 2015
Section 3A south boys basketball: Ellsworth, Southwest Minnesota Christian move on
WORTHINGTON — Ellsworth, the No. 5 seed in Section 3A South boys basketball, took down No. 4 Westbrook-Walnut Grove 70-59 courtesy of outstanding long-range shooting and dominant post play. The Panthers and the Chargers traded buckets for the first part of the half, but Ellsworth...
sports / prep
February 22, 2015 - 11:10pm
February 21, 2015
Prep girls basketball: Southwest Minnesota Christian, Hills-Beaver Creek earn convincing wins
EDGERTON — Southwest Minnesota Christian improved to 20-3 Friday night as the Eagles rolled past the Ellsworth Panthers. Lexi Knutson scored 14 points with seven steals. Hope Veldkamp added 12 points and six steals. Mariah Talsma also scored 12. Savannah Tinklenberg grabbed eight...
sports / prep
February 21, 2015 - 12:19am
February 20, 2015
Prep boys basketball: Heron Lake-Okabena, Red Rock Central win section games
ALDEN — Trey Cranston came up huge for Heron-Lake Okabena as the Wildcats defeated the Alden-Conger Knights in a pigtail game in the Section 2A boys' basketball tournament. Cranston totaled 25 points, seven assists, and seven rebounds for the nine-seeded Wildcats. Isaac Fest...
sports / prep
February 20, 2015 - 12:25am
February 17, 2015
Prep girls basketball: Fulda rallies to beat Adrian; Place scores 2,000th point
ADRIAN — Fulda came back from a halftime deficit to take a 64-58 Red Rock Conference girls basketball win over Adrian Tuesday night despite a career-high 40 points for Dragons senior Elizabeth Thier. Thier's scoring outburst gave her more than 1,000 points for her career. The...
sports / prep
February 17, 2015 - 11:18pm
February 16, 2015
Prep boys basketball: Appel goes off in Fulda win; Ellsworth claws back against Heron Lake-Okabena
FULDA — A career night from senior Bennett Appel propelled Fulda over Edgerton 86-83 on Monday night. Appel scored 27 in the second half alone on his way to an impressive 41 points. He also grabbed 10 rebounds for the Raiders. Brett Cuperus added 22 counters. Brian Fenske contributed...
sports / prep
February 16, 2015 - 11:17pm
Prep girls basketball: Thier leads Adrian to conference win
ADRIAN — Elizabeth Thier put on a show Monday night to lead Adrian in a 60-54 Red Rock Conference win over Mountain Lake Area. The Dragons pulled away at the end to seal the victory after a tight game throughout. Thier did a lot of the damage offensively. She put up 27 points...
sports / prep
February 16, 2015 - 10:52pm
February 13, 2015
Prep boys basketball: Southwest Christian earns narrow overtime win over Hills-Beaver Creek
EDGERTON — In a Red Rock Conference overtime thriller, the Southwest Christian boys basketball outlasted Hills-Beaver Creek 80-77 on Friday night in Edgerton. Patriot Cooper Vaughn hit a buzzer-beating runner in the lane to force overtime at 70-70. Down three with seconds to go,...
sports / prep
February 13, 2015 - 11:18pm
February 12, 2015
Prep girls basketball: Wendland, Place help Heron Lake-Okabena top Westbrook-Walnut Grove
OKABENA — A balanced effort was key in Heron Lake-Okabena's girls' basketball victory over Westbrook-Walnut Grove Thursday night, 63-45. Kailey Wendland scored 17 for the Wildcats. Courtney Place piled on 15 points and eight rebounds. Gabi Stenzel added 11 and Sarah Schmid...
sports / prep
February 12, 2015 - 11:09pm
February 10, 2015
Prep boys basketball: Appel free throw wins it for Fulda
FULDA — It seems as if the Fulda Raiders' boys basketball team has a flair for the dramatic. With one second left in the game, Fulda picked up its seventh win of the season over Ellsworth Tuesday night, 41-40. That win also marked Fulda's fifth victory decided in the last minute. With...
sports / prep
February 10, 2015 - 11:25pm
February 9, 2015
Prep girls basketball: Central Lyon gets record-setting win
ROCK RAPIDS, Iowa — Central Lyon ended its regular season with a massive offensive output Monday against Rock Valley. The Lions set a new school record for most points in a game in an 80-55 Siouxland Conference thrashing of Rock Valley. The big point total was helped by 24 in...
sports / prep
February 9, 2015 - 11:39pm
February 6, 2015
Prep boys basketball: Southwest Christian stops Edgerton; Kruse carries Ellsworth
EDGERTON — In a crosstown rivalry game, Southwest Christian took down Edgerton 72-48 on Southwest's home court. The Eagles were paced by an impressive performance from Luke Nibbelink, who finished with 19 points, eight rebounds, seven assists, and five steals. Jacob Kreun added...
sports / prep
February 6, 2015 - 11:28pm
February 5, 2015
Prep girls basketball: Westbrook-Walnut Grove clips Adrian
WESTBROOK — The Westbrook-Walnut Grove girls basketball squad took down Adrian 50-43 in Red Rock Conference action Thursday. Elizabeth Woelber scored 20 points to lead the Chargers. Cassidy Mischke contributed a double-double, finishing with 11 points and 11 rebounds. McKenzie...
sports / prep
February 5, 2015 - 11:42pm
February 3, 2015
Prep boys basketball: Gehl hits game-winner for Fulda
FULDA — Leighton Gehl has a knack for big shots. And Tuesday night was just another example for the freshman on the Fulda boys basketball team. Gehl hit a shot with 1.8 seconds remaining to give the Raiders a 61-58 victory over Adrian. On Tuesday, the Raiders trailed by four...
sports / prep
February 3, 2015 - 11:24pm
Prep wrestling: Canby edges Windom/Mountain Lake; Jackson County Central wins big
CANBY — Windom/Mountain Lake dropped a heartbreaker Tuesday. It led Canby by eight with two matches to go, only to see the Lancers come back for a 29-28 nonconference win. A 7-2 decision for Gavin Mutz at 182 pounds followed by a 3-1 victory by Jake Junkers put the Cobras on top...
sports / prep
February 3, 2015 - 11:21pm
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Squarespace leases temp office from PDC |
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The web designer will work in the Portland Development Commission's offices until it moves into a larger space in six months. Read more at OregonLive.com
Imperial PalateFebruary 2015Tuesday, January 27, 2015 Power Lunch at the Imperial. Read more... |
Where do Portland demographics rank among the largest 50 cities in the US?The LatestTuesday, February 10, 2015 BY JACOB PALMER | OB DIGITAL NEWS EDITORThe Portland in Perspective study, done by the City Budget Office, was released Tuesday. Read more... |
Cache and CurryMarch 2015Monday, February 23, 2015 BY JACOB PALMER | OB DIGITAL NEWS EDITORPower Lunch at Swagat in Hillsboro. Read more... |
Convention WisdomFebruary 2015Monday, January 26, 2015 BY KIM MOOREAfter more than a decade of wrangling, construction on a convention center hotel in Portland is slated to start this summer. But debate over project financing continues. Read more... |
Game OnMarch 2015Wednesday, February 25, 2015 BY LINDA BAKER | OB EDITORThe big news at Oregon Business is we're getting a ping pong table. After reading the descriptions of the 2015 100 Best Companies to Work For in Oregon, a disproportionate number of which feature table tennis in the office, I decided it was time to bring our own workplace into the 21st century. It was a tough call, but it's lonely at the top, and someone has to make the hard decisions. Read more... |
LEED for weedLinda BakerWednesday, January 28, 2015 BY LINDA BAKER | OB EDITORWhat is the impact of the legal pot industry on carbon emissions? Read more... |
5 companies react to lower fuel pricesThe LatestThursday, January 15, 2015 BY JACOB PALMER | OB DIGITAL NEWS EDITORConsumers love the savings they get from low oil prices, but how has business been affected? Read more... |
Real Time - Oregon Business
TWITTER FEED Tweets by @OregonBusiness |
Generations of students and graduates have been plagued by the question: What is my true calling in life? Four alumni from Corban University's Hoff School of Business who graduated in different decades say the school helped them find the answer by giving them a practical, well-rounded education.
It's happening whether anyone's ready or not. Businesses here in Oregon and across the U.S. are already experiencing the effects of the largest generational shift in recent history, and these changing tides will impact every level of the workplace — from a company's executive leadership to its cultural core.
Success stories spotlight meaningful career opportunities in Oregon's diverse and lucrative tourism industry.
Local businesses interested in offering retail items, food and beverage, or passenger services at Portland International Airport are invited to attend one of two meetings on March 17.
The Firm was recognized for the strength of its case matters during 2014, including precedents set or verdicts with notable high dollar amounts at stake.
The Oregon Chapter of the Society for Marketing Professional Services, will be hosting it's Annual Dinner and Keynote event on March 12, 2015. The evening promises to be memorable, with this years Keynote, Christine McKinley.


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LMK Technologies has introduced to the North American market a new robotic camera/cutter system for rehabilitating sanitary sewer laterals. The German-made Schwalm robotic systems, widely used in Europe and Asia, are available now from LMK Technologies, said Larry Kiest, chief executive officer and president of LMK.
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Underground Tools Inc. (UTI) is offering a new line of custom-built hole openers for HDD applications.
The Rhino HIT Kit records damage to buried facilities with a perspective that tells us the whole story.


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How to Deal with Post-Workout Hunger
by Dana Angelo White in Fitness, August 12, 2012
Does an exercise session leave you famished or does the thought of food post workout make you ill? There's a right and wrong way to eat after exercise; find out the balance to get the most out of your fitness routine.
Feel the Burn
Some people question whether or not it's worth it to exercise since burning lots of calories can make you hungrier. It IS worth it and there are tricks you can adopt to beat this vicious cycle. Choosing the right foods after a workout can make a huge difference.
Research says hunger pangs may hit women harder than men; hormones are to thank for that. For this reason gals need to pay extra attention to how they eat before and after exercise.
On the flip side, other studies have found that exercise lowers levels of a hunger-spiking hormone called ghrelin. The only caveat here is that the exercise needs to be intense, not a leisurely a stroll on the treadmill.
Frequency of exercise also plays an important role. Hitting the gym (or however you like to sweat) regularly trains your body to burn calories more efficiently and of course lowers your risk of an onslaught of ailments including diabetes and heart disease. The bottom line is exercise: is good; here's how to fuel it properly.
It may seem backwards that you need to eat in order to burn calories efficiently but that's what your body needs. A small snack before a workout helps fuel your metabolism, the result is a better workout and greater energy expenditure.
See our suggestions for fit and easy preworkout snacks.
Avoid Unnecessary Workout Calories
Unless you're a competitive athlete, sipping on caloric sports beverages or slurping on energy gels is a no-no. Sucking down those extra calories will impede your weight-loss goals; stick to water for hydration.
Is there a good time to drink a sports drink?
Repair and Recover
Give tired muscles exactly what they need after a workout: healthy carbs and protein in the appropriate amounts. It can be a meal or snack depending on when you exercise. Research supports that a properly composed post workout snack should have 3 grams of carbs for every one gram of protein. Eating protein at this time will also help curb a beastly appetite since protein takes longer to digest.
Hit up our list of favorite recovery foods.
Tell Us: Do you eat right after exercise?
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Faculty in the News
Glowing Book Review for Prof. Walker November 19, 2009 Professor Anders Walker's new book, The Ghost of Jim Crow: How Southern Moderates Used Brown v. Board of Education to Stall Civil Rights, examines the formative years of the civil rights movement and the legacies of three governors: LeRoy Collins of Florida, Luther Hodges of North Carolina and Jampes P. Coleman of Mississippi. During a dual interview and book review, the Tallahassee Democrat asserts that Walker "has made an important addition to the scholarship of the civil rights era." |
SLU Moot Court Teams Advance to Nationals November 18, 2009 Professor Christine Rollins was interview by Missouri Lawyers Media regarding two of SLU LAW's moot court teams taking the top spots at the regional competition. "They've basically been eating and sleeping this competition, and it's wonderful to see that their work has paid off," said Rollins. Unfortunately, due to competition rules, only one of the teams was allowed to advance to the national competition in New York City. |
Gay Rights Movement Must Change Goals November 9, 2009 Proposition 1, a bill that if passed would have allowed the legalization of gay marriage, was recently voted down in Maine. In response to this and the voting down of Proposition 8 in California, Professor Jeff A. Redding penned an editorial that was published by the Miami Herald calling for the Gay Rights Movement to completely revamp its goals and tactics. |
Wall Street Journal Taps Prof. Greaney November 9, 2009 Since 1945, the McCarran-Ferguson Act has given states the power to regulate insurers and freed companies from federal antitrust authority. But will repealing the antitrust exemption from the health insurance industry make local insurance markets more competitive? Yes, say House Democrats who are behind the push to repeal the exemption. For historical analysis on the McCarran-Ferguson law, the Wall Street Journal interviewed Professor Thomas L. Greaney. |
Improving the Processes of Politics November 3, 2009 As media pundits begin reflecting on President Obama's first year in office, Professor Joel K. Goldstein penned an editorial for the St. Louis Beacon that commends Obama's improvement towards the process of governing. From his dealings with Congress over health care reform, to his lengthy review of the war in Afghanistan, Goldstein asserts that President Obama's "actions regarding the process of governing reflect a commitment to better practices that are geared to eliminating the procedural breakdowns of the past and making national government work again." |
The Real Problem With Health Insurers November 2, 2009 For a column devoted to whether the health insurance industry should be stripped of its antitrust exemption, writer Mitch Hiltzik of the Los Angeles Times spoke with Professor Thomas Greaney about the overwhelming lack of competition in the health care industry. |
DOJ Cracks Down October 30, 2009 Professor Thomas L. Greaney was interviewed by the St. Louis Business Journal regarding the federal government's antitrust enforcement among dominant firms. |
Biden's Approval Ratings Drop October 28, 2009 Recent polling shows that Vice President Joe Biden's approval ratings have significantly dropped since the beginning of 2008. In an interview by Politico.com, Professor Joel K. Goldstein explains that when a President's public opinion lowers, it also affects the standings of the vice president. |
Greaney Makes Media Rounds October 23, 2009 In a series of articles for pbs.org, the Associated Press/Chicago Tribune and Bloomberg.com, Professor Thomas L. Greaney was continually sought out for his analysis on the proposed removal of antitrust exemptions for the insurers industry. In interview after interview, Greaney stated that repealing the exemptions was not the "silver bullet" proponents are claiming. In fact, Greaney asserted that removing the exemptions would make very little difference when it comes to market competition. |
Prof. Greaney Debates Impact of Antitrust Exemptions October 19, 2009 While the Senate debates a plan that could potentially end insurance companies' exemption from federal antitrust laws, the NationalJournal.com sought out Professor Thomas Greaney's analysis about the likely effects of lifting the exemptions. Greaney noted that there has been no evidence to support the claim that lifting exemptions will immediately trigger industry consolidation. |
Racial Disparities Still Exist in St. Louis October 6, 2009 St. Louis has endured a long and sad history of racial inequality. Yet, even after many years of efforts by lawyers and human rights activists, it still remains one of the most segregated cities in America. Professors John J. Ammann and Roger L. Goldman were interviewed by the St. Louis Beacon for a special series on race relations in St. Louis. |
Merger Guideline Revisions Imminent October 5, 2009 When the Federal Trade Commission and the Justice Department announced that they would solicit public comments and hold joint public workshops about potentially updating health insurance merger guidelines, many officials in the medical and legal fields applauded such proactive steps. The American Medical News sought out Professor Thomas L. Greaney, who spoke about the imminent need for clarification within the existing guidelines. |
Biden is Patron Saint to First-Termers October 4, 2009 Since mid-August, Vice President Joe Biden has increasingly turned up at fundraisers for House Democrats, most of whom are first-term politicians. Politico.com interviewed Vice Presidential expert and SLU LAW Professor Joel K. Goldstein about how Biden's presence at these partisan events allows President Obama to be more selective when scheduling his appearances for party members. |
BPD Implements Anti-Lying Policy September 29, 2009 The Boston Police Department recently instituted a strict anti-lying policy for Boston police officers, which was hailed by criminal law experts, including SLU LAW's Professor Roger L. Goldman. The policy states that if a police officer is found guilty of lying while in the line of duty, he or she faces immediate termination. The Boston Herald interviewed Prof. Goldman, who lauded BPD Commissioner Edward M. Davis's new guidelines and encouraged other Massachusetts cities to follow suit. |
FTC, DOJ to Rewrite Merger Guidelines September 28, 2009 The Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice recently announced that they were in the process of planning the first rewrite of the guidebook on health care mergers since 1992. ModernHealthcare.com turned to Professor Thomas L. Greaney, a nationally recognized anti-trust law expert, for insight on these potential revisions. |
Bring back the Guillotine? September 22, 2009 In an editorial written for the St. Louis Beacon, Professor Chad Flanders examined the case of Ohio inmate, Romell Brown, who after two hours of trying, was unsuccessfully executed by corrections officials. Brown's lawyers have filed new motions charging that attempting to execute an individual twice is cruel and unusual. Professor Flanders argues that in the rare event when executions are botched, it requires a reexamination of the death penalty. |
Prof. Branham Discusses Prison Populations September 21, 2009 When the state of California was ordered by a panel of federal judges to submit a plan to reduce its prison population, the numbers that the state came up with fell alarmingly short. In fact, the court is in the process of following up with its own plan. The California Daily Journal turned to SLU LAW Professor Lynn Branham, an expert in prison litigation, for analysis on the future of inmate populations in California. Prof. Branham expressed her optimism for policy change, largely due to the fiscal crisis that is putting pressure to cut the prison budget by more than $1 billion. "In some ways, the timing couldn't be better for the state to step back and say, literally, 'we can no longer afford the status quo,'" said Branham. |
New York's AG Takes on Charles Schwab & Co. September 18, 2009 In August of 2009, New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo filed lawsuits against the nation's largest brokers and underwriters of auction-rate securities. All but one of the firms agreed to buy back a total of $61 billion worth of the paper: Charles Schwab & Co. Several days after the lawsuits were filed, founder Charles R. Schwab wrote a scathing editorial for the Wall Street Journal stating that Cuomo's legal actions would "essentially destroy his business model of offering low-cost brokerage-only service." In an article for Portfolio.com, Professor Constance Wagner was interviewed about whether Schwab's op-ed could be interpreted as a very public bargaining tactic. |
Dean Baris discusses joining BAMSL September 11, 2009 Jon Baris, assistant dean for student services, was quoted in Saint Louis Lawyer about the benefits of becoming a member of the Bar Association of Metropolitan St. Louis. "BAMSL membership has given me tremendous opportunities to grow as a lawyer and a leader, while also serving the profession," explained Baris. |
Prof. McCormick analyzes lawsuit against Ashcroft September 7, 2009 Federal judges handed down a ruling that allows Abdullah Al-Kidd, a U.S. Citizen, to move forward with a civil lawsuit against against former U.S Attorney General John Ashcroft. Kidd maintained that his civil rights were violated when he was detained after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Professor Marcia McCormick was interviewed by KSDK-TV Ch. 5 shortly after the ruling was issued. McCormick explained that the ruling allows Ashcroft to be personally sued for damages by the plaintiff, but it remains to be seen what the end result of the lawsuit will entail. |
The Criminal Statute Paradox: Too Vague and Too Broad August 24, 2009 The aftermath of the Lori Drew cyberbullying case continues to rouse debate among Missouri legislators and media pundits. With the news of yet another online felony harassment case making headlines, Professor Chad Flanders uses this teachable moment not only for the students in his criminal law class, but also for the readers of the St. Louis Beacon. Prof. Flanders penned an editorial that breaks down the complexities of criminal statutes, while debating behavior that is criminal versus morally offensive. |
Prof. Greaney Explains Medical Licensing August 18, 2009 The Riverfront Times published an investigative piece about a West St. Louis County doctor accused of numerous complaints of medical misconduct. Yet, despite the multiple allegations, the doctor was able to continue practicing in Missouri and even obtained medical licenses in other states. The RFT contacted Professor Thomas L. Greaney for his insight about the miscommunications that can occur among state licensing organizations. |
Personal Experiences Ignite Desire for Justice August 10, 2009 The controversy arising from the arrest of African-American Harvard Professor, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. stirred up intense feelings and a nation wide-debate regarding race relations in the U.S. Professor Patricia Harrison penned an editorial for the St. Louis Beacon, in which she reflects back on growing up in a multiracial family and the injustices her brother, an African American male, constantly faced. |
Googling vs. Browsing August 9, 2009 With Microsoft's recent acquisition of Yahoo, Professor Chad Flanders reflects on a time when searching for specific information required actual work – not just typing a request into Google. In an editorial for the Chicago Tribune, Prof. Flanders recalls a time when seeking answers occasionally led you to a library, not an internet search engine. |
Joe Biden's Affinity for Delaware August 6, 2009 The Delaware Grapevine examined how since being elected, Vice President Joe Biden has visited his home state much more than any other vice president. Professor Joel K. Goldstein noted that Biden did spend 36-years in Delaware as a U.S. Senator and many of his constituents assisted him during his political rise. "Most vice presidents want to look out for their home base," said Goldstein. |
When the Law and Ethics Collide July 31, 2009 A recent Missouri Lawyers Media article examined the potential conflicts that can arise when lawyers leave their law firm for an in-house position. Professor Carol Needham, an expert on legal ethics, weighed in on this topic saying "…at the general counsel level, there are all kinds of different arrangements companies can make," Needham replied. "…Just because it isn't commonly done, it doesn't mean it's improper." |
American Idealism and Walter Mondale July 30, 2009 A major priority for the Obama administration has been to restore American idealism among the international community. In an editorial written for the Minnesota Post, Professor Joel K. Goldstein encourages current policymakers to rediscover the leadership skills displayed by former Vice-President Walter Mondale during the 1979 Indochinese refugee crisis. Thousands of refugees had been forced to flee from Vietnam and were either forced into overcrowded camps, or were dying in shark-infested waters as they searched for safe harbor. Among the many action items, Mondale, with then-president Jimmy Carter's support, persuaded the State Department to denounce Vietnam for its inhumane policies, ordered the Sixth Fleet to rescue the stranded boat people and increased the number of refugees admitted to the U.S. Mondale then urged other nations to follow America's example, when he led a U.S. Delegation to a U.N. Conference on the refugee crisis. |
Religion and the Law July 24, 2009 In an article published for Missouri Lawyers Weekly, area lawyers were interviewed about how their religious beliefs are able to coexist with their practice of law. SLU LAW Professor Amany Ragab Hacking spoke of how when she and her family immigrated to the United States, she encountered discrimination about her Muslim faith. Since becoming a lawyer, co-workers, clients and students constantly ask her questions about her religious background and she has now molded herself into the perpetual educator on all things Islamic. |
Prof. Watson Offers Expertise On Health Care Reform Act July 20, 2009 Amongst a crowd of passionate proponents and opponents, Representative Russ Carnahan held a town hall meeting at Forest Park Community College on July 20 to discuss health care reform. Rep. Carnahan's constituents were encouraged to ask questions and share their concerns about the America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009. In an attempt to help explain the complexities of the act to the public, Rep. Carnahan invited a panel of experts to speak including, Professor Sidney D. Watson. Having extensively studied the proposed legislation, Prof. Watson was able to emphasize the solutions that the act addresses, such as those who suffer from pre-existing conditions and the implementation of affordability credits. |
Uninsured Young Adults Commonplace, Remarks Prof. Watson July 17, 2009 When 24-year-old Sharin Muskrat decided to leave her job and become a full-time graduate student, her employer terminated her health insurance coverage. Undeterred, Muskrat concentrated on her studies until she began experiencing health issues. Several weeks later, Muskrat was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. While her university offers insurance coverage, it still is not enough to cover her chemotherapy treatments. Unfortunately, Muskrat's story is not an isolated incident. In an article for the Columbia Daily Tribune, Professor Sidney D. Watson discusses the lack of affordable health care access among young adults and how people facing long-term illnesses often have to rely on family and friends to supplement insurance. |


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